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"content": "\u003cp>Seven months after its historic encounter with Pluto, NASA’s New Horizons mission is still dazzling us with discoveries: ancient frozen canyons, chains of icebergs floating in rivers of exotic slush, signs of paleo-oceans, and more.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For a quick flyby mission that lasted mere hours, New Horizons is the gift-giver that keeps on giving as its Pluto data trickles back to Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Icebergs Floating in Nitrogen Slush?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You may have heard of Pluto’s 10,000-foot-high mountain ranges of water ice, possible cryovolcanoes, and nitrogen-ice glaciers pouring through canyons and spilling out into wide flat milky plains. What you may not know is that Pluto has \u003ca href=\"http://pluto.jhuapl.edu/Multimedia/Science-Photos/image.php?page=1&gallery_id=2&image_id=408\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">floating islands\u003c/a>—yes, islands. Or, maybe more correctly, icebergs, of a sort.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_556873\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-556873\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/00_PlutosFloatingHills-Context-lables_V3-sml-02-04-16-800x480.jpg\" alt=\"Pluto's "floating ice islands" in the plains of Sputnik Planum. \" width=\"800\" height=\"480\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/00_PlutosFloatingHills-Context-lables_V3-sml-02-04-16-800x480.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/00_PlutosFloatingHills-Context-lables_V3-sml-02-04-16-400x240.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/00_PlutosFloatingHills-Context-lables_V3-sml-02-04-16-768x461.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/00_PlutosFloatingHills-Context-lables_V3-sml-02-04-16-1180x708.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/00_PlutosFloatingHills-Context-lables_V3-sml-02-04-16-960x576.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/00_PlutosFloatingHills-Context-lables_V3-sml-02-04-16.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Pluto’s “floating ice islands” in the plains of Sputnik Planum. \u003ccite>(NASA/Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory/Southwest Research Institute)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In the smooth white plains of\u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/image-feature/image-of-plutos-vast-icy-plain-informally-called-sputnik-planum\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> Sputnik Planum\u003c/a>, out among the flat expanses of frosty nitrogen and methane, protrude hills of water ice clustered in chains that almost look like flotsam washed up along the banks of a river.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The water-ice islands, or bergs, range in size from a mile to several miles across. At first glance they appear as hills dotting the flat plain, or possibly the tops of taller formations poking above the frigid flows that surround them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the clustering pattern, along with the directional flow of the slushy glacial sheets, suggest that they are large chunks of material that have broken off nearby highlands of water ice and were carried along with the flow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The clustering in chains may be due to the floating bergs running aground in shallower areas and accumulating—so the impression of riverbank flotsam may be accurate!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, it helps to think of the nitrogen glaciers as rivers and the plains they flood into as seas—seas in a much more literal sense than the “mare” (seas) of Earth’s Moon, which are flat plains of solid basalt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Pluto, exotic ices of nitrogen, methane, and ammonia (all of which have been detected in Sputnik Planum) are not rock-solid like their water-ice counterpart, but flow somewhat like glaciers do in Earth’s warmer climate. Glaciers on Earth are even known to carry chunks of rock and transport them from one place to another—although these usually sink to the bottom of the glacier, rock being denser than water ice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Pluto, water ice is less dense than the nitrogen glaciers and so would “float” in the slush—not unlike how icebergs float in Earth’s oceans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Frozen Polar Canyons\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another news flash came in more recently: “frozen” canyons exist in Pluto’s North Pole region—face it, a lot of things are frozen on Pluto. You may think, so what? Isn’t every canyon on Pluto technically frozen? What’s the fuss about?\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_556874\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-556874\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/00_NorthPoleRotatedContrastUnannotated_CLEAN-copy-800x986.jpg\" alt=\"Pluto's ancient frozen canyons of its North Polar region. \" width=\"800\" height=\"986\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/00_NorthPoleRotatedContrastUnannotated_CLEAN-copy-800x986.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/00_NorthPoleRotatedContrastUnannotated_CLEAN-copy-400x493.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/00_NorthPoleRotatedContrastUnannotated_CLEAN-copy-768x947.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/00_NorthPoleRotatedContrastUnannotated_CLEAN-copy-1180x1454.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/00_NorthPoleRotatedContrastUnannotated_CLEAN-copy-960x1183.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/00_NorthPoleRotatedContrastUnannotated_CLEAN-copy.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Pluto’s ancient frozen canyons of its North Polar region. \u003ccite>(NASA/Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory/Southwest Research Institute)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://pluto.jhuapl.edu/Multimedia/Science-Photos/image.php?page=1&gallery_id=2&image_id=412\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">canyons in question\u003c/a> are a series of long, parallel furrows, the largest of them gaping 45 miles across, bracketing Pluto’s geographic North Pole. These canyons, unlike many others found elsewhere on Pluto, appear to be quite old, crumbling and degraded with age, and are possibly made of weaker material.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They may be old enough to have formed when Pluto was still tectonically active, when the dwarf planet and its large moon Charon rotated relative to each other and mutually generated a lot of tidal-stress heat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, Pluto and Charon are tidally locked, each keeping the same side aimed at the other—like the faces of a figure-skating couple with gazes locked on one another.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the tethered grip the pair have on each other today, there is no longer any significant gravitational flexing or stretching between them to generate heat and drive tectonic activity—the figure skaters are not flexing their muscles to perform spins and throws, but simply clasp hands and no longer generate as much body heat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By studying these polar canyons, scientists may gain insight into conditions in Pluto’s and Charon’s past, when the couple did work up more of a tectonic sweat than today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Ancient Ocean on Charon?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Finally, turning our attention to Charon (Pluto’s big moon) there appears to be evidence of what may have been an \u003ca href=\"http://pluto.jhuapl.edu/Multimedia/Science-Photos/image.php?page=1&gallery_id=2&image_id=411\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">ancient ocean\u003c/a> long ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The evidence comes in the form of a series of long, deep chasms that give the appearance that Charon’s water ice surface has cracked. One of these “cracks” is 1,100 miles long and up to 4.5 miles deep!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One hypothesis about these epic canyons is that long ago, Charon was warmer, with heat from radioactive decay as well as its initial formation melting at least some of the water ice to form subsurface oceans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_556875\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-556875\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/00_Charon_SerenityChasma_Context_02182016_Melded-800x433.jpg\" alt=\"The "cracks" in the icy crust of Pluto's moon Charon that may be evidence of a past subsurface ocean of liquid water\" width=\"800\" height=\"433\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/00_Charon_SerenityChasma_Context_02182016_Melded-800x433.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/00_Charon_SerenityChasma_Context_02182016_Melded-400x217.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/00_Charon_SerenityChasma_Context_02182016_Melded-768x416.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/00_Charon_SerenityChasma_Context_02182016_Melded-1180x639.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/00_Charon_SerenityChasma_Context_02182016_Melded-960x520.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/00_Charon_SerenityChasma_Context_02182016_Melded.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The “cracks” in the icy crust of Pluto’s moon Charon that may be evidence of a past subsurface ocean of liquid water \u003ccite>(NASA/Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory/Southwest Research Institute)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>As Charon cooled over time, the oceans would have frozen and expanded, pushing the crust outward and forming giant stress fractures—ostensibly the chasms New Horizons captured images of when it flew by last July.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Adventure Continues\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We can enjoy the fruits of New Horizons’ expedition for months to come. Due to the spacecraft’s great distance (\u003ca href=\"http://pluto.jhuapl.edu/Mission/Where-is-New-Horizons/index.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">presently\u003c/a> over 3.2 billion miles from Earth), a limited amount of electrical power, and the fact that it collected many gigabytes of data, it will take upwards of \u003ca href=\"http://gizmodo.com/why-itll-take-new-horizons-16-months-to-send-us-this-we-1717769317\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">16 months to transmit\u003c/a> it all back to Earth—so the rewards should keep rolling in through the end of this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And, there’s a fresh adventure on the horizon, as the tiny nuclear robot coasts toward a 2019 encounter with the Kuiper Belt Object 2014 MU69. If the encounter goes as planned, it will be our first up-close look at a small, icy object in the Kuiper Belt, those vast rings of material that encircle the sun beyond the orbit of Neptune.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stay tuned…\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Seven months after its historic encounter with Pluto, NASA's New Horizons mission is still dazzling us with discoveries: ancient frozen canyons, chains of icebergs floating in rivers of exotic slush, signs of paleo-oceans, and more. ",
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"title": "Months After its Pluto Encounter, NASA Spacecraft Still Surprises and Delights | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Seven months after its historic encounter with Pluto, NASA’s New Horizons mission is still dazzling us with discoveries: ancient frozen canyons, chains of icebergs floating in rivers of exotic slush, signs of paleo-oceans, and more.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For a quick flyby mission that lasted mere hours, New Horizons is the gift-giver that keeps on giving as its Pluto data trickles back to Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Icebergs Floating in Nitrogen Slush?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You may have heard of Pluto’s 10,000-foot-high mountain ranges of water ice, possible cryovolcanoes, and nitrogen-ice glaciers pouring through canyons and spilling out into wide flat milky plains. What you may not know is that Pluto has \u003ca href=\"http://pluto.jhuapl.edu/Multimedia/Science-Photos/image.php?page=1&gallery_id=2&image_id=408\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">floating islands\u003c/a>—yes, islands. Or, maybe more correctly, icebergs, of a sort.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_556873\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-556873\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/00_PlutosFloatingHills-Context-lables_V3-sml-02-04-16-800x480.jpg\" alt=\"Pluto's "floating ice islands" in the plains of Sputnik Planum. \" width=\"800\" height=\"480\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/00_PlutosFloatingHills-Context-lables_V3-sml-02-04-16-800x480.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/00_PlutosFloatingHills-Context-lables_V3-sml-02-04-16-400x240.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/00_PlutosFloatingHills-Context-lables_V3-sml-02-04-16-768x461.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/00_PlutosFloatingHills-Context-lables_V3-sml-02-04-16-1180x708.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/00_PlutosFloatingHills-Context-lables_V3-sml-02-04-16-960x576.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/00_PlutosFloatingHills-Context-lables_V3-sml-02-04-16.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Pluto’s “floating ice islands” in the plains of Sputnik Planum. \u003ccite>(NASA/Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory/Southwest Research Institute)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In the smooth white plains of\u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/image-feature/image-of-plutos-vast-icy-plain-informally-called-sputnik-planum\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> Sputnik Planum\u003c/a>, out among the flat expanses of frosty nitrogen and methane, protrude hills of water ice clustered in chains that almost look like flotsam washed up along the banks of a river.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The water-ice islands, or bergs, range in size from a mile to several miles across. At first glance they appear as hills dotting the flat plain, or possibly the tops of taller formations poking above the frigid flows that surround them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the clustering pattern, along with the directional flow of the slushy glacial sheets, suggest that they are large chunks of material that have broken off nearby highlands of water ice and were carried along with the flow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The clustering in chains may be due to the floating bergs running aground in shallower areas and accumulating—so the impression of riverbank flotsam may be accurate!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, it helps to think of the nitrogen glaciers as rivers and the plains they flood into as seas—seas in a much more literal sense than the “mare” (seas) of Earth’s Moon, which are flat plains of solid basalt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Pluto, exotic ices of nitrogen, methane, and ammonia (all of which have been detected in Sputnik Planum) are not rock-solid like their water-ice counterpart, but flow somewhat like glaciers do in Earth’s warmer climate. Glaciers on Earth are even known to carry chunks of rock and transport them from one place to another—although these usually sink to the bottom of the glacier, rock being denser than water ice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Pluto, water ice is less dense than the nitrogen glaciers and so would “float” in the slush—not unlike how icebergs float in Earth’s oceans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Frozen Polar Canyons\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another news flash came in more recently: “frozen” canyons exist in Pluto’s North Pole region—face it, a lot of things are frozen on Pluto. You may think, so what? Isn’t every canyon on Pluto technically frozen? What’s the fuss about?\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_556874\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-556874\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/00_NorthPoleRotatedContrastUnannotated_CLEAN-copy-800x986.jpg\" alt=\"Pluto's ancient frozen canyons of its North Polar region. \" width=\"800\" height=\"986\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/00_NorthPoleRotatedContrastUnannotated_CLEAN-copy-800x986.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/00_NorthPoleRotatedContrastUnannotated_CLEAN-copy-400x493.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/00_NorthPoleRotatedContrastUnannotated_CLEAN-copy-768x947.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/00_NorthPoleRotatedContrastUnannotated_CLEAN-copy-1180x1454.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/00_NorthPoleRotatedContrastUnannotated_CLEAN-copy-960x1183.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/00_NorthPoleRotatedContrastUnannotated_CLEAN-copy.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Pluto’s ancient frozen canyons of its North Polar region. \u003ccite>(NASA/Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory/Southwest Research Institute)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://pluto.jhuapl.edu/Multimedia/Science-Photos/image.php?page=1&gallery_id=2&image_id=412\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">canyons in question\u003c/a> are a series of long, parallel furrows, the largest of them gaping 45 miles across, bracketing Pluto’s geographic North Pole. These canyons, unlike many others found elsewhere on Pluto, appear to be quite old, crumbling and degraded with age, and are possibly made of weaker material.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They may be old enough to have formed when Pluto was still tectonically active, when the dwarf planet and its large moon Charon rotated relative to each other and mutually generated a lot of tidal-stress heat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, Pluto and Charon are tidally locked, each keeping the same side aimed at the other—like the faces of a figure-skating couple with gazes locked on one another.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the tethered grip the pair have on each other today, there is no longer any significant gravitational flexing or stretching between them to generate heat and drive tectonic activity—the figure skaters are not flexing their muscles to perform spins and throws, but simply clasp hands and no longer generate as much body heat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By studying these polar canyons, scientists may gain insight into conditions in Pluto’s and Charon’s past, when the couple did work up more of a tectonic sweat than today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Ancient Ocean on Charon?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Finally, turning our attention to Charon (Pluto’s big moon) there appears to be evidence of what may have been an \u003ca href=\"http://pluto.jhuapl.edu/Multimedia/Science-Photos/image.php?page=1&gallery_id=2&image_id=411\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">ancient ocean\u003c/a> long ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The evidence comes in the form of a series of long, deep chasms that give the appearance that Charon’s water ice surface has cracked. One of these “cracks” is 1,100 miles long and up to 4.5 miles deep!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One hypothesis about these epic canyons is that long ago, Charon was warmer, with heat from radioactive decay as well as its initial formation melting at least some of the water ice to form subsurface oceans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_556875\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-556875\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/00_Charon_SerenityChasma_Context_02182016_Melded-800x433.jpg\" alt=\"The "cracks" in the icy crust of Pluto's moon Charon that may be evidence of a past subsurface ocean of liquid water\" width=\"800\" height=\"433\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/00_Charon_SerenityChasma_Context_02182016_Melded-800x433.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/00_Charon_SerenityChasma_Context_02182016_Melded-400x217.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/00_Charon_SerenityChasma_Context_02182016_Melded-768x416.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/00_Charon_SerenityChasma_Context_02182016_Melded-1180x639.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/00_Charon_SerenityChasma_Context_02182016_Melded-960x520.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/00_Charon_SerenityChasma_Context_02182016_Melded.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The “cracks” in the icy crust of Pluto’s moon Charon that may be evidence of a past subsurface ocean of liquid water \u003ccite>(NASA/Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory/Southwest Research Institute)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>As Charon cooled over time, the oceans would have frozen and expanded, pushing the crust outward and forming giant stress fractures—ostensibly the chasms New Horizons captured images of when it flew by last July.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Adventure Continues\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We can enjoy the fruits of New Horizons’ expedition for months to come. Due to the spacecraft’s great distance (\u003ca href=\"http://pluto.jhuapl.edu/Mission/Where-is-New-Horizons/index.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">presently\u003c/a> over 3.2 billion miles from Earth), a limited amount of electrical power, and the fact that it collected many gigabytes of data, it will take upwards of \u003ca href=\"http://gizmodo.com/why-itll-take-new-horizons-16-months-to-send-us-this-we-1717769317\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">16 months to transmit\u003c/a> it all back to Earth—so the rewards should keep rolling in through the end of this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And, there’s a fresh adventure on the horizon, as the tiny nuclear robot coasts toward a 2019 encounter with the Kuiper Belt Object 2014 MU69. If the encounter goes as planned, it will be our first up-close look at a small, icy object in the Kuiper Belt, those vast rings of material that encircle the sun beyond the orbit of Neptune.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stay tuned…\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "March Miracle? El Niño Kicks Back in With Soaking Storms on the Way",
"headTitle": "March Miracle? El Niño Kicks Back in With Soaking Storms on the Way | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>February was an extremely warm month (once again) across California, with temperature records falling on a daily basis. February was also quite dry across the state, with the only precipitation event of any note occurring around the middle of the month.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Sierra Nevada snowpack — which had been hovering slightly above average through the end of January — started to fall behind by mid-month, and the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2016/03/01/sierra-snow-survey-offers-no-boost-for-drought-busting/\">March 1 snow survey\u003c/a> showed statewide snowpack slightly above 80 percent of average for the date. This number is decidedly better than \u003ca href=\"http://www.livescience.com/52265-california-snowpack-shrinking.html\">during recent winters\u003c/a>, but that’s really only a testament to the abysmal snowpack accumulations during the reign of the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/01/23/ridiculous-ridge-may-be-back-to-prolong-california-drought/\">Ridiculously Resilient Ridge\u003c/a> (of high pressure along the coast).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Change in the Wind\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An abrupt change in the prevailing weather pattern is now at California’s doorstep, however. The persistent ridging of the past month or so is rapidly being displaced by a series of powerful storm systems, driven by a remarkable enhancement and consolidation of the Pacific jet stream.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_560640\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-560640\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/f3.png\" alt=\"The jet stream will be in a favorable position for active weather across California this weekend.\" width=\"1024\" height=\"715\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/f3.png 1024w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/f3-400x279.png 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/f3-800x559.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/f3-768x536.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/f3-960x670.png 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The jet stream will be in a favorable position for active weather across California this weekend. \u003ccite>(NCEP via tropicaltidbits.com)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Rain has already begun across the northernmost portion of California, and will continue more or less continuously through Monday. Precipitation will gradually spread farther south on Friday and intensify on Saturday as a very strong cold front approaches the California coast. A robust \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/11/23/flying-into-the-heart-of-the-wests-biggest-storms/\">atmospheric river\u003c/a> (arguably of the \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pineapple_Express\">Pineapple Express\u003c/a> variety, given its subtropical origins near Hawaii) will be in place in advance of the front itself, providing plenty of moisture for the impressive larger-scale dynamics to act upon. The nose of a strong jet streak will move inland over Central California before sagging southward over time, adding lift as this storm system sweeps across the state from northwest to southeast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Thar She Blows\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The very moist atmosphere combined with a fairly impressive frontal structure will likely lead to a period of very heavy rainfall across much of California. This setup would likely be cause for significant concern if conditions had been very wet, or if the front was expected to hang up over a given location. Right now, the whole system appears to be fast-moving enough to prevent severe flood concerns — especially given our dry February. But given the high intensity of the expected precipitation, it will be worth watching closely to see if a frontal wave develops on Saturday and stalls the front more than expected. Should that occur, flood concerns would increase considerably.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_560645\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 909px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-560645\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/f4.png\" alt=\"Water vapor fluxes associated with this weekend’s atmospheric river will be impressive.\" width=\"909\" height=\"984\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/f4.png 909w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/f4-400x433.png 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/f4-800x866.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/f4-768x831.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 909px) 100vw, 909px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Water vapor fluxes associated with this weekend’s atmospheric river will be impressive. \u003ccite>(NCEP via Scripps)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In addition to impressive upper-level dynamics for this part of the world, a substantial reservoir of cold air behind the cold front will provide quite a bit of instability during and after frontal passage — leading to a decent chance of at least isolated thunderstorms across much of the state beginning later on Saturday. Strong and gusty winds — potentially 40 to 50 mph in some places — will also occur as surface pressure gradients strengthen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A secondary system will develop rapidly late Saturday and early Sunday over the Pacific just west of California as the jet stream remains situated in an unusually favorable low-latitude position. While this surface low won’t have much time to develop before hitting the coast, it could still pack a substantial punch, particularly in Southern California. In fact, this second system could bring at least a brief burst of widespread heavy precipitation and perhaps thunderstorms to much of Southern California (focused from the Bay Area southward). There are some early indications that stronger surface-based instability could develop later Sunday or Monday across portions of Southern California, which could lead to the development of some severe thunderstorm activity near the coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_560646\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-560646\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/f5.png\" alt=\"The GFS is suggesting widespread heavy precipitation though Monday evening.\" width=\"1024\" height=\"715\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/f5.png 1024w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/f5-400x279.png 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/f5-800x559.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/f5-768x536.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/f5-960x670.png 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This forecast model suggests widespread heavy precipitation though Monday evening. \u003ccite>(NCEP via tropicaltidbits.com)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Rainfall totals through Monday across Northern California will be in the 2-4 inch range in most places (including San Francisco and Sacramento), possibly more than double that (5-8+ inches) in the coastal hills and the northern Sierra Nevada foothills. Most of Southern California will probably see rainfall more on the order of 1-2 inches, with double that in the coastal mountains. Notably, however, this precipitation will fall rather quickly, and may cause more problems that would typically be the case with precipitation of this magnitude. In the Sierra Nevada, snow levels will start out quite high as the warm atmospheric river moves ashore but will plummet later in the weekend as much colder air arrives. Several (2-4) feet of new snowfall is likely above 7000 feet, and lesser accumulations down to 4000 feet or so are likely by Monday as the secondary system moves inland.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Models Waffle\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California weather (model) watchers got quite the show a couple of days ago when simulations started pointing toward an extreme precipitation event to develop next week, following this weekend’s still very heavy rainfall. The setup was one strongly reminiscent of that which makes California water wonks nervous: the occurrence of a very persistent and strong atmospheric river event focused upon a narrow stretch of the West Coast. Several model cycles were hinting at the potential for \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/Weather_West/status/704897495432884224\">truly incredible amounts of rain\u003c/a> and high-elevation snow between March 4 and March 12.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fortunately, however, it now seems that those really extreme numbers are unlikely to come to pass. While a very impressive atmospheric river is still expected to develop across the eastern Pacific next week and eventually make it to California, it is not presently expected to be nearly as persistent as had been simulated a few days ago. Present models still suggest a storm that would be quite impressive by the low standards set during recent drought winters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>‘March Miracle:’ a Relative Term\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the longer run, it seems likely that a fairly active weather pattern will continue across California for much of March. It’s hard to say at this point whether precipitation this month might approach the remarkable late-season levels of the “Miracle March” in 1991, but it does at least appear likely that California’s snowpack will recover, possibly back to above-average levels in the coming weeks. It’s less clear whether Southern California will be able to make up the seasonal precipitation deficit that has accumulated this year despite the near record-strength El Niño event in the tropical Pacific. Still, it appears increasingly likely that March will at least be able to make a dent — even though it’s quite clear that California’s multi-year drought will persist through the summer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Daniel Swain is an atmospheric scientist at Stanford’s School of Earth, Energy & Environmental Sciences. A version of this post also appears on his \u003ca href=\"http://www.weatherwest.com/\">California Weather blog\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "A major shift in weather patterns should bring some serious rain and a boost to the Sierra snowpack.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>February was an extremely warm month (once again) across California, with temperature records falling on a daily basis. February was also quite dry across the state, with the only precipitation event of any note occurring around the middle of the month.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Sierra Nevada snowpack — which had been hovering slightly above average through the end of January — started to fall behind by mid-month, and the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2016/03/01/sierra-snow-survey-offers-no-boost-for-drought-busting/\">March 1 snow survey\u003c/a> showed statewide snowpack slightly above 80 percent of average for the date. This number is decidedly better than \u003ca href=\"http://www.livescience.com/52265-california-snowpack-shrinking.html\">during recent winters\u003c/a>, but that’s really only a testament to the abysmal snowpack accumulations during the reign of the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/01/23/ridiculous-ridge-may-be-back-to-prolong-california-drought/\">Ridiculously Resilient Ridge\u003c/a> (of high pressure along the coast).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Change in the Wind\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An abrupt change in the prevailing weather pattern is now at California’s doorstep, however. The persistent ridging of the past month or so is rapidly being displaced by a series of powerful storm systems, driven by a remarkable enhancement and consolidation of the Pacific jet stream.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_560640\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-560640\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/f3.png\" alt=\"The jet stream will be in a favorable position for active weather across California this weekend.\" width=\"1024\" height=\"715\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/f3.png 1024w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/f3-400x279.png 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/f3-800x559.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/f3-768x536.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/f3-960x670.png 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The jet stream will be in a favorable position for active weather across California this weekend. \u003ccite>(NCEP via tropicaltidbits.com)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Rain has already begun across the northernmost portion of California, and will continue more or less continuously through Monday. Precipitation will gradually spread farther south on Friday and intensify on Saturday as a very strong cold front approaches the California coast. A robust \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/11/23/flying-into-the-heart-of-the-wests-biggest-storms/\">atmospheric river\u003c/a> (arguably of the \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pineapple_Express\">Pineapple Express\u003c/a> variety, given its subtropical origins near Hawaii) will be in place in advance of the front itself, providing plenty of moisture for the impressive larger-scale dynamics to act upon. The nose of a strong jet streak will move inland over Central California before sagging southward over time, adding lift as this storm system sweeps across the state from northwest to southeast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Thar She Blows\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The very moist atmosphere combined with a fairly impressive frontal structure will likely lead to a period of very heavy rainfall across much of California. This setup would likely be cause for significant concern if conditions had been very wet, or if the front was expected to hang up over a given location. Right now, the whole system appears to be fast-moving enough to prevent severe flood concerns — especially given our dry February. But given the high intensity of the expected precipitation, it will be worth watching closely to see if a frontal wave develops on Saturday and stalls the front more than expected. Should that occur, flood concerns would increase considerably.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_560645\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 909px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-560645\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/f4.png\" alt=\"Water vapor fluxes associated with this weekend’s atmospheric river will be impressive.\" width=\"909\" height=\"984\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/f4.png 909w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/f4-400x433.png 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/f4-800x866.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/f4-768x831.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 909px) 100vw, 909px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Water vapor fluxes associated with this weekend’s atmospheric river will be impressive. \u003ccite>(NCEP via Scripps)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In addition to impressive upper-level dynamics for this part of the world, a substantial reservoir of cold air behind the cold front will provide quite a bit of instability during and after frontal passage — leading to a decent chance of at least isolated thunderstorms across much of the state beginning later on Saturday. Strong and gusty winds — potentially 40 to 50 mph in some places — will also occur as surface pressure gradients strengthen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A secondary system will develop rapidly late Saturday and early Sunday over the Pacific just west of California as the jet stream remains situated in an unusually favorable low-latitude position. While this surface low won’t have much time to develop before hitting the coast, it could still pack a substantial punch, particularly in Southern California. In fact, this second system could bring at least a brief burst of widespread heavy precipitation and perhaps thunderstorms to much of Southern California (focused from the Bay Area southward). There are some early indications that stronger surface-based instability could develop later Sunday or Monday across portions of Southern California, which could lead to the development of some severe thunderstorm activity near the coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_560646\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-560646\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/f5.png\" alt=\"The GFS is suggesting widespread heavy precipitation though Monday evening.\" width=\"1024\" height=\"715\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/f5.png 1024w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/f5-400x279.png 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/f5-800x559.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/f5-768x536.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/f5-960x670.png 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This forecast model suggests widespread heavy precipitation though Monday evening. \u003ccite>(NCEP via tropicaltidbits.com)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Rainfall totals through Monday across Northern California will be in the 2-4 inch range in most places (including San Francisco and Sacramento), possibly more than double that (5-8+ inches) in the coastal hills and the northern Sierra Nevada foothills. Most of Southern California will probably see rainfall more on the order of 1-2 inches, with double that in the coastal mountains. Notably, however, this precipitation will fall rather quickly, and may cause more problems that would typically be the case with precipitation of this magnitude. In the Sierra Nevada, snow levels will start out quite high as the warm atmospheric river moves ashore but will plummet later in the weekend as much colder air arrives. Several (2-4) feet of new snowfall is likely above 7000 feet, and lesser accumulations down to 4000 feet or so are likely by Monday as the secondary system moves inland.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Models Waffle\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California weather (model) watchers got quite the show a couple of days ago when simulations started pointing toward an extreme precipitation event to develop next week, following this weekend’s still very heavy rainfall. The setup was one strongly reminiscent of that which makes California water wonks nervous: the occurrence of a very persistent and strong atmospheric river event focused upon a narrow stretch of the West Coast. Several model cycles were hinting at the potential for \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/Weather_West/status/704897495432884224\">truly incredible amounts of rain\u003c/a> and high-elevation snow between March 4 and March 12.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fortunately, however, it now seems that those really extreme numbers are unlikely to come to pass. While a very impressive atmospheric river is still expected to develop across the eastern Pacific next week and eventually make it to California, it is not presently expected to be nearly as persistent as had been simulated a few days ago. Present models still suggest a storm that would be quite impressive by the low standards set during recent drought winters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>‘March Miracle:’ a Relative Term\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the longer run, it seems likely that a fairly active weather pattern will continue across California for much of March. It’s hard to say at this point whether precipitation this month might approach the remarkable late-season levels of the “Miracle March” in 1991, but it does at least appear likely that California’s snowpack will recover, possibly back to above-average levels in the coming weeks. It’s less clear whether Southern California will be able to make up the seasonal precipitation deficit that has accumulated this year despite the near record-strength El Niño event in the tropical Pacific. Still, it appears increasingly likely that March will at least be able to make a dent — even though it’s quite clear that California’s multi-year drought will persist through the summer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Daniel Swain is an atmospheric scientist at Stanford’s School of Earth, Energy & Environmental Sciences. A version of this post also appears on his \u003ca href=\"http://www.weatherwest.com/\">California Weather blog\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cem>Update: 4:50 p.m., Friday, 4 March 2016\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Health officials confirmed three Zika virus cases in the East Bay today and said they post no threat to public health. Alameda County has one case and Contra Costa County has two cases; neither county is releasing further information.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>San Francisco health department spokeswoman Rachael Kagan said the city got confirmation of its Zika virus case on February 4, but delayed announcing it to the public because there was no health threat. The city announced the confirmed case yesterday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Original Story:\u003cbr>\n\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\nSan Francisco Health Officer Tomas Aragon says the person who tested positive for Zika virus is fully recovered, and there is no risk of transmission. Zika is transmitted when a particular species of mosquito bites a person with an active infection, and then bites another person. The \u003cem>Aedes\u003c/em> mosquito that spreads Zika has not been found in San Francisco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There is no reason for the general public to be concerned that they are at risk for getting Zika in San Francisco at this time,” Aragon said in a statement. “Zika is not circulating in San Francisco.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Zika generally causes mild flu-like symptoms, but has been linked to a birth defect that causes babies to be born with unusually small heads. Aragon said the San Franciscan who has recovered from Zika is not pregnant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is the second case of Zika virus confirmed in the Bay Area, and the third in Northern California. Napa County health officials said yesterday that a pregnant woman, who had also traveled to Central America, was confirmed positive for Zika. KQED’s State of Health \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2016/03/02/napa-county-reports-first-case-of-zika/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">reported yesterday\u003c/a> that the woman was not showing signs of infection.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>“This Zika virus case is not a threat to public health. There is no active transmission of Zika virus in Napa County, and the two kinds of mosquitos that transmit the virus have not been found here,” Dr. Karen Relucio, Napa County health officer, said in a statement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Anyone who is planning to travel to a country with active Zika virus transmission should consult with their health care provider before leaving,” she said, “especially if they are pregnant or are considering becoming pregnant.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Napa public health officials say they expect to see more Zika cases. The agency is working with local doctors to test for cases of Zika virus both in pregnant women who have traveled to countries with Zika virus or who have sexual partners who have traveled to these countries.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cem>Update: 4:50 p.m., Friday, 4 March 2016\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Health officials confirmed three Zika virus cases in the East Bay today and said they post no threat to public health. Alameda County has one case and Contra Costa County has two cases; neither county is releasing further information.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>San Francisco health department spokeswoman Rachael Kagan said the city got confirmation of its Zika virus case on February 4, but delayed announcing it to the public because there was no health threat. The city announced the confirmed case yesterday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Original Story:\u003cbr>\n\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\nSan Francisco Health Officer Tomas Aragon says the person who tested positive for Zika virus is fully recovered, and there is no risk of transmission. Zika is transmitted when a particular species of mosquito bites a person with an active infection, and then bites another person. The \u003cem>Aedes\u003c/em> mosquito that spreads Zika has not been found in San Francisco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There is no reason for the general public to be concerned that they are at risk for getting Zika in San Francisco at this time,” Aragon said in a statement. “Zika is not circulating in San Francisco.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Zika generally causes mild flu-like symptoms, but has been linked to a birth defect that causes babies to be born with unusually small heads. Aragon said the San Franciscan who has recovered from Zika is not pregnant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is the second case of Zika virus confirmed in the Bay Area, and the third in Northern California. Napa County health officials said yesterday that a pregnant woman, who had also traveled to Central America, was confirmed positive for Zika. KQED’s State of Health \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2016/03/02/napa-county-reports-first-case-of-zika/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">reported yesterday\u003c/a> that the woman was not showing signs of infection.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>“This Zika virus case is not a threat to public health. There is no active transmission of Zika virus in Napa County, and the two kinds of mosquitos that transmit the virus have not been found here,” Dr. Karen Relucio, Napa County health officer, said in a statement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Anyone who is planning to travel to a country with active Zika virus transmission should consult with their health care provider before leaving,” she said, “especially if they are pregnant or are considering becoming pregnant.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Napa public health officials say they expect to see more Zika cases. The agency is working with local doctors to test for cases of Zika virus both in pregnant women who have traveled to countries with Zika virus or who have sexual partners who have traveled to these countries.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Berta Cáceres, a hugely influential Honduran indigenous rights activist, was killed in her hometown of La Esperenza, Intibucá, on Thursday. She would have turned 46 tomorrow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cáceres was awarded the Goldman Environmental Prize after she led a peaceful campaign to stop one of the world’s largest dam builders from pursuing the Agua Zarca Dam, which would have cut off the ethnic Lenca people from water, food and medicine.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">Her mother said that Cáceres was killed “because of her struggle.”\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.laprensa.hn/sucesos/935886-410/polic%C3%ADa-explica-su-ausencia-en-muerte-de-berta-c%C3%A1ceres\">La Prensa of Honduras reports\u003c/a> that Cáceres was currently working to stop a company from building a hydroelectric dam on the Gualcarque river, which the Rio Blanco community said would fundamentally change their way of life. Authorities, the paper reports, said she was killed during a robbery, but her mother said that Cáceres was killed “because of her struggle.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cáceres had faced threats for her environmental activism. So much so that the the InterAmerican Commission for Human Rights had called on the government of Honduras to provide her with protection.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>La Prensa\u003c/em> reports that police say Cáceres was killed at a house they were not surveilling.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We were protecting her old home at Villa El Calvario, but she had not reported this new house to authorities,” Police Commissioner Sergio Paz Bueso told the paper.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a statement, COPINH, the indigenous rights group that Cáceres worked for, characterized her murder as an “assassination.” The group said:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>“In the last few weeks, violence and repression towards Berta, COPINH, and the communities they support, had escalated. In Rio Blanco on February 20th, Berta, COPINH, and the community of Rio Blanco faced threats and repression as they carried out a peaceful action to protect the River Gualcarque against the construction of a hydroelectric dam by the internationally-financed Honduran company DESA. As a result of COPINH’s work supporting the Rio Blanco struggle, Berta had received countless threats against her life and was granted precautionary measures by the InterAmerican Commission for Human Rights. On February 25th, another Lenca community supported by COPINH in Guise, Intibuca was violently evicted and destroyed.”\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/goldmanprize/status/705434278037852160\">In a tweet\u003c/a>, the Goldman Prize said it was “devastated to hear of Berta Cáceres’ assassination.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://twitter.com/goldmanprize/status/705434278037852160\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cáceres is survived by her four children — ages 26, 24, 23 and 21 — and her mother.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To learn more about Cáceres’ work, watch this five minute video about her struggle to \u003ca href=\"https://vimeo.com/119605012\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">stop the construction of Agua Zarca dam\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Berta+C%C3%A1ceres%2C+Honduran+Indigenous+Rights+Leader%2C+Is+Murdered+&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\" alt=\"\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Berta Cáceres, a hugely influential Honduran indigenous rights activist, was killed in her hometown of La Esperenza, Intibucá, on Thursday. She would have turned 46 tomorrow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cáceres was awarded the Goldman Environmental Prize after she led a peaceful campaign to stop one of the world’s largest dam builders from pursuing the Agua Zarca Dam, which would have cut off the ethnic Lenca people from water, food and medicine.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">Her mother said that Cáceres was killed “because of her struggle.”\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.laprensa.hn/sucesos/935886-410/polic%C3%ADa-explica-su-ausencia-en-muerte-de-berta-c%C3%A1ceres\">La Prensa of Honduras reports\u003c/a> that Cáceres was currently working to stop a company from building a hydroelectric dam on the Gualcarque river, which the Rio Blanco community said would fundamentally change their way of life. Authorities, the paper reports, said she was killed during a robbery, but her mother said that Cáceres was killed “because of her struggle.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cáceres had faced threats for her environmental activism. So much so that the the InterAmerican Commission for Human Rights had called on the government of Honduras to provide her with protection.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>La Prensa\u003c/em> reports that police say Cáceres was killed at a house they were not surveilling.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" src=\"http://www.ustream.tv/embed/6540154?html5ui\" scrolling=\"no\" frameborder=\"0\" style=\"border: 0 none transparent;\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here’s a fun fact about long-duration space flight: There’s no shower on board the International Space Station. “It’s kind of like I’ve been in the woods camping for a year,” astronaut Scott Kelly said during a news conference late last week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kelly finally gets to come home and wash off the space funk on Tuesday night. He climbed into a Russian Soyuz spacecraft and closed the hatch around 4:40 p.m. ET. His capsule undocked at 8:02 p.m., and he’ll touch down just before 11:30 p.m. on the chilly steppes of Kazakhstan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While in orbit, Kelly posted hundreds of photos, and we’ve got \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/03/01/468628180/scott-kelly-reflects-on-his-year-off-the-planet\">a selection here\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kelly’s 340 days in orbit shatters the U.S. record for the longest space journey. Only a handful of cosmonauts have logged more consecutive days in space. Researchers are using the mission, which Kelly conducted with Russian cosmonaut Mikhail Kornienko, to learn more about how prolonged spaceflight affects the body and mind.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study is unique partly because Kelly has an identical twin: retired astronaut Mark Kelly, who’s stayed back on Earth. Studying the Kelly brothers’ DNA \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2015/03/27/395536140/nasa-to-study-a-twin-in-space-and-his-brother-on-earth\">may provide some hints\u003c/a> about how spaceflight changes human genetics, says John Charles, the chief scientist of NASA’s human research program.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_557544\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2045px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/soyuz-down_wide-b71236b904ecc4014510734989fe7cc94573317a.jpg\" alt=\"NASA astronaut Scott Kelly and Russian cosmonaut Mikhail Kornienko will ride home in a Russian Soyuz similar to this one.\" width=\"2045\" height=\"1150\" class=\"size-full wp-image-557544\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/soyuz-down_wide-b71236b904ecc4014510734989fe7cc94573317a.jpg 2045w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/soyuz-down_wide-b71236b904ecc4014510734989fe7cc94573317a-400x225.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/soyuz-down_wide-b71236b904ecc4014510734989fe7cc94573317a-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/soyuz-down_wide-b71236b904ecc4014510734989fe7cc94573317a-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/soyuz-down_wide-b71236b904ecc4014510734989fe7cc94573317a-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/soyuz-down_wide-b71236b904ecc4014510734989fe7cc94573317a-1920x1080.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/soyuz-down_wide-b71236b904ecc4014510734989fe7cc94573317a-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/soyuz-down_wide-b71236b904ecc4014510734989fe7cc94573317a-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2045px) 100vw, 2045px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">NASA astronaut Scott Kelly and Russian cosmonaut Mikhail Kornienko will ride home in a Russian Soyuz similar to this one. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Check back here later if you need a Super Tuesday break. We’ll have more coverage of the landing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=WATCH%3A+Astronauts+Head+Home+After+A+Year+In+Space&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\" alt=\"\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" src=\"http://www.ustream.tv/embed/6540154?html5ui\" scrolling=\"no\" frameborder=\"0\" style=\"border: 0 none transparent;\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here’s a fun fact about long-duration space flight: There’s no shower on board the International Space Station. “It’s kind of like I’ve been in the woods camping for a year,” astronaut Scott Kelly said during a news conference late last week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kelly finally gets to come home and wash off the space funk on Tuesday night. He climbed into a Russian Soyuz spacecraft and closed the hatch around 4:40 p.m. ET. His capsule undocked at 8:02 p.m., and he’ll touch down just before 11:30 p.m. on the chilly steppes of Kazakhstan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While in orbit, Kelly posted hundreds of photos, and we’ve got \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/03/01/468628180/scott-kelly-reflects-on-his-year-off-the-planet\">a selection here\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kelly’s 340 days in orbit shatters the U.S. record for the longest space journey. Only a handful of cosmonauts have logged more consecutive days in space. Researchers are using the mission, which Kelly conducted with Russian cosmonaut Mikhail Kornienko, to learn more about how prolonged spaceflight affects the body and mind.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study is unique partly because Kelly has an identical twin: retired astronaut Mark Kelly, who’s stayed back on Earth. Studying the Kelly brothers’ DNA \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2015/03/27/395536140/nasa-to-study-a-twin-in-space-and-his-brother-on-earth\">may provide some hints\u003c/a> about how spaceflight changes human genetics, says John Charles, the chief scientist of NASA’s human research program.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_557544\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2045px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/soyuz-down_wide-b71236b904ecc4014510734989fe7cc94573317a.jpg\" alt=\"NASA astronaut Scott Kelly and Russian cosmonaut Mikhail Kornienko will ride home in a Russian Soyuz similar to this one.\" width=\"2045\" height=\"1150\" class=\"size-full wp-image-557544\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/soyuz-down_wide-b71236b904ecc4014510734989fe7cc94573317a.jpg 2045w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/soyuz-down_wide-b71236b904ecc4014510734989fe7cc94573317a-400x225.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/soyuz-down_wide-b71236b904ecc4014510734989fe7cc94573317a-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/soyuz-down_wide-b71236b904ecc4014510734989fe7cc94573317a-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/soyuz-down_wide-b71236b904ecc4014510734989fe7cc94573317a-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/soyuz-down_wide-b71236b904ecc4014510734989fe7cc94573317a-1920x1080.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/soyuz-down_wide-b71236b904ecc4014510734989fe7cc94573317a-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/soyuz-down_wide-b71236b904ecc4014510734989fe7cc94573317a-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2045px) 100vw, 2045px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">NASA astronaut Scott Kelly and Russian cosmonaut Mikhail Kornienko will ride home in a Russian Soyuz similar to this one. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Check back here later if you need a Super Tuesday break. We’ll have more coverage of the landing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=WATCH%3A+Astronauts+Head+Home+After+A+Year+In+Space&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\" alt=\"\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>There’s still plenty up there for skiers but Tuesday’s manual survey of the Sierra Snowpack didn’t do much to raise hopes for an imminent end to the drought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And time is running out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Statewide, the Sierra snowpack stands at just 83 percent of normal levels for this date — the southern Sierra is even skimpier at 75 percent, based on estimates of the snow’s water content.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After a series of cold storms off the northern Pacific gave an encouraging start to the snow season, accumulations briefly surged ahead of long-term averages — but February’s meager rain and temperatures in record-high territory quickly started shrinking the snowpack (Locations from Sacramento to San Diego recorded their hottest February on record). That’s a major source of anxiety for the state’s water managers, who traditionally count on the so-called “frozen reservoir” for about a third of California’s water supply.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Right now, we’re obviously better than last year,” said Frank Gehrke, who heads the state’s snow surveys, “but still way below what would be considered adequate for any reasonable level of recovery at this point.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s because the rain and snow season is also shrinking rapidly. California’s precipitation tends to drop off abruptly in April, and while the rains are forecast to return later this week, rising spring temperatures will make it hard to catch up on snow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_555620\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 476px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-555620\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/TahoeCityClimateGraph.png\" alt=\"Climate Graph for Tahoe City shows how starkly precipitation declines and temperatures start to rise during the month of April.\" width=\"476\" height=\"339\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/TahoeCityClimateGraph.png 476w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/TahoeCityClimateGraph-400x285.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 476px) 100vw, 476px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Climate Graph for Tahoe City shows how starkly precipitation declines and temperatures start to rise during the month of April. \u003ccite>(U.S. Climate Data)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>A closely-watched indicator is the current snowpack compared to the average on April 1, when it’s generally at its peak for the season. Statewide, it’s currently just 73 percent of the April 1 average. That means the mountains need to add a quarter of one entire season’s average snow in the next four weeks, just to make it to average before the spring melt begins in earnest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re hoping for a miracle March and an awesome April,” the state’s top water regulator, Felicia Marcus told reporters last week. We might be getting a down payment over the next 10 days.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Forecasters at the National Weather Service describe the first Northern California system to arrive in March as “moisture-starved” with snowfall unlikely below 7,000 feet. But Stanford climate scientist Daniel Swain says the stronger series of storms lined up behind it could “add tremendously to the snowpack.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>There’s still plenty up there for skiers but Tuesday’s manual survey of the Sierra Snowpack didn’t do much to raise hopes for an imminent end to the drought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And time is running out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Statewide, the Sierra snowpack stands at just 83 percent of normal levels for this date — the southern Sierra is even skimpier at 75 percent, based on estimates of the snow’s water content.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After a series of cold storms off the northern Pacific gave an encouraging start to the snow season, accumulations briefly surged ahead of long-term averages — but February’s meager rain and temperatures in record-high territory quickly started shrinking the snowpack (Locations from Sacramento to San Diego recorded their hottest February on record). That’s a major source of anxiety for the state’s water managers, who traditionally count on the so-called “frozen reservoir” for about a third of California’s water supply.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Right now, we’re obviously better than last year,” said Frank Gehrke, who heads the state’s snow surveys, “but still way below what would be considered adequate for any reasonable level of recovery at this point.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s because the rain and snow season is also shrinking rapidly. California’s precipitation tends to drop off abruptly in April, and while the rains are forecast to return later this week, rising spring temperatures will make it hard to catch up on snow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_555620\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 476px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-555620\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/TahoeCityClimateGraph.png\" alt=\"Climate Graph for Tahoe City shows how starkly precipitation declines and temperatures start to rise during the month of April.\" width=\"476\" height=\"339\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/TahoeCityClimateGraph.png 476w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/TahoeCityClimateGraph-400x285.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 476px) 100vw, 476px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Climate Graph for Tahoe City shows how starkly precipitation declines and temperatures start to rise during the month of April. \u003ccite>(U.S. Climate Data)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>A closely-watched indicator is the current snowpack compared to the average on April 1, when it’s generally at its peak for the season. Statewide, it’s currently just 73 percent of the April 1 average. That means the mountains need to add a quarter of one entire season’s average snow in the next four weeks, just to make it to average before the spring melt begins in earnest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re hoping for a miracle March and an awesome April,” the state’s top water regulator, Felicia Marcus told reporters last week. We might be getting a down payment over the next 10 days.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Forecasters at the National Weather Service describe the first Northern California system to arrive in March as “moisture-starved” with snowfall unlikely below 7,000 feet. But Stanford climate scientist Daniel Swain says the stronger series of storms lined up behind it could “add tremendously to the snowpack.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"headTitle": "Scott Kelly Reflects on His Year Off the Planet | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>“I have taken a lot of pictures because I’ve been up here for a long time,” NASA astronaut Scott Kelly said during \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DjFpOyhWalg\">a recent press conference\u003c/a> from the International Space Station. “I’ve definitely taken some good ones and some memorable ones.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When he returns to Earth on Tuesday evening, Kelly will have spent 340 days aboard the ISS. While that’s not quite a year, it’s still a record for an American astronaut, and one of the longest-lasting spaceflights ever.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kelly is not the only member of his family to visit the station. His twin brother, Mark Kelly, was also an astronaut, and flew multiple shuttle missions to the orbiting outpost. The twins grew up in West Orange, N.J., as the sons of police officers. “We lived a pretty exciting and adventurous life,” Scott says of his childhood.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_556598\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2500px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-556598\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/Scot-Kelly_2.jpg\" alt=\"Kelly posted this photo of an aurora to Twitter on Aug. 15.\" width=\"2500\" height=\"1878\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/Scot-Kelly_2.jpg 2500w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/Scot-Kelly_2-400x300.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/Scot-Kelly_2-800x601.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/Scot-Kelly_2-768x577.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/Scot-Kelly_2-1440x1082.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/Scot-Kelly_2-1920x1442.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/Scot-Kelly_2-1180x886.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/Scot-Kelly_2-960x721.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2500px) 100vw, 2500px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Kelly posted this photo of an aurora to Twitter on Aug. 15. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_556600\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2500px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-556600\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/Scott-Kelly_-earth.jpg\" alt=\"(From top left, clockwise) The coast of Spain; New York City; Australia; the Himalayas. \" width=\"2500\" height=\"1873\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/Scott-Kelly_-earth.jpg 2500w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/Scott-Kelly_-earth-400x300.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/Scott-Kelly_-earth-800x599.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/Scott-Kelly_-earth-768x575.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/Scott-Kelly_-earth-1440x1079.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/Scott-Kelly_-earth-1920x1438.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/Scott-Kelly_-earth-1180x884.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/Scott-Kelly_-earth-960x719.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2500px) 100vw, 2500px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">(From top left, clockwise) The coast of Spain; New York City; Australia; the Himalayas. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Scott Kelly takes his images through the windows of the Space Station’s cupola module. It might give the impression that he lives and works with the Earth constantly in view, but that’s not the case. Most of the space station’s rooms are fluorescent-lit boxes. “You don’t get real sunlight,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His photographs have captured some stunning views of Earth at all times of the day and night. The process of photography has changed his perspective on the planet. “The more I look at Earth, and certain parts of Earth, the more I feel [like] an environmentalist,” Kelly says. “It’s just a blanket of pollution in certain areas. We can fix that if we put our minds to it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_556601\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2500px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-556601\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/Scott-Kelly_daily-life.jpg\" alt=\"(Top) Kelly corrals a supply of fresh fruit that arrived on a Japanese cargo ship on Aug. 25. (Bottom left) Kelly assisted with numerous studies to see how prolonged spaceflight affects vision and other aspects of human health. The results of those tests won't be available for another year or so. (Bottom right) The crew also grew crops in zero gravity, including these zinnias. \" width=\"2500\" height=\"2505\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/Scott-Kelly_daily-life.jpg 2500w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/Scott-Kelly_daily-life-400x401.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/Scott-Kelly_daily-life-800x802.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/Scott-Kelly_daily-life-768x770.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/Scott-Kelly_daily-life-1440x1443.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/Scott-Kelly_daily-life-1920x1924.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/Scott-Kelly_daily-life-1180x1182.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/Scott-Kelly_daily-life-960x962.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/Scott-Kelly_daily-life-32x32.jpg 32w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/Scott-Kelly_daily-life-64x64.jpg 64w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/Scott-Kelly_daily-life-96x96.jpg 96w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/Scott-Kelly_daily-life-128x128.jpg 128w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/Scott-Kelly_daily-life-75x75.jpg 75w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2500px) 100vw, 2500px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">(Top) Kelly corrals a supply of fresh fruit that arrived on a Japanese cargo ship on Aug. 25. (Bottom left) Kelly assisted with numerous studies to see how prolonged spaceflight affects vision and other aspects of human health. The results of those tests won’t be available for another year or so. (Bottom right) The crew also grew crops in zero gravity, including these zinnias. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Photography was one small part of Kelly’s mission. He conducted numerous experiments, some to determine how space was affecting his health, and others to test new technologies, like a dedicated greenhouse for growing plants in zero gravity. NASA hopes the knowledge gained from his extended mission will prepare the space agency for lengthy missions to places like Mars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_556602\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2500px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-556602 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/SK_3.jpg\" alt=\"(Top) Kelly corrals a supply of fresh fruit that arrived on a Japanese cargo ship on Aug. 25. (Bottom left) Kelly assisted with numerous studies to see how prolonged spaceflight affects vision and other aspects of human health. The results of those tests won't be available for another year or so. (Bottom right) The crew also grew crops in zero gravity, including these zinnias. \" width=\"2500\" height=\"1875\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/SK_3.jpg 2500w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/SK_3-400x300.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/SK_3-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/SK_3-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/SK_3-1440x1080.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/SK_3-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/SK_3-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/SK_3-960x720.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2500px) 100vw, 2500px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">On Dec. 21, Kelly and fellow astronaut Tim Kopra made an unscheduled spacewalk to move a robotic transporter that had become stalled on the side of the station. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Kelly’s photographs have won the astronaut nearly a million followers \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/StationCDRKelly\">on Twitter\u003c/a>, but he says taking the pictures is only a small part of why he’s there. Kelly believes in space flight, and in humanity’s future beyond the confines of Earth. “The thing I like most about flying in space is not the view,” says Kelly. “The thing I like about it is doing something I feel very, very strongly about.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Scott+Kelly+Reflects+On+His+Year+Off+The+Planet&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\" alt=\"\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"excerpt": "During his 340 days aboard the International Space Station, the astronaut documented his time there with hundreds of photos. Kelly says the perspective makes him feel \"more like an environmentalist.\"",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>“I have taken a lot of pictures because I’ve been up here for a long time,” NASA astronaut Scott Kelly said during \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DjFpOyhWalg\">a recent press conference\u003c/a> from the International Space Station. “I’ve definitely taken some good ones and some memorable ones.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When he returns to Earth on Tuesday evening, Kelly will have spent 340 days aboard the ISS. While that’s not quite a year, it’s still a record for an American astronaut, and one of the longest-lasting spaceflights ever.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kelly is not the only member of his family to visit the station. His twin brother, Mark Kelly, was also an astronaut, and flew multiple shuttle missions to the orbiting outpost. The twins grew up in West Orange, N.J., as the sons of police officers. “We lived a pretty exciting and adventurous life,” Scott says of his childhood.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_556598\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2500px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-556598\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/Scot-Kelly_2.jpg\" alt=\"Kelly posted this photo of an aurora to Twitter on Aug. 15.\" width=\"2500\" height=\"1878\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/Scot-Kelly_2.jpg 2500w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/Scot-Kelly_2-400x300.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/Scot-Kelly_2-800x601.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/Scot-Kelly_2-768x577.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/Scot-Kelly_2-1440x1082.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/Scot-Kelly_2-1920x1442.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/Scot-Kelly_2-1180x886.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/Scot-Kelly_2-960x721.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2500px) 100vw, 2500px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Kelly posted this photo of an aurora to Twitter on Aug. 15. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_556600\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2500px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-556600\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/Scott-Kelly_-earth.jpg\" alt=\"(From top left, clockwise) The coast of Spain; New York City; Australia; the Himalayas. \" width=\"2500\" height=\"1873\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/Scott-Kelly_-earth.jpg 2500w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/Scott-Kelly_-earth-400x300.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/Scott-Kelly_-earth-800x599.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/Scott-Kelly_-earth-768x575.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/Scott-Kelly_-earth-1440x1079.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/Scott-Kelly_-earth-1920x1438.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/Scott-Kelly_-earth-1180x884.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/Scott-Kelly_-earth-960x719.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2500px) 100vw, 2500px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">(From top left, clockwise) The coast of Spain; New York City; Australia; the Himalayas. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Scott Kelly takes his images through the windows of the Space Station’s cupola module. It might give the impression that he lives and works with the Earth constantly in view, but that’s not the case. Most of the space station’s rooms are fluorescent-lit boxes. “You don’t get real sunlight,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His photographs have captured some stunning views of Earth at all times of the day and night. The process of photography has changed his perspective on the planet. “The more I look at Earth, and certain parts of Earth, the more I feel [like] an environmentalist,” Kelly says. “It’s just a blanket of pollution in certain areas. We can fix that if we put our minds to it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_556601\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2500px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-556601\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/Scott-Kelly_daily-life.jpg\" alt=\"(Top) Kelly corrals a supply of fresh fruit that arrived on a Japanese cargo ship on Aug. 25. (Bottom left) Kelly assisted with numerous studies to see how prolonged spaceflight affects vision and other aspects of human health. The results of those tests won't be available for another year or so. (Bottom right) The crew also grew crops in zero gravity, including these zinnias. \" width=\"2500\" height=\"2505\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/Scott-Kelly_daily-life.jpg 2500w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/Scott-Kelly_daily-life-400x401.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/Scott-Kelly_daily-life-800x802.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/Scott-Kelly_daily-life-768x770.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/Scott-Kelly_daily-life-1440x1443.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/Scott-Kelly_daily-life-1920x1924.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/Scott-Kelly_daily-life-1180x1182.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/Scott-Kelly_daily-life-960x962.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/Scott-Kelly_daily-life-32x32.jpg 32w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/Scott-Kelly_daily-life-64x64.jpg 64w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/Scott-Kelly_daily-life-96x96.jpg 96w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/Scott-Kelly_daily-life-128x128.jpg 128w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/Scott-Kelly_daily-life-75x75.jpg 75w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2500px) 100vw, 2500px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">(Top) Kelly corrals a supply of fresh fruit that arrived on a Japanese cargo ship on Aug. 25. (Bottom left) Kelly assisted with numerous studies to see how prolonged spaceflight affects vision and other aspects of human health. The results of those tests won’t be available for another year or so. (Bottom right) The crew also grew crops in zero gravity, including these zinnias. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Photography was one small part of Kelly’s mission. He conducted numerous experiments, some to determine how space was affecting his health, and others to test new technologies, like a dedicated greenhouse for growing plants in zero gravity. NASA hopes the knowledge gained from his extended mission will prepare the space agency for lengthy missions to places like Mars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_556602\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2500px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-556602 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/SK_3.jpg\" alt=\"(Top) Kelly corrals a supply of fresh fruit that arrived on a Japanese cargo ship on Aug. 25. (Bottom left) Kelly assisted with numerous studies to see how prolonged spaceflight affects vision and other aspects of human health. The results of those tests won't be available for another year or so. (Bottom right) The crew also grew crops in zero gravity, including these zinnias. \" width=\"2500\" height=\"1875\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/SK_3.jpg 2500w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/SK_3-400x300.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/SK_3-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/SK_3-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/SK_3-1440x1080.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/SK_3-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/SK_3-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/SK_3-960x720.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2500px) 100vw, 2500px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">On Dec. 21, Kelly and fellow astronaut Tim Kopra made an unscheduled spacewalk to move a robotic transporter that had become stalled on the side of the station. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Kelly’s photographs have won the astronaut nearly a million followers \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/StationCDRKelly\">on Twitter\u003c/a>, but he says taking the pictures is only a small part of why he’s there. Kelly believes in space flight, and in humanity’s future beyond the confines of Earth. “The thing I like most about flying in space is not the view,” says Kelly. “The thing I like about it is doing something I feel very, very strongly about.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Scott+Kelly+Reflects+On+His+Year+Off+The+Planet&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\" alt=\"\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "California Reservoirs Are Dumping Water in a Drought, But Science Could Change That",
"headTitle": "California Reservoirs Are Dumping Water in a Drought, But Science Could Change That | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>There’s a rule in California that may seem bizarre in a drought-stricken state: in the winter, reservoirs aren’t allowed to fill up completely.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, even as this post goes up, a handful of reservoirs are releasing water to maintain empty space.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The practice, which has long inflamed combatants in California’s water wars, is due to a decades-old rule designed to protect public safety. If a major winter storm comes in, reservoirs need space to catch the runoff and prevent floods.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But with advances in weather forecasting, some say this preemptive strategy is outdated. A new, “smart” flood control system could save water in years when Californians need it most.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Hitting the ‘Magic’ Line\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At one of the state’s major reservoirs — Folsom Lake, east of Sacramento — the volume of water spilling from the dam has swollen eight-fold in the past few weeks, sending billions of gallons downstream, much of it into San Francisco Bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Early in February the reservoir reached a key threshold: 60 percent full, which is the highest water level allowed during the winter months, according to rules from the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers and the Sacramento Area Flood Control Agency.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last year, most of the reservoir was a dry, dusty lakebed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What reservoir was left was confined to the old river channels before we built the dam,” says Drew Lessard of the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation, the federal agency that manages the reservoir.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just an average-size winter storm can send huge volumes of water down the American River \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfgate.com/news/article/Water-starved-Folsom-Lake-is-finally-starting-to-6738359.php\">into Folsom Reservoir\u003c/a>, boosting the lake by 10 percent or more. A major storm can produce dramatically more than that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The watershed is pretty flashy and it responds pretty quickly to storm events,” says Lessard. “That’s why we need to reserve a space during those winter months in case that happens.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sitting 40 percent empty allows the reservoir to act as a buffer against floods, gulping the runoff without overflowing. In years where the upstream reservoirs are fuller, Folsom Reservoir is required to remain 60 percent empty.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-549363 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/Reservoir_V08_160225-web.jpg\" alt=\"Reservoir_V08_160225-web\" width=\"1191\" height=\"1080\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/Reservoir_V08_160225-web.jpg 1191w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/Reservoir_V08_160225-web-400x363.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/Reservoir_V08_160225-web-800x725.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/Reservoir_V08_160225-web-768x696.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/Reservoir_V08_160225-web-1180x1070.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/Reservoir_V08_160225-web-960x871.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1191px) 100vw, 1191px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Releasing water downstream does produce benefits, supporting wildlife and endangered fish. It also prevents salt water from San Francisco Bay from backing up into the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta, which is a drinking water supply for many in the Bay Area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But preemptively releasing water has its own risks, especially if it doesn’t rain again, as happened in 1997. The reservoir was lowered and, “it was dry the rest of the year and we never really rebounded,” recalls Lessard.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘The rules that govern water in the West were created in the 19th century.’\u003ccite>Marty Ralph, UCSD\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>As California enters a fifth year of drought, seeing operators deliberately dumping water can be disconcerting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A few weeks ago, Shauna Lorance of the San Juan Water District near Sacramento went to state regulators with a message: when water is disappearing downriver, it’s hard for water consumers to take the conservation message seriously.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Anything they conserve right now is not held,” said Lorance. “For me to explain to customers, after everything they’ve done, that they need to continue to conserve so it can be spilled is going to be a nightmare.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>‘Smart’ Reservoirs\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The rules that govern water in the West were created in the 19th century,” says Marty Ralph, who directs the \u003ca href=\"http://mavensnotebook.com/2014/02/10/marty-ralph-atmospheric-rivers-drought-and-the-new-center-for-western-weather-and-water-extremes/\">Center for Western Weather and Water Extremes\u003c/a> at UC San Diego. “And yet here we live in the 21st century with its special and new needs: greater population and a changing climate.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ralph is piloting a more dynamic method of flood management at \u003ca href=\"http://www.pressdemocrat.com/news/5143750-181/lake-mendocino-nears-winter-capacity?artslide=0\">Lake Mendocino\u003c/a> with the Sonoma County Water Agency.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Instead of a maintaining firm limits on reservoir levels dictated by the calendar, managers would use cutting-edge weather forecasts to gauge how much flood space they need.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Weather predictions have been improving over the last decades, “ said Ralph. “Particularly on the West Coast, we’ve learned about the phenomenon that produces most flood-producing storms. We call them \u003ca href=\"http://www.esrl.noaa.gov/psd/atmrivers/questions/\">atmospheric rivers\u003c/a>.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Instead of emptying out a reservoir preemptively, managers would allow the reservoir to stay fuller, keeping an eye on the weather forecast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If a big storm appears, “they’d have three, four, five days lead time, enough to release that extra water and get it out of the way safely,” said Ralph.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If storms don’t appear, the water would be saved for later in the year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ralph says “forecast-informed” operations are becoming possible thanks to major advances in weather research. New weather satellites and more precise forecast models are making predictions more accurate. Researchers are even \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/11/23/flying-into-the-heart-of-the-wests-biggest-storms/\">flying planes into atmospheric rivers\u003c/a> to gather information about how they behave.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ralph says even with the improvements, there’s more fine tuning to be done.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We get down to three days’ lead time and we’re down to plus or minus 300 kilometers (186 mi.) in terms of the location of the storm’s landfall,” he explains. “That’s the difference between San Francisco and the Oregon border. That’s a big difference if you’re operating a reservoir on a much smaller scale.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But he says potential is clear in a drought-prone state like California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Imagine we have the option to keep, say, ten percent extra water behind each dam in the winter,” he muses. At Folsom Reservoir alone, that amount would supply 200,000 households for a year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Changing the Rules\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We see potential,” agrees Greg Kukas of the Army Corps of Engineers, the federal agency that sets flood rules for reservoirs. “What we’re not clear on is what the risks associated with that potential might be. What are the trade offs?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Corps is considering using the new weather-based operations at Folsom as part of a major update to the reservoir operations plan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The question is whether weather forecasts are precise enough — not just as to when a storm is coming, but how big it is.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When it comes to forecasting the size of events that we’re most concerned about, they are about 20 percent off,” says Kukas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Getting it wrong is not an option. If the dam overflows, it could flood Sacramento and hundreds of thousands of people downstream, and potentially put the dam itself at risk of failing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The consequences, you don’t even want to imagine them.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Working with reservoir operators around the state, the Corps says it currently takes weather forecasts into consideration in making water release decisions, though in a minimal way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We don’t make our reservoir releases in a vacuum,” says Christy Jones, also with the Corps of Engineers. “We always are looking at the balance. We know water supply is incredibly important but we also know public safety is incredibly important.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Corps plans to decide whether to manage Folsom Reservoir using weather forecasts next year. Changing current flood rules for how much the reservoir can hold in the winter would require an act of Congress. But if it works at Folsom, Jones agrees that it would be a model for reservoirs across the Western U.S.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This could have a huge impact on the West.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>There’s a rule in California that may seem bizarre in a drought-stricken state: in the winter, reservoirs aren’t allowed to fill up completely.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, even as this post goes up, a handful of reservoirs are releasing water to maintain empty space.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The practice, which has long inflamed combatants in California’s water wars, is due to a decades-old rule designed to protect public safety. If a major winter storm comes in, reservoirs need space to catch the runoff and prevent floods.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But with advances in weather forecasting, some say this preemptive strategy is outdated. A new, “smart” flood control system could save water in years when Californians need it most.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Hitting the ‘Magic’ Line\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At one of the state’s major reservoirs — Folsom Lake, east of Sacramento — the volume of water spilling from the dam has swollen eight-fold in the past few weeks, sending billions of gallons downstream, much of it into San Francisco Bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Early in February the reservoir reached a key threshold: 60 percent full, which is the highest water level allowed during the winter months, according to rules from the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers and the Sacramento Area Flood Control Agency.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last year, most of the reservoir was a dry, dusty lakebed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What reservoir was left was confined to the old river channels before we built the dam,” says Drew Lessard of the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation, the federal agency that manages the reservoir.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just an average-size winter storm can send huge volumes of water down the American River \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfgate.com/news/article/Water-starved-Folsom-Lake-is-finally-starting-to-6738359.php\">into Folsom Reservoir\u003c/a>, boosting the lake by 10 percent or more. A major storm can produce dramatically more than that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The watershed is pretty flashy and it responds pretty quickly to storm events,” says Lessard. “That’s why we need to reserve a space during those winter months in case that happens.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sitting 40 percent empty allows the reservoir to act as a buffer against floods, gulping the runoff without overflowing. In years where the upstream reservoirs are fuller, Folsom Reservoir is required to remain 60 percent empty.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-549363 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/Reservoir_V08_160225-web.jpg\" alt=\"Reservoir_V08_160225-web\" width=\"1191\" height=\"1080\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/Reservoir_V08_160225-web.jpg 1191w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/Reservoir_V08_160225-web-400x363.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/Reservoir_V08_160225-web-800x725.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/Reservoir_V08_160225-web-768x696.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/Reservoir_V08_160225-web-1180x1070.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/Reservoir_V08_160225-web-960x871.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1191px) 100vw, 1191px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Releasing water downstream does produce benefits, supporting wildlife and endangered fish. It also prevents salt water from San Francisco Bay from backing up into the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta, which is a drinking water supply for many in the Bay Area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But preemptively releasing water has its own risks, especially if it doesn’t rain again, as happened in 1997. The reservoir was lowered and, “it was dry the rest of the year and we never really rebounded,” recalls Lessard.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘The rules that govern water in the West were created in the 19th century.’\u003ccite>Marty Ralph, UCSD\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>As California enters a fifth year of drought, seeing operators deliberately dumping water can be disconcerting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A few weeks ago, Shauna Lorance of the San Juan Water District near Sacramento went to state regulators with a message: when water is disappearing downriver, it’s hard for water consumers to take the conservation message seriously.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Anything they conserve right now is not held,” said Lorance. “For me to explain to customers, after everything they’ve done, that they need to continue to conserve so it can be spilled is going to be a nightmare.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>‘Smart’ Reservoirs\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The rules that govern water in the West were created in the 19th century,” says Marty Ralph, who directs the \u003ca href=\"http://mavensnotebook.com/2014/02/10/marty-ralph-atmospheric-rivers-drought-and-the-new-center-for-western-weather-and-water-extremes/\">Center for Western Weather and Water Extremes\u003c/a> at UC San Diego. “And yet here we live in the 21st century with its special and new needs: greater population and a changing climate.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ralph is piloting a more dynamic method of flood management at \u003ca href=\"http://www.pressdemocrat.com/news/5143750-181/lake-mendocino-nears-winter-capacity?artslide=0\">Lake Mendocino\u003c/a> with the Sonoma County Water Agency.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Instead of a maintaining firm limits on reservoir levels dictated by the calendar, managers would use cutting-edge weather forecasts to gauge how much flood space they need.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Weather predictions have been improving over the last decades, “ said Ralph. “Particularly on the West Coast, we’ve learned about the phenomenon that produces most flood-producing storms. We call them \u003ca href=\"http://www.esrl.noaa.gov/psd/atmrivers/questions/\">atmospheric rivers\u003c/a>.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Instead of emptying out a reservoir preemptively, managers would allow the reservoir to stay fuller, keeping an eye on the weather forecast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If a big storm appears, “they’d have three, four, five days lead time, enough to release that extra water and get it out of the way safely,” said Ralph.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If storms don’t appear, the water would be saved for later in the year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ralph says “forecast-informed” operations are becoming possible thanks to major advances in weather research. New weather satellites and more precise forecast models are making predictions more accurate. Researchers are even \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/11/23/flying-into-the-heart-of-the-wests-biggest-storms/\">flying planes into atmospheric rivers\u003c/a> to gather information about how they behave.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ralph says even with the improvements, there’s more fine tuning to be done.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We get down to three days’ lead time and we’re down to plus or minus 300 kilometers (186 mi.) in terms of the location of the storm’s landfall,” he explains. “That’s the difference between San Francisco and the Oregon border. That’s a big difference if you’re operating a reservoir on a much smaller scale.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But he says potential is clear in a drought-prone state like California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Imagine we have the option to keep, say, ten percent extra water behind each dam in the winter,” he muses. At Folsom Reservoir alone, that amount would supply 200,000 households for a year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Changing the Rules\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We see potential,” agrees Greg Kukas of the Army Corps of Engineers, the federal agency that sets flood rules for reservoirs. “What we’re not clear on is what the risks associated with that potential might be. What are the trade offs?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Corps is considering using the new weather-based operations at Folsom as part of a major update to the reservoir operations plan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The question is whether weather forecasts are precise enough — not just as to when a storm is coming, but how big it is.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When it comes to forecasting the size of events that we’re most concerned about, they are about 20 percent off,” says Kukas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Getting it wrong is not an option. If the dam overflows, it could flood Sacramento and hundreds of thousands of people downstream, and potentially put the dam itself at risk of failing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The consequences, you don’t even want to imagine them.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Working with reservoir operators around the state, the Corps says it currently takes weather forecasts into consideration in making water release decisions, though in a minimal way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We don’t make our reservoir releases in a vacuum,” says Christy Jones, also with the Corps of Engineers. “We always are looking at the balance. We know water supply is incredibly important but we also know public safety is incredibly important.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Corps plans to decide whether to manage Folsom Reservoir using weather forecasts next year. Changing current flood rules for how much the reservoir can hold in the winter would require an act of Congress. But if it works at Folsom, Jones agrees that it would be a model for reservoirs across the Western U.S.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This could have a huge impact on the West.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Report Outlines Decline of Pollinators and Threat to World Food Supply",
"headTitle": "Report Outlines Decline of Pollinators and Threat to World Food Supply | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>A major global assessment of pollinators is raising concerns about the future of the planet’s food supply.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A U.N.-sponsored report drawing on about 3,000 scientific papers concludes that about 40 percent of invertebrate pollinator species (such as bees and butterflies) are facing extinction. Vertebrate pollinators (such as bats and birds) are somewhat better off by comparison — 16 percent are threatened with extinction, “with a trend towards more extinctions,” the researchers say.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About 75 percent of the world’s food crops, the report notes, depend at least partly on pollination.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘Pollinators are important contributors to world food production and nutritional security.’\u003ccite> Vera Lucia Imperatriz-Fonseca,\u003cbr>\nUniversity of São Paulo \u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“Pollinators are important contributors to world food production and nutritional security,” assessment co-Chair Vera Lucia Imperatriz-Fonseca says \u003ca href=\"http://www.ipbes.net/article/pollinators-vital-our-food-supply-under-threat\">in a statement\u003c/a>. “Their health is directly linked to our own well-being.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Crops that need help from pollinators include coffee, apples, cacao, cotton, mangoes and almonds, to name just a few.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We’re also talking big business: “The annual value of global crops directly affected by pollinators” ranges from $235 billion to $577 billion, according to the statement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NPR’s Dan Charles says the report “is largely based on studies in North America and Europe; there’s been less research on pollinators in Africa and Asia.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was released by The Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services, which operates under U.N. auspices. The assessment cites about 3,000 scientific papers and, researchers say, “includes information about practices based on indigenous and local knowledge from more than 60 locations around the world.” The report was presented by IPBES on Friday in Kuala Lumpur.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_550641\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 431px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-550641\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/RS4802_167524958-sfi.jpg\" alt=\"Worker bees surround a queen, who is marked with a yellow spot on her back, Bees are essential in nature in pollinating a wide variety of plants and trees. \" width=\"431\" height=\"309\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/RS4802_167524958-sfi.jpg 502w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/RS4802_167524958-sfi-400x287.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 431px) 100vw, 431px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Worker bees surround a queen, who is marked with a yellow spot on her back. Bees are essential for pollinating a wide variety of plants and trees. \u003ccite>(Sean Gallup/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Pollinators are under threat for a number of reasons.\u003cbr>\nThe decline of wild butterflies, bees and other pollinators “is primarily due to changes in land use, intensive agricultural practices and pesticide use, alien invasion species, diseases and pest, and climate change,” says IPBES Vice-Chair Robert Watson.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Also harming pollinators: “the decline of practices based on indigenous and local knowledge,” the assessment states. “These practices include traditional farming systems; maintenance of diverse landscapes and gardens; kinship relationships that protect specific pollinators; and cultures and languages that are connected to pollinators.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, the researchers say there’s plenty governments and communities can do to support these animals. “The good news is that a number of steps can be taken to reduce the risks to pollinators, including practices based on indigenous and local knowledge,” says IPBES founding Chair Zakri Abdul Hamid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The statement cites such examples as:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>“The promotion of sustainable agriculture” that emphasizes diverse habitats.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>“Supporting traditional practices that manage habitat patchiness, crop rotation, and coproduction between science and indigenous local knowledge.”\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Reducing their exposure to pesticides, including “seeking alternative forms of pest control, and adopting a range of specific applications, including technologies to reduce pesticide drift.”\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>“Improving managed bee husbandry for pathogen control, coupled with better regulation of trade and use of commercial pollinators.”\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Report%3A+More+Pollinator+Species+In+Jeopardy%2C+Threatening+World+Food+Supply&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\" alt=\"\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>A major global assessment of pollinators is raising concerns about the future of the planet’s food supply.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A U.N.-sponsored report drawing on about 3,000 scientific papers concludes that about 40 percent of invertebrate pollinator species (such as bees and butterflies) are facing extinction. Vertebrate pollinators (such as bats and birds) are somewhat better off by comparison — 16 percent are threatened with extinction, “with a trend towards more extinctions,” the researchers say.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About 75 percent of the world’s food crops, the report notes, depend at least partly on pollination.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘Pollinators are important contributors to world food production and nutritional security.’\u003ccite> Vera Lucia Imperatriz-Fonseca,\u003cbr>\nUniversity of São Paulo \u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“Pollinators are important contributors to world food production and nutritional security,” assessment co-Chair Vera Lucia Imperatriz-Fonseca says \u003ca href=\"http://www.ipbes.net/article/pollinators-vital-our-food-supply-under-threat\">in a statement\u003c/a>. “Their health is directly linked to our own well-being.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Crops that need help from pollinators include coffee, apples, cacao, cotton, mangoes and almonds, to name just a few.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We’re also talking big business: “The annual value of global crops directly affected by pollinators” ranges from $235 billion to $577 billion, according to the statement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NPR’s Dan Charles says the report “is largely based on studies in North America and Europe; there’s been less research on pollinators in Africa and Asia.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was released by The Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services, which operates under U.N. auspices. The assessment cites about 3,000 scientific papers and, researchers say, “includes information about practices based on indigenous and local knowledge from more than 60 locations around the world.” The report was presented by IPBES on Friday in Kuala Lumpur.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_550641\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 431px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-550641\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/RS4802_167524958-sfi.jpg\" alt=\"Worker bees surround a queen, who is marked with a yellow spot on her back, Bees are essential in nature in pollinating a wide variety of plants and trees. \" width=\"431\" height=\"309\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/RS4802_167524958-sfi.jpg 502w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/RS4802_167524958-sfi-400x287.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 431px) 100vw, 431px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Worker bees surround a queen, who is marked with a yellow spot on her back. Bees are essential for pollinating a wide variety of plants and trees. \u003ccite>(Sean Gallup/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Pollinators are under threat for a number of reasons.\u003cbr>\nThe decline of wild butterflies, bees and other pollinators “is primarily due to changes in land use, intensive agricultural practices and pesticide use, alien invasion species, diseases and pest, and climate change,” says IPBES Vice-Chair Robert Watson.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Also harming pollinators: “the decline of practices based on indigenous and local knowledge,” the assessment states. “These practices include traditional farming systems; maintenance of diverse landscapes and gardens; kinship relationships that protect specific pollinators; and cultures and languages that are connected to pollinators.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, the researchers say there’s plenty governments and communities can do to support these animals. “The good news is that a number of steps can be taken to reduce the risks to pollinators, including practices based on indigenous and local knowledge,” says IPBES founding Chair Zakri Abdul Hamid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The statement cites such examples as:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>“The promotion of sustainable agriculture” that emphasizes diverse habitats.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>“Supporting traditional practices that manage habitat patchiness, crop rotation, and coproduction between science and indigenous local knowledge.”\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Reducing their exposure to pesticides, including “seeking alternative forms of pest control, and adopting a range of specific applications, including technologies to reduce pesticide drift.”\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>“Improving managed bee husbandry for pathogen control, coupled with better regulation of trade and use of commercial pollinators.”\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Report%3A+More+Pollinator+Species+In+Jeopardy%2C+Threatening+World+Food+Supply&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\" alt=\"\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>For the first time since mandatory statewide restrictions were imposed, Californians missed Governor Jerry Brown’s water conservation target in January.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On average, local water suppliers \u003ca href=\"http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/water_issues/programs/conservation_portal/docs/2016feb/fs22516_jan_conservation.pdf\">delivered 17.1 percent less water\u003c/a> than in January of 2013. That pulls the cumulative savings rate below the governor’s mandatory threshold of 25 percent. It’s the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2016/01/05/californians-slacked-off-on-water-conservation-in-november/\">sixth straight month\u003c/a> that water savings has fallen off among Californians.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"100%\" height=\"520\" frameborder=\"0\" src=\"https://kqednews.cartodb.com/viz/f5494c7a-dc13-11e5-aa32-0e787de82d45/embed_map\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Hover over the dots to see if your district met its water saving goal.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite that trend, the state’s top water regulator is happy with the overall drought response from consumers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Californians have risen to the occasion as never before,” said State Water Resources Control Board chair Felicia Marcus in a conference call with reporters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state is holding local urban water suppliers responsible for cutting monthly water use by 25 percent compared to the same month in 2013. The statewide conservation rate peaked in July, when consumers cut their use by 31 percent compared to the base year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-549186\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/WaterSvgs_1601.png\" alt=\"WaterSvgs_1601\" width=\"534\" height=\"399\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/WaterSvgs_1601.png 534w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/WaterSvgs_1601-400x299.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 534px) 100vw, 534px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State water regulators had expected a drop in conservation during the winter months, when most homeowners have already reduced outside watering and have to find additional savings indoors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Outside watering was likely further reduced by wet weather in January, particularly in Northern California. The parade of mild storms prompted TV meteorologist Paul Deanno to start keeping count. He tallied 11 separate rain systems that blew through the Bay Area in the first 22 days of January, essentially a storm every other day for three weeks running.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then nature seems to have shut off the tap and most of February has been dry throughout the state. Regulators concede that conservation numbers are not likely to improve when the February numbers come in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“February’s been a bear, with no disrespect to bears,” Marcus told reporters, referring to the recent dearth of rain and record high temperatures. “When its hot and dry, people want to turn on their sprinklers.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If there was a silver lining in January, it was that on a per-capita basis, urban consumers used an average of 61 gallons per day, the lowest figure reported in the eight months that officials have been keeping records. The daily per-capita figure for Bay Area residents was 49.5 gallons, bettered only slightly by Central Coast consumers. By comparison, when Australia suffered its recent \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/06/30/drought-lessons-from-down-under/\">decade-long drought\u003c/a>, urban residents managed to squeeze per-capita water use down to near 35 gallons per day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite the steadily dropping conservation rate, Max Gomberg, senior scientist with the water board, says officials have achieved 96 percent of the overall savings goal set for the drought emergency period ending this month.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re very close,” Gomberg told reporters. “We are where we wanted to be.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The governor’s original drought restrictions were intended to run through the end of this month, but Brown has \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2016/02/03/map-water-savings-down-just-as-drought-rules-extended/\">already extended\u003c/a> the rules into the fall of 2016, with some modifications. Regulators will review those rules in April and could make further adjustments based on the water supply outlook at that time.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>For the first time since mandatory statewide restrictions were imposed, Californians missed Governor Jerry Brown’s water conservation target in January.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On average, local water suppliers \u003ca href=\"http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/water_issues/programs/conservation_portal/docs/2016feb/fs22516_jan_conservation.pdf\">delivered 17.1 percent less water\u003c/a> than in January of 2013. That pulls the cumulative savings rate below the governor’s mandatory threshold of 25 percent. It’s the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2016/01/05/californians-slacked-off-on-water-conservation-in-november/\">sixth straight month\u003c/a> that water savings has fallen off among Californians.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"100%\" height=\"520\" frameborder=\"0\" src=\"https://kqednews.cartodb.com/viz/f5494c7a-dc13-11e5-aa32-0e787de82d45/embed_map\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Hover over the dots to see if your district met its water saving goal.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite that trend, the state’s top water regulator is happy with the overall drought response from consumers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Californians have risen to the occasion as never before,” said State Water Resources Control Board chair Felicia Marcus in a conference call with reporters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state is holding local urban water suppliers responsible for cutting monthly water use by 25 percent compared to the same month in 2013. The statewide conservation rate peaked in July, when consumers cut their use by 31 percent compared to the base year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-549186\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/WaterSvgs_1601.png\" alt=\"WaterSvgs_1601\" width=\"534\" height=\"399\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/WaterSvgs_1601.png 534w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/WaterSvgs_1601-400x299.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 534px) 100vw, 534px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State water regulators had expected a drop in conservation during the winter months, when most homeowners have already reduced outside watering and have to find additional savings indoors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Outside watering was likely further reduced by wet weather in January, particularly in Northern California. The parade of mild storms prompted TV meteorologist Paul Deanno to start keeping count. He tallied 11 separate rain systems that blew through the Bay Area in the first 22 days of January, essentially a storm every other day for three weeks running.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then nature seems to have shut off the tap and most of February has been dry throughout the state. Regulators concede that conservation numbers are not likely to improve when the February numbers come in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“February’s been a bear, with no disrespect to bears,” Marcus told reporters, referring to the recent dearth of rain and record high temperatures. “When its hot and dry, people want to turn on their sprinklers.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If there was a silver lining in January, it was that on a per-capita basis, urban consumers used an average of 61 gallons per day, the lowest figure reported in the eight months that officials have been keeping records. The daily per-capita figure for Bay Area residents was 49.5 gallons, bettered only slightly by Central Coast consumers. By comparison, when Australia suffered its recent \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/06/30/drought-lessons-from-down-under/\">decade-long drought\u003c/a>, urban residents managed to squeeze per-capita water use down to near 35 gallons per day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite the steadily dropping conservation rate, Max Gomberg, senior scientist with the water board, says officials have achieved 96 percent of the overall savings goal set for the drought emergency period ending this month.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re very close,” Gomberg told reporters. “We are where we wanted to be.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The governor’s original drought restrictions were intended to run through the end of this month, but Brown has \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2016/02/03/map-water-savings-down-just-as-drought-rules-extended/\">already extended\u003c/a> the rules into the fall of 2016, with some modifications. Regulators will review those rules in April and could make further adjustments based on the water supply outlook at that time.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>A new study suggests that sea levels are rising at an unprecedented rate and that the problem will continue well into this century.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Sea level rise in the 20th century was truly extraordinary by historical standards,” says \u003ca href=\"http://www.bobkopp.net/\">Bob Kopp\u003c/a>, an associate professor of Earth and planetary sciences at Rutgers University, and who is lead author on \u003ca href=\"http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2016/02/17/1517056113.full\">the study\u003c/a>, which appears in the journal \u003cem>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”AvuAsiu83wIKEQ0WfuFbSTPRc7gcR9I6″]Sea levels rose by roughly 5½ inches in the past hundred years, Kopp says, noting, “That’s faster than any century since at least 800 B.C., since the founding of Rome.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kopp’s team based its findings on dozens of earlier studies carried out around the world. Those studies determined past sea levels by looking at everything from microbial fossils to the locations of ancient Roman ruins along the Italian coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The results show sea levels remained largely unchanged for more than two millennia — except for one period around 1000 A.D., in which the oceans dropped slightly due to a brief medieval cold snap.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Looking forward, Kopp and his co-authors predict things are going to get worse. The team’s findings suggest sea levels will rise between 1 to 4 feet by 2100.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kopp says those kinds of increases will put many coastal cities at risk of frequent flooding. Although cutting carbon emissions could help in the future, rising seas now appear inevitable. Sea level rise “is going to be something we have to prepare for,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Sea+Levels+Rose+Faster+Last+Century+Than+In+Previous+2%2C700+Years%2C+Study+Finds&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\" alt=\"\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>A new study suggests that sea levels are rising at an unprecedented rate and that the problem will continue well into this century.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Sea level rise in the 20th century was truly extraordinary by historical standards,” says \u003ca href=\"http://www.bobkopp.net/\">Bob Kopp\u003c/a>, an associate professor of Earth and planetary sciences at Rutgers University, and who is lead author on \u003ca href=\"http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2016/02/17/1517056113.full\">the study\u003c/a>, which appears in the journal \u003cem>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>Sea levels rose by roughly 5½ inches in the past hundred years, Kopp says, noting, “That’s faster than any century since at least 800 B.C., since the founding of Rome.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kopp’s team based its findings on dozens of earlier studies carried out around the world. Those studies determined past sea levels by looking at everything from microbial fossils to the locations of ancient Roman ruins along the Italian coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The results show sea levels remained largely unchanged for more than two millennia — except for one period around 1000 A.D., in which the oceans dropped slightly due to a brief medieval cold snap.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Looking forward, Kopp and his co-authors predict things are going to get worse. The team’s findings suggest sea levels will rise between 1 to 4 feet by 2100.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kopp says those kinds of increases will put many coastal cities at risk of frequent flooding. Although cutting carbon emissions could help in the future, rising seas now appear inevitable. Sea level rise “is going to be something we have to prepare for,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Sea+Levels+Rose+Faster+Last+Century+Than+In+Previous+2%2C700+Years%2C+Study+Finds&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\" alt=\"\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Asteroid Flyby a Little Too Close for Comfort",
"headTitle": "Asteroid Flyby a Little Too Close for Comfort | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Two years ago, asteroid 2013 TX68 flew by the Earth at a distance of 1.3 million miles—about five times the distance between the Earth and the Moon. Sometime between March 5 to March 8, this asteroid will give an encore performance, in case any \u003ca href=\"http://neo.jpl.nasa.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Near Earth Object\u003c/a> (NEO) fans missed it the first time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>First and foremost, remember what is printed in big, friendly letters on the cover of “The Hitchhiker’s Guide to the Galaxy”: Don’t Panic.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">Smaller asteroids strike the Earth more often than you might think, though usually in less populated areas.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://astronomynow.com/2016/01/12/nasa-office-to-coordinate-asteroid-detection-and-hazard-mitigation/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">NASA’s Center for NEO Studies\u003c/a> (CNEOS) has determined that there is a zero-percent chance that 2013 TX68 will hit the Earth—on this pass at least.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The mathematical certainty of a miss aside, the exact distance of closest approach is somewhat murkier.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=4888\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">This asteroid\u003c/a> is \u003ca href=\"http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=4888\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">predicted to fly by\u003c/a> at roughly 3 million miles from Earth. Thankfully, it’s not going to hit us.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Why the \u003ca href=\"http://earthsky.org/space/asteroid-2013-tx68-uncertain-trajectory-closest-earth-mar-5-2016\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">uncertainty\u003c/a> about the exact distance? In a nutshell, we don’t know enough about this asteroid’s orbit around the sun to pin it down with any more precision. From the moment it was first detected to when it faded and became undetectable, observers had only ten days to track it—too little time to gain a clear understanding of its orbit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The longer we can observe and track a NEO, the better we understand its orbit and therefore the probability of a future collision with Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_535024\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-535024\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/asteroid20160202-16.jpg\" alt=\"The range of possible distances of closest approach of asteroid 2013 TX68 on March 5, 2016\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/asteroid20160202-16.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/asteroid20160202-16-400x225.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/asteroid20160202-16-768x432.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The range of possible distances of closest approach of asteroid 2013 TX68 on March 5, 2016 \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>There is a very small chance—1-in-250 million—that this asteroid could hit us on September 30, 2071. But you have a better chance of winning the Super Lotto jackpot than being crushed by this asteroid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even if 2013 TX68 were to hit the Earth, it wouldn’t wipe us out. It could easily spoil someone’s day, make no mistake: this asteroid is about 100 feet in diameter, almost twice the size of \u003ca href=\"http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2013/11/131106-russian-meteor-chelyabinsk-airburst-500-kilotons/\">the object that exploded\u003c/a> in the atmosphere above Chelyabinsk, Russia, three years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Chelyabinsk air-burst produced a shockwave that damaged buildings and shattered windows across a wide area, and, had it struck the ground intact, would have left a significant crater. 2013 TX68 would release about twice the energy as the Chelyabinsk event.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_534947\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 331px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-534947\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/skull2015-TB145.jpg\" alt='Radar image of the \"Halloween Asteroid\"--a large Near Earth Object that passed relatively close on October 31, 2015' width=\"331\" height=\"331\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/skull2015-TB145.jpg 1041w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/skull2015-TB145-400x400.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/skull2015-TB145-800x800.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/skull2015-TB145-768x768.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/skull2015-TB145-960x960.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/skull2015-TB145-32x32.jpg 32w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/skull2015-TB145-64x64.jpg 64w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/skull2015-TB145-96x96.jpg 96w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/skull2015-TB145-128x128.jpg 128w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/skull2015-TB145-75x75.jpg 75w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 331px) 100vw, 331px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Radar image of the “Halloween Asteroid”–a large Near Earth Object that passed relatively close on October 31, 2015 \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>2013 TX68 is a good reminder that Earth shares its space with millions of rocks—potentially hazardous asteroids ranging in size from a few feet to hundreds of feet across, or more.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We know of about 14,000 NEOs, including practically all of the big ones. The big ones are easier to detect at greater distances, and we have a lot more orbital tracking data on them and understand their orbits best.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the smaller the rock, the harder it is to see, and it is estimated that there may be over a million NEOs that have not yet been discovered.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The smallest NEOs that we’re concerned about aren’t detectable until they’re almost upon us. In fact, on average, between 25 and 30 NEOs pass closer to Earth than the Moon’s orbit each year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Presently, there isn’t a lot we could do to avoid an impact, especially with little or no warning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Smaller asteroids strike the Earth more often than you might think, though usually in less populated areas. Remember, 75 percent of Earth’s surface is ocean, and some regions on Earth are uninhabited. Think of a dartboard, where the bull’s-eye represents the Earth’s highest populated areas, and the dart has no particular aim.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_534946\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 3280px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-534946\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/592668main_pia14734-43_full.jpg\" alt=\"Census of Near Earth Asteroids, both known and estimated.\" width=\"3280\" height=\"2460\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/592668main_pia14734-43_full.jpg 3280w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/592668main_pia14734-43_full-400x300.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/592668main_pia14734-43_full-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/592668main_pia14734-43_full-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/592668main_pia14734-43_full-1440x1080.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/592668main_pia14734-43_full-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/592668main_pia14734-43_full-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/592668main_pia14734-43_full-960x720.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 3280px) 100vw, 3280px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Census of Near Earth Asteroids, both known and estimated. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>There are ideas about how to protect us from large asteroid impacts. One is to send a massive robotic spacecraft to an asteroid we know will likely hit the Earth, and use the gravitational attraction between the two to “nudge” the asteroid into a safer orbit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s sort of like a small tugboat nudging a large ocean cargo ship to avoid striking a bridge pier, something the tug is capable of doing given enough lead time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This plan requires precise knowledge of an asteroid’s orbit and the ability to predict an impact years in advance, which is one good reason to learn as much about NEOs now as possible!\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Two years ago, the asteroid 2013 TX68 flew by the Earth at a distance of 1.3 million miles—about five time farther away than the Moon. On March 5, this asteroid will give an encore performance, in case any fans of Near Earth Objects (NEOs) missed it the first time….",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Two years ago, asteroid 2013 TX68 flew by the Earth at a distance of 1.3 million miles—about five times the distance between the Earth and the Moon. Sometime between March 5 to March 8, this asteroid will give an encore performance, in case any \u003ca href=\"http://neo.jpl.nasa.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Near Earth Object\u003c/a> (NEO) fans missed it the first time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>First and foremost, remember what is printed in big, friendly letters on the cover of “The Hitchhiker’s Guide to the Galaxy”: Don’t Panic.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">Smaller asteroids strike the Earth more often than you might think, though usually in less populated areas.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://astronomynow.com/2016/01/12/nasa-office-to-coordinate-asteroid-detection-and-hazard-mitigation/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">NASA’s Center for NEO Studies\u003c/a> (CNEOS) has determined that there is a zero-percent chance that 2013 TX68 will hit the Earth—on this pass at least.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The mathematical certainty of a miss aside, the exact distance of closest approach is somewhat murkier.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=4888\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">This asteroid\u003c/a> is \u003ca href=\"http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=4888\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">predicted to fly by\u003c/a> at roughly 3 million miles from Earth. Thankfully, it’s not going to hit us.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Why the \u003ca href=\"http://earthsky.org/space/asteroid-2013-tx68-uncertain-trajectory-closest-earth-mar-5-2016\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">uncertainty\u003c/a> about the exact distance? In a nutshell, we don’t know enough about this asteroid’s orbit around the sun to pin it down with any more precision. From the moment it was first detected to when it faded and became undetectable, observers had only ten days to track it—too little time to gain a clear understanding of its orbit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The longer we can observe and track a NEO, the better we understand its orbit and therefore the probability of a future collision with Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_535024\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-535024\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/asteroid20160202-16.jpg\" alt=\"The range of possible distances of closest approach of asteroid 2013 TX68 on March 5, 2016\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/asteroid20160202-16.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/asteroid20160202-16-400x225.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/asteroid20160202-16-768x432.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The range of possible distances of closest approach of asteroid 2013 TX68 on March 5, 2016 \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>There is a very small chance—1-in-250 million—that this asteroid could hit us on September 30, 2071. But you have a better chance of winning the Super Lotto jackpot than being crushed by this asteroid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even if 2013 TX68 were to hit the Earth, it wouldn’t wipe us out. It could easily spoil someone’s day, make no mistake: this asteroid is about 100 feet in diameter, almost twice the size of \u003ca href=\"http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2013/11/131106-russian-meteor-chelyabinsk-airburst-500-kilotons/\">the object that exploded\u003c/a> in the atmosphere above Chelyabinsk, Russia, three years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Chelyabinsk air-burst produced a shockwave that damaged buildings and shattered windows across a wide area, and, had it struck the ground intact, would have left a significant crater. 2013 TX68 would release about twice the energy as the Chelyabinsk event.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_534947\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 331px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-534947\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/skull2015-TB145.jpg\" alt='Radar image of the \"Halloween Asteroid\"--a large Near Earth Object that passed relatively close on October 31, 2015' width=\"331\" height=\"331\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/skull2015-TB145.jpg 1041w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/skull2015-TB145-400x400.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/skull2015-TB145-800x800.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/skull2015-TB145-768x768.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/skull2015-TB145-960x960.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/skull2015-TB145-32x32.jpg 32w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/skull2015-TB145-64x64.jpg 64w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/skull2015-TB145-96x96.jpg 96w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/skull2015-TB145-128x128.jpg 128w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/skull2015-TB145-75x75.jpg 75w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 331px) 100vw, 331px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Radar image of the “Halloween Asteroid”–a large Near Earth Object that passed relatively close on October 31, 2015 \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>2013 TX68 is a good reminder that Earth shares its space with millions of rocks—potentially hazardous asteroids ranging in size from a few feet to hundreds of feet across, or more.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We know of about 14,000 NEOs, including practically all of the big ones. The big ones are easier to detect at greater distances, and we have a lot more orbital tracking data on them and understand their orbits best.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the smaller the rock, the harder it is to see, and it is estimated that there may be over a million NEOs that have not yet been discovered.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The smallest NEOs that we’re concerned about aren’t detectable until they’re almost upon us. In fact, on average, between 25 and 30 NEOs pass closer to Earth than the Moon’s orbit each year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Presently, there isn’t a lot we could do to avoid an impact, especially with little or no warning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Smaller asteroids strike the Earth more often than you might think, though usually in less populated areas. Remember, 75 percent of Earth’s surface is ocean, and some regions on Earth are uninhabited. Think of a dartboard, where the bull’s-eye represents the Earth’s highest populated areas, and the dart has no particular aim.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_534946\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 3280px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-534946\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/592668main_pia14734-43_full.jpg\" alt=\"Census of Near Earth Asteroids, both known and estimated.\" width=\"3280\" height=\"2460\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/592668main_pia14734-43_full.jpg 3280w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/592668main_pia14734-43_full-400x300.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/592668main_pia14734-43_full-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/592668main_pia14734-43_full-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/592668main_pia14734-43_full-1440x1080.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/592668main_pia14734-43_full-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/592668main_pia14734-43_full-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/592668main_pia14734-43_full-960x720.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 3280px) 100vw, 3280px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Census of Near Earth Asteroids, both known and estimated. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>There are ideas about how to protect us from large asteroid impacts. One is to send a massive robotic spacecraft to an asteroid we know will likely hit the Earth, and use the gravitational attraction between the two to “nudge” the asteroid into a safer orbit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s sort of like a small tugboat nudging a large ocean cargo ship to avoid striking a bridge pier, something the tug is capable of doing given enough lead time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This plan requires precise knowledge of an asteroid’s orbit and the ability to predict an impact years in advance, which is one good reason to learn as much about NEOs now as possible!\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"tagline": "Where conversation and cultura meet",
"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
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"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
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"marketplace": {
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"title": "Marketplace",
"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm",
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"info": "Masters of Scale is an original podcast in which LinkedIn co-founder and Greylock Partner Reid Hoffman sets out to describe and prove theories that explain how great entrepreneurs take their companies from zero to a gazillion in ingenious fashion.",
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},
"mindshift": {
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"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
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"order": 12
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"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
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"title": "On The Media",
"info": "Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. For one hour a week, the show tries to lift the veil from the process of \"making media,\" especially news media, because it's through that lens that we see the world and the world sees us",
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"planet-money": {
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"politicalbreakdown": {
"id": "politicalbreakdown",
"title": "Political Breakdown",
"tagline": "Politics from a personal perspective",
"info": "Political Breakdown is a new series that explores the political intersection of California and the nation. Each week hosts Scott Shafer and Marisa Lagos are joined with a new special guest to unpack politics -- with personality — and offer an insider’s glimpse at how politics happens.",
"airtime": "THU 6:30pm-7pm",
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"possible": {
"id": "possible",
"title": "Possible",
"info": "Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.",
"airtime": "SUN 2pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Possible-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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"pri-the-world": {
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"title": "PRI's The World: Latest Edition",
"info": "Each weekday, host Marco Werman and his team of producers bring you the world's most interesting stories in an hour of radio that reminds us just how small our planet really is.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 2pm-3pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-World-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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},
"radiolab": {
"id": "radiolab",
"title": "Radiolab",
"info": "A two-time Peabody Award-winner, Radiolab is an investigation told through sounds and stories, and centered around one big idea. In the Radiolab world, information sounds like music and science and culture collide. Hosted by Jad Abumrad and Robert Krulwich, the show is designed for listeners who demand skepticism, but appreciate wonder. WNYC Studios is the producer of other leading podcasts including Freakonomics Radio, Death, Sex & Money, On the Media and many more.",
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},
"reveal": {
"id": "reveal",
"title": "Reveal",
"info": "Created by The Center for Investigative Reporting and PRX, Reveal is public radios first one-hour weekly radio show and podcast dedicated to investigative reporting. Credible, fact based and without a partisan agenda, Reveal combines the power and artistry of driveway moment storytelling with data-rich reporting on critically important issues. The result is stories that inform and inspire, arming our listeners with information to right injustices, hold the powerful accountable and improve lives.Reveal is hosted by Al Letson and showcases the award-winning work of CIR and newsrooms large and small across the nation. In a radio and podcast market crowded with choices, Reveal focuses on important and often surprising stories that illuminate the world for our listeners.",
"airtime": "SAT 4pm-5pm",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/reveal300px.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.revealnews.org/episodes/",
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"rss": "http://feeds.revealradio.org/revealpodcast"
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},
"rightnowish": {
"id": "rightnowish",
"title": "Rightnowish",
"tagline": "Art is where you find it",
"info": "Rightnowish digs into life in the Bay Area right now… ish. Journalist Pendarvis Harshaw takes us to galleries painted on the sides of liquor stores in West Oakland. We'll dance in warehouses in the Bayview, make smoothies with kids in South Berkeley, and listen to classical music in a 1984 Cutlass Supreme in Richmond. Every week, Pen talks to movers and shakers about how the Bay Area shapes what they create, and how they shape the place we call home.",
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 16
},
"link": "/podcasts/rightnowish",
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},
"science-friday": {
"id": "science-friday",
"title": "Science Friday",
"info": "Science Friday is a weekly science talk show, broadcast live over public radio stations nationwide. Each week, the show focuses on science topics that are in the news and tries to bring an educated, balanced discussion to bear on the scientific issues at hand. Panels of expert guests join host Ira Flatow, a veteran science journalist, to discuss science and to take questions from listeners during the call-in portion of the program.",
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"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Science-Friday-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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},
"snap-judgment": {
"id": "snap-judgment",
"title": "Snap Judgment",
"tagline": "Real stories with killer beats",
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