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"headline": "Sierra Snowpack Shrinking -- But More Is on the Way",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>There’s still plenty up there for skiers but Tuesday’s manual survey of the Sierra Snowpack didn’t do much to raise hopes for an imminent end to the drought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And time is running out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Statewide, the Sierra snowpack stands at just 83 percent of normal levels for this date — the southern Sierra is even skimpier at 75 percent, based on estimates of the snow’s water content.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After a series of cold storms off the northern Pacific gave an encouraging start to the snow season, accumulations briefly surged ahead of long-term averages — but February’s meager rain and temperatures in record-high territory quickly started shrinking the snowpack (Locations from Sacramento to San Diego recorded their hottest February on record). That’s a major source of anxiety for the state’s water managers, who traditionally count on the so-called “frozen reservoir” for about a third of California’s water supply.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Right now, we’re obviously better than last year,” said Frank Gehrke, who heads the state’s snow surveys, “but still way below what would be considered adequate for any reasonable level of recovery at this point.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s because the rain and snow season is also shrinking rapidly. California’s precipitation tends to drop off abruptly in April, and while the rains are forecast to return later this week, rising spring temperatures will make it hard to catch up on snow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_555620\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 476px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-555620\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/TahoeCityClimateGraph.png\" alt=\"Climate Graph for Tahoe City shows how starkly precipitation declines and temperatures start to rise during the month of April.\" width=\"476\" height=\"339\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/TahoeCityClimateGraph.png 476w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/TahoeCityClimateGraph-400x285.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 476px) 100vw, 476px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Climate Graph for Tahoe City shows how starkly precipitation declines and temperatures start to rise during the month of April. \u003ccite>(U.S. Climate Data)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>A closely-watched indicator is the current snowpack compared to the average on April 1, when it’s generally at its peak for the season. Statewide, it’s currently just 73 percent of the April 1 average. That means the mountains need to add a quarter of one entire season’s average snow in the next four weeks, just to make it to average before the spring melt begins in earnest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re hoping for a miracle March and an awesome April,” the state’s top water regulator, Felicia Marcus told reporters last week. We might be getting a down payment over the next 10 days.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Forecasters at the National Weather Service describe the first Northern California system to arrive in March as “moisture-starved” with snowfall unlikely below 7,000 feet. But Stanford climate scientist Daniel Swain says the stronger series of storms lined up behind it could “add tremendously to the snowpack.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Scott Kelly Reflects on His Year Off the Planet",
"headTitle": "Scott Kelly Reflects on His Year Off the Planet | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>“I have taken a lot of pictures because I’ve been up here for a long time,” NASA astronaut Scott Kelly said during \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DjFpOyhWalg\">a recent press conference\u003c/a> from the International Space Station. “I’ve definitely taken some good ones and some memorable ones.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When he returns to Earth on Tuesday evening, Kelly will have spent 340 days aboard the ISS. While that’s not quite a year, it’s still a record for an American astronaut, and one of the longest-lasting spaceflights ever.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kelly is not the only member of his family to visit the station. His twin brother, Mark Kelly, was also an astronaut, and flew multiple shuttle missions to the orbiting outpost. The twins grew up in West Orange, N.J., as the sons of police officers. “We lived a pretty exciting and adventurous life,” Scott says of his childhood.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_556598\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2500px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-556598\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/Scot-Kelly_2.jpg\" alt=\"Kelly posted this photo of an aurora to Twitter on Aug. 15.\" width=\"2500\" height=\"1878\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/Scot-Kelly_2.jpg 2500w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/Scot-Kelly_2-400x300.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/Scot-Kelly_2-800x601.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/Scot-Kelly_2-768x577.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/Scot-Kelly_2-1440x1082.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/Scot-Kelly_2-1920x1442.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/Scot-Kelly_2-1180x886.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/Scot-Kelly_2-960x721.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2500px) 100vw, 2500px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Kelly posted this photo of an aurora to Twitter on Aug. 15. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_556600\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2500px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-556600\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/Scott-Kelly_-earth.jpg\" alt=\"(From top left, clockwise) The coast of Spain; New York City; Australia; the Himalayas. \" width=\"2500\" height=\"1873\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/Scott-Kelly_-earth.jpg 2500w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/Scott-Kelly_-earth-400x300.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/Scott-Kelly_-earth-800x599.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/Scott-Kelly_-earth-768x575.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/Scott-Kelly_-earth-1440x1079.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/Scott-Kelly_-earth-1920x1438.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/Scott-Kelly_-earth-1180x884.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/Scott-Kelly_-earth-960x719.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2500px) 100vw, 2500px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">(From top left, clockwise) The coast of Spain; New York City; Australia; the Himalayas. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Scott Kelly takes his images through the windows of the Space Station’s cupola module. It might give the impression that he lives and works with the Earth constantly in view, but that’s not the case. Most of the space station’s rooms are fluorescent-lit boxes. “You don’t get real sunlight,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His photographs have captured some stunning views of Earth at all times of the day and night. The process of photography has changed his perspective on the planet. “The more I look at Earth, and certain parts of Earth, the more I feel [like] an environmentalist,” Kelly says. “It’s just a blanket of pollution in certain areas. We can fix that if we put our minds to it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_556601\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2500px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-556601\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/Scott-Kelly_daily-life.jpg\" alt=\"(Top) Kelly corrals a supply of fresh fruit that arrived on a Japanese cargo ship on Aug. 25. (Bottom left) Kelly assisted with numerous studies to see how prolonged spaceflight affects vision and other aspects of human health. The results of those tests won't be available for another year or so. (Bottom right) The crew also grew crops in zero gravity, including these zinnias. \" width=\"2500\" height=\"2505\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/Scott-Kelly_daily-life.jpg 2500w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/Scott-Kelly_daily-life-400x401.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/Scott-Kelly_daily-life-800x802.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/Scott-Kelly_daily-life-768x770.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/Scott-Kelly_daily-life-1440x1443.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/Scott-Kelly_daily-life-1920x1924.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/Scott-Kelly_daily-life-1180x1182.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/Scott-Kelly_daily-life-960x962.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/Scott-Kelly_daily-life-32x32.jpg 32w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/Scott-Kelly_daily-life-64x64.jpg 64w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/Scott-Kelly_daily-life-96x96.jpg 96w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/Scott-Kelly_daily-life-128x128.jpg 128w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/Scott-Kelly_daily-life-75x75.jpg 75w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2500px) 100vw, 2500px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">(Top) Kelly corrals a supply of fresh fruit that arrived on a Japanese cargo ship on Aug. 25. (Bottom left) Kelly assisted with numerous studies to see how prolonged spaceflight affects vision and other aspects of human health. The results of those tests won’t be available for another year or so. (Bottom right) The crew also grew crops in zero gravity, including these zinnias. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Photography was one small part of Kelly’s mission. He conducted numerous experiments, some to determine how space was affecting his health, and others to test new technologies, like a dedicated greenhouse for growing plants in zero gravity. NASA hopes the knowledge gained from his extended mission will prepare the space agency for lengthy missions to places like Mars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_556602\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2500px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-556602 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/SK_3.jpg\" alt=\"(Top) Kelly corrals a supply of fresh fruit that arrived on a Japanese cargo ship on Aug. 25. (Bottom left) Kelly assisted with numerous studies to see how prolonged spaceflight affects vision and other aspects of human health. The results of those tests won't be available for another year or so. (Bottom right) The crew also grew crops in zero gravity, including these zinnias. \" width=\"2500\" height=\"1875\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/SK_3.jpg 2500w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/SK_3-400x300.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/SK_3-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/SK_3-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/SK_3-1440x1080.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/SK_3-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/SK_3-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/SK_3-960x720.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2500px) 100vw, 2500px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">On Dec. 21, Kelly and fellow astronaut Tim Kopra made an unscheduled spacewalk to move a robotic transporter that had become stalled on the side of the station. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Kelly’s photographs have won the astronaut nearly a million followers \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/StationCDRKelly\">on Twitter\u003c/a>, but he says taking the pictures is only a small part of why he’s there. Kelly believes in space flight, and in humanity’s future beyond the confines of Earth. “The thing I like most about flying in space is not the view,” says Kelly. “The thing I like about it is doing something I feel very, very strongly about.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Scott+Kelly+Reflects+On+His+Year+Off+The+Planet&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\" alt=\"\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>“I have taken a lot of pictures because I’ve been up here for a long time,” NASA astronaut Scott Kelly said during \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DjFpOyhWalg\">a recent press conference\u003c/a> from the International Space Station. “I’ve definitely taken some good ones and some memorable ones.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When he returns to Earth on Tuesday evening, Kelly will have spent 340 days aboard the ISS. While that’s not quite a year, it’s still a record for an American astronaut, and one of the longest-lasting spaceflights ever.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kelly is not the only member of his family to visit the station. His twin brother, Mark Kelly, was also an astronaut, and flew multiple shuttle missions to the orbiting outpost. The twins grew up in West Orange, N.J., as the sons of police officers. “We lived a pretty exciting and adventurous life,” Scott says of his childhood.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_556598\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2500px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-556598\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/Scot-Kelly_2.jpg\" alt=\"Kelly posted this photo of an aurora to Twitter on Aug. 15.\" width=\"2500\" height=\"1878\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/Scot-Kelly_2.jpg 2500w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/Scot-Kelly_2-400x300.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/Scot-Kelly_2-800x601.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/Scot-Kelly_2-768x577.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/Scot-Kelly_2-1440x1082.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/Scot-Kelly_2-1920x1442.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/Scot-Kelly_2-1180x886.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/Scot-Kelly_2-960x721.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2500px) 100vw, 2500px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Kelly posted this photo of an aurora to Twitter on Aug. 15. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_556600\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2500px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-556600\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/Scott-Kelly_-earth.jpg\" alt=\"(From top left, clockwise) The coast of Spain; New York City; Australia; the Himalayas. \" width=\"2500\" height=\"1873\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/Scott-Kelly_-earth.jpg 2500w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/Scott-Kelly_-earth-400x300.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/Scott-Kelly_-earth-800x599.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/Scott-Kelly_-earth-768x575.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/Scott-Kelly_-earth-1440x1079.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/Scott-Kelly_-earth-1920x1438.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/Scott-Kelly_-earth-1180x884.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/Scott-Kelly_-earth-960x719.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2500px) 100vw, 2500px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">(From top left, clockwise) The coast of Spain; New York City; Australia; the Himalayas. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Scott Kelly takes his images through the windows of the Space Station’s cupola module. It might give the impression that he lives and works with the Earth constantly in view, but that’s not the case. Most of the space station’s rooms are fluorescent-lit boxes. “You don’t get real sunlight,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His photographs have captured some stunning views of Earth at all times of the day and night. The process of photography has changed his perspective on the planet. “The more I look at Earth, and certain parts of Earth, the more I feel [like] an environmentalist,” Kelly says. “It’s just a blanket of pollution in certain areas. We can fix that if we put our minds to it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_556601\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2500px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-556601\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/Scott-Kelly_daily-life.jpg\" alt=\"(Top) Kelly corrals a supply of fresh fruit that arrived on a Japanese cargo ship on Aug. 25. (Bottom left) Kelly assisted with numerous studies to see how prolonged spaceflight affects vision and other aspects of human health. The results of those tests won't be available for another year or so. (Bottom right) The crew also grew crops in zero gravity, including these zinnias. \" width=\"2500\" height=\"2505\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/Scott-Kelly_daily-life.jpg 2500w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/Scott-Kelly_daily-life-400x401.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/Scott-Kelly_daily-life-800x802.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/Scott-Kelly_daily-life-768x770.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/Scott-Kelly_daily-life-1440x1443.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/Scott-Kelly_daily-life-1920x1924.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/Scott-Kelly_daily-life-1180x1182.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/Scott-Kelly_daily-life-960x962.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/Scott-Kelly_daily-life-32x32.jpg 32w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/Scott-Kelly_daily-life-64x64.jpg 64w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/Scott-Kelly_daily-life-96x96.jpg 96w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/Scott-Kelly_daily-life-128x128.jpg 128w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/Scott-Kelly_daily-life-75x75.jpg 75w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2500px) 100vw, 2500px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">(Top) Kelly corrals a supply of fresh fruit that arrived on a Japanese cargo ship on Aug. 25. (Bottom left) Kelly assisted with numerous studies to see how prolonged spaceflight affects vision and other aspects of human health. The results of those tests won’t be available for another year or so. (Bottom right) The crew also grew crops in zero gravity, including these zinnias. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Photography was one small part of Kelly’s mission. He conducted numerous experiments, some to determine how space was affecting his health, and others to test new technologies, like a dedicated greenhouse for growing plants in zero gravity. NASA hopes the knowledge gained from his extended mission will prepare the space agency for lengthy missions to places like Mars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_556602\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2500px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-556602 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/SK_3.jpg\" alt=\"(Top) Kelly corrals a supply of fresh fruit that arrived on a Japanese cargo ship on Aug. 25. (Bottom left) Kelly assisted with numerous studies to see how prolonged spaceflight affects vision and other aspects of human health. The results of those tests won't be available for another year or so. (Bottom right) The crew also grew crops in zero gravity, including these zinnias. \" width=\"2500\" height=\"1875\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/SK_3.jpg 2500w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/SK_3-400x300.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/SK_3-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/SK_3-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/SK_3-1440x1080.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/SK_3-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/SK_3-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/SK_3-960x720.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2500px) 100vw, 2500px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">On Dec. 21, Kelly and fellow astronaut Tim Kopra made an unscheduled spacewalk to move a robotic transporter that had become stalled on the side of the station. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Kelly’s photographs have won the astronaut nearly a million followers \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/StationCDRKelly\">on Twitter\u003c/a>, but he says taking the pictures is only a small part of why he’s there. Kelly believes in space flight, and in humanity’s future beyond the confines of Earth. “The thing I like most about flying in space is not the view,” says Kelly. “The thing I like about it is doing something I feel very, very strongly about.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Scott+Kelly+Reflects+On+His+Year+Off+The+Planet&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\" alt=\"\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "California Reservoirs Are Dumping Water in a Drought, But Science Could Change That",
"headTitle": "California Reservoirs Are Dumping Water in a Drought, But Science Could Change That | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>There’s a rule in California that may seem bizarre in a drought-stricken state: in the winter, reservoirs aren’t allowed to fill up completely.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, even as this post goes up, a handful of reservoirs are releasing water to maintain empty space.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The practice, which has long inflamed combatants in California’s water wars, is due to a decades-old rule designed to protect public safety. If a major winter storm comes in, reservoirs need space to catch the runoff and prevent floods.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But with advances in weather forecasting, some say this preemptive strategy is outdated. A new, “smart” flood control system could save water in years when Californians need it most.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Hitting the ‘Magic’ Line\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At one of the state’s major reservoirs — Folsom Lake, east of Sacramento — the volume of water spilling from the dam has swollen eight-fold in the past few weeks, sending billions of gallons downstream, much of it into San Francisco Bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Early in February the reservoir reached a key threshold: 60 percent full, which is the highest water level allowed during the winter months, according to rules from the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers and the Sacramento Area Flood Control Agency.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last year, most of the reservoir was a dry, dusty lakebed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What reservoir was left was confined to the old river channels before we built the dam,” says Drew Lessard of the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation, the federal agency that manages the reservoir.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just an average-size winter storm can send huge volumes of water down the American River \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfgate.com/news/article/Water-starved-Folsom-Lake-is-finally-starting-to-6738359.php\">into Folsom Reservoir\u003c/a>, boosting the lake by 10 percent or more. A major storm can produce dramatically more than that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The watershed is pretty flashy and it responds pretty quickly to storm events,” says Lessard. “That’s why we need to reserve a space during those winter months in case that happens.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sitting 40 percent empty allows the reservoir to act as a buffer against floods, gulping the runoff without overflowing. In years where the upstream reservoirs are fuller, Folsom Reservoir is required to remain 60 percent empty.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-549363 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/Reservoir_V08_160225-web.jpg\" alt=\"Reservoir_V08_160225-web\" width=\"1191\" height=\"1080\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/Reservoir_V08_160225-web.jpg 1191w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/Reservoir_V08_160225-web-400x363.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/Reservoir_V08_160225-web-800x725.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/Reservoir_V08_160225-web-768x696.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/Reservoir_V08_160225-web-1180x1070.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/Reservoir_V08_160225-web-960x871.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1191px) 100vw, 1191px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Releasing water downstream does produce benefits, supporting wildlife and endangered fish. It also prevents salt water from San Francisco Bay from backing up into the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta, which is a drinking water supply for many in the Bay Area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But preemptively releasing water has its own risks, especially if it doesn’t rain again, as happened in 1997. The reservoir was lowered and, “it was dry the rest of the year and we never really rebounded,” recalls Lessard.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘The rules that govern water in the West were created in the 19th century.’\u003ccite>Marty Ralph, UCSD\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>As California enters a fifth year of drought, seeing operators deliberately dumping water can be disconcerting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A few weeks ago, Shauna Lorance of the San Juan Water District near Sacramento went to state regulators with a message: when water is disappearing downriver, it’s hard for water consumers to take the conservation message seriously.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Anything they conserve right now is not held,” said Lorance. “For me to explain to customers, after everything they’ve done, that they need to continue to conserve so it can be spilled is going to be a nightmare.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>‘Smart’ Reservoirs\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The rules that govern water in the West were created in the 19th century,” says Marty Ralph, who directs the \u003ca href=\"http://mavensnotebook.com/2014/02/10/marty-ralph-atmospheric-rivers-drought-and-the-new-center-for-western-weather-and-water-extremes/\">Center for Western Weather and Water Extremes\u003c/a> at UC San Diego. “And yet here we live in the 21st century with its special and new needs: greater population and a changing climate.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ralph is piloting a more dynamic method of flood management at \u003ca href=\"http://www.pressdemocrat.com/news/5143750-181/lake-mendocino-nears-winter-capacity?artslide=0\">Lake Mendocino\u003c/a> with the Sonoma County Water Agency.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Instead of a maintaining firm limits on reservoir levels dictated by the calendar, managers would use cutting-edge weather forecasts to gauge how much flood space they need.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Weather predictions have been improving over the last decades, “ said Ralph. “Particularly on the West Coast, we’ve learned about the phenomenon that produces most flood-producing storms. We call them \u003ca href=\"http://www.esrl.noaa.gov/psd/atmrivers/questions/\">atmospheric rivers\u003c/a>.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Instead of emptying out a reservoir preemptively, managers would allow the reservoir to stay fuller, keeping an eye on the weather forecast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If a big storm appears, “they’d have three, four, five days lead time, enough to release that extra water and get it out of the way safely,” said Ralph.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If storms don’t appear, the water would be saved for later in the year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ralph says “forecast-informed” operations are becoming possible thanks to major advances in weather research. New weather satellites and more precise forecast models are making predictions more accurate. Researchers are even \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/11/23/flying-into-the-heart-of-the-wests-biggest-storms/\">flying planes into atmospheric rivers\u003c/a> to gather information about how they behave.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ralph says even with the improvements, there’s more fine tuning to be done.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We get down to three days’ lead time and we’re down to plus or minus 300 kilometers (186 mi.) in terms of the location of the storm’s landfall,” he explains. “That’s the difference between San Francisco and the Oregon border. That’s a big difference if you’re operating a reservoir on a much smaller scale.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But he says potential is clear in a drought-prone state like California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Imagine we have the option to keep, say, ten percent extra water behind each dam in the winter,” he muses. At Folsom Reservoir alone, that amount would supply 200,000 households for a year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Changing the Rules\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We see potential,” agrees Greg Kukas of the Army Corps of Engineers, the federal agency that sets flood rules for reservoirs. “What we’re not clear on is what the risks associated with that potential might be. What are the trade offs?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Corps is considering using the new weather-based operations at Folsom as part of a major update to the reservoir operations plan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The question is whether weather forecasts are precise enough — not just as to when a storm is coming, but how big it is.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When it comes to forecasting the size of events that we’re most concerned about, they are about 20 percent off,” says Kukas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Getting it wrong is not an option. If the dam overflows, it could flood Sacramento and hundreds of thousands of people downstream, and potentially put the dam itself at risk of failing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The consequences, you don’t even want to imagine them.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Working with reservoir operators around the state, the Corps says it currently takes weather forecasts into consideration in making water release decisions, though in a minimal way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We don’t make our reservoir releases in a vacuum,” says Christy Jones, also with the Corps of Engineers. “We always are looking at the balance. We know water supply is incredibly important but we also know public safety is incredibly important.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Corps plans to decide whether to manage Folsom Reservoir using weather forecasts next year. Changing current flood rules for how much the reservoir can hold in the winter would require an act of Congress. But if it works at Folsom, Jones agrees that it would be a model for reservoirs across the Western U.S.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This could have a huge impact on the West.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>There’s a rule in California that may seem bizarre in a drought-stricken state: in the winter, reservoirs aren’t allowed to fill up completely.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, even as this post goes up, a handful of reservoirs are releasing water to maintain empty space.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The practice, which has long inflamed combatants in California’s water wars, is due to a decades-old rule designed to protect public safety. If a major winter storm comes in, reservoirs need space to catch the runoff and prevent floods.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But with advances in weather forecasting, some say this preemptive strategy is outdated. A new, “smart” flood control system could save water in years when Californians need it most.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Hitting the ‘Magic’ Line\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At one of the state’s major reservoirs — Folsom Lake, east of Sacramento — the volume of water spilling from the dam has swollen eight-fold in the past few weeks, sending billions of gallons downstream, much of it into San Francisco Bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Early in February the reservoir reached a key threshold: 60 percent full, which is the highest water level allowed during the winter months, according to rules from the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers and the Sacramento Area Flood Control Agency.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last year, most of the reservoir was a dry, dusty lakebed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What reservoir was left was confined to the old river channels before we built the dam,” says Drew Lessard of the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation, the federal agency that manages the reservoir.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just an average-size winter storm can send huge volumes of water down the American River \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfgate.com/news/article/Water-starved-Folsom-Lake-is-finally-starting-to-6738359.php\">into Folsom Reservoir\u003c/a>, boosting the lake by 10 percent or more. A major storm can produce dramatically more than that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The watershed is pretty flashy and it responds pretty quickly to storm events,” says Lessard. “That’s why we need to reserve a space during those winter months in case that happens.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sitting 40 percent empty allows the reservoir to act as a buffer against floods, gulping the runoff without overflowing. In years where the upstream reservoirs are fuller, Folsom Reservoir is required to remain 60 percent empty.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-549363 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/Reservoir_V08_160225-web.jpg\" alt=\"Reservoir_V08_160225-web\" width=\"1191\" height=\"1080\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/Reservoir_V08_160225-web.jpg 1191w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/Reservoir_V08_160225-web-400x363.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/Reservoir_V08_160225-web-800x725.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/Reservoir_V08_160225-web-768x696.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/Reservoir_V08_160225-web-1180x1070.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/Reservoir_V08_160225-web-960x871.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1191px) 100vw, 1191px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Releasing water downstream does produce benefits, supporting wildlife and endangered fish. It also prevents salt water from San Francisco Bay from backing up into the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta, which is a drinking water supply for many in the Bay Area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But preemptively releasing water has its own risks, especially if it doesn’t rain again, as happened in 1997. The reservoir was lowered and, “it was dry the rest of the year and we never really rebounded,” recalls Lessard.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘The rules that govern water in the West were created in the 19th century.’\u003ccite>Marty Ralph, UCSD\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>As California enters a fifth year of drought, seeing operators deliberately dumping water can be disconcerting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A few weeks ago, Shauna Lorance of the San Juan Water District near Sacramento went to state regulators with a message: when water is disappearing downriver, it’s hard for water consumers to take the conservation message seriously.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Anything they conserve right now is not held,” said Lorance. “For me to explain to customers, after everything they’ve done, that they need to continue to conserve so it can be spilled is going to be a nightmare.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>‘Smart’ Reservoirs\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The rules that govern water in the West were created in the 19th century,” says Marty Ralph, who directs the \u003ca href=\"http://mavensnotebook.com/2014/02/10/marty-ralph-atmospheric-rivers-drought-and-the-new-center-for-western-weather-and-water-extremes/\">Center for Western Weather and Water Extremes\u003c/a> at UC San Diego. “And yet here we live in the 21st century with its special and new needs: greater population and a changing climate.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ralph is piloting a more dynamic method of flood management at \u003ca href=\"http://www.pressdemocrat.com/news/5143750-181/lake-mendocino-nears-winter-capacity?artslide=0\">Lake Mendocino\u003c/a> with the Sonoma County Water Agency.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Instead of a maintaining firm limits on reservoir levels dictated by the calendar, managers would use cutting-edge weather forecasts to gauge how much flood space they need.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Weather predictions have been improving over the last decades, “ said Ralph. “Particularly on the West Coast, we’ve learned about the phenomenon that produces most flood-producing storms. We call them \u003ca href=\"http://www.esrl.noaa.gov/psd/atmrivers/questions/\">atmospheric rivers\u003c/a>.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Instead of emptying out a reservoir preemptively, managers would allow the reservoir to stay fuller, keeping an eye on the weather forecast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If a big storm appears, “they’d have three, four, five days lead time, enough to release that extra water and get it out of the way safely,” said Ralph.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If storms don’t appear, the water would be saved for later in the year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ralph says “forecast-informed” operations are becoming possible thanks to major advances in weather research. New weather satellites and more precise forecast models are making predictions more accurate. Researchers are even \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/11/23/flying-into-the-heart-of-the-wests-biggest-storms/\">flying planes into atmospheric rivers\u003c/a> to gather information about how they behave.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ralph says even with the improvements, there’s more fine tuning to be done.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We get down to three days’ lead time and we’re down to plus or minus 300 kilometers (186 mi.) in terms of the location of the storm’s landfall,” he explains. “That’s the difference between San Francisco and the Oregon border. That’s a big difference if you’re operating a reservoir on a much smaller scale.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But he says potential is clear in a drought-prone state like California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Imagine we have the option to keep, say, ten percent extra water behind each dam in the winter,” he muses. At Folsom Reservoir alone, that amount would supply 200,000 households for a year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Changing the Rules\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We see potential,” agrees Greg Kukas of the Army Corps of Engineers, the federal agency that sets flood rules for reservoirs. “What we’re not clear on is what the risks associated with that potential might be. What are the trade offs?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Corps is considering using the new weather-based operations at Folsom as part of a major update to the reservoir operations plan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The question is whether weather forecasts are precise enough — not just as to when a storm is coming, but how big it is.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When it comes to forecasting the size of events that we’re most concerned about, they are about 20 percent off,” says Kukas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Getting it wrong is not an option. If the dam overflows, it could flood Sacramento and hundreds of thousands of people downstream, and potentially put the dam itself at risk of failing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The consequences, you don’t even want to imagine them.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Working with reservoir operators around the state, the Corps says it currently takes weather forecasts into consideration in making water release decisions, though in a minimal way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We don’t make our reservoir releases in a vacuum,” says Christy Jones, also with the Corps of Engineers. “We always are looking at the balance. We know water supply is incredibly important but we also know public safety is incredibly important.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Corps plans to decide whether to manage Folsom Reservoir using weather forecasts next year. Changing current flood rules for how much the reservoir can hold in the winter would require an act of Congress. But if it works at Folsom, Jones agrees that it would be a model for reservoirs across the Western U.S.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "Report Outlines Decline of Pollinators and Threat to World Food Supply",
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"content": "\u003cp>A major global assessment of pollinators is raising concerns about the future of the planet’s food supply.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A U.N.-sponsored report drawing on about 3,000 scientific papers concludes that about 40 percent of invertebrate pollinator species (such as bees and butterflies) are facing extinction. Vertebrate pollinators (such as bats and birds) are somewhat better off by comparison — 16 percent are threatened with extinction, “with a trend towards more extinctions,” the researchers say.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About 75 percent of the world’s food crops, the report notes, depend at least partly on pollination.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘Pollinators are important contributors to world food production and nutritional security.’\u003ccite> Vera Lucia Imperatriz-Fonseca,\u003cbr>\nUniversity of São Paulo \u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“Pollinators are important contributors to world food production and nutritional security,” assessment co-Chair Vera Lucia Imperatriz-Fonseca says \u003ca href=\"http://www.ipbes.net/article/pollinators-vital-our-food-supply-under-threat\">in a statement\u003c/a>. “Their health is directly linked to our own well-being.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Crops that need help from pollinators include coffee, apples, cacao, cotton, mangoes and almonds, to name just a few.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We’re also talking big business: “The annual value of global crops directly affected by pollinators” ranges from $235 billion to $577 billion, according to the statement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NPR’s Dan Charles says the report “is largely based on studies in North America and Europe; there’s been less research on pollinators in Africa and Asia.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was released by The Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services, which operates under U.N. auspices. The assessment cites about 3,000 scientific papers and, researchers say, “includes information about practices based on indigenous and local knowledge from more than 60 locations around the world.” The report was presented by IPBES on Friday in Kuala Lumpur.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_550641\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 431px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-550641\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/RS4802_167524958-sfi.jpg\" alt=\"Worker bees surround a queen, who is marked with a yellow spot on her back, Bees are essential in nature in pollinating a wide variety of plants and trees. \" width=\"431\" height=\"309\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/RS4802_167524958-sfi.jpg 502w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/RS4802_167524958-sfi-400x287.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 431px) 100vw, 431px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Worker bees surround a queen, who is marked with a yellow spot on her back. Bees are essential for pollinating a wide variety of plants and trees. \u003ccite>(Sean Gallup/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Pollinators are under threat for a number of reasons.\u003cbr>\nThe decline of wild butterflies, bees and other pollinators “is primarily due to changes in land use, intensive agricultural practices and pesticide use, alien invasion species, diseases and pest, and climate change,” says IPBES Vice-Chair Robert Watson.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Also harming pollinators: “the decline of practices based on indigenous and local knowledge,” the assessment states. “These practices include traditional farming systems; maintenance of diverse landscapes and gardens; kinship relationships that protect specific pollinators; and cultures and languages that are connected to pollinators.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, the researchers say there’s plenty governments and communities can do to support these animals. “The good news is that a number of steps can be taken to reduce the risks to pollinators, including practices based on indigenous and local knowledge,” says IPBES founding Chair Zakri Abdul Hamid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The statement cites such examples as:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>“The promotion of sustainable agriculture” that emphasizes diverse habitats.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>“Supporting traditional practices that manage habitat patchiness, crop rotation, and coproduction between science and indigenous local knowledge.”\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Reducing their exposure to pesticides, including “seeking alternative forms of pest control, and adopting a range of specific applications, including technologies to reduce pesticide drift.”\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>“Improving managed bee husbandry for pathogen control, coupled with better regulation of trade and use of commercial pollinators.”\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Report%3A+More+Pollinator+Species+In+Jeopardy%2C+Threatening+World+Food+Supply&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\" alt=\"\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>A major global assessment of pollinators is raising concerns about the future of the planet’s food supply.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A U.N.-sponsored report drawing on about 3,000 scientific papers concludes that about 40 percent of invertebrate pollinator species (such as bees and butterflies) are facing extinction. Vertebrate pollinators (such as bats and birds) are somewhat better off by comparison — 16 percent are threatened with extinction, “with a trend towards more extinctions,” the researchers say.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About 75 percent of the world’s food crops, the report notes, depend at least partly on pollination.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘Pollinators are important contributors to world food production and nutritional security.’\u003ccite> Vera Lucia Imperatriz-Fonseca,\u003cbr>\nUniversity of São Paulo \u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“Pollinators are important contributors to world food production and nutritional security,” assessment co-Chair Vera Lucia Imperatriz-Fonseca says \u003ca href=\"http://www.ipbes.net/article/pollinators-vital-our-food-supply-under-threat\">in a statement\u003c/a>. “Their health is directly linked to our own well-being.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Crops that need help from pollinators include coffee, apples, cacao, cotton, mangoes and almonds, to name just a few.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We’re also talking big business: “The annual value of global crops directly affected by pollinators” ranges from $235 billion to $577 billion, according to the statement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NPR’s Dan Charles says the report “is largely based on studies in North America and Europe; there’s been less research on pollinators in Africa and Asia.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was released by The Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services, which operates under U.N. auspices. The assessment cites about 3,000 scientific papers and, researchers say, “includes information about practices based on indigenous and local knowledge from more than 60 locations around the world.” The report was presented by IPBES on Friday in Kuala Lumpur.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_550641\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 431px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-550641\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/RS4802_167524958-sfi.jpg\" alt=\"Worker bees surround a queen, who is marked with a yellow spot on her back, Bees are essential in nature in pollinating a wide variety of plants and trees. \" width=\"431\" height=\"309\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/RS4802_167524958-sfi.jpg 502w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/RS4802_167524958-sfi-400x287.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 431px) 100vw, 431px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Worker bees surround a queen, who is marked with a yellow spot on her back. Bees are essential for pollinating a wide variety of plants and trees. \u003ccite>(Sean Gallup/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Pollinators are under threat for a number of reasons.\u003cbr>\nThe decline of wild butterflies, bees and other pollinators “is primarily due to changes in land use, intensive agricultural practices and pesticide use, alien invasion species, diseases and pest, and climate change,” says IPBES Vice-Chair Robert Watson.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Also harming pollinators: “the decline of practices based on indigenous and local knowledge,” the assessment states. “These practices include traditional farming systems; maintenance of diverse landscapes and gardens; kinship relationships that protect specific pollinators; and cultures and languages that are connected to pollinators.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, the researchers say there’s plenty governments and communities can do to support these animals. “The good news is that a number of steps can be taken to reduce the risks to pollinators, including practices based on indigenous and local knowledge,” says IPBES founding Chair Zakri Abdul Hamid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The statement cites such examples as:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>“The promotion of sustainable agriculture” that emphasizes diverse habitats.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>“Supporting traditional practices that manage habitat patchiness, crop rotation, and coproduction between science and indigenous local knowledge.”\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Reducing their exposure to pesticides, including “seeking alternative forms of pest control, and adopting a range of specific applications, including technologies to reduce pesticide drift.”\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>“Improving managed bee husbandry for pathogen control, coupled with better regulation of trade and use of commercial pollinators.”\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Report%3A+More+Pollinator+Species+In+Jeopardy%2C+Threatening+World+Food+Supply&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\" alt=\"\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "MAP: California Water Conservation Misses Governor's Mandate in January",
"headTitle": "MAP: California Water Conservation Misses Governor’s Mandate in January | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>For the first time since mandatory statewide restrictions were imposed, Californians missed Governor Jerry Brown’s water conservation target in January.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On average, local water suppliers \u003ca href=\"http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/water_issues/programs/conservation_portal/docs/2016feb/fs22516_jan_conservation.pdf\">delivered 17.1 percent less water\u003c/a> than in January of 2013. That pulls the cumulative savings rate below the governor’s mandatory threshold of 25 percent. It’s the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2016/01/05/californians-slacked-off-on-water-conservation-in-november/\">sixth straight month\u003c/a> that water savings has fallen off among Californians.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"100%\" height=\"520\" frameborder=\"0\" src=\"https://kqednews.cartodb.com/viz/f5494c7a-dc13-11e5-aa32-0e787de82d45/embed_map\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Hover over the dots to see if your district met its water saving goal.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite that trend, the state’s top water regulator is happy with the overall drought response from consumers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Californians have risen to the occasion as never before,” said State Water Resources Control Board chair Felicia Marcus in a conference call with reporters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state is holding local urban water suppliers responsible for cutting monthly water use by 25 percent compared to the same month in 2013. The statewide conservation rate peaked in July, when consumers cut their use by 31 percent compared to the base year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-549186\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/WaterSvgs_1601.png\" alt=\"WaterSvgs_1601\" width=\"534\" height=\"399\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/WaterSvgs_1601.png 534w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/WaterSvgs_1601-400x299.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 534px) 100vw, 534px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State water regulators had expected a drop in conservation during the winter months, when most homeowners have already reduced outside watering and have to find additional savings indoors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Outside watering was likely further reduced by wet weather in January, particularly in Northern California. The parade of mild storms prompted TV meteorologist Paul Deanno to start keeping count. He tallied 11 separate rain systems that blew through the Bay Area in the first 22 days of January, essentially a storm every other day for three weeks running.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then nature seems to have shut off the tap and most of February has been dry throughout the state. Regulators concede that conservation numbers are not likely to improve when the February numbers come in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“February’s been a bear, with no disrespect to bears,” Marcus told reporters, referring to the recent dearth of rain and record high temperatures. “When its hot and dry, people want to turn on their sprinklers.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If there was a silver lining in January, it was that on a per-capita basis, urban consumers used an average of 61 gallons per day, the lowest figure reported in the eight months that officials have been keeping records. The daily per-capita figure for Bay Area residents was 49.5 gallons, bettered only slightly by Central Coast consumers. By comparison, when Australia suffered its recent \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/06/30/drought-lessons-from-down-under/\">decade-long drought\u003c/a>, urban residents managed to squeeze per-capita water use down to near 35 gallons per day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite the steadily dropping conservation rate, Max Gomberg, senior scientist with the water board, says officials have achieved 96 percent of the overall savings goal set for the drought emergency period ending this month.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re very close,” Gomberg told reporters. “We are where we wanted to be.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The governor’s original drought restrictions were intended to run through the end of this month, but Brown has \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2016/02/03/map-water-savings-down-just-as-drought-rules-extended/\">already extended\u003c/a> the rules into the fall of 2016, with some modifications. Regulators will review those rules in April and could make further adjustments based on the water supply outlook at that time.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>For the first time since mandatory statewide restrictions were imposed, Californians missed Governor Jerry Brown’s water conservation target in January.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On average, local water suppliers \u003ca href=\"http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/water_issues/programs/conservation_portal/docs/2016feb/fs22516_jan_conservation.pdf\">delivered 17.1 percent less water\u003c/a> than in January of 2013. That pulls the cumulative savings rate below the governor’s mandatory threshold of 25 percent. It’s the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2016/01/05/californians-slacked-off-on-water-conservation-in-november/\">sixth straight month\u003c/a> that water savings has fallen off among Californians.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"100%\" height=\"520\" frameborder=\"0\" src=\"https://kqednews.cartodb.com/viz/f5494c7a-dc13-11e5-aa32-0e787de82d45/embed_map\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Hover over the dots to see if your district met its water saving goal.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite that trend, the state’s top water regulator is happy with the overall drought response from consumers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Californians have risen to the occasion as never before,” said State Water Resources Control Board chair Felicia Marcus in a conference call with reporters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state is holding local urban water suppliers responsible for cutting monthly water use by 25 percent compared to the same month in 2013. The statewide conservation rate peaked in July, when consumers cut their use by 31 percent compared to the base year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-549186\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/WaterSvgs_1601.png\" alt=\"WaterSvgs_1601\" width=\"534\" height=\"399\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/WaterSvgs_1601.png 534w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/WaterSvgs_1601-400x299.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 534px) 100vw, 534px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State water regulators had expected a drop in conservation during the winter months, when most homeowners have already reduced outside watering and have to find additional savings indoors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Outside watering was likely further reduced by wet weather in January, particularly in Northern California. The parade of mild storms prompted TV meteorologist Paul Deanno to start keeping count. He tallied 11 separate rain systems that blew through the Bay Area in the first 22 days of January, essentially a storm every other day for three weeks running.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then nature seems to have shut off the tap and most of February has been dry throughout the state. Regulators concede that conservation numbers are not likely to improve when the February numbers come in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“February’s been a bear, with no disrespect to bears,” Marcus told reporters, referring to the recent dearth of rain and record high temperatures. “When its hot and dry, people want to turn on their sprinklers.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If there was a silver lining in January, it was that on a per-capita basis, urban consumers used an average of 61 gallons per day, the lowest figure reported in the eight months that officials have been keeping records. The daily per-capita figure for Bay Area residents was 49.5 gallons, bettered only slightly by Central Coast consumers. By comparison, when Australia suffered its recent \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/06/30/drought-lessons-from-down-under/\">decade-long drought\u003c/a>, urban residents managed to squeeze per-capita water use down to near 35 gallons per day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite the steadily dropping conservation rate, Max Gomberg, senior scientist with the water board, says officials have achieved 96 percent of the overall savings goal set for the drought emergency period ending this month.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re very close,” Gomberg told reporters. “We are where we wanted to be.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The governor’s original drought restrictions were intended to run through the end of this month, but Brown has \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2016/02/03/map-water-savings-down-just-as-drought-rules-extended/\">already extended\u003c/a> the rules into the fall of 2016, with some modifications. Regulators will review those rules in April and could make further adjustments based on the water supply outlook at that time.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>A new study suggests that sea levels are rising at an unprecedented rate and that the problem will continue well into this century.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Sea level rise in the 20th century was truly extraordinary by historical standards,” says \u003ca href=\"http://www.bobkopp.net/\">Bob Kopp\u003c/a>, an associate professor of Earth and planetary sciences at Rutgers University, and who is lead author on \u003ca href=\"http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2016/02/17/1517056113.full\">the study\u003c/a>, which appears in the journal \u003cem>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”AvuAsiu83wIKEQ0WfuFbSTPRc7gcR9I6″]Sea levels rose by roughly 5½ inches in the past hundred years, Kopp says, noting, “That’s faster than any century since at least 800 B.C., since the founding of Rome.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kopp’s team based its findings on dozens of earlier studies carried out around the world. Those studies determined past sea levels by looking at everything from microbial fossils to the locations of ancient Roman ruins along the Italian coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The results show sea levels remained largely unchanged for more than two millennia — except for one period around 1000 A.D., in which the oceans dropped slightly due to a brief medieval cold snap.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Looking forward, Kopp and his co-authors predict things are going to get worse. The team’s findings suggest sea levels will rise between 1 to 4 feet by 2100.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kopp says those kinds of increases will put many coastal cities at risk of frequent flooding. Although cutting carbon emissions could help in the future, rising seas now appear inevitable. Sea level rise “is going to be something we have to prepare for,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Sea+Levels+Rose+Faster+Last+Century+Than+In+Previous+2%2C700+Years%2C+Study+Finds&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\" alt=\"\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>A new study suggests that sea levels are rising at an unprecedented rate and that the problem will continue well into this century.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Sea level rise in the 20th century was truly extraordinary by historical standards,” says \u003ca href=\"http://www.bobkopp.net/\">Bob Kopp\u003c/a>, an associate professor of Earth and planetary sciences at Rutgers University, and who is lead author on \u003ca href=\"http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2016/02/17/1517056113.full\">the study\u003c/a>, which appears in the journal \u003cem>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>Sea levels rose by roughly 5½ inches in the past hundred years, Kopp says, noting, “That’s faster than any century since at least 800 B.C., since the founding of Rome.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kopp’s team based its findings on dozens of earlier studies carried out around the world. Those studies determined past sea levels by looking at everything from microbial fossils to the locations of ancient Roman ruins along the Italian coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The results show sea levels remained largely unchanged for more than two millennia — except for one period around 1000 A.D., in which the oceans dropped slightly due to a brief medieval cold snap.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Looking forward, Kopp and his co-authors predict things are going to get worse. The team’s findings suggest sea levels will rise between 1 to 4 feet by 2100.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kopp says those kinds of increases will put many coastal cities at risk of frequent flooding. Although cutting carbon emissions could help in the future, rising seas now appear inevitable. Sea level rise “is going to be something we have to prepare for,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Sea+Levels+Rose+Faster+Last+Century+Than+In+Previous+2%2C700+Years%2C+Study+Finds&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\" alt=\"\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Asteroid Flyby a Little Too Close for Comfort",
"headTitle": "Asteroid Flyby a Little Too Close for Comfort | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Two years ago, asteroid 2013 TX68 flew by the Earth at a distance of 1.3 million miles—about five times the distance between the Earth and the Moon. Sometime between March 5 to March 8, this asteroid will give an encore performance, in case any \u003ca href=\"http://neo.jpl.nasa.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Near Earth Object\u003c/a> (NEO) fans missed it the first time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>First and foremost, remember what is printed in big, friendly letters on the cover of “The Hitchhiker’s Guide to the Galaxy”: Don’t Panic.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">Smaller asteroids strike the Earth more often than you might think, though usually in less populated areas.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://astronomynow.com/2016/01/12/nasa-office-to-coordinate-asteroid-detection-and-hazard-mitigation/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">NASA’s Center for NEO Studies\u003c/a> (CNEOS) has determined that there is a zero-percent chance that 2013 TX68 will hit the Earth—on this pass at least.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The mathematical certainty of a miss aside, the exact distance of closest approach is somewhat murkier.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=4888\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">This asteroid\u003c/a> is \u003ca href=\"http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=4888\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">predicted to fly by\u003c/a> at roughly 3 million miles from Earth. Thankfully, it’s not going to hit us.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Why the \u003ca href=\"http://earthsky.org/space/asteroid-2013-tx68-uncertain-trajectory-closest-earth-mar-5-2016\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">uncertainty\u003c/a> about the exact distance? In a nutshell, we don’t know enough about this asteroid’s orbit around the sun to pin it down with any more precision. From the moment it was first detected to when it faded and became undetectable, observers had only ten days to track it—too little time to gain a clear understanding of its orbit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The longer we can observe and track a NEO, the better we understand its orbit and therefore the probability of a future collision with Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_535024\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-535024\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/asteroid20160202-16.jpg\" alt=\"The range of possible distances of closest approach of asteroid 2013 TX68 on March 5, 2016\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/asteroid20160202-16.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/asteroid20160202-16-400x225.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/asteroid20160202-16-768x432.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The range of possible distances of closest approach of asteroid 2013 TX68 on March 5, 2016 \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>There is a very small chance—1-in-250 million—that this asteroid could hit us on September 30, 2071. But you have a better chance of winning the Super Lotto jackpot than being crushed by this asteroid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even if 2013 TX68 were to hit the Earth, it wouldn’t wipe us out. It could easily spoil someone’s day, make no mistake: this asteroid is about 100 feet in diameter, almost twice the size of \u003ca href=\"http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2013/11/131106-russian-meteor-chelyabinsk-airburst-500-kilotons/\">the object that exploded\u003c/a> in the atmosphere above Chelyabinsk, Russia, three years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Chelyabinsk air-burst produced a shockwave that damaged buildings and shattered windows across a wide area, and, had it struck the ground intact, would have left a significant crater. 2013 TX68 would release about twice the energy as the Chelyabinsk event.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_534947\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 331px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-534947\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/skull2015-TB145.jpg\" alt='Radar image of the \"Halloween Asteroid\"--a large Near Earth Object that passed relatively close on October 31, 2015' width=\"331\" height=\"331\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/skull2015-TB145.jpg 1041w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/skull2015-TB145-400x400.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/skull2015-TB145-800x800.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/skull2015-TB145-768x768.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/skull2015-TB145-960x960.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/skull2015-TB145-32x32.jpg 32w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/skull2015-TB145-64x64.jpg 64w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/skull2015-TB145-96x96.jpg 96w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/skull2015-TB145-128x128.jpg 128w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/skull2015-TB145-75x75.jpg 75w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 331px) 100vw, 331px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Radar image of the “Halloween Asteroid”–a large Near Earth Object that passed relatively close on October 31, 2015 \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>2013 TX68 is a good reminder that Earth shares its space with millions of rocks—potentially hazardous asteroids ranging in size from a few feet to hundreds of feet across, or more.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We know of about 14,000 NEOs, including practically all of the big ones. The big ones are easier to detect at greater distances, and we have a lot more orbital tracking data on them and understand their orbits best.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the smaller the rock, the harder it is to see, and it is estimated that there may be over a million NEOs that have not yet been discovered.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The smallest NEOs that we’re concerned about aren’t detectable until they’re almost upon us. In fact, on average, between 25 and 30 NEOs pass closer to Earth than the Moon’s orbit each year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Presently, there isn’t a lot we could do to avoid an impact, especially with little or no warning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Smaller asteroids strike the Earth more often than you might think, though usually in less populated areas. Remember, 75 percent of Earth’s surface is ocean, and some regions on Earth are uninhabited. Think of a dartboard, where the bull’s-eye represents the Earth’s highest populated areas, and the dart has no particular aim.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_534946\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 3280px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-534946\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/592668main_pia14734-43_full.jpg\" alt=\"Census of Near Earth Asteroids, both known and estimated.\" width=\"3280\" height=\"2460\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/592668main_pia14734-43_full.jpg 3280w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/592668main_pia14734-43_full-400x300.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/592668main_pia14734-43_full-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/592668main_pia14734-43_full-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/592668main_pia14734-43_full-1440x1080.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/592668main_pia14734-43_full-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/592668main_pia14734-43_full-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/592668main_pia14734-43_full-960x720.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 3280px) 100vw, 3280px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Census of Near Earth Asteroids, both known and estimated. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>There are ideas about how to protect us from large asteroid impacts. One is to send a massive robotic spacecraft to an asteroid we know will likely hit the Earth, and use the gravitational attraction between the two to “nudge” the asteroid into a safer orbit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s sort of like a small tugboat nudging a large ocean cargo ship to avoid striking a bridge pier, something the tug is capable of doing given enough lead time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This plan requires precise knowledge of an asteroid’s orbit and the ability to predict an impact years in advance, which is one good reason to learn as much about NEOs now as possible!\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Two years ago, the asteroid 2013 TX68 flew by the Earth at a distance of 1.3 million miles—about five time farther away than the Moon. On March 5, this asteroid will give an encore performance, in case any fans of Near Earth Objects (NEOs) missed it the first time….",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Two years ago, asteroid 2013 TX68 flew by the Earth at a distance of 1.3 million miles—about five times the distance between the Earth and the Moon. Sometime between March 5 to March 8, this asteroid will give an encore performance, in case any \u003ca href=\"http://neo.jpl.nasa.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Near Earth Object\u003c/a> (NEO) fans missed it the first time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>First and foremost, remember what is printed in big, friendly letters on the cover of “The Hitchhiker’s Guide to the Galaxy”: Don’t Panic.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">Smaller asteroids strike the Earth more often than you might think, though usually in less populated areas.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://astronomynow.com/2016/01/12/nasa-office-to-coordinate-asteroid-detection-and-hazard-mitigation/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">NASA’s Center for NEO Studies\u003c/a> (CNEOS) has determined that there is a zero-percent chance that 2013 TX68 will hit the Earth—on this pass at least.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The mathematical certainty of a miss aside, the exact distance of closest approach is somewhat murkier.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=4888\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">This asteroid\u003c/a> is \u003ca href=\"http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=4888\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">predicted to fly by\u003c/a> at roughly 3 million miles from Earth. Thankfully, it’s not going to hit us.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Why the \u003ca href=\"http://earthsky.org/space/asteroid-2013-tx68-uncertain-trajectory-closest-earth-mar-5-2016\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">uncertainty\u003c/a> about the exact distance? In a nutshell, we don’t know enough about this asteroid’s orbit around the sun to pin it down with any more precision. From the moment it was first detected to when it faded and became undetectable, observers had only ten days to track it—too little time to gain a clear understanding of its orbit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The longer we can observe and track a NEO, the better we understand its orbit and therefore the probability of a future collision with Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_535024\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-535024\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/asteroid20160202-16.jpg\" alt=\"The range of possible distances of closest approach of asteroid 2013 TX68 on March 5, 2016\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/asteroid20160202-16.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/asteroid20160202-16-400x225.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/asteroid20160202-16-768x432.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The range of possible distances of closest approach of asteroid 2013 TX68 on March 5, 2016 \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>There is a very small chance—1-in-250 million—that this asteroid could hit us on September 30, 2071. But you have a better chance of winning the Super Lotto jackpot than being crushed by this asteroid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even if 2013 TX68 were to hit the Earth, it wouldn’t wipe us out. It could easily spoil someone’s day, make no mistake: this asteroid is about 100 feet in diameter, almost twice the size of \u003ca href=\"http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2013/11/131106-russian-meteor-chelyabinsk-airburst-500-kilotons/\">the object that exploded\u003c/a> in the atmosphere above Chelyabinsk, Russia, three years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Chelyabinsk air-burst produced a shockwave that damaged buildings and shattered windows across a wide area, and, had it struck the ground intact, would have left a significant crater. 2013 TX68 would release about twice the energy as the Chelyabinsk event.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_534947\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 331px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-534947\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/skull2015-TB145.jpg\" alt='Radar image of the \"Halloween Asteroid\"--a large Near Earth Object that passed relatively close on October 31, 2015' width=\"331\" height=\"331\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/skull2015-TB145.jpg 1041w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/skull2015-TB145-400x400.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/skull2015-TB145-800x800.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/skull2015-TB145-768x768.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/skull2015-TB145-960x960.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/skull2015-TB145-32x32.jpg 32w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/skull2015-TB145-64x64.jpg 64w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/skull2015-TB145-96x96.jpg 96w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/skull2015-TB145-128x128.jpg 128w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/skull2015-TB145-75x75.jpg 75w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 331px) 100vw, 331px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Radar image of the “Halloween Asteroid”–a large Near Earth Object that passed relatively close on October 31, 2015 \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>2013 TX68 is a good reminder that Earth shares its space with millions of rocks—potentially hazardous asteroids ranging in size from a few feet to hundreds of feet across, or more.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We know of about 14,000 NEOs, including practically all of the big ones. The big ones are easier to detect at greater distances, and we have a lot more orbital tracking data on them and understand their orbits best.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the smaller the rock, the harder it is to see, and it is estimated that there may be over a million NEOs that have not yet been discovered.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The smallest NEOs that we’re concerned about aren’t detectable until they’re almost upon us. In fact, on average, between 25 and 30 NEOs pass closer to Earth than the Moon’s orbit each year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Presently, there isn’t a lot we could do to avoid an impact, especially with little or no warning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Smaller asteroids strike the Earth more often than you might think, though usually in less populated areas. Remember, 75 percent of Earth’s surface is ocean, and some regions on Earth are uninhabited. Think of a dartboard, where the bull’s-eye represents the Earth’s highest populated areas, and the dart has no particular aim.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_534946\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 3280px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-534946\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/592668main_pia14734-43_full.jpg\" alt=\"Census of Near Earth Asteroids, both known and estimated.\" width=\"3280\" height=\"2460\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/592668main_pia14734-43_full.jpg 3280w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/592668main_pia14734-43_full-400x300.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/592668main_pia14734-43_full-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/592668main_pia14734-43_full-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/592668main_pia14734-43_full-1440x1080.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/592668main_pia14734-43_full-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/592668main_pia14734-43_full-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/592668main_pia14734-43_full-960x720.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 3280px) 100vw, 3280px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Census of Near Earth Asteroids, both known and estimated. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>There are ideas about how to protect us from large asteroid impacts. One is to send a massive robotic spacecraft to an asteroid we know will likely hit the Earth, and use the gravitational attraction between the two to “nudge” the asteroid into a safer orbit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s sort of like a small tugboat nudging a large ocean cargo ship to avoid striking a bridge pier, something the tug is capable of doing given enough lead time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This plan requires precise knowledge of an asteroid’s orbit and the ability to predict an impact years in advance, which is one good reason to learn as much about NEOs now as possible!\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "El Niño Weakening, Stage Set for La Niña and Possible Dry Winter Next Year",
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"content": "\u003cp>Federal climate scientists say the near-record El Niño conditions in the Pacific Ocean have peaked and are slowly waning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Forecasters now say conditions are likely to flip to their opposite phase, known as \u003ca href=\"http://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/ninonina.html\">La Niña\u003c/a> by late summer or early fall, which could set the stage for another drier-than-normal winter and prolonged drought in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are reasonably confident that there will be a La Niña,” says Huug van den Dool, seasonal forecaster at NOAA’s Climate Prediction Center, “but we plead ignorance as to whether this is going to be a small, moderate, or strong La Niña.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just as the stronger El Niños tend to favor wetter winters in California, the mirror-image La Niña is sometimes a harbinger of drought. Strength is measured by how much ocean waters deviate from their normal temperatures. Warmer waters provide more moisture to brewing Pacific storms, while colder waters tend to dry things out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The shift is \u003ca href=\"http://www.weatherwest.com/archives/3877#disqus_thread\">not likely to have major implications\u003c/a> for what remains of this winter. California’s weather tends to lag the ocean conditions that influence it by as much as a couple of months, so the possibility still lingers for a soggy spring.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_537110\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 712px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-537110\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/NOAA3-mo_Feb.gif\" alt=\"NOAA's three-month outlook (which is notoriously iffy) pegs the odds for above-average precipitation at 73% for Southern California and 66% for the state's midsection (map numbers converted to actual percentages).\" width=\"712\" height=\"388\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">NOAA’s three-month outlook (which is notoriously iffy) pegs the odds for above-average precipitation at 73% for Southern California and 66% for the state’s midsection (map numbers converted to actual percentages). \u003ccite>(NOAA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The abnormally warm water along the equator that defines El Niño probably peaked in December, van den Dool told reporters in a Thursday conference call, but still has some \u003ca href=\"http://www.weatherwest.com/archives/3877#disqus_thread\">steam left in the boiler,\u003c/a> seen in the rapid upward movement of warm, moist air over the ocean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Van den Dool points to sea surface temperatures that remain above normal, promoting “very strong convection” over the eastern and central Pacific. Convection is a key driver of storm activity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Van den Dool says it’s too early to say with certainty whether the current El Niño (now about six months old) is the strongest on record.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is something that’s going to be debated, of course, for some time,” he predicts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Using only the sea surface temperatures in one closely-watched zone of the Pacific, he says this one is “at least on par with 1997-98.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Curiously, though this event \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2016/02/01/why-this-el-nino-is-one-for-the-books/\">has not packed nearly the precipitation\u003c/a> punch as the “Godzilla” El Niño of 97-’98, when San Francisco doubled it’s normal rainfall. The \u003ca href=\"http://mashable.com/2016/02/17/el-nino-was-supposed-to-bail-out-parched-california-so-where-are-the-storms/#XDlDYmz7daqO\">complex reasons for that\u003c/a> will be part of the ongoing scientific debate, but so far this winter, many California locations are still at or below their long-term averages for rainfall. San Francisco, Sacramento and San Jose remain below normal, as does Santa Rosa, a perennial Bay Area wet spot. Fresno, by contrast, has seen 40 percent more than its usual rainfall at this point in the season.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2016/02/08/californias-water-supply-at-risk-from-warmer-winters/\">Sierra snowpack\u003c/a>, which typically provides about a third of the state’s water supply, was piling up pleasingly in January, but has now \u003ca href=\"http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cdecapp/snowapp/sweq.action\">slipped slightly\u003c/a> below seasonal norms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Federal climate scientists say the near-record El Niño conditions in the Pacific Ocean have peaked and are slowly waning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Forecasters now say conditions are likely to flip to their opposite phase, known as \u003ca href=\"http://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/ninonina.html\">La Niña\u003c/a> by late summer or early fall, which could set the stage for another drier-than-normal winter and prolonged drought in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are reasonably confident that there will be a La Niña,” says Huug van den Dool, seasonal forecaster at NOAA’s Climate Prediction Center, “but we plead ignorance as to whether this is going to be a small, moderate, or strong La Niña.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just as the stronger El Niños tend to favor wetter winters in California, the mirror-image La Niña is sometimes a harbinger of drought. Strength is measured by how much ocean waters deviate from their normal temperatures. Warmer waters provide more moisture to brewing Pacific storms, while colder waters tend to dry things out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The shift is \u003ca href=\"http://www.weatherwest.com/archives/3877#disqus_thread\">not likely to have major implications\u003c/a> for what remains of this winter. California’s weather tends to lag the ocean conditions that influence it by as much as a couple of months, so the possibility still lingers for a soggy spring.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_537110\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 712px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-537110\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/NOAA3-mo_Feb.gif\" alt=\"NOAA's three-month outlook (which is notoriously iffy) pegs the odds for above-average precipitation at 73% for Southern California and 66% for the state's midsection (map numbers converted to actual percentages).\" width=\"712\" height=\"388\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">NOAA’s three-month outlook (which is notoriously iffy) pegs the odds for above-average precipitation at 73% for Southern California and 66% for the state’s midsection (map numbers converted to actual percentages). \u003ccite>(NOAA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The abnormally warm water along the equator that defines El Niño probably peaked in December, van den Dool told reporters in a Thursday conference call, but still has some \u003ca href=\"http://www.weatherwest.com/archives/3877#disqus_thread\">steam left in the boiler,\u003c/a> seen in the rapid upward movement of warm, moist air over the ocean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Van den Dool points to sea surface temperatures that remain above normal, promoting “very strong convection” over the eastern and central Pacific. Convection is a key driver of storm activity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Van den Dool says it’s too early to say with certainty whether the current El Niño (now about six months old) is the strongest on record.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is something that’s going to be debated, of course, for some time,” he predicts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Using only the sea surface temperatures in one closely-watched zone of the Pacific, he says this one is “at least on par with 1997-98.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Curiously, though this event \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2016/02/01/why-this-el-nino-is-one-for-the-books/\">has not packed nearly the precipitation\u003c/a> punch as the “Godzilla” El Niño of 97-’98, when San Francisco doubled it’s normal rainfall. The \u003ca href=\"http://mashable.com/2016/02/17/el-nino-was-supposed-to-bail-out-parched-california-so-where-are-the-storms/#XDlDYmz7daqO\">complex reasons for that\u003c/a> will be part of the ongoing scientific debate, but so far this winter, many California locations are still at or below their long-term averages for rainfall. San Francisco, Sacramento and San Jose remain below normal, as does Santa Rosa, a perennial Bay Area wet spot. Fresno, by contrast, has seen 40 percent more than its usual rainfall at this point in the season.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2016/02/08/californias-water-supply-at-risk-from-warmer-winters/\">Sierra snowpack\u003c/a>, which typically provides about a third of the state’s water supply, was piling up pleasingly in January, but has now \u003ca href=\"http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cdecapp/snowapp/sweq.action\">slipped slightly\u003c/a> below seasonal norms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Jerry Brown and 16 U.S. Governors Vow to Ramp Up Renewable Energy",
"headTitle": "Jerry Brown and 16 U.S. Governors Vow to Ramp Up Renewable Energy | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Governor Jerry Brown and 16 other governors say they’ll pull together under a new pact to speed up the transition to clean energy and transportation in their states.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Called a “work in process,” the \u003ca href=\"http://www.governorsnewenergyfuture.org/the-accord/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Governors’ Accord for a New Energy Future\u003c/a>, lacks specific, measurable targets. The agreement uses broad language, saying the states will “embrace” and “encourage” clean energy options.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brown pointed to three of the cooperative’s broad goals that he says will benefit from interstate cooperation: a “highly sophisticated” regional energy grid, combined state purchasing power for zero-emission vehicles and joint lobbying of the federal government for research and development money aimed at energy storage, clean fuels and the grid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-533129\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/Renewable-energy-in-CA-chart.png\" alt=\"Renewable energy in CA chart\" width=\"533\" height=\"270\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/Renewable-energy-in-CA-chart.png 533w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/Renewable-energy-in-CA-chart-400x203.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 533px) 100vw, 533px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The participating states did not necessarily commit to signing on to Brown’s \u003ca href=\"http://under2mou.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Under 2 MOU\u003c/a>, under which states and regions that have set specific targets to reduce greenhouse gas emissions with California. The memorandum is currently signed or “endorsed” by 127 jurisdictions representing 27 nations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nor does the agreement specifically mention climate change. According to Brown, the governors chose to bypass the partisan controversy over the issue.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re going to leave that behind and work on what we can work on, and that’s the renewable energy accord,” Brown told reporters in a conference call. “Does it do everything? No. But nothing ever does in politics.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The agreement includes all of California’s neighboring states except Arizona. All the others are on the East Coast, except for Minnesota and Hawaii.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under Brown, California has developed some of the most ambitious clean energy goals in the country, aiming to generate half of its energy from renewable sources by 2030.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2014, California’s utility-scale solar production was more than three times the output of Arizona — the second-ranking state — and more than all other states combined.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The states that are signed on say they expect to meet “shortly” to discuss specific actions.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Governor Jerry Brown and 16 other governors say they’ll pull together under a new pact to speed up the transition to clean energy and transportation in their states.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Called a “work in process,” the \u003ca href=\"http://www.governorsnewenergyfuture.org/the-accord/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Governors’ Accord for a New Energy Future\u003c/a>, lacks specific, measurable targets. The agreement uses broad language, saying the states will “embrace” and “encourage” clean energy options.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brown pointed to three of the cooperative’s broad goals that he says will benefit from interstate cooperation: a “highly sophisticated” regional energy grid, combined state purchasing power for zero-emission vehicles and joint lobbying of the federal government for research and development money aimed at energy storage, clean fuels and the grid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-533129\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/Renewable-energy-in-CA-chart.png\" alt=\"Renewable energy in CA chart\" width=\"533\" height=\"270\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/Renewable-energy-in-CA-chart.png 533w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/Renewable-energy-in-CA-chart-400x203.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 533px) 100vw, 533px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The participating states did not necessarily commit to signing on to Brown’s \u003ca href=\"http://under2mou.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Under 2 MOU\u003c/a>, under which states and regions that have set specific targets to reduce greenhouse gas emissions with California. The memorandum is currently signed or “endorsed” by 127 jurisdictions representing 27 nations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nor does the agreement specifically mention climate change. According to Brown, the governors chose to bypass the partisan controversy over the issue.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re going to leave that behind and work on what we can work on, and that’s the renewable energy accord,” Brown told reporters in a conference call. “Does it do everything? No. But nothing ever does in politics.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The agreement includes all of California’s neighboring states except Arizona. All the others are on the East Coast, except for Minnesota and Hawaii.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under Brown, California has developed some of the most ambitious clean energy goals in the country, aiming to generate half of its energy from renewable sources by 2030.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2014, California’s utility-scale solar production was more than three times the output of Arizona — the second-ranking state — and more than all other states combined.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The states that are signed on say they expect to meet “shortly” to discuss specific actions.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Earthquake Warnings on Your Phone: There's (Almost) an App for That",
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"content": "\u003cp>Having an earthquake warning system on everybody’s cell phone is sort of the holy grail of seismic civil defense. It appears that we’re halfway there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Friday, scientists at U.C. Berkeley unveiled \u003ca href=\"http://myshake.berkeley.edu/\">MyShake\u003c/a>, an app that makes smartphones an extension of the seismic detection and reporting network that’s already in place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The idea of MyShake is to use phones to record the earthquake as well as push out information about it,” says Richard Allen, who directs the U.C. Berkeley Seismological Lab.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At first glance, the idea would appear to \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/08/23/dude-wheres-my-earthquake-warning-system/\">leapfrog current efforts\u003c/a> to test a workable warning system for earthquakes in California, but the app doesn’t yet turn that information around to provide personal warnings prior to the shaking.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘This is a citizen science research project at this point.’\u003ccite>Richard Allen, U.C. Berkeley\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“This is a citizen science research project at this point,” cautions Allen. “We still have to put this out on many phones, we have to test the algorithms we have, and see how good it is at actually detecting the earthquakes and then estimating the locations.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The app takes advantage of accelerometers already built into every phone, the gadgets that sense movement and direction. The algorithm, developed by grad student Qingkai Kong, is designed to distinguish between earth movement and, say, dancing to techno music with the phone in your back pocket, and can pick up initial vibrations from a magnitude 5 or greater quake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[youtube https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i-UH6oEx5JI&w=853&h=480]Meanwhile, the phones will add a potentially dense layer of sensors to the \u003ca href=\"http://www.cisn.org/\">existing statewide network\u003c/a>, which Allen describes as “high-quality” but relatively sparse. The current network has about 400 highly sensitive sensing stations, most clustered near heavily populated areas. By contrast there are something like 16 million cell phones roaming around California in people’s pockets and purses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Cell phones are never going to replace that traditional network,” says Allen, “but we think that cell phones can contribute to it here in California.” Eventually, he says a phone-based warning system could save lives in countries with no other warning networks in place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Generally when we push out warnings, we want them to go over every media that we can come up with,” says Allen. “Phones are clearly are a very a important one; people have phones with them all the time, night and day.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Given how long it often takes to make a simple phone connection on a crowded cellular network, it’s hard to imagine that phones could be a useful warning device when fractions of seconds count. But Allen says the lab’s testing has shown that warnings could be turned around and dispatched in “a few tenths of a second.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_524201\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 474px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-524201 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/ShakeAlert_Napa.png\" alt=\"California's current warning system, ShakeAlert, is still in the testing phase and has been hobbled by funding gaps. \" width=\"474\" height=\"323\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/ShakeAlert_Napa.png 474w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/ShakeAlert_Napa-400x273.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 474px) 100vw, 474px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">California’s current warning system, ShakeAlert, is still in the testing phase and has been hobbled by funding gaps. \u003ccite>(Berkeley Seismological Laboratory)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>For users relatively close to a temblor’s epicenter, seconds is typically all the warning they get with current technology. When a magnitude 6 quake shook the Napa Valley in August 2014, people testing the PC-based \u003ca href=\"http://www.shakealert.org/\">ShakeAlert system\u003c/a> in Berkeley got about eight seconds’ warning to duck and cover.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In the future we hope that MyShake — the phone recordings — could contribute to ShakeAlert, but we have research to do before we get to that point,” says Allen. For researchers to know the true potential of the phone-based system, Allen says thousands of people will need to download the app.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The more people who download, the more quickly we’ll get to the point where we could use it,” he urges.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One impediment to that: MyShake is launching with only the Android version for now. Allen says the intent is to follow with an app for Apple iPhones but he can’t say how soon that will happen — that an iOS version requires a whole separate development project.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Having an earthquake warning system on everybody’s cell phone is sort of the holy grail of seismic civil defense. It appears that we’re halfway there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Friday, scientists at U.C. Berkeley unveiled \u003ca href=\"http://myshake.berkeley.edu/\">MyShake\u003c/a>, an app that makes smartphones an extension of the seismic detection and reporting network that’s already in place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The idea of MyShake is to use phones to record the earthquake as well as push out information about it,” says Richard Allen, who directs the U.C. Berkeley Seismological Lab.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At first glance, the idea would appear to \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/08/23/dude-wheres-my-earthquake-warning-system/\">leapfrog current efforts\u003c/a> to test a workable warning system for earthquakes in California, but the app doesn’t yet turn that information around to provide personal warnings prior to the shaking.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘This is a citizen science research project at this point.’\u003ccite>Richard Allen, U.C. Berkeley\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“This is a citizen science research project at this point,” cautions Allen. “We still have to put this out on many phones, we have to test the algorithms we have, and see how good it is at actually detecting the earthquakes and then estimating the locations.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The app takes advantage of accelerometers already built into every phone, the gadgets that sense movement and direction. The algorithm, developed by grad student Qingkai Kong, is designed to distinguish between earth movement and, say, dancing to techno music with the phone in your back pocket, and can pick up initial vibrations from a magnitude 5 or greater quake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/i-UH6oEx5JI'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/i-UH6oEx5JI'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>Meanwhile, the phones will add a potentially dense layer of sensors to the \u003ca href=\"http://www.cisn.org/\">existing statewide network\u003c/a>, which Allen describes as “high-quality” but relatively sparse. The current network has about 400 highly sensitive sensing stations, most clustered near heavily populated areas. By contrast there are something like 16 million cell phones roaming around California in people’s pockets and purses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Cell phones are never going to replace that traditional network,” says Allen, “but we think that cell phones can contribute to it here in California.” Eventually, he says a phone-based warning system could save lives in countries with no other warning networks in place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Generally when we push out warnings, we want them to go over every media that we can come up with,” says Allen. “Phones are clearly are a very a important one; people have phones with them all the time, night and day.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Given how long it often takes to make a simple phone connection on a crowded cellular network, it’s hard to imagine that phones could be a useful warning device when fractions of seconds count. But Allen says the lab’s testing has shown that warnings could be turned around and dispatched in “a few tenths of a second.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_524201\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 474px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-524201 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/ShakeAlert_Napa.png\" alt=\"California's current warning system, ShakeAlert, is still in the testing phase and has been hobbled by funding gaps. \" width=\"474\" height=\"323\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/ShakeAlert_Napa.png 474w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/ShakeAlert_Napa-400x273.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 474px) 100vw, 474px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">California’s current warning system, ShakeAlert, is still in the testing phase and has been hobbled by funding gaps. \u003ccite>(Berkeley Seismological Laboratory)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>For users relatively close to a temblor’s epicenter, seconds is typically all the warning they get with current technology. When a magnitude 6 quake shook the Napa Valley in August 2014, people testing the PC-based \u003ca href=\"http://www.shakealert.org/\">ShakeAlert system\u003c/a> in Berkeley got about eight seconds’ warning to duck and cover.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In the future we hope that MyShake — the phone recordings — could contribute to ShakeAlert, but we have research to do before we get to that point,” says Allen. For researchers to know the true potential of the phone-based system, Allen says thousands of people will need to download the app.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The more people who download, the more quickly we’ll get to the point where we could use it,” he urges.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One impediment to that: MyShake is launching with only the Android version for now. Allen says the intent is to follow with an app for Apple iPhones but he can’t say how soon that will happen — that an iOS version requires a whole separate development project.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "In Milestone, Scientists Detect Gravitational Waves As Black Holes Collide",
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"content": "\u003cp>Far from our galaxy, in the vast darkness of space, two massive black holes merged into a single, larger hole.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And now researchers say they have detected rumblings from that cataclysmic collision as ripples in the very fabric of space-time itself. The discovery comes a century after Albert Einstein first predicted such ripples should exist.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a really big event,” says \u003ca href=\"http://astro.cornell.edu/members/saul-a-teukolsky.html\">Saul Teukolsky\u003c/a>, a theoretical astrophysicist at Cornell University. “This is probably the most exciting episode of my professional career.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Einstein predicted the existence of such ripples, known officially as gravitational waves, in 1916, as part of his general theory of relativity. General relativity re-imagines the gravitational pull between heavy objects like Earth and the sun as a “warping” of space and time. When very heavy objects such as black holes are involved, the theory predicts that gravitational waves will emerge and ripple across the entire universe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s the idea. But in practice, seeing such gravitational waves has been nearly impossible. To make detectable waves, massive objects must be moving quickly. Researchers predicted a collision between two black holes would do the trick. But nobody knew how often that might happen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nevertheless, scientists built two massive detectors to take a look. Known collectively as the \u003ca href=\"https://www.ligo.caltech.edu/\">Laser Interferometer Gravity-Wave Observatory\u003c/a> (LIGO), the detectors are located in Washington state and Louisiana. They are separated by thousands of miles in order to detect ripples coming in from deep space as they pass through Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Each detector looks like a big L, made up of two tunnels 2.5 miles long. It’s designed so that if a gravitational wave passes by, it will stretch space along one direction of the tunnel and squish space along the direction of the other. The stretching and squishing changes the tunnels’ lengths by a tiny amount, and that change can be detected by lasers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although LIGO was completed in 1999, it took more than a decade for it to see anything. The detectors had to be made incredibly sensitive to pick up the tiny waves. But they were so touchy, they were set off by everything from minute shifts in Earth’s core to traffic entering the parking lot. And even after researchers got rid of all the terrestrial jiggles, LIGO still wasn’t quite good enough to see gravitational waves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All that changed after a major upgrade in 2014. Better vibrational isolation and upgrades to lasers and mirrors dramatically boosted the instrument’s power.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And the black hole collision was seen almost as soon as the team began observing again in the fall of 2015. On Sept. 14 at 5:51 a.m., the waves passed through both of the detectors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to a paper published in the journal \u003cem>Physical Review Letters,\u003c/em> the two black holes were each roughly 30 times the mass of the sun. They merged some 1.3 billion light years from Earth. The waves were generated in the final moments before the black holes merged. The signal was brief but definitive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The measurements are dramatic proof that gravitational waves exist. The signal in the detector matches well with what’s predicted by Einstein’s original theory, according to Teukolsky, who was briefed on the results. It matches predictions of the ripples produced by two large black holes, in the final moments before they merge, swirling together at an enormous speed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is, arguably, the most direct observation of black holes ever made. Because black holes are (as their name implies) “black”, they can’t be seen with ordinary telescopes. Up until now, their existence has been inferred by looking at the stars and gas swirling around them. This gravitational signal comes directly from the holes, and it is virtually incontrovertible proof that the holes are out there. “If black holes didn’t really exist, you couldn’t explain these waves,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other researchers believe that the gravitational waves could tell us even more about our cosmos. “It’s like looking at the universe with new eyes — the amount of information that’s there is going to be amazing,” says \u003ca href=\"https://www.perimeterinstitute.ca/people/asimina-arvanitaki\">Mina Arvanitaki\u003c/a>, a theorist at the Perimeter Institute of Physics in Waterloo, Ontario. Arvanitaki will use LIGO’s data to probe for undiscovered fundamental particles that might only exist in the warped space around black holes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Teukolsky says the discovery shows just how extraordinary the natural world can be. “The universe is stranger than any kind of fiction we could imagine,” he says. “I mean, it’s preposterous.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=In+Milestone%2C+Scientists+Detect+Gravitational+Waves+As+Black+Holes+Collide&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\" alt=\"\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Far from our galaxy, in the vast darkness of space, two massive black holes merged into a single, larger hole.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And now researchers say they have detected rumblings from that cataclysmic collision as ripples in the very fabric of space-time itself. The discovery comes a century after Albert Einstein first predicted such ripples should exist.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a really big event,” says \u003ca href=\"http://astro.cornell.edu/members/saul-a-teukolsky.html\">Saul Teukolsky\u003c/a>, a theoretical astrophysicist at Cornell University. “This is probably the most exciting episode of my professional career.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Einstein predicted the existence of such ripples, known officially as gravitational waves, in 1916, as part of his general theory of relativity. General relativity re-imagines the gravitational pull between heavy objects like Earth and the sun as a “warping” of space and time. When very heavy objects such as black holes are involved, the theory predicts that gravitational waves will emerge and ripple across the entire universe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s the idea. But in practice, seeing such gravitational waves has been nearly impossible. To make detectable waves, massive objects must be moving quickly. Researchers predicted a collision between two black holes would do the trick. But nobody knew how often that might happen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nevertheless, scientists built two massive detectors to take a look. Known collectively as the \u003ca href=\"https://www.ligo.caltech.edu/\">Laser Interferometer Gravity-Wave Observatory\u003c/a> (LIGO), the detectors are located in Washington state and Louisiana. They are separated by thousands of miles in order to detect ripples coming in from deep space as they pass through Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Each detector looks like a big L, made up of two tunnels 2.5 miles long. It’s designed so that if a gravitational wave passes by, it will stretch space along one direction of the tunnel and squish space along the direction of the other. The stretching and squishing changes the tunnels’ lengths by a tiny amount, and that change can be detected by lasers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although LIGO was completed in 1999, it took more than a decade for it to see anything. The detectors had to be made incredibly sensitive to pick up the tiny waves. But they were so touchy, they were set off by everything from minute shifts in Earth’s core to traffic entering the parking lot. And even after researchers got rid of all the terrestrial jiggles, LIGO still wasn’t quite good enough to see gravitational waves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All that changed after a major upgrade in 2014. Better vibrational isolation and upgrades to lasers and mirrors dramatically boosted the instrument’s power.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And the black hole collision was seen almost as soon as the team began observing again in the fall of 2015. On Sept. 14 at 5:51 a.m., the waves passed through both of the detectors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to a paper published in the journal \u003cem>Physical Review Letters,\u003c/em> the two black holes were each roughly 30 times the mass of the sun. They merged some 1.3 billion light years from Earth. The waves were generated in the final moments before the black holes merged. The signal was brief but definitive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The measurements are dramatic proof that gravitational waves exist. The signal in the detector matches well with what’s predicted by Einstein’s original theory, according to Teukolsky, who was briefed on the results. It matches predictions of the ripples produced by two large black holes, in the final moments before they merge, swirling together at an enormous speed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is, arguably, the most direct observation of black holes ever made. Because black holes are (as their name implies) “black”, they can’t be seen with ordinary telescopes. Up until now, their existence has been inferred by looking at the stars and gas swirling around them. This gravitational signal comes directly from the holes, and it is virtually incontrovertible proof that the holes are out there. “If black holes didn’t really exist, you couldn’t explain these waves,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other researchers believe that the gravitational waves could tell us even more about our cosmos. “It’s like looking at the universe with new eyes — the amount of information that’s there is going to be amazing,” says \u003ca href=\"https://www.perimeterinstitute.ca/people/asimina-arvanitaki\">Mina Arvanitaki\u003c/a>, a theorist at the Perimeter Institute of Physics in Waterloo, Ontario. Arvanitaki will use LIGO’s data to probe for undiscovered fundamental particles that might only exist in the warped space around black holes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Teukolsky says the discovery shows just how extraordinary the natural world can be. “The universe is stranger than any kind of fiction we could imagine,” he says. “I mean, it’s preposterous.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=In+Milestone%2C+Scientists+Detect+Gravitational+Waves+As+Black+Holes+Collide&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\" alt=\"\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Climate Change Could Bring Bigger, Wetter Storms to California, Study Says",
"headTitle": "Climate Change Could Bring Bigger, Wetter Storms to California, Study Says | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>The types of storms that have been bringing heavy snow and rain to the West this winter, triggering landslides and floods while easing stubborn droughts, are likely to become stronger and more frequent, according to the results of a new study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The drenching storms have been falling from atmospheric rivers — high-altitude streams of moisture that carry much of the West’s water from the Pacific Ocean in sometimes-violent spurts that can lead to floods.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”BJnVHIn18HVUXBsJbtwYgOnWbIlKMh44″]The latest study to project an increase in the frequency and ferocity with which atmospheric rivers will reach the West Coast was \u003ca href=\"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/2015GL067392/full\">published over the weekend\u003c/a> in Geophysical Research Letters. Scientists described the analysis as more robust than earlier ones.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Days on which atmospheric rivers reach the West Coast each year could increase by a third this century, if greenhouse gas pollution continues to rise sharply, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory researchers concluded after running model simulations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Currently, the West Coast is likely to receive rain or snow from atmospheric rivers between 25 and 40 days each year, the analysis concluded. By century’s end, that’s expected to rise to between 35 and 55 days annually.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, the number of days each year on which the atmospheric rivers bring “extreme” amounts of rain and snow to the region could increase by more than a quarter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The results of the study were “consistent” with findings from earlier modeling-based studies, said Scripps Institution of Oceanography researcher \u003ca href=\"http://scrippsscholars.ucsd.edu/mralph\">Marty Ralph\u003c/a>, who wasn’t involved with it. He said the study went further than others in demonstrating that the projections were likely to play out in the real world, rather than being the result of any modeling errors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In California, the majority of the variation from one year to the next in total precipitation is the result of just the few wettest days each year,” said Ralph, who is based in California. “The \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/el-nino-is-here-so-why-is-california-still-in-drought-19975\">drought we’re in\u003c/a> is a result of the absence of the atmospheric rivers.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although storms caused by atmospheric rivers are needed to quench landscapes and fill reservoirs, they can also deliver deadly hazards.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Momentous floods of the early 1860s, which affected several Western states, evacuating Californian lawmakers from Sacramento after the Central Valley filled like a tub, were linked to a series of atmospheric rivers. Scientists warn such floods could again beset the region under a winter storm scenario \u003ca href=\"http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2010/1312/\">they call ARkStorm\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What we noticed is that the entire West Coast of North America will experience increased atmospheric river frequency,” said \u003ca href=\"http://www.pnl.gov/science/staff/staff_info.asp?staff_num=7433\">Samson Hagos\u003c/a>, a Pacific Northwest National Laboratory earth system scientist who led the new study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s largely because a warmer atmosphere can hold more moisture. Which would mean worse floods, more often.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The strongest atmospheric river events along the West Coast during the 20th century are strongly linked to flood events of historical significance,” said \u003ca href=\"https://earth.stanford.edu/daniel-swain\">Daniel Swain\u003c/a>, a PhD candidate at Stanford who researches extreme weather.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A reasonable inference to draw from these studies is that the risk of severe flood events along the West Coast will likely increase,” Swain said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The findings may also have implications for projecting tempestuous conditions in other regions as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This paper provides a nice framework for exploring storm variability in other regions of the world,” said \u003ca href=\"http://www.gfdl.noaa.gov/sarah-kapnicks-homepage\">Sarah Kapnick\u003c/a>, a National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration climate change scientist.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it’s harder to say what such findings might mean for the frequency or severity of droughts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Recent research has suggested that higher temperatures linked to global warming exacerbated the intensity of California’s ongoing drought, by drying out the state. It’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/hints-of-climate-change-in-californias-drought-18109\">far less clear\u003c/a> what effect climate change had on the likelihood that such a drought would occur.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The role of anthropogenic influences on the lack of precipitation is still an open question,” said \u003ca href=\"http://www.u.arizona.edu/~kanchukaitis/people.html\">Kevin Anchukaitis\u003c/a>, a paleoclimatologist and earth systems geographer at the University of Arizona. “Different research groups have come to different conclusions.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rising temperatures are expected to accelerate evaporation and lead to drier conditions across the West — producing what scientists call hot droughts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Anchukaitis said atmospheric rivers don’t necessarily affect the conditions that produce hot droughts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the “severity and duration” of droughts, Anchukaitis said, “will depend on a complex interplay between temperature increases, uncertain long-term precipitation trends and the punctuated role of drought-busting atmospheric rivers.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The types of storms that have been bringing heavy snow and rain to the West this winter, triggering landslides and floods while easing stubborn droughts, are likely to become stronger and more frequent, according to the results of a new study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The drenching storms have been falling from atmospheric rivers — high-altitude streams of moisture that carry much of the West’s water from the Pacific Ocean in sometimes-violent spurts that can lead to floods.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>The latest study to project an increase in the frequency and ferocity with which atmospheric rivers will reach the West Coast was \u003ca href=\"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/2015GL067392/full\">published over the weekend\u003c/a> in Geophysical Research Letters. Scientists described the analysis as more robust than earlier ones.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Days on which atmospheric rivers reach the West Coast each year could increase by a third this century, if greenhouse gas pollution continues to rise sharply, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory researchers concluded after running model simulations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Currently, the West Coast is likely to receive rain or snow from atmospheric rivers between 25 and 40 days each year, the analysis concluded. By century’s end, that’s expected to rise to between 35 and 55 days annually.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, the number of days each year on which the atmospheric rivers bring “extreme” amounts of rain and snow to the region could increase by more than a quarter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The results of the study were “consistent” with findings from earlier modeling-based studies, said Scripps Institution of Oceanography researcher \u003ca href=\"http://scrippsscholars.ucsd.edu/mralph\">Marty Ralph\u003c/a>, who wasn’t involved with it. He said the study went further than others in demonstrating that the projections were likely to play out in the real world, rather than being the result of any modeling errors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In California, the majority of the variation from one year to the next in total precipitation is the result of just the few wettest days each year,” said Ralph, who is based in California. “The \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/el-nino-is-here-so-why-is-california-still-in-drought-19975\">drought we’re in\u003c/a> is a result of the absence of the atmospheric rivers.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although storms caused by atmospheric rivers are needed to quench landscapes and fill reservoirs, they can also deliver deadly hazards.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Momentous floods of the early 1860s, which affected several Western states, evacuating Californian lawmakers from Sacramento after the Central Valley filled like a tub, were linked to a series of atmospheric rivers. Scientists warn such floods could again beset the region under a winter storm scenario \u003ca href=\"http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2010/1312/\">they call ARkStorm\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What we noticed is that the entire West Coast of North America will experience increased atmospheric river frequency,” said \u003ca href=\"http://www.pnl.gov/science/staff/staff_info.asp?staff_num=7433\">Samson Hagos\u003c/a>, a Pacific Northwest National Laboratory earth system scientist who led the new study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s largely because a warmer atmosphere can hold more moisture. Which would mean worse floods, more often.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The strongest atmospheric river events along the West Coast during the 20th century are strongly linked to flood events of historical significance,” said \u003ca href=\"https://earth.stanford.edu/daniel-swain\">Daniel Swain\u003c/a>, a PhD candidate at Stanford who researches extreme weather.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A reasonable inference to draw from these studies is that the risk of severe flood events along the West Coast will likely increase,” Swain said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The findings may also have implications for projecting tempestuous conditions in other regions as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This paper provides a nice framework for exploring storm variability in other regions of the world,” said \u003ca href=\"http://www.gfdl.noaa.gov/sarah-kapnicks-homepage\">Sarah Kapnick\u003c/a>, a National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration climate change scientist.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it’s harder to say what such findings might mean for the frequency or severity of droughts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Recent research has suggested that higher temperatures linked to global warming exacerbated the intensity of California’s ongoing drought, by drying out the state. It’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/hints-of-climate-change-in-californias-drought-18109\">far less clear\u003c/a> what effect climate change had on the likelihood that such a drought would occur.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The role of anthropogenic influences on the lack of precipitation is still an open question,” said \u003ca href=\"http://www.u.arizona.edu/~kanchukaitis/people.html\">Kevin Anchukaitis\u003c/a>, a paleoclimatologist and earth systems geographer at the University of Arizona. “Different research groups have come to different conclusions.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rising temperatures are expected to accelerate evaporation and lead to drier conditions across the West — producing what scientists call hot droughts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Anchukaitis said atmospheric rivers don’t necessarily affect the conditions that produce hot droughts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the “severity and duration” of droughts, Anchukaitis said, “will depend on a complex interplay between temperature increases, uncertain long-term precipitation trends and the punctuated role of drought-busting atmospheric rivers.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"order": 1
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"id": "code-switch-life-kit",
"title": "Code Switch / Life Kit",
"info": "\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />",
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"meta": {
"site": "radio",
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"id": "commonwealth-club",
"title": "Commonwealth Club of California Podcast",
"info": "The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.",
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"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Commonwealth-Club-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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"meta": {
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"source": "Commonwealth Club of California"
},
"link": "/radio/program/commonwealth-club",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cDovL3d3dy5jb21tb253ZWFsdGhjbHViLm9yZy9hdWRpby9wb2RjYXN0L3dlZWtseS54bWw",
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"id": "forum",
"title": "Forum",
"tagline": "The conversation starts here",
"info": "KQED’s live call-in program discussing local, state, national and international issues, as well as in-depth interviews.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 9am-11am, 10pm-11pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Forum-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Forum with Mina Kim and Alexis Madrigal",
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 9
},
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM5NTU3MzgxNjMz",
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"id": "freakonomics-radio",
"title": "Freakonomics Radio",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "http://freakonomics.com/",
"airtime": "SUN 1am-2am, SAT 3pm-4pm",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "WNYC"
},
"link": "/radio/program/freakonomics-radio",
"subscribe": {
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/freakonomics-radio/id354668519",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/podcasts/WNYC-Podcasts/Freakonomics-Radio-p272293/",
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},
"fresh-air": {
"id": "fresh-air",
"title": "Fresh Air",
"info": "Hosted by Terry Gross, \u003cem>Fresh Air from WHYY\u003c/em> is the Peabody Award-winning weekday magazine of contemporary arts and issues. One of public radio's most popular programs, Fresh Air features intimate conversations with today's biggest luminaries.",
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"meta": {
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"link": "/radio/program/fresh-air",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=214089682&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"info": "A live production of NPR and WBUR Boston, in collaboration with stations across the country, Here & Now reflects the fluid world of news as it's happening in the middle of the day, with timely, in-depth news, interviews and conversation. Hosted by Robin Young, Jeremy Hobson and Tonya Mosley.",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510051/podcast.xml"
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},
"hidden-brain": {
"id": "hidden-brain",
"title": "Hidden Brain",
"info": "Shankar Vedantam uses science and storytelling to reveal the unconscious patterns that drive human behavior, shape our choices and direct our relationships.",
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"airtime": "SUN 7pm-8pm",
"meta": {
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"source": "NPR"
},
"link": "/radio/program/hidden-brain",
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},
"how-i-built-this": {
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"title": "How I Built This with Guy Raz",
"info": "Guy Raz dives into the stories behind some of the world's best known companies. How I Built This weaves a narrative journey about innovators, entrepreneurs and idealists—and the movements they built.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/05/howIBuiltThis.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510313/how-i-built-this",
"airtime": "SUN 7:30pm-8pm",
"meta": {
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"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/how-i-built-this",
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"npr": "https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/3zxy",
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/how-i-built-this-with-guy-raz/id1150510297?mt=2",
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"hyphenacion": {
"id": "hyphenacion",
"title": "Hyphenación",
"tagline": "Where conversation and cultura meet",
"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/Hyphenacion_FinalAssets_PodcastTile.png",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/hyphenacion",
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"order": 15
},
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"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/2p3Fifq96nw9BPcmFdIq0o?si=39209f7b25774f38",
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},
"jerrybrown": {
"id": "jerrybrown",
"title": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown",
"tagline": "Lessons from a lifetime in politics",
"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-Political-Mind-of-Jerry-Brown-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 18
},
"link": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
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}
},
"latino-usa": {
"id": "latino-usa",
"title": "Latino USA",
"airtime": "MON 1am-2am, SUN 6pm-7pm",
"info": "Latino USA, the radio journal of news and culture, is the only national, English-language radio program produced from a Latino perspective.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/latinoUsa.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://latinousa.org/",
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},
"link": "/radio/program/latino-usa",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=79681317&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510016/podcast.xml"
}
},
"marketplace": {
"id": "marketplace",
"title": "Marketplace",
"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Marketplace-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.marketplace.org/",
"meta": {
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"source": "American Public Media"
},
"link": "/radio/program/marketplace",
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"rss": "https://feeds.publicradio.org/public_feeds/marketplace-pm/rss/rss"
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},
"masters-of-scale": {
"id": "masters-of-scale",
"title": "Masters of Scale",
"info": "Masters of Scale is an original podcast in which LinkedIn co-founder and Greylock Partner Reid Hoffman sets out to describe and prove theories that explain how great entrepreneurs take their companies from zero to a gazillion in ingenious fashion.",
"airtime": "Every other Wednesday June 12 through October 16 at 8pm (repeats Thursdays at 2am)",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Masters-of-Scale-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://mastersofscale.com/",
"meta": {
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"source": "WaitWhat"
},
"link": "/radio/program/masters-of-scale",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "http://mastersofscale.app.link/",
"rss": "https://rss.art19.com/masters-of-scale"
}
},
"mindshift": {
"id": "mindshift",
"title": "MindShift",
"tagline": "A podcast about the future of learning and how we raise our kids",
"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/mindshift/",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 12
},
"link": "/podcasts/mindshift",
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"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/mindshift-podcast/id1078765985",
"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5",
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"stitcher": "https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/stories-teachers-share",
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}
},
"morning-edition": {
"id": "morning-edition",
"title": "Morning Edition",
"info": "\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. Hosts Steve Inskeep, David Greene and Rachel Martin bring you the latest breaking news and features to prepare you for the day.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 3am-9am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Morning-Edition-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/programs/morning-edition/",
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"link": "/radio/program/morning-edition"
},
"onourwatch": {
"id": "onourwatch",
"title": "On Our Watch",
"tagline": "Deeply-reported investigative journalism",
"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/On-Our-Watch-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "On Our Watch from NPR and KQED",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 11
},
"link": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/id1567098962",
"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5ucHIub3JnLzUxMDM2MC9wb2RjYXN0LnhtbD9zYz1nb29nbGVwb2RjYXN0cw",
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"stitcher": "https://www.stitcher.com/show/on-our-watch",
"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510360/podcast.xml"
}
},
"on-the-media": {
"id": "on-the-media",
"title": "On The Media",
"info": "Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. For one hour a week, the show tries to lift the veil from the process of \"making media,\" especially news media, because it's through that lens that we see the world and the world sees us",
"airtime": "SUN 2pm-3pm, MON 12am-1am",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/onTheMedia.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.wnycstudios.org/shows/otm",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "wnyc"
},
"link": "/radio/program/on-the-media",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/on-the-media/id73330715?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/On-the-Media-p69/",
"rss": "http://feeds.wnyc.org/onthemedia"
}
},
"pbs-newshour": {
"id": "pbs-newshour",
"title": "PBS NewsHour",
"info": "Analysis, background reports and updates from the PBS NewsHour putting today's news in context.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 3pm-4pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/PBS-News-Hour-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.pbs.org/newshour/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "pbs"
},
"link": "/radio/program/pbs-newshour",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/pbs-newshour-full-show/id394432287?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/PBS-NewsHour---Full-Show-p425698/",
"rss": "https://www.pbs.org/newshour/feeds/rss/podcasts/show"
}
},
"perspectives": {
"id": "perspectives",
"title": "Perspectives",
"tagline": "KQED's series of daily listener commentaries since 1991",
"info": "KQED's series of daily listener commentaries since 1991.",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/Perspectives_Tile_Final.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Perspectives",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/perspectives/",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 14
},
"link": "/perspectives",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/id73801135",
"npr": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/432309616/perspectives",
"rss": "https://ww2.kqed.org/perspectives/category/perspectives/feed/",
"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93dzIua3FlZC5vcmcvcGVyc3BlY3RpdmVzL2NhdGVnb3J5L3BlcnNwZWN0aXZlcy9mZWVkLw"
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},
"planet-money": {
"id": "planet-money",
"title": "Planet Money",
"info": "The economy explained. Imagine you could call up a friend and say, Meet me at the bar and tell me what's going on with the economy. Now imagine that's actually a fun evening.",
"airtime": "SUN 3pm-4pm",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/planetmoney.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/sections/money/",
"meta": {
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"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/planet-money",
"subscribe": {
"npr": "https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/M4f5",
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/planet-money/id290783428?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/podcasts/Business--Economics-Podcasts/Planet-Money-p164680/",
"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510289/podcast.xml"
}
},
"politicalbreakdown": {
"id": "politicalbreakdown",
"title": "Political Breakdown",
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