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"title": "Was March the Rainfall Miracle We'd Hoped For?",
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"content": "\u003cp>Yes, the Bay Area got a lot of rain this winter. But was it enough to end the drought?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sadly, no. But there’s good news—this winter was the best we’ve had in five years in terms of precipitation. Rainfall in most Bay Area cities is about 100 percent of normal. San Francisco has received \u003ca href=\"http://www.wrh.noaa.gov/cnrfc/rsa_getprod.php?prod=RNORR4RSA&wfo=cnrfc&version=0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">21 inches of rain this winter\u003c/a>, up from \u003ca href=\"http://www.wrh.noaa.gov/cnrfc/rsa_getprod.php?prod=RNORR4RSA&wfo=cnrfc&version=0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">16 inches last year\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘We’re not in an emergency in northern California anymore in terms of drought.’\u003ccite>Paul Rogers,\u003cbr>KQED and the San Jose Mercury News\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>And the state’s two biggest reservoirs, \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Oroville and Shasta, are now more than \u003ca href=\"http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cdecapp/resapp/getResGraphsMain.action\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">80 percent full\u003c/a>. Last March, they hovered between \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/50-percent-of-average_reservoirs.jpg\">50 and 59 percent\u003c/a>.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s really been kind of a wonderful last few months,” says \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/PaulRogersSJMN?ref_src=twsrc%5Egoogle%7Ctwcamp%5Eserp%7Ctwgr%5Eauthor\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Paul Rogers\u003c/a>, San Jose Mercury News Environment Reporter and KQED Science Managing Editor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>El Niño’s warm ocean waters fueled storms across the state, and northern California got most of the benefit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">We’re not in an emergency in northern California anymore in terms of drought,” Rogers says. “The soaking storms that we got in March really delivered their biggest punch in the most important watersheds in the state.” \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition to Oroville and Shasta, \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Pardee reservoir, the biggest reservoir that serves the East Bay, is \u003ca href=\"https://www.ebmud.com/water-and-drought/about-your-water/water-supply/water-supply-reports/daily-water-supply-report/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">99 percent full\u003c/a>.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_596537\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 1006px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-596537\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/CA-map_drought.jpg\" alt=\"This map shows precipitation as a percentage of average for March. Areas in maroon are at less than 5 percent of average for this time of year while magenta areas are at more than 300 percent of average. \" width=\"1006\" height=\"1392\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/CA-map_drought.jpg 1006w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/CA-map_drought-400x553.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/CA-map_drought-800x1107.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/CA-map_drought-768x1063.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/CA-map_drought-960x1328.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1006px) 100vw, 1006px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This map shows precipitation as a percentage of average for March. Areas in maroon are at less than 5 percent of average for this time of year while magenta areas are at more than 300 percent of average. \u003ccite>(NOAA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">But Rogers says southern California wasn’t as lucky. Some cities, \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">like Los Angeles, are only at \u003ca href=\"http://www.wrh.noaa.gov/cnrfc/rsa_getprod.php?prod=RNORR4RSA&wfo=cnrfc&version=0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">50 percent of normal rainfall\u003c/a> for this time of year.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And farther south, say in Long Beach and Riverside, rainfall totals are at \u003ca href=\"http://www.wrh.noaa.gov/cnrfc/rsa_getprod.php?prod=RNORR4RSA&wfo=cnrfc&version=0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">44 percent of average\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It really is a tale of two droughts,” Rogers says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The mandatory water cutbacks Governor Jerry Brown enacted last April have been extended \u003ca href=\"http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/water_issues/programs/conservation_portal/emergency_regulation.shtml\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">through October\u003c/a>, but some of those restrictions may be lifted in parts of northern California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Felicia Marcus, who chairs the \u003ca href=\"http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">State Water Resources Control Board\u003c/a>, has already \u003ca href=\"http://www.sacbee.com/news/state/california/water-and-drought/article66078267.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">hinted at this\u003c/a>, Rogers noted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“What you’re going to probably see,” he says, “is that, in northern California, particularly the further north you go, where we had a lot of rain, they’re going to have few or no mandatory rules. The further south you go, their rules are going to look pretty similar to what they had this past summer.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And although relaxed restriction are a positive sign—\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2016/01/11/when-will-californias-drought-end/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">the drought isn’t legally over\u003c/a> until Brown says so and lifts his executive order.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That probably won’t happen this year.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Northern California's winter rains weren't enough to end the drought, but it's the most precipitation we’ve had in five years.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Yes, the Bay Area got a lot of rain this winter. But was it enough to end the drought?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sadly, no. But there’s good news—this winter was the best we’ve had in five years in terms of precipitation. Rainfall in most Bay Area cities is about 100 percent of normal. San Francisco has received \u003ca href=\"http://www.wrh.noaa.gov/cnrfc/rsa_getprod.php?prod=RNORR4RSA&wfo=cnrfc&version=0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">21 inches of rain this winter\u003c/a>, up from \u003ca href=\"http://www.wrh.noaa.gov/cnrfc/rsa_getprod.php?prod=RNORR4RSA&wfo=cnrfc&version=0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">16 inches last year\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘We’re not in an emergency in northern California anymore in terms of drought.’\u003ccite>Paul Rogers,\u003cbr>KQED and the San Jose Mercury News\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>And the state’s two biggest reservoirs, \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Oroville and Shasta, are now more than \u003ca href=\"http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cdecapp/resapp/getResGraphsMain.action\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">80 percent full\u003c/a>. Last March, they hovered between \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/50-percent-of-average_reservoirs.jpg\">50 and 59 percent\u003c/a>.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s really been kind of a wonderful last few months,” says \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/PaulRogersSJMN?ref_src=twsrc%5Egoogle%7Ctwcamp%5Eserp%7Ctwgr%5Eauthor\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Paul Rogers\u003c/a>, San Jose Mercury News Environment Reporter and KQED Science Managing Editor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>El Niño’s warm ocean waters fueled storms across the state, and northern California got most of the benefit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">We’re not in an emergency in northern California anymore in terms of drought,” Rogers says. “The soaking storms that we got in March really delivered their biggest punch in the most important watersheds in the state.” \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition to Oroville and Shasta, \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Pardee reservoir, the biggest reservoir that serves the East Bay, is \u003ca href=\"https://www.ebmud.com/water-and-drought/about-your-water/water-supply/water-supply-reports/daily-water-supply-report/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">99 percent full\u003c/a>.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_596537\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 1006px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-596537\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/CA-map_drought.jpg\" alt=\"This map shows precipitation as a percentage of average for March. Areas in maroon are at less than 5 percent of average for this time of year while magenta areas are at more than 300 percent of average. \" width=\"1006\" height=\"1392\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/CA-map_drought.jpg 1006w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/CA-map_drought-400x553.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/CA-map_drought-800x1107.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/CA-map_drought-768x1063.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/CA-map_drought-960x1328.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1006px) 100vw, 1006px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This map shows precipitation as a percentage of average for March. Areas in maroon are at less than 5 percent of average for this time of year while magenta areas are at more than 300 percent of average. \u003ccite>(NOAA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">But Rogers says southern California wasn’t as lucky. Some cities, \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">like Los Angeles, are only at \u003ca href=\"http://www.wrh.noaa.gov/cnrfc/rsa_getprod.php?prod=RNORR4RSA&wfo=cnrfc&version=0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">50 percent of normal rainfall\u003c/a> for this time of year.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And farther south, say in Long Beach and Riverside, rainfall totals are at \u003ca href=\"http://www.wrh.noaa.gov/cnrfc/rsa_getprod.php?prod=RNORR4RSA&wfo=cnrfc&version=0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">44 percent of average\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It really is a tale of two droughts,” Rogers says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The mandatory water cutbacks Governor Jerry Brown enacted last April have been extended \u003ca href=\"http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/water_issues/programs/conservation_portal/emergency_regulation.shtml\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">through October\u003c/a>, but some of those restrictions may be lifted in parts of northern California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Felicia Marcus, who chairs the \u003ca href=\"http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">State Water Resources Control Board\u003c/a>, has already \u003ca href=\"http://www.sacbee.com/news/state/california/water-and-drought/article66078267.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">hinted at this\u003c/a>, Rogers noted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“What you’re going to probably see,” he says, “is that, in northern California, particularly the further north you go, where we had a lot of rain, they’re going to have few or no mandatory rules. The further south you go, their rules are going to look pretty similar to what they had this past summer.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And although relaxed restriction are a positive sign—\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2016/01/11/when-will-californias-drought-end/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">the drought isn’t legally over\u003c/a> until Brown says so and lifts his executive order.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That probably won’t happen this year.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>When the numbers come in for the closely watched April 1 survey of \u003ca href=\"http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cdecapp/snowapp/sweq.action\">snow in the Sierra Nevada\u003c/a>, California is likely to fall short of an average year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s a major disappointment in a winter that featured one of the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2016/02/01/why-this-el-nino-is-one-for-the-books/\">strongest El Niño events on record\u003c/a>—warm ocean conditions that were widely expected to produce torrents of precipitation. It’s also a source of concern since the state has historically counted on runoff from accumulated mountain snows for about a third of its water supply.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Earlier this week, the northern Sierra snowpack briefly nudged the long-term average for April 1, while measurements from the southern Sierra were lagging badly, at just 75 percent of normal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To be sure, both numbers are \u003ca href=\"http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/IOTD/view.php?id=86838\">a huge improvement\u003c/a> over last year at this time, when the Sierra Nevada range was virtually barren. But this year, almost-average isn’t going to cut it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_594396\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 561px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-594396 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/No-SnowSurvey_150401.png\" alt=\"Governor Jerry Brown looks on as last April's snow survey is conducted on barren ground along Highway 50, near Echo Summit.\" width=\"561\" height=\"381\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/No-SnowSurvey_150401.png 561w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/No-SnowSurvey_150401-400x272.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 561px) 100vw, 561px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Governor Jerry Brown looks on as last April’s snow survey is conducted on barren ground along Highway 50, near Echo Summit. \u003ccite>(Calif. Dept. of Water Resources)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“We really needed more than average—a lot more than average,” says Peter Gleick, a hydrologist and co-founder of the Oakland-based \u003ca href=\"http://pacinst.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Pacific Institute\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Average snowpack wouldn’t solve the hole we’re in from four years of dry soil moistures and low reservoirs and overpumped groundwater,” he says. “I think a fifth year of drought is now pretty inevitable.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, El Niño conjured up enough rain and snow to slightly dampen Californians’ worries over water. In a survey just released by the Public Policy Institute of California, while 57 percent of respondents still consider water supply to be a “big problem,” water and drought slipped from the top spot among residents’ biggest concerns, yielding once again to jobs and the economy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Long-Term Outlook Not Encouraging\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gleick attended this week’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2016/03/22/fact-sheet-working-together-build-sustainable-water-future\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">White House Water Summit\u003c/a>, a confab designed to assess threats to future water security and seek solutions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Coinciding with that event, federal water managers issued some sobering projections for the continuing impact of California’s changing climate on key watersheds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>Sacramento and San Joaquin River Basins:\u003cbr>\nMean annual runoff is projected to increase as much as 5.4% in the Sacramento and San Joaquin Rivers Delta by the 2050s. Moisture falling as rain instead of snow at lower elevations will increase wintertime runoff by 22% (December through March) and decrease springtime runoff by 27% (April through July).\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>And moving uphill toward Lake Tahoe, the outlook does not improve:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>Truckee River Basin:\u003cbr>\nMean annual runoff is projected to increase by from [sic] 5.7% by the 2050s. Warmer conditions are projected to transition wintertime snow into rain, increasing December–March runoff and decreasing April–July runoff. The median date of peak runoff is expected to be 19 days earlier by the end of the century.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Those increases in runoff might sound like a good thing. More water is more water, right?\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘We don’t just care about how much water we get, we also care about when we get it’\u003ccite>Peter Gleick, hydrologist\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“I wouldn’t bank on that,” says Gleick, citing both the uncertainty inherent in precipitation models for California and rising temperatures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We don’t just care about how much water we get, we also care about when we get it,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More wintertime and less springtime runoff is a sign that winter storms are dropping more rain and less snow, depleting the state’s “frozen reservoir” and leaving less water during the summer growing season, when farms and cities most need it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As John Upton \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/california-snowpack-returns-fears-future-20166\">writes for Climate Central\u003c/a>:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>The low snowpack experienced last year is expected to become more common during the decades ahead — even though storminess in the region is \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/west-likely-stormier-with-climate-change-20009\">projected to increase\u003c/a>. Last year’s was the \u003ca href=\"http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cdecapp/snowapp/sweq.action\">smallest snowpack on record\u003c/a>, caused primarily by a shortfall in large winter storms, fueling a withering drought \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/global-warming-fueled-heat-calif-drought-18719\">exacerbated by high temperatures\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Within 50 years, snowpacks as diminutive as last year’s could occur on average more than once every decade, said \u003ca href=\"https://profile.usgs.gov/mddettin\">Michael Dettinger\u003c/a>, a U.S. Geological Survey hydrologist.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What we have to do is a combination of smarter storage and better management of reservoirs, and much more efficient water use,” says Gleick. “There is no one solution to Cailfornia’s water problems.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>When the numbers come in for the closely watched April 1 survey of \u003ca href=\"http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cdecapp/snowapp/sweq.action\">snow in the Sierra Nevada\u003c/a>, California is likely to fall short of an average year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s a major disappointment in a winter that featured one of the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2016/02/01/why-this-el-nino-is-one-for-the-books/\">strongest El Niño events on record\u003c/a>—warm ocean conditions that were widely expected to produce torrents of precipitation. It’s also a source of concern since the state has historically counted on runoff from accumulated mountain snows for about a third of its water supply.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Earlier this week, the northern Sierra snowpack briefly nudged the long-term average for April 1, while measurements from the southern Sierra were lagging badly, at just 75 percent of normal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To be sure, both numbers are \u003ca href=\"http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/IOTD/view.php?id=86838\">a huge improvement\u003c/a> over last year at this time, when the Sierra Nevada range was virtually barren. But this year, almost-average isn’t going to cut it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_594396\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 561px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-594396 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/No-SnowSurvey_150401.png\" alt=\"Governor Jerry Brown looks on as last April's snow survey is conducted on barren ground along Highway 50, near Echo Summit.\" width=\"561\" height=\"381\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/No-SnowSurvey_150401.png 561w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/No-SnowSurvey_150401-400x272.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 561px) 100vw, 561px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Governor Jerry Brown looks on as last April’s snow survey is conducted on barren ground along Highway 50, near Echo Summit. \u003ccite>(Calif. Dept. of Water Resources)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“We really needed more than average—a lot more than average,” says Peter Gleick, a hydrologist and co-founder of the Oakland-based \u003ca href=\"http://pacinst.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Pacific Institute\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Average snowpack wouldn’t solve the hole we’re in from four years of dry soil moistures and low reservoirs and overpumped groundwater,” he says. “I think a fifth year of drought is now pretty inevitable.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, El Niño conjured up enough rain and snow to slightly dampen Californians’ worries over water. In a survey just released by the Public Policy Institute of California, while 57 percent of respondents still consider water supply to be a “big problem,” water and drought slipped from the top spot among residents’ biggest concerns, yielding once again to jobs and the economy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Long-Term Outlook Not Encouraging\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gleick attended this week’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2016/03/22/fact-sheet-working-together-build-sustainable-water-future\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">White House Water Summit\u003c/a>, a confab designed to assess threats to future water security and seek solutions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Coinciding with that event, federal water managers issued some sobering projections for the continuing impact of California’s changing climate on key watersheds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>Sacramento and San Joaquin River Basins:\u003cbr>\nMean annual runoff is projected to increase as much as 5.4% in the Sacramento and San Joaquin Rivers Delta by the 2050s. Moisture falling as rain instead of snow at lower elevations will increase wintertime runoff by 22% (December through March) and decrease springtime runoff by 27% (April through July).\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>And moving uphill toward Lake Tahoe, the outlook does not improve:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>Truckee River Basin:\u003cbr>\nMean annual runoff is projected to increase by from [sic] 5.7% by the 2050s. Warmer conditions are projected to transition wintertime snow into rain, increasing December–March runoff and decreasing April–July runoff. The median date of peak runoff is expected to be 19 days earlier by the end of the century.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Those increases in runoff might sound like a good thing. More water is more water, right?\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘We don’t just care about how much water we get, we also care about when we get it’\u003ccite>Peter Gleick, hydrologist\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“I wouldn’t bank on that,” says Gleick, citing both the uncertainty inherent in precipitation models for California and rising temperatures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We don’t just care about how much water we get, we also care about when we get it,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More wintertime and less springtime runoff is a sign that winter storms are dropping more rain and less snow, depleting the state’s “frozen reservoir” and leaving less water during the summer growing season, when farms and cities most need it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As John Upton \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/california-snowpack-returns-fears-future-20166\">writes for Climate Central\u003c/a>:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>The low snowpack experienced last year is expected to become more common during the decades ahead — even though storminess in the region is \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/west-likely-stormier-with-climate-change-20009\">projected to increase\u003c/a>. Last year’s was the \u003ca href=\"http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cdecapp/snowapp/sweq.action\">smallest snowpack on record\u003c/a>, caused primarily by a shortfall in large winter storms, fueling a withering drought \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/global-warming-fueled-heat-calif-drought-18719\">exacerbated by high temperatures\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Within 50 years, snowpacks as diminutive as last year’s could occur on average more than once every decade, said \u003ca href=\"https://profile.usgs.gov/mddettin\">Michael Dettinger\u003c/a>, a U.S. Geological Survey hydrologist.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What we have to do is a combination of smarter storage and better management of reservoirs, and much more efficient water use,” says Gleick. “There is no one solution to Cailfornia’s water problems.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp class=\"ap-story-p\">A Navy tugboat that sank nearly a century ago has been found by a team of government researchers off the San Francisco coast, officials announced Wednesday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"ap-story-p\">The USS Conestoga departed San Francisco Bay for Pearl Harbor in March 1921. But the boat never made it to Hawaii, and her 56-man crew was declared lost. The boat was never found, despite a search that covered hundreds of thousands of square miles and was the biggest air and sea search of its time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"ap-story-p\">Officials from the Navy and National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration announced that the tug has been found about 30 miles off the coast, near the Farallon Islands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_594093\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1000px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-594093\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/conestoga.jpg\" alt=\"The USS Conestoga. \" width=\"1000\" height=\"587\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/conestoga.jpg 1000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/conestoga-400x235.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/conestoga-800x470.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/conestoga-768x451.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/conestoga-960x564.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The USS Conestoga. \u003ccite>(Naval History & Heritage Command NH 71299)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_594098\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1000px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-594098\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/multibeam-sonar.jpg\" alt=\"Multibeam sonar image of the shipwreck site. \" width=\"1000\" height=\"788\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/multibeam-sonar.jpg 1000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/multibeam-sonar-400x315.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/multibeam-sonar-800x630.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/multibeam-sonar-768x605.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/multibeam-sonar-960x756.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Multibeam sonar image of the shipwreck site. \u003ccite>(Fugro/NOAA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp class=\"ap-story-p\">NOAA is in the midst of a multiyear effort to map roughly 300 shipwrecks off in the waters off San Francisco. The discovery process began in 2009 when a coastal survey documented a possible shipwreck near the islands. In October 2015, a joint NOAA and Navy mission confirmed the Conestoga’s identity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"ap-story-p\">The 170-foot steel tugboat, one of the largest seagoing tugboats in the period, was launched in 1903. It was originally built to tow coal barges for the Philadelphia and Reading Railroad Company.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"ap-story-p\">The U.S. Navy purchased the Conestoga in September 1917 after the United States entered World War I. It carried out towing duties along the Atlantic coast and at the end of the war it was attached to Naval Base No. 13, Azores. After the war it was assigned to harbor tug duty at Norfolk, Virginia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"ap-story-p\">It was reclassified USS Conestoga AT 54 in 1920 and after undergoing alterations, it was ordered to duty as a station ship in American Samoa, but disappeared on its way after departing San Francisco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_594096\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1000px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-594096\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/conestoga-stern.jpg\" alt=\"The stern of the USS Conestoga. \" width=\"1000\" height=\"561\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/conestoga-stern.jpg 1000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/conestoga-stern-400x224.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/conestoga-stern-800x449.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/conestoga-stern-768x431.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/conestoga-stern-960x539.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The stern of the USS Conestoga. \u003ccite>(NOAA/Teledyne SeaBotix)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"ap-story-p\">When the Conestoga failed to arrive in Hawaii, the Navy launched a massive search, finding only a lifeboat with the letter “C” on its bow off Manzanillo, Mexico.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp class=\"ap-story-p\">A Navy tugboat that sank nearly a century ago has been found by a team of government researchers off the San Francisco coast, officials announced Wednesday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"ap-story-p\">The USS Conestoga departed San Francisco Bay for Pearl Harbor in March 1921. But the boat never made it to Hawaii, and her 56-man crew was declared lost. The boat was never found, despite a search that covered hundreds of thousands of square miles and was the biggest air and sea search of its time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"ap-story-p\">Officials from the Navy and National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration announced that the tug has been found about 30 miles off the coast, near the Farallon Islands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_594093\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1000px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-594093\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/conestoga.jpg\" alt=\"The USS Conestoga. \" width=\"1000\" height=\"587\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/conestoga.jpg 1000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/conestoga-400x235.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/conestoga-800x470.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/conestoga-768x451.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/conestoga-960x564.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The USS Conestoga. \u003ccite>(Naval History & Heritage Command NH 71299)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_594098\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1000px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-594098\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/multibeam-sonar.jpg\" alt=\"Multibeam sonar image of the shipwreck site. \" width=\"1000\" height=\"788\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/multibeam-sonar.jpg 1000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/multibeam-sonar-400x315.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/multibeam-sonar-800x630.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/multibeam-sonar-768x605.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/multibeam-sonar-960x756.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Multibeam sonar image of the shipwreck site. \u003ccite>(Fugro/NOAA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp class=\"ap-story-p\">NOAA is in the midst of a multiyear effort to map roughly 300 shipwrecks off in the waters off San Francisco. The discovery process began in 2009 when a coastal survey documented a possible shipwreck near the islands. In October 2015, a joint NOAA and Navy mission confirmed the Conestoga’s identity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"ap-story-p\">The 170-foot steel tugboat, one of the largest seagoing tugboats in the period, was launched in 1903. It was originally built to tow coal barges for the Philadelphia and Reading Railroad Company.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"ap-story-p\">The U.S. Navy purchased the Conestoga in September 1917 after the United States entered World War I. It carried out towing duties along the Atlantic coast and at the end of the war it was attached to Naval Base No. 13, Azores. After the war it was assigned to harbor tug duty at Norfolk, Virginia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"ap-story-p\">It was reclassified USS Conestoga AT 54 in 1920 and after undergoing alterations, it was ordered to duty as a station ship in American Samoa, but disappeared on its way after departing San Francisco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_594096\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1000px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-594096\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/conestoga-stern.jpg\" alt=\"The stern of the USS Conestoga. \" width=\"1000\" height=\"561\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/conestoga-stern.jpg 1000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/conestoga-stern-400x224.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/conestoga-stern-800x449.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/conestoga-stern-768x431.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/conestoga-stern-960x539.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The stern of the USS Conestoga. \u003ccite>(NOAA/Teledyne SeaBotix)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"ap-story-p\">When the Conestoga failed to arrive in Hawaii, the Navy launched a massive search, finding only a lifeboat with the letter “C” on its bow off Manzanillo, Mexico.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "With Bees in Trouble, Almond Farmers Try Trees That Don't Need 'Em",
"headTitle": "With Bees in Trouble, Almond Farmers Try Trees That Don’t Need ‘Em | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Beekeepers flock from all over the country to California every February and March to watch billions of honeybees buzz around the state’s almond trees. Eighty percent of the country’s commercial bees visit the Golden State each spring.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So I went to check out the scene at an almond orchard at \u003ca href=\"http://www.fresnostate.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Fresno State\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Really, the key is to stay calm around bees, because if you’re afraid, then your body physiologically changes and they can sense that,” beekeeper Brian Hiatt tells me. “They literally can smell fear.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He should know: In this orchard alone, Hiatt has about 1.5 million bees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Spring is usually a really busy time for beekeepers. But this year, Hiatt says he’s worried that a relatively new variety of almonds called \u003ca href=\"http://www.davewilson.com/commercial-orchards/featured-products/independence-almond\">Independence\u003c/a> could harm the longevity of his business.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Independence almond trees are easy to harvest, and they make tasty almonds. But what really sets them apart is the fact that they’re self-fertile — meaning they technically don’t need bees to pollinate their flowers because they’re pollinating themselves (though some farmers say if you use just a few bees, you’ll get an even bigger crop.) That’s a boon for farmers, who spend lots of money hiring bees to pollinate their crop.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There are a lot of these old almonds that still need bees,” Hiatt notes. But as Independence almonds become more popular, he thinks he’d lose profits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_594083\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-594083\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/almond-bee.jpg\" alt=\"Ben Barra guesses there are a couple thousand acres of the Independence almond variety in California. He says there is a growing waiting list for new sprigs of the tree. \" width=\"800\" height=\"599\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/almond-bee.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/almond-bee-400x300.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/almond-bee-768x575.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Ben Barra guesses there are a couple thousand acres of the Independence almond variety in California. He says there is a growing waiting list for new sprigs of the tree. \u003ccite>(Ezra David Romero/Valley Public Radio)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Others in the industry — including Gene Brandi with the \u003ca href=\"http://www.abfnet.org/\">American Beekeeping Federation\u003c/a> — see things differently, especially since a colony collapse disorder has killed as much as 40 percent of the honeybees in the West. “I know how difficult it has been for our industry to supply the bees that are needed,” Brandi says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And farmers like \u003ca href=\"http://pitiglianofarms.com/\">Josh Pitgliano\u003c/a> from Tulare County are loving Independence almonds. Pitgliano has several hundred acres of the self-fertile variety — he first started planting Independence trees six years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He says he likes that with Independence almond trees, he has to use less than half the number of bees. Whereas most farmers place two hives per acre, Pitgliano scrapes by with half a hive per acre on his orchards of Independence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That translates to big savings: An average hive of bees costs around $180 to hire for the season.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Plus, Independence almond trees comes with another perk — easy harvest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I come in here once and I harvest all the nuts, all at one time,” Pitgliano says. In contrast, traditional almond orchards have several varieties of the tree planted in each field and are harvested multiple times.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And the nuts these trees make are just as good, says farmer Ben Barra. When he realized he didn’t have to hire any bees at all with the Independence variety, he was hooked. (When I visited his farm, there were some wild bees buzzing around.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Barra has farmed everything from sugar beets to eggplant to potatoes. He tore out his peaches and plums after he had a really bad season, losing over $100,000.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So he latched onto the idea of a crop that didn’t require many bees, that he’d only have to harvest once. And it seems to be working out: Barra says the Independence trees have produced more than he originally expected.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You can’t believe it,” Barra says. “The first year we did 6,000 [pounds], and then we did 17,000 [pounds]. Last year we did 31,000 [pounds].”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This year he’s hopes the acreage’s yield is over 40,000 pounds, but he realizes he’s taking a chance on new tree variety that hasn’t stood the test of time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When I gambled with this,” Barra says, “this was the last shot that I was making.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=With+Bees+In+Trouble%2C+Almond+Farmers+Try+Trees+That+Don%27t+Need+%27Em&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\" alt=\"\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Beekeepers flock from all over the country to California every February and March to watch billions of honeybees buzz around the state’s almond trees. Eighty percent of the country’s commercial bees visit the Golden State each spring.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So I went to check out the scene at an almond orchard at \u003ca href=\"http://www.fresnostate.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Fresno State\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Really, the key is to stay calm around bees, because if you’re afraid, then your body physiologically changes and they can sense that,” beekeeper Brian Hiatt tells me. “They literally can smell fear.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He should know: In this orchard alone, Hiatt has about 1.5 million bees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Spring is usually a really busy time for beekeepers. But this year, Hiatt says he’s worried that a relatively new variety of almonds called \u003ca href=\"http://www.davewilson.com/commercial-orchards/featured-products/independence-almond\">Independence\u003c/a> could harm the longevity of his business.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Independence almond trees are easy to harvest, and they make tasty almonds. But what really sets them apart is the fact that they’re self-fertile — meaning they technically don’t need bees to pollinate their flowers because they’re pollinating themselves (though some farmers say if you use just a few bees, you’ll get an even bigger crop.) That’s a boon for farmers, who spend lots of money hiring bees to pollinate their crop.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There are a lot of these old almonds that still need bees,” Hiatt notes. But as Independence almonds become more popular, he thinks he’d lose profits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_594083\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-594083\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/almond-bee.jpg\" alt=\"Ben Barra guesses there are a couple thousand acres of the Independence almond variety in California. He says there is a growing waiting list for new sprigs of the tree. \" width=\"800\" height=\"599\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/almond-bee.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/almond-bee-400x300.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/almond-bee-768x575.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Ben Barra guesses there are a couple thousand acres of the Independence almond variety in California. He says there is a growing waiting list for new sprigs of the tree. \u003ccite>(Ezra David Romero/Valley Public Radio)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Others in the industry — including Gene Brandi with the \u003ca href=\"http://www.abfnet.org/\">American Beekeeping Federation\u003c/a> — see things differently, especially since a colony collapse disorder has killed as much as 40 percent of the honeybees in the West. “I know how difficult it has been for our industry to supply the bees that are needed,” Brandi says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And farmers like \u003ca href=\"http://pitiglianofarms.com/\">Josh Pitgliano\u003c/a> from Tulare County are loving Independence almonds. Pitgliano has several hundred acres of the self-fertile variety — he first started planting Independence trees six years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He says he likes that with Independence almond trees, he has to use less than half the number of bees. Whereas most farmers place two hives per acre, Pitgliano scrapes by with half a hive per acre on his orchards of Independence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That translates to big savings: An average hive of bees costs around $180 to hire for the season.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Plus, Independence almond trees comes with another perk — easy harvest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I come in here once and I harvest all the nuts, all at one time,” Pitgliano says. In contrast, traditional almond orchards have several varieties of the tree planted in each field and are harvested multiple times.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And the nuts these trees make are just as good, says farmer Ben Barra. When he realized he didn’t have to hire any bees at all with the Independence variety, he was hooked. (When I visited his farm, there were some wild bees buzzing around.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Barra has farmed everything from sugar beets to eggplant to potatoes. He tore out his peaches and plums after he had a really bad season, losing over $100,000.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So he latched onto the idea of a crop that didn’t require many bees, that he’d only have to harvest once. And it seems to be working out: Barra says the Independence trees have produced more than he originally expected.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You can’t believe it,” Barra says. “The first year we did 6,000 [pounds], and then we did 17,000 [pounds]. Last year we did 31,000 [pounds].”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This year he’s hopes the acreage’s yield is over 40,000 pounds, but he realizes he’s taking a chance on new tree variety that hasn’t stood the test of time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When I gambled with this,” Barra says, “this was the last shot that I was making.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=With+Bees+In+Trouble%2C+Almond+Farmers+Try+Trees+That+Don%27t+Need+%27Em&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\" alt=\"\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "East Palo Alto’s Economic Future Tied to Water",
"headTitle": "East Palo Alto’s Economic Future Tied to Water | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Many cities in Silicon Valley are working to develop new sources of water to avoid shortfalls in future decades, but East Palo Alto is already at a critical point. The city needs more water in order to spur much-needed economic development and new housing. Here’s how it hopes to get there.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘If you don’t have water, you don’t have affordable housing. If you don’t have water, you can’t grow.”\u003ccite>Carlos Martinez, City Manager\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Carlos Martinez has big dreams for East Palo Alto. It will continue to be multi-ethnic, there will be residents of all economic classes, affordable housing, schools with 100 percent graduation rates and community programs for youth and seniors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s a lot to ask from any town and East Palo Alto has an additional hurdle right now. The city doesn’t have enough water to drive economic growth, which would help provide the tax dollars to fund housing, schools, city services and new development.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is true when you look at other planets, when you look for life, you look for water and it is equally true here,” said Martinez, who is East Palo Alto’s city manager. “If you don’t have water, you don’t have affordable housing. If you don’t have water, you can’t grow, and if we can’t grow we can’t generate jobs, which our citizens need.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Development on Hold\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One key to East Palo Alto’s future is a small triangle of land in the back corner of a Home Depot parking lot. A sunken indent in the lawn is the only indication of the good fortune below. This is the location known as Pad D, where the city has already dug a test well in search of drinkable groundwater. The results were very promising – a good quantity of water and good quality. In less than two years, it’s possible this could be a producing well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_592429\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/east-palo-dont-drink.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-592429\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-592429\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/east-palo-dont-drink-800x437.jpg\" alt=\"A sign warns not to drink the water at the Gloria Way well in East Palo Alto. The city hopes in 2017 to begin construction on a new well here to use groundwater to augment water supply. \" width=\"800\" height=\"437\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/east-palo-dont-drink-800x437.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/east-palo-dont-drink-400x219.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/east-palo-dont-drink-768x420.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/east-palo-dont-drink-1440x787.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/east-palo-dont-drink-1920x1049.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/east-palo-dont-drink-1180x645.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/east-palo-dont-drink-960x525.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/east-palo-dont-drink.jpg 2000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A sign warns not to drink the water at the Gloria Way well in East Palo Alto. The city hopes in 2017 to begin construction on a new well here to use groundwater to augment water supply. \u003ccite>(Tara Lohan/Water Deeply)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>And that’s good news because East Palo Alto’s water supply today comes from the San Francisco Public Utilities Commission’s Hetch Hetchy water system. The water itself is not problematic, but the amount is. East Palo Alto currently uses all of its allocation. By 2035, with the city’s projected growth, it will be short 1,200 acre-feet a year (an average household uses between one half and one acre-foot a year and East Palo Alto residents have some of the lowest water use in the state).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The situation is not as dire as some Central Valley towns where wells ran dry last year and residents had to haul water for showering and drinking. East Palo Alto residents currently have enough water to meet their basic needs, but without an \u003ca href=\"http://www.waterdeeply.org/articles/2016/03/9865/silicon-valley-seeks-local-water-sources/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">additional supply\u003c/a> the city’s economic growth is hamstrung because new developments are not able to be approved by the city.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And this isn’t a function of California’s four-year drought, either. “I don’t want to give the impression that because of the drought there is no water,” said Martinez. “There is water – there is plenty of water.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘We have developers lining up.’\u003ccite>Michelle Daher, Environmental Coordinator\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>In fact, he says, other nearby cities have allocations that currently exceed their needs, but East Palo Alto officials haven’t yet managed to find cities that are willing to sell or trade their unused water. “There is plenty of water in the system, it’s just not ours,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And without well water or supplies from other cities to increase their allocation, East Palo Alto is out of other options. Even increasing conservation would be hard at this point. Residents have a reported per capita daily water use of 52 gallons – one of the lowest in the area (and the state). When Gov. Jerry Brown ordered statewide conservations mandates of up to 36 percent last year, East Palo Alto was tasked with trimming its water use only 8 percent because it was already low.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But residents didn’t just hit the target, they nearly tripled it. By February they had saved enough water to meet an October target.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have very few parks and open spaces so we are not irrigating huge lawns. Our lots are small also, we don’t have three or four acre lots with landscaping,” said Martinez. “There is little we can do to gather more water. We are already doing what we can. We can’t tell our residents to use less water because it would be dangerous to their health and safety.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So East Palo Alto is looking to add two new wells to augment Hetch Hetchy water with local groundwater. The first is Pad D and the second well will be located 1.5 miles (2.4km) away on Gloria Way, a residential road. The Gloria Way well was in use decades ago, but residents disliked the color and odor of the water because of high levels of manganese and iron, so a filtration system will be needed before a well here can be used again.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”zgmST6DMzFvdGUOq3KwBwke7VW4gGDTx”]Martinez estimates that construction could start on the Gloria Way well at the beginning of 2017. And it won’t be soon enough for some developers hoping to begin construction on projects in East Palo Alto.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have developers lining up,” said Michelle Daher, the city’s environmental coordinator. “We’re telling them we’ll process your applications, but without having the water to promise to your project we are not going to move forward beyond just an initial preview of the application. We can’t take it to the planning commission and get it fully vetted or get the entitlements because there isn’t water to meet the requirements.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Martinez says there are three main projects in limbo while the city works on securing new water sources. Two are “Class A” office spaces (the most premiere) – one at 200,000 square feet (19,000 square meters) and the other a whopping 1.4 million square feet (130,000 square meters). The third project is the \u003ca href=\"http://www.theprimaryschool.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Primary School\u003c/a>, a new school combining education and health services for 500 kids led by Priscilla Chan, the pediatrician and philanthropist wife of Facebook CEO Mark Zuckerberg. The school plans to open in a temporary location this fall until it can complete construction on its permanent East Palo Alto site.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All three projects would bring in needed revenue for the city, but East Palo Alto also has other priorities as well. “The city has a site they would like to develop as affordable housing, but of course we can’t develop affordable housing without water,” said Martinez.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Planning for the Future\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With more water, East Palo Alto, which is squeezed between the shoulders of Palo Alto (home to Stanford University) and Menlo Park (headquarters of Facebook), may be poised for big changes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And it’s not the first time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the last decade Martinez says he’s already seen substantial changes. Back in 1992 East Palo Alto held the unenviable title of having the highest homicide rate per capita in the country. These days, though, thanks to the proliferation of the tech boom, it finally has the attention of moneyed interests and large developers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But that hasn’t always been the case.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When the city of East Palo Alto incorporated, many people in San Mateo County thought that the city could not survive because it has a very tiny tax base,” said Martinez. For example, in 1977 total \u003ca href=\"http://techcrunch.com/2015/01/10/east-of-palo-altos-eden/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">sales tax revenue\u003c/a> per capita in East Palo Alto was $8.33. Next door in Palo Alto, it was $64.35 per capita.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Up until 1983, East Palo Alto was an unincorporated part of San Mateo County. In the years preceding, neighboring towns and highway construction had chipped away parts of East Palo Alto’s neighborhoods, shrinking the city’s borders down to an irregularly shaped 2.5 square miles (6.5 square km).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The largest tax generator was a McDonald’s,” said Martinez. “You can’t run a city with that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_592434\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/East-Palo-development.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-592434\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-592434\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/East-Palo-development-800x534.jpg\" alt=\"A vacant lot in East Palo Alto may be the future site of a new downtown development when the city secures additional water resources to approve new building projects.\" width=\"800\" height=\"534\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/East-Palo-development-800x534.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/East-Palo-development-400x267.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/East-Palo-development-768x513.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/East-Palo-development-1440x961.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/East-Palo-development-1920x1282.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/East-Palo-development-1180x788.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/East-Palo-development-960x641.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/East-Palo-development.jpg 2000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A vacant lot in East Palo Alto may be the future site of a new downtown development when the city secures additional water resources to approve new building projects. \u003ccite>(Tara Lohan)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Community leaders were determined to make East Palo Alto economically sound and do so with a commitment to fair housing. The first step after incorporation, said Martinez, was enacting rent control ordinances.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Housing has been a defining factor in the area’s history, long before it was officially incorporated. In the post World War II boom that drove population growth in the peninsula, East Palo Alto became a refuge for African Americans at a time when housing discrimination and “\u003ca href=\"http://sils.unc.edu/news/2010/t-races\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">redlining\u003c/a>” were common in other nearby cities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For decades East Palo Alto was predominantly African American, but the demographics have shifted in recent years, though it still remains more racially diverse than neighboring towns or the county as a whole. Census numbers from 2010 show the city is 65 percent Hispanic or Latino, 17 percent Black and 7.5 percent Pacific Islander or Hawaiian. The majority of people in the city speak a language other than English at home and 40 percent were born in another country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And as the tech boom has fueled a drastic rise in rents and home prices throughout the area, East Palo Alto remains more affordable, relatively speaking. Neighborhoods tend to have more modest homes and multiunit buildings. Median home prices have risen in East Palo Alto to $650,000, but it’s still a bargain compared to $2 million in neighboring Palo Alto or $1.5 million in Menlo Park.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Residents of East Palo Alto, though, have smaller paychecks than their neighbors. Median household income is 43 percent less than the rest of San Mateo County, which makes the need for economic development even greater.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Martinez knows that it will come with trade-offs. It already has. Back in the 1990s, when others counted East Palo Alto as down and out, the city’s leaders made strategic decisions to boost its economy. The downtown area known as Whiskey Gulch “suffered from physically dilapidated buildings, high crime and drug activity, and the proliferation of liquor stores and bars,” the city’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.ci.east-palo-alto.ca.us/index.aspx?nid=430\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">website\u003c/a> explains. But it was razed and replaced in 1999 with “University Circle,” which now includes a Four Seasons hotel and office towers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“And that began to bring property tax revenue and stabilize the city,” said Martinez. “People didn’t think retail users would relocate to East Palo Alto.” But they were wrong. Next came another development with Ikea, Home Depot, Nordstrom Rack, Sports Authority, Starbucks and other big chain businesses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There is no longer a doubt that East Palo Alto can sustain itself as a city but I think in that process to get to that point, many people were displaced, multi-family homes were demolished and families were relocated,” said Martinez. “The city council had to make very hard choices in order to survive as a city. Development generates revenues for financial services but also creates other impacts – it’s a balancing act.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That balancing act is something that the city takes seriously as it develops a new general plan for how to grow East Palo Alto as more water becomes available.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The city is actively seeking input to make sure we get it right for future generations and have a vision that is long-term,” said Daher. “The residents have made it clear they are interested in seeing development happen, but in certain areas they want to focus on retaining their low-income housing portfolio.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the horizon is a new city center that would bring more pedestrian-friendly streets, retail and higher-density housing. The area that Martinez calls the “linchpin” for this new downtown is an empty 6-acre (2.4-hectare) lot surrounded by a chain-link fence. It’s across from the McDonald’s that used to be the city’s biggest tax generator. A sign lists a phone number for the vacant parcel’s developer, Barry Swenson.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Right now, it is another dream deferred for East Palo Alto. Like other developments, it will have to wait for more water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Martinez hopes the wait is not too long.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We should have more and better city facilities and better recreational opportunities,” said Martinez. “There are many things that we should be doing but we don’t have the resources at this point. Additional development would enable us to provide that for our citizens. But that cannot happen if we don’t have water.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This article originally appeared on \u003ca href=\"http://waterdeeply.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Water Deeply\u003c/a>, and you can find the original \u003ca href=\"http://www.waterdeeply.org/articles/2016/03/9934/east-palo-altos-economic-future-tied-water/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">here\u003c/a>. For important news about the California drought, you can \u003ca href=\"http://nwsdp.ly/waterlist\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">sign up to the Water Deeply email list\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Many cities in Silicon Valley are working to develop new sources of water to avoid shortfalls in future decades, but East Palo Alto is already at a critical point. The city needs more water in order to spur much-needed economic development and new housing.\r\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Many cities in Silicon Valley are working to develop new sources of water to avoid shortfalls in future decades, but East Palo Alto is already at a critical point. The city needs more water in order to spur much-needed economic development and new housing. Here’s how it hopes to get there.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘If you don’t have water, you don’t have affordable housing. If you don’t have water, you can’t grow.”\u003ccite>Carlos Martinez, City Manager\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Carlos Martinez has big dreams for East Palo Alto. It will continue to be multi-ethnic, there will be residents of all economic classes, affordable housing, schools with 100 percent graduation rates and community programs for youth and seniors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s a lot to ask from any town and East Palo Alto has an additional hurdle right now. The city doesn’t have enough water to drive economic growth, which would help provide the tax dollars to fund housing, schools, city services and new development.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is true when you look at other planets, when you look for life, you look for water and it is equally true here,” said Martinez, who is East Palo Alto’s city manager. “If you don’t have water, you don’t have affordable housing. If you don’t have water, you can’t grow, and if we can’t grow we can’t generate jobs, which our citizens need.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Development on Hold\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One key to East Palo Alto’s future is a small triangle of land in the back corner of a Home Depot parking lot. A sunken indent in the lawn is the only indication of the good fortune below. This is the location known as Pad D, where the city has already dug a test well in search of drinkable groundwater. The results were very promising – a good quantity of water and good quality. In less than two years, it’s possible this could be a producing well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_592429\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/east-palo-dont-drink.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-592429\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-592429\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/east-palo-dont-drink-800x437.jpg\" alt=\"A sign warns not to drink the water at the Gloria Way well in East Palo Alto. The city hopes in 2017 to begin construction on a new well here to use groundwater to augment water supply. \" width=\"800\" height=\"437\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/east-palo-dont-drink-800x437.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/east-palo-dont-drink-400x219.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/east-palo-dont-drink-768x420.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/east-palo-dont-drink-1440x787.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/east-palo-dont-drink-1920x1049.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/east-palo-dont-drink-1180x645.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/east-palo-dont-drink-960x525.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/east-palo-dont-drink.jpg 2000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A sign warns not to drink the water at the Gloria Way well in East Palo Alto. The city hopes in 2017 to begin construction on a new well here to use groundwater to augment water supply. \u003ccite>(Tara Lohan/Water Deeply)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>And that’s good news because East Palo Alto’s water supply today comes from the San Francisco Public Utilities Commission’s Hetch Hetchy water system. The water itself is not problematic, but the amount is. East Palo Alto currently uses all of its allocation. By 2035, with the city’s projected growth, it will be short 1,200 acre-feet a year (an average household uses between one half and one acre-foot a year and East Palo Alto residents have some of the lowest water use in the state).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The situation is not as dire as some Central Valley towns where wells ran dry last year and residents had to haul water for showering and drinking. East Palo Alto residents currently have enough water to meet their basic needs, but without an \u003ca href=\"http://www.waterdeeply.org/articles/2016/03/9865/silicon-valley-seeks-local-water-sources/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">additional supply\u003c/a> the city’s economic growth is hamstrung because new developments are not able to be approved by the city.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And this isn’t a function of California’s four-year drought, either. “I don’t want to give the impression that because of the drought there is no water,” said Martinez. “There is water – there is plenty of water.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘We have developers lining up.’\u003ccite>Michelle Daher, Environmental Coordinator\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>In fact, he says, other nearby cities have allocations that currently exceed their needs, but East Palo Alto officials haven’t yet managed to find cities that are willing to sell or trade their unused water. “There is plenty of water in the system, it’s just not ours,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And without well water or supplies from other cities to increase their allocation, East Palo Alto is out of other options. Even increasing conservation would be hard at this point. Residents have a reported per capita daily water use of 52 gallons – one of the lowest in the area (and the state). When Gov. Jerry Brown ordered statewide conservations mandates of up to 36 percent last year, East Palo Alto was tasked with trimming its water use only 8 percent because it was already low.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But residents didn’t just hit the target, they nearly tripled it. By February they had saved enough water to meet an October target.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have very few parks and open spaces so we are not irrigating huge lawns. Our lots are small also, we don’t have three or four acre lots with landscaping,” said Martinez. “There is little we can do to gather more water. We are already doing what we can. We can’t tell our residents to use less water because it would be dangerous to their health and safety.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So East Palo Alto is looking to add two new wells to augment Hetch Hetchy water with local groundwater. The first is Pad D and the second well will be located 1.5 miles (2.4km) away on Gloria Way, a residential road. The Gloria Way well was in use decades ago, but residents disliked the color and odor of the water because of high levels of manganese and iron, so a filtration system will be needed before a well here can be used again.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>Martinez estimates that construction could start on the Gloria Way well at the beginning of 2017. And it won’t be soon enough for some developers hoping to begin construction on projects in East Palo Alto.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have developers lining up,” said Michelle Daher, the city’s environmental coordinator. “We’re telling them we’ll process your applications, but without having the water to promise to your project we are not going to move forward beyond just an initial preview of the application. We can’t take it to the planning commission and get it fully vetted or get the entitlements because there isn’t water to meet the requirements.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Martinez says there are three main projects in limbo while the city works on securing new water sources. Two are “Class A” office spaces (the most premiere) – one at 200,000 square feet (19,000 square meters) and the other a whopping 1.4 million square feet (130,000 square meters). The third project is the \u003ca href=\"http://www.theprimaryschool.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Primary School\u003c/a>, a new school combining education and health services for 500 kids led by Priscilla Chan, the pediatrician and philanthropist wife of Facebook CEO Mark Zuckerberg. The school plans to open in a temporary location this fall until it can complete construction on its permanent East Palo Alto site.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All three projects would bring in needed revenue for the city, but East Palo Alto also has other priorities as well. “The city has a site they would like to develop as affordable housing, but of course we can’t develop affordable housing without water,” said Martinez.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Planning for the Future\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With more water, East Palo Alto, which is squeezed between the shoulders of Palo Alto (home to Stanford University) and Menlo Park (headquarters of Facebook), may be poised for big changes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And it’s not the first time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the last decade Martinez says he’s already seen substantial changes. Back in 1992 East Palo Alto held the unenviable title of having the highest homicide rate per capita in the country. These days, though, thanks to the proliferation of the tech boom, it finally has the attention of moneyed interests and large developers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But that hasn’t always been the case.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When the city of East Palo Alto incorporated, many people in San Mateo County thought that the city could not survive because it has a very tiny tax base,” said Martinez. For example, in 1977 total \u003ca href=\"http://techcrunch.com/2015/01/10/east-of-palo-altos-eden/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">sales tax revenue\u003c/a> per capita in East Palo Alto was $8.33. Next door in Palo Alto, it was $64.35 per capita.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Up until 1983, East Palo Alto was an unincorporated part of San Mateo County. In the years preceding, neighboring towns and highway construction had chipped away parts of East Palo Alto’s neighborhoods, shrinking the city’s borders down to an irregularly shaped 2.5 square miles (6.5 square km).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The largest tax generator was a McDonald’s,” said Martinez. “You can’t run a city with that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_592434\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/East-Palo-development.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-592434\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-592434\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/East-Palo-development-800x534.jpg\" alt=\"A vacant lot in East Palo Alto may be the future site of a new downtown development when the city secures additional water resources to approve new building projects.\" width=\"800\" height=\"534\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/East-Palo-development-800x534.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/East-Palo-development-400x267.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/East-Palo-development-768x513.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/East-Palo-development-1440x961.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/East-Palo-development-1920x1282.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/East-Palo-development-1180x788.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/East-Palo-development-960x641.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/East-Palo-development.jpg 2000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A vacant lot in East Palo Alto may be the future site of a new downtown development when the city secures additional water resources to approve new building projects. \u003ccite>(Tara Lohan)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Community leaders were determined to make East Palo Alto economically sound and do so with a commitment to fair housing. The first step after incorporation, said Martinez, was enacting rent control ordinances.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Housing has been a defining factor in the area’s history, long before it was officially incorporated. In the post World War II boom that drove population growth in the peninsula, East Palo Alto became a refuge for African Americans at a time when housing discrimination and “\u003ca href=\"http://sils.unc.edu/news/2010/t-races\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">redlining\u003c/a>” were common in other nearby cities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For decades East Palo Alto was predominantly African American, but the demographics have shifted in recent years, though it still remains more racially diverse than neighboring towns or the county as a whole. Census numbers from 2010 show the city is 65 percent Hispanic or Latino, 17 percent Black and 7.5 percent Pacific Islander or Hawaiian. The majority of people in the city speak a language other than English at home and 40 percent were born in another country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And as the tech boom has fueled a drastic rise in rents and home prices throughout the area, East Palo Alto remains more affordable, relatively speaking. Neighborhoods tend to have more modest homes and multiunit buildings. Median home prices have risen in East Palo Alto to $650,000, but it’s still a bargain compared to $2 million in neighboring Palo Alto or $1.5 million in Menlo Park.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Residents of East Palo Alto, though, have smaller paychecks than their neighbors. Median household income is 43 percent less than the rest of San Mateo County, which makes the need for economic development even greater.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Martinez knows that it will come with trade-offs. It already has. Back in the 1990s, when others counted East Palo Alto as down and out, the city’s leaders made strategic decisions to boost its economy. The downtown area known as Whiskey Gulch “suffered from physically dilapidated buildings, high crime and drug activity, and the proliferation of liquor stores and bars,” the city’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.ci.east-palo-alto.ca.us/index.aspx?nid=430\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">website\u003c/a> explains. But it was razed and replaced in 1999 with “University Circle,” which now includes a Four Seasons hotel and office towers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“And that began to bring property tax revenue and stabilize the city,” said Martinez. “People didn’t think retail users would relocate to East Palo Alto.” But they were wrong. Next came another development with Ikea, Home Depot, Nordstrom Rack, Sports Authority, Starbucks and other big chain businesses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There is no longer a doubt that East Palo Alto can sustain itself as a city but I think in that process to get to that point, many people were displaced, multi-family homes were demolished and families were relocated,” said Martinez. “The city council had to make very hard choices in order to survive as a city. Development generates revenues for financial services but also creates other impacts – it’s a balancing act.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That balancing act is something that the city takes seriously as it develops a new general plan for how to grow East Palo Alto as more water becomes available.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The city is actively seeking input to make sure we get it right for future generations and have a vision that is long-term,” said Daher. “The residents have made it clear they are interested in seeing development happen, but in certain areas they want to focus on retaining their low-income housing portfolio.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the horizon is a new city center that would bring more pedestrian-friendly streets, retail and higher-density housing. The area that Martinez calls the “linchpin” for this new downtown is an empty 6-acre (2.4-hectare) lot surrounded by a chain-link fence. It’s across from the McDonald’s that used to be the city’s biggest tax generator. A sign lists a phone number for the vacant parcel’s developer, Barry Swenson.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Right now, it is another dream deferred for East Palo Alto. Like other developments, it will have to wait for more water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Martinez hopes the wait is not too long.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We should have more and better city facilities and better recreational opportunities,” said Martinez. “There are many things that we should be doing but we don’t have the resources at this point. Additional development would enable us to provide that for our citizens. But that cannot happen if we don’t have water.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This article originally appeared on \u003ca href=\"http://waterdeeply.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Water Deeply\u003c/a>, and you can find the original \u003ca href=\"http://www.waterdeeply.org/articles/2016/03/9934/east-palo-altos-economic-future-tied-water/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">here\u003c/a>. For important news about the California drought, you can \u003ca href=\"http://nwsdp.ly/waterlist\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">sign up to the Water Deeply email list\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "What Californians Need to Know About Zika Virus",
"headTitle": "What Californians Need to Know About Zika Virus | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>You’ve seen a burst of headlines in Bay Area news since January about Zika virus in California. This year, state health officials \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdph.ca.gov/HealthInfo/discond/Pages/Zika.aspx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">have confirmed\u003c/a> 11 cases, three of them recently in the Bay Area. The good news is, all of those people contracted the bug while traveling abroad. The question now is whether that could change.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘Zika virus presents a pregnant woman’s worst possible nightmare.’\u003ccite>Kirsten Salmeen, UCSF\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Not likely, say most public health officials.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think the headline could be: Here in California, we are privileged that we don’t have the conditions for transmission of Zika,” says UCSF epidemiologist Jaime Sepulveda, who spoke recently at a Zika symposium hosted by the university.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Before we elaborate on why he says you don’t need to worry about the disease, let’s review a few basics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What’s Zika?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Zika was discovered in 1947, and until now human outbreaks were contained and infrequent. It’s found in the same family as yellow fever, chikungunya, and dengue and is now spreading rapidly in Central and South America and the Caribbean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_585629\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 451px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/ZikaFinalGraphic.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-585629\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-585629\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/ZikaFinalGraphic.jpg\" alt=\"SOURCE: CENTERS FOR DISEASE CONTROL AND PREVENTION \" width=\"451\" height=\"803\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/ZikaFinalGraphic.jpg 750w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/ZikaFinalGraphic-400x711.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 451px) 100vw, 451px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">SOURCE: CENTERS FOR DISEASE CONTROL AND PREVENTION \u003ccite>(Graphics by Teodros Hailye/KQED Science)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Until last fall, Zika was thought to be a mild tropical disease that caused flu-like symptoms like a rash or red eyes, maybe a fever. It’s generally so mild people often don’t know they have it; 80 percent of Zika patients don’t have any symptoms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How Does It Spread?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The disease is spread primarily by \u003ci>Aedes aegypti\u003c/i> or \u003ci>Aedes albopictus \u003c/i>mosquitoes, when one bites an infected human and then bites another human.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The federal \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/zika/transmission/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention says\u003c/a> there are three secondary ways people can get Zika: it can be transmitted by a blood transfusion, a man can pass it along during sex, or a woman can pass it to her fetus. You can’t get Zika through smooching or casual touch such as shaking hands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Why Are We Having an Outbreak Now?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last fall, an unusual number of babies in Brazil and other countries were born with a neurological condition called microcephaly, a rare disease causing an infant’s head to be abnormally small.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The link between microcephaly and Zika is not scientifically proven yet, but the \u003ca href=\"http://www.cell.com/cell-stem-cell/fulltext/S1934-5909%2816%2900106-5\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">evidence\u003c/a> is mounting. The rate of babies born with the condition is 30 times higher right now in Brazil than previous years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On February 1, the World Health Organization declared Zika virus a public health emergency.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Zika virus presents a pregnant woman’s worst possible nightmare,” says Kirsten Salmeen, a perinatologist at UCSF medical center. “She might not know if she was infected. She might not be able to avoid infection. And, if there is an impact on her fetus it might not be diagnosed until the late third trimester.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Public health officials are warning pregnant women to avoid traveling to more than three dozen \u003ca href=\"http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/page/zika-information\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">countries\u003c/a>, and if they \u003cem>do\u003c/em> visit, the recommended protocol is to lather on bug spray and wear long sleeves. There’s no vaccine for Zika virus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists also recently discovered Zika in the blood of 42 people suffering from \u003ca href=\"http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/gbs/detail_gbs.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Guillain-Barré syndrome\u003c/a> — an autoimmune disorder that causes nerve damage and often severe, if impermanent, paralysis.\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\nHere’s Where Zika Mosquitoes Are Likely Found in California\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"100%\" height=\"520\" frameborder=\"0\" src=\"https://kqednews.cartodb.com/viz/a482a6ba-39a1-11e6-8dd6-0e674067d321/embed_map\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Map from\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2016/06/30/map-where-zika-mosquitoes-are-likely-found-in-california/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> KQED State of Health\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Zika Mosquitoes Are Different\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The non-native insects look different from California mosquitoes, and don’t behave the same way. The Zika carriers bite people during the day, and they don’t travel; they’ll stay within about a quarter mile of where they’re born. They might spend their whole life behind your bedroom curtain, or in your closet, if they were able to get there in the first place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They really need to be spread by human activity,” says Megan Caldwell, spokesperson for the \u003ca href=\"http://www.smcmvcd.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">San Mateo County Mosquito Vector Control District\u003c/a>\u003cb>.\u003ci>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/i>\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Experts think the Zika mosquitoes hitched a ride to California on a shipping container from Asia in 2011. They thrive in tropical weather, and have spread mostly in southern California. But, there are a few isolated pockets in the Bay Area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_583928\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-583928\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/RS18808_IMG_0032.JPG-qut-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"Entomologist Nayer Zahiri points to mosquito larvae under a microscope at the San Mateo County Mosquito and Vector Control District's lab. \" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/RS18808_IMG_0032.JPG-qut-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/RS18808_IMG_0032.JPG-qut-400x300.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/RS18808_IMG_0032.JPG-qut-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/RS18808_IMG_0032.JPG-qut-1440x1080.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/RS18808_IMG_0032.JPG-qut.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/RS18808_IMG_0032.JPG-qut-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/RS18808_IMG_0032.JPG-qut-960x720.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Entomologist Nayer Zahiri points to mosquito larvae under a microscope at the San Mateo County Mosquito and Vector Control District’s lab. \u003ccite>(Lesley McClurg/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“To date it’s only been found in San Mateo county in a small area of Menlo Park and Atherton,” Caldwell says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But she emphasizes that eradication efforts are working. The county hasn’t found an \u003ci>Aedes aegypti\u003c/i> or \u003ci>Aedes albopictus\u003c/i> since May of 2015. Vector Control District officials will consider the mosquito eradicated in the county if they go a full two years without spotting one.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How to Keep the Pests Away\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Vector ecologists advise homeowners to remove all standing water from their yards. Every drop of it. The Zika mosquito can develop in as little as a millimeter of water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In other words, scrub \u003cem>and dry\u003c/em> buckets every week, tighten screens on rain barrels, and check for leaky faucets. Don’t let water stand in plant saucers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What Officials Are Doing\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Eradication programs include house-to-house inspections, mosquito population surveillance, and elimination of standing water where mosquitoes may breed. Officials are setting traps anywhere Zika mosquitoes have been found. The traps can be as simple as a wooden tongue depressor wrapped in a coffee filter and then placed in a cup filled with water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_583929\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-583929\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/RS18812_IMG_0055.JPG-qut-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"A simple trap to attract mosquitoes. The lure is a tongue depressor wrapped in a coffee filter. \" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/RS18812_IMG_0055.JPG-qut-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/RS18812_IMG_0055.JPG-qut-400x300.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/RS18812_IMG_0055.JPG-qut-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/RS18812_IMG_0055.JPG-qut-1440x1080.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/RS18812_IMG_0055.JPG-qut.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/RS18812_IMG_0055.JPG-qut-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/RS18812_IMG_0055.JPG-qut-960x720.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A simple trap to attract mosquitoes. The lure is a tongue depressor wrapped in a coffee filter. \u003ccite>(Lesley McClurg/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Will Zika Spread Here?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California winters ordinarily get cold enough to kill off the non-native insects, but the last few years have been unusually warm. Health officials warn hotter weather could bring more mosquito-borne diseases to California. But scientists add that many factors influence whether and when diseases like Zika could break out here.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think globalization and the movement of people and the movement of cargo is probably more of the story,” says Chris Barker, an entomologist at UC Davis. “So any effects of climate change are going to be very difficult to tease out.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Barker says even if this summer is unusually hot he doesn’t predict a large mosquito-triggered outbreak in California because most people have either window screens or air conditioning. Plus, he says the state’s pest control is one of the best in the country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_583562\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-583562\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/zika_riskmap_US_ncar_ucar2016_1500-800x530.png\" alt=\"Many U.S. cities face potential risk in summer of low, moderate, or high populations of the mosquito species that transmits Zika virus (colored circles). The mosquito has been observed in parts of the United States (shaded portion of map) and can establish populations in additional cities because of favorable summertime meteorological conditions. In addition, Zika risk may be elevated in cities with more air travelers arriving from Latin America and the Caribbean (larger circles).\" width=\"800\" height=\"530\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/zika_riskmap_US_ncar_ucar2016_1500-800x530.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/zika_riskmap_US_ncar_ucar2016_1500-400x265.png 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/zika_riskmap_US_ncar_ucar2016_1500-768x508.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/zika_riskmap_US_ncar_ucar2016_1500-1440x953.png 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/zika_riskmap_US_ncar_ucar2016_1500-1180x781.png 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/zika_riskmap_US_ncar_ucar2016_1500-960x636.png 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/zika_riskmap_US_ncar_ucar2016_1500.png 1500w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Many U.S. cities face potential risk in summer of low, moderate, or high populations of the mosquito species that transmits Zika virus (colored circles). The mosquito has been observed in parts of the United States (shaded portion of map) and can establish populations in additional cities because of favorable summertime meteorological conditions. In addition, Zika risk may be elevated in cities with more air travelers arriving from Latin America and the Caribbean (larger circles). \u003ccite>(Image based on data mapped by Olga Wilhelmi, NCAR GIS program)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Californians have gotten Zika only while traveling abroad, say public health officials, but there's plenty else to know about prevention.",
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"description": "Californians have gotten Zika only while traveling abroad, say public health officials, but there's plenty else to know about prevention.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>You’ve seen a burst of headlines in Bay Area news since January about Zika virus in California. This year, state health officials \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdph.ca.gov/HealthInfo/discond/Pages/Zika.aspx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">have confirmed\u003c/a> 11 cases, three of them recently in the Bay Area. The good news is, all of those people contracted the bug while traveling abroad. The question now is whether that could change.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘Zika virus presents a pregnant woman’s worst possible nightmare.’\u003ccite>Kirsten Salmeen, UCSF\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Not likely, say most public health officials.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think the headline could be: Here in California, we are privileged that we don’t have the conditions for transmission of Zika,” says UCSF epidemiologist Jaime Sepulveda, who spoke recently at a Zika symposium hosted by the university.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Before we elaborate on why he says you don’t need to worry about the disease, let’s review a few basics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What’s Zika?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Zika was discovered in 1947, and until now human outbreaks were contained and infrequent. It’s found in the same family as yellow fever, chikungunya, and dengue and is now spreading rapidly in Central and South America and the Caribbean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_585629\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 451px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/ZikaFinalGraphic.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-585629\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-585629\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/ZikaFinalGraphic.jpg\" alt=\"SOURCE: CENTERS FOR DISEASE CONTROL AND PREVENTION \" width=\"451\" height=\"803\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/ZikaFinalGraphic.jpg 750w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/ZikaFinalGraphic-400x711.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 451px) 100vw, 451px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">SOURCE: CENTERS FOR DISEASE CONTROL AND PREVENTION \u003ccite>(Graphics by Teodros Hailye/KQED Science)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Until last fall, Zika was thought to be a mild tropical disease that caused flu-like symptoms like a rash or red eyes, maybe a fever. It’s generally so mild people often don’t know they have it; 80 percent of Zika patients don’t have any symptoms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How Does It Spread?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The disease is spread primarily by \u003ci>Aedes aegypti\u003c/i> or \u003ci>Aedes albopictus \u003c/i>mosquitoes, when one bites an infected human and then bites another human.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The federal \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/zika/transmission/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention says\u003c/a> there are three secondary ways people can get Zika: it can be transmitted by a blood transfusion, a man can pass it along during sex, or a woman can pass it to her fetus. You can’t get Zika through smooching or casual touch such as shaking hands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Why Are We Having an Outbreak Now?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last fall, an unusual number of babies in Brazil and other countries were born with a neurological condition called microcephaly, a rare disease causing an infant’s head to be abnormally small.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The link between microcephaly and Zika is not scientifically proven yet, but the \u003ca href=\"http://www.cell.com/cell-stem-cell/fulltext/S1934-5909%2816%2900106-5\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">evidence\u003c/a> is mounting. The rate of babies born with the condition is 30 times higher right now in Brazil than previous years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On February 1, the World Health Organization declared Zika virus a public health emergency.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Zika virus presents a pregnant woman’s worst possible nightmare,” says Kirsten Salmeen, a perinatologist at UCSF medical center. “She might not know if she was infected. She might not be able to avoid infection. And, if there is an impact on her fetus it might not be diagnosed until the late third trimester.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Public health officials are warning pregnant women to avoid traveling to more than three dozen \u003ca href=\"http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/page/zika-information\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">countries\u003c/a>, and if they \u003cem>do\u003c/em> visit, the recommended protocol is to lather on bug spray and wear long sleeves. There’s no vaccine for Zika virus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists also recently discovered Zika in the blood of 42 people suffering from \u003ca href=\"http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/gbs/detail_gbs.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Guillain-Barré syndrome\u003c/a> — an autoimmune disorder that causes nerve damage and often severe, if impermanent, paralysis.\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\nHere’s Where Zika Mosquitoes Are Likely Found in California\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"100%\" height=\"520\" frameborder=\"0\" src=\"https://kqednews.cartodb.com/viz/a482a6ba-39a1-11e6-8dd6-0e674067d321/embed_map\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Map from\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2016/06/30/map-where-zika-mosquitoes-are-likely-found-in-california/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> KQED State of Health\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Zika Mosquitoes Are Different\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The non-native insects look different from California mosquitoes, and don’t behave the same way. The Zika carriers bite people during the day, and they don’t travel; they’ll stay within about a quarter mile of where they’re born. They might spend their whole life behind your bedroom curtain, or in your closet, if they were able to get there in the first place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They really need to be spread by human activity,” says Megan Caldwell, spokesperson for the \u003ca href=\"http://www.smcmvcd.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">San Mateo County Mosquito Vector Control District\u003c/a>\u003cb>.\u003ci>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/i>\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Experts think the Zika mosquitoes hitched a ride to California on a shipping container from Asia in 2011. They thrive in tropical weather, and have spread mostly in southern California. But, there are a few isolated pockets in the Bay Area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_583928\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-583928\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/RS18808_IMG_0032.JPG-qut-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"Entomologist Nayer Zahiri points to mosquito larvae under a microscope at the San Mateo County Mosquito and Vector Control District's lab. \" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/RS18808_IMG_0032.JPG-qut-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/RS18808_IMG_0032.JPG-qut-400x300.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/RS18808_IMG_0032.JPG-qut-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/RS18808_IMG_0032.JPG-qut-1440x1080.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/RS18808_IMG_0032.JPG-qut.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/RS18808_IMG_0032.JPG-qut-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/RS18808_IMG_0032.JPG-qut-960x720.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Entomologist Nayer Zahiri points to mosquito larvae under a microscope at the San Mateo County Mosquito and Vector Control District’s lab. \u003ccite>(Lesley McClurg/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“To date it’s only been found in San Mateo county in a small area of Menlo Park and Atherton,” Caldwell says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But she emphasizes that eradication efforts are working. The county hasn’t found an \u003ci>Aedes aegypti\u003c/i> or \u003ci>Aedes albopictus\u003c/i> since May of 2015. Vector Control District officials will consider the mosquito eradicated in the county if they go a full two years without spotting one.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How to Keep the Pests Away\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Vector ecologists advise homeowners to remove all standing water from their yards. Every drop of it. The Zika mosquito can develop in as little as a millimeter of water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In other words, scrub \u003cem>and dry\u003c/em> buckets every week, tighten screens on rain barrels, and check for leaky faucets. Don’t let water stand in plant saucers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What Officials Are Doing\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Eradication programs include house-to-house inspections, mosquito population surveillance, and elimination of standing water where mosquitoes may breed. Officials are setting traps anywhere Zika mosquitoes have been found. The traps can be as simple as a wooden tongue depressor wrapped in a coffee filter and then placed in a cup filled with water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_583929\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-583929\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/RS18812_IMG_0055.JPG-qut-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"A simple trap to attract mosquitoes. The lure is a tongue depressor wrapped in a coffee filter. \" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/RS18812_IMG_0055.JPG-qut-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/RS18812_IMG_0055.JPG-qut-400x300.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/RS18812_IMG_0055.JPG-qut-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/RS18812_IMG_0055.JPG-qut-1440x1080.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/RS18812_IMG_0055.JPG-qut.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/RS18812_IMG_0055.JPG-qut-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/RS18812_IMG_0055.JPG-qut-960x720.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A simple trap to attract mosquitoes. The lure is a tongue depressor wrapped in a coffee filter. \u003ccite>(Lesley McClurg/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Will Zika Spread Here?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California winters ordinarily get cold enough to kill off the non-native insects, but the last few years have been unusually warm. Health officials warn hotter weather could bring more mosquito-borne diseases to California. But scientists add that many factors influence whether and when diseases like Zika could break out here.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think globalization and the movement of people and the movement of cargo is probably more of the story,” says Chris Barker, an entomologist at UC Davis. “So any effects of climate change are going to be very difficult to tease out.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Barker says even if this summer is unusually hot he doesn’t predict a large mosquito-triggered outbreak in California because most people have either window screens or air conditioning. Plus, he says the state’s pest control is one of the best in the country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_583562\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-583562\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/zika_riskmap_US_ncar_ucar2016_1500-800x530.png\" alt=\"Many U.S. cities face potential risk in summer of low, moderate, or high populations of the mosquito species that transmits Zika virus (colored circles). The mosquito has been observed in parts of the United States (shaded portion of map) and can establish populations in additional cities because of favorable summertime meteorological conditions. In addition, Zika risk may be elevated in cities with more air travelers arriving from Latin America and the Caribbean (larger circles).\" width=\"800\" height=\"530\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/zika_riskmap_US_ncar_ucar2016_1500-800x530.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/zika_riskmap_US_ncar_ucar2016_1500-400x265.png 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/zika_riskmap_US_ncar_ucar2016_1500-768x508.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/zika_riskmap_US_ncar_ucar2016_1500-1440x953.png 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/zika_riskmap_US_ncar_ucar2016_1500-1180x781.png 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/zika_riskmap_US_ncar_ucar2016_1500-960x636.png 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/zika_riskmap_US_ncar_ucar2016_1500.png 1500w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Many U.S. cities face potential risk in summer of low, moderate, or high populations of the mosquito species that transmits Zika virus (colored circles). The mosquito has been observed in parts of the United States (shaded portion of map) and can establish populations in additional cities because of favorable summertime meteorological conditions. In addition, Zika risk may be elevated in cities with more air travelers arriving from Latin America and the Caribbean (larger circles). \u003ccite>(Image based on data mapped by Olga Wilhelmi, NCAR GIS program)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "State Water Project Eases Water Cutbacks After March Rains",
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"content": "\u003cp>California further \u003ca href=\"http://www.water.ca.gov/news/newsreleases/2016/031716.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">eased some water cutbacks Thursday\u003c/a> as a rainy March lessens the state’s five-year drought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state Department of Water Resources announced it would be able to give its client water agencies 45 percent of their water allocations this year. That’s up from as low as 5 percent in 2014, in the middle of California’s driest four-year stretch on record.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In January and again in March, winter storms have been bringing vital snowpack to the Sierra Nevada and rain to Northern and Central California reservoirs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s the third such increase in recent months. The easing of cutbacks could affect up to two-thirds of California’s nearly 40 million people, and just under a million acres of irrigated farmland.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_585462\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2321px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/march18_reservoir-levels.jpg\" alt=\"California reservoir levels on March 18, 2016 12:45 p.m. PST.\" width=\"2321\" height=\"2620\" class=\"size-full wp-image-585462\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/march18_reservoir-levels.jpg 2321w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/march18_reservoir-levels-400x452.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/march18_reservoir-levels-800x903.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/march18_reservoir-levels-768x867.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/march18_reservoir-levels-1440x1626.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/march18_reservoir-levels-1920x2167.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/march18_reservoir-levels-1180x1332.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/march18_reservoir-levels-960x1084.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2321px) 100vw, 2321px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">California reservoir levels on March 18, 2016 12:45 p.m. PST. \u003ccite>(California Department of Water Resources)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Despite Thursday’s easing, the state’s cities and towns will remain under a mandatory conservation order of 20 percent and up, for now, state water officials say.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The U.S. Drought Monitor said Thursday that almost all of California—99.5 percent—remains in some level of drought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But with a rainy March for the northern half and center of the state, the weekly drought monitor found 74 percent of the state was in severe drought or worse, down from 83 percent a week earlier.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "The state will increase water allocations for the third time this year following recent rains, however the drought isn't over.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>California further \u003ca href=\"http://www.water.ca.gov/news/newsreleases/2016/031716.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">eased some water cutbacks Thursday\u003c/a> as a rainy March lessens the state’s five-year drought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state Department of Water Resources announced it would be able to give its client water agencies 45 percent of their water allocations this year. That’s up from as low as 5 percent in 2014, in the middle of California’s driest four-year stretch on record.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In January and again in March, winter storms have been bringing vital snowpack to the Sierra Nevada and rain to Northern and Central California reservoirs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s the third such increase in recent months. The easing of cutbacks could affect up to two-thirds of California’s nearly 40 million people, and just under a million acres of irrigated farmland.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_585462\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2321px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/march18_reservoir-levels.jpg\" alt=\"California reservoir levels on March 18, 2016 12:45 p.m. PST.\" width=\"2321\" height=\"2620\" class=\"size-full wp-image-585462\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/march18_reservoir-levels.jpg 2321w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/march18_reservoir-levels-400x452.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/march18_reservoir-levels-800x903.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/march18_reservoir-levels-768x867.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/march18_reservoir-levels-1440x1626.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/march18_reservoir-levels-1920x2167.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/march18_reservoir-levels-1180x1332.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/march18_reservoir-levels-960x1084.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2321px) 100vw, 2321px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">California reservoir levels on March 18, 2016 12:45 p.m. PST. \u003ccite>(California Department of Water Resources)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Despite Thursday’s easing, the state’s cities and towns will remain under a mandatory conservation order of 20 percent and up, for now, state water officials say.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The U.S. Drought Monitor said Thursday that almost all of California—99.5 percent—remains in some level of drought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But with a rainy March for the northern half and center of the state, the weekly drought monitor found 74 percent of the state was in severe drought or worse, down from 83 percent a week earlier.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "How a Monster El Niño Transforms the World’s Weather",
"headTitle": "How a Monster El Niño Transforms the World’s Weather | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>From crippling drought in southern Africa to a record number of February tornadoes in the U.S. Southeast, an exceptionally strong El Niño has been making headlines around the globe as it tampers with the world’s weather.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the event has begun its slow decline, those wide-ranging impacts will continue to be felt for weeks and months to come — good news for those in California, who need El Niño-fueled rains, but bad news for the many areas, like Indonesia, which is suffering from deep drought, food and water shortages, and wildfires.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Already this year, El Niño-related weather has cost billions of dollars in damage and left some 100 million people \u003ca href=\"http://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2016/feb/17/el-nino-leaves-100-million-people-hungry-short-of-water-droughts-floods-worldwide\">facing food and water shortages\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Through the interactive graphic below, Climate Central takes a look at how this major climate pattern typically influences the world’s weather, what it can mean for societies in the areas it affects, and what has actually been happening with this particular event, which ranks amongst the strongest on record. After all, \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/comparing-el-nino-to-1997-19278\">no two El Niños are the same\u003c/a>. For instance, while Southern California was drenched during the 1997-1998 El Niño, it has remained disconcertingly dry this time around.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"720\" height=\"571\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" src=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/wgts/el-nino-impacts/index.html?utm_source=ext&utm_medium=embed&utm_campaign=2016ElNinoImpacts\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>First, the big picture: El Niño is most known for \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/why-do-we-care-so-much-about-el-nino-17806\">shifting a large pool of warm ocean waters\u003c/a> from the western to the central and eastern tropical Pacific. That shift changes where heat is pumped into the tropical atmosphere, disrupting its typical circulation patterns. Those local disruptions cause a domino effect through the global atmosphere that can alter weather thousands of miles away.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are two main circulation patterns that are affected. All around the tropics is a pattern of rising and sinking air — like a vertical loop — called the \u003ca href=\"https://www.climate.gov/news-features/blogs/enso/walker-circulation-ensos-atmospheric-buddy\">Walker Circulation\u003c/a>. The rising air corresponds to areas of unsettled, rainy weather, while the sinking air creates a stable, dry clime. Normally in the tropical Pacific, a major area of rising air is found over the western portions, where the warmest waters are found. With the eastward shift from El Niño, that rising air (and its sinking counterpart) move eastward as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This displacement shifts the other branches of the Walker Circulation around the tropics, pushing wetter weather over areas that might normally be dry and vice versa. These areas typically see some of the strongest impacts from El Niño because they are in a region more directly linked to it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The changes in the Walker Circulation in turn cause shifts in another looping pattern called the \u003ca href=\"https://www.climate.gov/news-features/blogs/enso/how-enso-leads-cascade-global-impacts\">Hadley Circulation\u003c/a> that runs north-to-south to the Walker’s east-to-west. And those changes in the Hadley Circulation can affect the subtropical jet stream — an area of fast-moving air that guides storms — in both the Northern and Southern hemispheres. This is how El Niño can affect regions far from the tropics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The changes in these main circulation patterns interact with other factors, like seasonal monsoons and other major climate patterns, which is why none of the typical impacts associated with El Niño are guaranteed. It merely shifts the odds in their favor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Let’s dive in for a closer look at some of the local and regional impacts and what has actually played out this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_581808\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 450px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-581808\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/NOAA_el-Nino-graphic.jpg\" alt=\"How the Walker Circulation changes from neutral to El Niño conditions.\" width=\"450\" height=\"451\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/NOAA_el-Nino-graphic.jpg 450w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/NOAA_el-Nino-graphic-400x401.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/NOAA_el-Nino-graphic-32x32.jpg 32w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/NOAA_el-Nino-graphic-64x64.jpg 64w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/NOAA_el-Nino-graphic-96x96.jpg 96w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/NOAA_el-Nino-graphic-128x128.jpg 128w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/NOAA_el-Nino-graphic-75x75.jpg 75w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 450px) 100vw, 450px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">How the Walker Circulation changes from neutral to El Niño conditions. \u003ccite>(Fiona Martin)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>Southeast Asia\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Indonesia, and Southeast Asia more broadly, is one of the areas most directly impacted by El Niño. The eastward shift in the Walker Circulation means the normal area of rising air and rainy weather is shifted eastward as well, leaving the Indonesian area high and dry during much of the year. This can lead to drought that can cause water shortages and crop and livestock losses from dried up fields. Those losses then lead to food shortages and rising prices, and can also increase the odds of large wildfires.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This year has seen major drought grip Indonesia, Vietnam, Thailand, the Philippines and much of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/sotc/drought/201601#det-reg-pacis-usapi\">U.S. Pacific Island territories\u003c/a>. In Indonesia there were \u003ca href=\"https://www.irinnews.org/report/102140/el-nino-brings-drought-hunger-indonesia-and-south-pacific\">major delays\u003c/a> in the planting of the rice crop, leading to concerns over food shortages. And when farmers set their usual fires to clear brush for planting, the dry conditions caused many to burn out of control, causing one of the biggest burn years on record and leading to \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/indonesias-fires-climate-public-health-19601\">a pall of smoke\u003c/a> over the region. In Vietnam, drought has led to \u003ca href=\"http://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/asiapacific/vietnam-hit-by-worst/2562802.html\">salinization issues in the Mekong Delta\u003c/a> region, home to some 20 million people and a major rice growing area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Drought has caused the Republic of the Marshall Islands and the Federated States of Micronesia to \u003ca href=\"http://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/cmb/sotc/drought/2016/01/RMI-Proclamation-Declaring-State-of-Emergency-160203.pdf\">declare states of emergency\u003c/a>, with some islands enacting water rationing and having to have water shipped in.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>Australia\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>That same eastward shift of storm activity tends to bring drier conditions to northern Australia during the Southern Hemisphere summer and more broadly to the east in the winter. It also tends to bring warmer summer weather to southeast Australia because of the larger mass of stable, subsiding air in place. During El Niño years, drought and wildfires also become a concern here.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_581810\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 550px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-581810\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/Australia_CC_image.jpg\" alt=\"A wildfire burns along the Great Ocean Road in Victoria, Australia in December 2015.\" width=\"550\" height=\"396\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/Australia_CC_image.jpg 550w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/Australia_CC_image-400x288.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 550px) 100vw, 550px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A wildfire burns along the Great Ocean Road in Victoria, Australia in December 2015. \u003ccite>(Victoria County Fire Authority)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>So far this year, Australia has seen a mixed bag of El Niño impacts. While dry conditions have been in place in much of the usual areas, some of the inland regions of the eastern part of the country actually had fairly normal rains. That may be due to exceptionally warm Indian Ocean waters providing more moisture to storm systems. The southeast has seen some\u003ca href=\"http://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2016/feb/10/perth-heatwave-temperatures-climb-above-40c-for-fourth-day-in-a-row\">major heat waves\u003c/a>, though, with temperatures sometimes climbing above 100°F (40°C). The hot and dry conditions have helped create more favorable wildfire conditions, with several burning in Victoria this year. One of the worst \u003ca href=\"http://www.abc.net.au/news/2015-12-25/great-ocean-road-fire-destroys-dozens-of-homes/7054028\">destroyed 116 houses\u003c/a> around Christmas.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>India\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>India also tends to see drier weather during the Northern Hemisphere summer because the changes to atmospheric circulation patterns delay the onset of the seasonal monsoons. Monsoon rains are critical to supplying water for drinking and agriculture, and El Niño years tend to see drought develop in parts of India.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This summer, rainfall in India was 14 percent below normal and reservoirs were down by 30 percent, according to \u003ca href=\"http://www.unescap.org/sites/default/files/El%20Nino%20Advisory%20Note%20Dec%202015%20Final.pdf\">a United Nations report\u003c/a>. That led to shortages of drinking water in some areas and caused rice, corn and soybean fields to dry up, setting off worries for food shortages and \u003ca href=\"http://profit.ndtv.com/news/economy/article-rising-food-prices-to-hit-rural-india-in-2016-1242073\">inflated food prices\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>El Niño can lead to wetter weather in southern India, which also happened this year, with torrential rains that caused \u003ca href=\"http://www.accuweather.com/en/weather-news/india-tamil-nadu-chennai-flooding-continues-wet-november/53943597\">major flooding\u003c/a> in the area around Chennai.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>Pacific Ocean\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Moving back out into the Pacific Ocean, the warmer ocean waters can cause bleaching of coral reefs, killing them. This event has seen one of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/longest-global-coral-bleaching-20062\">longest global bleaching events\u003c/a> ever recorded, according to experts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Warmer ocean waters in that area also provide more fuel for hurricanes in the central and eastern Pacific Ocean basins. The atmospheric changes El Niño brings also mean more favorable winds for storm formation. This year saw\u003ca href=\"http://wxshift.com/news/a-tale-of-two-hurricane-seasons\">above-normal hurricane activity\u003c/a> in the region, including the strongest storm ever directly measured in the Western Hemisphere. \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/patricia-record-setting-monster-beeline-for-mexico-19595\">Hurricane Patricia\u003c/a>, which had winds that clocked in at 200 mph, hit the west coast of Mexico, though its effects were mostly confined to less populated areas.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>South America\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Parts of South America are also more directly affected by El Niño. The warmer ocean waters off its west coast tend to bring warmer weather to coastal areas during the Southern Hemisphere winter. Those waters also make more moisture available to storms. Combined with changes to storm tracks linked to atmospheric circulation changes, this can mean wetter winter weather for central Chile. Several rounds of storms during this event had some benefits, bringing moisture to a region in drought and \u003ca href=\"http://www.reuters.com/article/us-chile-weather-idUSKCN0S127O20151007\">snows to ski resorts\u003c/a>. But the rains also brought flooding and mudslides. A rare storm event in March saw parts of the bone dry Atacama Desert receive a \u003ca href=\"https://www.climate.gov/news-features/event-tracker/flooding-chile%E2%80%99s-atacama-desert-after-years%E2%80%99-worth-rain-one-day\">year’s worth of rain\u003c/a> in just one day. The Copiapó River — dry for nearly 17 years — filled to overflowing and flash floods swept through several towns. Come spring, that influx of water led to a \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/capital-weather-gang/wp/2015/10/29/the-driest-place-on-earth-is-covered-in-pink-flowers-after-a-crazy-year-of-rain/\">surreal bloom of flowers\u003c/a> across the desert that tends to coincide with rainy El Niño years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The chain of changes to the Walker and Hadley circulations also tends to bring rainier weather to an area that includes Paraguay, northern Argentina, part of southern Brazil and Uruguay during the Southern Hemisphere summer. In December and January, heavy rains caused the \u003ca href=\"http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/IOTD/view.php?id=87334\">worst flooding in the region\u003c/a> in 50 years, displacing more than 200,000 people. The Paraguay River in Asunción reached more than 16 feet above its normal level in December. Thousands of acres of cropland were inundated and concerns were heightened for the spread of mosquito-borne disease like dengue fever and the Zika virus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In northern Brazil and other countries in the north of South America, the eastward shift of the Walker Circulation brings sinking air and drier conditions. Those come with the usual tendency toward drought, water shortages and crop and livestock losses. Drought and those follow-on impacts \u003ca href=\"http://news.trust.org//item/20151125082700-93r0x/?source=leadCarousel\">have been recorded\u003c/a> in northeastern Brazil, an area already vulnerable due to poverty and remoteness.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some \u003ca href=\"http://health.usnews.com/health-news/articles/2016-02-05/record-heat-drought-may-explain-zika-outbreak-in-brazil-research\">recent research\u003c/a> has suggested that the exceptional heat and drought in the area may actually have helped fuel the rise of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/zika-virus-climate-change-19970\">Zika virus epidemic\u003c/a> in the region. Heat promotes the growth of the mosquito that carries the disease, and during drought, residents tend to store water in containers in which the mosquitoes can breed.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>Central America and the Caribbean\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Further north, drier weather also tends to grip Central America and the Caribbean for the same reasons as northern South America. The area that spans Guatemala, Nicaragua, Honduras and El Salvador is experiencing one of its worst droughts in decades, according to the \u003ca href=\"http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/ECHO%20Crisis%20Report%20no%201-%20World%20El%20Nino.pdf\">European Commission\u003c/a>. Major crop losses have caused huge financial hits to farmers and left some 3.5 million people facing food shortages, the agency reported.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the eastern Caribbean, 2015 was the driest year on record and led to water restrictions on many islands, including St. Lucia, St. Kitts, Barbados and \u003ca href=\"http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/how-puerto-rico-is-coping-with-the-worst-drought-in-decades/\">Puerto Rico\u003c/a>. Diminished water supplies also led to crop losses in the Dominican Republic, Haiti and other areas. As of August,\u003ca href=\"https://anumetservice.wordpress.com/2015/08/17/antigua-is-out-of-surface-water-again/\">Antigua had no surface water\u003c/a> supplies, and by October it was using 100 percent desalinated water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The subsiding air that leads to drought also tends to help tamp down on hurricane formation in the region. This year saw a \u003ca href=\"http://wxshift.com/news/a-tale-of-two-hurricane-seasons\">below-average Atlantic hurricane season\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>United States\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Not far away, though, El Niño brings the opposite conditions to Florida. The shifts in the Hadley Circulation affect the subtropical jet stream that crosses the U.S., pushing it southward and making it extend further eastward. This puts Florida in a prime location for storms during the winter months, which is normally its dry season. It also ups the odds for tornadoes thanks to the added energy from the jet stream.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Florida did have a \u003ca href=\"http://wxshift.com/news/el-nino-boosting-south-floridas-wild-winter-rains\">wetter than normal winter\u003c/a> this year, and its southern tip had its wettest year on record. It also \u003ca href=\"http://wxshift.com/news/record-high-number-of-tornadoes-hit-southeast-in-february\">saw 18 tornadoes\u003c/a> in January and February, compared to the seven it usually sees during those months.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While tornado activity may typically rise in Florida in El Niño years, it is usually tamped down in the area of the central U.S. known as Tornado Alley. The more southward jet blocks the moisture from the Gulf of Mexico that is key to fueling spring storms there. An experimental seasonal tornado forecast \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/el-nino-tornado-season-19910\">favors a below-average tornado season\u003c/a> there this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The tweak to the jet stream also tends to favor wetter weather over Southern California — much needed this year after four years of deep drought. While \u003ca href=\"http://wxshift.com/news/el-nino-helps-fuel-string-of-california-storms\">storms have been hitting California\u003c/a>, they have mostly affected the northern portions of the state because the jet stream has been slightly further north than is typical during an El Niño. The rains shut off almost completely in February, \u003ca href=\"http://wxshift.com/news/warm-west-cold-east-pattern-re-emerges-cuts-off-california-snows\">bringing hot and dry weather\u003c/a> to the state, though storms \u003ca href=\"http://wxshift.com/news/march-miracle-el-nino-fueled-storms-return-to-california\">have since returned\u003c/a>and look to bring at least some rain to Southern California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Across the northern tier of the U.S., from the Northeast all the way up into eastern Alaska, El Niño tends to favor warmer than normal conditions. That has indeed been the case this year, with nearly all northern states recording one of their top 10 warmest winters. Alaska saw its \u003ca href=\"https://www.climatecentral.org/news/winter-warmest-on-record-for-us-20110\">second-warmest winter\u003c/a> in the books, which has contributed to a \u003ca href=\"http://wxshift.com/news/winter-snow-a-no-show-in-parts-of-alaska\">lack of snow\u003c/a> in varied locations there. That dearth of snow can have ecological impacts and promote the spread of invasive species. El Niño wasn’t the only reason Alaska was warm, though, as the Arctic more broadly was exceptionally warm this winter.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>Africa\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>And, finally, across the Atlantic in Africa, some of the populations most vulnerable to El Niño’s impacts are found.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the Southern Hemisphere summer, the eastward shift of the Walker Circulation leads to rising air over Kenya, southern Somalia and southern Ethiopia, which can enhance seasonal rains. Increased rains can lead to flooding, mudslides and outbreaks of diseases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.kenyaredcross.org/PDF/El%20NinoSituationReport28.pdf\">Heavy rains\u003c/a> in the area began in late October, inundating villages and agricultural lands. By January, more than 100,000 people had been displaced and 112 killed, according to the \u003ca href=\"http://floodlist.com/africa/kenya-3-months-of-flooding-leaves-112-dead-and-over-100000-displaced\">International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies\u003c/a>. Authorities are concerned about the spread of both waterborne diseases, such as cholera, and mosquito-borne ones, particularly \u003ca href=\"https://www.climate.gov/news-features/understanding-climate/el-ni%C3%B1o-east-africa-and-rift-valley-fever\">Rift Valley Fever\u003c/a>, which tends to occur in years with unusually heavy rainfall.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just to the north, in Ethiopia and Somalia, El Niño has brought dry conditions that have exacerbated a drought and led to crop failures and widespread livestock deaths, according to the \u003ca href=\"http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=53381#.VucLz4wrKRs\">United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Drought has also gripped \u003ca href=\"https://www.climate.gov/news-features/event-tracker/not-so-rainy-season-drought-southern-africa-january-2016\">large parts of southern Africa\u003c/a>, particularly the northeast of South Africa, Mozambique and Zimbabwe. The changes to the Walker and Hadley circulations interact with the normal monsoon there and tend to suppress monsoon rains, leading to drought, crop losses and food and water shortages.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Severe rainfall deficits this year have lead to widespread drought that has decimated the maize crop, costing hundreds of millions of dollars in losses. Zimbabwe \u003ca href=\"http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/zimbabwean-president-robert-mugabe-declares-state-of-disaster-as-drought-means-24m-need-food-aid-a6857046.html\">declared a state of disaster\u003c/a> as some 2.5 million people are in need of food aid. South Africa, normally an exporter of corn, is expected to have to import it this year to feed its citizens.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The drought has also severely reduced the flow of rivers that feed hydropower dams, leading to power rationing and even blackouts in the region. The flow down the majestic Victoria Falls has \u003ca href=\"http://www.reuters.com/article/us-africa-drought-victoriafalls-idUSKCN0W340I?feedType=RSS&feedName=environmentNews\">reached a 30-year low\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While El Niño has shown signs in recent weeks that it is beginning to weaken, it will likely be late summer or early fall before it fully dissipates. Its weather affects around the world are expected to continue for several more months, and the impacts of that weather could reverberate for years to come, making it one for the record books.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/\">Climate Central\u003c/a> \u003cem>is an independent organization that researches and reports on climate change.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "An exceptionally strong El Niño has tampered with the world’s weather, bringing drought, floods and heat waves",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>From crippling drought in southern Africa to a record number of February tornadoes in the U.S. Southeast, an exceptionally strong El Niño has been making headlines around the globe as it tampers with the world’s weather.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the event has begun its slow decline, those wide-ranging impacts will continue to be felt for weeks and months to come — good news for those in California, who need El Niño-fueled rains, but bad news for the many areas, like Indonesia, which is suffering from deep drought, food and water shortages, and wildfires.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Already this year, El Niño-related weather has cost billions of dollars in damage and left some 100 million people \u003ca href=\"http://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2016/feb/17/el-nino-leaves-100-million-people-hungry-short-of-water-droughts-floods-worldwide\">facing food and water shortages\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Through the interactive graphic below, Climate Central takes a look at how this major climate pattern typically influences the world’s weather, what it can mean for societies in the areas it affects, and what has actually been happening with this particular event, which ranks amongst the strongest on record. After all, \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/comparing-el-nino-to-1997-19278\">no two El Niños are the same\u003c/a>. For instance, while Southern California was drenched during the 1997-1998 El Niño, it has remained disconcertingly dry this time around.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"720\" height=\"571\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" src=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/wgts/el-nino-impacts/index.html?utm_source=ext&utm_medium=embed&utm_campaign=2016ElNinoImpacts\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>First, the big picture: El Niño is most known for \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/why-do-we-care-so-much-about-el-nino-17806\">shifting a large pool of warm ocean waters\u003c/a> from the western to the central and eastern tropical Pacific. That shift changes where heat is pumped into the tropical atmosphere, disrupting its typical circulation patterns. Those local disruptions cause a domino effect through the global atmosphere that can alter weather thousands of miles away.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are two main circulation patterns that are affected. All around the tropics is a pattern of rising and sinking air — like a vertical loop — called the \u003ca href=\"https://www.climate.gov/news-features/blogs/enso/walker-circulation-ensos-atmospheric-buddy\">Walker Circulation\u003c/a>. The rising air corresponds to areas of unsettled, rainy weather, while the sinking air creates a stable, dry clime. Normally in the tropical Pacific, a major area of rising air is found over the western portions, where the warmest waters are found. With the eastward shift from El Niño, that rising air (and its sinking counterpart) move eastward as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This displacement shifts the other branches of the Walker Circulation around the tropics, pushing wetter weather over areas that might normally be dry and vice versa. These areas typically see some of the strongest impacts from El Niño because they are in a region more directly linked to it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The changes in the Walker Circulation in turn cause shifts in another looping pattern called the \u003ca href=\"https://www.climate.gov/news-features/blogs/enso/how-enso-leads-cascade-global-impacts\">Hadley Circulation\u003c/a> that runs north-to-south to the Walker’s east-to-west. And those changes in the Hadley Circulation can affect the subtropical jet stream — an area of fast-moving air that guides storms — in both the Northern and Southern hemispheres. This is how El Niño can affect regions far from the tropics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The changes in these main circulation patterns interact with other factors, like seasonal monsoons and other major climate patterns, which is why none of the typical impacts associated with El Niño are guaranteed. It merely shifts the odds in their favor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Let’s dive in for a closer look at some of the local and regional impacts and what has actually played out this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_581808\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 450px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-581808\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/NOAA_el-Nino-graphic.jpg\" alt=\"How the Walker Circulation changes from neutral to El Niño conditions.\" width=\"450\" height=\"451\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/NOAA_el-Nino-graphic.jpg 450w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/NOAA_el-Nino-graphic-400x401.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/NOAA_el-Nino-graphic-32x32.jpg 32w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/NOAA_el-Nino-graphic-64x64.jpg 64w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/NOAA_el-Nino-graphic-96x96.jpg 96w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/NOAA_el-Nino-graphic-128x128.jpg 128w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/NOAA_el-Nino-graphic-75x75.jpg 75w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 450px) 100vw, 450px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">How the Walker Circulation changes from neutral to El Niño conditions. \u003ccite>(Fiona Martin)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>Southeast Asia\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Indonesia, and Southeast Asia more broadly, is one of the areas most directly impacted by El Niño. The eastward shift in the Walker Circulation means the normal area of rising air and rainy weather is shifted eastward as well, leaving the Indonesian area high and dry during much of the year. This can lead to drought that can cause water shortages and crop and livestock losses from dried up fields. Those losses then lead to food shortages and rising prices, and can also increase the odds of large wildfires.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This year has seen major drought grip Indonesia, Vietnam, Thailand, the Philippines and much of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/sotc/drought/201601#det-reg-pacis-usapi\">U.S. Pacific Island territories\u003c/a>. In Indonesia there were \u003ca href=\"https://www.irinnews.org/report/102140/el-nino-brings-drought-hunger-indonesia-and-south-pacific\">major delays\u003c/a> in the planting of the rice crop, leading to concerns over food shortages. And when farmers set their usual fires to clear brush for planting, the dry conditions caused many to burn out of control, causing one of the biggest burn years on record and leading to \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/indonesias-fires-climate-public-health-19601\">a pall of smoke\u003c/a> over the region. In Vietnam, drought has led to \u003ca href=\"http://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/asiapacific/vietnam-hit-by-worst/2562802.html\">salinization issues in the Mekong Delta\u003c/a> region, home to some 20 million people and a major rice growing area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Drought has caused the Republic of the Marshall Islands and the Federated States of Micronesia to \u003ca href=\"http://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/cmb/sotc/drought/2016/01/RMI-Proclamation-Declaring-State-of-Emergency-160203.pdf\">declare states of emergency\u003c/a>, with some islands enacting water rationing and having to have water shipped in.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>Australia\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>That same eastward shift of storm activity tends to bring drier conditions to northern Australia during the Southern Hemisphere summer and more broadly to the east in the winter. It also tends to bring warmer summer weather to southeast Australia because of the larger mass of stable, subsiding air in place. During El Niño years, drought and wildfires also become a concern here.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_581810\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 550px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-581810\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/Australia_CC_image.jpg\" alt=\"A wildfire burns along the Great Ocean Road in Victoria, Australia in December 2015.\" width=\"550\" height=\"396\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/Australia_CC_image.jpg 550w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/Australia_CC_image-400x288.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 550px) 100vw, 550px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A wildfire burns along the Great Ocean Road in Victoria, Australia in December 2015. \u003ccite>(Victoria County Fire Authority)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>So far this year, Australia has seen a mixed bag of El Niño impacts. While dry conditions have been in place in much of the usual areas, some of the inland regions of the eastern part of the country actually had fairly normal rains. That may be due to exceptionally warm Indian Ocean waters providing more moisture to storm systems. The southeast has seen some\u003ca href=\"http://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2016/feb/10/perth-heatwave-temperatures-climb-above-40c-for-fourth-day-in-a-row\">major heat waves\u003c/a>, though, with temperatures sometimes climbing above 100°F (40°C). The hot and dry conditions have helped create more favorable wildfire conditions, with several burning in Victoria this year. One of the worst \u003ca href=\"http://www.abc.net.au/news/2015-12-25/great-ocean-road-fire-destroys-dozens-of-homes/7054028\">destroyed 116 houses\u003c/a> around Christmas.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>India\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>India also tends to see drier weather during the Northern Hemisphere summer because the changes to atmospheric circulation patterns delay the onset of the seasonal monsoons. Monsoon rains are critical to supplying water for drinking and agriculture, and El Niño years tend to see drought develop in parts of India.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This summer, rainfall in India was 14 percent below normal and reservoirs were down by 30 percent, according to \u003ca href=\"http://www.unescap.org/sites/default/files/El%20Nino%20Advisory%20Note%20Dec%202015%20Final.pdf\">a United Nations report\u003c/a>. That led to shortages of drinking water in some areas and caused rice, corn and soybean fields to dry up, setting off worries for food shortages and \u003ca href=\"http://profit.ndtv.com/news/economy/article-rising-food-prices-to-hit-rural-india-in-2016-1242073\">inflated food prices\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>El Niño can lead to wetter weather in southern India, which also happened this year, with torrential rains that caused \u003ca href=\"http://www.accuweather.com/en/weather-news/india-tamil-nadu-chennai-flooding-continues-wet-november/53943597\">major flooding\u003c/a> in the area around Chennai.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>Pacific Ocean\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Moving back out into the Pacific Ocean, the warmer ocean waters can cause bleaching of coral reefs, killing them. This event has seen one of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/longest-global-coral-bleaching-20062\">longest global bleaching events\u003c/a> ever recorded, according to experts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Warmer ocean waters in that area also provide more fuel for hurricanes in the central and eastern Pacific Ocean basins. The atmospheric changes El Niño brings also mean more favorable winds for storm formation. This year saw\u003ca href=\"http://wxshift.com/news/a-tale-of-two-hurricane-seasons\">above-normal hurricane activity\u003c/a> in the region, including the strongest storm ever directly measured in the Western Hemisphere. \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/patricia-record-setting-monster-beeline-for-mexico-19595\">Hurricane Patricia\u003c/a>, which had winds that clocked in at 200 mph, hit the west coast of Mexico, though its effects were mostly confined to less populated areas.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>South America\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Parts of South America are also more directly affected by El Niño. The warmer ocean waters off its west coast tend to bring warmer weather to coastal areas during the Southern Hemisphere winter. Those waters also make more moisture available to storms. Combined with changes to storm tracks linked to atmospheric circulation changes, this can mean wetter winter weather for central Chile. Several rounds of storms during this event had some benefits, bringing moisture to a region in drought and \u003ca href=\"http://www.reuters.com/article/us-chile-weather-idUSKCN0S127O20151007\">snows to ski resorts\u003c/a>. But the rains also brought flooding and mudslides. A rare storm event in March saw parts of the bone dry Atacama Desert receive a \u003ca href=\"https://www.climate.gov/news-features/event-tracker/flooding-chile%E2%80%99s-atacama-desert-after-years%E2%80%99-worth-rain-one-day\">year’s worth of rain\u003c/a> in just one day. The Copiapó River — dry for nearly 17 years — filled to overflowing and flash floods swept through several towns. Come spring, that influx of water led to a \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/capital-weather-gang/wp/2015/10/29/the-driest-place-on-earth-is-covered-in-pink-flowers-after-a-crazy-year-of-rain/\">surreal bloom of flowers\u003c/a> across the desert that tends to coincide with rainy El Niño years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The chain of changes to the Walker and Hadley circulations also tends to bring rainier weather to an area that includes Paraguay, northern Argentina, part of southern Brazil and Uruguay during the Southern Hemisphere summer. In December and January, heavy rains caused the \u003ca href=\"http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/IOTD/view.php?id=87334\">worst flooding in the region\u003c/a> in 50 years, displacing more than 200,000 people. The Paraguay River in Asunción reached more than 16 feet above its normal level in December. Thousands of acres of cropland were inundated and concerns were heightened for the spread of mosquito-borne disease like dengue fever and the Zika virus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In northern Brazil and other countries in the north of South America, the eastward shift of the Walker Circulation brings sinking air and drier conditions. Those come with the usual tendency toward drought, water shortages and crop and livestock losses. Drought and those follow-on impacts \u003ca href=\"http://news.trust.org//item/20151125082700-93r0x/?source=leadCarousel\">have been recorded\u003c/a> in northeastern Brazil, an area already vulnerable due to poverty and remoteness.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some \u003ca href=\"http://health.usnews.com/health-news/articles/2016-02-05/record-heat-drought-may-explain-zika-outbreak-in-brazil-research\">recent research\u003c/a> has suggested that the exceptional heat and drought in the area may actually have helped fuel the rise of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/zika-virus-climate-change-19970\">Zika virus epidemic\u003c/a> in the region. Heat promotes the growth of the mosquito that carries the disease, and during drought, residents tend to store water in containers in which the mosquitoes can breed.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>Central America and the Caribbean\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Further north, drier weather also tends to grip Central America and the Caribbean for the same reasons as northern South America. The area that spans Guatemala, Nicaragua, Honduras and El Salvador is experiencing one of its worst droughts in decades, according to the \u003ca href=\"http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/ECHO%20Crisis%20Report%20no%201-%20World%20El%20Nino.pdf\">European Commission\u003c/a>. Major crop losses have caused huge financial hits to farmers and left some 3.5 million people facing food shortages, the agency reported.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the eastern Caribbean, 2015 was the driest year on record and led to water restrictions on many islands, including St. Lucia, St. Kitts, Barbados and \u003ca href=\"http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/how-puerto-rico-is-coping-with-the-worst-drought-in-decades/\">Puerto Rico\u003c/a>. Diminished water supplies also led to crop losses in the Dominican Republic, Haiti and other areas. As of August,\u003ca href=\"https://anumetservice.wordpress.com/2015/08/17/antigua-is-out-of-surface-water-again/\">Antigua had no surface water\u003c/a> supplies, and by October it was using 100 percent desalinated water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The subsiding air that leads to drought also tends to help tamp down on hurricane formation in the region. This year saw a \u003ca href=\"http://wxshift.com/news/a-tale-of-two-hurricane-seasons\">below-average Atlantic hurricane season\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>United States\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Not far away, though, El Niño brings the opposite conditions to Florida. The shifts in the Hadley Circulation affect the subtropical jet stream that crosses the U.S., pushing it southward and making it extend further eastward. This puts Florida in a prime location for storms during the winter months, which is normally its dry season. It also ups the odds for tornadoes thanks to the added energy from the jet stream.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Florida did have a \u003ca href=\"http://wxshift.com/news/el-nino-boosting-south-floridas-wild-winter-rains\">wetter than normal winter\u003c/a> this year, and its southern tip had its wettest year on record. It also \u003ca href=\"http://wxshift.com/news/record-high-number-of-tornadoes-hit-southeast-in-february\">saw 18 tornadoes\u003c/a> in January and February, compared to the seven it usually sees during those months.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While tornado activity may typically rise in Florida in El Niño years, it is usually tamped down in the area of the central U.S. known as Tornado Alley. The more southward jet blocks the moisture from the Gulf of Mexico that is key to fueling spring storms there. An experimental seasonal tornado forecast \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/el-nino-tornado-season-19910\">favors a below-average tornado season\u003c/a> there this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The tweak to the jet stream also tends to favor wetter weather over Southern California — much needed this year after four years of deep drought. While \u003ca href=\"http://wxshift.com/news/el-nino-helps-fuel-string-of-california-storms\">storms have been hitting California\u003c/a>, they have mostly affected the northern portions of the state because the jet stream has been slightly further north than is typical during an El Niño. The rains shut off almost completely in February, \u003ca href=\"http://wxshift.com/news/warm-west-cold-east-pattern-re-emerges-cuts-off-california-snows\">bringing hot and dry weather\u003c/a> to the state, though storms \u003ca href=\"http://wxshift.com/news/march-miracle-el-nino-fueled-storms-return-to-california\">have since returned\u003c/a>and look to bring at least some rain to Southern California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Across the northern tier of the U.S., from the Northeast all the way up into eastern Alaska, El Niño tends to favor warmer than normal conditions. That has indeed been the case this year, with nearly all northern states recording one of their top 10 warmest winters. Alaska saw its \u003ca href=\"https://www.climatecentral.org/news/winter-warmest-on-record-for-us-20110\">second-warmest winter\u003c/a> in the books, which has contributed to a \u003ca href=\"http://wxshift.com/news/winter-snow-a-no-show-in-parts-of-alaska\">lack of snow\u003c/a> in varied locations there. That dearth of snow can have ecological impacts and promote the spread of invasive species. El Niño wasn’t the only reason Alaska was warm, though, as the Arctic more broadly was exceptionally warm this winter.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>Africa\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>And, finally, across the Atlantic in Africa, some of the populations most vulnerable to El Niño’s impacts are found.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the Southern Hemisphere summer, the eastward shift of the Walker Circulation leads to rising air over Kenya, southern Somalia and southern Ethiopia, which can enhance seasonal rains. Increased rains can lead to flooding, mudslides and outbreaks of diseases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.kenyaredcross.org/PDF/El%20NinoSituationReport28.pdf\">Heavy rains\u003c/a> in the area began in late October, inundating villages and agricultural lands. By January, more than 100,000 people had been displaced and 112 killed, according to the \u003ca href=\"http://floodlist.com/africa/kenya-3-months-of-flooding-leaves-112-dead-and-over-100000-displaced\">International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies\u003c/a>. Authorities are concerned about the spread of both waterborne diseases, such as cholera, and mosquito-borne ones, particularly \u003ca href=\"https://www.climate.gov/news-features/understanding-climate/el-ni%C3%B1o-east-africa-and-rift-valley-fever\">Rift Valley Fever\u003c/a>, which tends to occur in years with unusually heavy rainfall.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just to the north, in Ethiopia and Somalia, El Niño has brought dry conditions that have exacerbated a drought and led to crop failures and widespread livestock deaths, according to the \u003ca href=\"http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=53381#.VucLz4wrKRs\">United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Drought has also gripped \u003ca href=\"https://www.climate.gov/news-features/event-tracker/not-so-rainy-season-drought-southern-africa-january-2016\">large parts of southern Africa\u003c/a>, particularly the northeast of South Africa, Mozambique and Zimbabwe. The changes to the Walker and Hadley circulations interact with the normal monsoon there and tend to suppress monsoon rains, leading to drought, crop losses and food and water shortages.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Severe rainfall deficits this year have lead to widespread drought that has decimated the maize crop, costing hundreds of millions of dollars in losses. Zimbabwe \u003ca href=\"http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/zimbabwean-president-robert-mugabe-declares-state-of-disaster-as-drought-means-24m-need-food-aid-a6857046.html\">declared a state of disaster\u003c/a> as some 2.5 million people are in need of food aid. South Africa, normally an exporter of corn, is expected to have to import it this year to feed its citizens.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The drought has also severely reduced the flow of rivers that feed hydropower dams, leading to power rationing and even blackouts in the region. The flow down the majestic Victoria Falls has \u003ca href=\"http://www.reuters.com/article/us-africa-drought-victoriafalls-idUSKCN0W340I?feedType=RSS&feedName=environmentNews\">reached a 30-year low\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While El Niño has shown signs in recent weeks that it is beginning to weaken, it will likely be late summer or early fall before it fully dissipates. Its weather affects around the world are expected to continue for several more months, and the impacts of that weather could reverberate for years to come, making it one for the record books.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/\">Climate Central\u003c/a> \u003cem>is an independent organization that researches and reports on climate change.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "On Pi Day, Let's Gawk at the Beauty and Controversy of the Math Constant",
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"content": "\u003cp>Mathematician Carlos Castillo-Chavez says that pi is so important to math that using its simple, geometric definition denies its greater powers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“[Pi] brings you into the world of mathematics, which is magic, mysterious and exciting and always full of challenges for everybody,” Castillo-Chavez said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>First calculated 4,000 years ago, pi represents the ratio of a circle’s circumference to its diameter. You learned it as 3.14, which is why today some take the chance to bask in the brilliance and beauty of the mathematical constant, while others try to tear it down.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"http://www.npr.org/player/embed/470372197/470381462\" width=\"100%\" height=\"290\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"NPR embedded audio player\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003cbr>\nCastillo-Chavez is firmly in the pro-pi camp. He studies epidemics at Arizona State University, and he says pi is used to study everything that cycles — waves and heart pulses and anything that recurs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In his own work, Castillo-Chavez uses pi to try to understand why certain strains of influenza seem to reappear every 20 years. In math, he says, pi pops up in the most unexpected places.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Pi, with its infinite number of digits, is an introduction to the kinds of mathematics that we do, which often involve the study of infinite processes,” Castillo-Chavez said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What’s more, Castillo-Chavez says that pi is most people’s introduction to \u003ca href=\"http://homepages.math.uic.edu/~kauffman/CantorCHK.pdf\">a mind-blowing concept invented by Georg Cantor\u003c/a> that says there is a hierarchy of infinities. In simple terms, the infinity in between numbers is larger than the infinity of, say, countable numbers. Pi, whose decimals extend into infinity, opens up that parable, says Castillo-Chavez.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://youtu.be/vydPOjRVcSg\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>YouTube star Vi Hart, who calls herself a recreational mathematician, is not impressed with pi. She’s made it a habit of posting anti-pi videos on Pi Day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Pi is not special,” \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5iUh_CSjaSw\">she says in one\u003c/a>. “Yeah, pie can be fun and I’d never deny you your desserts, but maybe try some real food every once in a while.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Her beef? She says there are plenty of other mathematical constants that are just as beautiful and just as infinite as pi.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Also, pi doesn’t make sense, she says. The equation for the circumference of a circle is 2πr. Wouldn’t it be simpler, she says, if we created a new constant that makes equations easier?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hart has jumped on the \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2hhjsSN-AiU\">tau movement\u003c/a>, which says that π should really be 2π and be called tau. In other words, instead of the angles of a full circle being equal to 2π, they would be equal to T.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://youtu.be/jG7vhMMXagQ\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Every mathematician should care about the simplicity and beauty of the constants we choose,” Hart said. “But students find it confusing when they’re dealing with radians and they find radians to be so unnatural because we use pi radians. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Whereas if we used tau radians, students suddenly find it very easy to say, ‘Well, half a tau is halfway around a circle, 180 degrees. A quarter tau is a quarter of the way around the circle.’ It’s obvious. It’s simple. If we’re dealing with radians, we should be using tau, and that makes all the math much easier for everyone, not just students.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But I remind Vi Hart that her name rhymes with pi, and that makes me question the sincerity of her opposition.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Some people might think there’s a conspiracy there, that all along I’ve only been pretending to hate pi, but really I’m just trying to rally people behind the cause of pi through manufactured outrage,” she said, adding that it’s only a theory.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s also worth noting, however, that Hart also collaborated with math artist John Sims on a song they call the “Pi Day Anthem.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To our ears, it sounds a lot like an appreciation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://youtu.be/NsKH5h7j2_o\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=On+Pi+Day%2C+Let%27s+Gawk+At+The+Beauty+And+Controversy+Of+The+Math+Constant+&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\" alt=\"\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Mathematician Carlos Castillo-Chavez says that pi is so important to math that using its simple, geometric definition denies its greater powers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“[Pi] brings you into the world of mathematics, which is magic, mysterious and exciting and always full of challenges for everybody,” Castillo-Chavez said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>First calculated 4,000 years ago, pi represents the ratio of a circle’s circumference to its diameter. You learned it as 3.14, which is why today some take the chance to bask in the brilliance and beauty of the mathematical constant, while others try to tear it down.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"http://www.npr.org/player/embed/470372197/470381462\" width=\"100%\" height=\"290\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"NPR embedded audio player\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003cbr>\nCastillo-Chavez is firmly in the pro-pi camp. He studies epidemics at Arizona State University, and he says pi is used to study everything that cycles — waves and heart pulses and anything that recurs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In his own work, Castillo-Chavez uses pi to try to understand why certain strains of influenza seem to reappear every 20 years. In math, he says, pi pops up in the most unexpected places.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Pi, with its infinite number of digits, is an introduction to the kinds of mathematics that we do, which often involve the study of infinite processes,” Castillo-Chavez said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What’s more, Castillo-Chavez says that pi is most people’s introduction to \u003ca href=\"http://homepages.math.uic.edu/~kauffman/CantorCHK.pdf\">a mind-blowing concept invented by Georg Cantor\u003c/a> that says there is a hierarchy of infinities. In simple terms, the infinity in between numbers is larger than the infinity of, say, countable numbers. Pi, whose decimals extend into infinity, opens up that parable, says Castillo-Chavez.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/vydPOjRVcSg'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/vydPOjRVcSg'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>YouTube star Vi Hart, who calls herself a recreational mathematician, is not impressed with pi. She’s made it a habit of posting anti-pi videos on Pi Day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Pi is not special,” \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5iUh_CSjaSw\">she says in one\u003c/a>. “Yeah, pie can be fun and I’d never deny you your desserts, but maybe try some real food every once in a while.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Her beef? She says there are plenty of other mathematical constants that are just as beautiful and just as infinite as pi.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Also, pi doesn’t make sense, she says. The equation for the circumference of a circle is 2πr. Wouldn’t it be simpler, she says, if we created a new constant that makes equations easier?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hart has jumped on the \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2hhjsSN-AiU\">tau movement\u003c/a>, which says that π should really be 2π and be called tau. In other words, instead of the angles of a full circle being equal to 2π, they would be equal to T.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/jG7vhMMXagQ'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/jG7vhMMXagQ'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>“Every mathematician should care about the simplicity and beauty of the constants we choose,” Hart said. “But students find it confusing when they’re dealing with radians and they find radians to be so unnatural because we use pi radians. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Whereas if we used tau radians, students suddenly find it very easy to say, ‘Well, half a tau is halfway around a circle, 180 degrees. A quarter tau is a quarter of the way around the circle.’ It’s obvious. It’s simple. If we’re dealing with radians, we should be using tau, and that makes all the math much easier for everyone, not just students.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But I remind Vi Hart that her name rhymes with pi, and that makes me question the sincerity of her opposition.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Some people might think there’s a conspiracy there, that all along I’ve only been pretending to hate pi, but really I’m just trying to rally people behind the cause of pi through manufactured outrage,” she said, adding that it’s only a theory.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s also worth noting, however, that Hart also collaborated with math artist John Sims on a song they call the “Pi Day Anthem.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To our ears, it sounds a lot like an appreciation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/NsKH5h7j2_o'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/NsKH5h7j2_o'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=On+Pi+Day%2C+Let%27s+Gawk+At+The+Beauty+And+Controversy+Of+The+Math+Constant+&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\" alt=\"\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Listen to the Story:\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nhttp://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio//2016/03/WEBStormwaterPeterson160314.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stormwater is starting to get some \u003ca href=\"http://www.scpr.org/news/2014/12/17/48734/drought-four-things-southern-california-is-doing-t/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">serious attention\u003c/a> in California, as the state’s drought enters a fifth year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Thanks in part to El Niño, rain has been surging through downspouts and gutters lately. And a lot of it: one storm in Los Angeles County, packing one inch of rainfall, means 10 billion gallons of water.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘When you look at climate change and the other pressures we have … there’s gonna be less water available. And so you want to plan for that future.’\u003ccite>Dick Luthy, Stanford University\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The Oakland-based Pacific Institute \u003ca href=\"http://www.nrdc.org/water/files/ca-water-supply-solutions-stormwater-IB.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">estimates\u003c/a> that rainfall captured in the San Francisco Bay Area and metro Southern California could, in a strong year, provide enough water to supply the entire city of Los Angeles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most of that usually runs out to the ocean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But concerns about the state’s water supply, heightened by drought conditions, are one obvious reason that’s changing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When you look at climate change and the other pressures we have, including keeping water in streams and rivers for environmental needs, there’s gonna be less water available,” says Stanford University environmental engineering professor Dick Luthy. “And so you want to plan for that future.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Walnut Creek, behind a ranch-style home, landscape designer Ryan Kelsey is helping people do that—at least in the short term, and on their own properties.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On one recent day, Kelsey is teaching a handful of people how to harvest water from the sky by connecting plastic pipe to three barrels. The system will serve a half-acre yard scattered with chickens, fruit trees, and vegetable beds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He shows student Zekeisha Plummer how to slice up the pipe with a cutting tool. Setting up rain barrels is a lot of work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“One trick I use, is that I put my palms on either side,” he begins, as Plummer sighs with frustration.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_573555\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 3264px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-573555\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/IMG_4613.jpg\" alt=\"Landscape designer Ryan Kelsey shows Zakeisha Plummer how to cut PVC piping for a backyard rainwater capture system in Walnut Creek.\" width=\"3264\" height=\"2448\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/IMG_4613.jpg 3264w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/IMG_4613-400x300.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/IMG_4613-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/IMG_4613-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/IMG_4613-1440x1080.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/IMG_4613-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/IMG_4613-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/IMG_4613-960x720.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 3264px) 100vw, 3264px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Landscape designer Ryan Kelsey shows Zakeisha Plummer how to cut PVC piping at a rainwater capture workshop in Walnut Creek, sponsored by Sustainable Contra Costa. \u003ccite>(Craig Miller/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In a hard rain, those barrels will top off at 165 gallons combined: that’s a literal drop in the bucket compared to the yard’s water needs, let alone the state’s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Flood control also has long driven interest in stormwater. It’s increasing in importance, especially where flash storms may become more frequent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For 75 years, the Orange County Water District (OCWD) has \u003ca href=\"http://www.ocwd.com/what-we-do/groundwater-management/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">added to its supplies\u003c/a> while it controlled rushing storm water, trapping it along the Santa Ana River and slowing it down so that the water can be infiltrated into an aquifer below.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re pretty good water accountants here,” says Scott Nygren, OCWD’s operations manager.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In an average year, the OCWD captures around 80,000 acre-feet of stormwater, an amount it says is enough to serve a quarter of a million households – once it’s cleaned up in the district’s state-of-the-art treatment system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nygren shows me a massive field he calls an infiltration gallery, near the district’s Anaheim office. Buried here are massive slotted pipes, covered by a fine mesh cloth.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>BIOSWALE STORMWATER CAPTURE\u003c/h2>\n\u003ch4>Bioswales are landscape features designed to capture and filter rainwater runoff, usually installed in medians or urban parks. The water is used to recharge aquifers or is sent to water treatment plants.\u003c/h4>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_573547\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1250px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/Stormwater_FinalGraphic.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-573547\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-573547\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/Stormwater_FinalGraphic.jpg\" alt=\"Graphics by Teodros Haily/KQED Science\" width=\"1250\" height=\"1040\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/Stormwater_FinalGraphic.jpg 1250w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/Stormwater_FinalGraphic-400x333.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/Stormwater_FinalGraphic-800x666.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/Stormwater_FinalGraphic-768x639.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/Stormwater_FinalGraphic-1180x982.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/Stormwater_FinalGraphic-960x799.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1250px) 100vw, 1250px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Graphics by Teodros Haily/KQED Science\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“The slots allow the water to flow in, and then the cloth traps the fine particles outside of the pipe,” he says. “So that particles stay out but the water flows through.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A third reason to control stormwater is to control its associated pollution. Rainfall in urban areas that hits pavement picks up oil, chemicals, dirt, viruses, and bacteria and carries them into water bodies. Since the turn of the century, the threat of penalties associated with runoff pollution has increased the urgency of controlling stormwater in Los Angeles County.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the city of Los Angeles, the Department of Water and Power (LADWP) has \u003ca href=\"http://www.ladwp.com/scmp\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">set a goal\u003c/a> to quadruple its stormwater “harvest.” The core of the plan is to collect rainfall in natural basins or washes, and let it slowly fill up underground aquifers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”Hn8PGrhzRPa4yVUl0SnYAQII76hqn0WG”]Around the state, it’s common for stormwater capture projects to serve multiple benefits simultaneously. But large plots of land that can soak up water in urban areas are scarce and growing scarcer. And around the state, so is money for potential projects. Proposition 1, a water bond passed two years ago, created a $200 million pool of grants for stormwater capture. But the Public Policy Institute of California estimates that meeting \u003ca href=\"http://www.scpr.org/news/2015/06/16/52453/stormwater-capture-rules-gain-new-urgency-as-droug/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">stormwater rules\u003c/a> already on the books could require an investment of five times that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More likely, the future is in smaller local and regional projects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What we’ve learned over time is people want to do some of these things anyway,” says Greg Gearheart, an engineer for the State Water Resources Control Board. “This is just what I see as a bigger trend of citizens wanting to have more control, more understanding of options they have available to them, instead of just trusting that when they turn the tap on, they’re going to get water to make the lawn green.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some regional-sized plans are moving forward. In Los Angeles, the LADWP is converting a former quarry to a wetlands park with trails and a playground. In Central California, UC Santa Cruz researchers have \u003ca href=\"http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/parched-california-tries-to-grab-storm-water-before-it-escapes/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">tested a pilot project\u003c/a> for stormwater capture, and regional water managers are considering expanding the program.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_573632\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/IMG_6314.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-573632\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-573632\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/IMG_6314-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"Jeanette Vosberg wants captures rain water for her own use, and aims to restore the water table.\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/IMG_6314-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/IMG_6314-400x300.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/IMG_6314-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/IMG_6314-1440x1080.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/IMG_6314-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/IMG_6314-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/IMG_6314-960x720.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Jeanette Vosberg wants captures rain water for her own use, and aims to restore the water table. \u003ccite>(Molly Peterson/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>West Los Angeles resident Jeannete Vosburg isn’t waiting for someone else to take action. Along the wide street in front of her two-story home, she’s using guerilla tactics to intercept stormwater speeding by. She’s even tunneled under the sidewalk to snare curbside runoff, and connected the pipe to a cistern.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“My goal is two-fold, one is to capture and reuse, and the other is just to restore the water table,” Vosburg says. “It’s not all one or the other.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In three cisterns buried around her property, Vosburg can store almost a thousand gallons. Her property now is fat with fruit trees, and thick with vegetables and vines. She has even built rock-lined pits to capture water her neighbors were letting go.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our neighbor was draining their roof of their garage into our yard, ” Vosburg says, “and some people would say, ‘Oh my God, that’s a terrible thing.’ I looked at it and said, ‘Oh my God, that’s wonderful.’”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Vosburg’s vision is to see her yard-sized model scaled up to catch runoff statewide. That’s a vision that will take years of planning and billions of dollars to fully realize.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Stormwater is starting to get some \u003ca href=\"http://www.scpr.org/news/2014/12/17/48734/drought-four-things-southern-california-is-doing-t/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">serious attention\u003c/a> in California, as the state’s drought enters a fifth year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Thanks in part to El Niño, rain has been surging through downspouts and gutters lately. And a lot of it: one storm in Los Angeles County, packing one inch of rainfall, means 10 billion gallons of water.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘When you look at climate change and the other pressures we have … there’s gonna be less water available. And so you want to plan for that future.’\u003ccite>Dick Luthy, Stanford University\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The Oakland-based Pacific Institute \u003ca href=\"http://www.nrdc.org/water/files/ca-water-supply-solutions-stormwater-IB.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">estimates\u003c/a> that rainfall captured in the San Francisco Bay Area and metro Southern California could, in a strong year, provide enough water to supply the entire city of Los Angeles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most of that usually runs out to the ocean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But concerns about the state’s water supply, heightened by drought conditions, are one obvious reason that’s changing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When you look at climate change and the other pressures we have, including keeping water in streams and rivers for environmental needs, there’s gonna be less water available,” says Stanford University environmental engineering professor Dick Luthy. “And so you want to plan for that future.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Walnut Creek, behind a ranch-style home, landscape designer Ryan Kelsey is helping people do that—at least in the short term, and on their own properties.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On one recent day, Kelsey is teaching a handful of people how to harvest water from the sky by connecting plastic pipe to three barrels. The system will serve a half-acre yard scattered with chickens, fruit trees, and vegetable beds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He shows student Zekeisha Plummer how to slice up the pipe with a cutting tool. Setting up rain barrels is a lot of work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“One trick I use, is that I put my palms on either side,” he begins, as Plummer sighs with frustration.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_573555\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 3264px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-573555\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/IMG_4613.jpg\" alt=\"Landscape designer Ryan Kelsey shows Zakeisha Plummer how to cut PVC piping for a backyard rainwater capture system in Walnut Creek.\" width=\"3264\" height=\"2448\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/IMG_4613.jpg 3264w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/IMG_4613-400x300.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/IMG_4613-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/IMG_4613-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/IMG_4613-1440x1080.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/IMG_4613-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/IMG_4613-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/IMG_4613-960x720.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 3264px) 100vw, 3264px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Landscape designer Ryan Kelsey shows Zakeisha Plummer how to cut PVC piping at a rainwater capture workshop in Walnut Creek, sponsored by Sustainable Contra Costa. \u003ccite>(Craig Miller/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In a hard rain, those barrels will top off at 165 gallons combined: that’s a literal drop in the bucket compared to the yard’s water needs, let alone the state’s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Flood control also has long driven interest in stormwater. It’s increasing in importance, especially where flash storms may become more frequent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For 75 years, the Orange County Water District (OCWD) has \u003ca href=\"http://www.ocwd.com/what-we-do/groundwater-management/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">added to its supplies\u003c/a> while it controlled rushing storm water, trapping it along the Santa Ana River and slowing it down so that the water can be infiltrated into an aquifer below.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re pretty good water accountants here,” says Scott Nygren, OCWD’s operations manager.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In an average year, the OCWD captures around 80,000 acre-feet of stormwater, an amount it says is enough to serve a quarter of a million households – once it’s cleaned up in the district’s state-of-the-art treatment system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nygren shows me a massive field he calls an infiltration gallery, near the district’s Anaheim office. Buried here are massive slotted pipes, covered by a fine mesh cloth.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>BIOSWALE STORMWATER CAPTURE\u003c/h2>\n\u003ch4>Bioswales are landscape features designed to capture and filter rainwater runoff, usually installed in medians or urban parks. The water is used to recharge aquifers or is sent to water treatment plants.\u003c/h4>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_573547\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1250px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/Stormwater_FinalGraphic.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-573547\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-573547\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/Stormwater_FinalGraphic.jpg\" alt=\"Graphics by Teodros Haily/KQED Science\" width=\"1250\" height=\"1040\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/Stormwater_FinalGraphic.jpg 1250w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/Stormwater_FinalGraphic-400x333.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/Stormwater_FinalGraphic-800x666.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/Stormwater_FinalGraphic-768x639.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/Stormwater_FinalGraphic-1180x982.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/Stormwater_FinalGraphic-960x799.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1250px) 100vw, 1250px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Graphics by Teodros Haily/KQED Science\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“The slots allow the water to flow in, and then the cloth traps the fine particles outside of the pipe,” he says. “So that particles stay out but the water flows through.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A third reason to control stormwater is to control its associated pollution. Rainfall in urban areas that hits pavement picks up oil, chemicals, dirt, viruses, and bacteria and carries them into water bodies. Since the turn of the century, the threat of penalties associated with runoff pollution has increased the urgency of controlling stormwater in Los Angeles County.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the city of Los Angeles, the Department of Water and Power (LADWP) has \u003ca href=\"http://www.ladwp.com/scmp\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">set a goal\u003c/a> to quadruple its stormwater “harvest.” The core of the plan is to collect rainfall in natural basins or washes, and let it slowly fill up underground aquifers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>Around the state, it’s common for stormwater capture projects to serve multiple benefits simultaneously. But large plots of land that can soak up water in urban areas are scarce and growing scarcer. And around the state, so is money for potential projects. Proposition 1, a water bond passed two years ago, created a $200 million pool of grants for stormwater capture. But the Public Policy Institute of California estimates that meeting \u003ca href=\"http://www.scpr.org/news/2015/06/16/52453/stormwater-capture-rules-gain-new-urgency-as-droug/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">stormwater rules\u003c/a> already on the books could require an investment of five times that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More likely, the future is in smaller local and regional projects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What we’ve learned over time is people want to do some of these things anyway,” says Greg Gearheart, an engineer for the State Water Resources Control Board. “This is just what I see as a bigger trend of citizens wanting to have more control, more understanding of options they have available to them, instead of just trusting that when they turn the tap on, they’re going to get water to make the lawn green.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some regional-sized plans are moving forward. In Los Angeles, the LADWP is converting a former quarry to a wetlands park with trails and a playground. In Central California, UC Santa Cruz researchers have \u003ca href=\"http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/parched-california-tries-to-grab-storm-water-before-it-escapes/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">tested a pilot project\u003c/a> for stormwater capture, and regional water managers are considering expanding the program.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_573632\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/IMG_6314.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-573632\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-573632\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/IMG_6314-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"Jeanette Vosberg wants captures rain water for her own use, and aims to restore the water table.\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/IMG_6314-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/IMG_6314-400x300.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/IMG_6314-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/IMG_6314-1440x1080.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/IMG_6314-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/IMG_6314-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/IMG_6314-960x720.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Jeanette Vosberg wants captures rain water for her own use, and aims to restore the water table. \u003ccite>(Molly Peterson/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>West Los Angeles resident Jeannete Vosburg isn’t waiting for someone else to take action. Along the wide street in front of her two-story home, she’s using guerilla tactics to intercept stormwater speeding by. She’s even tunneled under the sidewalk to snare curbside runoff, and connected the pipe to a cistern.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“My goal is two-fold, one is to capture and reuse, and the other is just to restore the water table,” Vosburg says. “It’s not all one or the other.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In three cisterns buried around her property, Vosburg can store almost a thousand gallons. Her property now is fat with fruit trees, and thick with vegetables and vines. She has even built rock-lined pits to capture water her neighbors were letting go.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our neighbor was draining their roof of their garage into our yard, ” Vosburg says, “and some people would say, ‘Oh my God, that’s a terrible thing.’ I looked at it and said, ‘Oh my God, that’s wonderful.’”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Vosburg’s vision is to see her yard-sized model scaled up to catch runoff statewide. That’s a vision that will take years of planning and billions of dollars to fully realize.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" scrolling=\"no\" frameborder=\"no\" src=\"//players.brightcove.net/979328832001/NJgjituzjl_default/index.html?videoId=4683975980001\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You’ve got one chance to watch 2016’s singular total solar eclipse. It’s only visible in Southeast Asia, but good news Area folks: you can watch the event via the \u003ca href=\"http://www.exploratorium.edu/\">Exploratorium’\u003c/a>s live feed above.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A \u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/audience/forstudents/5-8/features/nasa-knows/what-is-an-eclipse-58\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">total solar eclipse\u003c/a> occurs when the Sun is completely blocked as the Moon passes between it and the Earth. The place on Earth where you can see the Sun totally blocked is only 100 miles wide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The last total solar eclipse happened on March 20, 2015 and the next one is August 21, 2017, which will be visible from the Pacific Northwest to the Southeast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Until then, find more details about tonight’s eclipse below.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Where can I watch the eclipse?\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nThe video player above!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>When can I watch the eclipse?\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nMarch 8, 5:00–6:15 p.m. PST\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What if I want to watch more?\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nToday from 4:00-8:00 p.m. PST the player above will stream footage from telescopes on Micronesia capturing the eclipse as it unfolds.\u003cbr>\n*Note: It’s image-only, without narration\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Can I nerd out even more?\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nYes! The Exploratorium is offering \u003ca href=\"http://www.exploratorium.edu/visit/calendar/total-solar-eclipse-webcast-march-8-2016\">free admission after 5 p.m. \u003c/a>You can watch real-time imagery from telescopes on the coral atoll Woleai and hear scientists talk about NASA’s new multi-satellite endeavor to measure the magnetosphere that connects the Earth and the Sun.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" scrolling=\"no\" frameborder=\"no\" src=\"//players.brightcove.net/979328832001/NJgjituzjl_default/index.html?videoId=4683975980001\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You’ve got one chance to watch 2016’s singular total solar eclipse. It’s only visible in Southeast Asia, but good news Area folks: you can watch the event via the \u003ca href=\"http://www.exploratorium.edu/\">Exploratorium’\u003c/a>s live feed above.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A \u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/audience/forstudents/5-8/features/nasa-knows/what-is-an-eclipse-58\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">total solar eclipse\u003c/a> occurs when the Sun is completely blocked as the Moon passes between it and the Earth. The place on Earth where you can see the Sun totally blocked is only 100 miles wide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The last total solar eclipse happened on March 20, 2015 and the next one is August 21, 2017, which will be visible from the Pacific Northwest to the Southeast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Until then, find more details about tonight’s eclipse below.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>A Harvard economist known globally for his work on climate change policy sat in the Sacramento office of the oil industry’s lobbying firm recently, making the case that California is fighting global warming the wrong way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state has a good \u003ca href=\"https://calmatters.org/articles/cap-and-trade-is-california-a-leader-or-a-loner/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">cap and trade system\u003c/a>, Robert Stavins said, but some of its other environmental policies are weakening it. He pointed to a rule known as the low carbon fuel standard, which is supposed to increase production of clean fuels. Environmental advocates consider it a complement to the \u003ca href=\"https://calmatters.org/atom/cap-and-trade-in-two-and-half-minutes-video\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">cap and trade\u003c/a> program that makes industry pay for emitting carbon; Stavins had other words.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s contradictory. It’s counter productive. It’s perverse,” he said. “I would recommend eliminating it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California’s low carbon fuel policy is shaping up as a major fight this year for the state’s oil industry, an influential behemoth that spent more than $10.9 million lobbying Sacramento last year, more than any other interest group.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s a storm coming,” biofuels lobbyist Chris Hessler told a roomful of clean energy advocates at a recent conference on low carbon fuels. “If we don’t meet this attack vigorously, we’re all going to be in a lot of trouble.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The oil industry was front and center in the biggest fight to hit the state Capitol last year: a proposal to cut California’s petroleum consumption in half over the next 15 years to slow the pace of climate change. The industry won its battle when lawmakers \u003ca href=\"https://calmatters.org/articles/despite-setbacks-california-climate-push-accelerates/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">stripped the oil provision\u003c/a> from Senate Bill 350. But California’s larger oil war is far from over, and the newest battle lines are beginning to emerge.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_560491\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/Stavins.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-560491\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-560491\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/Stavins-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"Harvard economist Robert Stavins.\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/Stavins-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/Stavins-400x300.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/Stavins-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/Stavins-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/Stavins-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/Stavins.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Harvard economist Robert Stavins. \u003ccite>(Laurel Rosenhall/CALmatters)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Gov. Jerry Brown is plowing ahead with plans to cut vehicle oil use in half through executive orders and regulations like the low carbon fuel standard. The standard requires producers to cut the carbon intensity of their fuels 10 percent by 2020. To reach the standard, refineries will have to make a blend that uses more alternative fuels – like ethanol – and less oil.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The program was adopted in 2009 but was locked in a court battle for years. California regulators prevailed, and took action last year to \u003ca href=\"http://bigstory.ap.org/article/2c27a7e0387b483bbc739b833898df51/california-regulators-restore-emissions-cutting-fuel-rule\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">resume the program\u003c/a>. Now producers must start changing the way they formulate their fuel or buy credits if their product is over the limit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s led to higher costs for fuel makers, which they are passing on to consumers at a rate of about 4 cents per gallon, according to the California Energy Commission. At that rate, oil companies are paying about $750 million per year for the fuel standard. But the price is likely to keep increasing, the oil industry warns, as it gets tougher to meet the standard that increases over time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Which is where Stavins’ argument comes in. It goes like this: the cleaner fuels required by the low carbon fuel standard will emit less greenhouse gas. That will reduce the need for fuel producers to buy permits in the cap and trade system (which makes industry pay for emitting climate-warming pollution) and create additional emissions by allowing other manufacturers to buy the pollution permits. Less demand will also depress prices on the cap and trade market.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”Lk2E4GoDAWfNmHIH7oYj6jIjlcHzHDKs”]Stavins is the director of Harvard’s Environmental Economics Program and part of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, a prestigious group of experts who review research for the United Nations. He’s also an advisor to the Western States Petroleum Association, which paid him to make the trip to Sacramento, where he talked with reporters before a day of meetings with lawmakers and business leaders.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Environmental advocates and California clean air regulators reject his view. They say the fuel standard works in harmony with other carbon-reducing programs and it’s an important piece of California’s effort to achieve its climate change goals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“One of the major goals of the low carbon fuel standard… is to drive innovation of new and alternative low carbon fuels,” said Stanley Young, spokesman for the California Air Resources Board. “The cap and trade program on its own cannot do that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Alternative fuel producers gathered in a ballroom near the Capitol days after Stavins’ visit to Sacramento. During a presentation on the rising price of low carbon fuel credits, Hessler, the biofuels lobbyist, warned that the program is coming under “political attack.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He defended the fuel standard by saying the regulation limits the price of the credits, and the cost to consumers will be kept down as some fuel producers make money by selling credits to others. He urged conference participants to share his information with California policymakers to counter opposition to the low carbon fuel standard.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve got to be ready for this,” Hessler said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A fight last year over a low carbon fuel standard in the state of Washington may provide some clues about how things could go down here. There, Democratic Gov. Jay Inslee proposed a low carbon fuel standard but failed to earn enough support for it in the Legislature. The fuel standard became a bargaining chip for Republicans in negotiations about funding for transportation infrastructure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here in California, lawmakers and Gov. Brown are also negotiating a plan to pay for a \u003ca href=\"https://calmatters.org/articles/long-neglected-road-maintenance-is-now-urgent-and-expensive/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">backlog of repairs\u003c/a> to state roads and highways. Brown has pitched spending $36 billion over the next decade with a mix of taxes and other revenue sources. Republican votes are necessary to reach the two-thirds threshold for approving new taxes. So far, Republicans have balked at the plan, with some suggesting that the fuel standard should be included in the negotiations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As we’re having the discussions about transportation funding in general in California, and transportation taxes in particular, this ought to be part of the discussion,” said Assemblyman Jay Obernolte (R-Hesperia).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s a message echoed by the president of the Western States Petroleum Association, which advocated against the low carbon fuel standard in Washington. Catherine Reheis-Boyd said she wants California lawmakers to “take a very hard look” at the low carbon fuel standard as they consider the future of climate change policies and the desire to repair the state’s roads.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“All those things interplay,” Reheis-Boyd said. “That’s a big conversation. I think people across the state are willing to have it, and I think we’re at a pivotal point to have it this year.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>A Harvard economist known globally for his work on climate change policy sat in the Sacramento office of the oil industry’s lobbying firm recently, making the case that California is fighting global warming the wrong way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state has a good \u003ca href=\"https://calmatters.org/articles/cap-and-trade-is-california-a-leader-or-a-loner/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">cap and trade system\u003c/a>, Robert Stavins said, but some of its other environmental policies are weakening it. He pointed to a rule known as the low carbon fuel standard, which is supposed to increase production of clean fuels. Environmental advocates consider it a complement to the \u003ca href=\"https://calmatters.org/atom/cap-and-trade-in-two-and-half-minutes-video\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">cap and trade\u003c/a> program that makes industry pay for emitting carbon; Stavins had other words.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s contradictory. It’s counter productive. It’s perverse,” he said. “I would recommend eliminating it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California’s low carbon fuel policy is shaping up as a major fight this year for the state’s oil industry, an influential behemoth that spent more than $10.9 million lobbying Sacramento last year, more than any other interest group.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s a storm coming,” biofuels lobbyist Chris Hessler told a roomful of clean energy advocates at a recent conference on low carbon fuels. “If we don’t meet this attack vigorously, we’re all going to be in a lot of trouble.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The oil industry was front and center in the biggest fight to hit the state Capitol last year: a proposal to cut California’s petroleum consumption in half over the next 15 years to slow the pace of climate change. The industry won its battle when lawmakers \u003ca href=\"https://calmatters.org/articles/despite-setbacks-california-climate-push-accelerates/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">stripped the oil provision\u003c/a> from Senate Bill 350. But California’s larger oil war is far from over, and the newest battle lines are beginning to emerge.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_560491\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/Stavins.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-560491\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-560491\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/Stavins-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"Harvard economist Robert Stavins.\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/Stavins-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/Stavins-400x300.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/Stavins-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/Stavins-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/Stavins-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/Stavins.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Harvard economist Robert Stavins. \u003ccite>(Laurel Rosenhall/CALmatters)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Gov. Jerry Brown is plowing ahead with plans to cut vehicle oil use in half through executive orders and regulations like the low carbon fuel standard. The standard requires producers to cut the carbon intensity of their fuels 10 percent by 2020. To reach the standard, refineries will have to make a blend that uses more alternative fuels – like ethanol – and less oil.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The program was adopted in 2009 but was locked in a court battle for years. California regulators prevailed, and took action last year to \u003ca href=\"http://bigstory.ap.org/article/2c27a7e0387b483bbc739b833898df51/california-regulators-restore-emissions-cutting-fuel-rule\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">resume the program\u003c/a>. Now producers must start changing the way they formulate their fuel or buy credits if their product is over the limit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s led to higher costs for fuel makers, which they are passing on to consumers at a rate of about 4 cents per gallon, according to the California Energy Commission. At that rate, oil companies are paying about $750 million per year for the fuel standard. But the price is likely to keep increasing, the oil industry warns, as it gets tougher to meet the standard that increases over time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Which is where Stavins’ argument comes in. It goes like this: the cleaner fuels required by the low carbon fuel standard will emit less greenhouse gas. That will reduce the need for fuel producers to buy permits in the cap and trade system (which makes industry pay for emitting climate-warming pollution) and create additional emissions by allowing other manufacturers to buy the pollution permits. Less demand will also depress prices on the cap and trade market.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>Stavins is the director of Harvard’s Environmental Economics Program and part of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, a prestigious group of experts who review research for the United Nations. He’s also an advisor to the Western States Petroleum Association, which paid him to make the trip to Sacramento, where he talked with reporters before a day of meetings with lawmakers and business leaders.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Environmental advocates and California clean air regulators reject his view. They say the fuel standard works in harmony with other carbon-reducing programs and it’s an important piece of California’s effort to achieve its climate change goals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“One of the major goals of the low carbon fuel standard… is to drive innovation of new and alternative low carbon fuels,” said Stanley Young, spokesman for the California Air Resources Board. “The cap and trade program on its own cannot do that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Alternative fuel producers gathered in a ballroom near the Capitol days after Stavins’ visit to Sacramento. During a presentation on the rising price of low carbon fuel credits, Hessler, the biofuels lobbyist, warned that the program is coming under “political attack.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He defended the fuel standard by saying the regulation limits the price of the credits, and the cost to consumers will be kept down as some fuel producers make money by selling credits to others. He urged conference participants to share his information with California policymakers to counter opposition to the low carbon fuel standard.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve got to be ready for this,” Hessler said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A fight last year over a low carbon fuel standard in the state of Washington may provide some clues about how things could go down here. There, Democratic Gov. Jay Inslee proposed a low carbon fuel standard but failed to earn enough support for it in the Legislature. The fuel standard became a bargaining chip for Republicans in negotiations about funding for transportation infrastructure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here in California, lawmakers and Gov. Brown are also negotiating a plan to pay for a \u003ca href=\"https://calmatters.org/articles/long-neglected-road-maintenance-is-now-urgent-and-expensive/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">backlog of repairs\u003c/a> to state roads and highways. Brown has pitched spending $36 billion over the next decade with a mix of taxes and other revenue sources. Republican votes are necessary to reach the two-thirds threshold for approving new taxes. So far, Republicans have balked at the plan, with some suggesting that the fuel standard should be included in the negotiations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As we’re having the discussions about transportation funding in general in California, and transportation taxes in particular, this ought to be part of the discussion,” said Assemblyman Jay Obernolte (R-Hesperia).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s a message echoed by the president of the Western States Petroleum Association, which advocated against the low carbon fuel standard in Washington. Catherine Reheis-Boyd said she wants California lawmakers to “take a very hard look” at the low carbon fuel standard as they consider the future of climate change policies and the desire to repair the state’s roads.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“All those things interplay,” Reheis-Boyd said. “That’s a big conversation. I think people across the state are willing to have it, and I think we’re at a pivotal point to have it this year.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
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"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
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"marketplace": {
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"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
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"info": "Masters of Scale is an original podcast in which LinkedIn co-founder and Greylock Partner Reid Hoffman sets out to describe and prove theories that explain how great entrepreneurs take their companies from zero to a gazillion in ingenious fashion.",
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"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
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"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
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"tagline": "Politics from a personal perspective",
"info": "Political Breakdown is a new series that explores the political intersection of California and the nation. Each week hosts Scott Shafer and Marisa Lagos are joined with a new special guest to unpack politics -- with personality — and offer an insider’s glimpse at how politics happens.",
"airtime": "THU 6:30pm-7pm",
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"possible": {
"id": "possible",
"title": "Possible",
"info": "Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.",
"airtime": "SUN 2pm",
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"pri-the-world": {
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"info": "Each weekday, host Marco Werman and his team of producers bring you the world's most interesting stories in an hour of radio that reminds us just how small our planet really is.",
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"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-World-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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"radiolab": {
"id": "radiolab",
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"info": "A two-time Peabody Award-winner, Radiolab is an investigation told through sounds and stories, and centered around one big idea. In the Radiolab world, information sounds like music and science and culture collide. Hosted by Jad Abumrad and Robert Krulwich, the show is designed for listeners who demand skepticism, but appreciate wonder. WNYC Studios is the producer of other leading podcasts including Freakonomics Radio, Death, Sex & Money, On the Media and many more.",
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"reveal": {
"id": "reveal",
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"info": "Created by The Center for Investigative Reporting and PRX, Reveal is public radios first one-hour weekly radio show and podcast dedicated to investigative reporting. Credible, fact based and without a partisan agenda, Reveal combines the power and artistry of driveway moment storytelling with data-rich reporting on critically important issues. The result is stories that inform and inspire, arming our listeners with information to right injustices, hold the powerful accountable and improve lives.Reveal is hosted by Al Letson and showcases the award-winning work of CIR and newsrooms large and small across the nation. In a radio and podcast market crowded with choices, Reveal focuses on important and often surprising stories that illuminate the world for our listeners.",
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},
"rightnowish": {
"id": "rightnowish",
"title": "Rightnowish",
"tagline": "Art is where you find it",
"info": "Rightnowish digs into life in the Bay Area right now… ish. Journalist Pendarvis Harshaw takes us to galleries painted on the sides of liquor stores in West Oakland. We'll dance in warehouses in the Bayview, make smoothies with kids in South Berkeley, and listen to classical music in a 1984 Cutlass Supreme in Richmond. Every week, Pen talks to movers and shakers about how the Bay Area shapes what they create, and how they shape the place we call home.",
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},
"science-friday": {
"id": "science-friday",
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"info": "Science Friday is a weekly science talk show, broadcast live over public radio stations nationwide. Each week, the show focuses on science topics that are in the news and tries to bring an educated, balanced discussion to bear on the scientific issues at hand. Panels of expert guests join host Ira Flatow, a veteran science journalist, to discuss science and to take questions from listeners during the call-in portion of the program.",
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"snap-judgment": {
"id": "snap-judgment",
"title": "Snap Judgment",
"tagline": "Real stories with killer beats",
"info": "The Snap Judgment radio show and podcast mixes real stories with killer beats to produce cinematic, dramatic radio. Snap's musical brand of storytelling dares listeners to see the world through the eyes of another. This is storytelling... with a BEAT!! Snap first aired on public radio stations nationwide in July 2010. Today, Snap Judgment airs on over 450 public radio stations and is brought to the airwaves by KQED & PRX.",
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},
"soldout": {
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