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"content": "\u003cp>Federal climate scientists say the near-record El Niño conditions in the Pacific Ocean have peaked and are slowly waning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Forecasters now say conditions are likely to flip to their opposite phase, known as \u003ca href=\"http://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/ninonina.html\">La Niña\u003c/a> by late summer or early fall, which could set the stage for another drier-than-normal winter and prolonged drought in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are reasonably confident that there will be a La Niña,” says Huug van den Dool, seasonal forecaster at NOAA’s Climate Prediction Center, “but we plead ignorance as to whether this is going to be a small, moderate, or strong La Niña.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just as the stronger El Niños tend to favor wetter winters in California, the mirror-image La Niña is sometimes a harbinger of drought. Strength is measured by how much ocean waters deviate from their normal temperatures. Warmer waters provide more moisture to brewing Pacific storms, while colder waters tend to dry things out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The shift is \u003ca href=\"http://www.weatherwest.com/archives/3877#disqus_thread\">not likely to have major implications\u003c/a> for what remains of this winter. California’s weather tends to lag the ocean conditions that influence it by as much as a couple of months, so the possibility still lingers for a soggy spring.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_537110\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 712px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-537110\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/NOAA3-mo_Feb.gif\" alt=\"NOAA's three-month outlook (which is notoriously iffy) pegs the odds for above-average precipitation at 73% for Southern California and 66% for the state's midsection (map numbers converted to actual percentages).\" width=\"712\" height=\"388\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">NOAA’s three-month outlook (which is notoriously iffy) pegs the odds for above-average precipitation at 73% for Southern California and 66% for the state’s midsection (map numbers converted to actual percentages). \u003ccite>(NOAA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The abnormally warm water along the equator that defines El Niño probably peaked in December, van den Dool told reporters in a Thursday conference call, but still has some \u003ca href=\"http://www.weatherwest.com/archives/3877#disqus_thread\">steam left in the boiler,\u003c/a> seen in the rapid upward movement of warm, moist air over the ocean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Van den Dool points to sea surface temperatures that remain above normal, promoting “very strong convection” over the eastern and central Pacific. Convection is a key driver of storm activity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Van den Dool says it’s too early to say with certainty whether the current El Niño (now about six months old) is the strongest on record.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is something that’s going to be debated, of course, for some time,” he predicts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Using only the sea surface temperatures in one closely-watched zone of the Pacific, he says this one is “at least on par with 1997-98.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Curiously, though this event \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2016/02/01/why-this-el-nino-is-one-for-the-books/\">has not packed nearly the precipitation\u003c/a> punch as the “Godzilla” El Niño of 97-’98, when San Francisco doubled it’s normal rainfall. The \u003ca href=\"http://mashable.com/2016/02/17/el-nino-was-supposed-to-bail-out-parched-california-so-where-are-the-storms/#XDlDYmz7daqO\">complex reasons for that\u003c/a> will be part of the ongoing scientific debate, but so far this winter, many California locations are still at or below their long-term averages for rainfall. San Francisco, Sacramento and San Jose remain below normal, as does Santa Rosa, a perennial Bay Area wet spot. Fresno, by contrast, has seen 40 percent more than its usual rainfall at this point in the season.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2016/02/08/californias-water-supply-at-risk-from-warmer-winters/\">Sierra snowpack\u003c/a>, which typically provides about a third of the state’s water supply, was piling up pleasingly in January, but has now \u003ca href=\"http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cdecapp/snowapp/sweq.action\">slipped slightly\u003c/a> below seasonal norms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Federal climate forecasters say there's an 80 percent chance that El Niño will flip to its opposite La Niña state by summer's end.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Federal climate scientists say the near-record El Niño conditions in the Pacific Ocean have peaked and are slowly waning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Forecasters now say conditions are likely to flip to their opposite phase, known as \u003ca href=\"http://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/ninonina.html\">La Niña\u003c/a> by late summer or early fall, which could set the stage for another drier-than-normal winter and prolonged drought in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are reasonably confident that there will be a La Niña,” says Huug van den Dool, seasonal forecaster at NOAA’s Climate Prediction Center, “but we plead ignorance as to whether this is going to be a small, moderate, or strong La Niña.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just as the stronger El Niños tend to favor wetter winters in California, the mirror-image La Niña is sometimes a harbinger of drought. Strength is measured by how much ocean waters deviate from their normal temperatures. Warmer waters provide more moisture to brewing Pacific storms, while colder waters tend to dry things out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The shift is \u003ca href=\"http://www.weatherwest.com/archives/3877#disqus_thread\">not likely to have major implications\u003c/a> for what remains of this winter. California’s weather tends to lag the ocean conditions that influence it by as much as a couple of months, so the possibility still lingers for a soggy spring.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_537110\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 712px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-537110\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/NOAA3-mo_Feb.gif\" alt=\"NOAA's three-month outlook (which is notoriously iffy) pegs the odds for above-average precipitation at 73% for Southern California and 66% for the state's midsection (map numbers converted to actual percentages).\" width=\"712\" height=\"388\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">NOAA’s three-month outlook (which is notoriously iffy) pegs the odds for above-average precipitation at 73% for Southern California and 66% for the state’s midsection (map numbers converted to actual percentages). \u003ccite>(NOAA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The abnormally warm water along the equator that defines El Niño probably peaked in December, van den Dool told reporters in a Thursday conference call, but still has some \u003ca href=\"http://www.weatherwest.com/archives/3877#disqus_thread\">steam left in the boiler,\u003c/a> seen in the rapid upward movement of warm, moist air over the ocean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Van den Dool points to sea surface temperatures that remain above normal, promoting “very strong convection” over the eastern and central Pacific. Convection is a key driver of storm activity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Van den Dool says it’s too early to say with certainty whether the current El Niño (now about six months old) is the strongest on record.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is something that’s going to be debated, of course, for some time,” he predicts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Using only the sea surface temperatures in one closely-watched zone of the Pacific, he says this one is “at least on par with 1997-98.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Curiously, though this event \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2016/02/01/why-this-el-nino-is-one-for-the-books/\">has not packed nearly the precipitation\u003c/a> punch as the “Godzilla” El Niño of 97-’98, when San Francisco doubled it’s normal rainfall. The \u003ca href=\"http://mashable.com/2016/02/17/el-nino-was-supposed-to-bail-out-parched-california-so-where-are-the-storms/#XDlDYmz7daqO\">complex reasons for that\u003c/a> will be part of the ongoing scientific debate, but so far this winter, many California locations are still at or below their long-term averages for rainfall. San Francisco, Sacramento and San Jose remain below normal, as does Santa Rosa, a perennial Bay Area wet spot. Fresno, by contrast, has seen 40 percent more than its usual rainfall at this point in the season.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2016/02/08/californias-water-supply-at-risk-from-warmer-winters/\">Sierra snowpack\u003c/a>, which typically provides about a third of the state’s water supply, was piling up pleasingly in January, but has now \u003ca href=\"http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cdecapp/snowapp/sweq.action\">slipped slightly\u003c/a> below seasonal norms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Governor Jerry Brown and 16 other governors say they’ll pull together under a new pact to speed up the transition to clean energy and transportation in their states.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Called a “work in process,” the \u003ca href=\"http://www.governorsnewenergyfuture.org/the-accord/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Governors’ Accord for a New Energy Future\u003c/a>, lacks specific, measurable targets. The agreement uses broad language, saying the states will “embrace” and “encourage” clean energy options.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brown pointed to three of the cooperative’s broad goals that he says will benefit from interstate cooperation: a “highly sophisticated” regional energy grid, combined state purchasing power for zero-emission vehicles and joint lobbying of the federal government for research and development money aimed at energy storage, clean fuels and the grid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-533129\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/Renewable-energy-in-CA-chart.png\" alt=\"Renewable energy in CA chart\" width=\"533\" height=\"270\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/Renewable-energy-in-CA-chart.png 533w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/Renewable-energy-in-CA-chart-400x203.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 533px) 100vw, 533px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The participating states did not necessarily commit to signing on to Brown’s \u003ca href=\"http://under2mou.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Under 2 MOU\u003c/a>, under which states and regions that have set specific targets to reduce greenhouse gas emissions with California. The memorandum is currently signed or “endorsed” by 127 jurisdictions representing 27 nations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nor does the agreement specifically mention climate change. According to Brown, the governors chose to bypass the partisan controversy over the issue.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re going to leave that behind and work on what we can work on, and that’s the renewable energy accord,” Brown told reporters in a conference call. “Does it do everything? No. But nothing ever does in politics.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The agreement includes all of California’s neighboring states except Arizona. All the others are on the East Coast, except for Minnesota and Hawaii.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under Brown, California has developed some of the most ambitious clean energy goals in the country, aiming to generate half of its energy from renewable sources by 2030.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2014, California’s utility-scale solar production was more than three times the output of Arizona — the second-ranking state — and more than all other states combined.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The states that are signed on say they expect to meet “shortly” to discuss specific actions.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Governor Jerry Brown and 16 other governors say they’ll pull together under a new pact to speed up the transition to clean energy and transportation in their states.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Called a “work in process,” the \u003ca href=\"http://www.governorsnewenergyfuture.org/the-accord/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Governors’ Accord for a New Energy Future\u003c/a>, lacks specific, measurable targets. The agreement uses broad language, saying the states will “embrace” and “encourage” clean energy options.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brown pointed to three of the cooperative’s broad goals that he says will benefit from interstate cooperation: a “highly sophisticated” regional energy grid, combined state purchasing power for zero-emission vehicles and joint lobbying of the federal government for research and development money aimed at energy storage, clean fuels and the grid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-533129\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/Renewable-energy-in-CA-chart.png\" alt=\"Renewable energy in CA chart\" width=\"533\" height=\"270\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/Renewable-energy-in-CA-chart.png 533w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/Renewable-energy-in-CA-chart-400x203.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 533px) 100vw, 533px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The participating states did not necessarily commit to signing on to Brown’s \u003ca href=\"http://under2mou.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Under 2 MOU\u003c/a>, under which states and regions that have set specific targets to reduce greenhouse gas emissions with California. The memorandum is currently signed or “endorsed” by 127 jurisdictions representing 27 nations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nor does the agreement specifically mention climate change. According to Brown, the governors chose to bypass the partisan controversy over the issue.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re going to leave that behind and work on what we can work on, and that’s the renewable energy accord,” Brown told reporters in a conference call. “Does it do everything? No. But nothing ever does in politics.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The agreement includes all of California’s neighboring states except Arizona. All the others are on the East Coast, except for Minnesota and Hawaii.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under Brown, California has developed some of the most ambitious clean energy goals in the country, aiming to generate half of its energy from renewable sources by 2030.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2014, California’s utility-scale solar production was more than three times the output of Arizona — the second-ranking state — and more than all other states combined.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The states that are signed on say they expect to meet “shortly” to discuss specific actions.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Earthquake Warnings on Your Phone: There's (Almost) an App for That",
"headTitle": "Earthquake Warnings on Your Phone: There’s (Almost) an App for That | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Having an earthquake warning system on everybody’s cell phone is sort of the holy grail of seismic civil defense. It appears that we’re halfway there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Friday, scientists at U.C. Berkeley unveiled \u003ca href=\"http://myshake.berkeley.edu/\">MyShake\u003c/a>, an app that makes smartphones an extension of the seismic detection and reporting network that’s already in place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The idea of MyShake is to use phones to record the earthquake as well as push out information about it,” says Richard Allen, who directs the U.C. Berkeley Seismological Lab.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At first glance, the idea would appear to \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/08/23/dude-wheres-my-earthquake-warning-system/\">leapfrog current efforts\u003c/a> to test a workable warning system for earthquakes in California, but the app doesn’t yet turn that information around to provide personal warnings prior to the shaking.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘This is a citizen science research project at this point.’\u003ccite>Richard Allen, U.C. Berkeley\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“This is a citizen science research project at this point,” cautions Allen. “We still have to put this out on many phones, we have to test the algorithms we have, and see how good it is at actually detecting the earthquakes and then estimating the locations.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The app takes advantage of accelerometers already built into every phone, the gadgets that sense movement and direction. The algorithm, developed by grad student Qingkai Kong, is designed to distinguish between earth movement and, say, dancing to techno music with the phone in your back pocket, and can pick up initial vibrations from a magnitude 5 or greater quake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[youtube https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i-UH6oEx5JI&w=853&h=480]Meanwhile, the phones will add a potentially dense layer of sensors to the \u003ca href=\"http://www.cisn.org/\">existing statewide network\u003c/a>, which Allen describes as “high-quality” but relatively sparse. The current network has about 400 highly sensitive sensing stations, most clustered near heavily populated areas. By contrast there are something like 16 million cell phones roaming around California in people’s pockets and purses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Cell phones are never going to replace that traditional network,” says Allen, “but we think that cell phones can contribute to it here in California.” Eventually, he says a phone-based warning system could save lives in countries with no other warning networks in place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Generally when we push out warnings, we want them to go over every media that we can come up with,” says Allen. “Phones are clearly are a very a important one; people have phones with them all the time, night and day.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Given how long it often takes to make a simple phone connection on a crowded cellular network, it’s hard to imagine that phones could be a useful warning device when fractions of seconds count. But Allen says the lab’s testing has shown that warnings could be turned around and dispatched in “a few tenths of a second.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_524201\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 474px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-524201 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/ShakeAlert_Napa.png\" alt=\"California's current warning system, ShakeAlert, is still in the testing phase and has been hobbled by funding gaps. \" width=\"474\" height=\"323\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/ShakeAlert_Napa.png 474w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/ShakeAlert_Napa-400x273.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 474px) 100vw, 474px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">California’s current warning system, ShakeAlert, is still in the testing phase and has been hobbled by funding gaps. \u003ccite>(Berkeley Seismological Laboratory)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>For users relatively close to a temblor’s epicenter, seconds is typically all the warning they get with current technology. When a magnitude 6 quake shook the Napa Valley in August 2014, people testing the PC-based \u003ca href=\"http://www.shakealert.org/\">ShakeAlert system\u003c/a> in Berkeley got about eight seconds’ warning to duck and cover.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In the future we hope that MyShake — the phone recordings — could contribute to ShakeAlert, but we have research to do before we get to that point,” says Allen. For researchers to know the true potential of the phone-based system, Allen says thousands of people will need to download the app.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The more people who download, the more quickly we’ll get to the point where we could use it,” he urges.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One impediment to that: MyShake is launching with only the Android version for now. Allen says the intent is to follow with an app for Apple iPhones but he can’t say how soon that will happen — that an iOS version requires a whole separate development project.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Having an earthquake warning system on everybody’s cell phone is sort of the holy grail of seismic civil defense. It appears that we’re halfway there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Friday, scientists at U.C. Berkeley unveiled \u003ca href=\"http://myshake.berkeley.edu/\">MyShake\u003c/a>, an app that makes smartphones an extension of the seismic detection and reporting network that’s already in place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The idea of MyShake is to use phones to record the earthquake as well as push out information about it,” says Richard Allen, who directs the U.C. Berkeley Seismological Lab.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At first glance, the idea would appear to \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/08/23/dude-wheres-my-earthquake-warning-system/\">leapfrog current efforts\u003c/a> to test a workable warning system for earthquakes in California, but the app doesn’t yet turn that information around to provide personal warnings prior to the shaking.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘This is a citizen science research project at this point.’\u003ccite>Richard Allen, U.C. Berkeley\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“This is a citizen science research project at this point,” cautions Allen. “We still have to put this out on many phones, we have to test the algorithms we have, and see how good it is at actually detecting the earthquakes and then estimating the locations.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The app takes advantage of accelerometers already built into every phone, the gadgets that sense movement and direction. The algorithm, developed by grad student Qingkai Kong, is designed to distinguish between earth movement and, say, dancing to techno music with the phone in your back pocket, and can pick up initial vibrations from a magnitude 5 or greater quake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/i-UH6oEx5JI'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/i-UH6oEx5JI'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>Meanwhile, the phones will add a potentially dense layer of sensors to the \u003ca href=\"http://www.cisn.org/\">existing statewide network\u003c/a>, which Allen describes as “high-quality” but relatively sparse. The current network has about 400 highly sensitive sensing stations, most clustered near heavily populated areas. By contrast there are something like 16 million cell phones roaming around California in people’s pockets and purses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Cell phones are never going to replace that traditional network,” says Allen, “but we think that cell phones can contribute to it here in California.” Eventually, he says a phone-based warning system could save lives in countries with no other warning networks in place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Generally when we push out warnings, we want them to go over every media that we can come up with,” says Allen. “Phones are clearly are a very a important one; people have phones with them all the time, night and day.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Given how long it often takes to make a simple phone connection on a crowded cellular network, it’s hard to imagine that phones could be a useful warning device when fractions of seconds count. But Allen says the lab’s testing has shown that warnings could be turned around and dispatched in “a few tenths of a second.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_524201\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 474px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-524201 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/ShakeAlert_Napa.png\" alt=\"California's current warning system, ShakeAlert, is still in the testing phase and has been hobbled by funding gaps. \" width=\"474\" height=\"323\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/ShakeAlert_Napa.png 474w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/ShakeAlert_Napa-400x273.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 474px) 100vw, 474px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">California’s current warning system, ShakeAlert, is still in the testing phase and has been hobbled by funding gaps. \u003ccite>(Berkeley Seismological Laboratory)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>For users relatively close to a temblor’s epicenter, seconds is typically all the warning they get with current technology. When a magnitude 6 quake shook the Napa Valley in August 2014, people testing the PC-based \u003ca href=\"http://www.shakealert.org/\">ShakeAlert system\u003c/a> in Berkeley got about eight seconds’ warning to duck and cover.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In the future we hope that MyShake — the phone recordings — could contribute to ShakeAlert, but we have research to do before we get to that point,” says Allen. For researchers to know the true potential of the phone-based system, Allen says thousands of people will need to download the app.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The more people who download, the more quickly we’ll get to the point where we could use it,” he urges.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One impediment to that: MyShake is launching with only the Android version for now. Allen says the intent is to follow with an app for Apple iPhones but he can’t say how soon that will happen — that an iOS version requires a whole separate development project.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "In Milestone, Scientists Detect Gravitational Waves As Black Holes Collide",
"headTitle": "In Milestone, Scientists Detect Gravitational Waves As Black Holes Collide | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Far from our galaxy, in the vast darkness of space, two massive black holes merged into a single, larger hole.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And now researchers say they have detected rumblings from that cataclysmic collision as ripples in the very fabric of space-time itself. The discovery comes a century after Albert Einstein first predicted such ripples should exist.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a really big event,” says \u003ca href=\"http://astro.cornell.edu/members/saul-a-teukolsky.html\">Saul Teukolsky\u003c/a>, a theoretical astrophysicist at Cornell University. “This is probably the most exciting episode of my professional career.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Einstein predicted the existence of such ripples, known officially as gravitational waves, in 1916, as part of his general theory of relativity. General relativity re-imagines the gravitational pull between heavy objects like Earth and the sun as a “warping” of space and time. When very heavy objects such as black holes are involved, the theory predicts that gravitational waves will emerge and ripple across the entire universe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s the idea. But in practice, seeing such gravitational waves has been nearly impossible. To make detectable waves, massive objects must be moving quickly. Researchers predicted a collision between two black holes would do the trick. But nobody knew how often that might happen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nevertheless, scientists built two massive detectors to take a look. Known collectively as the \u003ca href=\"https://www.ligo.caltech.edu/\">Laser Interferometer Gravity-Wave Observatory\u003c/a> (LIGO), the detectors are located in Washington state and Louisiana. They are separated by thousands of miles in order to detect ripples coming in from deep space as they pass through Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Each detector looks like a big L, made up of two tunnels 2.5 miles long. It’s designed so that if a gravitational wave passes by, it will stretch space along one direction of the tunnel and squish space along the direction of the other. The stretching and squishing changes the tunnels’ lengths by a tiny amount, and that change can be detected by lasers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although LIGO was completed in 1999, it took more than a decade for it to see anything. The detectors had to be made incredibly sensitive to pick up the tiny waves. But they were so touchy, they were set off by everything from minute shifts in Earth’s core to traffic entering the parking lot. And even after researchers got rid of all the terrestrial jiggles, LIGO still wasn’t quite good enough to see gravitational waves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All that changed after a major upgrade in 2014. Better vibrational isolation and upgrades to lasers and mirrors dramatically boosted the instrument’s power.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And the black hole collision was seen almost as soon as the team began observing again in the fall of 2015. On Sept. 14 at 5:51 a.m., the waves passed through both of the detectors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to a paper published in the journal \u003cem>Physical Review Letters,\u003c/em> the two black holes were each roughly 30 times the mass of the sun. They merged some 1.3 billion light years from Earth. The waves were generated in the final moments before the black holes merged. The signal was brief but definitive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The measurements are dramatic proof that gravitational waves exist. The signal in the detector matches well with what’s predicted by Einstein’s original theory, according to Teukolsky, who was briefed on the results. It matches predictions of the ripples produced by two large black holes, in the final moments before they merge, swirling together at an enormous speed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is, arguably, the most direct observation of black holes ever made. Because black holes are (as their name implies) “black”, they can’t be seen with ordinary telescopes. Up until now, their existence has been inferred by looking at the stars and gas swirling around them. This gravitational signal comes directly from the holes, and it is virtually incontrovertible proof that the holes are out there. “If black holes didn’t really exist, you couldn’t explain these waves,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other researchers believe that the gravitational waves could tell us even more about our cosmos. “It’s like looking at the universe with new eyes — the amount of information that’s there is going to be amazing,” says \u003ca href=\"https://www.perimeterinstitute.ca/people/asimina-arvanitaki\">Mina Arvanitaki\u003c/a>, a theorist at the Perimeter Institute of Physics in Waterloo, Ontario. Arvanitaki will use LIGO’s data to probe for undiscovered fundamental particles that might only exist in the warped space around black holes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Teukolsky says the discovery shows just how extraordinary the natural world can be. “The universe is stranger than any kind of fiction we could imagine,” he says. “I mean, it’s preposterous.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=In+Milestone%2C+Scientists+Detect+Gravitational+Waves+As+Black+Holes+Collide&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\" alt=\"\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Far from our galaxy, in the vast darkness of space, two massive black holes merged into a single, larger hole.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And now researchers say they have detected rumblings from that cataclysmic collision as ripples in the very fabric of space-time itself. The discovery comes a century after Albert Einstein first predicted such ripples should exist.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a really big event,” says \u003ca href=\"http://astro.cornell.edu/members/saul-a-teukolsky.html\">Saul Teukolsky\u003c/a>, a theoretical astrophysicist at Cornell University. “This is probably the most exciting episode of my professional career.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Einstein predicted the existence of such ripples, known officially as gravitational waves, in 1916, as part of his general theory of relativity. General relativity re-imagines the gravitational pull between heavy objects like Earth and the sun as a “warping” of space and time. When very heavy objects such as black holes are involved, the theory predicts that gravitational waves will emerge and ripple across the entire universe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s the idea. But in practice, seeing such gravitational waves has been nearly impossible. To make detectable waves, massive objects must be moving quickly. Researchers predicted a collision between two black holes would do the trick. But nobody knew how often that might happen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nevertheless, scientists built two massive detectors to take a look. Known collectively as the \u003ca href=\"https://www.ligo.caltech.edu/\">Laser Interferometer Gravity-Wave Observatory\u003c/a> (LIGO), the detectors are located in Washington state and Louisiana. They are separated by thousands of miles in order to detect ripples coming in from deep space as they pass through Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Each detector looks like a big L, made up of two tunnels 2.5 miles long. It’s designed so that if a gravitational wave passes by, it will stretch space along one direction of the tunnel and squish space along the direction of the other. The stretching and squishing changes the tunnels’ lengths by a tiny amount, and that change can be detected by lasers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although LIGO was completed in 1999, it took more than a decade for it to see anything. The detectors had to be made incredibly sensitive to pick up the tiny waves. But they were so touchy, they were set off by everything from minute shifts in Earth’s core to traffic entering the parking lot. And even after researchers got rid of all the terrestrial jiggles, LIGO still wasn’t quite good enough to see gravitational waves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All that changed after a major upgrade in 2014. Better vibrational isolation and upgrades to lasers and mirrors dramatically boosted the instrument’s power.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And the black hole collision was seen almost as soon as the team began observing again in the fall of 2015. On Sept. 14 at 5:51 a.m., the waves passed through both of the detectors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to a paper published in the journal \u003cem>Physical Review Letters,\u003c/em> the two black holes were each roughly 30 times the mass of the sun. They merged some 1.3 billion light years from Earth. The waves were generated in the final moments before the black holes merged. The signal was brief but definitive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The measurements are dramatic proof that gravitational waves exist. The signal in the detector matches well with what’s predicted by Einstein’s original theory, according to Teukolsky, who was briefed on the results. It matches predictions of the ripples produced by two large black holes, in the final moments before they merge, swirling together at an enormous speed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is, arguably, the most direct observation of black holes ever made. Because black holes are (as their name implies) “black”, they can’t be seen with ordinary telescopes. Up until now, their existence has been inferred by looking at the stars and gas swirling around them. This gravitational signal comes directly from the holes, and it is virtually incontrovertible proof that the holes are out there. “If black holes didn’t really exist, you couldn’t explain these waves,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other researchers believe that the gravitational waves could tell us even more about our cosmos. “It’s like looking at the universe with new eyes — the amount of information that’s there is going to be amazing,” says \u003ca href=\"https://www.perimeterinstitute.ca/people/asimina-arvanitaki\">Mina Arvanitaki\u003c/a>, a theorist at the Perimeter Institute of Physics in Waterloo, Ontario. Arvanitaki will use LIGO’s data to probe for undiscovered fundamental particles that might only exist in the warped space around black holes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Teukolsky says the discovery shows just how extraordinary the natural world can be. “The universe is stranger than any kind of fiction we could imagine,” he says. “I mean, it’s preposterous.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=In+Milestone%2C+Scientists+Detect+Gravitational+Waves+As+Black+Holes+Collide&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\" alt=\"\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Climate Change Could Bring Bigger, Wetter Storms to California, Study Says",
"headTitle": "Climate Change Could Bring Bigger, Wetter Storms to California, Study Says | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>The types of storms that have been bringing heavy snow and rain to the West this winter, triggering landslides and floods while easing stubborn droughts, are likely to become stronger and more frequent, according to the results of a new study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The drenching storms have been falling from atmospheric rivers — high-altitude streams of moisture that carry much of the West’s water from the Pacific Ocean in sometimes-violent spurts that can lead to floods.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”BJnVHIn18HVUXBsJbtwYgOnWbIlKMh44″]The latest study to project an increase in the frequency and ferocity with which atmospheric rivers will reach the West Coast was \u003ca href=\"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/2015GL067392/full\">published over the weekend\u003c/a> in Geophysical Research Letters. Scientists described the analysis as more robust than earlier ones.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Days on which atmospheric rivers reach the West Coast each year could increase by a third this century, if greenhouse gas pollution continues to rise sharply, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory researchers concluded after running model simulations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Currently, the West Coast is likely to receive rain or snow from atmospheric rivers between 25 and 40 days each year, the analysis concluded. By century’s end, that’s expected to rise to between 35 and 55 days annually.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, the number of days each year on which the atmospheric rivers bring “extreme” amounts of rain and snow to the region could increase by more than a quarter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The results of the study were “consistent” with findings from earlier modeling-based studies, said Scripps Institution of Oceanography researcher \u003ca href=\"http://scrippsscholars.ucsd.edu/mralph\">Marty Ralph\u003c/a>, who wasn’t involved with it. He said the study went further than others in demonstrating that the projections were likely to play out in the real world, rather than being the result of any modeling errors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In California, the majority of the variation from one year to the next in total precipitation is the result of just the few wettest days each year,” said Ralph, who is based in California. “The \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/el-nino-is-here-so-why-is-california-still-in-drought-19975\">drought we’re in\u003c/a> is a result of the absence of the atmospheric rivers.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although storms caused by atmospheric rivers are needed to quench landscapes and fill reservoirs, they can also deliver deadly hazards.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Momentous floods of the early 1860s, which affected several Western states, evacuating Californian lawmakers from Sacramento after the Central Valley filled like a tub, were linked to a series of atmospheric rivers. Scientists warn such floods could again beset the region under a winter storm scenario \u003ca href=\"http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2010/1312/\">they call ARkStorm\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What we noticed is that the entire West Coast of North America will experience increased atmospheric river frequency,” said \u003ca href=\"http://www.pnl.gov/science/staff/staff_info.asp?staff_num=7433\">Samson Hagos\u003c/a>, a Pacific Northwest National Laboratory earth system scientist who led the new study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s largely because a warmer atmosphere can hold more moisture. Which would mean worse floods, more often.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The strongest atmospheric river events along the West Coast during the 20th century are strongly linked to flood events of historical significance,” said \u003ca href=\"https://earth.stanford.edu/daniel-swain\">Daniel Swain\u003c/a>, a PhD candidate at Stanford who researches extreme weather.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A reasonable inference to draw from these studies is that the risk of severe flood events along the West Coast will likely increase,” Swain said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The findings may also have implications for projecting tempestuous conditions in other regions as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This paper provides a nice framework for exploring storm variability in other regions of the world,” said \u003ca href=\"http://www.gfdl.noaa.gov/sarah-kapnicks-homepage\">Sarah Kapnick\u003c/a>, a National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration climate change scientist.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it’s harder to say what such findings might mean for the frequency or severity of droughts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Recent research has suggested that higher temperatures linked to global warming exacerbated the intensity of California’s ongoing drought, by drying out the state. It’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/hints-of-climate-change-in-californias-drought-18109\">far less clear\u003c/a> what effect climate change had on the likelihood that such a drought would occur.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The role of anthropogenic influences on the lack of precipitation is still an open question,” said \u003ca href=\"http://www.u.arizona.edu/~kanchukaitis/people.html\">Kevin Anchukaitis\u003c/a>, a paleoclimatologist and earth systems geographer at the University of Arizona. “Different research groups have come to different conclusions.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rising temperatures are expected to accelerate evaporation and lead to drier conditions across the West — producing what scientists call hot droughts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Anchukaitis said atmospheric rivers don’t necessarily affect the conditions that produce hot droughts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the “severity and duration” of droughts, Anchukaitis said, “will depend on a complex interplay between temperature increases, uncertain long-term precipitation trends and the punctuated role of drought-busting atmospheric rivers.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Extreme rain and snow will hit the West Coast more often as the climate changes, scientists found.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The types of storms that have been bringing heavy snow and rain to the West this winter, triggering landslides and floods while easing stubborn droughts, are likely to become stronger and more frequent, according to the results of a new study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The drenching storms have been falling from atmospheric rivers — high-altitude streams of moisture that carry much of the West’s water from the Pacific Ocean in sometimes-violent spurts that can lead to floods.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>The latest study to project an increase in the frequency and ferocity with which atmospheric rivers will reach the West Coast was \u003ca href=\"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/2015GL067392/full\">published over the weekend\u003c/a> in Geophysical Research Letters. Scientists described the analysis as more robust than earlier ones.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Days on which atmospheric rivers reach the West Coast each year could increase by a third this century, if greenhouse gas pollution continues to rise sharply, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory researchers concluded after running model simulations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Currently, the West Coast is likely to receive rain or snow from atmospheric rivers between 25 and 40 days each year, the analysis concluded. By century’s end, that’s expected to rise to between 35 and 55 days annually.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, the number of days each year on which the atmospheric rivers bring “extreme” amounts of rain and snow to the region could increase by more than a quarter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The results of the study were “consistent” with findings from earlier modeling-based studies, said Scripps Institution of Oceanography researcher \u003ca href=\"http://scrippsscholars.ucsd.edu/mralph\">Marty Ralph\u003c/a>, who wasn’t involved with it. He said the study went further than others in demonstrating that the projections were likely to play out in the real world, rather than being the result of any modeling errors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In California, the majority of the variation from one year to the next in total precipitation is the result of just the few wettest days each year,” said Ralph, who is based in California. “The \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/el-nino-is-here-so-why-is-california-still-in-drought-19975\">drought we’re in\u003c/a> is a result of the absence of the atmospheric rivers.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although storms caused by atmospheric rivers are needed to quench landscapes and fill reservoirs, they can also deliver deadly hazards.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Momentous floods of the early 1860s, which affected several Western states, evacuating Californian lawmakers from Sacramento after the Central Valley filled like a tub, were linked to a series of atmospheric rivers. Scientists warn such floods could again beset the region under a winter storm scenario \u003ca href=\"http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2010/1312/\">they call ARkStorm\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What we noticed is that the entire West Coast of North America will experience increased atmospheric river frequency,” said \u003ca href=\"http://www.pnl.gov/science/staff/staff_info.asp?staff_num=7433\">Samson Hagos\u003c/a>, a Pacific Northwest National Laboratory earth system scientist who led the new study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s largely because a warmer atmosphere can hold more moisture. Which would mean worse floods, more often.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The strongest atmospheric river events along the West Coast during the 20th century are strongly linked to flood events of historical significance,” said \u003ca href=\"https://earth.stanford.edu/daniel-swain\">Daniel Swain\u003c/a>, a PhD candidate at Stanford who researches extreme weather.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A reasonable inference to draw from these studies is that the risk of severe flood events along the West Coast will likely increase,” Swain said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The findings may also have implications for projecting tempestuous conditions in other regions as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This paper provides a nice framework for exploring storm variability in other regions of the world,” said \u003ca href=\"http://www.gfdl.noaa.gov/sarah-kapnicks-homepage\">Sarah Kapnick\u003c/a>, a National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration climate change scientist.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it’s harder to say what such findings might mean for the frequency or severity of droughts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Recent research has suggested that higher temperatures linked to global warming exacerbated the intensity of California’s ongoing drought, by drying out the state. It’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/hints-of-climate-change-in-californias-drought-18109\">far less clear\u003c/a> what effect climate change had on the likelihood that such a drought would occur.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The role of anthropogenic influences on the lack of precipitation is still an open question,” said \u003ca href=\"http://www.u.arizona.edu/~kanchukaitis/people.html\">Kevin Anchukaitis\u003c/a>, a paleoclimatologist and earth systems geographer at the University of Arizona. “Different research groups have come to different conclusions.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rising temperatures are expected to accelerate evaporation and lead to drier conditions across the West — producing what scientists call hot droughts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Anchukaitis said atmospheric rivers don’t necessarily affect the conditions that produce hot droughts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the “severity and duration” of droughts, Anchukaitis said, “will depend on a complex interplay between temperature increases, uncertain long-term precipitation trends and the punctuated role of drought-busting atmospheric rivers.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Supreme Court Puts Obama's Clean Power Plan on Hold",
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"content": "\u003cp>A divided \u003cspan style=\"color: red\">Supreme\u003c/span> \u003cspan style=\"color: red\">Court\u003c/span> agreed Tuesday to halt enforcement of President Barack Obama’s sweeping plan to address climate change until after legal challenges are resolved.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The surprising move is a blow to the administration and a victory for the coalition of 27 mostly Republican-led states and industry opponents that call the regulations “an unprecedented power grab.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”KhfrftL96N9dt5tgPTQfjAfNmkRXIpvz”]By temporarily freezing the rule the high \u003cspan style=\"color: red\">court’s\u003c/span> order signals that opponents have made a strong argument against the plan, which aims to stave off the worst predicted impacts of climate change by reducing carbon dioxide emissions at existing power plants by about one-third by 2030. A federal appeals \u003cspan style=\"color: red\">court\u003c/span> last month refused to put it on hold.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The appeals \u003cspan style=\"color: red\">court\u003c/span> is not likely to issue a ruling on the plan until months after it hears oral arguments begin on June 2. But any decision likely would be appealed to the \u003cspan style=\"color: red\">Supreme\u003c/span> \u003cspan style=\"color: red\">Court\u003c/span>, meaning resolution of the legal fight is not likely to happen until Obama leaves office.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The high \u003cspan style=\"color: red\">court’s\u003c/span> four liberal justices said Tuesday they would have denied the request for delay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Compliance with the new rules isn’t required until 2022, but states must submit their plans to the Environmental Protection Administration by September or seek an extension.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many states opposing the plan depend on economic activity tied to such fossil fuels as coal, oil and gas. They argued that power plants will have to spend billions of dollars to begin complying with a rule that may end up being overturned.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Attorney General Patrick Morrisey of West Virginia, whose coal-dependent state is helping lead the legal fight, hailed the \u003cspan style=\"color: red\">court’s\u003c/span> decision.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are thrilled that the \u003cspan style=\"color: red\">Supreme\u003c/span> \u003cspan style=\"color: red\">Court\u003c/span> realized the rule’s immediate impact and froze its implementation, protecting workers and saving countless dollars as our fight against its legality continues,” Morrisey said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Implementation of the rules is considered essential to the United States meeting emissions-reduction targets in a global climate agreement signed in Paris last month. The Obama administration and environmental groups also say the plan will spur new clean-energy jobs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To convince the high \u003cspan style=\"color: red\">court\u003c/span> to temporarily halt the plan, opponents had to convince the justices that there was a “fair prospect” the \u003cspan style=\"color: red\">court\u003c/span> would strike down the rule. The \u003cspan style=\"color: red\">court\u003c/span> also had to consider whether denying a stay would cause irreparable harm to the states and utility companies affected.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "In a setback to the Obama administration, the Supreme Court agreed to halt enforcement of the president's sweeping plan to address climate change until after legal challenges are resolved.\r\n\r\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>A divided \u003cspan style=\"color: red\">Supreme\u003c/span> \u003cspan style=\"color: red\">Court\u003c/span> agreed Tuesday to halt enforcement of President Barack Obama’s sweeping plan to address climate change until after legal challenges are resolved.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The surprising move is a blow to the administration and a victory for the coalition of 27 mostly Republican-led states and industry opponents that call the regulations “an unprecedented power grab.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>By temporarily freezing the rule the high \u003cspan style=\"color: red\">court’s\u003c/span> order signals that opponents have made a strong argument against the plan, which aims to stave off the worst predicted impacts of climate change by reducing carbon dioxide emissions at existing power plants by about one-third by 2030. A federal appeals \u003cspan style=\"color: red\">court\u003c/span> last month refused to put it on hold.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The appeals \u003cspan style=\"color: red\">court\u003c/span> is not likely to issue a ruling on the plan until months after it hears oral arguments begin on June 2. But any decision likely would be appealed to the \u003cspan style=\"color: red\">Supreme\u003c/span> \u003cspan style=\"color: red\">Court\u003c/span>, meaning resolution of the legal fight is not likely to happen until Obama leaves office.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The high \u003cspan style=\"color: red\">court’s\u003c/span> four liberal justices said Tuesday they would have denied the request for delay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Compliance with the new rules isn’t required until 2022, but states must submit their plans to the Environmental Protection Administration by September or seek an extension.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many states opposing the plan depend on economic activity tied to such fossil fuels as coal, oil and gas. They argued that power plants will have to spend billions of dollars to begin complying with a rule that may end up being overturned.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Attorney General Patrick Morrisey of West Virginia, whose coal-dependent state is helping lead the legal fight, hailed the \u003cspan style=\"color: red\">court’s\u003c/span> decision.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are thrilled that the \u003cspan style=\"color: red\">Supreme\u003c/span> \u003cspan style=\"color: red\">Court\u003c/span> realized the rule’s immediate impact and froze its implementation, protecting workers and saving countless dollars as our fight against its legality continues,” Morrisey said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Implementation of the rules is considered essential to the United States meeting emissions-reduction targets in a global climate agreement signed in Paris last month. The Obama administration and environmental groups also say the plan will spur new clean-energy jobs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To convince the high \u003cspan style=\"color: red\">court\u003c/span> to temporarily halt the plan, opponents had to convince the justices that there was a “fair prospect” the \u003cspan style=\"color: red\">court\u003c/span> would strike down the rule. The \u003cspan style=\"color: red\">court\u003c/span> also had to consider whether denying a stay would cause irreparable harm to the states and utility companies affected.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"slug": "the-once-in-a-lifetime-ladybug-love-in",
"title": "The Ladybug Love-In: A Valentine's Special",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">With their charming spots and bright red bodies, ladybugs are pretty hard to miss. We’re used to seeing them alone, picking off sap-sucking aphids in the garden. But at certain times of year, ladybugs head for the hills to assemble in huge groups, called aggregations, clumping together in layers several bodies thick.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_468682\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/DL-ladybugs-clump-on-branch-LB10-CC.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-468682\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-468682\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/DL-ladybugs-clump-on-branch-LB10-CC-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"Ladybugs find safety in numbers, broadcasting their warning red color to predators.\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/DL-ladybugs-clump-on-branch-LB10-CC-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/DL-ladybugs-clump-on-branch-LB10-CC-400x225.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/DL-ladybugs-clump-on-branch-LB10-CC-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/DL-ladybugs-clump-on-branch-LB10-CC-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/DL-ladybugs-clump-on-branch-LB10-CC-1920x1080.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/DL-ladybugs-clump-on-branch-LB10-CC-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/DL-ladybugs-clump-on-branch-LB10-CC-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Ladybugs find safety in numbers, broadcasting their warning red color to predators. \u003ccite>(Elliott Kennerson/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This arresting, almost uncanny sight—roiling masses of tiny red bodies jostling for position on rocks, logs, and branches—is typical of the “convergent” ladybug whose range covers a great deal of North America.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">In the Bay Area, one of the best places to view ladybug aggregations is \u003ca href=\"http://www.ebparks.org/parks/redwood\">Redwood Regional Park in Oakland\u003c/a>. Between November and February, numerous points along the park’s main artery, the Stream Trail, are swarming with the insects.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_468680\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 720px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-468680 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/DL_ladybugs_pileup_720.gif\" alt=\"DL_ladybugs_pileup_720\" width=\"720\" height=\"405\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Movement is chaotic in a ladybug aggregation. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“People love ladybugs, ” said \u003ca href=\"http://www.ebparks.org/activities/naturalists/contact/crabcove#mcharnofsky\">Michael Charnofsky\u003c/a>, a naturalist with \u003ca href=\"http://www.ebparks.org/\">East Bay Regional Park District \u003c/a>who leads ladybug walking tours. “And to see so many in one location is fascinating to people. Hundreds, thousands, tens of thousands…it’s outside the realm of their experience.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Scientists believe the behavior evolved as a way for a solitary species to reproduce and to cope with a limited winter food supply. After fattening themselves up, and before bedding down for winter, these ladybugs are getting together to take care of some final business—namely, mating.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_468585\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/DL-ladybugs-solitary-on-leaf-LB14-CC.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-468585\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-468585\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/DL-ladybugs-solitary-on-leaf-LB14-CC-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"Ladybugs normally live solitary lives.\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/DL-ladybugs-solitary-on-leaf-LB14-CC-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/DL-ladybugs-solitary-on-leaf-LB14-CC-400x225.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/DL-ladybugs-solitary-on-leaf-LB14-CC-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/DL-ladybugs-solitary-on-leaf-LB14-CC-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/DL-ladybugs-solitary-on-leaf-LB14-CC-1920x1080.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/DL-ladybugs-solitary-on-leaf-LB14-CC-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/DL-ladybugs-solitary-on-leaf-LB14-CC-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Ladybugs normally live solitary lives. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED )\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Ironically, convergent ladybugs, which are actually beetles, are not named for this behavior. The word “convergent” in their name refers to the characteristic white lines behind their heads.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">In California, ladybugs spend most of the year on crops in the Central Valley, or on domestic garden plants, feeding on aphids. When the weather starts to turn chilly, however, the aphids die off in the cold.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_468673\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 720px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-468673\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/DL_ladybugs_aphid-munch_720.gif\" alt=\"Ladybugs eat aphids for most of the year.\" width=\"720\" height=\"405\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Ladybugs eat aphids for most of the year. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">With food becoming scarce, the ladybugs take off, flying straight up. The wind picks them up and carries them on their way, toward hills in the Bay Area and coastal mountain ranges.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“They are literally blown into the mountains,” said Christopher Wheeler, who studied ladybug behavior for his Ph.D. at UC Riverside. “At first, they’re spread out. They use a combination of visual cues and smell to start to find each other.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_468684\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 720px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-468684\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/DL_ladybugs_takeoff_720.gif\" alt=\"Departing ladybugs fly straight up in the air.\" width=\"720\" height=\"405\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Departing ladybugs fly straight up in the air. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Pheromones left behind in the mountains from previous aggregations lead these newcomers right to the best wintering spots. One type of chemical even comes from the ladybugs’ feet.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“Wherever they walk, they leave behind a chemical trace. These sites are covered in it,” said Wheeler.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_468675\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 720px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-468675\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/DL_ladybugs_two-on-grass_720.gif\" alt=\"Ladybugs leave pheromones behind in their footsteps. \" width=\"720\" height=\"405\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Ladybugs leave pheromones behind in their footsteps. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">As the ladybugs trickle in one by one, the aggregation grows.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">While these gatherings might seem to make the ladybugs more visible, and therefore more vulnerable to predators, the opposite is probably true, scientists say. Their higher numbers serve to magnify the warning broadcast by their red color.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“Predators have evolved to avoid that kind of visual signal,” Wheeler said. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">And that red color is no red herring. \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“They truly do taste bad. In high enough concentrations, they can be toxic,” he said. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Within the ladybug clumps, the movement is scrambling and unpredictable, not hierarchical like in a beehive or ant hill. Scientists think that the females—about half of the population, all of them previously unmated—may be selecting mates amid the chaos.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_468588\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 720px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-468588\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/DL_ladybugs_closeup-pileup_720.gif\" alt=\"Aggregating ladybugs seem to jostle for position. \" width=\"720\" height=\"405\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Aggregating ladybugs seem to jostle for position. \u003ccite>(Elliott Kennerson/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Finally, the beetles hunker down underground, entering “diapause” or deep hibernation. Chemical changes in the ladybugs’ bodies prevent them from freezing or drying out. They can stay underground safely, even covered in snow, for up to three months.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The reemergence is gradual.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_468679\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/DL-ladybugs-mating-LB12-CC.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-468679\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-468679\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/DL-ladybugs-mating-LB12-CC-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"Finding mates is one reason ladybugs aggregate.\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/DL-ladybugs-mating-LB12-CC-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/DL-ladybugs-mating-LB12-CC-400x225.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/DL-ladybugs-mating-LB12-CC-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/DL-ladybugs-mating-LB12-CC-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/DL-ladybugs-mating-LB12-CC-1920x1080.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/DL-ladybugs-mating-LB12-CC-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/DL-ladybugs-mating-LB12-CC-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Finding mates is one reason ladybugs aggregate. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“In snowier areas, it’s more of a deep hibernation,” said Charnofksy. “It really depends on temperature more than anything. When it warms up, you start to see them becoming more active again.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">When spring arrives, warmer daytime temperatures urge the dormant aggregators to venture forth and return home, where a diet of aphids awaits.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_468671\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 720px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-468671\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/DL_ladybugs_aphid-munch-MORE_720.gif\" alt=\"Black bean aphids are a ladybug favorite.\" width=\"720\" height=\"405\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Black bean aphids are a ladybug favorite. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Every winter ladybugs assemble in big groups to bed down for the year. But they'll do more than hibernate—it's their best chance to find a mate.",
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"title": "The Ladybug Love-In: A Valentine's Special | KQED",
"description": "Every winter ladybugs assemble in big groups to bed down for the year. But they'll do more than hibernate—it's their best chance to find a mate.",
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"headline": "The Ladybug Love-In: A Valentine's Special",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">With their charming spots and bright red bodies, ladybugs are pretty hard to miss. We’re used to seeing them alone, picking off sap-sucking aphids in the garden. But at certain times of year, ladybugs head for the hills to assemble in huge groups, called aggregations, clumping together in layers several bodies thick.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_468682\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/DL-ladybugs-clump-on-branch-LB10-CC.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-468682\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-468682\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/DL-ladybugs-clump-on-branch-LB10-CC-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"Ladybugs find safety in numbers, broadcasting their warning red color to predators.\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/DL-ladybugs-clump-on-branch-LB10-CC-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/DL-ladybugs-clump-on-branch-LB10-CC-400x225.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/DL-ladybugs-clump-on-branch-LB10-CC-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/DL-ladybugs-clump-on-branch-LB10-CC-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/DL-ladybugs-clump-on-branch-LB10-CC-1920x1080.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/DL-ladybugs-clump-on-branch-LB10-CC-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/DL-ladybugs-clump-on-branch-LB10-CC-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Ladybugs find safety in numbers, broadcasting their warning red color to predators. \u003ccite>(Elliott Kennerson/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This arresting, almost uncanny sight—roiling masses of tiny red bodies jostling for position on rocks, logs, and branches—is typical of the “convergent” ladybug whose range covers a great deal of North America.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">In the Bay Area, one of the best places to view ladybug aggregations is \u003ca href=\"http://www.ebparks.org/parks/redwood\">Redwood Regional Park in Oakland\u003c/a>. Between November and February, numerous points along the park’s main artery, the Stream Trail, are swarming with the insects.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_468680\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 720px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-468680 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/DL_ladybugs_pileup_720.gif\" alt=\"DL_ladybugs_pileup_720\" width=\"720\" height=\"405\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Movement is chaotic in a ladybug aggregation. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“People love ladybugs, ” said \u003ca href=\"http://www.ebparks.org/activities/naturalists/contact/crabcove#mcharnofsky\">Michael Charnofsky\u003c/a>, a naturalist with \u003ca href=\"http://www.ebparks.org/\">East Bay Regional Park District \u003c/a>who leads ladybug walking tours. “And to see so many in one location is fascinating to people. Hundreds, thousands, tens of thousands…it’s outside the realm of their experience.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Scientists believe the behavior evolved as a way for a solitary species to reproduce and to cope with a limited winter food supply. After fattening themselves up, and before bedding down for winter, these ladybugs are getting together to take care of some final business—namely, mating.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_468585\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/DL-ladybugs-solitary-on-leaf-LB14-CC.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-468585\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-468585\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/DL-ladybugs-solitary-on-leaf-LB14-CC-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"Ladybugs normally live solitary lives.\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/DL-ladybugs-solitary-on-leaf-LB14-CC-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/DL-ladybugs-solitary-on-leaf-LB14-CC-400x225.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/DL-ladybugs-solitary-on-leaf-LB14-CC-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/DL-ladybugs-solitary-on-leaf-LB14-CC-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/DL-ladybugs-solitary-on-leaf-LB14-CC-1920x1080.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/DL-ladybugs-solitary-on-leaf-LB14-CC-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/DL-ladybugs-solitary-on-leaf-LB14-CC-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Ladybugs normally live solitary lives. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED )\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Ironically, convergent ladybugs, which are actually beetles, are not named for this behavior. The word “convergent” in their name refers to the characteristic white lines behind their heads.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">In California, ladybugs spend most of the year on crops in the Central Valley, or on domestic garden plants, feeding on aphids. When the weather starts to turn chilly, however, the aphids die off in the cold.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_468673\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 720px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-468673\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/DL_ladybugs_aphid-munch_720.gif\" alt=\"Ladybugs eat aphids for most of the year.\" width=\"720\" height=\"405\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Ladybugs eat aphids for most of the year. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">With food becoming scarce, the ladybugs take off, flying straight up. The wind picks them up and carries them on their way, toward hills in the Bay Area and coastal mountain ranges.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“They are literally blown into the mountains,” said Christopher Wheeler, who studied ladybug behavior for his Ph.D. at UC Riverside. “At first, they’re spread out. They use a combination of visual cues and smell to start to find each other.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_468684\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 720px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-468684\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/DL_ladybugs_takeoff_720.gif\" alt=\"Departing ladybugs fly straight up in the air.\" width=\"720\" height=\"405\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Departing ladybugs fly straight up in the air. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Pheromones left behind in the mountains from previous aggregations lead these newcomers right to the best wintering spots. One type of chemical even comes from the ladybugs’ feet.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“Wherever they walk, they leave behind a chemical trace. These sites are covered in it,” said Wheeler.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_468675\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 720px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-468675\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/DL_ladybugs_two-on-grass_720.gif\" alt=\"Ladybugs leave pheromones behind in their footsteps. \" width=\"720\" height=\"405\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Ladybugs leave pheromones behind in their footsteps. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">As the ladybugs trickle in one by one, the aggregation grows.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">While these gatherings might seem to make the ladybugs more visible, and therefore more vulnerable to predators, the opposite is probably true, scientists say. Their higher numbers serve to magnify the warning broadcast by their red color.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“Predators have evolved to avoid that kind of visual signal,” Wheeler said. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">And that red color is no red herring. \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“They truly do taste bad. In high enough concentrations, they can be toxic,” he said. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Within the ladybug clumps, the movement is scrambling and unpredictable, not hierarchical like in a beehive or ant hill. Scientists think that the females—about half of the population, all of them previously unmated—may be selecting mates amid the chaos.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_468588\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 720px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-468588\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/DL_ladybugs_closeup-pileup_720.gif\" alt=\"Aggregating ladybugs seem to jostle for position. \" width=\"720\" height=\"405\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Aggregating ladybugs seem to jostle for position. \u003ccite>(Elliott Kennerson/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Finally, the beetles hunker down underground, entering “diapause” or deep hibernation. Chemical changes in the ladybugs’ bodies prevent them from freezing or drying out. They can stay underground safely, even covered in snow, for up to three months.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The reemergence is gradual.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_468679\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/DL-ladybugs-mating-LB12-CC.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-468679\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-468679\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/DL-ladybugs-mating-LB12-CC-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"Finding mates is one reason ladybugs aggregate.\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/DL-ladybugs-mating-LB12-CC-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/DL-ladybugs-mating-LB12-CC-400x225.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/DL-ladybugs-mating-LB12-CC-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/DL-ladybugs-mating-LB12-CC-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/DL-ladybugs-mating-LB12-CC-1920x1080.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/DL-ladybugs-mating-LB12-CC-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/DL-ladybugs-mating-LB12-CC-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Finding mates is one reason ladybugs aggregate. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“In snowier areas, it’s more of a deep hibernation,” said Charnofksy. “It really depends on temperature more than anything. When it warms up, you start to see them becoming more active again.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">When spring arrives, warmer daytime temperatures urge the dormant aggregators to venture forth and return home, where a diet of aphids awaits.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_468671\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 720px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-468671\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/DL_ladybugs_aphid-munch-MORE_720.gif\" alt=\"Black bean aphids are a ladybug favorite.\" width=\"720\" height=\"405\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Black bean aphids are a ladybug favorite. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Cockroach Robot Could Come to Your Rescue",
"headTitle": "Cockroach Robot Could Come to Your Rescue | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Squashing a cockroach is not easy if the insect scurries away or escapes between a groove in your shoe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, the pests are designed to move quickly under this type of pressure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The American cockroach can flatten itself down to a quarter of its height and withstand almost 900 times its body weight without injury. And the bugs can move about 50 body lengths per second, which is equivalent to a human running 210 miles per hour. Roaches can even run at high speeds when flattened in half.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These observations about the bug’s speed and flexibility led to a spark of insight for UC Berkeley researchers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As a graduate student at UC Berkeley, Kaushik Jayaram worked with integrative biology professor Robert Full to create a pliable robot modeled after the American cockroach.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Their design is outlined in a \u003cem>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2016/02/04/1514591113\">paper published today\u003c/a>\u003cem>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" src=\"https://www.youtube.com/embed/81Zv8PPF8bE\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The robot’s flexible shell covers legs that splay outward when it’s smushed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On top of the palm-sized robot is a plastic shield similar to the tough, smooth wings covering the back of a cockroach. When tested under pressure, the robot could run through crevices half its height.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“G\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">rowing up we’ve all seen cockroaches creep into buildings but what was so amazing to us was that they could squeeze through a gap the size of two pennies stacked on top of each other,” says Jayaram.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because it can squeeze through small openings, the cockroach-inspired robot is extremely desirable for search-and-rescue operations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After a natural disaster, a swarm of robots could penetrate small openings in a pile of rubble to look for survivors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This robot is a first step toward a low cost first responder robot,” says Full. “Lots of robots now are really expensive and can’t get into tiny cracks but a swarm of small robots could get info about what areas are stable.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_517976\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1276px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-517976\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/cockroach-squish_JPEG.jpg\" alt=\"A cockroach can compress into a 4 millimeter space without any damage to its body.\" width=\"1276\" height=\"276\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/cockroach-squish_JPEG.jpg 1276w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/cockroach-squish_JPEG-400x87.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/cockroach-squish_JPEG-800x173.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/cockroach-squish_JPEG-768x166.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/cockroach-squish_JPEG-1180x255.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/cockroach-squish_JPEG-960x208.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1276px) 100vw, 1276px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A cockroach can compress into a 3 millimeter space without any damage to its body. \u003ccite>(PNAS)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The robot can be controlled via a joystick and moves for up to ten minutes before the lithium ion battery dies. Jayaram said the goal is to get this up to thirty minutes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jayaram and Full’s flexible machine is part of a trend toward soft robotics. In 2011, scientists at the Wyss Institute created a \u003ca href=\"http://harvardmagazine.com/2011/12/soft-robots-starfish-variation\">starfish-like robot\u003c/a> that could squeeze through a mouse hole.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In the past we’ve made things very different from this–human technology has tended to be large stiff things with right angles.” says Full.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As things take on more characteristics of nature they become more pliable and durable. The master shape changing animals are often considered to be worms, and slugs and octopi, which are extremely flexible.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jayaram is continuing to improve the robot prototype at \u003ca href=\"http://wyss.harvard.edu/\">Harvard University’s Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering\u003c/a>, working to equip the next generation of robots with sensors and cameras.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The goal is to create robots that could wirelessly transmit data to the cloud for FEMA or other government agencies to analyze. The US Army is also interested and has provided partial funding for Jayaram and Full’s project.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jayaram says he expects to have a new cockroach-inspired prototype equipped with cameras and sensors in about a year.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Squashing a cockroach is not easy if the insect scurries away or escapes between a groove in your shoe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, the pests are designed to move quickly under this type of pressure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The American cockroach can flatten itself down to a quarter of its height and withstand almost 900 times its body weight without injury. And the bugs can move about 50 body lengths per second, which is equivalent to a human running 210 miles per hour. Roaches can even run at high speeds when flattened in half.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These observations about the bug’s speed and flexibility led to a spark of insight for UC Berkeley researchers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As a graduate student at UC Berkeley, Kaushik Jayaram worked with integrative biology professor Robert Full to create a pliable robot modeled after the American cockroach.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Their design is outlined in a \u003cem>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2016/02/04/1514591113\">paper published today\u003c/a>\u003cem>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" src=\"https://www.youtube.com/embed/81Zv8PPF8bE\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The robot’s flexible shell covers legs that splay outward when it’s smushed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On top of the palm-sized robot is a plastic shield similar to the tough, smooth wings covering the back of a cockroach. When tested under pressure, the robot could run through crevices half its height.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“G\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">rowing up we’ve all seen cockroaches creep into buildings but what was so amazing to us was that they could squeeze through a gap the size of two pennies stacked on top of each other,” says Jayaram.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because it can squeeze through small openings, the cockroach-inspired robot is extremely desirable for search-and-rescue operations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After a natural disaster, a swarm of robots could penetrate small openings in a pile of rubble to look for survivors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This robot is a first step toward a low cost first responder robot,” says Full. “Lots of robots now are really expensive and can’t get into tiny cracks but a swarm of small robots could get info about what areas are stable.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_517976\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1276px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-517976\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/cockroach-squish_JPEG.jpg\" alt=\"A cockroach can compress into a 4 millimeter space without any damage to its body.\" width=\"1276\" height=\"276\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/cockroach-squish_JPEG.jpg 1276w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/cockroach-squish_JPEG-400x87.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/cockroach-squish_JPEG-800x173.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/cockroach-squish_JPEG-768x166.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/cockroach-squish_JPEG-1180x255.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/cockroach-squish_JPEG-960x208.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1276px) 100vw, 1276px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A cockroach can compress into a 3 millimeter space without any damage to its body. \u003ccite>(PNAS)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The robot can be controlled via a joystick and moves for up to ten minutes before the lithium ion battery dies. Jayaram said the goal is to get this up to thirty minutes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jayaram and Full’s flexible machine is part of a trend toward soft robotics. In 2011, scientists at the Wyss Institute created a \u003ca href=\"http://harvardmagazine.com/2011/12/soft-robots-starfish-variation\">starfish-like robot\u003c/a> that could squeeze through a mouse hole.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In the past we’ve made things very different from this–human technology has tended to be large stiff things with right angles.” says Full.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As things take on more characteristics of nature they become more pliable and durable. The master shape changing animals are often considered to be worms, and slugs and octopi, which are extremely flexible.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jayaram is continuing to improve the robot prototype at \u003ca href=\"http://wyss.harvard.edu/\">Harvard University’s Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering\u003c/a>, working to equip the next generation of robots with sensors and cameras.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The goal is to create robots that could wirelessly transmit data to the cloud for FEMA or other government agencies to analyze. The US Army is also interested and has provided partial funding for Jayaram and Full’s project.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jayaram says he expects to have a new cockroach-inspired prototype equipped with cameras and sensors in about a year.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Climate Change Is Leaving Native Plants Behind",
"headTitle": "Climate Change Is Leaving Native Plants Behind | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Willis Linn Jepson encountered a squat shrub while he was collecting botanical specimens on California’s Mount Tamalpais in the fall of 1936. He trimmed off a few branches and jotted down the location along the ridge trail where the manzanita grew, 2,255 feet above sea level.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The desiccated specimen is now part of an \u003ca href=\"http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/\">herbarium here\u003c/a> that’s named for the famed botanist. It was among hundreds of thousands of specimens of thousands of different species that were used recently to track the movement of plant species up the state’s many hills.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”7swK7Qp0JuUh8gyefXT0ZWzUlphgkOLV”]The results of the analysis warn that native plants are struggling to keep up with changes around them as pollution from fuel burning and deforestation continues to warm the planet. Earlier research into the movement of Californian animals shows they’re shifting more quickly than the native plants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The big takeaway is that species are on the move, and they’re moving at different rates,” said \u003ca href=\"http://www.environment.ucla.edu/people/jon-christensen\">Jon Christensen\u003c/a>, a scientist and historian at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ucla.edu/\">University of California, Los Angeles\u003c/a>. “Which raises the concern that the ecosystems of California could be unraveling.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Christensen and four other scientists analyzed a database of 2 million specimens from a network of \u003ca href=\"http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/consortium/participants.html\">35 Californian herbariums\u003c/a>. Herbariums are like little-known natural history museums that store vast collections of ferns, mosses, algae and other plants. They found 681,609 specimen records to include in their analysis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They discovered that the range of the Eastwood’s manzanita, which was the type of plant Jepson trimmed on the mountain trail in 1936, hasn’t budged — even as temperatures have risen around it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Temperatures have been rising around the world because of the heat-trapping effects of carbon dioxide, methane and other types of atmospheric pollution. The combined effects of global warming and phases in ocean cycles contributed to \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/2015-hottest-year-2016-could-surpass-19929\">record-breaking warmth\u003c/a> globally in 2015.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More warming is anticipated in the years and decades ahead, yet ecologists remain unsure how wildlife will be affected. The discovery that the Eastwood’s manzanita range has been locked in its original range “raises questions” about whether it will be able to adapt as the climate changes around it, Christensen said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Overall, just one in eight native Californian species shifted their ranges significantly upward during more than a century of specimen collecting in California, during which time temperatures rose by about 1°C (nearly 2°F), the researchers \u003ca href=\"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/geb.12423/abstract\">concluded in a paper\u003c/a> published in Global Ecology and Biogeography.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Plants and animals aren’t moving together in sync,” University of Connecticut ornithologist \u003ca href=\"http://www.morgantingley.com/\">Morgan Tingley\u003c/a>, who has studied the \u003ca href=\"http://www.pnas.org/content/106/Supplement_2/19637.full.pdf\">shifting ranges of native birds\u003c/a> in parts of California, said after reading the new paper.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This leads us to suspect that ecological communities are breaking down and disassembling,” Tingley said. “It’s a worrying possibility, and one that we don’t yet know the consequences of.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The native plants were also found to be moving more slowly into higher altitudes than their invasive counterparts, one in four of which were found to be spreading uphill.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the planet warms, ideal climatic conditions for different species of wildlife tend to shift to higher latitudes and greater altitudes. Not all species are expected to be able to keep pace with the changes underway. Of those that do, some will encounter mountaintops, shorelines and freeways that prevent them from going any further.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If the climate changes too quickly, and species can’t keep up with it, they might be left behind in a climate that’s completely unsuitable for them,” said \u003ca href=\"http://www.werc.usgs.gov/person.aspx?personid=138\">Nate Stephenson\u003c/a>, a federal forest ecologist who researches climate change. “Then their population numbers may go down. In extreme cases, they might even blink out.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While animals can fly or clamber to new grounds, most plants expand their ranges only when they cast their seeds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s a legitimate concern that many plant species are simply not evolved to be able to shift their population distributions as fast as the current climate-change event will require,” said \u003ca href=\"http://www.ldeo.columbia.edu/user/williams\">Park Williams\u003c/a>, a bioclimatologist at the Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Williams described the new paper, with which he was not involved, as the “culmination of an incredible amount of work.” He said its conclusions are also “broadly relevant” outside California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“California is a great place to study species’ range responses to climate,” Williams said. “They have a great dataset, and also a lot of diversity in terms of elevation and climate type.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new study relied on the results of the ongoing digitization of the specimens at the Californian herbariums. Digitization involves shooting digital photographs of samples and noting the coordinates and other details of the sites where they were collected.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About a quarter of more than 2 million specimens stored in manilla folders in long rows of tall cabinets in a large herbarium at the University of California, Berkeley have been digitized so far. “Big data is a big thing on our campus,” said \u003ca href=\"http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/people/mishler.html\">Brent Mishler\u003c/a>, a biology professor who oversees the collection.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The potential power of each piece of data is limited by the amount of information recorded when the specimen was collected.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The older ones — they may not have as much data,” Mishler said. “But it still tells you where it was collected and when.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The analysis of the big herbarium data showed small-seeded native plant species, such as grasses, are moving more quickly and more often up California’s hills than those with larger seeds — such as manzanita. Small seeds travel further than large ones, making it easier for those types of plants to spread.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s huge variation in the species distribution shifts, depending on whether a plant is endemic, native or invasive,” said \u003ca href=\"https://adamwolf.princeton.edu/about/\">Adam Wolf\u003c/a>, a former Princeton University scientist who led the study. “On top of that, there’s huge variation, depending on whether they have little seeds, medium seeds or big seeds.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Invasive species were more likely to be stretching their ranges upward than native species, and the ranges are moving or expanding more quickly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unwanted weeds aren’t necessarily growing their Californian footprints because of climate change, although it may be helping some of them. Many would still be conquering new territory as they continued to invade after finding footholds in the state in decades past, regardless of climatic changes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The expanding ranges of unwanted weeds is putting extra pressures on native plants, which are already struggling to withstand the effects climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The fact that non-native plant species have been shifting upslope faster than native plant species is worrisome,” Lamont-Doherty’s Williams said. “In the time required for some slow-migrating native plant species to shift their distributions to locations where the climate is more suitable, those locations may already be colonized by invasive plants.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Willis Linn Jepson encountered a squat shrub while he was collecting botanical specimens on California’s Mount Tamalpais in the fall of 1936. He trimmed off a few branches and jotted down the location along the ridge trail where the manzanita grew, 2,255 feet above sea level.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The desiccated specimen is now part of an \u003ca href=\"http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/\">herbarium here\u003c/a> that’s named for the famed botanist. It was among hundreds of thousands of specimens of thousands of different species that were used recently to track the movement of plant species up the state’s many hills.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>The results of the analysis warn that native plants are struggling to keep up with changes around them as pollution from fuel burning and deforestation continues to warm the planet. Earlier research into the movement of Californian animals shows they’re shifting more quickly than the native plants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The big takeaway is that species are on the move, and they’re moving at different rates,” said \u003ca href=\"http://www.environment.ucla.edu/people/jon-christensen\">Jon Christensen\u003c/a>, a scientist and historian at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ucla.edu/\">University of California, Los Angeles\u003c/a>. “Which raises the concern that the ecosystems of California could be unraveling.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Christensen and four other scientists analyzed a database of 2 million specimens from a network of \u003ca href=\"http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/consortium/participants.html\">35 Californian herbariums\u003c/a>. Herbariums are like little-known natural history museums that store vast collections of ferns, mosses, algae and other plants. They found 681,609 specimen records to include in their analysis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They discovered that the range of the Eastwood’s manzanita, which was the type of plant Jepson trimmed on the mountain trail in 1936, hasn’t budged — even as temperatures have risen around it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Temperatures have been rising around the world because of the heat-trapping effects of carbon dioxide, methane and other types of atmospheric pollution. The combined effects of global warming and phases in ocean cycles contributed to \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/2015-hottest-year-2016-could-surpass-19929\">record-breaking warmth\u003c/a> globally in 2015.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More warming is anticipated in the years and decades ahead, yet ecologists remain unsure how wildlife will be affected. The discovery that the Eastwood’s manzanita range has been locked in its original range “raises questions” about whether it will be able to adapt as the climate changes around it, Christensen said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Overall, just one in eight native Californian species shifted their ranges significantly upward during more than a century of specimen collecting in California, during which time temperatures rose by about 1°C (nearly 2°F), the researchers \u003ca href=\"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/geb.12423/abstract\">concluded in a paper\u003c/a> published in Global Ecology and Biogeography.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Plants and animals aren’t moving together in sync,” University of Connecticut ornithologist \u003ca href=\"http://www.morgantingley.com/\">Morgan Tingley\u003c/a>, who has studied the \u003ca href=\"http://www.pnas.org/content/106/Supplement_2/19637.full.pdf\">shifting ranges of native birds\u003c/a> in parts of California, said after reading the new paper.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This leads us to suspect that ecological communities are breaking down and disassembling,” Tingley said. “It’s a worrying possibility, and one that we don’t yet know the consequences of.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The native plants were also found to be moving more slowly into higher altitudes than their invasive counterparts, one in four of which were found to be spreading uphill.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the planet warms, ideal climatic conditions for different species of wildlife tend to shift to higher latitudes and greater altitudes. Not all species are expected to be able to keep pace with the changes underway. Of those that do, some will encounter mountaintops, shorelines and freeways that prevent them from going any further.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If the climate changes too quickly, and species can’t keep up with it, they might be left behind in a climate that’s completely unsuitable for them,” said \u003ca href=\"http://www.werc.usgs.gov/person.aspx?personid=138\">Nate Stephenson\u003c/a>, a federal forest ecologist who researches climate change. “Then their population numbers may go down. In extreme cases, they might even blink out.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While animals can fly or clamber to new grounds, most plants expand their ranges only when they cast their seeds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s a legitimate concern that many plant species are simply not evolved to be able to shift their population distributions as fast as the current climate-change event will require,” said \u003ca href=\"http://www.ldeo.columbia.edu/user/williams\">Park Williams\u003c/a>, a bioclimatologist at the Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Williams described the new paper, with which he was not involved, as the “culmination of an incredible amount of work.” He said its conclusions are also “broadly relevant” outside California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“California is a great place to study species’ range responses to climate,” Williams said. “They have a great dataset, and also a lot of diversity in terms of elevation and climate type.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new study relied on the results of the ongoing digitization of the specimens at the Californian herbariums. Digitization involves shooting digital photographs of samples and noting the coordinates and other details of the sites where they were collected.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About a quarter of more than 2 million specimens stored in manilla folders in long rows of tall cabinets in a large herbarium at the University of California, Berkeley have been digitized so far. “Big data is a big thing on our campus,” said \u003ca href=\"http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/people/mishler.html\">Brent Mishler\u003c/a>, a biology professor who oversees the collection.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The potential power of each piece of data is limited by the amount of information recorded when the specimen was collected.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The older ones — they may not have as much data,” Mishler said. “But it still tells you where it was collected and when.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The analysis of the big herbarium data showed small-seeded native plant species, such as grasses, are moving more quickly and more often up California’s hills than those with larger seeds — such as manzanita. Small seeds travel further than large ones, making it easier for those types of plants to spread.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s huge variation in the species distribution shifts, depending on whether a plant is endemic, native or invasive,” said \u003ca href=\"https://adamwolf.princeton.edu/about/\">Adam Wolf\u003c/a>, a former Princeton University scientist who led the study. “On top of that, there’s huge variation, depending on whether they have little seeds, medium seeds or big seeds.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Invasive species were more likely to be stretching their ranges upward than native species, and the ranges are moving or expanding more quickly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unwanted weeds aren’t necessarily growing their Californian footprints because of climate change, although it may be helping some of them. Many would still be conquering new territory as they continued to invade after finding footholds in the state in decades past, regardless of climatic changes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The expanding ranges of unwanted weeds is putting extra pressures on native plants, which are already struggling to withstand the effects climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The fact that non-native plant species have been shifting upslope faster than native plant species is worrisome,” Lamont-Doherty’s Williams said. “In the time required for some slow-migrating native plant species to shift their distributions to locations where the climate is more suitable, those locations may already be colonized by invasive plants.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Any sign of precipitation in the forecast is a welcome sight for Californians these days. But with temperatures \u003ca href=\"http://www.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">expected to be above normal\u003c/a> this winter, California’s snowpack may not reach the heights it could.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Getting snow in the Sierra Nevada Mountains is crucial to the state’s water supply. But scientists say as the climate continues to warm, more precipitation will fall as rain instead of snow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>All in the Timing\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Not all precipitation is created equal,” said Kelly Redmond, who studies the snowpack at the Desert Research Institute in Reno.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Both snow and rainfall end up in the same place in California, feeding its \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/2015/09/21/now-that-summers-over-what-do-californias-reservoirs-look-like-a-real-time-visualization/\">network rivers and reservoirs\u003c/a>. The key difference is timing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When it falls as snow, it stays there,” said Redmond. “It’s like a free reservoir. It doesn’t run off, doesn’t cause floods.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Listen to the story:\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nhttp://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2016/02/20160208ScienceWarmerWinters.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Sierra snowpack melts just as California’s dry season begins.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It releases slowly in the spring, and shows up in the rivers and in our faucets in the summer months,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This timing is critical, Redmond says. The snowpack feeds about a third of the California’s water supply. If it fell as rain instead, water managers would need to find a way to store it in reservoirs in the winter until the dry summer months.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Record Warm Winter\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State officials, understandably, keep a very close eye on snow levels, doing \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2016/02/02/good-news-sierra-snowpack-is-above-average/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">monthly snow surveys\u003c/a> in the Sierra.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Currently, the snowpack is its best in years – \u003ca href=\"http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cdecapp/snowapp/sweq.action\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">110 percent of normal\u003c/a>. But last year at this time, it was just 21 percent. Dry weather was the main culprit to blame, but so was record-breaking warmth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last year, for the first time ever recorded in the Sierra, the coldest winter temperatures were above freezing on average.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"http://kroodsma.com/charts/california_water/snow.php?width=700&height=350\" width=\"700\" height=\"350\" scrolling=\"no\" frameborder=\"0\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It doesn’t take much warming to switch from rain to snow,” said Redmond.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California’s snow is already nicknamed “Sierra cement,” because it’s known for being wet and heavy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s almost ready to turn to rain,” Redmond said. “It’s not like the powder you get in Utah and Montana and Colorado, which are at higher altitudes.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For every five degrees of warming, the freezing point of a storm, or the altitude of the “snow level” as it’s called, will rise by a thousand feet, driving the snowpack higher into the mountains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If rain falls on top of snow, it diminishes the snowpack further by melting it and producing heaving runoff.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Overall the freezing level in the Sierra Nevada has been going up,” said Redmond. “It’s been more in the spring. What this means is that melting is starting to occur earlier at higher altitudes and runoff is starting earlier.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Future of Warming\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think this has been kind of a wake up call,” said Dan Cayan, who studies climate change at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography and the US Geological Survey.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘The last couple years were extraordinarily warm and I think to some extent those are models for what we might expect in the future.’\u003ccite>Dan Cayan, USGS\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“The last couple years were extraordinarily warm and I think to some extent those are models for what we might expect in the future,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cayan says California’s snowpack has already shrunk by 10 percent on average since World War II, a trend that is likely to continue as the climate warms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“By the end of the century, if we’re lucky, we’ll only lose half,” said Cayan. “And if we’re unlucky, we could lose more than that. We’re in an era of unprecedented changes.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Whether California will get more or less precipitation overall with climate change is something that’s been debated, but a \u003ca href=\"https://news.agu.org/press-release/southwest-sliding-into-a-drier-normal-weather-patterns-that-bring-rain-are-becoming-less-frequent/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">study released on Thursday\u003c/a> indicates that periods of dryness could increase.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers found that the low-pressure weather systems that typically bring rain to the Southwestern US \u003ca href=\"https://www.cpr.org/news/newsbeat/wet-weather-less-likely-southwest-us-ncar-study-finds\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">have formed less often\u003c/a> during the last three decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Droughts in the Southwest, specifically in California, are getting more intense and can last longer than in the past,” said Andreas Prein of the National Center for Atmospheric Research, who led the study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Preparing for More Runoff\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a big deal,” said Mark Cowin, director of California’s Department of Water Resources. “It really does change the dynamic.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To prepare for a future with more extreme winter runoff, some have called for expanding California’s system of reservoirs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_510440\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-510440\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/Survey-April15-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"A snow survey last April in the Sierra Nevada turned up only dry ground.\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/Survey-April15-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/Survey-April15-400x267.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/Survey-April15-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/Survey-April15-1440x960.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/Survey-April15.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/Survey-April15-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/Survey-April15-960x640.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A snow survey last April in the Sierra Nevada turned up only dry ground. \u003ccite>(Max Whittaker/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“Of course, there’s always been interest in dams,” said Cowin. “They’re big. You can see them. But the fact is we’re not going to appreciably change the amount of reservoir capacity we have in California.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Aside from a handful of proposed projects, there are not many good locations left for dams, he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Instead, Cowin says the state will need to look at other options, like storing more water underground through groundwater banking, preparing for floods and using water more efficiently.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those options will also take substantial financial investment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We could spend a hundred billion dollars over the next decade or two pretty easily,” Cowin said. “Even more than that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California’s recent water bond could help with that, but at just $7 billion dollars, it’s really (and here comes the water metaphor) only a drop in the bucket.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Any sign of precipitation in the forecast is a welcome sight for Californians these days. But with temperatures \u003ca href=\"http://www.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">expected to be above normal\u003c/a> this winter, California’s snowpack may not reach the heights it could.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Getting snow in the Sierra Nevada Mountains is crucial to the state’s water supply. But scientists say as the climate continues to warm, more precipitation will fall as rain instead of snow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>All in the Timing\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Not all precipitation is created equal,” said Kelly Redmond, who studies the snowpack at the Desert Research Institute in Reno.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Both snow and rainfall end up in the same place in California, feeding its \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/2015/09/21/now-that-summers-over-what-do-californias-reservoirs-look-like-a-real-time-visualization/\">network rivers and reservoirs\u003c/a>. The key difference is timing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When it falls as snow, it stays there,” said Redmond. “It’s like a free reservoir. It doesn’t run off, doesn’t cause floods.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Listen to the story:\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The Sierra snowpack melts just as California’s dry season begins.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It releases slowly in the spring, and shows up in the rivers and in our faucets in the summer months,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This timing is critical, Redmond says. The snowpack feeds about a third of the California’s water supply. If it fell as rain instead, water managers would need to find a way to store it in reservoirs in the winter until the dry summer months.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Record Warm Winter\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State officials, understandably, keep a very close eye on snow levels, doing \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2016/02/02/good-news-sierra-snowpack-is-above-average/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">monthly snow surveys\u003c/a> in the Sierra.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Currently, the snowpack is its best in years – \u003ca href=\"http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cdecapp/snowapp/sweq.action\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">110 percent of normal\u003c/a>. But last year at this time, it was just 21 percent. Dry weather was the main culprit to blame, but so was record-breaking warmth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last year, for the first time ever recorded in the Sierra, the coldest winter temperatures were above freezing on average.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"http://kroodsma.com/charts/california_water/snow.php?width=700&height=350\" width=\"700\" height=\"350\" scrolling=\"no\" frameborder=\"0\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It doesn’t take much warming to switch from rain to snow,” said Redmond.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California’s snow is already nicknamed “Sierra cement,” because it’s known for being wet and heavy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s almost ready to turn to rain,” Redmond said. “It’s not like the powder you get in Utah and Montana and Colorado, which are at higher altitudes.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For every five degrees of warming, the freezing point of a storm, or the altitude of the “snow level” as it’s called, will rise by a thousand feet, driving the snowpack higher into the mountains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If rain falls on top of snow, it diminishes the snowpack further by melting it and producing heaving runoff.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Overall the freezing level in the Sierra Nevada has been going up,” said Redmond. “It’s been more in the spring. What this means is that melting is starting to occur earlier at higher altitudes and runoff is starting earlier.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Future of Warming\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think this has been kind of a wake up call,” said Dan Cayan, who studies climate change at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography and the US Geological Survey.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘The last couple years were extraordinarily warm and I think to some extent those are models for what we might expect in the future.’\u003ccite>Dan Cayan, USGS\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“The last couple years were extraordinarily warm and I think to some extent those are models for what we might expect in the future,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cayan says California’s snowpack has already shrunk by 10 percent on average since World War II, a trend that is likely to continue as the climate warms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“By the end of the century, if we’re lucky, we’ll only lose half,” said Cayan. “And if we’re unlucky, we could lose more than that. We’re in an era of unprecedented changes.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Whether California will get more or less precipitation overall with climate change is something that’s been debated, but a \u003ca href=\"https://news.agu.org/press-release/southwest-sliding-into-a-drier-normal-weather-patterns-that-bring-rain-are-becoming-less-frequent/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">study released on Thursday\u003c/a> indicates that periods of dryness could increase.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers found that the low-pressure weather systems that typically bring rain to the Southwestern US \u003ca href=\"https://www.cpr.org/news/newsbeat/wet-weather-less-likely-southwest-us-ncar-study-finds\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">have formed less often\u003c/a> during the last three decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Droughts in the Southwest, specifically in California, are getting more intense and can last longer than in the past,” said Andreas Prein of the National Center for Atmospheric Research, who led the study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Preparing for More Runoff\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a big deal,” said Mark Cowin, director of California’s Department of Water Resources. “It really does change the dynamic.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To prepare for a future with more extreme winter runoff, some have called for expanding California’s system of reservoirs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_510440\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-510440\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/Survey-April15-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"A snow survey last April in the Sierra Nevada turned up only dry ground.\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/Survey-April15-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/Survey-April15-400x267.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/Survey-April15-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/Survey-April15-1440x960.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/Survey-April15.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/Survey-April15-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/Survey-April15-960x640.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A snow survey last April in the Sierra Nevada turned up only dry ground. \u003ccite>(Max Whittaker/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“Of course, there’s always been interest in dams,” said Cowin. “They’re big. You can see them. But the fact is we’re not going to appreciably change the amount of reservoir capacity we have in California.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Aside from a handful of proposed projects, there are not many good locations left for dams, he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Instead, Cowin says the state will need to look at other options, like storing more water underground through groundwater banking, preparing for floods and using water more efficiently.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those options will also take substantial financial investment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We could spend a hundred billion dollars over the next decade or two pretty easily,” Cowin said. “Even more than that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California’s recent water bond could help with that, but at just $7 billion dollars, it’s really (and here comes the water metaphor) only a drop in the bucket.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>When it comes to space exploration, there have never been as many exciting reports from space as there are right now. And we’re not only talking about amazing celestial body discoveries, but also records of distance, time, and the sheer volume of data collected by the spacecraft themselves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some of the flashier space headlines have stolen a lot of attention: \u003ca href=\"http://pluto.jhuapl.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">NASA’s New Horizons\u003c/a> flyby of Pluto, the first landing on a comet by \u003ca href=\"http://m.esa.int/Our_Activities/Space_Science/Rosetta/Rosetta_and_Philae_one_year_since_landing_on_a_comet\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Europe’s Rosetta/Philae\u003c/a> mission, the confirmation of liquid saltwater on Mars by NASA’s Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter and the list goes on and on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But in the annals of interplanetary adventure, a few die-hard robots still hold claim to the greatest records of longevity and distance. Some have faded from public memory, having started their voyages so long ago, now as distant in the mind’s eye as they are in space.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_507959\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-507959\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/652371main_mars_iotd_full_full-400x493.jpg\" alt=\"The rover Opportunity's selfie taken on the edge of the 14-mile wide Endeavor Crater\" width=\"400\" height=\"493\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/652371main_mars_iotd_full_full-400x493.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/652371main_mars_iotd_full_full-800x986.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/652371main_mars_iotd_full_full-768x947.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/652371main_mars_iotd_full_full-1440x1775.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/652371main_mars_iotd_full_full-1920x2367.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/652371main_mars_iotd_full_full-1180x1455.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/652371main_mars_iotd_full_full-960x1183.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The rover Opportunity’s selfie taken on the edge of the 14-mile wide Endeavor Crater \u003ccite>(Opportunity/NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Here is a short list of the most prestigious record-holders, and a recap of what their tireless efforts have achieved.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Opportunity\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Launched on July 8, 2003, \u003ca href=\"http://mars.nasa.gov/mer/home/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">NASA’s Mars Exploration Rover\u003c/a>, Opportunity, landed on Mars on January 27, 2004. Now in operation for 12 years and 7 months, Opportunity has driven a total distance of 26.4 miles (as of last August) across a wide basin in \u003ca href=\"http://themis.asu.edu/feature/14\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Meridiani Planum\u003c/a>, investigating the hematite-rich bottom land of what seems to have been a shallow sea long ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Cassini\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">NASA’s Cassini \u003c/a>spacecraft was launched October 15, 1997 and arrived at Saturn seven years later on July 1, 2004. Today it is still in operation after more than 18 years in space.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When its mission exploring Saturn and its entourage of moons ends around September 2017, it will have spent almost two decades in space—13 years in the Saturn system alone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Among its most notable discoveries is liquid water on at least two of Saturn’s moon. \u003ca href=\"http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=4718\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Enceladus\u003c/a> has water beneath its icy crust and \u003ca href=\"http://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2014/02jul_saltyocean/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Titan\u003c/a>, Saturn’s largest moon, has liquid water deep underground, as revealed by several close flybys.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_507960\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-507960\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/EnceladusFlyby_E-21_690w-400x225.jpg\" alt=\"In 2015, NASA's Cassini spacecraft took its deepest plunge through the water vapor plumes erupting from the small moon Enceladus\" width=\"400\" height=\"225\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/EnceladusFlyby_E-21_690w-400x225.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/EnceladusFlyby_E-21_690w.jpg 690w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">In 2015, NASA’s Cassini spacecraft took its deepest plunge through the water vapor plumes erupting from the small moon Enceladus \u003ccite>(Cassini/NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Cassini also dropped the \u003ca href=\"http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Space_Science/Cassini-Huygens\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">European Huygens\u003c/a> probe to the surface of Titan in 2005. Together the pair of spacecraft found a frigid world with a thick nitrogen atmosphere, hydrocarbon smog, as well as a global cycle of precipitation, runoff and seas of liquid methane.\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>Mars Odyssey 2001\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mars has been the venue of many spaceflight firsts and records. It’s the first planet visited by a spacecraft (Mariner 4), the first planet successfully landed upon (USSR’s Mars 3), the first planet visited by a robotic rover (Pathfinder/Sojourner) and the list of firsts doesn’t end there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It is fitting that the longest functioning spacecraft orbiting another world is a Mars-exploring robot. \u003ca href=\"http://mars.nasa.gov/odyssey/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">NASA’s Mars Odyssey\u003c/a>, launched on April 7, 2001, has been orbiting Mars since October that same year,\u003ca href=\"http://www.space.com/18270-mars-odyssey.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> over 14 years\u003c/a>!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, Odyssey serves as a communications relay for surface robots like Opportunity—another longevity and distance record holder of course!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But in its exploration heyday, Odyssey mapped the chemical composition of Mars’ surface, and gave us great insight into the location of water and water-related minerals that have painted the picture of a much more Earth-like world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Voyager 1\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_507961\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-507961\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/739459main_acd97-0036-2-400x302.jpg\" alt=\"Trajectories of the four farthest-flung spacecraft in space: Pioneers 10 and 11, and Voyagers 1 and 2\" width=\"400\" height=\"302\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/739459main_acd97-0036-2-400x302.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/739459main_acd97-0036-2-800x604.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/739459main_acd97-0036-2-768x580.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/739459main_acd97-0036-2-960x725.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/739459main_acd97-0036-2.jpg 971w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Trajectories of the four farthest-flung spacecraft in space: Pioneers 10 and 11, and Voyagers 1 and 2 \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Remember 1977? That’s the year Jimmy Carter took up residence in the White House. It’s also when NASA launched \u003ca href=\"http://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Voyager 1\u003c/a>, on September 5, on a mission to cruise by Jupiter and Saturn.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And now, over 38 years later, Voyager 1 is still in operation! Well beyond its last port of call—Saturn in 1980—Voyager 1 has taken the prizes of longest operational space mission and most distant space explorer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now at a distance of over 12 billion miles (over three times farther than Pluto), Voyager 1 recently added another prestigious trophy to its shelf of achievements. It is now the first, and so far only, spacecraft to have officially \u003ca href=\"http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/interstellarvoyager/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">entered interstellar space\u003c/a>, beyond the \u003ca href=\"http://ibex.swri.edu/students/What_is_the_heliopause.shtml\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">bubble of space \u003c/a>dominated by particles from our sun.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The twin Voyager 2, though not as far out as its sibling, is also still in operation, and has its own unique claim to fame, being the only spacecraft to have visited the outer gas giant planets, Uranus and Neptune.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Gone, But Not Completely Forgotten\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s worth noting a couple other items for the record book, although they’re missions that are no longer in operation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Years before Voyager, \u003ca href=\"http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/pioneer10\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Pioneer 10\u003c/a> launched on March 3, 1972 and headed to Jupiter, becoming the first spacecraft to venture into the outer solar system. Our last contact with Pioneer 10 was on January 23, 2003, after a mission that lasted almost 31 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And last, but not least, is the oldest derelict spacecraft of all, \u003ca href=\"http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1958-002B\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Vanguard 1\u003c/a>, the fourth artificial satellite sent into space, following Sputniks 1 and 2 and Explorer 1—back in the era when a lot of spacecraft were numbered 1.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though long defunct, Vanguard still orbits the Earth. Launched on March 17, 1958, it sent its last signal to Earth in May of 1964. Vanguard has been in space for 57 years and 10 months and is expected to remain in orbit until at least 2109.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are other missions worthy of the record book, and many more vying for a spot on its pages. Here’s the upshot: as difficult as exploring our solar system is, our space programs have achieved remarkable results, and there’s much more adventure to come.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>When it comes to space exploration, there have never been as many exciting reports from space as there are right now. And we’re not only talking about amazing celestial body discoveries, but also records of distance, time, and the sheer volume of data collected by the spacecraft themselves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some of the flashier space headlines have stolen a lot of attention: \u003ca href=\"http://pluto.jhuapl.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">NASA’s New Horizons\u003c/a> flyby of Pluto, the first landing on a comet by \u003ca href=\"http://m.esa.int/Our_Activities/Space_Science/Rosetta/Rosetta_and_Philae_one_year_since_landing_on_a_comet\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Europe’s Rosetta/Philae\u003c/a> mission, the confirmation of liquid saltwater on Mars by NASA’s Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter and the list goes on and on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But in the annals of interplanetary adventure, a few die-hard robots still hold claim to the greatest records of longevity and distance. Some have faded from public memory, having started their voyages so long ago, now as distant in the mind’s eye as they are in space.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_507959\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-507959\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/652371main_mars_iotd_full_full-400x493.jpg\" alt=\"The rover Opportunity's selfie taken on the edge of the 14-mile wide Endeavor Crater\" width=\"400\" height=\"493\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/652371main_mars_iotd_full_full-400x493.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/652371main_mars_iotd_full_full-800x986.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/652371main_mars_iotd_full_full-768x947.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/652371main_mars_iotd_full_full-1440x1775.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/652371main_mars_iotd_full_full-1920x2367.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/652371main_mars_iotd_full_full-1180x1455.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/652371main_mars_iotd_full_full-960x1183.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The rover Opportunity’s selfie taken on the edge of the 14-mile wide Endeavor Crater \u003ccite>(Opportunity/NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Here is a short list of the most prestigious record-holders, and a recap of what their tireless efforts have achieved.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Opportunity\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Launched on July 8, 2003, \u003ca href=\"http://mars.nasa.gov/mer/home/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">NASA’s Mars Exploration Rover\u003c/a>, Opportunity, landed on Mars on January 27, 2004. Now in operation for 12 years and 7 months, Opportunity has driven a total distance of 26.4 miles (as of last August) across a wide basin in \u003ca href=\"http://themis.asu.edu/feature/14\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Meridiani Planum\u003c/a>, investigating the hematite-rich bottom land of what seems to have been a shallow sea long ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Cassini\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">NASA’s Cassini \u003c/a>spacecraft was launched October 15, 1997 and arrived at Saturn seven years later on July 1, 2004. Today it is still in operation after more than 18 years in space.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When its mission exploring Saturn and its entourage of moons ends around September 2017, it will have spent almost two decades in space—13 years in the Saturn system alone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Among its most notable discoveries is liquid water on at least two of Saturn’s moon. \u003ca href=\"http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=4718\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Enceladus\u003c/a> has water beneath its icy crust and \u003ca href=\"http://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2014/02jul_saltyocean/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Titan\u003c/a>, Saturn’s largest moon, has liquid water deep underground, as revealed by several close flybys.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_507960\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-507960\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/EnceladusFlyby_E-21_690w-400x225.jpg\" alt=\"In 2015, NASA's Cassini spacecraft took its deepest plunge through the water vapor plumes erupting from the small moon Enceladus\" width=\"400\" height=\"225\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/EnceladusFlyby_E-21_690w-400x225.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/EnceladusFlyby_E-21_690w.jpg 690w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">In 2015, NASA’s Cassini spacecraft took its deepest plunge through the water vapor plumes erupting from the small moon Enceladus \u003ccite>(Cassini/NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Cassini also dropped the \u003ca href=\"http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Space_Science/Cassini-Huygens\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">European Huygens\u003c/a> probe to the surface of Titan in 2005. Together the pair of spacecraft found a frigid world with a thick nitrogen atmosphere, hydrocarbon smog, as well as a global cycle of precipitation, runoff and seas of liquid methane.\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>Mars Odyssey 2001\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mars has been the venue of many spaceflight firsts and records. It’s the first planet visited by a spacecraft (Mariner 4), the first planet successfully landed upon (USSR’s Mars 3), the first planet visited by a robotic rover (Pathfinder/Sojourner) and the list of firsts doesn’t end there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It is fitting that the longest functioning spacecraft orbiting another world is a Mars-exploring robot. \u003ca href=\"http://mars.nasa.gov/odyssey/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">NASA’s Mars Odyssey\u003c/a>, launched on April 7, 2001, has been orbiting Mars since October that same year,\u003ca href=\"http://www.space.com/18270-mars-odyssey.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> over 14 years\u003c/a>!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, Odyssey serves as a communications relay for surface robots like Opportunity—another longevity and distance record holder of course!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But in its exploration heyday, Odyssey mapped the chemical composition of Mars’ surface, and gave us great insight into the location of water and water-related minerals that have painted the picture of a much more Earth-like world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Voyager 1\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_507961\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-507961\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/739459main_acd97-0036-2-400x302.jpg\" alt=\"Trajectories of the four farthest-flung spacecraft in space: Pioneers 10 and 11, and Voyagers 1 and 2\" width=\"400\" height=\"302\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/739459main_acd97-0036-2-400x302.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/739459main_acd97-0036-2-800x604.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/739459main_acd97-0036-2-768x580.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/739459main_acd97-0036-2-960x725.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/739459main_acd97-0036-2.jpg 971w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Trajectories of the four farthest-flung spacecraft in space: Pioneers 10 and 11, and Voyagers 1 and 2 \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Remember 1977? That’s the year Jimmy Carter took up residence in the White House. It’s also when NASA launched \u003ca href=\"http://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Voyager 1\u003c/a>, on September 5, on a mission to cruise by Jupiter and Saturn.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And now, over 38 years later, Voyager 1 is still in operation! Well beyond its last port of call—Saturn in 1980—Voyager 1 has taken the prizes of longest operational space mission and most distant space explorer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now at a distance of over 12 billion miles (over three times farther than Pluto), Voyager 1 recently added another prestigious trophy to its shelf of achievements. It is now the first, and so far only, spacecraft to have officially \u003ca href=\"http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/interstellarvoyager/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">entered interstellar space\u003c/a>, beyond the \u003ca href=\"http://ibex.swri.edu/students/What_is_the_heliopause.shtml\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">bubble of space \u003c/a>dominated by particles from our sun.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The twin Voyager 2, though not as far out as its sibling, is also still in operation, and has its own unique claim to fame, being the only spacecraft to have visited the outer gas giant planets, Uranus and Neptune.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Gone, But Not Completely Forgotten\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s worth noting a couple other items for the record book, although they’re missions that are no longer in operation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Years before Voyager, \u003ca href=\"http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/pioneer10\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Pioneer 10\u003c/a> launched on March 3, 1972 and headed to Jupiter, becoming the first spacecraft to venture into the outer solar system. Our last contact with Pioneer 10 was on January 23, 2003, after a mission that lasted almost 31 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And last, but not least, is the oldest derelict spacecraft of all, \u003ca href=\"http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1958-002B\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Vanguard 1\u003c/a>, the fourth artificial satellite sent into space, following Sputniks 1 and 2 and Explorer 1—back in the era when a lot of spacecraft were numbered 1.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though long defunct, Vanguard still orbits the Earth. Launched on March 17, 1958, it sent its last signal to Earth in May of 1964. Vanguard has been in space for 57 years and 10 months and is expected to remain in orbit until at least 2109.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are other missions worthy of the record book, and many more vying for a spot on its pages. Here’s the upshot: as difficult as exploring our solar system is, our space programs have achieved remarkable results, and there’s much more adventure to come.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "MAP: Water Savings Down Just As Drought Rules Extended",
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"content": "\u003cp>Winter storms may be luring many Californians to relax about the drought, but on Tuesday, state officials sent a message that the drought is far from over.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They voted to extend the state’s mandatory water conservation rules through October; the rules were set to expire this month. Under them, water districts have to cut back water use from 4-to-36 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s only half-time in this rainy season and we don’t know what’s coming next,” said Felicia Marcus, chair of the State Water Resources Control Board.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About 40 percent of the state’s water districts are already failing to meet their conservation targets. Many have been lobbying the water board for more leeway going forward, asking for a lower targets for districts in inland areas or for those with large local water supplies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Who’s Saving Water and Who Isn’t\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"100%\" height=\"720\" frameborder=\"0\" src=\"https://kqednews.cartodb.com/viz/725d60ae-ca10-11e5-bc2d-0e3ff518bd15/embed_map\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The board voted to provide some wiggle room, cutting conservation targets by up to 8 percent for districts that have invested in drought-resilient water supplies like water recycling, for those areas that have shown water-efficient growth and for places with hot climates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think that we’ve made so much progress, that Californians have stepped up,” said Sara Aminzadeh of California Coastkeeper Alliance. “And I think that there’s a real danger that if we start to back off that now, we lose some of the ground we covered this year in terms of the ‘keep saving California’ message.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”JnhzUjeNMG4vN1xOBMlJBlYKy4PokCfD”]Some water districts asked the board to wait until April to reinstate the conservation targets, saying their customers would likely ignore a conservation message during the rainy season.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water conservation dropped off in California over the winter. In December, Californians saved just 18 percent, the lowest level since the mandatory drought rules began.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That means cumulatively since June, Californians have saved 25.5 percent, just barely meeting Governor Brown’s goal of cutting water use by 25 percent. Saving water is generally tougher during the winter because residents already use less water outdoors.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The board voted to provide some wiggle room, cutting conservation targets by up to 8 percent for districts that have invested in drought-resilient water supplies like water recycling, for those areas that have shown water-efficient growth and for places with hot climates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think that we’ve made so much progress, that Californians have stepped up,” said Sara Aminzadeh of California Coastkeeper Alliance. “And I think that there’s a real danger that if we start to back off that now, we lose some of the ground we covered this year in terms of the ‘keep saving California’ message.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>Some water districts asked the board to wait until April to reinstate the conservation targets, saying their customers would likely ignore a conservation message during the rainy season.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water conservation dropped off in California over the winter. In December, Californians saved just 18 percent, the lowest level since the mandatory drought rules began.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That means cumulatively since June, Californians have saved 25.5 percent, just barely meeting Governor Brown’s goal of cutting water use by 25 percent. Saving water is generally tougher during the winter because residents already use less water outdoors.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"order": 1
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"id": "code-switch-life-kit",
"title": "Code Switch / Life Kit",
"info": "\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />",
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"meta": {
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"id": "commonwealth-club",
"title": "Commonwealth Club of California Podcast",
"info": "The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.",
"airtime": "THU 10pm, FRI 1am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Commonwealth-Club-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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"meta": {
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"source": "Commonwealth Club of California"
},
"link": "/radio/program/commonwealth-club",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cDovL3d3dy5jb21tb253ZWFsdGhjbHViLm9yZy9hdWRpby9wb2RjYXN0L3dlZWtseS54bWw",
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},
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"id": "forum",
"title": "Forum",
"tagline": "The conversation starts here",
"info": "KQED’s live call-in program discussing local, state, national and international issues, as well as in-depth interviews.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 9am-11am, 10pm-11pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Forum-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Forum with Mina Kim and Alexis Madrigal",
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 9
},
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM5NTU3MzgxNjMz",
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"id": "freakonomics-radio",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "http://freakonomics.com/",
"airtime": "SUN 1am-2am, SAT 3pm-4pm",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "WNYC"
},
"link": "/radio/program/freakonomics-radio",
"subscribe": {
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/freakonomics-radio/id354668519",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/podcasts/WNYC-Podcasts/Freakonomics-Radio-p272293/",
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},
"fresh-air": {
"id": "fresh-air",
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"link": "/radio/program/fresh-air",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=214089682&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"info": "A live production of NPR and WBUR Boston, in collaboration with stations across the country, Here & Now reflects the fluid world of news as it's happening in the middle of the day, with timely, in-depth news, interviews and conversation. Hosted by Robin Young, Jeremy Hobson and Tonya Mosley.",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510051/podcast.xml"
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},
"hidden-brain": {
"id": "hidden-brain",
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"info": "Shankar Vedantam uses science and storytelling to reveal the unconscious patterns that drive human behavior, shape our choices and direct our relationships.",
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"airtime": "SUN 7pm-8pm",
"meta": {
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"source": "NPR"
},
"link": "/radio/program/hidden-brain",
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},
"how-i-built-this": {
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"title": "How I Built This with Guy Raz",
"info": "Guy Raz dives into the stories behind some of the world's best known companies. How I Built This weaves a narrative journey about innovators, entrepreneurs and idealists—and the movements they built.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/05/howIBuiltThis.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510313/how-i-built-this",
"airtime": "SUN 7:30pm-8pm",
"meta": {
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"link": "/radio/program/how-i-built-this",
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"npr": "https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/3zxy",
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/how-i-built-this-with-guy-raz/id1150510297?mt=2",
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"hyphenacion": {
"id": "hyphenacion",
"title": "Hyphenación",
"tagline": "Where conversation and cultura meet",
"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/Hyphenacion_FinalAssets_PodcastTile.png",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/hyphenacion",
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"order": 15
},
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},
"jerrybrown": {
"id": "jerrybrown",
"title": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown",
"tagline": "Lessons from a lifetime in politics",
"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-Political-Mind-of-Jerry-Brown-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
"meta": {
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"order": 18
},
"link": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
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},
"latino-usa": {
"id": "latino-usa",
"title": "Latino USA",
"airtime": "MON 1am-2am, SUN 6pm-7pm",
"info": "Latino USA, the radio journal of news and culture, is the only national, English-language radio program produced from a Latino perspective.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/latinoUsa.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://latinousa.org/",
"meta": {
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},
"link": "/radio/program/latino-usa",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=79681317&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510016/podcast.xml"
}
},
"marketplace": {
"id": "marketplace",
"title": "Marketplace",
"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Marketplace-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.marketplace.org/",
"meta": {
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"source": "American Public Media"
},
"link": "/radio/program/marketplace",
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},
"masters-of-scale": {
"id": "masters-of-scale",
"title": "Masters of Scale",
"info": "Masters of Scale is an original podcast in which LinkedIn co-founder and Greylock Partner Reid Hoffman sets out to describe and prove theories that explain how great entrepreneurs take their companies from zero to a gazillion in ingenious fashion.",
"airtime": "Every other Wednesday June 12 through October 16 at 8pm (repeats Thursdays at 2am)",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Masters-of-Scale-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://mastersofscale.com/",
"meta": {
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"source": "WaitWhat"
},
"link": "/radio/program/masters-of-scale",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "http://mastersofscale.app.link/",
"rss": "https://rss.art19.com/masters-of-scale"
}
},
"mindshift": {
"id": "mindshift",
"title": "MindShift",
"tagline": "A podcast about the future of learning and how we raise our kids",
"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/mindshift/",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 12
},
"link": "/podcasts/mindshift",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5",
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}
},
"morning-edition": {
"id": "morning-edition",
"title": "Morning Edition",
"info": "\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. Hosts Steve Inskeep, David Greene and Rachel Martin bring you the latest breaking news and features to prepare you for the day.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 3am-9am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Morning-Edition-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/programs/morning-edition/",
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"link": "/radio/program/morning-edition"
},
"onourwatch": {
"id": "onourwatch",
"title": "On Our Watch",
"tagline": "Deeply-reported investigative journalism",
"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/On-Our-Watch-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "On Our Watch from NPR and KQED",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 11
},
"link": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/id1567098962",
"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5ucHIub3JnLzUxMDM2MC9wb2RjYXN0LnhtbD9zYz1nb29nbGVwb2RjYXN0cw",
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"stitcher": "https://www.stitcher.com/show/on-our-watch",
"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510360/podcast.xml"
}
},
"on-the-media": {
"id": "on-the-media",
"title": "On The Media",
"info": "Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. For one hour a week, the show tries to lift the veil from the process of \"making media,\" especially news media, because it's through that lens that we see the world and the world sees us",
"airtime": "SUN 2pm-3pm, MON 12am-1am",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/onTheMedia.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.wnycstudios.org/shows/otm",
"meta": {
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"source": "wnyc"
},
"link": "/radio/program/on-the-media",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/on-the-media/id73330715?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/On-the-Media-p69/",
"rss": "http://feeds.wnyc.org/onthemedia"
}
},
"pbs-newshour": {
"id": "pbs-newshour",
"title": "PBS NewsHour",
"info": "Analysis, background reports and updates from the PBS NewsHour putting today's news in context.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 3pm-4pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/PBS-News-Hour-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.pbs.org/newshour/",
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"source": "pbs"
},
"link": "/radio/program/pbs-newshour",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/pbs-newshour-full-show/id394432287?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/PBS-NewsHour---Full-Show-p425698/",
"rss": "https://www.pbs.org/newshour/feeds/rss/podcasts/show"
}
},
"perspectives": {
"id": "perspectives",
"title": "Perspectives",
"tagline": "KQED's series of daily listener commentaries since 1991",
"info": "KQED's series of daily listener commentaries since 1991.",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/Perspectives_Tile_Final.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Perspectives",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/perspectives/",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 14
},
"link": "/perspectives",
"subscribe": {
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"npr": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/432309616/perspectives",
"rss": "https://ww2.kqed.org/perspectives/category/perspectives/feed/",
"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93dzIua3FlZC5vcmcvcGVyc3BlY3RpdmVzL2NhdGVnb3J5L3BlcnNwZWN0aXZlcy9mZWVkLw"
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},
"planet-money": {
"id": "planet-money",
"title": "Planet Money",
"info": "The economy explained. Imagine you could call up a friend and say, Meet me at the bar and tell me what's going on with the economy. Now imagine that's actually a fun evening.",
"airtime": "SUN 3pm-4pm",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/planetmoney.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/sections/money/",
"meta": {
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"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/planet-money",
"subscribe": {
"npr": "https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/M4f5",
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/planet-money/id290783428?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/podcasts/Business--Economics-Podcasts/Planet-Money-p164680/",
"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510289/podcast.xml"
}
},
"politicalbreakdown": {
"id": "politicalbreakdown",
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