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"content": "\u003cp>A new report reveals that California’s increased reliance on groundwater pumping is causing Central California to sink much faster than officials estimated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The report, released today, shows that in just eight months last year, the Kings County town of Corcoran sank nearly 13 inches, while in Merced County, the unincorporated community of El Nido sank roughly ten inches. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If our current drought continues or drought returns in the near future,” says Mark Cowin, director of the state Department of Water Resources, “we don’t believe we can sustain this kind of pumping and the effects that are occurring.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[soundcloud url=”https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/220129717″ params=”color=ff5500&auto_play=false&hide_related=false&show_comments=true&show_user=true&show_reposts=false” width=”100%” height=”166″ iframe=”true” /]\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">“Clearly, agricultural pumping is part of the issue we have to deal with here.”\u003ccite>Mark Cowin,\u003cbr>Director, Department of Water Resources\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The report from NASA’s Jet Propulsion Lab used satellite imaging to capture elevation data, and was commissioned by the Department of Water Resources.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This sinking of land, known as subsidence, is a known consequence of groundwater pumping and a problem that California’s been dealing with for decades. But it’s gotten worse as the state’s become drier. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the entire three years of drought that ended in 2009, Corcoran sank three feet, El Nido close to two feet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The thing that particularly stands out for us was the increasing rates of subsidence that we saw in the most recent time period,” says the department’s Deputy Drought Manager, Jeanine Jones. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Subsidence occurs when water is drawn out of underground aquifers. Within an aquifer, water is held in permeable sediments, and when it’s pumped out, the grains in the sediments compact. Without recharge from rain and snowmelt, Central Valley aquifers are slumping, as Californians rely more and more heavily on groundwater for drinking and irrigation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_202544\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/Fig_NASA.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/Fig_NASA-800x766.png\" alt=\"In the San Joaquin Valley, from May-December 2014. land near the communities of Corcoran and El Nido subsided the most.\" width=\"800\" height=\"766\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-202544\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/Fig_NASA-800x766.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/Fig_NASA-400x383.png 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/Fig_NASA-1180x1130.png 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/Fig_NASA-960x919.png 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/Fig_NASA-32x32.png 32w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/Fig_NASA.png 1202w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">In the San Joaquin Valley, from May-December 2014. land near the communities of Corcoran and El Nido subsided the most. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“Agricultural pumping makes up the great majority of the total amount of pumping that occurs in the Central Valley,” says Cowin. “Clearly, agricultural pumping is part of the issue we have to deal with here.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The subsidence poses a problem for the state’s infrastructure. Roads can buckle, building foundations can crack, and officials worry about the California Aqueduct, a long canal that snakes through the valley to deliver water to Southern California. The report found that a stretch of the aqueduct has already subsided between eight and 13 inches.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jones says the state is beginning to talk with county governments about what they can do to reduce groundwater pumping and slow further subsidence. Glenn County, for example, recently put a 6-month moratorium on new well permits. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water Resources department director Mark Cowin acknowledges that finding solutions will take time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re not ready to take a draconian approach to correcting this issue,” Cowin says. “We’re at the stage where we want to work with local governments, in particular counties, to come up with the right near-term approaches.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The department will also be making $10 million available to counties with stressed groundwater basins, to beef up water conservation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Kerry Klein comes to The California Report by way of the Science Communication graduate program at U.C. Santa Cruz. A geologist by training, Klein previously worked in the mining and geothermal energy industries. After transitioning to journalism, she worked for the Science Podcast, Valley Public Radio, the San Jose Mercury News and the Salinas Californian, reporting on drought, agriculture, space and roadkill.\u003c/em> \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This sinking of land, known as subsidence, is a known consequence of groundwater pumping and a problem that California’s been dealing with for decades. But it’s gotten worse as the state’s become drier. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the entire three years of drought that ended in 2009, Corcoran sank three feet, El Nido close to two feet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The thing that particularly stands out for us was the increasing rates of subsidence that we saw in the most recent time period,” says the department’s Deputy Drought Manager, Jeanine Jones. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Subsidence occurs when water is drawn out of underground aquifers. Within an aquifer, water is held in permeable sediments, and when it’s pumped out, the grains in the sediments compact. Without recharge from rain and snowmelt, Central Valley aquifers are slumping, as Californians rely more and more heavily on groundwater for drinking and irrigation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_202544\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/Fig_NASA.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/Fig_NASA-800x766.png\" alt=\"In the San Joaquin Valley, from May-December 2014. land near the communities of Corcoran and El Nido subsided the most.\" width=\"800\" height=\"766\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-202544\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/Fig_NASA-800x766.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/Fig_NASA-400x383.png 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/Fig_NASA-1180x1130.png 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/Fig_NASA-960x919.png 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/Fig_NASA-32x32.png 32w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/Fig_NASA.png 1202w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">In the San Joaquin Valley, from May-December 2014. land near the communities of Corcoran and El Nido subsided the most. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“Agricultural pumping makes up the great majority of the total amount of pumping that occurs in the Central Valley,” says Cowin. “Clearly, agricultural pumping is part of the issue we have to deal with here.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The subsidence poses a problem for the state’s infrastructure. Roads can buckle, building foundations can crack, and officials worry about the California Aqueduct, a long canal that snakes through the valley to deliver water to Southern California. The report found that a stretch of the aqueduct has already subsided between eight and 13 inches.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jones says the state is beginning to talk with county governments about what they can do to reduce groundwater pumping and slow further subsidence. Glenn County, for example, recently put a 6-month moratorium on new well permits. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water Resources department director Mark Cowin acknowledges that finding solutions will take time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re not ready to take a draconian approach to correcting this issue,” Cowin says. “We’re at the stage where we want to work with local governments, in particular counties, to come up with the right near-term approaches.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The department will also be making $10 million available to counties with stressed groundwater basins, to beef up water conservation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Kerry Klein comes to The California Report by way of the Science Communication graduate program at U.C. Santa Cruz. A geologist by training, Klein previously worked in the mining and geothermal energy industries. After transitioning to journalism, she worked for the Science Podcast, Valley Public Radio, the San Jose Mercury News and the Salinas Californian, reporting on drought, agriculture, space and roadkill.\u003c/em> \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Listen to the story:\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nhttp://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio//2015/08/150817ScienceAlgalBloom.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A toxic algae bloom that began off the West Coast this spring now stretches from California to Alaska. It’s poisoning marine life from shellfish to sardines to sea lions, and scientists say it’s one of the worst they’ve seen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve never seen a bloom this big before,” says Anthony Odell, a research analyst with the University of Washington’s harmful algae bloom monitoring program. “It’s also one of the most toxic blooms we’ve seen.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">“It’s pretty scary. Because it’s so big and it’s so toxic and it’s not really giving sea life a chance.”\u003ccite>Anthony Odell,\u003cbr>\nUniversity of Washington\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Odell is one of a rotating team of scientists who are studying the bloom aboard the Bell M. Shimada, a research vessel belonging to NOAA, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Equipped with state-of-the-art technology, the ship is traveling this summer up the west coast to British Columbia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Odell says he’s seen a lot of toxic blooms, but this one’s different, partly because it consists of several species of harmful algae.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s making a toxic plankton soup,” he says. “It’s pretty amazing to see all these things blooming together, because usually they prefer these different conditions so there’s definitely something unusual going on.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Toxic algae blooms are not uncommon in the Pacific Ocean—they’re called red tides and they come in summer’s warm waters and dissipate in the fall. But the current algae bloom isn’t likely to dissipate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The algae are thriving in unusually warm waters—in fact, abnormally warm water that scientists are calling “the Blob.” The algae bloom itself is an estimated 40 miles wide and, in some places, \u003cem>could \u003c/em>reach a depth of more than two football fields, according to sonar readings. Scientists have been able to verify the presence of the algae bloom down to 45 feet by testing the water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_191610\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 610px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/NOAA-map.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-191610\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/NOAA-map.jpg\" alt=\"Average chlorophyll concentrations (in milligrams per cubic meter of water) in July 2015. The darkest green areas have the highest surface chlorophyll concentrations and the largest amounts of phytoplankton—including both toxic and harmless species. \" width=\"610\" height=\"473\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/NOAA-map.jpg 610w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/NOAA-map-400x310.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 610px) 100vw, 610px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Average chlorophyll concentrations (in milligrams per cubic meter of water) in July 2015. The darkest green areas have the highest surface chlorophyll concentrations and the largest amounts of phytoplankton—including both toxic and harmless species. \u003ccite>(NOAA Climate.gov map based on Suomi NPP satellite data provided by NOAA View.)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“From a scientific standpoint it’s fascinating,” Odell says. “From a sea life and human health view point, it’s pretty scary. Because it’s so big and it’s so toxic and it’s not really giving sea life a chance.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the toxins the algae are producing is domoic acid. It’s a neurotoxin that doesn’t have negative effects on shellfish and fish. But it can kill other marine life because the micro algae—or phytoplankton—are the base of the food web.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Everything in the ocean eats phytoplankton or eats something that eats phytoplankton,” Odell says. “So when you have one of these species that starts producing toxin, it works its way up through the food chain really fast. It gets into shellfish, it gets into crabs, it gets into small fin fish like sardines and anchovies, which are then fed on by salmon and pelicans and seals and sea lions.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NOAA scientists say domoic acid from the algae bloom is responsible for the high number of seizures and deaths in California sea lions this summer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Domoic acid can also poison humans, causing nausea and dizziness, or in worse cases, permanent short-term memory loss, and even death. That’s why fishery managers have shut down some crab fisheries in Oregon and Washington, and severely restricted fishery markets from California’s central coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re now unable to market anchovy,” says Diane Pleschner-Steele, executive director of the California Wetfish Producers Association. “And there’s a small, kind of an ethnic market for anchovy for human consumption. And also, anchovy used for bait and for animal food. So we’re now prohibited from selling to the public.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She said after the anchovy market collapsed, fishermen moved on to squid, which feed on a different plankton.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_190909\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/Odell-at-work.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-190909\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/Odell-at-work-800x484.jpg\" alt=\"Research analyst Anthony Odell is studying the massive toxic algae bloom in the Pacific Ocean this summer, aboard the Bell M. Shimada, a NOAA research ship. \" width=\"400\" height=\"242\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/Odell-at-work-800x484.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/Odell-at-work-400x242.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/Odell-at-work-1440x871.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/Odell-at-work-1180x714.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/Odell-at-work-960x581.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/Odell-at-work.jpg 1453w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Research analyst Anthony Odell is studying the massive toxic algae bloom in the Pacific Ocean this summer, aboard the Bell M. Shimada, a NOAA research ship. \u003ccite>(NOAA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>So far, there’s little sign the algae bloom is going to slow down and give sea life a break.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s still quite a bit of toxin production going on,” Odell says, “and a rather sizable bloom.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although the unusually warm ocean water is one suspect, scientists still don’t know for sure the cause of the algae bloom. Odell says they’re researching whether climate change is contributing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s been an international consensus that climate change would affect harmful algal blooms in the fact that we would likely see more of them,” Odell says. “But there’s just not enough data to tie the two together yet.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists are scheduled to arrive in British Columbia in September. Then, it could take a few months to compile data before they can say more about what’s causing the toxic algae bloom, and what it means for the changing ecosystem of the Pacific Ocean.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>A toxic algae bloom that began off the West Coast this spring now stretches from California to Alaska. It’s poisoning marine life from shellfish to sardines to sea lions, and scientists say it’s one of the worst they’ve seen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve never seen a bloom this big before,” says Anthony Odell, a research analyst with the University of Washington’s harmful algae bloom monitoring program. “It’s also one of the most toxic blooms we’ve seen.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">“It’s pretty scary. Because it’s so big and it’s so toxic and it’s not really giving sea life a chance.”\u003ccite>Anthony Odell,\u003cbr>\nUniversity of Washington\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Odell is one of a rotating team of scientists who are studying the bloom aboard the Bell M. Shimada, a research vessel belonging to NOAA, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Equipped with state-of-the-art technology, the ship is traveling this summer up the west coast to British Columbia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Odell says he’s seen a lot of toxic blooms, but this one’s different, partly because it consists of several species of harmful algae.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s making a toxic plankton soup,” he says. “It’s pretty amazing to see all these things blooming together, because usually they prefer these different conditions so there’s definitely something unusual going on.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Toxic algae blooms are not uncommon in the Pacific Ocean—they’re called red tides and they come in summer’s warm waters and dissipate in the fall. But the current algae bloom isn’t likely to dissipate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The algae are thriving in unusually warm waters—in fact, abnormally warm water that scientists are calling “the Blob.” The algae bloom itself is an estimated 40 miles wide and, in some places, \u003cem>could \u003c/em>reach a depth of more than two football fields, according to sonar readings. Scientists have been able to verify the presence of the algae bloom down to 45 feet by testing the water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_191610\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 610px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/NOAA-map.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-191610\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/NOAA-map.jpg\" alt=\"Average chlorophyll concentrations (in milligrams per cubic meter of water) in July 2015. The darkest green areas have the highest surface chlorophyll concentrations and the largest amounts of phytoplankton—including both toxic and harmless species. \" width=\"610\" height=\"473\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/NOAA-map.jpg 610w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/NOAA-map-400x310.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 610px) 100vw, 610px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Average chlorophyll concentrations (in milligrams per cubic meter of water) in July 2015. The darkest green areas have the highest surface chlorophyll concentrations and the largest amounts of phytoplankton—including both toxic and harmless species. \u003ccite>(NOAA Climate.gov map based on Suomi NPP satellite data provided by NOAA View.)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“From a scientific standpoint it’s fascinating,” Odell says. “From a sea life and human health view point, it’s pretty scary. Because it’s so big and it’s so toxic and it’s not really giving sea life a chance.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the toxins the algae are producing is domoic acid. It’s a neurotoxin that doesn’t have negative effects on shellfish and fish. But it can kill other marine life because the micro algae—or phytoplankton—are the base of the food web.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Everything in the ocean eats phytoplankton or eats something that eats phytoplankton,” Odell says. “So when you have one of these species that starts producing toxin, it works its way up through the food chain really fast. It gets into shellfish, it gets into crabs, it gets into small fin fish like sardines and anchovies, which are then fed on by salmon and pelicans and seals and sea lions.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NOAA scientists say domoic acid from the algae bloom is responsible for the high number of seizures and deaths in California sea lions this summer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Domoic acid can also poison humans, causing nausea and dizziness, or in worse cases, permanent short-term memory loss, and even death. That’s why fishery managers have shut down some crab fisheries in Oregon and Washington, and severely restricted fishery markets from California’s central coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re now unable to market anchovy,” says Diane Pleschner-Steele, executive director of the California Wetfish Producers Association. “And there’s a small, kind of an ethnic market for anchovy for human consumption. And also, anchovy used for bait and for animal food. So we’re now prohibited from selling to the public.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She said after the anchovy market collapsed, fishermen moved on to squid, which feed on a different plankton.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_190909\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/Odell-at-work.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-190909\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/Odell-at-work-800x484.jpg\" alt=\"Research analyst Anthony Odell is studying the massive toxic algae bloom in the Pacific Ocean this summer, aboard the Bell M. Shimada, a NOAA research ship. \" width=\"400\" height=\"242\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/Odell-at-work-800x484.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/Odell-at-work-400x242.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/Odell-at-work-1440x871.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/Odell-at-work-1180x714.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/Odell-at-work-960x581.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/Odell-at-work.jpg 1453w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Research analyst Anthony Odell is studying the massive toxic algae bloom in the Pacific Ocean this summer, aboard the Bell M. Shimada, a NOAA research ship. \u003ccite>(NOAA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>So far, there’s little sign the algae bloom is going to slow down and give sea life a break.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s still quite a bit of toxin production going on,” Odell says, “and a rather sizable bloom.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although the unusually warm ocean water is one suspect, scientists still don’t know for sure the cause of the algae bloom. Odell says they’re researching whether climate change is contributing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s been an international consensus that climate change would affect harmful algal blooms in the fact that we would likely see more of them,” Odell says. “But there’s just not enough data to tie the two together yet.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists are scheduled to arrive in British Columbia in September. Then, it could take a few months to compile data before they can say more about what’s causing the toxic algae bloom, and what it means for the changing ecosystem of the Pacific Ocean.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Forecasters are increasingly, cautiously optimistic about relief coming to ease California’s drought, thanks to the strengthening of the \u003ca href=\"http://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/ninonina.html\">El Niño weather pattern\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s an 85 percent chance of a strong El Niño sticking around through next spring, \u003ca href=\"http://www.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov/products/analysis_monitoring/enso_advisory/ensodisc.html\">according to forecasters\u003c/a> at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.noaa.gov/\">National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration\u003c/a>. Its strength should peak in the late fall and early winter, just the right time to deliver soaking storms.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘California cannot count on potential El Niño conditions to halt or reverse drought conditions.’\u003ccite> Michael Anderson, state climatologist \u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>But \u003ca href=\"http://www.water.ca.gov/news/newsreleases/2015/081315b.pdf\">California officials pushed back on Thursday\u003c/a>, warning that the strong forecast won’t guarantee the rainfall the state desperately needs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“California cannot count on potential El Niño conditions to halt or reverse drought conditions,” said state climatologist Michael Anderson in a statement. “Historical weather data shows us that at best, there is a 50/50 chance of having a wetter winter. Unfortunately, due to shifting climate patterns, we cannot even be that sure.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California saw extreme rainfall and flooding when conditions were similar in winter 1997-8. But look back to the previous seven strong El Niño events since 1950 and three actually produced dry years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some forecasters also point to the ridge of high pressure that has dominated recent winters and pushed incoming storms away from Northern California. It could be \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/08/09/possible-spoiler-for-el-nino-a-battle-of-the-blobs/\">a potential spoiler\u003c/a> for the rain an El Niño could bring.\u003cbr>\n[youtube https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XO8gXGCWjQQ&w=640&h=385]\u003cbr>\nWarmer temperatures this winter could also mean the precipitation would fall as rain, instead of snow. Snowpack in the Sierra Nevada is California’s “frozen reservoir,” normally producing a third of the state’s water supply as it melts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’m not saying I don’t want an El Niño, I just don’t want folks to think we don’t have to conserve because El Niño will save us,” said \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/03/23/a-candid-conversation-with-californias-water-czar/\">Felicia Marcus\u003c/a> of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/\">State Water Resources Control Board\u003c/a>. She says El Niño hype risks derailing the conservation efforts underway.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The water board is in the midst of enforcing mandatory water conservation standards, up to 36 percent, for water districts around the state. In June, \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/07/30/whos-saving-water-in-california-and-who-isnt/\">about a third of districts failed\u003c/a> to meet those standards and could face fines from the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists also say the state would have to get about double its normal precipitation to make up the rain and snow deficit built up during the drought.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Forecasters are increasingly, cautiously optimistic about relief coming to ease California’s drought, thanks to the strengthening of the \u003ca href=\"http://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/ninonina.html\">El Niño weather pattern\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s an 85 percent chance of a strong El Niño sticking around through next spring, \u003ca href=\"http://www.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov/products/analysis_monitoring/enso_advisory/ensodisc.html\">according to forecasters\u003c/a> at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.noaa.gov/\">National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration\u003c/a>. Its strength should peak in the late fall and early winter, just the right time to deliver soaking storms.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘California cannot count on potential El Niño conditions to halt or reverse drought conditions.’\u003ccite> Michael Anderson, state climatologist \u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>But \u003ca href=\"http://www.water.ca.gov/news/newsreleases/2015/081315b.pdf\">California officials pushed back on Thursday\u003c/a>, warning that the strong forecast won’t guarantee the rainfall the state desperately needs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“California cannot count on potential El Niño conditions to halt or reverse drought conditions,” said state climatologist Michael Anderson in a statement. “Historical weather data shows us that at best, there is a 50/50 chance of having a wetter winter. Unfortunately, due to shifting climate patterns, we cannot even be that sure.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California saw extreme rainfall and flooding when conditions were similar in winter 1997-8. But look back to the previous seven strong El Niño events since 1950 and three actually produced dry years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some forecasters also point to the ridge of high pressure that has dominated recent winters and pushed incoming storms away from Northern California. It could be \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/08/09/possible-spoiler-for-el-nino-a-battle-of-the-blobs/\">a potential spoiler\u003c/a> for the rain an El Niño could bring.\u003cbr>\n\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/XO8gXGCWjQQ'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/XO8gXGCWjQQ'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cbr>\nWarmer temperatures this winter could also mean the precipitation would fall as rain, instead of snow. Snowpack in the Sierra Nevada is California’s “frozen reservoir,” normally producing a third of the state’s water supply as it melts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’m not saying I don’t want an El Niño, I just don’t want folks to think we don’t have to conserve because El Niño will save us,” said \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/03/23/a-candid-conversation-with-californias-water-czar/\">Felicia Marcus\u003c/a> of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/\">State Water Resources Control Board\u003c/a>. She says El Niño hype risks derailing the conservation efforts underway.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The water board is in the midst of enforcing mandatory water conservation standards, up to 36 percent, for water districts around the state. In June, \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/07/30/whos-saving-water-in-california-and-who-isnt/\">about a third of districts failed\u003c/a> to meet those standards and could face fines from the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists also say the state would have to get about double its normal precipitation to make up the rain and snow deficit built up during the drought.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Like the best opera divas, songbirds must train their voices from an early age. But instead of studying for years at a conservatory, the birds’ brains are hardwired to experiment with complicated musical passages.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, scientists from UCSF have honed in on the precise brain pathways that songbirds use to learn and tune their highly specialized vocalizations. Their \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/neuro/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/nn.4078.html\">results\u003c/a>, published recently in the journal \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/neuro/index.html\">Nature Neuroscience\u003c/a>, may have implications for understanding how our own brains learn new vocal tricks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Baby zebra finches don’t make a peep for their first 30 days. Instead, they listen to adults around them and develop a mental model of what a song should sound like.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That template tells them what they’re practicing to get to,” says Hamish Mehaffey, a postdoctoral researcher at UCSF and lead author of the study. “It’s like how the syllables we’re exposed to when we’re young shape our ability to learn new languages later.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The young finches then spend the next few months experimenting with trial-and-error to perfect their own songs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Listen to a finch song:\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n[audio mp3=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/Song.mp3\"][/audio]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If a new song is better [than the previous song], then they keep whatever neural activity they used to make that song,” explains Mehaffey.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists already knew that certain parts of the brain were involved in learning new songs, but until now, nobody knew exactly how these pathways were wired in the brain or how the new, experimental songs were generated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Musical Brain\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers needed a way to measure activity of different brain structures and how these structures interact to produce song. So, they started with brain slices from zebra finches.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By isolating certain regions of the brain, they could stimulate the pathways involved in song production and then record the activity of cells that are involved in actually making the song.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The scientists could also identify the neurotransmitters and chemicals that activated or blocked each pathway.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the slices, the researchers discovered that the birds’ creativity-generator involves a structure analogous to the human basal ganglia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This dense cluster of cells at the base of the brain stem is basically the same in all kinds of vertebrate animals, from lampreys to humans. It’s involved in almost everything we do, from thoughts and emotions to motor activity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s difficult to study something like that because it could literally be involved in anything,” says Mehaffey. “But using finch song, we’ve been able to learn a lot about how the basal ganglia works normally and how it helps us learn new things.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_182998\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1685px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/19497700484_9e9e1c3e67_o.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-182998\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/19497700484_9e9e1c3e67_o.jpg\" alt=\"Zebra Finches are native to Australia but have become excellent lab models for scientists to study the neuroscience of song learning.\" width=\"1685\" height=\"1266\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/19497700484_9e9e1c3e67_o.jpg 1685w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/19497700484_9e9e1c3e67_o-400x301.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/19497700484_9e9e1c3e67_o-800x601.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/19497700484_9e9e1c3e67_o-1440x1082.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/19497700484_9e9e1c3e67_o-1180x887.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/19497700484_9e9e1c3e67_o-960x721.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1685px) 100vw, 1685px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Zebra Finches are native to Australia but have become excellent lab models for scientists to study the neuroscience of song learning. \u003ccite>(Phil McIver/flickr)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>From Bird Brain to Human Learning\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The scientists were also able to show that the same chemicals that blocked the creativity generators in the brain slices also prevented live birds from modifying their songs as adults.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That gives us confidence that what they found in the slice is actually what’s at work in the intact bird,” says Franz Goller, a biology professor at the University of Utah, who also studies the neurobiology of finch song.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Goller says that the brain pathways involved in finch learning are probably similar in other animals, so the findings might ultimately help us understand how we and other animals learn new vocal tricks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s quite a bit of evidence that, at least in terms of core circuitry, learned vocal behavior in humans also has these multi-path systems,” he says. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I could easily imagine that this is a highly dedicated pathway for vocal behavior, and it might be used in all kinds of motor skill learning.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Like the best opera divas, songbirds must train their voices from an early age. But instead of studying for years at a conservatory, the birds’ brains are hardwired to experiment with complicated musical passages.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, scientists from UCSF have honed in on the precise brain pathways that songbirds use to learn and tune their highly specialized vocalizations. Their \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/neuro/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/nn.4078.html\">results\u003c/a>, published recently in the journal \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/neuro/index.html\">Nature Neuroscience\u003c/a>, may have implications for understanding how our own brains learn new vocal tricks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Baby zebra finches don’t make a peep for their first 30 days. Instead, they listen to adults around them and develop a mental model of what a song should sound like.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That template tells them what they’re practicing to get to,” says Hamish Mehaffey, a postdoctoral researcher at UCSF and lead author of the study. “It’s like how the syllables we’re exposed to when we’re young shape our ability to learn new languages later.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The young finches then spend the next few months experimenting with trial-and-error to perfect their own songs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Listen to a finch song:\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If a new song is better [than the previous song], then they keep whatever neural activity they used to make that song,” explains Mehaffey.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists already knew that certain parts of the brain were involved in learning new songs, but until now, nobody knew exactly how these pathways were wired in the brain or how the new, experimental songs were generated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Musical Brain\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers needed a way to measure activity of different brain structures and how these structures interact to produce song. So, they started with brain slices from zebra finches.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By isolating certain regions of the brain, they could stimulate the pathways involved in song production and then record the activity of cells that are involved in actually making the song.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The scientists could also identify the neurotransmitters and chemicals that activated or blocked each pathway.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the slices, the researchers discovered that the birds’ creativity-generator involves a structure analogous to the human basal ganglia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This dense cluster of cells at the base of the brain stem is basically the same in all kinds of vertebrate animals, from lampreys to humans. It’s involved in almost everything we do, from thoughts and emotions to motor activity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s difficult to study something like that because it could literally be involved in anything,” says Mehaffey. “But using finch song, we’ve been able to learn a lot about how the basal ganglia works normally and how it helps us learn new things.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_182998\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1685px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/19497700484_9e9e1c3e67_o.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-182998\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/19497700484_9e9e1c3e67_o.jpg\" alt=\"Zebra Finches are native to Australia but have become excellent lab models for scientists to study the neuroscience of song learning.\" width=\"1685\" height=\"1266\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/19497700484_9e9e1c3e67_o.jpg 1685w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/19497700484_9e9e1c3e67_o-400x301.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/19497700484_9e9e1c3e67_o-800x601.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/19497700484_9e9e1c3e67_o-1440x1082.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/19497700484_9e9e1c3e67_o-1180x887.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/19497700484_9e9e1c3e67_o-960x721.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1685px) 100vw, 1685px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Zebra Finches are native to Australia but have become excellent lab models for scientists to study the neuroscience of song learning. \u003ccite>(Phil McIver/flickr)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>From Bird Brain to Human Learning\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The scientists were also able to show that the same chemicals that blocked the creativity generators in the brain slices also prevented live birds from modifying their songs as adults.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That gives us confidence that what they found in the slice is actually what’s at work in the intact bird,” says Franz Goller, a biology professor at the University of Utah, who also studies the neurobiology of finch song.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Goller says that the brain pathways involved in finch learning are probably similar in other animals, so the findings might ultimately help us understand how we and other animals learn new vocal tricks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s quite a bit of evidence that, at least in terms of core circuitry, learned vocal behavior in humans also has these multi-path systems,” he says. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I could easily imagine that this is a highly dedicated pathway for vocal behavior, and it might be used in all kinds of motor skill learning.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>The annual Perseid meteor shower is upon us, and this year the dark, moonless sky promises exceptional viewing. If the weather cooperates and the sky isn’t shrouded with smoke from nearby wildfires, this could be a spectacular show.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_183111\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/perseids_meteor_shower.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-183111\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/perseids_meteor_shower-400x195.jpg\" alt=\"Perseid meteors captured in a long exposure.\" width=\"400\" height=\"195\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/perseids_meteor_shower-400x195.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/perseids_meteor_shower.jpg 500w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Perseid meteors captured in a long exposure. \u003ccite>(JPL/NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The Perseid shower peaks between August 12 and 13 this year, so the best time to view them will be after midnight on Wednesday and into the early morning hours on Thursday. With the moon only one day away from its New phase, there will be no moonlight to interfere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For best viewing, find a location as far away from city lights as possible, where the skies are darker. The San Francisco Bay Area is blessed by a ring of hill and mountain ranges that can provide good shelter from light pollution, so find your local dark spot and throw out a blanket. Just keep in mind that coastal areas are often subject to fog this time of year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the South Bay, \u003ca href=\"http://coepark.net/pineridgeassociation/planning-your-visit/parkhours\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Henry Coe State Park\u003c/a> is a prime spot for meteor viewing, in part due to dark skies, but also because the park entrance is open around the clock all year long.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At \u003ca href=\"https://14884.blackbaudhosting.com/14884/page.aspx?pid=196&tab=2&txobjid=1db8a56b-e1f4-452c-96b9-a1f128b2c25c\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Chabot Space & Science Center\u003c/a> we’ll open our observatory deck for viewing from midnight to 3 a.m. on Thursday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Perseids have been called the “Old Faithful” of meteor showers. They reliably deliver high numbers of bright, fast meteors that often dazzle and thrill earthbound spectators. The main spoilers of a good show are light pollution (urban and/or moonlight), weather, and an unwillingness to stay up after midnight to see them. This year, fortunately, most of these factors are within our control, and you have a good shot at a breathtaking meteor adventure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_183109\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/meteors-leonids-carter-roberts-train1-21-26.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-183109\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/meteors-leonids-carter-roberts-train1-21-26-400x415.jpg\" alt=\"Colorful luminous meteor trails, from the annual Leonid Meteor Shower in November.\" width=\"400\" height=\"415\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/meteors-leonids-carter-roberts-train1-21-26-400x415.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/meteors-leonids-carter-roberts-train1-21-26-800x829.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/meteors-leonids-carter-roberts-train1-21-26-32x32.jpg 32w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/meteors-leonids-carter-roberts-train1-21-26.jpg 850w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Colorful luminous meteor trails, from the annual Leonid meteor shower in November. \u003ccite>(Carter Roberts)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The Perseid\u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/jpl/asteroids/best-meteor-showers/#.Vco98HFVhBc\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> meteor shower\u003c/a> is caused by the passage of Earth through the dust trail left behind by the periodic comet \u003ca href=\"https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/profile.cfm?Object=Com_109PSwiftTuttle\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Swift-Tuttle\u003c/a>, which orbits the sun every 133 years, and last passed by our neck of the solar system in 1992.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When Earth passes through the dust trail at its orbital speed of about 18 miles per second, our atmosphere collides with the dust grains, which heat up by friction and vaporize in flashy streaks across the sky. Also called “shooting stars” (not to be confused with Clint Eastwood or Vin Diesel), the typical meteor is a bit of rock or metal perhaps the size of your fingernail.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meteors can be different colors, depending on their brightness and the composition of the dust particle that is burning up. Fainter meteors tend to appear white, mainly because the human eye isn’t good at seeing color when a light source is weak.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The word “meteor” comes from Latin for “sky,” or any atmospheric phenomenon, as in “meteorology,” the study of weather. In ancient times, meteors (shooting stars) were counted as a weather phenomenon, and though they do occur in the upper atmosphere, their celestial origin was not known.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Enjoy the show!\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "The annual Perseid Meteor Shower is upon us and this year the dark, moonless sky promises exceptional viewing early Thursday morning. ",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The annual Perseid meteor shower is upon us, and this year the dark, moonless sky promises exceptional viewing. If the weather cooperates and the sky isn’t shrouded with smoke from nearby wildfires, this could be a spectacular show.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_183111\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/perseids_meteor_shower.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-183111\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/perseids_meteor_shower-400x195.jpg\" alt=\"Perseid meteors captured in a long exposure.\" width=\"400\" height=\"195\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/perseids_meteor_shower-400x195.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/perseids_meteor_shower.jpg 500w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Perseid meteors captured in a long exposure. \u003ccite>(JPL/NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The Perseid shower peaks between August 12 and 13 this year, so the best time to view them will be after midnight on Wednesday and into the early morning hours on Thursday. With the moon only one day away from its New phase, there will be no moonlight to interfere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For best viewing, find a location as far away from city lights as possible, where the skies are darker. The San Francisco Bay Area is blessed by a ring of hill and mountain ranges that can provide good shelter from light pollution, so find your local dark spot and throw out a blanket. Just keep in mind that coastal areas are often subject to fog this time of year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the South Bay, \u003ca href=\"http://coepark.net/pineridgeassociation/planning-your-visit/parkhours\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Henry Coe State Park\u003c/a> is a prime spot for meteor viewing, in part due to dark skies, but also because the park entrance is open around the clock all year long.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At \u003ca href=\"https://14884.blackbaudhosting.com/14884/page.aspx?pid=196&tab=2&txobjid=1db8a56b-e1f4-452c-96b9-a1f128b2c25c\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Chabot Space & Science Center\u003c/a> we’ll open our observatory deck for viewing from midnight to 3 a.m. on Thursday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Perseids have been called the “Old Faithful” of meteor showers. They reliably deliver high numbers of bright, fast meteors that often dazzle and thrill earthbound spectators. The main spoilers of a good show are light pollution (urban and/or moonlight), weather, and an unwillingness to stay up after midnight to see them. This year, fortunately, most of these factors are within our control, and you have a good shot at a breathtaking meteor adventure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_183109\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/meteors-leonids-carter-roberts-train1-21-26.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-183109\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/meteors-leonids-carter-roberts-train1-21-26-400x415.jpg\" alt=\"Colorful luminous meteor trails, from the annual Leonid Meteor Shower in November.\" width=\"400\" height=\"415\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/meteors-leonids-carter-roberts-train1-21-26-400x415.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/meteors-leonids-carter-roberts-train1-21-26-800x829.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/meteors-leonids-carter-roberts-train1-21-26-32x32.jpg 32w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/meteors-leonids-carter-roberts-train1-21-26.jpg 850w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Colorful luminous meteor trails, from the annual Leonid meteor shower in November. \u003ccite>(Carter Roberts)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The Perseid\u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/jpl/asteroids/best-meteor-showers/#.Vco98HFVhBc\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> meteor shower\u003c/a> is caused by the passage of Earth through the dust trail left behind by the periodic comet \u003ca href=\"https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/profile.cfm?Object=Com_109PSwiftTuttle\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Swift-Tuttle\u003c/a>, which orbits the sun every 133 years, and last passed by our neck of the solar system in 1992.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When Earth passes through the dust trail at its orbital speed of about 18 miles per second, our atmosphere collides with the dust grains, which heat up by friction and vaporize in flashy streaks across the sky. Also called “shooting stars” (not to be confused with Clint Eastwood or Vin Diesel), the typical meteor is a bit of rock or metal perhaps the size of your fingernail.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meteors can be different colors, depending on their brightness and the composition of the dust particle that is burning up. Fainter meteors tend to appear white, mainly because the human eye isn’t good at seeing color when a light source is weak.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The word “meteor” comes from Latin for “sky,” or any atmospheric phenomenon, as in “meteorology,” the study of weather. In ancient times, meteors (shooting stars) were counted as a weather phenomenon, and though they do occur in the upper atmosphere, their celestial origin was not known.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Enjoy the show!\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>It comes down to this: the next couple of months.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lately Northern California has captured national headlines with \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2015/08/11/more-evacuations-as-lake-county-hit-with-second-blaze\">fast-moving blazes\u003c/a> such the Rocky and Jerusalem Fires in the coast ranges about 100 miles north of San Francisco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unlike many epic fires in the California record, which were largely driven by wind, in the fires burning north of the Bay Area, “There really is no signifcant wind,” says Cal Fire Director \u003ca href=\"http://calfire.ca.gov/about/about_executive_staff_Pimlott.php\">Ken Pimlott\u003c/a>. “It’s all being driven by the condition of the vegetation.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Which is to say, not merely dry, but four-year-drought dry. Pimlott says Cal Fire measures the potential burn intensity of vegetation throughout the state, and is currently seeing “record levels” of that metric, known as the Energy Release Component.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s just creating explosive growth rates,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://cdfdata.fire.ca.gov/incidents/incidents_details_info?incident_id=1193\">Jerusalem Fire\u003c/a> went from 100 to 5,000 acres almost overnight. But the worst may be yet to come.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As summer gives way to fall, the winds typically shift and \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/climatewatch/2011/12/01/santa-ana-wind-season-may-be-stretched-by-climate-change/\">dry winds from the east\u003c/a> sweep across California, turning an already sizzling fire season into a potential blast furnace.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As we get into late summer and early fall, not only are we still seeing the potential for extreme fire behavior in Northern California, and the potential for a large number of fires like we’re seeing now,” says Pimlott, but “we also get into that peak window for Southern California with Santa Ana winds.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Similar winds known as Diablos kick up in the northern part of the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“And so the state, literally, is really primed right now to have multiple fires going on, north to south.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In this interview with KQED, Pimlott talks about fire behavior, busting budgets, boots on the ground, and his confidence in the state’s ability to confront an ever-expanding fire season.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We start with what crews on the fire lines are saying about these aggressive, fast-moving fires in the north state:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[soundcloud url=”https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/218833610″ params=”color=ff5500&auto_play=false&hide_related=false&show_comments=true&show_user=true&show_reposts=false” width=”100%” height=”166″ iframe=”true” /]\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Fires already burning are defying conventional fire behavior. But wait for the next couple of months, when winds typically shift and hot, dry easterlies sweeping across the state could turn an already sizzling fire season into a blast furnace, exhausting crews and straining budgets. Cal Fire director Ken Pimlott talks with KQED Science Editor Craig Miller.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>It comes down to this: the next couple of months.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lately Northern California has captured national headlines with \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2015/08/11/more-evacuations-as-lake-county-hit-with-second-blaze\">fast-moving blazes\u003c/a> such the Rocky and Jerusalem Fires in the coast ranges about 100 miles north of San Francisco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unlike many epic fires in the California record, which were largely driven by wind, in the fires burning north of the Bay Area, “There really is no signifcant wind,” says Cal Fire Director \u003ca href=\"http://calfire.ca.gov/about/about_executive_staff_Pimlott.php\">Ken Pimlott\u003c/a>. “It’s all being driven by the condition of the vegetation.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Which is to say, not merely dry, but four-year-drought dry. Pimlott says Cal Fire measures the potential burn intensity of vegetation throughout the state, and is currently seeing “record levels” of that metric, known as the Energy Release Component.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s just creating explosive growth rates,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://cdfdata.fire.ca.gov/incidents/incidents_details_info?incident_id=1193\">Jerusalem Fire\u003c/a> went from 100 to 5,000 acres almost overnight. But the worst may be yet to come.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As summer gives way to fall, the winds typically shift and \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/climatewatch/2011/12/01/santa-ana-wind-season-may-be-stretched-by-climate-change/\">dry winds from the east\u003c/a> sweep across California, turning an already sizzling fire season into a potential blast furnace.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As we get into late summer and early fall, not only are we still seeing the potential for extreme fire behavior in Northern California, and the potential for a large number of fires like we’re seeing now,” says Pimlott, but “we also get into that peak window for Southern California with Santa Ana winds.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Similar winds known as Diablos kick up in the northern part of the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“And so the state, literally, is really primed right now to have multiple fires going on, north to south.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In this interview with KQED, Pimlott talks about fire behavior, busting budgets, boots on the ground, and his confidence in the state’s ability to confront an ever-expanding fire season.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We start with what crews on the fire lines are saying about these aggressive, fast-moving fires in the north state:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cdiv class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__shortcodes__shortcodeWrapper'>\n \u003ciframe width='”100%”' height='”166″'\n scrolling='no' frameborder='no'\n src='https://w.soundcloud.com/player/?url=”https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/218833610″&visual=true&”color=ff5500&auto_play=false&hide_related=false&show_comments=true&show_user=true&show_reposts=false”'\n title='”https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/218833610″'>\n \u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/div>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"headTitle": "Possible Spoiler for El Niño: A ‘Battle of the Blobs’ | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Listen to the story:\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nhttp://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2015/08/20150810ScienceBattleoftheBlobs.mp3\u003cbr>\nHopeful Californians are looking to the Pacific this winter for an end to California’s most punishing drought on record.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The reason: what appears to be \u003ca href=\"http://www.weatherwest.com/archives/3323\">a monster El Niño in the making\u003c/a>. The abnormally warm waters along the equator \u003cem>could\u003c/em> mean a wet winter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are no guarantees, but there have been portents. On one Saturday in July, San Diego got more rain than it got the entire month of January.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That same month, ESPN broadcaster Dan Shulman broke the news to baseball fans from underneath a golf umbrella: “For the first time in 20 years, a game has been postponed because of rain here in Anaheim.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can thank Dolores for that, a hurricane that managed to make it farther north than normal. The intense Pacific hurricane season \u003ca href=\"http://www.dailynews.com/general-news/20150716/hurricane-dolores-el-nixf1o-bring-big-waves-to-southern-california-beaches\">bears the fingerprints\u003c/a> of El Niño, which is already getting hyped as a \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/07/09/el-nino-update-californias-great-wet-hope-continues-to-build/\">potential drought-buster.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Yes, and deservedly so,” says Kevin Trenberth, a Distinguished Senior Scientist at the \u003ca href=\"https://ncar.ucar.edu/\">National Center for Atmospheric Research\u003c/a> in Boulder, Colorado.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“For this time of year, the El Niño is as strong as it’s ever been.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_26565\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/01/Ridiculously-Reilent-Ridge-graphic-e1422040126985-1024x629.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-26565 size-large\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/01/Ridiculously-Reilent-Ridge-graphic-e1422040126985-1024x629.jpg\" alt=\"Print\" width=\"1024\" height=\"629\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Storms headed for the California coast run into the Ridiculously Resilient Ridge, represented by the “H” in this graphic. (David Pierce/ KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Strength in this case is measured by how much warmer surface temperatures are than normal, in the tropical Pacific. And this one looks to be about as strong as the legendary \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/09/01/drought-myth-busting-why-el-nino-wont-save-california/\">El Niño of 1997-98\u003c/a>, which was the strongest on record, peaking at about 2.3 degrees Celsius above normal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the ocean, a spike of more than two degrees is like sticking a hot poker into the climate system. Pacific storms sucked up moisture from extremely warm equatorial waters and pretty much dumped it on California. San Francisco got double its normal rainfall that year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Enter the Blob\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But this time around, there are other things brewing in the Pacific: patches of freakishly warm water spread far and wide, up the California coast to the \u003ca href=\"http://www.oregonlive.com/environment/index.ssf/2015/07/blob.html\">persistently warm vortex\u003c/a>, hundreds of miles across, christened by climate scientists as “the Blob.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That is definitely the wildcard with this El Niño,” warns Bill Patzert, a climatologist at \u003ca href=\"http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/\">NASA’s Jet Propulsion Lab\u003c/a> in Pasadena and an advisor to federal El Niño forecasters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He says unlike in 1997, the Blob has been a fixture during the current drought. It’s essentially the sidekick of that “\u003ca href=\"http://www.weatherwest.com/archives/tag/ridiculously-resilient-ridge\">Ridiculously Resilient Ridge\u003c/a>,” the stubborn bubble of high-pressure that’s been parked off the north coast for the past couple of years, diverting winter storms up and around California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_172832\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 580px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/high-pressure-ridge-weather-patterns-e1431891275753.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-172832\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/high-pressure-ridge-weather-patterns-e1431891275753.jpg\" alt='The \"Blob\" is associated with the persistent ridge of high pressure that has detoured the winter storm track around California.' width=\"580\" height=\"638\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/high-pressure-ridge-weather-patterns-e1431891275753.jpg 580w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/high-pressure-ridge-weather-patterns-e1431891275753-400x440.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 580px) 100vw, 580px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The “Blob” is associated with the persistent ridge of high pressure that has detoured the winter storm track around California. \u003ccite>(NOAA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“And so the question is, who wins in the battle of the Blob and the El Niño,” says Patzert, “and what impact that’ll have on rainfall on the West Coast of the U.S. this fall, into the winter.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Patzert says if the Blob and its ridge dominate, we could wring less water out of this El Niño.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What we’re having here is battling blobs!”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But not everyone’s on the edge of their seat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It doesn’t fit with my concept of how things work,” says Trenberth. On the contrary, he maintains, the presence of all this warm water — especially close to the coast — could mean heavier rains from the storms we do get.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Mixed Blessing\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The potential in California for rains to be torrential this winter is quite high because of the warm water,” Trenberth says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s because, as a general rule, the warmer the water, the more moisture gets picked up by the atmosphere and by any emerging storms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_173701\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/Weather-west-image.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-173701\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/Weather-west-image.png\" alt=\"Ocean waters near California have warmed further in recent weeks, and remain far above normal. \" width=\"1024\" height=\"768\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/Weather-west-image.png 1024w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/Weather-west-image-400x300.png 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/Weather-west-image-800x600.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/Weather-west-image-960x720.png 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Ocean waters near California have warmed further in recent weeks, and remain far above normal. \u003ccite>(NOAA RTG)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“Those storms are apt to pick up moisture from any warm water that’s lying around all along the West Coast,” says Trenberth, “and it just feeds those storms.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That would be both good and bad news. While the reservoirs refill, the rivers could easily overfill, causing flooding and landslides — much like in 1997-98. Trenberth will take that glass as half-full.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The way things are shaping up it sure looks like an end to the drought to me,” he says, “depending on how you define the drought.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Patzert agrees the current El Niño is looking like a monster — “Godzilla,” to use his favorite moniker. But he’s concerned the Blob and its ridge could become at least partial spoilers, blocking out storms from the northern Pacific, leaving the door open only for El Niño-driven storms from the tropics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That could mean Southern California gets a soaking, but the northern part of the state — where most of the major reservoirs are — misses out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There is almost certainly going to be a dividing line,” says Stanford climate scientist Daniel Swain. “And it’s possible that dividing line could occur somewhere in Northern California.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Patzert hopes that isn’t the case.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If that happens, I’m definitely going to have to go into witness protection,” he frets, “because ‘my’ El Niño, the Great Wet Hope, will only deliver half the package.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Whatever we get, it’s a package that won’t be delivered for at least three months, when California’s long-awaited “rainy” season is due.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "One climate scientist postulates that the high pressure behind freakishly warm northern waters could put a flow restrictor on El Niño.",
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"description": "One climate scientist postulates that the high pressure behind freakishly warm northern waters could put a flow restrictor on El Niño.",
"title": "Possible Spoiler for El Niño: A 'Battle of the Blobs' | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Listen to the story:\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nhttp://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2015/08/20150810ScienceBattleoftheBlobs.mp3\u003cbr>\nHopeful Californians are looking to the Pacific this winter for an end to California’s most punishing drought on record.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The reason: what appears to be \u003ca href=\"http://www.weatherwest.com/archives/3323\">a monster El Niño in the making\u003c/a>. The abnormally warm waters along the equator \u003cem>could\u003c/em> mean a wet winter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are no guarantees, but there have been portents. On one Saturday in July, San Diego got more rain than it got the entire month of January.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That same month, ESPN broadcaster Dan Shulman broke the news to baseball fans from underneath a golf umbrella: “For the first time in 20 years, a game has been postponed because of rain here in Anaheim.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can thank Dolores for that, a hurricane that managed to make it farther north than normal. The intense Pacific hurricane season \u003ca href=\"http://www.dailynews.com/general-news/20150716/hurricane-dolores-el-nixf1o-bring-big-waves-to-southern-california-beaches\">bears the fingerprints\u003c/a> of El Niño, which is already getting hyped as a \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/07/09/el-nino-update-californias-great-wet-hope-continues-to-build/\">potential drought-buster.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Yes, and deservedly so,” says Kevin Trenberth, a Distinguished Senior Scientist at the \u003ca href=\"https://ncar.ucar.edu/\">National Center for Atmospheric Research\u003c/a> in Boulder, Colorado.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“For this time of year, the El Niño is as strong as it’s ever been.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_26565\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/01/Ridiculously-Reilent-Ridge-graphic-e1422040126985-1024x629.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-26565 size-large\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/01/Ridiculously-Reilent-Ridge-graphic-e1422040126985-1024x629.jpg\" alt=\"Print\" width=\"1024\" height=\"629\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Storms headed for the California coast run into the Ridiculously Resilient Ridge, represented by the “H” in this graphic. (David Pierce/ KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Strength in this case is measured by how much warmer surface temperatures are than normal, in the tropical Pacific. And this one looks to be about as strong as the legendary \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/09/01/drought-myth-busting-why-el-nino-wont-save-california/\">El Niño of 1997-98\u003c/a>, which was the strongest on record, peaking at about 2.3 degrees Celsius above normal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the ocean, a spike of more than two degrees is like sticking a hot poker into the climate system. Pacific storms sucked up moisture from extremely warm equatorial waters and pretty much dumped it on California. San Francisco got double its normal rainfall that year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Enter the Blob\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But this time around, there are other things brewing in the Pacific: patches of freakishly warm water spread far and wide, up the California coast to the \u003ca href=\"http://www.oregonlive.com/environment/index.ssf/2015/07/blob.html\">persistently warm vortex\u003c/a>, hundreds of miles across, christened by climate scientists as “the Blob.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That is definitely the wildcard with this El Niño,” warns Bill Patzert, a climatologist at \u003ca href=\"http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/\">NASA’s Jet Propulsion Lab\u003c/a> in Pasadena and an advisor to federal El Niño forecasters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He says unlike in 1997, the Blob has been a fixture during the current drought. It’s essentially the sidekick of that “\u003ca href=\"http://www.weatherwest.com/archives/tag/ridiculously-resilient-ridge\">Ridiculously Resilient Ridge\u003c/a>,” the stubborn bubble of high-pressure that’s been parked off the north coast for the past couple of years, diverting winter storms up and around California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_172832\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 580px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/high-pressure-ridge-weather-patterns-e1431891275753.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-172832\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/high-pressure-ridge-weather-patterns-e1431891275753.jpg\" alt='The \"Blob\" is associated with the persistent ridge of high pressure that has detoured the winter storm track around California.' width=\"580\" height=\"638\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/high-pressure-ridge-weather-patterns-e1431891275753.jpg 580w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/high-pressure-ridge-weather-patterns-e1431891275753-400x440.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 580px) 100vw, 580px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The “Blob” is associated with the persistent ridge of high pressure that has detoured the winter storm track around California. \u003ccite>(NOAA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“And so the question is, who wins in the battle of the Blob and the El Niño,” says Patzert, “and what impact that’ll have on rainfall on the West Coast of the U.S. this fall, into the winter.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Patzert says if the Blob and its ridge dominate, we could wring less water out of this El Niño.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What we’re having here is battling blobs!”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But not everyone’s on the edge of their seat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It doesn’t fit with my concept of how things work,” says Trenberth. On the contrary, he maintains, the presence of all this warm water — especially close to the coast — could mean heavier rains from the storms we do get.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Mixed Blessing\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The potential in California for rains to be torrential this winter is quite high because of the warm water,” Trenberth says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s because, as a general rule, the warmer the water, the more moisture gets picked up by the atmosphere and by any emerging storms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_173701\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/Weather-west-image.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-173701\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/Weather-west-image.png\" alt=\"Ocean waters near California have warmed further in recent weeks, and remain far above normal. \" width=\"1024\" height=\"768\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/Weather-west-image.png 1024w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/Weather-west-image-400x300.png 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/Weather-west-image-800x600.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/Weather-west-image-960x720.png 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Ocean waters near California have warmed further in recent weeks, and remain far above normal. \u003ccite>(NOAA RTG)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“Those storms are apt to pick up moisture from any warm water that’s lying around all along the West Coast,” says Trenberth, “and it just feeds those storms.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That would be both good and bad news. While the reservoirs refill, the rivers could easily overfill, causing flooding and landslides — much like in 1997-98. Trenberth will take that glass as half-full.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The way things are shaping up it sure looks like an end to the drought to me,” he says, “depending on how you define the drought.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Patzert agrees the current El Niño is looking like a monster — “Godzilla,” to use his favorite moniker. But he’s concerned the Blob and its ridge could become at least partial spoilers, blocking out storms from the northern Pacific, leaving the door open only for El Niño-driven storms from the tropics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That could mean Southern California gets a soaking, but the northern part of the state — where most of the major reservoirs are — misses out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There is almost certainly going to be a dividing line,” says Stanford climate scientist Daniel Swain. “And it’s possible that dividing line could occur somewhere in Northern California.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Patzert hopes that isn’t the case.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If that happens, I’m definitely going to have to go into witness protection,” he frets, “because ‘my’ El Niño, the Great Wet Hope, will only deliver half the package.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Whatever we get, it’s a package that won’t be delivered for at least three months, when California’s long-awaited “rainy” season is due.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Three Current Space Missions You May Not Know About",
"headTitle": "Three Current Space Missions You May Not Know About | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>With all of the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/07/13/at-last-nasa-spacecraft-captures-a-close-up-of-pluto/\">attention grabbed by Pluto\u003c/a> in recent months, it’s easy to lose sight of just how much exploration is actually taking place across the solar system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lately, most of the news has come from \u003ca href=\"http://pluto.jhuapl.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">NASA’s New Horizons\u003c/a> flyby of Pluto, \u003ca href=\"http://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cassini’s \u003c/a>ongoing investigation of Saturn and its enigmatic moons and the \u003ca href=\"http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/msl/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Curiosity \u003c/a>rover’s geologic quest on the slopes of Mount Sharp on Mars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Space_Science/Rosetta\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">European Space Agency’s Rosetta\u003c/a> spacecraft and Philae lander are carrying us on a roller coaster ride around the sun on Comet Churyumov-Gerasimenko.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A small fleet of solar observatories like \u003ca href=\"http://sdo.gsfc.nasa.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">NASA’s Solar Dynamics Observatory\u003c/a> and the ESA’s SOHO keep an unblinking eye on our tumultuous sun.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, there are \u003ca href=\"http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/index.cfm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">dozens of robotic spacecraft\u003c/a> spread across the solar system, quietly exploring objects and regions from Earth’s moon all the way out to the frontier of interstellar space, three times more distant than Pluto.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Below are three current space expeditions that may yield results as soon as next year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Asteroid Expedition: Orbit, Land, Rove, Return!\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Have you heard of \u003ca href=\"http://global.jaxa.jp/projects/sat/hayabusa2/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Hayabusa 2\u003c/a>? Launched by Japan last December, this spacecraft is currently en route to the near-Earth object 1999 JU3, where it will arrive in 2018.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_168388\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/itokawa07_hayabusa_big.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-168388\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/itokawa07_hayabusa_big-400x214.jpg\" alt=\"Asteroid Itokawa as imaged by the Hayabusa spacecraft. \" width=\"400\" height=\"214\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/itokawa07_hayabusa_big-400x214.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/itokawa07_hayabusa_big.jpg 713w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Asteroid Itokawa as imaged by the Hayabusa spacecraft. \u003ccite>(JAXA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The spacecraft will spend about 18 months examining this half-mile-wide asteroid and employing a variety of exploration technologies, including deploying a lander and a rover to its surface, creating and exploring an artificial crater with an impactor projectile and the lander, and ultimately returning samples of the asteroid to Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sounds like a novel mission, but in fact this isn’t the first to bring pieces of an asteroid home to us; Hayabusa 2’s predecessor, Hayabusa (1), collected and returned samples of the asteroid Itokawa in 2010.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And 1999 JU3 is a “C” type \u003ca href=\"http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Space_Science/Asteroids_Structure_and_composition_of_asteroids\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">asteroid\u003c/a>, a carbonaceous object composed of clay and silicate rocks. Though C-type asteroids are the most common (75% of asteroids are of this type), they are among the oldest objects in the solar system. They are also thought to contain organic material and water (in hydrated rock).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These two factors—their origin in the earliest times of the solar system’s formation, and the water and organic molecules they may contain—can provide clues of how a planet like the Earth formed, in particular in relation to Earth’s oceans and the emergence of life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Recycled Robots\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Did you know that the green “reuse-recycle” ethic is occasionally employed with space missions? This is the case with ARTEMIS—a mission you may not have heard of even during its first incarnation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/artemis/index.html#.VcJK8PNVhBc\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">ARTEMIS \u003c/a>(Acceleration, Reconnection, Turbulence, and Electrodynamics of the Moon’s Interaction with the Sun) consists of two spacecraft that were originally members of another multi-probe mission called THEMIS.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_168383\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/Moon_ER_magnetic_field.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-168383\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/Moon_ER_magnetic_field-400x289.jpg\" alt=\"Lunar magnetic field strength map as measured by the Lunar Prospector mission. \" width=\"400\" height=\"289\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/Moon_ER_magnetic_field-400x289.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/Moon_ER_magnetic_field.jpg 800w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Lunar magnetic field strength map as measured by the Lunar Prospector mission. \u003ccite>(Mark A. Wieczorek)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The original five THEMIS spacecraft orbited the Earth starting in 2007 studying its aurora, but two of the solar-powered probes were in danger of losing power due to spending too much time in Earth’s shadow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Instead of falling into dark silence, these two were sent on a new mission to the Moon, and renamed ARTEMIS-P1 and ARTEMIS-P2.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2010 the two repurposed spacecraft arrived at their initial destinations, the L1 and L2 Earth-Moon \u003ca href=\"http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/mechanics/lagpt.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">“Lagrange” points\u003c/a>, where a balancing act between the Earth’s and the Moon’s gravity creates semi-stable “pockets” where spacecraft can dwell. L1 resides between the Earth and Moon, and L2 on the far side of the Moon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These Lagrange points reside outside of Earth’s magnetic field, and so were excellent vantage points for the ARTEMIS spacecraft to study the properties of the solar wind and how it interacts with the Earth’s long magnetic tail and the Moon’s weak magnetism.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2011, both spacecraft were moved from the Lagrange points into close lunar orbits, and began a new phase of their repurposed mission to study the Moon more closely, including the structure of its core and its detailed surface magnetism. The ARTEMIS mission is still in progress.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Juno to Jupiter\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/juno/main/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">NASA’s Juno\u003c/a> mission also hasn’t been on people’s radar, but not because its mission isn’t large. In fact, its mission objective is the biggest thing in the solar system, the planet Jupiter, where it will arrive in July of 2016 and enter a first-ever polar orbit of the gas giant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_168385\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/Jupiter-aurora-cp.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-168385\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/Jupiter-aurora-cp-400x226.jpg\" alt=\"Auroras surround Jupiter's North Polar region, revealing the gas giant's powerful magnetic field emerging from within. \" width=\"400\" height=\"226\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/Jupiter-aurora-cp-400x226.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/Jupiter-aurora-cp.jpg 781w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Auroras surround Jupiter’s North Polar region, revealing the gas giant’s powerful magnetic field emerging from within. \u003ccite>(Hubble Space Telescope)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>By investigating Jupiter’s polar regions, the Juno spacecraft will make detailed measurements of Jupiter’s powerful magnetic field where it emerges from within the planet, the structure of its atmosphere, and its gravitational field, giving scientists a glimpse of what’s going on deep within Jupiter’s thick gaseous layers and down to its core.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Probing Jupiter’s interior structure may give us insights into how Jupiter formed, and by extension the history of the formation of other planets in the solar system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Five decades ago the first robotic probe to reach any place in the solar system beyond the Earth-Moon system, \u003ca href=\"http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1964-077A\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Mariner 4,\u003c/a> flew by Mars, capturing and transmitting back to Earth less than two dozen images.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, the playing field of solar system exploration is crowded.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We’re in for a treat as spacecraft gather information and help us better understand the world in which we live.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>With all of the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/07/13/at-last-nasa-spacecraft-captures-a-close-up-of-pluto/\">attention grabbed by Pluto\u003c/a> in recent months, it’s easy to lose sight of just how much exploration is actually taking place across the solar system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lately, most of the news has come from \u003ca href=\"http://pluto.jhuapl.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">NASA’s New Horizons\u003c/a> flyby of Pluto, \u003ca href=\"http://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cassini’s \u003c/a>ongoing investigation of Saturn and its enigmatic moons and the \u003ca href=\"http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/msl/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Curiosity \u003c/a>rover’s geologic quest on the slopes of Mount Sharp on Mars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Space_Science/Rosetta\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">European Space Agency’s Rosetta\u003c/a> spacecraft and Philae lander are carrying us on a roller coaster ride around the sun on Comet Churyumov-Gerasimenko.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A small fleet of solar observatories like \u003ca href=\"http://sdo.gsfc.nasa.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">NASA’s Solar Dynamics Observatory\u003c/a> and the ESA’s SOHO keep an unblinking eye on our tumultuous sun.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, there are \u003ca href=\"http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/index.cfm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">dozens of robotic spacecraft\u003c/a> spread across the solar system, quietly exploring objects and regions from Earth’s moon all the way out to the frontier of interstellar space, three times more distant than Pluto.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Below are three current space expeditions that may yield results as soon as next year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Asteroid Expedition: Orbit, Land, Rove, Return!\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Have you heard of \u003ca href=\"http://global.jaxa.jp/projects/sat/hayabusa2/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Hayabusa 2\u003c/a>? Launched by Japan last December, this spacecraft is currently en route to the near-Earth object 1999 JU3, where it will arrive in 2018.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_168388\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/itokawa07_hayabusa_big.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-168388\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/itokawa07_hayabusa_big-400x214.jpg\" alt=\"Asteroid Itokawa as imaged by the Hayabusa spacecraft. \" width=\"400\" height=\"214\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/itokawa07_hayabusa_big-400x214.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/itokawa07_hayabusa_big.jpg 713w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Asteroid Itokawa as imaged by the Hayabusa spacecraft. \u003ccite>(JAXA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The spacecraft will spend about 18 months examining this half-mile-wide asteroid and employing a variety of exploration technologies, including deploying a lander and a rover to its surface, creating and exploring an artificial crater with an impactor projectile and the lander, and ultimately returning samples of the asteroid to Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sounds like a novel mission, but in fact this isn’t the first to bring pieces of an asteroid home to us; Hayabusa 2’s predecessor, Hayabusa (1), collected and returned samples of the asteroid Itokawa in 2010.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And 1999 JU3 is a “C” type \u003ca href=\"http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Space_Science/Asteroids_Structure_and_composition_of_asteroids\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">asteroid\u003c/a>, a carbonaceous object composed of clay and silicate rocks. Though C-type asteroids are the most common (75% of asteroids are of this type), they are among the oldest objects in the solar system. They are also thought to contain organic material and water (in hydrated rock).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These two factors—their origin in the earliest times of the solar system’s formation, and the water and organic molecules they may contain—can provide clues of how a planet like the Earth formed, in particular in relation to Earth’s oceans and the emergence of life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Recycled Robots\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Did you know that the green “reuse-recycle” ethic is occasionally employed with space missions? This is the case with ARTEMIS—a mission you may not have heard of even during its first incarnation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/artemis/index.html#.VcJK8PNVhBc\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">ARTEMIS \u003c/a>(Acceleration, Reconnection, Turbulence, and Electrodynamics of the Moon’s Interaction with the Sun) consists of two spacecraft that were originally members of another multi-probe mission called THEMIS.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_168383\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/Moon_ER_magnetic_field.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-168383\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/Moon_ER_magnetic_field-400x289.jpg\" alt=\"Lunar magnetic field strength map as measured by the Lunar Prospector mission. \" width=\"400\" height=\"289\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/Moon_ER_magnetic_field-400x289.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/Moon_ER_magnetic_field.jpg 800w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Lunar magnetic field strength map as measured by the Lunar Prospector mission. \u003ccite>(Mark A. Wieczorek)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The original five THEMIS spacecraft orbited the Earth starting in 2007 studying its aurora, but two of the solar-powered probes were in danger of losing power due to spending too much time in Earth’s shadow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Instead of falling into dark silence, these two were sent on a new mission to the Moon, and renamed ARTEMIS-P1 and ARTEMIS-P2.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2010 the two repurposed spacecraft arrived at their initial destinations, the L1 and L2 Earth-Moon \u003ca href=\"http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/mechanics/lagpt.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">“Lagrange” points\u003c/a>, where a balancing act between the Earth’s and the Moon’s gravity creates semi-stable “pockets” where spacecraft can dwell. L1 resides between the Earth and Moon, and L2 on the far side of the Moon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These Lagrange points reside outside of Earth’s magnetic field, and so were excellent vantage points for the ARTEMIS spacecraft to study the properties of the solar wind and how it interacts with the Earth’s long magnetic tail and the Moon’s weak magnetism.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2011, both spacecraft were moved from the Lagrange points into close lunar orbits, and began a new phase of their repurposed mission to study the Moon more closely, including the structure of its core and its detailed surface magnetism. The ARTEMIS mission is still in progress.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Juno to Jupiter\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/juno/main/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">NASA’s Juno\u003c/a> mission also hasn’t been on people’s radar, but not because its mission isn’t large. In fact, its mission objective is the biggest thing in the solar system, the planet Jupiter, where it will arrive in July of 2016 and enter a first-ever polar orbit of the gas giant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_168385\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/Jupiter-aurora-cp.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-168385\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/Jupiter-aurora-cp-400x226.jpg\" alt=\"Auroras surround Jupiter's North Polar region, revealing the gas giant's powerful magnetic field emerging from within. \" width=\"400\" height=\"226\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/Jupiter-aurora-cp-400x226.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/Jupiter-aurora-cp.jpg 781w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Auroras surround Jupiter’s North Polar region, revealing the gas giant’s powerful magnetic field emerging from within. \u003ccite>(Hubble Space Telescope)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>By investigating Jupiter’s polar regions, the Juno spacecraft will make detailed measurements of Jupiter’s powerful magnetic field where it emerges from within the planet, the structure of its atmosphere, and its gravitational field, giving scientists a glimpse of what’s going on deep within Jupiter’s thick gaseous layers and down to its core.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Probing Jupiter’s interior structure may give us insights into how Jupiter formed, and by extension the history of the formation of other planets in the solar system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Five decades ago the first robotic probe to reach any place in the solar system beyond the Earth-Moon system, \u003ca href=\"http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1964-077A\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Mariner 4,\u003c/a> flew by Mars, capturing and transmitting back to Earth less than two dozen images.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, the playing field of solar system exploration is crowded.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We’re in for a treat as spacecraft gather information and help us better understand the world in which we live.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "President Obama Unveils New Power Plant Rules in 'Clean Power Plan'",
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"content": "\u003cp>https://youtu.be/RQ6N8zN3RCA\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>NPR\u003cbr>\nby Lucy Perkins and Bill Chappell\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Updated at 2:30 p.m. ET\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nPresident Obama formally unveiled his plan to cut power plant emissions — some two years in the making — calling it the “single most important step that America has ever made in the fight against global climate change.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Speaking at the White House, the president said the plan includes the first-ever Environmental Protection Agency standards on carbon pollution from U.S. power plants. Over the next few years, each state will have the chance to create its own plan, he said, adding: “We’ll reward the states that take action sooner.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Toward the end of his remarks, Obama cited other environmental issues, such as combating acid rain, where efforts have been successful even though it seemed hard at the time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We can figure this stuff out, as long as we’re not lazy about it,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The president compared the requirement of cutting carbon emissions by 32 percent to taking 166 million cars off the road.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Our original post continues:\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a new push to confront climate change, President Obama is announcing new standards that would cut the amount of carbon pollution produced by America’s power plants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These are the first-ever national standards that address carbon pollution from power plants,” according to the Environmental Protection Agency, which adds that power plants are the largest source of carbon pollution in the U.S., generating 32 percent of the total emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Key elements of the Clean Power Plan include a requirement that would cut the power industry’s carbon pollution by 32 percent below 2005 levels in the next 15 years. The plan also seeks to boost renewable energy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The White House says that between now and 2015, the changes will mean better health for Americans – preventing up to 3,600 premature deaths – along with bringing energy savings for U.S. consumers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can read the plan \u003ca href=\"http://www2.epa.gov/cleanpowerplan\">at the Environmental Protection Agency’s website\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NPR’s Scott Horsley reports:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\n\u003cp>“The final version of the EPA’s clean power plan requires somewhat deeper cuts in power plant emissions than a draft version made public a year ago. The power plant rule is the centerpiece of President Obama’s broader climate agenda. And he’s urging other big countries to take similarly aggressive action in advance of an international climate summit in Paris later this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Opponents, including Senate Republican Leader Mitch McConnell, have promised to fight the climate rule, and they’re urging states not to comply with the EPA regulation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The final rule does provide a somewhat more flexibile timeline for power companies, with the deadline for action pushed back two years to 2022.”\u003c/p>\n\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>The president is announcing the plan along with EPA Administrator Gina McCarthy and Surgeon General Vivek Murthy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In announcing the plan Monday, the EPA also said, “2014 was the hottest year in recorded history, and 14 of the 15 warmest years on record have all occurred in the first 15 years of this century.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2015 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=President+Obama+Unveils+New+Power+Plant+Rules+In+%27Clean+Power+Plan%27&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The president compared the requirement of cutting carbon emissions by 32 percent to taking 166 million cars off the road.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Our original post continues:\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a new push to confront climate change, President Obama is announcing new standards that would cut the amount of carbon pollution produced by America’s power plants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These are the first-ever national standards that address carbon pollution from power plants,” according to the Environmental Protection Agency, which adds that power plants are the largest source of carbon pollution in the U.S., generating 32 percent of the total emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Key elements of the Clean Power Plan include a requirement that would cut the power industry’s carbon pollution by 32 percent below 2005 levels in the next 15 years. The plan also seeks to boost renewable energy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The White House says that between now and 2015, the changes will mean better health for Americans – preventing up to 3,600 premature deaths – along with bringing energy savings for U.S. consumers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can read the plan \u003ca href=\"http://www2.epa.gov/cleanpowerplan\">at the Environmental Protection Agency’s website\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NPR’s Scott Horsley reports:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\n\u003cp>“The final version of the EPA’s clean power plan requires somewhat deeper cuts in power plant emissions than a draft version made public a year ago. The power plant rule is the centerpiece of President Obama’s broader climate agenda. And he’s urging other big countries to take similarly aggressive action in advance of an international climate summit in Paris later this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Opponents, including Senate Republican Leader Mitch McConnell, have promised to fight the climate rule, and they’re urging states not to comply with the EPA regulation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The final rule does provide a somewhat more flexibile timeline for power companies, with the deadline for action pushed back two years to 2022.”\u003c/p>\n\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>The president is announcing the plan along with EPA Administrator Gina McCarthy and Surgeon General Vivek Murthy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In announcing the plan Monday, the EPA also said, “2014 was the hottest year in recorded history, and 14 of the 15 warmest years on record have all occurred in the first 15 years of this century.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2015 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=President+Obama+Unveils+New+Power+Plant+Rules+In+%27Clean+Power+Plan%27&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Who's Saving Water in California and Who Isn't",
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"content": "\u003cp>The majority of California’s water districts have stepped up to meet strict new water conservation rules, according to data released by the state on Thursday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Almost 40 percent of urban water suppliers cut their water use dramatically, by 30 percent or more.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About a third of water districts, 140 in all, fell short, mostly in Southern California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"100%\" height=\"800\" frameborder=\"0\" src=\"https://mgreen.cartodb.com/viz/aabc0626-3712-11e5-b9e0-0e8dde98a187/embed_map\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under the rules, districts must save between 4 and 36 percent of their water use, compared to what they used during the same month in 2013. The State Water Resources Control Board set the goals based on the per capita water use in each district.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State officials applauded the water savings in June, which was the first month the mandatory rules took effect. Overall, Californians saved 27.3 percent, exceeding the 25 percent goal called for by Governor Jerry Brown.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is significant, especially in light of the fact that June was really hot,” said Felicia Marcus, chair of the State Water Resources Control Board. “June numbers tell a story of conscious conservation and that’s what we need.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Bay Area Results\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many Northern California water districts passed with flying colors. Menlo Park, Redwood City and the Dublin-San Ramon Services District all saved 31 percent more water than required.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Peninsula’s Westborough Water District was one of the few Bay Area agencies that fell far short of its conservation goal, failing to produce any savings in June.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To meet the conservation mandates, most Bay Area water districts have limited watering to two days per week, banned watering during peak daylight hours and have banned sprinkler runoff and using water to clean sidewalks and driveways.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’ve never seen such immediate action happen,” said Stephanie Nevins, a water conservation supervisor at Alameda County Water District in the East Bay. “People are running to apply and participate in our lawn removal program.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_154624\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/lawn-web.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-154624\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/lawn-web-1440x810.jpg\" alt=\"Outdoor water accounts for half of all residential use, even more in hotter areas.\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/lawn-web-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/lawn-web-400x225.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/lawn-web-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/lawn-web.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/lawn-web-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/lawn-web-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Outdoor water accounts for half of all residential use, even more in hotter areas. \u003ccite>(Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Water agencies in San Jose, Dublin and Morgan Hill have \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/06/01/car-washes-and-pools-winners-and-losers-of-californias-drought/\">banned filling new swimming pools\u003c/a> with potable water. The city of San Jose prohibits washing cars at home with potable water. Residents must use gray water or go to commercial car washes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Water agencies all around California are doing a pretty big lift,” said Tim Quinn of the Association of California Water Agencies. “There’s a lot involved in educating the public and getting the information to them. The people of California have gotten it and they’re taking those actions and saving a lot of water.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State officials will be meeting with the worst-performing providers to review their drought conservation plans. The board can issue fines of up to $500 a day for districts that fail to comply and ultimately, can levy more stringent fees of up to $10,000 a day if districts flagrantly ignore the rules.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Downside to Conservation\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Saving water also means selling less water to customers, so many water districts are now grappling with revenue shortfalls. Water districts generally have inflexible costs, like paying for their water supply or infrastructure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When folks drastically reduce their water use, we still have those fixed charges, year-round,” says Nevins. “Doesn’t matter if it’s a drought year or a non-drought year. There’s a certain amount of money that we have to spend to supply our service area with high-quality water.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some are imposing surcharges on customers to make up for it. The East Bay Municipal Utility District imposed a 25 percent surcharge on its customers on July 1 to make up the cost of buying extra water and to pay for conservation and enforcement efforts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Keeping Up Conservation\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State officials warned that with several more dry months ahead this summer, water districts would have to keep up their conservation efforts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s not just that we’re in a drought,” said Marcus. “We’re in the drought of our lives.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Marcus also expressed concern that there’s been too much focus on El Niño, the weather pattern that forecasters say \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/07/09/el-nino-update-californias-great-wet-hope-continues-to-build/\">could deliver heavy rainfall this winter\u003c/a>. “It sends too much of a mixed message on conservation,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Even a strong El Niño does not guarantee the kind of rain and snow we need to end or let alone put a dent in the drought,” she said. “We need rain and particularly snow in Northern California, where the large reservoirs that people rely on for a big chunk of water supply are.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Map produced by Matthew Green and Johanna Varner.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The majority of California’s water districts have stepped up to meet strict new water conservation rules, according to data released by the state on Thursday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Almost 40 percent of urban water suppliers cut their water use dramatically, by 30 percent or more.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About a third of water districts, 140 in all, fell short, mostly in Southern California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"100%\" height=\"800\" frameborder=\"0\" src=\"https://mgreen.cartodb.com/viz/aabc0626-3712-11e5-b9e0-0e8dde98a187/embed_map\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under the rules, districts must save between 4 and 36 percent of their water use, compared to what they used during the same month in 2013. The State Water Resources Control Board set the goals based on the per capita water use in each district.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State officials applauded the water savings in June, which was the first month the mandatory rules took effect. Overall, Californians saved 27.3 percent, exceeding the 25 percent goal called for by Governor Jerry Brown.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is significant, especially in light of the fact that June was really hot,” said Felicia Marcus, chair of the State Water Resources Control Board. “June numbers tell a story of conscious conservation and that’s what we need.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Bay Area Results\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many Northern California water districts passed with flying colors. Menlo Park, Redwood City and the Dublin-San Ramon Services District all saved 31 percent more water than required.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Peninsula’s Westborough Water District was one of the few Bay Area agencies that fell far short of its conservation goal, failing to produce any savings in June.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To meet the conservation mandates, most Bay Area water districts have limited watering to two days per week, banned watering during peak daylight hours and have banned sprinkler runoff and using water to clean sidewalks and driveways.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’ve never seen such immediate action happen,” said Stephanie Nevins, a water conservation supervisor at Alameda County Water District in the East Bay. “People are running to apply and participate in our lawn removal program.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_154624\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/lawn-web.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-154624\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/lawn-web-1440x810.jpg\" alt=\"Outdoor water accounts for half of all residential use, even more in hotter areas.\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/lawn-web-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/lawn-web-400x225.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/lawn-web-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/lawn-web.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/lawn-web-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/lawn-web-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Outdoor water accounts for half of all residential use, even more in hotter areas. \u003ccite>(Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Water agencies in San Jose, Dublin and Morgan Hill have \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/06/01/car-washes-and-pools-winners-and-losers-of-californias-drought/\">banned filling new swimming pools\u003c/a> with potable water. The city of San Jose prohibits washing cars at home with potable water. Residents must use gray water or go to commercial car washes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Water agencies all around California are doing a pretty big lift,” said Tim Quinn of the Association of California Water Agencies. “There’s a lot involved in educating the public and getting the information to them. The people of California have gotten it and they’re taking those actions and saving a lot of water.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State officials will be meeting with the worst-performing providers to review their drought conservation plans. The board can issue fines of up to $500 a day for districts that fail to comply and ultimately, can levy more stringent fees of up to $10,000 a day if districts flagrantly ignore the rules.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Downside to Conservation\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Saving water also means selling less water to customers, so many water districts are now grappling with revenue shortfalls. Water districts generally have inflexible costs, like paying for their water supply or infrastructure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When folks drastically reduce their water use, we still have those fixed charges, year-round,” says Nevins. “Doesn’t matter if it’s a drought year or a non-drought year. There’s a certain amount of money that we have to spend to supply our service area with high-quality water.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some are imposing surcharges on customers to make up for it. The East Bay Municipal Utility District imposed a 25 percent surcharge on its customers on July 1 to make up the cost of buying extra water and to pay for conservation and enforcement efforts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Keeping Up Conservation\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State officials warned that with several more dry months ahead this summer, water districts would have to keep up their conservation efforts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s not just that we’re in a drought,” said Marcus. “We’re in the drought of our lives.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Marcus also expressed concern that there’s been too much focus on El Niño, the weather pattern that forecasters say \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/07/09/el-nino-update-californias-great-wet-hope-continues-to-build/\">could deliver heavy rainfall this winter\u003c/a>. “It sends too much of a mixed message on conservation,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Even a strong El Niño does not guarantee the kind of rain and snow we need to end or let alone put a dent in the drought,” she said. “We need rain and particularly snow in Northern California, where the large reservoirs that people rely on for a big chunk of water supply are.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Map produced by Matthew Green and Johanna Varner.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Californians continue to support state and local measures to save water, even if they’re not sure what conservation target they’re trying to hit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s one impression from the latest drought polling by the Public Policy Institute of California, a nonpartisan research group in San Francisco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ppic.org/main/publication.asp?i=1159\">statewide survey\u003c/a> taken in mid-July, respondents (not surprisingly) cited — by an overwhelming margin — the drought and water supply as the most pressing environmental issue facing California. Fifty-eight percent chose the drought while no other concern, such as air and water pollution, cracked double digits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Asked about Governor Jerry Brown’s \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/05/04/state-passes-historic-water-conservation-rules/\">water restrictions\u003c/a>, which mandate a 25 percent statewide reduction in water use, a combined 82 percent of respondents said the target was either “the right amount” or not stringent enough. Only 11 percent said the mandate was too onerous.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_152112\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/IMG_3502.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-152112\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/IMG_3502-800x600.jpg\" alt='Watering that produces visible runoff (\"watering the sidewalk\") is prohibited under state drought rules.' width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/IMG_3502-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/IMG_3502-400x300.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/IMG_3502-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/IMG_3502-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/IMG_3502.jpg 1280w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Watering that produces visible runoff (“watering the sidewalk”) is prohibited under state drought rules. \u003ccite>(Craig Miller)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Locally the conservation \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/2015/06/03/what-mandatory-water-cuts-in-cities-throughout-california-look-like-in-three-interactive-maps/\">mandates vary widely\u003c/a>, from a low of 4 percent required savings, all the way up to 36 percent, and a majority of respondents didn’t seem to know what local target they’ve been trying to reach. Sixty-four percent said they did not know what precise reduction their local water district has required of them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That bit of dissonance brought a verbal shrug from the head of the trade group for the state’s municipal water agencies, who cited high awareness among homeowners, in particular.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You can’t bat a thousand,” says Tim Quinn, executive director of the Association of California Water Agencies. “But we’re not doing too bad, I would argue.” Quinn says he thinks the conservation message is getting through.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have turned a corner this summer,” he says. “People in California got it and they’re taking those actions and saving a lot of water, which is the difference between gettin’ by and not gettin’ by.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Climate Connection\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In another significant finding, nearly two-thirds of Californians made a connection between the drought — now well into its fourth year — and the changing climate. Sixty-four percent polled said that “global warming has contributed to California’s current drought.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The operative word there may be “contributed.” While some studies have concluded that climate change was not likely the key causal factor in the drought, it’s widely acknowledged that record-high temperatures — \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/10/14/high-temps-intensified-california-drought/\">especially last year\u003c/a> — have worsened impacts from the dry weather.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another lopsided majority of survey respondents — 84 percent — said they expected that global warming would lead to more droughts in the future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a similarly timed \u003ca href=\"http://californiawaterfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/CA-Water-Foundation-Survey-Memo-7-29-15.pdf\">statewide poll\u003c/a> by the California Water Foundation, about half the respondents rated their concern over the drought as at least 90 on a scale of 100. And a majority said they’d support monthly “water fees” of as much as $4, to support projects to help ensure an adequate water supply.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Californians continue to support state and local measures to save water, even if they’re not sure what conservation target they’re trying to hit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s one impression from the latest drought polling by the Public Policy Institute of California, a nonpartisan research group in San Francisco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ppic.org/main/publication.asp?i=1159\">statewide survey\u003c/a> taken in mid-July, respondents (not surprisingly) cited — by an overwhelming margin — the drought and water supply as the most pressing environmental issue facing California. Fifty-eight percent chose the drought while no other concern, such as air and water pollution, cracked double digits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Asked about Governor Jerry Brown’s \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/05/04/state-passes-historic-water-conservation-rules/\">water restrictions\u003c/a>, which mandate a 25 percent statewide reduction in water use, a combined 82 percent of respondents said the target was either “the right amount” or not stringent enough. Only 11 percent said the mandate was too onerous.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_152112\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/IMG_3502.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-152112\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/IMG_3502-800x600.jpg\" alt='Watering that produces visible runoff (\"watering the sidewalk\") is prohibited under state drought rules.' width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/IMG_3502-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/IMG_3502-400x300.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/IMG_3502-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/IMG_3502-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/IMG_3502.jpg 1280w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Watering that produces visible runoff (“watering the sidewalk”) is prohibited under state drought rules. \u003ccite>(Craig Miller)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Locally the conservation \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/2015/06/03/what-mandatory-water-cuts-in-cities-throughout-california-look-like-in-three-interactive-maps/\">mandates vary widely\u003c/a>, from a low of 4 percent required savings, all the way up to 36 percent, and a majority of respondents didn’t seem to know what local target they’ve been trying to reach. Sixty-four percent said they did not know what precise reduction their local water district has required of them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That bit of dissonance brought a verbal shrug from the head of the trade group for the state’s municipal water agencies, who cited high awareness among homeowners, in particular.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You can’t bat a thousand,” says Tim Quinn, executive director of the Association of California Water Agencies. “But we’re not doing too bad, I would argue.” Quinn says he thinks the conservation message is getting through.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have turned a corner this summer,” he says. “People in California got it and they’re taking those actions and saving a lot of water, which is the difference between gettin’ by and not gettin’ by.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Climate Connection\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In another significant finding, nearly two-thirds of Californians made a connection between the drought — now well into its fourth year — and the changing climate. Sixty-four percent polled said that “global warming has contributed to California’s current drought.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The operative word there may be “contributed.” While some studies have concluded that climate change was not likely the key causal factor in the drought, it’s widely acknowledged that record-high temperatures — \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/10/14/high-temps-intensified-california-drought/\">especially last year\u003c/a> — have worsened impacts from the dry weather.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another lopsided majority of survey respondents — 84 percent — said they expected that global warming would lead to more droughts in the future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a similarly timed \u003ca href=\"http://californiawaterfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/CA-Water-Foundation-Survey-Memo-7-29-15.pdf\">statewide poll\u003c/a> by the California Water Foundation, about half the respondents rated their concern over the drought as at least 90 on a scale of 100. And a majority said they’d support monthly “water fees” of as much as $4, to support projects to help ensure an adequate water supply.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "How Do You Make Greener Fuel? Copy a Leaf",
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"content": "\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2015/07/20150727ScienceFrankenLeaf.mp3\u003cbr>\nThe fuel Californians burn getting around in cars and trucks is a big driver of climate change, accounting for more than a third of the carbon pollution the state puts out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers in Berkeley are hoping to reverse that trend that by making fuel that doesn’t come from oil or other fossil fuels. Instead, they’re turning to renewable and abundant materials, like sunlight and carbon dioxide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sound familiar? Green plants have already cracked the code of how to survive on light, carbon dioxide and water, through the process of photosynthesis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Nature has really given us a lot of things to be wowed and amazed by,” says \u003ca href=\"http://chemistry.berkeley.edu/faculty/chem/chris-chang\">Chris Chang\u003c/a>, a professor at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.berkeley.edu/\">University of California, Berkeley\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.lbl.gov/\">Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory\u003c/a>. Even the lowly weeds growing outside his chemistry lab are an inspiration for this work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_139911\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/chang.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-139911\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/chang-1440x1031.jpg\" alt='UC Berkeley scientist Chris Chang demonstrates his \"artificial leaf\" - living microbes that absorb energy from a solar panel.' width=\"640\" height=\"458\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/chang-1440x1031.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/chang-400x286.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/chang-800x573.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/chang-1400x1003.jpg 1400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/chang-1180x845.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/chang-960x688.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/chang.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">U.C. Berkeley scientist Chris Chang demonstrates his “artificial leaf” — living microbes that absorb energy from a solar panel. \u003ccite>(Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“What we want to do is take that idea,” he says, “the idea of making something useful from water, carbon dioxide and light — things that are freely abundant, freely sustainable.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It sounds simple, but scientists have spent decades trying to understand photosynthesis and copy it in the lab, in the hope that “artificial leaves” could one day make fuel for our cars, using carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chang, along with his colleagues Peidong Yang and Michelle Chang, have come up with their \u003ca href=\"http://newscenter.lbl.gov/2015/04/16/major-advance-in-artificial-photosynthesis/\">own prototype\u003c/a>, but it looks nothing like a leaf.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s essentially like a fancy cup,” he says, “and we have a broth, a soup, which has got bacteria or yeast.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Microbes are good at making complex substances, Chang says. In your kitchen, they help make yogurt or \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/02/11/science-of-beer-tapping-the-power-of-brewers-yeast/\">beer\u003c/a>. He and his colleagues bioengineered microbes, changing their DNA to make other things — like biodiesel or the chemicals that make up plastics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The first thing we ended up making was actually natural gas,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the microbes don’t normally run on sunlight, like a plant does. Chang could capture sunlight with a small solar panel, but the bacteria wouldn’t be able to harvest the energy and use it on their own.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">“This is sort of our Frankenstein-type of experiment, but if Frankenstein was solar-powered.”\u003cbr>\n\u003ccite>Chris Chang, U.C. Berkeley\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>So, Chang and his colleagues built something that can transfer the energy to the microbes; they built it using nanotechnology. “Something that’s way too small to see,” he says. “Orders of magnitude thinner than a human hair.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As small as the bacteria themselves — designed just for them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The bacteria are like Easter-egg shaped,” he says, “and then we have nanomaterials that sit like blades of grass, sort of sticking up.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The bacteria sit within that “nanotech grass” and absorb the energy from the solar panel.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Essentially, Chang and his team electrified life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is sort of our Frankenstein-type of experiment, but if Frankenstein was solar-powered,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The team’s Frankenstein solution was no simple feat. It took several labs of chemists and biologists, who don’t normally work together, to marry a living system with a man-made one. In early versions of the prototype, the nano-materials killed off the microbes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_139913\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/Peidong-Yang-figure-2-web.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-139913\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/Peidong-Yang-figure-2-web-400x434.jpg\" alt='Microbes absorb energy from a field of \"nanotech grass.\"' width=\"400\" height=\"434\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/Peidong-Yang-figure-2-web-400x434.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/Peidong-Yang-figure-2-web.jpg 666w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Microbes absorb energy from a field of “nanotech grass.” \u003ccite>(Lawrence Berkeley National Lab)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The research is still in the early stages and Chang says they’re working to double the efficiency of the system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ultimately, looking decades ahead, the hope is that jugs of these solar-powered microbes could sit in our garages, pumping out biodiesel for our cars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Photosynthesis is just an absolute marvel of nature,” says \u003ca href=\"http://solarfuelshub.org/personnel/harry-atwater.html\">Harry Atwater\u003c/a>, director of the \u003ca href=\"http://solarfuelshub.org/\">Joint Center for Artificial Photosynthesis\u003c/a> (JCAP). “So it offers a really powerful template and example for us to follow.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>JCAP is a collaboration of four California institutions, including Lawrence Berkeley National Lab, and was launched five years ago with $120 million from the federal Department of Energy. The goal is to use sunlight to make liquid fuels, which are used by the transportation industry because they’re more easily stored than electricity is.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s very unlikely that anytime soon either you or I are going to take a flight on an electric-powered airplane,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The center is working on creating “artificial leaves” purely through man-made chemistry, unlike Chang’s system that uses living microbes. What it’ll cost to make the fuel, and what people will pay for it are both unknown. But Atwater hopes to create usable fuels at a large scale within a generation, a pace that would mirror the success of rooftop solar panels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I remember when I was a kid, the idea of a photovoltaic industry that would produce significant power seemed like a far-fetched idea,” he says. “So that’s the sort of thing that gives me ultimate and profound optimism.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And he says, copying green plants and turning carbon dioxide into fuel source, instead of a pollutant, would be a much-needed climate change solution.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2015/07/20150727ScienceFrankenLeaf.mp3\u003cbr>\nThe fuel Californians burn getting around in cars and trucks is a big driver of climate change, accounting for more than a third of the carbon pollution the state puts out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers in Berkeley are hoping to reverse that trend that by making fuel that doesn’t come from oil or other fossil fuels. Instead, they’re turning to renewable and abundant materials, like sunlight and carbon dioxide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sound familiar? Green plants have already cracked the code of how to survive on light, carbon dioxide and water, through the process of photosynthesis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Nature has really given us a lot of things to be wowed and amazed by,” says \u003ca href=\"http://chemistry.berkeley.edu/faculty/chem/chris-chang\">Chris Chang\u003c/a>, a professor at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.berkeley.edu/\">University of California, Berkeley\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.lbl.gov/\">Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory\u003c/a>. Even the lowly weeds growing outside his chemistry lab are an inspiration for this work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_139911\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/chang.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-139911\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/chang-1440x1031.jpg\" alt='UC Berkeley scientist Chris Chang demonstrates his \"artificial leaf\" - living microbes that absorb energy from a solar panel.' width=\"640\" height=\"458\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/chang-1440x1031.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/chang-400x286.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/chang-800x573.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/chang-1400x1003.jpg 1400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/chang-1180x845.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/chang-960x688.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/chang.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">U.C. Berkeley scientist Chris Chang demonstrates his “artificial leaf” — living microbes that absorb energy from a solar panel. \u003ccite>(Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“What we want to do is take that idea,” he says, “the idea of making something useful from water, carbon dioxide and light — things that are freely abundant, freely sustainable.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It sounds simple, but scientists have spent decades trying to understand photosynthesis and copy it in the lab, in the hope that “artificial leaves” could one day make fuel for our cars, using carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chang, along with his colleagues Peidong Yang and Michelle Chang, have come up with their \u003ca href=\"http://newscenter.lbl.gov/2015/04/16/major-advance-in-artificial-photosynthesis/\">own prototype\u003c/a>, but it looks nothing like a leaf.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s essentially like a fancy cup,” he says, “and we have a broth, a soup, which has got bacteria or yeast.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Microbes are good at making complex substances, Chang says. In your kitchen, they help make yogurt or \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/02/11/science-of-beer-tapping-the-power-of-brewers-yeast/\">beer\u003c/a>. He and his colleagues bioengineered microbes, changing their DNA to make other things — like biodiesel or the chemicals that make up plastics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The first thing we ended up making was actually natural gas,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the microbes don’t normally run on sunlight, like a plant does. Chang could capture sunlight with a small solar panel, but the bacteria wouldn’t be able to harvest the energy and use it on their own.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">“This is sort of our Frankenstein-type of experiment, but if Frankenstein was solar-powered.”\u003cbr>\n\u003ccite>Chris Chang, U.C. Berkeley\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>So, Chang and his colleagues built something that can transfer the energy to the microbes; they built it using nanotechnology. “Something that’s way too small to see,” he says. “Orders of magnitude thinner than a human hair.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As small as the bacteria themselves — designed just for them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The bacteria are like Easter-egg shaped,” he says, “and then we have nanomaterials that sit like blades of grass, sort of sticking up.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The bacteria sit within that “nanotech grass” and absorb the energy from the solar panel.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Essentially, Chang and his team electrified life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is sort of our Frankenstein-type of experiment, but if Frankenstein was solar-powered,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The team’s Frankenstein solution was no simple feat. It took several labs of chemists and biologists, who don’t normally work together, to marry a living system with a man-made one. In early versions of the prototype, the nano-materials killed off the microbes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_139913\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/Peidong-Yang-figure-2-web.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-139913\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/Peidong-Yang-figure-2-web-400x434.jpg\" alt='Microbes absorb energy from a field of \"nanotech grass.\"' width=\"400\" height=\"434\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/Peidong-Yang-figure-2-web-400x434.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/Peidong-Yang-figure-2-web.jpg 666w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Microbes absorb energy from a field of “nanotech grass.” \u003ccite>(Lawrence Berkeley National Lab)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The research is still in the early stages and Chang says they’re working to double the efficiency of the system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ultimately, looking decades ahead, the hope is that jugs of these solar-powered microbes could sit in our garages, pumping out biodiesel for our cars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Photosynthesis is just an absolute marvel of nature,” says \u003ca href=\"http://solarfuelshub.org/personnel/harry-atwater.html\">Harry Atwater\u003c/a>, director of the \u003ca href=\"http://solarfuelshub.org/\">Joint Center for Artificial Photosynthesis\u003c/a> (JCAP). “So it offers a really powerful template and example for us to follow.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>JCAP is a collaboration of four California institutions, including Lawrence Berkeley National Lab, and was launched five years ago with $120 million from the federal Department of Energy. The goal is to use sunlight to make liquid fuels, which are used by the transportation industry because they’re more easily stored than electricity is.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s very unlikely that anytime soon either you or I are going to take a flight on an electric-powered airplane,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The center is working on creating “artificial leaves” purely through man-made chemistry, unlike Chang’s system that uses living microbes. What it’ll cost to make the fuel, and what people will pay for it are both unknown. But Atwater hopes to create usable fuels at a large scale within a generation, a pace that would mirror the success of rooftop solar panels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I remember when I was a kid, the idea of a photovoltaic industry that would produce significant power seemed like a far-fetched idea,” he says. “So that’s the sort of thing that gives me ultimate and profound optimism.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And he says, copying green plants and turning carbon dioxide into fuel source, instead of a pollutant, would be a much-needed climate change solution.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
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"info": "Political Breakdown is a new series that explores the political intersection of California and the nation. Each week hosts Scott Shafer and Marisa Lagos are joined with a new special guest to unpack politics -- with personality — and offer an insider’s glimpse at how politics happens.",
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"info": "Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.",
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"radiolab": {
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"reveal": {
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},
"rightnowish": {
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"title": "Rightnowish",
"tagline": "Art is where you find it",
"info": "Rightnowish digs into life in the Bay Area right now… ish. Journalist Pendarvis Harshaw takes us to galleries painted on the sides of liquor stores in West Oakland. We'll dance in warehouses in the Bayview, make smoothies with kids in South Berkeley, and listen to classical music in a 1984 Cutlass Supreme in Richmond. Every week, Pen talks to movers and shakers about how the Bay Area shapes what they create, and how they shape the place we call home.",
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