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"headTitle": "At Last! NASA Spacecraft to Capture a Close-Up of Pluto | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Update:\u003c/strong> 3:42 p.m., July 13, 2015\u003cbr>\n\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NASA’s New Horizons spacecraft has already resolved one of the key debates about Pluto: how big is it? The dwarf planet is 1,473 miles (2,370 kilometers) in diameter, slightly larger than scientists thought. Pluto is now confirmed to be the largest known object beyond the orbit of Neptune, in our solar system. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Original Post:\u003cbr>\n\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\nTomorrow morning, if all goes according to plan, an unmanned NASA spacecraft called \u003ca href=\"http://pluto.jhuapl.edu/\">New Horizons\u003c/a> will finally reach Pluto, snapping the first close-up photos ever taken of our solar system’s most famous dwarf planet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_114022\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/071215_Pluto_Alone.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/071215_Pluto_Alone-800x721.png\" alt=\"On July 11, NASA's New Horizons captured this image of Pluto, revealing cliffs and what might be an impact crater. \" width=\"800\" height=\"721\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-114022\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/071215_Pluto_Alone-800x721.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/071215_Pluto_Alone-400x361.png 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/071215_Pluto_Alone.png 914w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">On July 11, NASA’s New Horizons captured this image of Pluto, revealing cliffs and what might be an impact crater. On Tuesday, the spacecraft will make its closest approach of the dwarf planet. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>New Horizons launched in 2006; eight hours later it passed the moon. It took nine-and-a-half years to get to Pluto.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In some sense, this is the bookend to the first, great, 50 years of space exploration,” says Jeff Moore, a research scientist at \u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/centers/ames/home/index.html\">NASA Ames Research Center\u003c/a> in Mountain View. Moore leads New Horizon’s Geology and Geophysics Investigation Team.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was almost exactly 50 years ago that we saw our first crisp images of a planet other than Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[soundcloud url=”https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/214184992″ params=”color=ff5500&auto_play=false&hide_related=false&show_comments=true&show_user=true&show_reposts=false” width=”100%” height=”166″ iframe=”true” /]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 1965, Mariner 4, a NASA spacecraft the size of a Winnebago, whizzed past Mars, taking pictures along the way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>TV networks brought \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FIj7kRSBywM\">the news \u003c/a>to American living rooms, disappointing some who’d hoped to catch a glimpse of alien life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The pictures and data recorded by Mariner 4 reveal Mars to be a cold, barren planet,” read the broadcaster from NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 1974 Venus and Mercury got their close ups, thanks to NASA’s Mariner 10 spacecraft.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the late 1970s and 80s, \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/news/story/2012/09/05/107172/after_35_years_voyager_nears_edge_of_solar_system\">Voyager 1\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/profile.cfm?MCode=Voyager_2\">Voyager 2\u003c/a> beamed back images of Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_107641\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 404px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/Mariner-crater.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-107641\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/Mariner-crater-800x770.jpg\" alt=\"Mariner crater, snapped by the Mariner 4 spacecraft on July 15, 1965, from a distance of 7,800 miles. (NASA\" width=\"404\" height=\"389\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/Mariner-crater-800x770.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/Mariner-crater-400x385.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/Mariner-crater-1440x1385.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/Mariner-crater-1180x1135.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/Mariner-crater-960x924.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/Mariner-crater-32x32.jpg 32w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 404px) 100vw, 404px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mariner crater on Mars, snapped by the Mariner 4 spacecraft on July 15, 1965, from a distance of 7,800 miles. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>One by one, the planets in our solar system snapped into focus, thanks to cameras and transmitters launched into space.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Only Pluto, discovered in 1930 by the American astronomer Clyde Tombaugh, remained largely unseen — and for good reason. Mars is about 50 million miles away. Pluto is four billion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Nobody knows what it looks like. That’s the whole point,” Moore says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Tuesday, the New Horizons spacecraft will pass within 8,000 miles of Pluto — the distance from San Francisco to Cairo. Once the highest-resolution images come in, we’ll be able to see objects the size of an office building.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For Moore, it could be a revelation. Until now, the only images he’s seen of Pluto are distant and fuzzy. The dwarf planet looks like a moldy orange, with strange contrasting patches.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Some of the patches on Pluto are as bright as new-fallen snow, some of the other patches are as dark as charcoal,” Moore says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_107677\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 397px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/Hubble.-Pluto.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-107677\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/Hubble.-Pluto-800x800.png\" alt=\"An image of Pluto assembled from photographs taken by the Hubble Space Telescope in 2002 and 2003.\" width=\"397\" height=\"397\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/Hubble.-Pluto-800x800.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/Hubble.-Pluto-400x400.png 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/Hubble.-Pluto-1180x1180.png 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/Hubble.-Pluto-960x960.png 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/Hubble.-Pluto-32x32.png 32w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/Hubble.-Pluto-64x64.png 64w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/Hubble.-Pluto-96x96.png 96w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/Hubble.-Pluto-128x128.png 128w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/Hubble.-Pluto-75x75.png 75w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/Hubble.-Pluto.png 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 397px) 100vw, 397px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An image of Pluto assembled from photographs taken by the Hubble Space Telescope in 2002 and 2003. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Scientists think those dark patches are methane, frozen into rock by Pluto’s minus-300-degree-Fahrenheit chill.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Moore will also be looking for signs of volcanoes on Pluto: “cryovolcanoes” that spew methane rocks and ice, rather than lava.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Moore wonders whether we might even glimpse riverbeds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not water rivers, like on Earth — Pluto’s much too cold for that — but rivers made out of an element with a much lower freezing point.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Maybe neon,” Moore says. “So if we see riverbeds on Pluto they’d have to be carved by liquid neon.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Riverbeds of neon. That’s the kind of planetary weirdness that will have Moore glued to his computer screen tomorrow morning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, Mark Showalter, another Bay Area scientist on the New Horizons team, will be breathing a sigh of relief.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2011 and 12, Showalter, an astronomer at the SETI Institute in Mountain View, discovered or helped discover two of Pluto’s five moons: Kerberos and Styx.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_107077\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/pluto3_150705_noannot.jpeg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-107077\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/pluto3_150705_noannot-800x326.jpeg\" alt=\"Three views of Pluto, captured by New Horizons as it approaches Pluto between July 1 and July 3. The right panel shows four mysterious dark spots.\" width=\"800\" height=\"326\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/pluto3_150705_noannot-800x326.jpeg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/pluto3_150705_noannot-400x163.jpeg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/pluto3_150705_noannot-1440x586.jpeg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/pluto3_150705_noannot-1180x480.jpeg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/pluto3_150705_noannot-960x391.jpeg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Three views of Pluto, captured by New Horizons as it approaches Pluto between July 1 and July 3. The right panel shows four mysterious dark spots. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Today, he’s a member of the New Horizons’ Hazard Analysis Team.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“My job in hazard analysis has been to analyze the data,” Showalter says, “just looking for anything that might be in the way. Any rocky shoals, if you will.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pluto is located at the inner edge of the Kuiper belt, a massive band of icy asteroids. From Showalter’s standpoint, it’s like a mine field.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After all, New Horizons is traveling at nine miles per second. That’s about 32,000 miles per hour.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Way faster than a bullet,” Showalter says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At that speed, collision with an asteroid as small as a BB pellet or a grain of sand could be disastrous.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_107177\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 356px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/image-20141218-31040-u44bpe.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-107177\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/image-20141218-31040-u44bpe-800x597.jpg\" alt=\"The trajectory of the New Horizons probe since its launch in January 2006. After its flyby of Pluto and Charon this week, the probe will fly through the Edgeworth-Kuiper belt and then on to the stars.\" width=\"356\" height=\"266\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/image-20141218-31040-u44bpe-800x597.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/image-20141218-31040-u44bpe-400x298.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/image-20141218-31040-u44bpe-1180x880.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/image-20141218-31040-u44bpe-960x716.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/image-20141218-31040-u44bpe.jpg 1370w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 356px) 100vw, 356px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The trajectory of the New Horizons probe since its launch in January 2006. After its flyby of Pluto and Charon this week, the probe will fly through the Edgeworth-Kuiper belt and then out to the stars beyond. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“If we’re just unlucky,” Showalter says, “and that BB or grain of sand happens to sever a critical cable between two components, we could conceivably just lose all contact with the spacecraft.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After a decade of waiting, a $700 million NASA mission would be lost.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These are the kinds of things we fear most,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If Showalter and his colleagues spot an asteroid up ahead, they can steer New Horizons around it, a bit like an exceptionally long-distance video game. At this point, New Horizons is so far away that it takes hours for instructions to reach it, or for data to come back showing where, precisely, the spacecraft is.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Basically, Showalter says, “we’re playing dodge ball with a six-hour delay.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That delay means the first photos of Pluto won’t start trickling in until Wednesday morning. The highest-resolution photos will arrive in the fall.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After its Pluto encounter, New Horizons will keep traveling, maybe for a decade, powered by plutonium pellets and, hopefully, sending back more photos from the icy edge of our solar system.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Will NASA’s New Horizons spacecraft find icy volcanoes or rivers of neon? Here’s a last image from New Horizons before it makes its closest contact, early Tuesday morning.",
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"description": "Will NASA’s New Horizons spacecraft find icy volcanoes or rivers of neon? Here’s a last image from New Horizons before it makes its closest contact, early Tuesday morning.",
"title": "At Last! NASA Spacecraft to Capture a Close-Up of Pluto | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Update:\u003c/strong> 3:42 p.m., July 13, 2015\u003cbr>\n\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NASA’s New Horizons spacecraft has already resolved one of the key debates about Pluto: how big is it? The dwarf planet is 1,473 miles (2,370 kilometers) in diameter, slightly larger than scientists thought. Pluto is now confirmed to be the largest known object beyond the orbit of Neptune, in our solar system. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Original Post:\u003cbr>\n\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\nTomorrow morning, if all goes according to plan, an unmanned NASA spacecraft called \u003ca href=\"http://pluto.jhuapl.edu/\">New Horizons\u003c/a> will finally reach Pluto, snapping the first close-up photos ever taken of our solar system’s most famous dwarf planet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_114022\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/071215_Pluto_Alone.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/071215_Pluto_Alone-800x721.png\" alt=\"On July 11, NASA's New Horizons captured this image of Pluto, revealing cliffs and what might be an impact crater. \" width=\"800\" height=\"721\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-114022\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/071215_Pluto_Alone-800x721.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/071215_Pluto_Alone-400x361.png 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/071215_Pluto_Alone.png 914w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">On July 11, NASA’s New Horizons captured this image of Pluto, revealing cliffs and what might be an impact crater. On Tuesday, the spacecraft will make its closest approach of the dwarf planet. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>New Horizons launched in 2006; eight hours later it passed the moon. It took nine-and-a-half years to get to Pluto.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In some sense, this is the bookend to the first, great, 50 years of space exploration,” says Jeff Moore, a research scientist at \u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/centers/ames/home/index.html\">NASA Ames Research Center\u003c/a> in Mountain View. Moore leads New Horizon’s Geology and Geophysics Investigation Team.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was almost exactly 50 years ago that we saw our first crisp images of a planet other than Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cdiv class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__shortcodes__shortcodeWrapper'>\n \u003ciframe width='”100%”' height='”166″'\n scrolling='no' frameborder='no'\n src='https://w.soundcloud.com/player/?url=”https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/214184992″&visual=true&”color=ff5500&auto_play=false&hide_related=false&show_comments=true&show_user=true&show_reposts=false”'\n title='”https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/214184992″'>\n \u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/div>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 1965, Mariner 4, a NASA spacecraft the size of a Winnebago, whizzed past Mars, taking pictures along the way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>TV networks brought \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FIj7kRSBywM\">the news \u003c/a>to American living rooms, disappointing some who’d hoped to catch a glimpse of alien life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The pictures and data recorded by Mariner 4 reveal Mars to be a cold, barren planet,” read the broadcaster from NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 1974 Venus and Mercury got their close ups, thanks to NASA’s Mariner 10 spacecraft.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the late 1970s and 80s, \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/news/story/2012/09/05/107172/after_35_years_voyager_nears_edge_of_solar_system\">Voyager 1\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/profile.cfm?MCode=Voyager_2\">Voyager 2\u003c/a> beamed back images of Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_107641\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 404px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/Mariner-crater.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-107641\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/Mariner-crater-800x770.jpg\" alt=\"Mariner crater, snapped by the Mariner 4 spacecraft on July 15, 1965, from a distance of 7,800 miles. (NASA\" width=\"404\" height=\"389\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/Mariner-crater-800x770.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/Mariner-crater-400x385.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/Mariner-crater-1440x1385.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/Mariner-crater-1180x1135.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/Mariner-crater-960x924.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/Mariner-crater-32x32.jpg 32w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 404px) 100vw, 404px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mariner crater on Mars, snapped by the Mariner 4 spacecraft on July 15, 1965, from a distance of 7,800 miles. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>One by one, the planets in our solar system snapped into focus, thanks to cameras and transmitters launched into space.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Only Pluto, discovered in 1930 by the American astronomer Clyde Tombaugh, remained largely unseen — and for good reason. Mars is about 50 million miles away. Pluto is four billion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Nobody knows what it looks like. That’s the whole point,” Moore says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Tuesday, the New Horizons spacecraft will pass within 8,000 miles of Pluto — the distance from San Francisco to Cairo. Once the highest-resolution images come in, we’ll be able to see objects the size of an office building.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For Moore, it could be a revelation. Until now, the only images he’s seen of Pluto are distant and fuzzy. The dwarf planet looks like a moldy orange, with strange contrasting patches.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Some of the patches on Pluto are as bright as new-fallen snow, some of the other patches are as dark as charcoal,” Moore says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_107677\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 397px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/Hubble.-Pluto.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-107677\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/Hubble.-Pluto-800x800.png\" alt=\"An image of Pluto assembled from photographs taken by the Hubble Space Telescope in 2002 and 2003.\" width=\"397\" height=\"397\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/Hubble.-Pluto-800x800.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/Hubble.-Pluto-400x400.png 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/Hubble.-Pluto-1180x1180.png 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/Hubble.-Pluto-960x960.png 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/Hubble.-Pluto-32x32.png 32w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/Hubble.-Pluto-64x64.png 64w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/Hubble.-Pluto-96x96.png 96w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/Hubble.-Pluto-128x128.png 128w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/Hubble.-Pluto-75x75.png 75w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/Hubble.-Pluto.png 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 397px) 100vw, 397px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An image of Pluto assembled from photographs taken by the Hubble Space Telescope in 2002 and 2003. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Scientists think those dark patches are methane, frozen into rock by Pluto’s minus-300-degree-Fahrenheit chill.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Moore will also be looking for signs of volcanoes on Pluto: “cryovolcanoes” that spew methane rocks and ice, rather than lava.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Moore wonders whether we might even glimpse riverbeds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not water rivers, like on Earth — Pluto’s much too cold for that — but rivers made out of an element with a much lower freezing point.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Maybe neon,” Moore says. “So if we see riverbeds on Pluto they’d have to be carved by liquid neon.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Riverbeds of neon. That’s the kind of planetary weirdness that will have Moore glued to his computer screen tomorrow morning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, Mark Showalter, another Bay Area scientist on the New Horizons team, will be breathing a sigh of relief.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2011 and 12, Showalter, an astronomer at the SETI Institute in Mountain View, discovered or helped discover two of Pluto’s five moons: Kerberos and Styx.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_107077\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/pluto3_150705_noannot.jpeg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-107077\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/pluto3_150705_noannot-800x326.jpeg\" alt=\"Three views of Pluto, captured by New Horizons as it approaches Pluto between July 1 and July 3. The right panel shows four mysterious dark spots.\" width=\"800\" height=\"326\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/pluto3_150705_noannot-800x326.jpeg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/pluto3_150705_noannot-400x163.jpeg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/pluto3_150705_noannot-1440x586.jpeg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/pluto3_150705_noannot-1180x480.jpeg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/pluto3_150705_noannot-960x391.jpeg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Three views of Pluto, captured by New Horizons as it approaches Pluto between July 1 and July 3. The right panel shows four mysterious dark spots. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Today, he’s a member of the New Horizons’ Hazard Analysis Team.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“My job in hazard analysis has been to analyze the data,” Showalter says, “just looking for anything that might be in the way. Any rocky shoals, if you will.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pluto is located at the inner edge of the Kuiper belt, a massive band of icy asteroids. From Showalter’s standpoint, it’s like a mine field.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After all, New Horizons is traveling at nine miles per second. That’s about 32,000 miles per hour.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Way faster than a bullet,” Showalter says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At that speed, collision with an asteroid as small as a BB pellet or a grain of sand could be disastrous.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_107177\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 356px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/image-20141218-31040-u44bpe.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-107177\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/image-20141218-31040-u44bpe-800x597.jpg\" alt=\"The trajectory of the New Horizons probe since its launch in January 2006. After its flyby of Pluto and Charon this week, the probe will fly through the Edgeworth-Kuiper belt and then on to the stars.\" width=\"356\" height=\"266\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/image-20141218-31040-u44bpe-800x597.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/image-20141218-31040-u44bpe-400x298.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/image-20141218-31040-u44bpe-1180x880.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/image-20141218-31040-u44bpe-960x716.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/image-20141218-31040-u44bpe.jpg 1370w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 356px) 100vw, 356px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The trajectory of the New Horizons probe since its launch in January 2006. After its flyby of Pluto and Charon this week, the probe will fly through the Edgeworth-Kuiper belt and then out to the stars beyond. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“If we’re just unlucky,” Showalter says, “and that BB or grain of sand happens to sever a critical cable between two components, we could conceivably just lose all contact with the spacecraft.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After a decade of waiting, a $700 million NASA mission would be lost.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These are the kinds of things we fear most,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If Showalter and his colleagues spot an asteroid up ahead, they can steer New Horizons around it, a bit like an exceptionally long-distance video game. At this point, New Horizons is so far away that it takes hours for instructions to reach it, or for data to come back showing where, precisely, the spacecraft is.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Basically, Showalter says, “we’re playing dodge ball with a six-hour delay.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That delay means the first photos of Pluto won’t start trickling in until Wednesday morning. The highest-resolution photos will arrive in the fall.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After its Pluto encounter, New Horizons will keep traveling, maybe for a decade, powered by plutonium pellets and, hopefully, sending back more photos from the icy edge of our solar system.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "NASA's Cassini Spacecraft Reveals Mystery Lakes on Saturn's Moon Titan",
"headTitle": "NASA’s Cassini Spacecraft Reveals Mystery Lakes on Saturn’s Moon Titan | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>New observations of Saturn’s largest satellite, Titan, by \u003ca href=\"http://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">NASA’s Cassini \u003c/a>spacecraft, paint a fresh picture of the striking similarities between the cold, distant moon and the Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mysterious, round-edged lakes filling depressions with no apparent sources of liquid have been found in the wide, flat plains in Titan’s polar region.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Titan is one of the most fascinating and enigmatic natural satellites in the solar system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Its cold, dense nitrogen atmosphere is stocked with thick layers of hydrocarbon clouds, and an apparent liquid cycle of methane and ethane that parallels the precipitation, runoff, and formation of lakes and seas in Earth’s water cycle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_102573\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 328px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/sinkholelakes1.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-102573\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/sinkholelakes1.jpg\" alt=\"Alleged "sinkhole" lakes in the flat plains of Titan's polar region. (Cassini/NASA)\" width=\"328\" height=\"282\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Alleged “sinkhole” lakes in the flat plains of Titan’s polar region. (Cassini/NASA)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The vast lakes and small seas that Cassini introduced us to years ago, which are hundreds of miles across and possibly hundreds of feet deep, are supplied by an obvious source: extensive river networks collecting the runoff from precipitation falling on higher ground.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the \u003ca href=\"http://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/news/cassinifeatures/feature20150619/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">newly discovered\u003c/a> family of small, rounded lakes set in the wide, flat polar plains and mostly unconnected to runoff channels has prompted scientists to refine our understanding of some of the processes that shape Titan’s surface.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>How these lakes are filled is only part of the mystery. It is believed that, in the absence of runoff channels feeding them, these depressions likely collect liquid directly from precipitation, and possibly from underground sources.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Earth, Crater Lake in Oregon is an example of a lake filled solely by rain and snowfall.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_102565\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/lakeejagham.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-102565\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/lakeejagham-400x339.jpg\" alt=\"Meteorite impact crater Lake Ejagham in Cameroon. (Google Earth)\" width=\"400\" height=\"339\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/lakeejagham-400x339.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/lakeejagham.jpg 686w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Lake Ejagham in Cameroon was caused by a meteorite impact. (Google Earth)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The other part of the puzzle is what made the depressions in the first place. Were they gouged out of the flat Titanian plains by meteorite impacts? Such crater lakes can be found on Earth, like Lake Ejagham in the Southwest Province of Cameroon, a circular, half-mile wide water-filled depression in a flat forest basin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, the structure and appearance of the strange lakes on Titan appear to be more similar to limestone cave and sinkhole formations on Earth, which are created when soft limestone and gypsum rock is dissolved by the action of water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Earth, such formations are most prevalent in humid and rainy climates. Numerous large sinkholes, or “cenotes,” are found in the jungles of the Yucatan peninsula in Mexico.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_102566\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/cenote.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-102566\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/cenote-400x225.jpg\" alt='A \"cenote,\" or sinkhole, in the Yucatan Peninsula in Mexico. (Google Earth)' width=\"400\" height=\"225\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/cenote-400x225.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/cenote-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/cenote.jpg 914w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This sinkhole or “cenote” in Mexico’s Yucatan Peninsula was caused by the dissolving of soft rock by the action of water percolating through the earth. (Google Earth)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>On Titan, these lake depressions are located in the relatively rainy polar plains, and are not to be found in the equatorial regions where there is considerably less rainfall.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A team of scientists calculated how long it would take for the alleged polar sinkhole depressions to form, taking into account the differences in conditions between Earth and Titan, including the nature of the frigid liquid hydrocarbons and Titan’s much longer seasons.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Titan’s seasonal cycle, which drives the rainy and dry periods that alternately fill and dry up the polar lakes, is tied in with the orbital period of Saturn and its moons around the sun, which is almost 30 years in length.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The science team estimated that a 300-foot-deep depression–created from the dissolving of surface rock by liquid hydrocarbon action–would take about 50 million years to form.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This may sound like a long time, but in terms of geologic change is not all that long. Titan’s surface in general is regarded as relatively “young” in the geologic timescale: about a billion years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though Titan’s surface is extremely cold—a couple hundred degrees below zero, cold enough that the burner on a gas stove would spew out liquid methane instead of gas—the parallels to conditions on Earth and landscapes that we might find familiar make this world great food for the imagination, and fuel for scientific curiosity.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "New observations of Saturn's largest satellite, Titan, by NASA's Cassini spacecraft, paint a fresh picture of the striking similarities between the cold, distant moon and the Earth. ",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>New observations of Saturn’s largest satellite, Titan, by \u003ca href=\"http://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">NASA’s Cassini \u003c/a>spacecraft, paint a fresh picture of the striking similarities between the cold, distant moon and the Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mysterious, round-edged lakes filling depressions with no apparent sources of liquid have been found in the wide, flat plains in Titan’s polar region.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Titan is one of the most fascinating and enigmatic natural satellites in the solar system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Its cold, dense nitrogen atmosphere is stocked with thick layers of hydrocarbon clouds, and an apparent liquid cycle of methane and ethane that parallels the precipitation, runoff, and formation of lakes and seas in Earth’s water cycle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_102573\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 328px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/sinkholelakes1.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-102573\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/sinkholelakes1.jpg\" alt=\"Alleged "sinkhole" lakes in the flat plains of Titan's polar region. (Cassini/NASA)\" width=\"328\" height=\"282\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Alleged “sinkhole” lakes in the flat plains of Titan’s polar region. (Cassini/NASA)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The vast lakes and small seas that Cassini introduced us to years ago, which are hundreds of miles across and possibly hundreds of feet deep, are supplied by an obvious source: extensive river networks collecting the runoff from precipitation falling on higher ground.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the \u003ca href=\"http://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/news/cassinifeatures/feature20150619/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">newly discovered\u003c/a> family of small, rounded lakes set in the wide, flat polar plains and mostly unconnected to runoff channels has prompted scientists to refine our understanding of some of the processes that shape Titan’s surface.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>How these lakes are filled is only part of the mystery. It is believed that, in the absence of runoff channels feeding them, these depressions likely collect liquid directly from precipitation, and possibly from underground sources.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Earth, Crater Lake in Oregon is an example of a lake filled solely by rain and snowfall.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_102565\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/lakeejagham.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-102565\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/lakeejagham-400x339.jpg\" alt=\"Meteorite impact crater Lake Ejagham in Cameroon. (Google Earth)\" width=\"400\" height=\"339\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/lakeejagham-400x339.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/lakeejagham.jpg 686w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Lake Ejagham in Cameroon was caused by a meteorite impact. (Google Earth)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The other part of the puzzle is what made the depressions in the first place. Were they gouged out of the flat Titanian plains by meteorite impacts? Such crater lakes can be found on Earth, like Lake Ejagham in the Southwest Province of Cameroon, a circular, half-mile wide water-filled depression in a flat forest basin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, the structure and appearance of the strange lakes on Titan appear to be more similar to limestone cave and sinkhole formations on Earth, which are created when soft limestone and gypsum rock is dissolved by the action of water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Earth, such formations are most prevalent in humid and rainy climates. Numerous large sinkholes, or “cenotes,” are found in the jungles of the Yucatan peninsula in Mexico.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_102566\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/cenote.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-102566\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/cenote-400x225.jpg\" alt='A \"cenote,\" or sinkhole, in the Yucatan Peninsula in Mexico. (Google Earth)' width=\"400\" height=\"225\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/cenote-400x225.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/cenote-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/cenote.jpg 914w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This sinkhole or “cenote” in Mexico’s Yucatan Peninsula was caused by the dissolving of soft rock by the action of water percolating through the earth. (Google Earth)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>On Titan, these lake depressions are located in the relatively rainy polar plains, and are not to be found in the equatorial regions where there is considerably less rainfall.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A team of scientists calculated how long it would take for the alleged polar sinkhole depressions to form, taking into account the differences in conditions between Earth and Titan, including the nature of the frigid liquid hydrocarbons and Titan’s much longer seasons.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Titan’s seasonal cycle, which drives the rainy and dry periods that alternately fill and dry up the polar lakes, is tied in with the orbital period of Saturn and its moons around the sun, which is almost 30 years in length.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The science team estimated that a 300-foot-deep depression–created from the dissolving of surface rock by liquid hydrocarbon action–would take about 50 million years to form.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This may sound like a long time, but in terms of geologic change is not all that long. Titan’s surface in general is regarded as relatively “young” in the geologic timescale: about a billion years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though Titan’s surface is extremely cold—a couple hundred degrees below zero, cold enough that the burner on a gas stove would spew out liquid methane instead of gas—the parallels to conditions on Earth and landscapes that we might find familiar make this world great food for the imagination, and fuel for scientific curiosity.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Berryessa-Snow Mountain Becomes California's Newest National Monument",
"headTitle": "Berryessa-Snow Mountain Becomes California’s Newest National Monument | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>\u003cem>UPDATED to reflect conflicting size estimates.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>President Obama used his own authority on Friday to make it official: A vast and varied expanse stretching from just northeast of Napa, into Mendocino County, will become the \u003ca href=\"http://berryessasnowmountain.org/\">Berryessa-Snow Mountain National Monument\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The designation, under the 1906 Antiquities Act, could create California’s biggest national monument–slightly edging out the recently-designated \u003ca href=\"http://www.fs.fed.us/visit/san-gabriel-mountains-national-monument\">San Gabriel Mountains National Monument\u003c/a> in Southern California. Initial announcements carried conflicting versions of the monument’s size, from just under 331,000 acres to nearly 360,000.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The action caps nearly a decade of work by supporters who had pursued both congressional and presidential action to get monument status for lands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’m ecstatic,” said Bob Schneider, policy director at Tuleyome, the Woodland-based group that has been leading the charge. At least two bills by Representative Mike Thompson (D-St. Helena) had stalled in congress. He sounded almost more relieved than ecstatic in a statement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“After years of tireless work by countless numbers of people, the Berryessa snow mountain region is finally getting the permanent protection it deserves,” said Thompson.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/Berryessa_map.jpeg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-56839\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/Berryessa_map.jpeg\" alt=\"Berryessa_map\" width=\"693\" height=\"1024\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/Berryessa_map.jpeg 693w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/Berryessa_map-400x591.jpeg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 693px) 100vw, 693px\">\u003c/a>Proponents call the region a “largely undiscovered national treasure.” Michael Brune, the national head of the Sierra Club, agrees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It goes up about a hundred miles to the north to Snow Mountain and in between you’ve got got beautiful wintering habitat for bald eagles,” Brune told me at a spot along Highway 128, overlooking Putah Creek, in a 2013 interview.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The apparent confusion over the size is not entirely surprising. Far from being a neatly outlined tract, the new monument is a loose patchwork of various federal lands managed by different agencies. If the Interior figure of 330,780 acres stands, San Gabriel would remain California’s largest national monument.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brune threw his weight behind the move to set aside the Berryessa expanse. “Tule elk are here,” he added, “You’ve got beautiful rolling hills on the western part of the valley. It’s a place that is close to Sacramento, close to the Bay Area, but very wild,” said Brune.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca title=\"USFS - Snow Mtn\" href=\"http://www.fs.usda.gov/recarea/mendocino/recreation/recarea/?recid=25214\">Snow Mountain Wilderness Area\u003c/a> lies near the north end. At the south end is Lake Berryessa, a 16,000-acre reservoir and recreational magnet that had originally been proposed as part of the monument, but \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/06/20/lake-in-limbo-suspense-surrounds-proposed-berryessa-national-monument/\">was excluded\u003c/a> in Thompson’s most recent bill, the presumptive template for Obama’s action.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Berryessa’s not a natural lake. It was created in 1957 when the Bureau of Reclamation penned up Putah Creek with the 300-foot-high Monticello Dam. Some area residents wary of special protections for the region cited the “man-made” lake in their \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/audio/another-try-for-californias-second-national-conservation-area/?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=rss&utm_campaign=another-try-for-californias-second-national-conservation-area\">arguments against a monument\u003c/a> designation. The Antiquities Act reserves special status for “objects of historic or scientific interest.” Interior Secretary Sally Jewell conceded that could be an obstacle to inclusion of the lake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>National Monument designation has often been a precursor to areas becoming national parks, as was the case with the recently upgraded \u003ca href=\"http://www.nps.gov/pinn/index.htm\">Pinnacles National Park\u003c/a>, south of the Bay Area. As a monument, Berryessa-Snow Mountain will be managed jointly by the federal Bureau of Land Management and U.S. Forest Service.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Environmentalists call the vast expanse of lands a \"hotspot for biodiversity\" and an \"undiscovered national treasure.\" It's about to be discovered.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cem>UPDATED to reflect conflicting size estimates.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>President Obama used his own authority on Friday to make it official: A vast and varied expanse stretching from just northeast of Napa, into Mendocino County, will become the \u003ca href=\"http://berryessasnowmountain.org/\">Berryessa-Snow Mountain National Monument\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The designation, under the 1906 Antiquities Act, could create California’s biggest national monument–slightly edging out the recently-designated \u003ca href=\"http://www.fs.fed.us/visit/san-gabriel-mountains-national-monument\">San Gabriel Mountains National Monument\u003c/a> in Southern California. Initial announcements carried conflicting versions of the monument’s size, from just under 331,000 acres to nearly 360,000.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The action caps nearly a decade of work by supporters who had pursued both congressional and presidential action to get monument status for lands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’m ecstatic,” said Bob Schneider, policy director at Tuleyome, the Woodland-based group that has been leading the charge. At least two bills by Representative Mike Thompson (D-St. Helena) had stalled in congress. He sounded almost more relieved than ecstatic in a statement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“After years of tireless work by countless numbers of people, the Berryessa snow mountain region is finally getting the permanent protection it deserves,” said Thompson.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/Berryessa_map.jpeg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-56839\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/Berryessa_map.jpeg\" alt=\"Berryessa_map\" width=\"693\" height=\"1024\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/Berryessa_map.jpeg 693w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/Berryessa_map-400x591.jpeg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 693px) 100vw, 693px\">\u003c/a>Proponents call the region a “largely undiscovered national treasure.” Michael Brune, the national head of the Sierra Club, agrees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It goes up about a hundred miles to the north to Snow Mountain and in between you’ve got got beautiful wintering habitat for bald eagles,” Brune told me at a spot along Highway 128, overlooking Putah Creek, in a 2013 interview.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The apparent confusion over the size is not entirely surprising. Far from being a neatly outlined tract, the new monument is a loose patchwork of various federal lands managed by different agencies. If the Interior figure of 330,780 acres stands, San Gabriel would remain California’s largest national monument.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brune threw his weight behind the move to set aside the Berryessa expanse. “Tule elk are here,” he added, “You’ve got beautiful rolling hills on the western part of the valley. It’s a place that is close to Sacramento, close to the Bay Area, but very wild,” said Brune.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca title=\"USFS - Snow Mtn\" href=\"http://www.fs.usda.gov/recarea/mendocino/recreation/recarea/?recid=25214\">Snow Mountain Wilderness Area\u003c/a> lies near the north end. At the south end is Lake Berryessa, a 16,000-acre reservoir and recreational magnet that had originally been proposed as part of the monument, but \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/06/20/lake-in-limbo-suspense-surrounds-proposed-berryessa-national-monument/\">was excluded\u003c/a> in Thompson’s most recent bill, the presumptive template for Obama’s action.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Berryessa’s not a natural lake. It was created in 1957 when the Bureau of Reclamation penned up Putah Creek with the 300-foot-high Monticello Dam. Some area residents wary of special protections for the region cited the “man-made” lake in their \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/audio/another-try-for-californias-second-national-conservation-area/?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=rss&utm_campaign=another-try-for-californias-second-national-conservation-area\">arguments against a monument\u003c/a> designation. The Antiquities Act reserves special status for “objects of historic or scientific interest.” Interior Secretary Sally Jewell conceded that could be an obstacle to inclusion of the lake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>National Monument designation has often been a precursor to areas becoming national parks, as was the case with the recently upgraded \u003ca href=\"http://www.nps.gov/pinn/index.htm\">Pinnacles National Park\u003c/a>, south of the Bay Area. As a monument, Berryessa-Snow Mountain will be managed jointly by the federal Bureau of Land Management and U.S. Forest Service.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Wendy's Ceratops, a New Face in the Dinosaur Line",
"headTitle": "Wendy’s Ceratops, a New Face in the Dinosaur Line | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Fossils of an early relative of \u003ci>Triceratops\u003c/i>, part of the horn-headed ceratopsid group of dinosaurs, have been recovered from the rocks of southern Canada. The find helps fill a gap in the evolution of these iconic, long-extinct creatures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>Triceratops\u003c/i> and its relatives were four-legged animals that had distinctive horns on their faces (\u003ci>ceratops\u003c/i> is scientific Greek for “horn-face”) and large bony frills behind their heads. They appear to have eaten brushy plants and lived in herds, making them the elephants, rhinos and zebras of their day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The newest member of the ceratopsid group was given the name \u003ci>Wendiceratops pinhornensis\u003c/i> by its discoverers, \u003ca href=\"https://evanslab.wordpress.com/people/\">David Evans\u003c/a> of the Royal Ontario Museum and \u003ca href=\"http://www.phaetongroup.com/ryan.php\">Michael Ryan\u003c/a> of the Cleveland Museum of Natural History. “Wendiceratops” honors fossil-hunter Wendy Sloboda and “pinhornensis” refers to the Pinhorn Provincial Grazing Reserve in southern Alberta, where more than 200 its bones were dug up. Evans and Ryan painstakingly describe the bison-sized dinosaur in a \u003ca href=\"http://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0130007\">paper\u003c/a> in the open-access journal \u003ca href=\"https://www.plos.org/\">PLOS ONE\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The newly described species had an unusually flamboyant head for its time. It’s significant because at 79 million years of age it represents the beginning of an explosion in diversity among the ceratopsids.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_104383\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/Wendiceratops_live.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-104383\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/Wendiceratops_live-800x656.jpg\" alt=\"Head of Wendiceratops\" width=\"800\" height=\"656\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/Wendiceratops_live-800x656.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/Wendiceratops_live-400x328.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/Wendiceratops_live-960x787.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/Wendiceratops_live.jpg 1000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u003ci>Wendiceratops pinhornensis\u003c/i>, as reconstructed by scientific illustrator \u003ca href=\"http://www.ddufault.com/paleo.html\">Danielle Dufault\u003c/a> for the Royal Ontario Museum (Dufault/PLOS) \u003ccite>(Danielle Dufault/PLOS)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Ceratopsids are part of a much larger group of dinosaurs called the ceratopsians, which originated about 160 million years ago. The oldest ceratopsids have been found only in China in rocks about 90 million years old. After a gap of 10 million years, ceratopsids appeared in North America, where they thrived for the rest of the Cretaceous Period, from about 80 to 66 million years ago. They finally went extinct in the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/12/18/dinosaur-extinction-new-research-favors-volcanism-as-cause/\">catastrophic events that ended the Cretaceous\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ci>Wendiceratops\u003c/i> fossils came from a “bonebed” that contained remains of at least four individuals. More than 200 fossils were retrieved from a space the size of a living room, excavated between 2011 and 2014. This is an unusually good record for an early American ceratopsid species, most of which are known from just a few fossil fragments. The collection has examples of most of the important bones.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_104384\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/Wendiceratops_quarry.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-104384\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/Wendiceratops_quarry-800x584.jpg\" alt=\"Wendiceratops quarry\" width=\"800\" height=\"584\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/Wendiceratops_quarry.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/Wendiceratops_quarry-400x292.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The \u003ci>Wendiceratops\u003c/i> quarry in southern Alberta. The diggers are standing at the level of the bonebed. Rock exposures like these have yielded thousands of dinosaur fossils in the U.S. and Canada. The Bay Area at this time was \u003ca href=\"https://oaklandgeology.wordpress.com/2015/06/29/shepherd-canyon-type-localities-of-oakland-rocks/\">deep underwater\u003c/a>. (Evans)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The most distinctive part of \u003ci>Wendiceratops\u003c/i> is its frill. The flaring top of the frill, or parietal bone, has several gently pointed spikes that flop forward like bangs. And the knobs along the sides and base of the frill lie in a line as even and consistent as a movie star’s teeth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_104385\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/wendi-frill.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-104385\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/wendi-frill-800x527.png\" alt=\"Frill bones of ceratopsids\" width=\"800\" height=\"527\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/wendi-frill-800x527.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/wendi-frill-400x263.png 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/wendi-frill-960x632.png 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/wendi-frill.png 1008w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The frill bones of \u003ci>Wendiceratops\u003c/i>, at center, consist of the central parietal bone and the two squamous bones below. Surrounding it are parietals of other ceratopsids: (left to right) \u003ci>Xenoceratops\u003c/i>, \u003ci>Centrosaurus\u003c/i>, \u003ci>Styracosaurus\u003c/i>, \u003ci>Achelosaurus\u003c/i>, \u003ci>Albertaceratops\u003c/i>, \u003ci>Pachyrhinosaurus\u003c/i>, \u003ci>Einiosaurus\u003c/i> and \u003ci>Diabloceratops\u003c/i>. (Evans/PLOS)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Another feature of professional interest to Evans and Ryan is the nose horn, represented in the fossils by its bony core. (Until more fossils are found, we can only guess at the horn’s actual shape.) Their analysis shows that nose horns probably evolved at least two separate times in this line of dinosaurs. As in other cases of convergent evolution, the horns originated in different ways, but ended up looking the same.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Evans and Ryan note that \u003ci>Wendiceratops\u003c/i> shared the Cretaceous plains with several other ceratopsid species, such as \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albertaceratops\">\u003ci>Albertaceratops\u003c/i>\u003c/a>. This fits with the idea that the famous ornamented frills of the ceratopsids served to tell apart the different species, although they also may have helped the animals regulate their body temperature.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "An intriguing, attractive early member of the Triceratops tribe is newly described from Canadian rocks.",
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"headline": "Wendy's Ceratops, a New Face in the Dinosaur Line",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Fossils of an early relative of \u003ci>Triceratops\u003c/i>, part of the horn-headed ceratopsid group of dinosaurs, have been recovered from the rocks of southern Canada. The find helps fill a gap in the evolution of these iconic, long-extinct creatures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>Triceratops\u003c/i> and its relatives were four-legged animals that had distinctive horns on their faces (\u003ci>ceratops\u003c/i> is scientific Greek for “horn-face”) and large bony frills behind their heads. They appear to have eaten brushy plants and lived in herds, making them the elephants, rhinos and zebras of their day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The newest member of the ceratopsid group was given the name \u003ci>Wendiceratops pinhornensis\u003c/i> by its discoverers, \u003ca href=\"https://evanslab.wordpress.com/people/\">David Evans\u003c/a> of the Royal Ontario Museum and \u003ca href=\"http://www.phaetongroup.com/ryan.php\">Michael Ryan\u003c/a> of the Cleveland Museum of Natural History. “Wendiceratops” honors fossil-hunter Wendy Sloboda and “pinhornensis” refers to the Pinhorn Provincial Grazing Reserve in southern Alberta, where more than 200 its bones were dug up. Evans and Ryan painstakingly describe the bison-sized dinosaur in a \u003ca href=\"http://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0130007\">paper\u003c/a> in the open-access journal \u003ca href=\"https://www.plos.org/\">PLOS ONE\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The newly described species had an unusually flamboyant head for its time. It’s significant because at 79 million years of age it represents the beginning of an explosion in diversity among the ceratopsids.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_104383\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/Wendiceratops_live.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-104383\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/Wendiceratops_live-800x656.jpg\" alt=\"Head of Wendiceratops\" width=\"800\" height=\"656\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/Wendiceratops_live-800x656.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/Wendiceratops_live-400x328.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/Wendiceratops_live-960x787.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/Wendiceratops_live.jpg 1000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u003ci>Wendiceratops pinhornensis\u003c/i>, as reconstructed by scientific illustrator \u003ca href=\"http://www.ddufault.com/paleo.html\">Danielle Dufault\u003c/a> for the Royal Ontario Museum (Dufault/PLOS) \u003ccite>(Danielle Dufault/PLOS)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Ceratopsids are part of a much larger group of dinosaurs called the ceratopsians, which originated about 160 million years ago. The oldest ceratopsids have been found only in China in rocks about 90 million years old. After a gap of 10 million years, ceratopsids appeared in North America, where they thrived for the rest of the Cretaceous Period, from about 80 to 66 million years ago. They finally went extinct in the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/12/18/dinosaur-extinction-new-research-favors-volcanism-as-cause/\">catastrophic events that ended the Cretaceous\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ci>Wendiceratops\u003c/i> fossils came from a “bonebed” that contained remains of at least four individuals. More than 200 fossils were retrieved from a space the size of a living room, excavated between 2011 and 2014. This is an unusually good record for an early American ceratopsid species, most of which are known from just a few fossil fragments. The collection has examples of most of the important bones.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_104384\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/Wendiceratops_quarry.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-104384\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/Wendiceratops_quarry-800x584.jpg\" alt=\"Wendiceratops quarry\" width=\"800\" height=\"584\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/Wendiceratops_quarry.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/Wendiceratops_quarry-400x292.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The \u003ci>Wendiceratops\u003c/i> quarry in southern Alberta. The diggers are standing at the level of the bonebed. Rock exposures like these have yielded thousands of dinosaur fossils in the U.S. and Canada. The Bay Area at this time was \u003ca href=\"https://oaklandgeology.wordpress.com/2015/06/29/shepherd-canyon-type-localities-of-oakland-rocks/\">deep underwater\u003c/a>. (Evans)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The most distinctive part of \u003ci>Wendiceratops\u003c/i> is its frill. The flaring top of the frill, or parietal bone, has several gently pointed spikes that flop forward like bangs. And the knobs along the sides and base of the frill lie in a line as even and consistent as a movie star’s teeth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_104385\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/wendi-frill.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-104385\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/wendi-frill-800x527.png\" alt=\"Frill bones of ceratopsids\" width=\"800\" height=\"527\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/wendi-frill-800x527.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/wendi-frill-400x263.png 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/wendi-frill-960x632.png 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/wendi-frill.png 1008w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The frill bones of \u003ci>Wendiceratops\u003c/i>, at center, consist of the central parietal bone and the two squamous bones below. Surrounding it are parietals of other ceratopsids: (left to right) \u003ci>Xenoceratops\u003c/i>, \u003ci>Centrosaurus\u003c/i>, \u003ci>Styracosaurus\u003c/i>, \u003ci>Achelosaurus\u003c/i>, \u003ci>Albertaceratops\u003c/i>, \u003ci>Pachyrhinosaurus\u003c/i>, \u003ci>Einiosaurus\u003c/i> and \u003ci>Diabloceratops\u003c/i>. (Evans/PLOS)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Another feature of professional interest to Evans and Ryan is the nose horn, represented in the fossils by its bony core. (Until more fossils are found, we can only guess at the horn’s actual shape.) Their analysis shows that nose horns probably evolved at least two separate times in this line of dinosaurs. As in other cases of convergent evolution, the horns originated in different ways, but ended up looking the same.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Evans and Ryan note that \u003ci>Wendiceratops\u003c/i> shared the Cretaceous plains with several other ceratopsid species, such as \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albertaceratops\">\u003ci>Albertaceratops\u003c/i>\u003c/a>. This fits with the idea that the famous ornamented frills of the ceratopsids served to tell apart the different species, although they also may have helped the animals regulate their body temperature.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "El Niño Update: California's 'Great Wet Hope' Continues to Build",
"headTitle": "El Niño Update: California’s ‘Great Wet Hope’ Continues to Build | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Prospects for a wet winter are brightening, if predictions for the state’s “great wet hope” pan out. The \u003ca href=\"http://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/ninonina.html\">ocean conditions\u003c/a> known as El Niño appear to be strengthening — but a parched California is still months away from relief — if it comes at all.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Federal forecasters now say that \u003ca href=\"http://www.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov/products/analysis_monitoring/enso_advisory/\">chances are 90 percent\u003c/a> of an El Niño persisting through the coming winter — and the odds are nearly as good — 80 percent — that the tropical Pacific will stay warmer than normal into the spring.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But what matters just as much is how warm those waters are; only \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/09/01/drought-myth-busting-why-el-nino-wont-save-california/\">the so-called “strong” events\u003c/a> are reliable rainmakers for California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Going forward right now we do favor a strong event,” says Mike Halpert, deputy director of NOAA’s Climate Prediction Center.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Certainly at this point we don’t see this thing weakening and fading away.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_105237\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 649px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/ElNino_NOAA_150701.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-105237\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/ElNino_NOAA_150701.png\" alt=\"An El Nino forms when the usual easterly trade winds subside, allowing surface waters to warm along the equator.\" width=\"649\" height=\"413\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/ElNino_NOAA_150701.png 649w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/ElNino_NOAA_150701-400x255.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 649px) 100vw, 649px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An El Nino forms when the usual easterly trade winds subside, allowing surface waters to warm along the equator. \u003ccite>(NOAA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Others are also bullish on a big event.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Not a puny El Niño but a Godzilla El Niño,” adds Bill Patzert, a climatologist at NASA’s Jet Propulsion Lab in Pasadena.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is much stronger than we’ve seen — this is the biggest signal since 1997.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That was that last one that Patzert would assign “Godzilla” status. That winter San Francisco got double its usual rainfall and the state was pounded with rain and snow, causing major flooding and landslides. While that could happen this time, it would also top up badly depleted reservoirs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Every week this drought gets more and more punishing and by the time we hit the fall, you know everybody is definitely going to be on El Niño alert.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This year, the alert might be tempered a bit by memories of last year’s “El Wimpo,” the moniker that landed on an El Niño that didn’t amount to much — and certainly produced no big rains for California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I won’t say it’s night and day compared to last year,” says NOAA’s Halpert, “but certainly last year we never involved the atmosphere as the ocean temperature warmed and the ocean never really got as warm as we currently are, so there’s a big difference.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Patzert says not quite all the pieces are in place; he’s still looking for a key ingredient in the El Niño recipe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re not quite there yet,” he cautions. “The temperatures in the eastern and central Pacific are definitely building. It’s very warm out there — but what we have not seen is a large-scale collapse of the trade winds systems, which is really the critical piece.” (El Niño is not to be confused with the current “blob” of warm ocean water lingering along the California coast — they are completely separate, driven by different mechanisms.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Patzert says it would be a mistake to relax water conservation efforts throughout California. State water managers have echoed that. They too well remember last year, when early hype over El Niño may have given Californians false hope, undermining calls for water conservation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s still time for this El Niño to disappoint us,” Patzert cautions. “Don’t cash in your 401-k and invest in umbrellas…yet.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Scientists say they're seeing the strongest El Nino signal since the \"Godzilla\" event of 1997-98, when San Francisco got double its usual rainfall.",
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"title": "El Niño Update: California's 'Great Wet Hope' Continues to Build | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Prospects for a wet winter are brightening, if predictions for the state’s “great wet hope” pan out. The \u003ca href=\"http://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/ninonina.html\">ocean conditions\u003c/a> known as El Niño appear to be strengthening — but a parched California is still months away from relief — if it comes at all.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Federal forecasters now say that \u003ca href=\"http://www.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov/products/analysis_monitoring/enso_advisory/\">chances are 90 percent\u003c/a> of an El Niño persisting through the coming winter — and the odds are nearly as good — 80 percent — that the tropical Pacific will stay warmer than normal into the spring.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But what matters just as much is how warm those waters are; only \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/09/01/drought-myth-busting-why-el-nino-wont-save-california/\">the so-called “strong” events\u003c/a> are reliable rainmakers for California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Going forward right now we do favor a strong event,” says Mike Halpert, deputy director of NOAA’s Climate Prediction Center.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Certainly at this point we don’t see this thing weakening and fading away.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_105237\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 649px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/ElNino_NOAA_150701.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-105237\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/ElNino_NOAA_150701.png\" alt=\"An El Nino forms when the usual easterly trade winds subside, allowing surface waters to warm along the equator.\" width=\"649\" height=\"413\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/ElNino_NOAA_150701.png 649w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/ElNino_NOAA_150701-400x255.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 649px) 100vw, 649px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An El Nino forms when the usual easterly trade winds subside, allowing surface waters to warm along the equator. \u003ccite>(NOAA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Others are also bullish on a big event.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Not a puny El Niño but a Godzilla El Niño,” adds Bill Patzert, a climatologist at NASA’s Jet Propulsion Lab in Pasadena.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is much stronger than we’ve seen — this is the biggest signal since 1997.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That was that last one that Patzert would assign “Godzilla” status. That winter San Francisco got double its usual rainfall and the state was pounded with rain and snow, causing major flooding and landslides. While that could happen this time, it would also top up badly depleted reservoirs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Every week this drought gets more and more punishing and by the time we hit the fall, you know everybody is definitely going to be on El Niño alert.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This year, the alert might be tempered a bit by memories of last year’s “El Wimpo,” the moniker that landed on an El Niño that didn’t amount to much — and certainly produced no big rains for California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I won’t say it’s night and day compared to last year,” says NOAA’s Halpert, “but certainly last year we never involved the atmosphere as the ocean temperature warmed and the ocean never really got as warm as we currently are, so there’s a big difference.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Patzert says not quite all the pieces are in place; he’s still looking for a key ingredient in the El Niño recipe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re not quite there yet,” he cautions. “The temperatures in the eastern and central Pacific are definitely building. It’s very warm out there — but what we have not seen is a large-scale collapse of the trade winds systems, which is really the critical piece.” (El Niño is not to be confused with the current “blob” of warm ocean water lingering along the California coast — they are completely separate, driven by different mechanisms.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Patzert says it would be a mistake to relax water conservation efforts throughout California. State water managers have echoed that. They too well remember last year, when early hype over El Niño may have given Californians false hope, undermining calls for water conservation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s still time for this El Niño to disappoint us,” Patzert cautions. “Don’t cash in your 401-k and invest in umbrellas…yet.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Shark Attack: Despite the Hype, Risk Along California Coast at All-Time Low",
"headTitle": "Shark Attack: Despite the Hype, Risk Along California Coast at All-Time Low | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Ever since \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ucMLFO6TsFM\">trailers for the 1975 blockbuster\u003c/a>, Jaws advised filmgoers to “See it before you go swimming,” shark attacks have lurked among America’s shared national nightmares. And this being Shark Week on cable TV, it’s easy to get caught up in a fear frenzy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But a new study shows that the risk of a shark bite for surfers, swimmers and divers in California has dropped by 91 percent over the past five decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“California ocean-goers are safer today than at any other time since the 1950s,” says Francesco Ferretti, a postdoctoral researcher at Stanford’s Hopkins Marine Station and lead author of the study to be published later this month in \u003ca href=\"http://www.frontiersinecology.org\">Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shark population sizes are one risk factor for an attack — but not the only one. That risk also depends on the number of humans in the water and how often people and sharks are in the same place at the same time. To see how this risk has changed, the scientists analyzed patterns of great white shark attacks in California since 1950.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Great white sharks are thought to have thrived in California’s waters over the last 60 years due to increased state and federal protections. But the human population on the coast has increased much faster.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So has the number of surfers, divers and swimmers in the water. According to Ferretti’s estimates, about 112 million more people visited California’s beaches in 2013, compared to 1950.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Even though the absolute numbers of shark attacks have increased since 1950, when you consider the number of people that are engaged in ocean activity, you see that actually the expected number of attacks for the same amount of people [in the ocean] has declined,” explains Ferretti.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_104857\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/0175802-CMF.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-104857\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/0175802-CMF-400x267.jpg\" alt=\"A great white shark approaches a kayaker. Although the total number of shark bites has increased since 1950, the individual risk has fallen by 91 percent.\" width=\"400\" height=\"267\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/0175802-CMF-400x267.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/0175802-CMF-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/0175802-CMF-1440x960.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/0175802-CMF-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/0175802-CMF-960x640.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A great white shark approaches a kayaker. Although the total number of shark bites has increased since 1950, the individual risk has fallen by 91 percent. \u003ccite>(C & M Fallows/SeaPics.com)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>By his math, the odds of a shark biting a surfer in California is one in 17 million, and the chances of an attack on a swimmer is one in 738 million.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That means a Californian is 1,800 times more likely to die from drowning at the beach than from a shark attack, according to statistics from the \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov\">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ferretti says that sharks may be spending more time near colonies of their favorite prey: elephant seals and California sea lions. They could also be learning to avoid heavily populated areas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>In the Spotlight\u003cbr>\n\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Big predators are important parts of any ecosystem. Like the famous wolves in Yellowstone, great white sharks are considered key species in the ocean. They help keep prey populations under control and help maintain a diverse community of plants and animals along the coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They also rarely attack humans. But attacks always make the news. For example, North Carolina has already seen a record \u003ca href=\"http://abc11.com/news/marine-injured-in-8th-shark-attack-along-nc-coast/831239/\">eight shark bites\u003c/a> this summer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The breathless Shark Week coverage, which often seems contrived to \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2015/07/06/420326546/after-sketchy-science-shark-week-promises-to-turn-over-a-new-fin\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">advance viewer ratings more than science\u003c/a>, contributes to the hype and fear around shark attacks. But sharks are actually wimps on the list of world’s deadliest animals. That list is dominated by mosquitos and the diseases they vector. Bill Gates has famously suggested that cable TV consider switching publicity to “\u003ca href=\"http://www.gatesnotes.com/Health/Most-Lethal-Animal-Mosquito-Week\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Mosquito Week\u003c/a>.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_106682\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.gatesnotes.com/Health/Most-Lethal-Animal-Mosquito-Week\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-106682\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/1G9DBSe-400x431.jpg\" alt=\"Together, mosquito-borne diseases and humans kill over 100,000-times more people per year than sharks. \" width=\"400\" height=\"431\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/1G9DBSe-400x431.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/1G9DBSe.jpg 627w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Together, mosquito-borne diseases and humans kill over 100,000-times more people per year than sharks. \u003ccite>(gatesnotes)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Attacks in the news might spur efforts to eliminate sharks, but in most cases research has shown that these strategies don’t actually reduce the risk of shark bites.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Instead, Ferretti says that people can minimize their risk of a shark bite by becoming more informed of when and where sharks are most likely to be near shore.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Your risk to be bitten is much higher if you go surfing in the fall than if you go and surf in the spring,” he explains. “This is really important, to empower people with the information they can use when they make their decisions.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Murky Waters\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Conceptually, this is an interesting paper looking at a species that is potentially dangerous to humans,” says Douglas Long, a research associate at the California Academy of Sciences and Professor of biology at St. Mary’s College, who studies white shark ecology and conservation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Long cautions that we don’t yet have reliable estimates of California’s great white shark population sizes. He also says that obtaining more precise estimates of ocean use by people would give a clearer picture of the risk of shark attack.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Either way, shark attacks are really rare,” he adds. “You have a greater chance of being killed in a traffic accident on the way to the beach, or even of being attacked by someone’s dog at the beach.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Ever since \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ucMLFO6TsFM\">trailers for the 1975 blockbuster\u003c/a>, Jaws advised filmgoers to “See it before you go swimming,” shark attacks have lurked among America’s shared national nightmares. And this being Shark Week on cable TV, it’s easy to get caught up in a fear frenzy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But a new study shows that the risk of a shark bite for surfers, swimmers and divers in California has dropped by 91 percent over the past five decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“California ocean-goers are safer today than at any other time since the 1950s,” says Francesco Ferretti, a postdoctoral researcher at Stanford’s Hopkins Marine Station and lead author of the study to be published later this month in \u003ca href=\"http://www.frontiersinecology.org\">Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shark population sizes are one risk factor for an attack — but not the only one. That risk also depends on the number of humans in the water and how often people and sharks are in the same place at the same time. To see how this risk has changed, the scientists analyzed patterns of great white shark attacks in California since 1950.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Great white sharks are thought to have thrived in California’s waters over the last 60 years due to increased state and federal protections. But the human population on the coast has increased much faster.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So has the number of surfers, divers and swimmers in the water. According to Ferretti’s estimates, about 112 million more people visited California’s beaches in 2013, compared to 1950.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Even though the absolute numbers of shark attacks have increased since 1950, when you consider the number of people that are engaged in ocean activity, you see that actually the expected number of attacks for the same amount of people [in the ocean] has declined,” explains Ferretti.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_104857\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/0175802-CMF.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-104857\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/0175802-CMF-400x267.jpg\" alt=\"A great white shark approaches a kayaker. Although the total number of shark bites has increased since 1950, the individual risk has fallen by 91 percent.\" width=\"400\" height=\"267\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/0175802-CMF-400x267.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/0175802-CMF-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/0175802-CMF-1440x960.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/0175802-CMF-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/0175802-CMF-960x640.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A great white shark approaches a kayaker. Although the total number of shark bites has increased since 1950, the individual risk has fallen by 91 percent. \u003ccite>(C & M Fallows/SeaPics.com)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>By his math, the odds of a shark biting a surfer in California is one in 17 million, and the chances of an attack on a swimmer is one in 738 million.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That means a Californian is 1,800 times more likely to die from drowning at the beach than from a shark attack, according to statistics from the \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov\">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ferretti says that sharks may be spending more time near colonies of their favorite prey: elephant seals and California sea lions. They could also be learning to avoid heavily populated areas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>In the Spotlight\u003cbr>\n\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Big predators are important parts of any ecosystem. Like the famous wolves in Yellowstone, great white sharks are considered key species in the ocean. They help keep prey populations under control and help maintain a diverse community of plants and animals along the coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They also rarely attack humans. But attacks always make the news. For example, North Carolina has already seen a record \u003ca href=\"http://abc11.com/news/marine-injured-in-8th-shark-attack-along-nc-coast/831239/\">eight shark bites\u003c/a> this summer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The breathless Shark Week coverage, which often seems contrived to \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2015/07/06/420326546/after-sketchy-science-shark-week-promises-to-turn-over-a-new-fin\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">advance viewer ratings more than science\u003c/a>, contributes to the hype and fear around shark attacks. But sharks are actually wimps on the list of world’s deadliest animals. That list is dominated by mosquitos and the diseases they vector. Bill Gates has famously suggested that cable TV consider switching publicity to “\u003ca href=\"http://www.gatesnotes.com/Health/Most-Lethal-Animal-Mosquito-Week\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Mosquito Week\u003c/a>.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_106682\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.gatesnotes.com/Health/Most-Lethal-Animal-Mosquito-Week\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-106682\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/1G9DBSe-400x431.jpg\" alt=\"Together, mosquito-borne diseases and humans kill over 100,000-times more people per year than sharks. \" width=\"400\" height=\"431\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/1G9DBSe-400x431.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/1G9DBSe.jpg 627w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Together, mosquito-borne diseases and humans kill over 100,000-times more people per year than sharks. \u003ccite>(gatesnotes)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Attacks in the news might spur efforts to eliminate sharks, but in most cases research has shown that these strategies don’t actually reduce the risk of shark bites.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Instead, Ferretti says that people can minimize their risk of a shark bite by becoming more informed of when and where sharks are most likely to be near shore.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Your risk to be bitten is much higher if you go surfing in the fall than if you go and surf in the spring,” he explains. “This is really important, to empower people with the information they can use when they make their decisions.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Murky Waters\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Conceptually, this is an interesting paper looking at a species that is potentially dangerous to humans,” says Douglas Long, a research associate at the California Academy of Sciences and Professor of biology at St. Mary’s College, who studies white shark ecology and conservation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Long cautions that we don’t yet have reliable estimates of California’s great white shark population sizes. He also says that obtaining more precise estimates of ocean use by people would give a clearer picture of the risk of shark attack.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Either way, shark attacks are really rare,” he adds. “You have a greater chance of being killed in a traffic accident on the way to the beach, or even of being attacked by someone’s dog at the beach.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"slug": "dining-out-sit-down-restaurants-not-necessarily-healthier-than-fast-food",
"title": "Dining Out? Sit-Down Restaurants Not Necessarily Healthier Than Fast Food",
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"headTitle": "Dining Out? Sit-Down Restaurants Not Necessarily Healthier Than Fast Food | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cp>The Bay Area loves its food scene. On average, we eat \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/2013/09/24/2014-san-francisco-zagat-guide-surveys-restaurants-residents-eating-preferences/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">4.2 meals per week\u003c/a> on the town, and San Francisco has \u003ca href=\"http://insidescoopsf.sfgate.com/blog/2012/08/01/report-san-francisco-has-the-highest-density-of-restaurants-in-america-by-far/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">more restaurants per household\u003c/a> than any other U.S. city.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But when Americans go out to eat, they consume more calories, salt, cholesterol and fat than when they prepare their meals at home, according to \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/ejcn/journal/vaop/ncurrent/abs/ejcn2015104a.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">a report\u003c/a> published last week in the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/ejcn/index.html\">European Journal of Clinical Nutrition\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And full-service restaurants are not necessarily better than fast-food joints. In fact, \u003ca href=\"http://www.kch.illinois.edu/Faculty/Bios/An.aspx\">Ruopeng An\u003c/a>, the report’s author, found that patrons of sit-down restaurants actually consumed \u003cem>more\u003c/em> cholesterol and salt than those who ate fast food.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_89433\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/unnamed.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-89433\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/unnamed-400x598.jpg\" alt=\"Brunch is one of the most popular meals in San Francisco restaurants, but longer meal times and large portions may encourage diners to over eat.\" width=\"400\" height=\"598\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/unnamed-400x598.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/unnamed.jpg 513w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Brunch is one of the most popular meals in San Francisco restaurants, but longer meal times and large portions may encourage diners to over eat. \u003ccite>(Sarah Lappe)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“It’s likely that people consider full-service restaurants to be healthier,” says An, a scientist at University of Illinois, “so they may be less likely to make informed decisions there.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In some ways, the food consumed at restaurants was healthier: restaurant meals contained more beneficial nutrients than fast food, like vitamins, potassium and omega-3 fatty acids.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But these benefits may be undermined by the drawback that people dining at \u003cem>any \u003c/em>establishment consumed about 10% more calories and salt than those eating at home.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Going out is usually a social activity that takes a long time. An thinks this may be one factor that encourages overeating at restaurants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new report is based on data collected between 2003 and 2010 through the federally-funded \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nhanes/about_nhanes.htm\">National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey\u003c/a>, a project of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/\">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Approximately 18,000 American adults were asked to recall everything they ate during two separate 24-hour windows, including where they got the food and where they ate it. An then compared how much the same individuals ate when they were at home, versus at a restaurant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_89432\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/RS14614_IMG_0554.JPG-qut.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-89432\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/RS14614_IMG_0554.JPG-qut-400x267.jpg\" alt=\"Enjoying good food and company may be benefits of eating out that were not considered in this study. \" width=\"400\" height=\"267\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/RS14614_IMG_0554.JPG-qut-400x267.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/RS14614_IMG_0554.JPG-qut-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/RS14614_IMG_0554.JPG-qut-1440x960.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/RS14614_IMG_0554.JPG-qut-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/RS14614_IMG_0554.JPG-qut-960x640.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/RS14614_IMG_0554.JPG-qut.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Enjoying good food and company may be benefits of eating out that were not considered in this study. \u003ccite>(Vickie Ly/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But dining out may be healthy in ways that were not considered in the study. \u003ca href=\"http://www.lindabacon.org/\">Linda Bacon\u003c/a>, a Bay Area-based nutrition researcher and the author of the books “Body Respect” and “Health at Every Size,” says enjoying the food and company matters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You can’t just reduce food to nutrients,” she says. “We have to take into account a much bigger picture than what people are eating if we really want to understand the effect that food is having on them.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bacon also cautions against using surveys to draw broad conclusions about health and diet, because people are notoriously inaccurate at self-reporting what they eat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I would encourage people to move away from this fear-based idea of thinking that certain ways of eating are good and others are bad,” she says. “You should end up eating well because you want to and it helps you feel better. That’s much more sustainable.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"headline": "Dining Out? Sit-Down Restaurants Not Necessarily Healthier Than Fast Food",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The Bay Area loves its food scene. On average, we eat \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/2013/09/24/2014-san-francisco-zagat-guide-surveys-restaurants-residents-eating-preferences/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">4.2 meals per week\u003c/a> on the town, and San Francisco has \u003ca href=\"http://insidescoopsf.sfgate.com/blog/2012/08/01/report-san-francisco-has-the-highest-density-of-restaurants-in-america-by-far/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">more restaurants per household\u003c/a> than any other U.S. city.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But when Americans go out to eat, they consume more calories, salt, cholesterol and fat than when they prepare their meals at home, according to \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/ejcn/journal/vaop/ncurrent/abs/ejcn2015104a.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">a report\u003c/a> published last week in the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/ejcn/index.html\">European Journal of Clinical Nutrition\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And full-service restaurants are not necessarily better than fast-food joints. In fact, \u003ca href=\"http://www.kch.illinois.edu/Faculty/Bios/An.aspx\">Ruopeng An\u003c/a>, the report’s author, found that patrons of sit-down restaurants actually consumed \u003cem>more\u003c/em> cholesterol and salt than those who ate fast food.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_89433\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/unnamed.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-89433\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/unnamed-400x598.jpg\" alt=\"Brunch is one of the most popular meals in San Francisco restaurants, but longer meal times and large portions may encourage diners to over eat.\" width=\"400\" height=\"598\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/unnamed-400x598.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/unnamed.jpg 513w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Brunch is one of the most popular meals in San Francisco restaurants, but longer meal times and large portions may encourage diners to over eat. \u003ccite>(Sarah Lappe)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“It’s likely that people consider full-service restaurants to be healthier,” says An, a scientist at University of Illinois, “so they may be less likely to make informed decisions there.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In some ways, the food consumed at restaurants was healthier: restaurant meals contained more beneficial nutrients than fast food, like vitamins, potassium and omega-3 fatty acids.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But these benefits may be undermined by the drawback that people dining at \u003cem>any \u003c/em>establishment consumed about 10% more calories and salt than those eating at home.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Going out is usually a social activity that takes a long time. An thinks this may be one factor that encourages overeating at restaurants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new report is based on data collected between 2003 and 2010 through the federally-funded \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nhanes/about_nhanes.htm\">National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey\u003c/a>, a project of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/\">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Approximately 18,000 American adults were asked to recall everything they ate during two separate 24-hour windows, including where they got the food and where they ate it. An then compared how much the same individuals ate when they were at home, versus at a restaurant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_89432\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/RS14614_IMG_0554.JPG-qut.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-89432\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/RS14614_IMG_0554.JPG-qut-400x267.jpg\" alt=\"Enjoying good food and company may be benefits of eating out that were not considered in this study. \" width=\"400\" height=\"267\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/RS14614_IMG_0554.JPG-qut-400x267.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/RS14614_IMG_0554.JPG-qut-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/RS14614_IMG_0554.JPG-qut-1440x960.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/RS14614_IMG_0554.JPG-qut-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/RS14614_IMG_0554.JPG-qut-960x640.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/RS14614_IMG_0554.JPG-qut.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Enjoying good food and company may be benefits of eating out that were not considered in this study. \u003ccite>(Vickie Ly/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But dining out may be healthy in ways that were not considered in the study. \u003ca href=\"http://www.lindabacon.org/\">Linda Bacon\u003c/a>, a Bay Area-based nutrition researcher and the author of the books “Body Respect” and “Health at Every Size,” says enjoying the food and company matters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You can’t just reduce food to nutrients,” she says. “We have to take into account a much bigger picture than what people are eating if we really want to understand the effect that food is having on them.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bacon also cautions against using surveys to draw broad conclusions about health and diet, because people are notoriously inaccurate at self-reporting what they eat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I would encourage people to move away from this fear-based idea of thinking that certain ways of eating are good and others are bad,” she says. “You should end up eating well because you want to and it helps you feel better. That’s much more sustainable.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Self-Driving Taxis: Great for Cutting Emissions, Not So Great for Cabbies",
"headTitle": "Self-Driving Taxis: Great for Cutting Emissions, Not So Great for Cabbies | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>If cab drivers see Uber as a threat, wait until the robo-cabs arrive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/nclimate/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/nclimate2685.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">A study\u003c/a> released Monday by Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory suggests that a fleet of self-driving electric taxis could save money and reduce personal vehicle emissions by 87–94 percent per mile in 2030.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a good example of the cheapest option also being the most environmentally friendly,” says \u003ca href=\"http://eetd.lbl.gov/people/jeffery-greenblatt\">Jeff Greenblatt\u003c/a>, the energy technology researcher who led the study. “You don’t often find that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Personal vehicles are responsible for about 14 percent of \u003ca href=\"http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/ghgemissions/sources/transportation.html\">total U.S. greenhouse gas emissions\u003c/a> each year. But electric robo-cabs could finally \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iezUmvPUDGw&feature=youtu.be\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">tip the economic balance\u003c/a> in favor of electric vehicles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shared-use taxis would put in many more miles than personal cars. A typical private vehicle only travels about 12,000 miles per year, while taxis in the U.S. can log anywhere from 40,000 to 70,000 miles per year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A driverless taxi could travel even farther, since it wouldn’t have to stop for breaks and could recharge itself unsupervised.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Driving Efficiency\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Racking up that kind of mileage would also require more maintenance, so choosing the most efficient design would be critical.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”1hGFNXZxxXiq05wZlIAZXLW7Fw5Mlk5N”]”Under this scenario, battery electrics really come up on top as the lowest-cost transportation option,” says Greenblatt. Even with expected advances to internal combustion engines, he says electric cars will go farther on less energy and money.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In terms of emissions, it would be like getting 158 miles per gallon of gas. Of course, electrics are only as “green” as the power they’re plugging into.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are in a period of unprecedented transformation to the electric grid, in terms of becoming much more focused on renewables than we were before,” says Greenblatt, “and that helps make electric drive a lower greenhouse gas alternative.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under the LBNL scenario, cabs could also shrink substantially. A fleet of very small one-or-two-person cars could satisfy the majority of driving needs in cities, but that wouldn’t necessarily mean riding around in “clown cars.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It would be kind of like a combination between Zipcar and a chauffeur service,” explains Greenblatt. “[The taxi] would pick you up and drop you off wherever you want, you don’t have to worry about refueling it because it would go charge itself, and you can get the right kind of car you need for that trip.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Drivers Not Wanted\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fares would also be lower in self-driving taxis, since 57 percent of cab fares currently go to drivers. Greenblatt concedes that this could have considerable social impacts.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘We do recognize that if we replace drivers with robots, there are going to be people out of a job.’\u003ccite> Jeff Greenblatt,energy technology researcher\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“We do recognize that if we replace drivers with robots, there are going to be people out of a job. We need to acknowledge that and think about how we can respond,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a really interesting idea,” says \u003ca href=\"http://www.stanford.edu/%7Erclewlow/Home.html\">Regina Clewlow\u003c/a>, a postdoctoral researcher at Stanford University, who studies household transportation and energy decisions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She agrees that self-driving taxis would likely make electric vehicles more cost-effective. But she also thinks that more research will be needed. For example, self-driving cars might completely change travel demands in cities in unpredictable ways.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, Clewlow notes that just because self-driving electric taxis would be the lowest cost option, doesn’t mean they’re what people will want.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If all people made their choices based on the lowest cost alternatives, we wouldn’t have things like Teslas or Porsches.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>If cab drivers see Uber as a threat, wait until the robo-cabs arrive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/nclimate/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/nclimate2685.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">A study\u003c/a> released Monday by Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory suggests that a fleet of self-driving electric taxis could save money and reduce personal vehicle emissions by 87–94 percent per mile in 2030.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a good example of the cheapest option also being the most environmentally friendly,” says \u003ca href=\"http://eetd.lbl.gov/people/jeffery-greenblatt\">Jeff Greenblatt\u003c/a>, the energy technology researcher who led the study. “You don’t often find that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Personal vehicles are responsible for about 14 percent of \u003ca href=\"http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/ghgemissions/sources/transportation.html\">total U.S. greenhouse gas emissions\u003c/a> each year. But electric robo-cabs could finally \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iezUmvPUDGw&feature=youtu.be\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">tip the economic balance\u003c/a> in favor of electric vehicles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shared-use taxis would put in many more miles than personal cars. A typical private vehicle only travels about 12,000 miles per year, while taxis in the U.S. can log anywhere from 40,000 to 70,000 miles per year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A driverless taxi could travel even farther, since it wouldn’t have to stop for breaks and could recharge itself unsupervised.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Driving Efficiency\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Racking up that kind of mileage would also require more maintenance, so choosing the most efficient design would be critical.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>”Under this scenario, battery electrics really come up on top as the lowest-cost transportation option,” says Greenblatt. Even with expected advances to internal combustion engines, he says electric cars will go farther on less energy and money.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In terms of emissions, it would be like getting 158 miles per gallon of gas. Of course, electrics are only as “green” as the power they’re plugging into.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are in a period of unprecedented transformation to the electric grid, in terms of becoming much more focused on renewables than we were before,” says Greenblatt, “and that helps make electric drive a lower greenhouse gas alternative.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under the LBNL scenario, cabs could also shrink substantially. A fleet of very small one-or-two-person cars could satisfy the majority of driving needs in cities, but that wouldn’t necessarily mean riding around in “clown cars.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It would be kind of like a combination between Zipcar and a chauffeur service,” explains Greenblatt. “[The taxi] would pick you up and drop you off wherever you want, you don’t have to worry about refueling it because it would go charge itself, and you can get the right kind of car you need for that trip.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Drivers Not Wanted\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fares would also be lower in self-driving taxis, since 57 percent of cab fares currently go to drivers. Greenblatt concedes that this could have considerable social impacts.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘We do recognize that if we replace drivers with robots, there are going to be people out of a job.’\u003ccite> Jeff Greenblatt,energy technology researcher\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“We do recognize that if we replace drivers with robots, there are going to be people out of a job. We need to acknowledge that and think about how we can respond,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a really interesting idea,” says \u003ca href=\"http://www.stanford.edu/%7Erclewlow/Home.html\">Regina Clewlow\u003c/a>, a postdoctoral researcher at Stanford University, who studies household transportation and energy decisions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She agrees that self-driving taxis would likely make electric vehicles more cost-effective. But she also thinks that more research will be needed. For example, self-driving cars might completely change travel demands in cities in unpredictable ways.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, Clewlow notes that just because self-driving electric taxis would be the lowest cost option, doesn’t mean they’re what people will want.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If all people made their choices based on the lowest cost alternatives, we wouldn’t have things like Teslas or Porsches.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "After Sketchy Science, Shark Week Promises to Turn Over a New Fin",
"headTitle": "After Sketchy Science, Shark Week Promises to Turn Over a New Fin | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>It has been called the “Super Bowl of the ocean.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shark Week is a ratings bonanza for the Discovery Channel with more than 40 million people tuning in last year. Shark Week \u003ca href=\"http://www.discovery.com/tv-shows/shark-week/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">kicked off this weekend\u003c/a> with the most hours of programming ever in its 28-year history But many scientists think the huge audiences — and the hype — have come at the expense of real science.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A generation of shark scientists cut their teeth on Shark Week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’ve loved sharks since I was a little kid,” says 29-year-old marine biologist Jonathan Davis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’ve always dreamed of being on Shark Week,” he says. “It was my ultimate goal when I was a kid. I always watched it, and it was extremely informative when I was younger.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘Shark Week two years ago did not appreciate it when I recommended an 8-year-old neighbor to fact check the scripts for them.’\u003ccite> David Shiffman, University of Miami shark researcher\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>So imagine Davis’ joy when Shark Week producers called him two years ago to make a documentary, which they said would be about his research on bull sharks in Louisiana’s Lake Pontchartrain. As a graduate student at the University of New Orleans, Davis was thrilled when they paid for a day of tracking and tagging sharks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The producers interviewed Davis about his work and at the end, he says, they casually asked if he ever heard of a legendary shark of the bayous called the Rooken.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“And I said, ‘No, of course not. That sounds like a ridiculous fisherman story,’ ” Davis says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can guess what happened next. To his horror, Davis found himself \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2014/08/30/344562317/when-wildlife-documentaries-jump-the-shark\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">featured on a “documentary”\u003c/a> that had little to do with his research.\u003cem> Voodoo Shark\u003c/em> strongly suggested that Davis believed in the Rooken.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s no way I could’ve known they were going to portray it like that,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Voodoo Shark\u003c/em> shows Davis and his team doing real research, pulling sharks out of the water and tagging them on the deck. Davis says he did not see any unusual sharks. What was unusual was a producer’s reaction when they hooked a big one.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“One of the guys was like, “Oh, maybe you should just let it bite you, that would be so exciting.’ And I was just thinking to myself, ‘Are you kidding me? You really think I wanna let the shark bite me just for ratings? Are you serious?’ ”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”kvbD9oAVLxmNeBVmdFwj478XfaAeQtTD”]Ellen Prager, a marine scientist who has taught at the University of Miami and writes books for children about sharks, says she and her colleagues have a list of things that drive them crazy about Shark Week, such as the emphasis on sharks attacking people and feeding frenzies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s not what you typically see in nature,” Prager says. “And in fact, some of the shark researchers I know have hardly ever even seen sharks feeding in the wild.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then there’s the frenzy of factual errors. David Shiffman, who studies sharks at the University of Miami, has spent the past few years calling out Shark Week in public.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Shark Week two years ago did not appreciate it when I recommended an 8-year-old neighbor to fact check the scripts for them,” he says. “Because that 8-year-old knew more about sharks than whoever was writing those scripts did.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All these scientists agree that Shark Week hit bottom two years ago with an infamous, fictionalized “documentary” about a 100-foot, 80-ton shark they called “the serial killer of the seas.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That shark, named Megalodon, also happens to be extinct — and has been for more than a million years. But Discovery resurrected Megalodon, with made-up stories of sightings and attacks. The narrator even threw in some exciting Nazi connections.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If the shark that’s in the Nazi U-boat photo is in fact the same shark that’s in the shark iPhoto that was taken just after the boat attack, then that means there’s been a 50-ton monster in these waters for over 70 years,” said one character in the movie.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Megalodon: The Monster Shark Lives\u003c/em> was the highest-rated program in Shark Week history. Even though the network ran a disclaimer saying it was fake, experts like Shiffman were unimpressed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It was presented in such a way that you could very easily watch it and not know it was fictional,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Discovery says it’s turning over a new leaf — or a new fin — when it comes to Shark week, says Howard Swartz, who recently took over as head of development and production.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This year we’re focusing quite a bit on research and science, more so probably than we have in the past,” Swartz says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Discovery Channel has promised it will produce no more fake documentaries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve toyed with a lot of different types of storytelling over the years,” Swartz says. “And I just think now in a forward-looking direction, I think we wanna focus more on the research angle.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But how do you make anything as sexy as a 50-ton Nazi-affiliated shark? Swartz says you go to Cuba, where there are stories about a monster great white roaming the coasts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Allegedly, a 21-foot, 7,000-pound great white,” Swartz says. “So the question was, you know was that the biggest great white ever caught? And if it was, was there something unique to these Cuban waters that these animals are growing so big or attracting animals so big?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This year, Shark Week sent some of its shows in advance to some critics, including Shiffman. He says sharks need the Discovery Channel to not demonize them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When I say one out of every four species of sharks, skates and rays are threatened with extinction, there are some people that say, ‘Good it should be more of them going extinct. Sharks are bad! Sharks are scary!’ But they’re not!”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shiffman says sharks are beautiful and wild. He hopes this year Shark Week will make them reality stars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2015 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Shark Week is here, and scientists are afraid. Not of the toothy swimmers — but of inaccuracies, bad science and the demonization of animals that aren't as ferocious as Discovery Channel has made out.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>It has been called the “Super Bowl of the ocean.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shark Week is a ratings bonanza for the Discovery Channel with more than 40 million people tuning in last year. Shark Week \u003ca href=\"http://www.discovery.com/tv-shows/shark-week/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">kicked off this weekend\u003c/a> with the most hours of programming ever in its 28-year history But many scientists think the huge audiences — and the hype — have come at the expense of real science.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A generation of shark scientists cut their teeth on Shark Week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’ve loved sharks since I was a little kid,” says 29-year-old marine biologist Jonathan Davis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’ve always dreamed of being on Shark Week,” he says. “It was my ultimate goal when I was a kid. I always watched it, and it was extremely informative when I was younger.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘Shark Week two years ago did not appreciate it when I recommended an 8-year-old neighbor to fact check the scripts for them.’\u003ccite> David Shiffman, University of Miami shark researcher\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>So imagine Davis’ joy when Shark Week producers called him two years ago to make a documentary, which they said would be about his research on bull sharks in Louisiana’s Lake Pontchartrain. As a graduate student at the University of New Orleans, Davis was thrilled when they paid for a day of tracking and tagging sharks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The producers interviewed Davis about his work and at the end, he says, they casually asked if he ever heard of a legendary shark of the bayous called the Rooken.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“And I said, ‘No, of course not. That sounds like a ridiculous fisherman story,’ ” Davis says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can guess what happened next. To his horror, Davis found himself \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2014/08/30/344562317/when-wildlife-documentaries-jump-the-shark\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">featured on a “documentary”\u003c/a> that had little to do with his research.\u003cem> Voodoo Shark\u003c/em> strongly suggested that Davis believed in the Rooken.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s no way I could’ve known they were going to portray it like that,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Voodoo Shark\u003c/em> shows Davis and his team doing real research, pulling sharks out of the water and tagging them on the deck. Davis says he did not see any unusual sharks. What was unusual was a producer’s reaction when they hooked a big one.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“One of the guys was like, “Oh, maybe you should just let it bite you, that would be so exciting.’ And I was just thinking to myself, ‘Are you kidding me? You really think I wanna let the shark bite me just for ratings? Are you serious?’ ”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>Ellen Prager, a marine scientist who has taught at the University of Miami and writes books for children about sharks, says she and her colleagues have a list of things that drive them crazy about Shark Week, such as the emphasis on sharks attacking people and feeding frenzies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s not what you typically see in nature,” Prager says. “And in fact, some of the shark researchers I know have hardly ever even seen sharks feeding in the wild.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then there’s the frenzy of factual errors. David Shiffman, who studies sharks at the University of Miami, has spent the past few years calling out Shark Week in public.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Shark Week two years ago did not appreciate it when I recommended an 8-year-old neighbor to fact check the scripts for them,” he says. “Because that 8-year-old knew more about sharks than whoever was writing those scripts did.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All these scientists agree that Shark Week hit bottom two years ago with an infamous, fictionalized “documentary” about a 100-foot, 80-ton shark they called “the serial killer of the seas.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That shark, named Megalodon, also happens to be extinct — and has been for more than a million years. But Discovery resurrected Megalodon, with made-up stories of sightings and attacks. The narrator even threw in some exciting Nazi connections.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If the shark that’s in the Nazi U-boat photo is in fact the same shark that’s in the shark iPhoto that was taken just after the boat attack, then that means there’s been a 50-ton monster in these waters for over 70 years,” said one character in the movie.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Megalodon: The Monster Shark Lives\u003c/em> was the highest-rated program in Shark Week history. Even though the network ran a disclaimer saying it was fake, experts like Shiffman were unimpressed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It was presented in such a way that you could very easily watch it and not know it was fictional,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Discovery says it’s turning over a new leaf — or a new fin — when it comes to Shark week, says Howard Swartz, who recently took over as head of development and production.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This year we’re focusing quite a bit on research and science, more so probably than we have in the past,” Swartz says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Discovery Channel has promised it will produce no more fake documentaries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve toyed with a lot of different types of storytelling over the years,” Swartz says. “And I just think now in a forward-looking direction, I think we wanna focus more on the research angle.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But how do you make anything as sexy as a 50-ton Nazi-affiliated shark? Swartz says you go to Cuba, where there are stories about a monster great white roaming the coasts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Allegedly, a 21-foot, 7,000-pound great white,” Swartz says. “So the question was, you know was that the biggest great white ever caught? And if it was, was there something unique to these Cuban waters that these animals are growing so big or attracting animals so big?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This year, Shark Week sent some of its shows in advance to some critics, including Shiffman. He says sharks need the Discovery Channel to not demonize them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When I say one out of every four species of sharks, skates and rays are threatened with extinction, there are some people that say, ‘Good it should be more of them going extinct. Sharks are bad! Sharks are scary!’ But they’re not!”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shiffman says sharks are beautiful and wild. He hopes this year Shark Week will make them reality stars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2015 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Toxic Algae in Local Lakes Puts Damper on Summer Swimming",
"headTitle": "Toxic Algae in Local Lakes Puts Damper on Summer Swimming | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp class=\"p1\">For the upcoming 4th of July weekend, two lakes in the East Bay Regional Parks will be closed to swimming due to toxic blue-green algae — Temescal in Oakland and Quarry Lakes in Fremont — and warnings are in place at Lake Chabot and Shinn Pond.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Characterized by pea-green water or mats of algae at the surface, blue-green algae, also called cyanobacteria, “blooms” with warm weather and drought, then “busts,” dying and decomposing and sometimes releasing toxins into the water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Several dogs died last year after swimming in Lake Chabot during an algae bloom, likely due to swallowing water or licking their fur after swimming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cstrong>Algae Outbreak Leads to Legislation\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">One of the worst local outbreaks occurred at Pinto Lake near Watsonville in 2012. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Fed by agricultural runoff, the cyanobacteria outflow of toxins from Pinto Lake reached Monterey Bay and killed 30 endangered Southern Sea Otters. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">This catastrophe led to the creation of legislation, \u003ca href=\"http://www.santacruzsentinel.com/environment-and-nature/20150213/bill-would-support-algal-bloom-research-potentially-help-pinto-lake\">Assembly Bill 300\u003c/a> which, if passed by the senate and signed into law by the Governor later this year, would provide training and a centralized database for local water authorities to test and report dangerous algae blooms. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">It would also create a statewide algae task force that could look into causes and solutions as well as potential funding for dealing with the mounting problem.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_89798\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/Bluegreen-Algae-EBRPD-boom-bust-cycle.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-89798 size-thumbnail\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/Bluegreen-Algae-EBRPD-boom-bust-cycle-400x300.jpg\" alt=\"Cyanobacteria grows quickly creating pea-green, soupy-looking water like this. It can also look like thick matts of surface algae and smell bad. (Hal Maclean/East Bay Regional Park District)\" width=\"400\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/Bluegreen-Algae-EBRPD-boom-bust-cycle-400x300.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/Bluegreen-Algae-EBRPD-boom-bust-cycle-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/Bluegreen-Algae-EBRPD-boom-bust-cycle-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/Bluegreen-Algae-EBRPD-boom-bust-cycle-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/Bluegreen-Algae-EBRPD-boom-bust-cycle.jpg 1283w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Cyanobacteria grows quickly creating pea-green, soupy-looking water like this. It can also look like thick matts of surface algae and smell bad. \u003ccite>(Hal MacLean, East Bay Regional Park District)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Cases of toxic algae have been increasing because of our current warming trends, more concentrated phosphates from runoff and lower water levels in lakes and ponds due to our four-year drought. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Blame it on global Climate Change, but an increase in average temperatures over the last two centuries has resulted in blue-green algae growing at a much faster rate than other phytoplankton, according to a \u003ca href=\"http://phys.org/news/2015-06-scientists-health-toxic-blue-green-algae.html\">recent study\u003c/a> led by Professor Rolf Vinebrook from the University of Alberta. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">The Alberta scientists were testing a new method for early detection of freshwater cyanobacteria.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">By adapting technology used by oceanographers to warn about shellfish poisoning events produced by toxic marine algae, they were more quickly able to catalog blue-green algae samples.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cstrong>Symptoms from Exposure\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Much remains unknown about freshwater toxic algae blooms but their toxicity to humans, as well as pets and wildlife, is well known. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Reactions to contact with water where blue-green algae toxins are present include rashes, skin and eye irritation, allergic reactions, and gastrointestinal upset. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Exposure to high levels of the toxins can cause serious illness and death.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_89799\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/Bluegreen-Algae-EBRPD-warning-poster.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-89799\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/Bluegreen-Algae-EBRPD-warning-poster-400x515.jpg\" alt=\"Warning signs will be posted to notify you about potential hazards in parks and swim areas. \" width=\"400\" height=\"515\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/Bluegreen-Algae-EBRPD-warning-poster-400x515.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/Bluegreen-Algae-EBRPD-warning-poster.jpg 651w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Warning signs will be posted to notify you about potential hazards in parks and swim areas. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of East Bay Regional Park District)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">This summer and fall use caution when visiting your favorite natural swim area, especially with children and pets. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">You can find more information on the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ebparks.org/parks/lake_chabot/Update_on_Toxic_Blue-Green_Algae\">EBRPD website\u003c/a> as well as the \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdph.ca.gov/healthinfo/environhealth/water/Pages/Bluegreenalgae.aspx\">California Department of Health’s website\u003c/a>. Do not swim in, drink, ingest or cook with water suspected of containing blue-green algae. You can still go fishing or boating in EBRPD parks with closed swim areas, unless otherwise posted.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Blue-green algae are increasing due to drought and climbing temperatures causing closures of popular swim areas. Find out about where they are and what's being done about them.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp class=\"p1\">For the upcoming 4th of July weekend, two lakes in the East Bay Regional Parks will be closed to swimming due to toxic blue-green algae — Temescal in Oakland and Quarry Lakes in Fremont — and warnings are in place at Lake Chabot and Shinn Pond.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Characterized by pea-green water or mats of algae at the surface, blue-green algae, also called cyanobacteria, “blooms” with warm weather and drought, then “busts,” dying and decomposing and sometimes releasing toxins into the water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Several dogs died last year after swimming in Lake Chabot during an algae bloom, likely due to swallowing water or licking their fur after swimming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cstrong>Algae Outbreak Leads to Legislation\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">One of the worst local outbreaks occurred at Pinto Lake near Watsonville in 2012. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Fed by agricultural runoff, the cyanobacteria outflow of toxins from Pinto Lake reached Monterey Bay and killed 30 endangered Southern Sea Otters. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">This catastrophe led to the creation of legislation, \u003ca href=\"http://www.santacruzsentinel.com/environment-and-nature/20150213/bill-would-support-algal-bloom-research-potentially-help-pinto-lake\">Assembly Bill 300\u003c/a> which, if passed by the senate and signed into law by the Governor later this year, would provide training and a centralized database for local water authorities to test and report dangerous algae blooms. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">It would also create a statewide algae task force that could look into causes and solutions as well as potential funding for dealing with the mounting problem.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_89798\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/Bluegreen-Algae-EBRPD-boom-bust-cycle.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-89798 size-thumbnail\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/Bluegreen-Algae-EBRPD-boom-bust-cycle-400x300.jpg\" alt=\"Cyanobacteria grows quickly creating pea-green, soupy-looking water like this. It can also look like thick matts of surface algae and smell bad. (Hal Maclean/East Bay Regional Park District)\" width=\"400\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/Bluegreen-Algae-EBRPD-boom-bust-cycle-400x300.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/Bluegreen-Algae-EBRPD-boom-bust-cycle-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/Bluegreen-Algae-EBRPD-boom-bust-cycle-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/Bluegreen-Algae-EBRPD-boom-bust-cycle-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/Bluegreen-Algae-EBRPD-boom-bust-cycle.jpg 1283w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Cyanobacteria grows quickly creating pea-green, soupy-looking water like this. It can also look like thick matts of surface algae and smell bad. \u003ccite>(Hal MacLean, East Bay Regional Park District)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Cases of toxic algae have been increasing because of our current warming trends, more concentrated phosphates from runoff and lower water levels in lakes and ponds due to our four-year drought. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Blame it on global Climate Change, but an increase in average temperatures over the last two centuries has resulted in blue-green algae growing at a much faster rate than other phytoplankton, according to a \u003ca href=\"http://phys.org/news/2015-06-scientists-health-toxic-blue-green-algae.html\">recent study\u003c/a> led by Professor Rolf Vinebrook from the University of Alberta. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">The Alberta scientists were testing a new method for early detection of freshwater cyanobacteria.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">By adapting technology used by oceanographers to warn about shellfish poisoning events produced by toxic marine algae, they were more quickly able to catalog blue-green algae samples.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cstrong>Symptoms from Exposure\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Much remains unknown about freshwater toxic algae blooms but their toxicity to humans, as well as pets and wildlife, is well known. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Reactions to contact with water where blue-green algae toxins are present include rashes, skin and eye irritation, allergic reactions, and gastrointestinal upset. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Exposure to high levels of the toxins can cause serious illness and death.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_89799\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/Bluegreen-Algae-EBRPD-warning-poster.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-89799\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/Bluegreen-Algae-EBRPD-warning-poster-400x515.jpg\" alt=\"Warning signs will be posted to notify you about potential hazards in parks and swim areas. \" width=\"400\" height=\"515\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/Bluegreen-Algae-EBRPD-warning-poster-400x515.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/Bluegreen-Algae-EBRPD-warning-poster.jpg 651w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Warning signs will be posted to notify you about potential hazards in parks and swim areas. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of East Bay Regional Park District)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">This summer and fall use caution when visiting your favorite natural swim area, especially with children and pets. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">You can find more information on the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ebparks.org/parks/lake_chabot/Update_on_Toxic_Blue-Green_Algae\">EBRPD website\u003c/a> as well as the \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdph.ca.gov/healthinfo/environhealth/water/Pages/Bluegreenalgae.aspx\">California Department of Health’s website\u003c/a>. Do not swim in, drink, ingest or cook with water suspected of containing blue-green algae. You can still go fishing or boating in EBRPD parks with closed swim areas, unless otherwise posted.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Take a (Science) Hike: Five Great Bay Area Excursions",
"headTitle": "Take a (Science) Hike: Five Great Bay Area Excursions | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Amid the fireworks, picnics and concerts happening over Independence Day, many Bay Area residents are also looking to explore the great outdoors. Here are five accessible hikes that also provide opportunities to learn about science, nature and the environment.\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_77890\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/8443220498_1708484588_o.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-77890 size-medium\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/8443220498_1708484588_o-800x498.jpg\" alt=\"A northern elephant seal along the California coast. Elephant seals come out of the water to molt between May and July and to breed between December and April.\" width=\"800\" height=\"498\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/8443220498_1708484588_o-800x498.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/8443220498_1708484588_o-400x249.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/8443220498_1708484588_o-1440x896.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/8443220498_1708484588_o-1180x735.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/8443220498_1708484588_o-960x598.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A northern elephant seal along the California coast. Elephant seals come out of the water to molt between May and July and to breed between December and April. \u003ccite>(Frank Schulenburg/flickr)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>1. See Elephant Seals onshore\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong class=\"wp-image-77890 size-medium\">Location: \u003c/strong>\u003ca href=\"http://www.parks.ca.gov/?page_id=523\">Año Nuevo State Park\u003c/a>, Santa Cruz (Santa Cruz County)\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>Hike Difficulty: \u003c/strong>Moderate (3 – 4 miles; 3 hours round trip)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although they spend much of their lives in search of food at sea, \u003ca href=\"http://www.parks.ca.gov/?page_id=1115\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">elephant seals\u003c/a> come ashore to molt in the summer months. Early July is a great time to see thousands of seals on land, shedding last year’s skin and hair.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To observe the seals, you’ll need to acquire a free permit at the entrance station, between 8:30 a.m. and 3:30 p.m. Follow the \u003ca href=\"http://www.parks.ca.gov/?page_id=27619\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Año Nuevo Point Trail\u003c/a> to the coast. Along the way, you will cross over sand dunes, through a stand of Monterey pines, and past a five-ton ship hull – all that remains of a schooner that wrecked here in 1913. You may also encounter a variety of \u003ca href=\"http://www.parks.ca.gov/?page_id=1129\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">birds\u003c/a> and the occasional garter snake.\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_77997\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/RS6244_Fitzgerald_Montara_8.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-77997 size-medium\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/RS6244_Fitzgerald_Montara_8-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"Fitzgerald Marine Reserve, just south of Pacifica. At low tide, you can observe anemones, crabs, shellfish and other animals in the rocky tidepools.\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/RS6244_Fitzgerald_Montara_8-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/RS6244_Fitzgerald_Montara_8-400x267.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/RS6244_Fitzgerald_Montara_8-1440x960.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/RS6244_Fitzgerald_Montara_8-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/RS6244_Fitzgerald_Montara_8-960x640.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Fitzgerald Marine Reserve, just south of Pacifica. At low tide, you can observe a diversity of colorful animals in the rocky tidepools. \u003ccite>(Deborah Svoboda/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>2. Explore California’s intertidal zone\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong class=\"wp-image-77997 size-medium\">Location\u003c/strong>: \u003ca href=\"https://parks.smcgov.org/fitzgerald-marine-reserve\">Fitzgerald Marine Preserve\u003c/a>, Moss Beach (San Mateo County)\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>Hike Difficulty:\u003c/strong> Easy (less than 1 mile, 1 hour round trip).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California’s intertidal zone is home to a variety of \u003ca href=\"http://www.fitzgeraldreserve.org/newffmrsite/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/TideZoneGuide1.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">marine animals\u003c/a>, including snails, barnacles, limpets, crabs, anemones, urchins and sea stars. But these animals are best appreciated at low tide, when the rocky pools are exposed and accessible from the beach.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Plan your visit to arrive at the north end of the \u003ca href=\"https://parks.smcgov.org/fitzgerald-marine-reserve\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Fitzgerald Marine Preserve\u003c/a> within an hour of \u003ca href=\"http://www.protides.com/california/2193/2015/07/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">low tide\u003c/a>. If tides are high when you visit, you can still explore the \u003ca href=\"https://parks.smcgov.org/fitzgerald-marine-reserve-trails\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">bluff-top trails\u003c/a>, or walk to \u003ca href=\"http://gurmeet.net/hiking/hikes/Low_Tide_Hike_In_Fitzgerald_Marine_Reserve.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Pillar Point\u003c/a> for more coastal scenery. The area also has \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/2011/11/10/geological-outings-around-the-bay-fitzgerald-marine-preserve/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">unique geology\u003c/a>, including the San Gregorio fault and dramatic curved features called \u003ca href=\"http://parks.smcgov.org/sites/parks.smcgov.org/files/FMR-self-guided-tour.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">synclines\u003c/a>, where rock layers have been folded, bent and eroded with time.\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_78094\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/2860538793_c0746668f6_o.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-78094 size-medium\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/2860538793_c0746668f6_o-800x536.jpg\" alt=\"View up the Pioneer Tree trail. Many Bay Area redwood groves are found on hilly terrain like this, which provides a different ecosystem than the floodplains that host some more northern coast redwoods. \" width=\"800\" height=\"536\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/2860538793_c0746668f6_o-800x536.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/2860538793_c0746668f6_o-400x268.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/2860538793_c0746668f6_o-1180x790.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/2860538793_c0746668f6_o-960x643.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/2860538793_c0746668f6_o.jpg 1280w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">View along the Pioneer Tree trail. Most Bay Area redwood groves are found on hilly terrain, which creates a variety of microclimates for other plants and animals. \u003ccite>(KQED Quest)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>3. Enjoy a shady redwood grove\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong class=\"wp-image-78094 size-medium\">Location: \u003c/strong>\u003ca href=\"http://www.parks.ca.gov/?page_id=469\">Samuel P. Taylor State Park\u003c/a>, Lagunitas (Marin County)\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>Hike Difficulty:\u003c/strong> Moderate (2.5 miles, 1 – 3 hours)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Redwoods are the tallest trees in the world, often exceeding 300 feet. They are also among the most \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/science-hike/samuel-p-taylor-state-park-exploration/#tabs-15090-0-1%22\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">resilient\u003c/a>. Compared to other trees, redwoods have thick bark with little oil, which makes them less likely to catch fire. They can also absorb water directly from fog, allowing them to survive dry spells with little rainfall. Even so, California’s current drought may be \u003ca href=\"http://berkeleysciencereview.com/article/big-trees-big-trouble/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">taking a toll\u003c/a> on these iconic trees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Visit the \u003ca href=\"http://www.redwoodhikes.com/Taylor/Pioneer.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Pioneer Tree Trail\u003c/a> for a shady walk through a fern-filled grove of old growth coast redwoods. You can make a loop by including a half mile of the paved \u003ca href=\"http://www.parks.ca.gov/pages/469/files/SamuelPTaylorWebBrochure2012.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cross Marin Trail\u003c/a>, which follows the historic North Pacific Coast Railroad. Afterwards, cool off with a swim in Lagunitas Creek.\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_78192\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/5010300509_9f498ef041_o.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-78192 size-medium\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/5010300509_9f498ef041_o-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"One of the labyrinths at the bottom of the quarry at Round Top volcano.\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/5010300509_9f498ef041_o-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/5010300509_9f498ef041_o-400x225.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/5010300509_9f498ef041_o-1440x809.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/5010300509_9f498ef041_o-1180x663.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/5010300509_9f498ef041_o-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The labyrinths at the bottom of the quarry at Round Top volcano. \u003ccite>(Stefan Klocek/flickr)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>4. Hike into the heart of a volcano\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong class=\"wp-image-78192 size-medium\">Location:\u003c/strong> \u003ca href=\"http://www.ebparks.org/parks/sibley\">Sibley Volcanic Natural Preserve\u003c/a>, Oakland (Alameda County)\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>Hike Difficulty:\u003c/strong> Moderate (2.5 miles, 1 – 3 hours)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ridge above the east bay is home to \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/science-hike/sibley-volcanic-regional-preserve-exploration/\">an ancient volcano\u003c/a>. Now it is one of the highest peaks in the area, but 10 million years ago, Round Top volcano spewed forth most of the lava that underlies the Berkeley hills. Since then, tectonic forces have uplifted the area and forced the volcano on its side. And in recent times, a quarry exposed the very heart of the volcano, exposing its unique geological history.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.ebparks.org/parks/sibley\">Sibley Volcanic Park\u003c/a> visitor center has a brochure with a self-guided tour that highlights the area’s geology. Hike through a sequence of sedimentary and volcanic rocks on the Round Top loop trail, while enjoying beautiful views of the Bay and Marin County. You can also explore the \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfgate.com/bayarea/article/Spooky-and-Spiritual-No-one-knows-who-carved-2910155.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">mysterious labyrinths\u003c/a> at the bottom of the volcanic quarry. And bring Fido – this hike is dog-friendly.\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_78201\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/5675009672_0866d7b0f3_o.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-78201 size-medium\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/5675009672_0866d7b0f3_o-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"Walking through the tidal marshes at the Don Edwards SF Bay National Wildlife Refuge.\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/5675009672_0866d7b0f3_o-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/5675009672_0866d7b0f3_o-400x267.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/5675009672_0866d7b0f3_o-1440x960.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/5675009672_0866d7b0f3_o-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/5675009672_0866d7b0f3_o-960x640.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Sunrise over the tidal marshes at the Don Edwards San Francisco Bay National Wildlife Refuge. \u003ccite>(Calwhiz/Flickr)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>5. Spot wetland birds\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong class=\"wp-image-78201 size-medium\">Location: \u003c/strong> \u003ca href=\"http://www.fws.gov/refuge/don_edwards_san_francisco_bay/\">Don Edwards San Francisco Bay National Wildlife Refuge\u003c/a>, Fremont (Santa Clara County)\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>Hike Difficulty:\u003c/strong> Easy (1.8 miles, 1 hour)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wetlands provide important habitat to hundreds of species of invertebrates, fish, birds and mammals. They are also one of our most threatened ecosystems: about 85 percent of the bay’s original tidal marshes and shorelines have been developed or altered by humans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.fws.gov/refuge/Don_Edwards_San_Francisco_Bay/about.html\">Don Edwards San Francisco Bay National Wildlife Refuge\u003c/a> is the nation’s first urban wildlife refuge, occupying 30,000 acres in the South Bay. Start your tour near the \u003ca href=\"http://www.fws.gov/refuge/don_edwards_san_francisco_bay/activities.html\">Visitor Center\u003c/a> in Fremont, where you can rent binoculars and family birding packs. Follow the \u003ca href=\"http://www.fws.gov/uploadedFiles/Headquarterstrailmaps.pdf\">Tidelands Trail\u003c/a> through ponds, sloughs and marshes that are home to \u003ca href=\"http://www.fws.gov/uploadedFiles/SF_Bay%20birdlist.pdf\">birds\u003c/a> like herons, plovers, sandpipers and avocets. Feel like going farther? The refuge has over 30 miles of trails, many of which also allow bikes.\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003cp>Check out QUEST’s \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/science-hike/\">regional science hikes \u003c/a>for more ideas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Know other great science-themed hikes? Let us know in the comments!\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "This holiday weekend, get outdoors and take a walk on the science side. ",
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"description": "This holiday weekend, get outdoors and take a walk on the science side. ",
"title": "Take a (Science) Hike: Five Great Bay Area Excursions | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Amid the fireworks, picnics and concerts happening over Independence Day, many Bay Area residents are also looking to explore the great outdoors. Here are five accessible hikes that also provide opportunities to learn about science, nature and the environment.\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_77890\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/8443220498_1708484588_o.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-77890 size-medium\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/8443220498_1708484588_o-800x498.jpg\" alt=\"A northern elephant seal along the California coast. Elephant seals come out of the water to molt between May and July and to breed between December and April.\" width=\"800\" height=\"498\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/8443220498_1708484588_o-800x498.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/8443220498_1708484588_o-400x249.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/8443220498_1708484588_o-1440x896.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/8443220498_1708484588_o-1180x735.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/8443220498_1708484588_o-960x598.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A northern elephant seal along the California coast. Elephant seals come out of the water to molt between May and July and to breed between December and April. \u003ccite>(Frank Schulenburg/flickr)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>1. See Elephant Seals onshore\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong class=\"wp-image-77890 size-medium\">Location: \u003c/strong>\u003ca href=\"http://www.parks.ca.gov/?page_id=523\">Año Nuevo State Park\u003c/a>, Santa Cruz (Santa Cruz County)\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>Hike Difficulty: \u003c/strong>Moderate (3 – 4 miles; 3 hours round trip)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although they spend much of their lives in search of food at sea, \u003ca href=\"http://www.parks.ca.gov/?page_id=1115\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">elephant seals\u003c/a> come ashore to molt in the summer months. Early July is a great time to see thousands of seals on land, shedding last year’s skin and hair.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To observe the seals, you’ll need to acquire a free permit at the entrance station, between 8:30 a.m. and 3:30 p.m. Follow the \u003ca href=\"http://www.parks.ca.gov/?page_id=27619\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Año Nuevo Point Trail\u003c/a> to the coast. Along the way, you will cross over sand dunes, through a stand of Monterey pines, and past a five-ton ship hull – all that remains of a schooner that wrecked here in 1913. You may also encounter a variety of \u003ca href=\"http://www.parks.ca.gov/?page_id=1129\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">birds\u003c/a> and the occasional garter snake.\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_77997\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/RS6244_Fitzgerald_Montara_8.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-77997 size-medium\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/RS6244_Fitzgerald_Montara_8-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"Fitzgerald Marine Reserve, just south of Pacifica. At low tide, you can observe anemones, crabs, shellfish and other animals in the rocky tidepools.\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/RS6244_Fitzgerald_Montara_8-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/RS6244_Fitzgerald_Montara_8-400x267.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/RS6244_Fitzgerald_Montara_8-1440x960.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/RS6244_Fitzgerald_Montara_8-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/RS6244_Fitzgerald_Montara_8-960x640.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Fitzgerald Marine Reserve, just south of Pacifica. At low tide, you can observe a diversity of colorful animals in the rocky tidepools. \u003ccite>(Deborah Svoboda/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>2. Explore California’s intertidal zone\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong class=\"wp-image-77997 size-medium\">Location\u003c/strong>: \u003ca href=\"https://parks.smcgov.org/fitzgerald-marine-reserve\">Fitzgerald Marine Preserve\u003c/a>, Moss Beach (San Mateo County)\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>Hike Difficulty:\u003c/strong> Easy (less than 1 mile, 1 hour round trip).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California’s intertidal zone is home to a variety of \u003ca href=\"http://www.fitzgeraldreserve.org/newffmrsite/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/TideZoneGuide1.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">marine animals\u003c/a>, including snails, barnacles, limpets, crabs, anemones, urchins and sea stars. But these animals are best appreciated at low tide, when the rocky pools are exposed and accessible from the beach.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Plan your visit to arrive at the north end of the \u003ca href=\"https://parks.smcgov.org/fitzgerald-marine-reserve\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Fitzgerald Marine Preserve\u003c/a> within an hour of \u003ca href=\"http://www.protides.com/california/2193/2015/07/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">low tide\u003c/a>. If tides are high when you visit, you can still explore the \u003ca href=\"https://parks.smcgov.org/fitzgerald-marine-reserve-trails\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">bluff-top trails\u003c/a>, or walk to \u003ca href=\"http://gurmeet.net/hiking/hikes/Low_Tide_Hike_In_Fitzgerald_Marine_Reserve.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Pillar Point\u003c/a> for more coastal scenery. The area also has \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/2011/11/10/geological-outings-around-the-bay-fitzgerald-marine-preserve/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">unique geology\u003c/a>, including the San Gregorio fault and dramatic curved features called \u003ca href=\"http://parks.smcgov.org/sites/parks.smcgov.org/files/FMR-self-guided-tour.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">synclines\u003c/a>, where rock layers have been folded, bent and eroded with time.\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_78094\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/2860538793_c0746668f6_o.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-78094 size-medium\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/2860538793_c0746668f6_o-800x536.jpg\" alt=\"View up the Pioneer Tree trail. Many Bay Area redwood groves are found on hilly terrain like this, which provides a different ecosystem than the floodplains that host some more northern coast redwoods. \" width=\"800\" height=\"536\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/2860538793_c0746668f6_o-800x536.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/2860538793_c0746668f6_o-400x268.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/2860538793_c0746668f6_o-1180x790.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/2860538793_c0746668f6_o-960x643.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/2860538793_c0746668f6_o.jpg 1280w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">View along the Pioneer Tree trail. Most Bay Area redwood groves are found on hilly terrain, which creates a variety of microclimates for other plants and animals. \u003ccite>(KQED Quest)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>3. Enjoy a shady redwood grove\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong class=\"wp-image-78094 size-medium\">Location: \u003c/strong>\u003ca href=\"http://www.parks.ca.gov/?page_id=469\">Samuel P. Taylor State Park\u003c/a>, Lagunitas (Marin County)\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>Hike Difficulty:\u003c/strong> Moderate (2.5 miles, 1 – 3 hours)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Redwoods are the tallest trees in the world, often exceeding 300 feet. They are also among the most \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/science-hike/samuel-p-taylor-state-park-exploration/#tabs-15090-0-1%22\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">resilient\u003c/a>. Compared to other trees, redwoods have thick bark with little oil, which makes them less likely to catch fire. They can also absorb water directly from fog, allowing them to survive dry spells with little rainfall. Even so, California’s current drought may be \u003ca href=\"http://berkeleysciencereview.com/article/big-trees-big-trouble/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">taking a toll\u003c/a> on these iconic trees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Visit the \u003ca href=\"http://www.redwoodhikes.com/Taylor/Pioneer.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Pioneer Tree Trail\u003c/a> for a shady walk through a fern-filled grove of old growth coast redwoods. You can make a loop by including a half mile of the paved \u003ca href=\"http://www.parks.ca.gov/pages/469/files/SamuelPTaylorWebBrochure2012.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cross Marin Trail\u003c/a>, which follows the historic North Pacific Coast Railroad. Afterwards, cool off with a swim in Lagunitas Creek.\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_78192\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/5010300509_9f498ef041_o.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-78192 size-medium\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/5010300509_9f498ef041_o-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"One of the labyrinths at the bottom of the quarry at Round Top volcano.\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/5010300509_9f498ef041_o-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/5010300509_9f498ef041_o-400x225.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/5010300509_9f498ef041_o-1440x809.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/5010300509_9f498ef041_o-1180x663.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/5010300509_9f498ef041_o-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The labyrinths at the bottom of the quarry at Round Top volcano. \u003ccite>(Stefan Klocek/flickr)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>4. Hike into the heart of a volcano\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong class=\"wp-image-78192 size-medium\">Location:\u003c/strong> \u003ca href=\"http://www.ebparks.org/parks/sibley\">Sibley Volcanic Natural Preserve\u003c/a>, Oakland (Alameda County)\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>Hike Difficulty:\u003c/strong> Moderate (2.5 miles, 1 – 3 hours)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ridge above the east bay is home to \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/science-hike/sibley-volcanic-regional-preserve-exploration/\">an ancient volcano\u003c/a>. Now it is one of the highest peaks in the area, but 10 million years ago, Round Top volcano spewed forth most of the lava that underlies the Berkeley hills. Since then, tectonic forces have uplifted the area and forced the volcano on its side. And in recent times, a quarry exposed the very heart of the volcano, exposing its unique geological history.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.ebparks.org/parks/sibley\">Sibley Volcanic Park\u003c/a> visitor center has a brochure with a self-guided tour that highlights the area’s geology. Hike through a sequence of sedimentary and volcanic rocks on the Round Top loop trail, while enjoying beautiful views of the Bay and Marin County. You can also explore the \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfgate.com/bayarea/article/Spooky-and-Spiritual-No-one-knows-who-carved-2910155.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">mysterious labyrinths\u003c/a> at the bottom of the volcanic quarry. And bring Fido – this hike is dog-friendly.\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_78201\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/5675009672_0866d7b0f3_o.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-78201 size-medium\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/5675009672_0866d7b0f3_o-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"Walking through the tidal marshes at the Don Edwards SF Bay National Wildlife Refuge.\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/5675009672_0866d7b0f3_o-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/5675009672_0866d7b0f3_o-400x267.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/5675009672_0866d7b0f3_o-1440x960.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/5675009672_0866d7b0f3_o-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/5675009672_0866d7b0f3_o-960x640.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Sunrise over the tidal marshes at the Don Edwards San Francisco Bay National Wildlife Refuge. \u003ccite>(Calwhiz/Flickr)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>5. Spot wetland birds\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong class=\"wp-image-78201 size-medium\">Location: \u003c/strong> \u003ca href=\"http://www.fws.gov/refuge/don_edwards_san_francisco_bay/\">Don Edwards San Francisco Bay National Wildlife Refuge\u003c/a>, Fremont (Santa Clara County)\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>Hike Difficulty:\u003c/strong> Easy (1.8 miles, 1 hour)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wetlands provide important habitat to hundreds of species of invertebrates, fish, birds and mammals. They are also one of our most threatened ecosystems: about 85 percent of the bay’s original tidal marshes and shorelines have been developed or altered by humans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.fws.gov/refuge/Don_Edwards_San_Francisco_Bay/about.html\">Don Edwards San Francisco Bay National Wildlife Refuge\u003c/a> is the nation’s first urban wildlife refuge, occupying 30,000 acres in the South Bay. Start your tour near the \u003ca href=\"http://www.fws.gov/refuge/don_edwards_san_francisco_bay/activities.html\">Visitor Center\u003c/a> in Fremont, where you can rent binoculars and family birding packs. Follow the \u003ca href=\"http://www.fws.gov/uploadedFiles/Headquarterstrailmaps.pdf\">Tidelands Trail\u003c/a> through ponds, sloughs and marshes that are home to \u003ca href=\"http://www.fws.gov/uploadedFiles/SF_Bay%20birdlist.pdf\">birds\u003c/a> like herons, plovers, sandpipers and avocets. Feel like going farther? The refuge has over 30 miles of trails, many of which also allow bikes.\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003cp>Check out QUEST’s \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/science-hike/\">regional science hikes \u003c/a>for more ideas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Know other great science-themed hikes? Let us know in the comments!\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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},
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"title": "The California Report Magazine",
"tagline": "Your state, your stories",
"info": "Every week, The California Report Magazine takes you on a road trip for the ears: to visit the places and meet the people who make California unique. The in-depth storytelling podcast from the California Report.",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/californiareportmagazine",
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"order": 10
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},
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"info": "A one-hour radio program to hear celebrated writers, artists and thinkers address contemporary ideas and values, often discussing the creative process. Please note: tapes or transcripts are not available",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/05/cityartsandlecture-300x300.jpg",
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"airtime": "SUN 1pm-2pm, TUE 10pm, WED 1am",
"meta": {
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"source": "City Arts & Lectures"
},
"link": "https://www.cityarts.net",
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"rss": "https://www.cityarts.net/feed/"
}
},
"closealltabs": {
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"order": 1
},
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"info": "\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />",
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"id": "commonwealth-club",
"title": "Commonwealth Club of California Podcast",
"info": "The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.",
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"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Commonwealth-Club-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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"source": "Commonwealth Club of California"
},
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cDovL3d3dy5jb21tb253ZWFsdGhjbHViLm9yZy9hdWRpby9wb2RjYXN0L3dlZWtseS54bWw",
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"title": "Forum",
"tagline": "The conversation starts here",
"info": "KQED’s live call-in program discussing local, state, national and international issues, as well as in-depth interviews.",
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"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Forum-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Forum with Mina Kim and Alexis Madrigal",
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 9
},
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM5NTU3MzgxNjMz",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "http://freakonomics.com/",
"airtime": "SUN 1am-2am, SAT 3pm-4pm",
"meta": {
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"source": "WNYC"
},
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/freakonomics-radio/id354668519",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/podcasts/WNYC-Podcasts/Freakonomics-Radio-p272293/",
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},
"fresh-air": {
"id": "fresh-air",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=214089682&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"info": "A live production of NPR and WBUR Boston, in collaboration with stations across the country, Here & Now reflects the fluid world of news as it's happening in the middle of the day, with timely, in-depth news, interviews and conversation. Hosted by Robin Young, Jeremy Hobson and Tonya Mosley.",
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"hidden-brain": {
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"info": "Shankar Vedantam uses science and storytelling to reveal the unconscious patterns that drive human behavior, shape our choices and direct our relationships.",
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"airtime": "SUN 7pm-8pm",
"meta": {
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"source": "NPR"
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"link": "/radio/program/hidden-brain",
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"how-i-built-this": {
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"title": "How I Built This with Guy Raz",
"info": "Guy Raz dives into the stories behind some of the world's best known companies. How I Built This weaves a narrative journey about innovators, entrepreneurs and idealists—and the movements they built.",
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"airtime": "SUN 7:30pm-8pm",
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},
"link": "/radio/program/how-i-built-this",
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"npr": "https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/3zxy",
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/how-i-built-this-with-guy-raz/id1150510297?mt=2",
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"hyphenacion": {
"id": "hyphenacion",
"title": "Hyphenación",
"tagline": "Where conversation and cultura meet",
"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/Hyphenacion_FinalAssets_PodcastTile.png",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/hyphenacion",
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"order": 15
},
"link": "/podcasts/hyphenacion",
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},
"jerrybrown": {
"id": "jerrybrown",
"title": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown",
"tagline": "Lessons from a lifetime in politics",
"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-Political-Mind-of-Jerry-Brown-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
"meta": {
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"order": 18
},
"link": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
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},
"latino-usa": {
"id": "latino-usa",
"title": "Latino USA",
"airtime": "MON 1am-2am, SUN 6pm-7pm",
"info": "Latino USA, the radio journal of news and culture, is the only national, English-language radio program produced from a Latino perspective.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/latinoUsa.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://latinousa.org/",
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},
"link": "/radio/program/latino-usa",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=79681317&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510016/podcast.xml"
}
},
"marketplace": {
"id": "marketplace",
"title": "Marketplace",
"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Marketplace-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.marketplace.org/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "American Public Media"
},
"link": "/radio/program/marketplace",
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"rss": "https://feeds.publicradio.org/public_feeds/marketplace-pm/rss/rss"
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},
"masters-of-scale": {
"id": "masters-of-scale",
"title": "Masters of Scale",
"info": "Masters of Scale is an original podcast in which LinkedIn co-founder and Greylock Partner Reid Hoffman sets out to describe and prove theories that explain how great entrepreneurs take their companies from zero to a gazillion in ingenious fashion.",
"airtime": "Every other Wednesday June 12 through October 16 at 8pm (repeats Thursdays at 2am)",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "https://mastersofscale.com/",
"meta": {
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"source": "WaitWhat"
},
"link": "/radio/program/masters-of-scale",
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"rss": "https://rss.art19.com/masters-of-scale"
}
},
"mindshift": {
"id": "mindshift",
"title": "MindShift",
"tagline": "A podcast about the future of learning and how we raise our kids",
"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/mindshift/",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 12
},
"link": "/podcasts/mindshift",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5",
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}
},
"morning-edition": {
"id": "morning-edition",
"title": "Morning Edition",
"info": "\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. Hosts Steve Inskeep, David Greene and Rachel Martin bring you the latest breaking news and features to prepare you for the day.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 3am-9am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Morning-Edition-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/programs/morning-edition/",
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"link": "/radio/program/morning-edition"
},
"onourwatch": {
"id": "onourwatch",
"title": "On Our Watch",
"tagline": "Deeply-reported investigative journalism",
"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/On-Our-Watch-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 11
},
"link": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/id1567098962",
"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5ucHIub3JnLzUxMDM2MC9wb2RjYXN0LnhtbD9zYz1nb29nbGVwb2RjYXN0cw",
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},
"on-the-media": {
"id": "on-the-media",
"title": "On The Media",
"info": "Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. For one hour a week, the show tries to lift the veil from the process of \"making media,\" especially news media, because it's through that lens that we see the world and the world sees us",
"airtime": "SUN 2pm-3pm, MON 12am-1am",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/onTheMedia.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.wnycstudios.org/shows/otm",
"meta": {
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"source": "wnyc"
},
"link": "/radio/program/on-the-media",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/on-the-media/id73330715?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/On-the-Media-p69/",
"rss": "http://feeds.wnyc.org/onthemedia"
}
},
"pbs-newshour": {
"id": "pbs-newshour",
"title": "PBS NewsHour",
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