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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Listen to the Story:\u003c/strong>\t \t \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2016/05/WEBMeasureAASommer160509.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sea levels are expected to rise significantly by mid-century, threatening airports and major highways around San Francisco Bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A first-of-its-kind measure on the June ballot is designed to jump-start the Bay Area’s preparation for that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Measure AA would create a new property tax in the nine Bay Area counties to restore tidal marshes and help secure flood protection.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘It’s only a latte a month. That’s the phrase that the tax-and-spend crowd really likes to use. Bet you dollars to donuts that we’re going to hear that.’\u003ccite>Jon Coupal, Howard Jarvis Taxpayers Asociation\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>According to one study, $62 billion of property around San Francisco Bay is at risk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s been parts of 101 and other roads that have been underwater in the recent past,” says Mike Mielke of the Silicon Valley Leadership Group, “and that’s only a small taste of what’s to come.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The tax would be the same for low-income families who have a small home and for tech companies with a large campus located right on the shoreline, like Google and Facebook. And that’s causing some controversy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What Measure AA Would Do\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nMeasure AA would implement a $12-a-year parcel tax, raising about half a billion dollars over 20 years. The money would go toward building up the bay’s defense against sea level rise by restoring marshes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The marshes are a great buffer because the plants in the wetlands slow down the wave action and reduce the flooding,” says David Lewis, executive director of the non-profit Save the Bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Low-lying plants in tidal marshes, such as those on the Richmond shoreline, act like sponges, Lewis says, absorbing surges from big waves and floods.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Around 80 percent of the bay’s marshes have been lost since the Gold Rush, many paved over for development.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They were filled in to create dumps for the cities here in the East Bay and where the population put its garbage for decades,” says Lewis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Around 30,000 acres of restoration projects around the bay are in need of funding. Lewis says Measure AA could help implement about a third of them and draw down federal grants that are awarded only when local funds are being spent as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Sites at Risk From Sea Level Rise\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Scientists say the sea level could rise up to 55 inches by 2100; new estimates coming out soon could put that number higher.\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"100%\" height=\"520\" frameborder=\"0\" src=\"https://kqedscience.cartodb.com/viz/76c95b64-13b9-11e6-8913-0ecfd53eb7d3/embed_map\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\">\u003csup>SOURCE: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (Teodros Hailye/KQED Science)\u003c/sup>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Why It’s Controversial\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nSupporters must convince voters who live nowhere near the shoreline that restoration has benefits for them too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is a very tiny tax shared by a lot of people that generates a huge amount of benefit for San Francisco Bay for people and wildlife,” says Lewis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s only a latte a month,” says Jon Coupal, president of the Howard Jarvis Taxpayers Association. “That’s the phrase that the tax-and-spend crowd really likes to use. Bet you dollars to donuts that we’re going to hear that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As Coupal sees it, the problem with Measure AA is that everyone would pay the same no matter the size of their property or how much they would benefit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Whether it is a struggling farmworker family in a very modest bungalow in Gilroy or the Apple campus there in Silicon Valley,” he says. “So obviously there are equity issues with respect to this particular proposal.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Waterfront views have long been a draw for many companies around the Bay Area, like Facebook. Its Menlo Park campus is surrounded by water on two sides.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You get the beautiful view of the bay,” says Facebook’s public policy manager Juan Salazar, standing on the nine-acre green roof on top of the company’s newest building. “On a good day, you can actually see Oakland from here.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_677503\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-677503\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/Facebook-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"Facebook's headquarters in Menlo Park sits right on the bay waterfront.\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/Facebook-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/Facebook-400x225.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/Facebook-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/Facebook-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/Facebook.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/Facebook-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/Facebook-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Facebook’s headquarters in Menlo Park sit right on the bay waterfront. \u003ccite>(Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The scenic location is also becoming a liability for Facebook and half a dozen other tech giants on the shore. Scientists say sea level could rise more than a foot by mid-century and up to five feet by the end of the century, depending on how climate change plays out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Salazar says Facebook is already planning for that. “The building that you’re sitting in right now, we were built above a floodplain,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Salazar says there’s more to be done both to protect businesses and the roads and freeways in the area. Mike Mielke of the Silicon Valley Leadership Group agrees the measure is focused on airports, roads, and neighborhoods. He says tech companies will take care of protecting themselves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s the public infrastructure that we all share in and we all have a risk associated with if it’s flooded,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Coupal isn’t against bay restoration, but would rather see it paid for through the state’s general fund.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Why Measure AA Is a First\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nIf the measure passes, it’ll be a first. Coastal cities like New Orleans have turned to federal grants to protect themselves. But raising money directly from the public for climate change could be a model for other coastal areas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Measure AA will need two-thirds of all the votes cast in the nine counties around the bay to pass. Voters will decide June 7th.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "The measure would establish a $12 annual parcel tax to restore tidal marshes and help defend against sea level rise.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Listen to the Story:\u003c/strong>\t \t \u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Sea levels are expected to rise significantly by mid-century, threatening airports and major highways around San Francisco Bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A first-of-its-kind measure on the June ballot is designed to jump-start the Bay Area’s preparation for that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Measure AA would create a new property tax in the nine Bay Area counties to restore tidal marshes and help secure flood protection.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘It’s only a latte a month. That’s the phrase that the tax-and-spend crowd really likes to use. Bet you dollars to donuts that we’re going to hear that.’\u003ccite>Jon Coupal, Howard Jarvis Taxpayers Asociation\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>According to one study, $62 billion of property around San Francisco Bay is at risk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s been parts of 101 and other roads that have been underwater in the recent past,” says Mike Mielke of the Silicon Valley Leadership Group, “and that’s only a small taste of what’s to come.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The tax would be the same for low-income families who have a small home and for tech companies with a large campus located right on the shoreline, like Google and Facebook. And that’s causing some controversy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What Measure AA Would Do\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nMeasure AA would implement a $12-a-year parcel tax, raising about half a billion dollars over 20 years. The money would go toward building up the bay’s defense against sea level rise by restoring marshes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The marshes are a great buffer because the plants in the wetlands slow down the wave action and reduce the flooding,” says David Lewis, executive director of the non-profit Save the Bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Low-lying plants in tidal marshes, such as those on the Richmond shoreline, act like sponges, Lewis says, absorbing surges from big waves and floods.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Around 80 percent of the bay’s marshes have been lost since the Gold Rush, many paved over for development.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They were filled in to create dumps for the cities here in the East Bay and where the population put its garbage for decades,” says Lewis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Around 30,000 acres of restoration projects around the bay are in need of funding. Lewis says Measure AA could help implement about a third of them and draw down federal grants that are awarded only when local funds are being spent as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Sites at Risk From Sea Level Rise\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Scientists say the sea level could rise up to 55 inches by 2100; new estimates coming out soon could put that number higher.\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"100%\" height=\"520\" frameborder=\"0\" src=\"https://kqedscience.cartodb.com/viz/76c95b64-13b9-11e6-8913-0ecfd53eb7d3/embed_map\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\">\u003csup>SOURCE: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (Teodros Hailye/KQED Science)\u003c/sup>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Why It’s Controversial\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nSupporters must convince voters who live nowhere near the shoreline that restoration has benefits for them too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is a very tiny tax shared by a lot of people that generates a huge amount of benefit for San Francisco Bay for people and wildlife,” says Lewis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s only a latte a month,” says Jon Coupal, president of the Howard Jarvis Taxpayers Association. “That’s the phrase that the tax-and-spend crowd really likes to use. Bet you dollars to donuts that we’re going to hear that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As Coupal sees it, the problem with Measure AA is that everyone would pay the same no matter the size of their property or how much they would benefit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Whether it is a struggling farmworker family in a very modest bungalow in Gilroy or the Apple campus there in Silicon Valley,” he says. “So obviously there are equity issues with respect to this particular proposal.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Waterfront views have long been a draw for many companies around the Bay Area, like Facebook. Its Menlo Park campus is surrounded by water on two sides.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You get the beautiful view of the bay,” says Facebook’s public policy manager Juan Salazar, standing on the nine-acre green roof on top of the company’s newest building. “On a good day, you can actually see Oakland from here.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_677503\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-677503\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/Facebook-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"Facebook's headquarters in Menlo Park sits right on the bay waterfront.\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/Facebook-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/Facebook-400x225.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/Facebook-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/Facebook-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/Facebook.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/Facebook-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/Facebook-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Facebook’s headquarters in Menlo Park sit right on the bay waterfront. \u003ccite>(Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The scenic location is also becoming a liability for Facebook and half a dozen other tech giants on the shore. Scientists say sea level could rise more than a foot by mid-century and up to five feet by the end of the century, depending on how climate change plays out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Salazar says Facebook is already planning for that. “The building that you’re sitting in right now, we were built above a floodplain,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Salazar says there’s more to be done both to protect businesses and the roads and freeways in the area. Mike Mielke of the Silicon Valley Leadership Group agrees the measure is focused on airports, roads, and neighborhoods. He says tech companies will take care of protecting themselves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s the public infrastructure that we all share in and we all have a risk associated with if it’s flooded,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Coupal isn’t against bay restoration, but would rather see it paid for through the state’s general fund.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Why Measure AA Is a First\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nIf the measure passes, it’ll be a first. Coastal cities like New Orleans have turned to federal grants to protect themselves. But raising money directly from the public for climate change could be a model for other coastal areas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Measure AA will need two-thirds of all the votes cast in the nine counties around the bay to pass. Voters will decide June 7th.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Fracking Hits Milestone as Natural Gas Use Rises in U.S.",
"headTitle": "Fracking Hits Milestone as Natural Gas Use Rises in U.S. | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>More natural gas in the U.S. is coming from wells that have been hydraulically fractured than ever before, and fracking’s share of the country’s gas supply is continuing to rise, according to \u003ca href=\"http://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.cfm?id=26112\">new data\u003c/a> from the U.S. Energy Information Administration.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the same time, the fracking boom in the U.S. has led to a major boost in natural gas consumption, and for the first time last year, natural gas contributed about the same level of greenhouse gas emissions as coal, the globe’s largest single source of greenhouse gas emissions driving climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sixty-seven percent of natural gas produced in the U.S. came from fractured wells in 2015, according to the data. That represented a total of 53 billion cubic feet of natural gas per day, up from 50 billion cubic feet in 2014.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2000, only 3.6 billion cubic feet of gas came from fractured wells — roughly 7 percent of total U.S. natural gas production that year. About a third of the gas produced in the U.S. is used to generate electricity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The natural gas and crude oil production boom over the last decade was enabled by fracking — the process of injecting large amounts of water, sand and chemicals into wells at high pressure to release crude oil and natural gas locked within solid rock, usually shale.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The boom led to the U.S. becoming the world’s largest producer of oil and flooded the market with natural gas, driving down prices. That encouraged utilities to build more electric power plants that run on natural gas instead of coal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_687259\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 550px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-687259\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/EIA_fracking.png\" alt=\"U.S. Energy Information Administration\" width=\"550\" height=\"287\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/EIA_fracking.png 550w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/EIA_fracking-400x209.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 550px) 100vw, 550px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">U.S. Energy Information Administration\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The shale gas boom is one of the main reasons that more electricity was generated with natural gas than coal for the \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/natural-gas-to-surpass-coal-for-electricity-20154\">first time\u003c/a> last year, and 2016 is poised to be the first full calendar year that natural gas is expected to eclipse coal as the nation’s chief source of electricity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though natural gas emits about half the carbon dioxide emissions as coal, EIA \u003ca href=\"http://www.eia.gov/totalenergy/data/monthly/pdf/mer.pdf\">data\u003c/a> show that carbon dioxide emissions from the two energy sources have begun to nearly match each other in the U.S. as natural gas use spikes and coal consumption falls.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Coal consumption in the U.S. emitted about 1.5 billion metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent in 2015 while at the same time natural gas use emitted 1.48 billion metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent last year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even though emissions are now about the same, natural gas contains more energy and can power more homes than coal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You almost get twice as much energy for the same amount of emissions,” EIA analyst Perry Lindstrom said. “For the amount of energy consumed, natural gas produces fewer CO2 emissions.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shale gas and oil production is also susceptible to methane leaks and possible groundwater contamination, concerns that led New York state to ban fracking last year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Methane is about 86 times more potent than carbon dioxide as a climate change-driving greenhouse gas over a period of 20 years. A Harvard University \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/us-60-percent-of-global-methane-growth-20037\">study\u003c/a> published in February showed that the U.S. may be responsible for up to 60 percent of the growth in global atmospheric methane concentrations, possibly because of the nation’s shale gas boom.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If (methane) leak rates are any greater than tiny, there is probably not a climate benefit” to using natural gas, said Duke University atmospheric scientist \u003ca href=\"https://nicholas.duke.edu/people/faculty/shindell\">Drew Shindell\u003c/a>. “Fracking can be worse in some cases as sometimes small companies don’t pay much attention to leaks, but the leak issue applied to all sources, storage, and transmission.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Reining in methane leaks from oil and gas wells is a top priority of the Environmental Protection Agency, which is expected to announce a \u003ca href=\"http://www.eenews.net/stories/1060030955\">new regulation\u003c/a> aiming to control leaks from new oil and gas wells this month.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>More natural gas in the U.S. is coming from wells that have been hydraulically fractured than ever before, and fracking’s share of the country’s gas supply is continuing to rise, according to \u003ca href=\"http://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.cfm?id=26112\">new data\u003c/a> from the U.S. Energy Information Administration.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the same time, the fracking boom in the U.S. has led to a major boost in natural gas consumption, and for the first time last year, natural gas contributed about the same level of greenhouse gas emissions as coal, the globe’s largest single source of greenhouse gas emissions driving climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sixty-seven percent of natural gas produced in the U.S. came from fractured wells in 2015, according to the data. That represented a total of 53 billion cubic feet of natural gas per day, up from 50 billion cubic feet in 2014.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2000, only 3.6 billion cubic feet of gas came from fractured wells — roughly 7 percent of total U.S. natural gas production that year. About a third of the gas produced in the U.S. is used to generate electricity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The natural gas and crude oil production boom over the last decade was enabled by fracking — the process of injecting large amounts of water, sand and chemicals into wells at high pressure to release crude oil and natural gas locked within solid rock, usually shale.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The boom led to the U.S. becoming the world’s largest producer of oil and flooded the market with natural gas, driving down prices. That encouraged utilities to build more electric power plants that run on natural gas instead of coal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_687259\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 550px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-687259\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/EIA_fracking.png\" alt=\"U.S. Energy Information Administration\" width=\"550\" height=\"287\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/EIA_fracking.png 550w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/EIA_fracking-400x209.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 550px) 100vw, 550px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">U.S. Energy Information Administration\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The shale gas boom is one of the main reasons that more electricity was generated with natural gas than coal for the \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/natural-gas-to-surpass-coal-for-electricity-20154\">first time\u003c/a> last year, and 2016 is poised to be the first full calendar year that natural gas is expected to eclipse coal as the nation’s chief source of electricity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though natural gas emits about half the carbon dioxide emissions as coal, EIA \u003ca href=\"http://www.eia.gov/totalenergy/data/monthly/pdf/mer.pdf\">data\u003c/a> show that carbon dioxide emissions from the two energy sources have begun to nearly match each other in the U.S. as natural gas use spikes and coal consumption falls.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Coal consumption in the U.S. emitted about 1.5 billion metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent in 2015 while at the same time natural gas use emitted 1.48 billion metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent last year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even though emissions are now about the same, natural gas contains more energy and can power more homes than coal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You almost get twice as much energy for the same amount of emissions,” EIA analyst Perry Lindstrom said. “For the amount of energy consumed, natural gas produces fewer CO2 emissions.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shale gas and oil production is also susceptible to methane leaks and possible groundwater contamination, concerns that led New York state to ban fracking last year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Methane is about 86 times more potent than carbon dioxide as a climate change-driving greenhouse gas over a period of 20 years. A Harvard University \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/us-60-percent-of-global-methane-growth-20037\">study\u003c/a> published in February showed that the U.S. may be responsible for up to 60 percent of the growth in global atmospheric methane concentrations, possibly because of the nation’s shale gas boom.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If (methane) leak rates are any greater than tiny, there is probably not a climate benefit” to using natural gas, said Duke University atmospheric scientist \u003ca href=\"https://nicholas.duke.edu/people/faculty/shindell\">Drew Shindell\u003c/a>. “Fracking can be worse in some cases as sometimes small companies don’t pay much attention to leaks, but the leak issue applied to all sources, storage, and transmission.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Reining in methane leaks from oil and gas wells is a top priority of the Environmental Protection Agency, which is expected to announce a \u003ca href=\"http://www.eenews.net/stories/1060030955\">new regulation\u003c/a> aiming to control leaks from new oil and gas wells this month.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Droves of baby starfish are returning to Oregon and Northern California’s shores after a wasting disease decimated whole populations of the creatures over the past two years along the West Coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Data collected by Oregon State University researchers shows an unprecedented number of baby starfish, or sea stars, survived the summer and winter of 2015, \u003ca href=\"http://bit.ly/1WR9Y4\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">the Eureka Times Standard reported\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”mrf0qUMoIDoHBlRwnLgSSQC0ZPA2LJGc”]”When we looked at the settlement of the larval sea stars on rocks in 2014 during the epidemic, it was the same or maybe even a bit lower than previous years,” Oregon State University marine biology professor Bruce Menge said in a statement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“But a few months later, the number of juveniles was off the charts— higher than we’d ever seen — as much as 300 times normal.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A similar increase was found at sites just north of Trinidad, California, near Patrick’s Point State Park. A baby starfish boom also was noted in the summer of 2014 near Santa Cruz.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A virus killed millions of starfish on the Pacific Coast from Southern California to Alaska by causing them to lose their limbs and eventually disintegrate into slime and piles of tiny bones.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The cause of the massive outbreak remains unclear. Some have hypothesized it to be abnormally warm waters in the Pacific Ocean, which have wreaked havoc on marine ecosystems for the past two years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Humboldt State University Marine Lab Director Brian Tissot disagrees with that hypothesis since the virus spread during colder months and didn’t expand as much during the abnormally warm 2015.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There is no clear environmental cue,” Tissot said, adding the deadly wasting disease has declined in intensity but remains present.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Experts say that while it’s encouraging to see the abundance of baby starfish, the disease, competition and environmental factors make their survival difficult.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Droves of baby starfish are returning to Oregon and Northern California’s shores after a wasting disease decimated whole populations of the creatures over the past two years along the West Coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Data collected by Oregon State University researchers shows an unprecedented number of baby starfish, or sea stars, survived the summer and winter of 2015, \u003ca href=\"http://bit.ly/1WR9Y4\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">the Eureka Times Standard reported\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>”When we looked at the settlement of the larval sea stars on rocks in 2014 during the epidemic, it was the same or maybe even a bit lower than previous years,” Oregon State University marine biology professor Bruce Menge said in a statement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“But a few months later, the number of juveniles was off the charts— higher than we’d ever seen — as much as 300 times normal.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A similar increase was found at sites just north of Trinidad, California, near Patrick’s Point State Park. A baby starfish boom also was noted in the summer of 2014 near Santa Cruz.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A virus killed millions of starfish on the Pacific Coast from Southern California to Alaska by causing them to lose their limbs and eventually disintegrate into slime and piles of tiny bones.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The cause of the massive outbreak remains unclear. Some have hypothesized it to be abnormally warm waters in the Pacific Ocean, which have wreaked havoc on marine ecosystems for the past two years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Humboldt State University Marine Lab Director Brian Tissot disagrees with that hypothesis since the virus spread during colder months and didn’t expand as much during the abnormally warm 2015.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There is no clear environmental cue,” Tissot said, adding the deadly wasting disease has declined in intensity but remains present.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Experts say that while it’s encouraging to see the abundance of baby starfish, the disease, competition and environmental factors make their survival difficult.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Rose, an Oakland resident, will celebrate her first Mother’s Day this weekend. She’ll probably start with breakfast and a morning swim. She’ll dunk her babies underwater and wrestle them for awhile, then perhaps an afternoon nap.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rose, a river otter at the Oakland Zoo, gave birth to three fuzzy pups in January. Her mother, Ginger, welcomed her fourth litter of pups in December. The proud father of both, resident Oakland Zoo stud Wyatt, completes the river otter family exhibit at the Wayne and Gladys Valley Children’s Zoo.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As your own mother can attest (and maybe she’s reminded you on a few occasions) babies are demanding little miracles. Newborns are nearly helpless and need constant attention. River otters are no different.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They literally can’t do much besides find the teet and nurse,” says Margaret Rousser, zoological manager at the Oakland Zoo.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rose doesn’t have to worry about predators, but wild river otters are \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2016/03/11/river-otters-stage-a-comeback-in-bay-area\">making a comeback\u003c/a> in the Bay Area, and wild otter moms have a lot to worry about. Raccoons and dogs can dig up their natal dens. And a mom needs to be sure she can get food and keep her pups warm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In order to give their young ones the best chance at survival, river otters and other mammals have evolved a way to time their pregnancies so babies come when the habitat has ample resources for the new family.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_681281\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-681281\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/Newborn-river-otter--800x500.jpg\" alt=\"Newborn river otters at the Oakland Zoo get weekly checkups the staff calls 'pupdates\" width=\"800\" height=\"500\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/Newborn-river-otter--800x500.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/Newborn-river-otter--400x250.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/Newborn-river-otter--768x480.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/Newborn-river-otter--1440x900.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/Newborn-river-otter--1920x1200.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/Newborn-river-otter--1180x738.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/Newborn-river-otter--960x600.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Newborn river otters at the Oakland Zoo get weekly checkups the staff calls “pupdates.” \u003ccite>(Reuben Maness/Oakland Zoo)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Pregnancy’s Pause Button\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some mammal mothers can press the pause button on an embryo’s development—it’s a process called delayed implantation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unlike the choice human females can make to use birth control or freeze eggs to time a pregnancy, delayed implantation is unconscious. The animal mamma’s body responds to environmental cues that tell her the habitat will support her young ones. A physiological call to action: It’s go time!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Delayed implantation has some obvious benefits. Babies literally suck up tons of energy by breastfeeding. Waiting until conditions are ripe gives the baby and the mother a better chance at survival.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It helps mate selection, too. Some animals are alone most of the year; a female can go long stretches without seeing a desirable male. Delayed implantation allows her to mate when she finds a good one, and then hold onto the embryo, perhaps for months, until the timing is right for birth. If only humans were so lucky.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What Is Delayed Implantation?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rose’s and Ginger’s pregnancies began just like your own mother’s did. The male’s sperm fused with their eggs to form a single-celled zygote. The zygote divided into a bundle of cells called a blastocyst. Here’s where human and otters diverge.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At this stage, otter development just stops. In river otters, the blastocyst can hang out in the uterus for seven to 10 months until just the right time… BOOM. An environmental signal triggers a spike in hormones that jolts the embryo back into action to implant into the uterine wall.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rose and Ginger both mated with Wyatt last spring. About 9 months later, the handlers noticed Rose acting strange. In the wild, female otters only tolerate males during mating season. At the zoo, Wyatt, Rose and Ginger are the best of buddies but during pregnancy, instinct kicks in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Rose started being cranky with Wyatt,” says Rousser. “She didn’t want anything to do with him.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Zoo staff, ready to monitor Rose’s pregnancy, wanted to be sure her embryo had actually implanted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So they shipped Rose’s frozen poop to Cincinnati.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Reading Hormones in Otter Poop\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you’re Helen Bateman’s mail carrier, you really hope those packages are frozen, because you’re delivering a lot of poop to her lab.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Every winter, zoos from all over the country send frozen otter feces to Bateman — she’s a research associate at the Center for Conservation and Research of Endangered Wildlife at the Cincinnati Zoo & Botanical Garden. Bateman ‘reads’ the poop for a spike in progesterone, the hormone that tells her when implantation occurred.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“For a lot of carnivores, it’s in the poop,” she says, adding that it’s difficult to get urine samples from water-loving otters. “They’re not so good at peeing on cue.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bateman gives the zoos a 10-day window for the birth. River otters are predictable— they give birth 63 to 74 days after implantation.\u003cbr>\n\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"//giphy.com/embed/DwnjlKzICUYtG\" width=\"100%\" frameborder=\"0\" class=\"giphy-embed\" height=\"500\" scrolling=\"yes\">\u003c/iframe>\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>A Scientific Mystery\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Delayed implantation pops up across the mammal spectrum, including in species of marsupials, rodents, and mustelids, like river otters. But we still don’t know exactly how it works.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most of what we do know is from experiments on the mink, courtesy of the fur coat industry, Bateman says. These experiments show that seasonal light cues trigger implantation. This makes sense—at high latitudes, longer days signal the passing of winter. As the snow melts, a mink mother has access to the nutrition she needs to grow a healthy pup.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Day length also seems to be a trigger for polar bears. For some bats and seals, rainfall and temperature seem to be other factors in implantation. There’s also a genetic component. Probably, it’s a mix of all of these.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For endangered species populations researchers are trying to breed in captivity such as polar bears and giant pandas, delayed implantation makes the process complicated, Bateman says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She points out that scientists can’t manipulate endangered species to test what works best.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists think that the widespread existence of delayed implantation in mammals is evidence that a common ancestor of all mammals was probably a delayed implanter. As evolutionary branches diverged over millions of years, groups dropped the trait.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So actually, humans might be the strange ones. Our ancestor lost the ability long ago.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Rose, an Oakland resident, will celebrate her first Mother’s Day this weekend. She’ll probably start with breakfast and a morning swim. She’ll dunk her babies underwater and wrestle them for awhile, then perhaps an afternoon nap.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rose, a river otter at the Oakland Zoo, gave birth to three fuzzy pups in January. Her mother, Ginger, welcomed her fourth litter of pups in December. The proud father of both, resident Oakland Zoo stud Wyatt, completes the river otter family exhibit at the Wayne and Gladys Valley Children’s Zoo.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As your own mother can attest (and maybe she’s reminded you on a few occasions) babies are demanding little miracles. Newborns are nearly helpless and need constant attention. River otters are no different.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They literally can’t do much besides find the teet and nurse,” says Margaret Rousser, zoological manager at the Oakland Zoo.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rose doesn’t have to worry about predators, but wild river otters are \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2016/03/11/river-otters-stage-a-comeback-in-bay-area\">making a comeback\u003c/a> in the Bay Area, and wild otter moms have a lot to worry about. Raccoons and dogs can dig up their natal dens. And a mom needs to be sure she can get food and keep her pups warm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In order to give their young ones the best chance at survival, river otters and other mammals have evolved a way to time their pregnancies so babies come when the habitat has ample resources for the new family.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_681281\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-681281\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/Newborn-river-otter--800x500.jpg\" alt=\"Newborn river otters at the Oakland Zoo get weekly checkups the staff calls 'pupdates\" width=\"800\" height=\"500\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/Newborn-river-otter--800x500.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/Newborn-river-otter--400x250.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/Newborn-river-otter--768x480.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/Newborn-river-otter--1440x900.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/Newborn-river-otter--1920x1200.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/Newborn-river-otter--1180x738.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/Newborn-river-otter--960x600.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Newborn river otters at the Oakland Zoo get weekly checkups the staff calls “pupdates.” \u003ccite>(Reuben Maness/Oakland Zoo)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Pregnancy’s Pause Button\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some mammal mothers can press the pause button on an embryo’s development—it’s a process called delayed implantation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unlike the choice human females can make to use birth control or freeze eggs to time a pregnancy, delayed implantation is unconscious. The animal mamma’s body responds to environmental cues that tell her the habitat will support her young ones. A physiological call to action: It’s go time!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Delayed implantation has some obvious benefits. Babies literally suck up tons of energy by breastfeeding. Waiting until conditions are ripe gives the baby and the mother a better chance at survival.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It helps mate selection, too. Some animals are alone most of the year; a female can go long stretches without seeing a desirable male. Delayed implantation allows her to mate when she finds a good one, and then hold onto the embryo, perhaps for months, until the timing is right for birth. If only humans were so lucky.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What Is Delayed Implantation?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rose’s and Ginger’s pregnancies began just like your own mother’s did. The male’s sperm fused with their eggs to form a single-celled zygote. The zygote divided into a bundle of cells called a blastocyst. Here’s where human and otters diverge.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At this stage, otter development just stops. In river otters, the blastocyst can hang out in the uterus for seven to 10 months until just the right time… BOOM. An environmental signal triggers a spike in hormones that jolts the embryo back into action to implant into the uterine wall.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rose and Ginger both mated with Wyatt last spring. About 9 months later, the handlers noticed Rose acting strange. In the wild, female otters only tolerate males during mating season. At the zoo, Wyatt, Rose and Ginger are the best of buddies but during pregnancy, instinct kicks in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Rose started being cranky with Wyatt,” says Rousser. “She didn’t want anything to do with him.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Zoo staff, ready to monitor Rose’s pregnancy, wanted to be sure her embryo had actually implanted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So they shipped Rose’s frozen poop to Cincinnati.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Reading Hormones in Otter Poop\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you’re Helen Bateman’s mail carrier, you really hope those packages are frozen, because you’re delivering a lot of poop to her lab.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Every winter, zoos from all over the country send frozen otter feces to Bateman — she’s a research associate at the Center for Conservation and Research of Endangered Wildlife at the Cincinnati Zoo & Botanical Garden. Bateman ‘reads’ the poop for a spike in progesterone, the hormone that tells her when implantation occurred.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“For a lot of carnivores, it’s in the poop,” she says, adding that it’s difficult to get urine samples from water-loving otters. “They’re not so good at peeing on cue.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bateman gives the zoos a 10-day window for the birth. River otters are predictable— they give birth 63 to 74 days after implantation.\u003cbr>\n\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"//giphy.com/embed/DwnjlKzICUYtG\" width=\"100%\" frameborder=\"0\" class=\"giphy-embed\" height=\"500\" scrolling=\"yes\">\u003c/iframe>\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>A Scientific Mystery\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Delayed implantation pops up across the mammal spectrum, including in species of marsupials, rodents, and mustelids, like river otters. But we still don’t know exactly how it works.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most of what we do know is from experiments on the mink, courtesy of the fur coat industry, Bateman says. These experiments show that seasonal light cues trigger implantation. This makes sense—at high latitudes, longer days signal the passing of winter. As the snow melts, a mink mother has access to the nutrition she needs to grow a healthy pup.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Day length also seems to be a trigger for polar bears. For some bats and seals, rainfall and temperature seem to be other factors in implantation. There’s also a genetic component. 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"content": "\u003cp>The Sierra Nevada snowpack is a classic example of what scientists call “high inter-annual variability.” Translation: whatever’s happening this year, don’t count on it next year — or ever.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Given the whipsaw nature of things, it could reasonably be considered a dicey proposition that California depends on the snowpack for about a third of its water supply. With the climate changing, it’s becoming even dicier. Scientists expect the snowpack to dwindle in coming decades, but within that general decline, higher highs and lower lows are likely.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It can’t get much lower than the winter of 2014-15, the nadir of California’s current drought. On May 1, 2015, water content of the Sierra snowpack stood at 1 percent of the long-term average — virtually nil. Using tree ring evidence, scientists estimated that to be the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/news/california-snowpack-lowest-in-past-500-years-1.18345\">skimpiest snowpack in 500 years\u003c/a>. \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2016/05/06/sierra-meltdown-what-snow-we-got-is-going-fast/\">This spring’s snowpack\u003c/a>, while considerably more robust, was still below average. The official stance is that California remains in drought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Use the interactive tools below to trace the highs and lows of the snowpack over time.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv align=\"center\">\n\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"http://vis.ecowest.org/interactive/snow.php#s=CA&h=1\" width=\"1500\" height=\"550\" frameborder=\"0\" style=\"min-width: 100%; width: 100px; height: 100vh; border: 0;\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Visualization by \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/mcgeoff\">Geoff McGhee\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/davidkroodsma\">David Kroodsma\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/enoex\">Erik Hazzard\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/mitchtobin\">Mitch Tobin\u003c/a> for \u003ca href=\"http://ecowest.org/\">EcoWest\u003c/a>, a collaboration of The \u003ca href=\"http://west.stanford.edu/\">Bill Lane Center\u003c/a> for the American West at Stanford University and \u003ca href=\"http://seatosnow.com/\">Sea to Snow\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The Sierra Nevada snowpack is a classic example of what scientists call “high inter-annual variability.” Translation: whatever’s happening this year, don’t count on it next year — or ever.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Given the whipsaw nature of things, it could reasonably be considered a dicey proposition that California depends on the snowpack for about a third of its water supply. With the climate changing, it’s becoming even dicier. Scientists expect the snowpack to dwindle in coming decades, but within that general decline, higher highs and lower lows are likely.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It can’t get much lower than the winter of 2014-15, the nadir of California’s current drought. On May 1, 2015, water content of the Sierra snowpack stood at 1 percent of the long-term average — virtually nil. Using tree ring evidence, scientists estimated that to be the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/news/california-snowpack-lowest-in-past-500-years-1.18345\">skimpiest snowpack in 500 years\u003c/a>. \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2016/05/06/sierra-meltdown-what-snow-we-got-is-going-fast/\">This spring’s snowpack\u003c/a>, while considerably more robust, was still below average. The official stance is that California remains in drought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Use the interactive tools below to trace the highs and lows of the snowpack over time.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv align=\"center\">\n\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"http://vis.ecowest.org/interactive/snow.php#s=CA&h=1\" width=\"1500\" height=\"550\" frameborder=\"0\" style=\"min-width: 100%; width: 100px; height: 100vh; border: 0;\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Visualization by \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/mcgeoff\">Geoff McGhee\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/davidkroodsma\">David Kroodsma\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/enoex\">Erik Hazzard\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/mitchtobin\">Mitch Tobin\u003c/a> for \u003ca href=\"http://ecowest.org/\">EcoWest\u003c/a>, a collaboration of The \u003ca href=\"http://west.stanford.edu/\">Bill Lane Center\u003c/a> for the American West at Stanford University and \u003ca href=\"http://seatosnow.com/\">Sea to Snow\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>A new effort to regulate groundwater extraction in California is running into stiff opposition from water users and local government officials, who say one new law is enough.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">A bill proposed by Sen. Lois Wolk (D-Davis) aims to plug some of the loopholes left gaping by the \u003ca title=\"Link: http://groundwater.ca.gov/\" href=\"http://groundwater.ca.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">Sustainable Groundwater Management Act\u003c/span>\u003c/a>, passed by the state legislature in 2014. The act allows as much as 25 years for “critically” overdrafted groundwater basins to achieve sustainability, and even longer for basins in less dire condition, known as “medium-priority” and “high-priority” basins.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">[contextly_sidebar id=”Q2L2wnmzHNjy9HPEe25JYXiYb6k6IUxh”]In the interim, there are no restrictions on drilling new wells in those basins. That’s a lot of time to continue depleting a limited resource.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Wolk’s bill, \u003ca href=\"http://www.legislature.ca.gov/cgi-bin/port-postquery?bill_number=sb_1317&sess=CUR&house=B&author=wolk_%3Cwolk%3E\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">S.B. 1317\u003c/span>\u003c/a>, would require cities and counties to establish a process by July 1, 2017, to issue conditional use permits for new wells in medium and high priority basins. New wells would not be allowed if it is determined that they would make undesirable groundwater conditions even worse.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">The bill would prevent new wells that tap groundwater basins already known to be “critically” overdrafted.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">“When you’re digging yourself into a hole, the first solution is to stop digging,” Wolk said. “Counties have the responsibility and the authority to regulate well drilling. What we’ve discovered is that most counties just don’t do it.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">In April, the bill was approved by two committees in the state Senate, but not without lots of objection from water users, the well-drilling industry and local government groups.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">“At this point, we’re in an opposition position,” said Mary-Ann Warmerdam, legislative advocate at Rural County Representatives of California. “We are in conversations with Sen. Wolk’s office and are trying to be productive in vetting out other options. But to this point, no gentle resolution has come forward.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Opponents include some heavy hitters in California politics, including the League of California Cities, the California State Association of Counties, the Association of California Water Agencies, the California Chamber of Commerce, the California Farm Bureau Federation and the California Association of Winegrape Growers.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Warmerdam said one concern is that local governments are already working hard to comply with the Sustainable Groundwater Management Act. This is a tall order in itself, because many rural counties don’t have resource management experts on their staff. Or if they do, those employees are already spread thin. Wolk’s bill, she said, adds a second groundwater law to comply with on top of that.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">“It’s viewed as a bit of a crossroads,” she said. “We can do one or the other, but we don’t have the capital, if you will, to do both.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Jay Ziegler, \u003c/span>California policy director of the Nature Conservancy, however, said those kinds of choices shouldn’t matter when the state’s groundwater is dwindling so fast. Protecting and then restoring what remains should be an economic and social priority, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">“We need to figure out how to actually take demand off of groundwater, not increase it, and that’s all were talking about,” said Ziegler. “If we don’t do something to kind of avert the race to the bottom, we’re going to be in a position where it’s going to be more difficult for everybody.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Other supporters of the bill include the Planning and Conservation League, the Union of Concerned Scientists, Natural Resources Defense Council, Food and Water Watch, Community Water Center and the League of Conservation Voters.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Ziegler noted one goal of Wolk’s bill is simply \u003c/span>to prevent more damage to aquifers during the interim period of years before the Sustainable Groundwater Management Act takes full effect. That’s why the bill requires early action on medium- and high-priority basins, and not just those considered critical, which is the focus of the existing law.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">It’s a matter of focusing attention on those groundwater basins that can still be helped, he said, and not just those that are already in trouble.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">“Left to our own devices, we are on a path to just exploit as much as we can,” Ziegler said.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Much opposition to the bill has focused on the fact that it would require counties to issue a conditional use permit before a new well can be drilled. This triggers the California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA), an important analytical tool but one that \u003c/span>can also be expensive and time-consuming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Warmerdam said it could also trigger some liability. Counties, she said, are concerned they could be subject to lawsuits under CEQA that challenge their decisions about well permitting.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">As a result, said Wolk, she is considering amendments to the bill that would allow local governments to design their own well permitting process, as long as it meets the goal of preventing further depletion of critically overdrafted aquifers.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">“Somebody has to ask the question at the (permit) counter or the Board of Supervisors, ‘Is there sufficient water to allow for the new well to be dug?’” Wolk said. “It’s been the Wild West since the beginning of the state, and we’re no longer in that position.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Wolk said she is not surprised by the opposition to the bill, and is hopeful a compromise can be reached. The bill next faces a hearing in the Senate Appropriations Committee.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">“As a practical matter, our member counties are sympathetic with Sen. Wolk’s concern over additional extractions in these overdrafted basins,” Warmerdam said. “Anyone who’s been watching California water for any length of time has got to share that concern. So there’s no dispute there.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>A new effort to regulate groundwater extraction in California is running into stiff opposition from water users and local government officials, who say one new law is enough.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">A bill proposed by Sen. Lois Wolk (D-Davis) aims to plug some of the loopholes left gaping by the \u003ca title=\"Link: http://groundwater.ca.gov/\" href=\"http://groundwater.ca.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">Sustainable Groundwater Management Act\u003c/span>\u003c/a>, passed by the state legislature in 2014. The act allows as much as 25 years for “critically” overdrafted groundwater basins to achieve sustainability, and even longer for basins in less dire condition, known as “medium-priority” and “high-priority” basins.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>In the interim, there are no restrictions on drilling new wells in those basins. That’s a lot of time to continue depleting a limited resource.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Wolk’s bill, \u003ca href=\"http://www.legislature.ca.gov/cgi-bin/port-postquery?bill_number=sb_1317&sess=CUR&house=B&author=wolk_%3Cwolk%3E\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">S.B. 1317\u003c/span>\u003c/a>, would require cities and counties to establish a process by July 1, 2017, to issue conditional use permits for new wells in medium and high priority basins. New wells would not be allowed if it is determined that they would make undesirable groundwater conditions even worse.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">The bill would prevent new wells that tap groundwater basins already known to be “critically” overdrafted.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">“When you’re digging yourself into a hole, the first solution is to stop digging,” Wolk said. “Counties have the responsibility and the authority to regulate well drilling. What we’ve discovered is that most counties just don’t do it.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">In April, the bill was approved by two committees in the state Senate, but not without lots of objection from water users, the well-drilling industry and local government groups.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">“At this point, we’re in an opposition position,” said Mary-Ann Warmerdam, legislative advocate at Rural County Representatives of California. “We are in conversations with Sen. Wolk’s office and are trying to be productive in vetting out other options. But to this point, no gentle resolution has come forward.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Opponents include some heavy hitters in California politics, including the League of California Cities, the California State Association of Counties, the Association of California Water Agencies, the California Chamber of Commerce, the California Farm Bureau Federation and the California Association of Winegrape Growers.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Warmerdam said one concern is that local governments are already working hard to comply with the Sustainable Groundwater Management Act. This is a tall order in itself, because many rural counties don’t have resource management experts on their staff. Or if they do, those employees are already spread thin. Wolk’s bill, she said, adds a second groundwater law to comply with on top of that.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">“It’s viewed as a bit of a crossroads,” she said. “We can do one or the other, but we don’t have the capital, if you will, to do both.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Jay Ziegler, \u003c/span>California policy director of the Nature Conservancy, however, said those kinds of choices shouldn’t matter when the state’s groundwater is dwindling so fast. Protecting and then restoring what remains should be an economic and social priority, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">“We need to figure out how to actually take demand off of groundwater, not increase it, and that’s all were talking about,” said Ziegler. “If we don’t do something to kind of avert the race to the bottom, we’re going to be in a position where it’s going to be more difficult for everybody.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Other supporters of the bill include the Planning and Conservation League, the Union of Concerned Scientists, Natural Resources Defense Council, Food and Water Watch, Community Water Center and the League of Conservation Voters.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Ziegler noted one goal of Wolk’s bill is simply \u003c/span>to prevent more damage to aquifers during the interim period of years before the Sustainable Groundwater Management Act takes full effect. That’s why the bill requires early action on medium- and high-priority basins, and not just those considered critical, which is the focus of the existing law.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">It’s a matter of focusing attention on those groundwater basins that can still be helped, he said, and not just those that are already in trouble.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">“Left to our own devices, we are on a path to just exploit as much as we can,” Ziegler said.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Much opposition to the bill has focused on the fact that it would require counties to issue a conditional use permit before a new well can be drilled. This triggers the California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA), an important analytical tool but one that \u003c/span>can also be expensive and time-consuming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Warmerdam said it could also trigger some liability. 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"content": "\u003cp>Scientists have had a literal breakthrough off the coast of Mexico.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After weeks of drilling from an offshore platform in the Gulf of Mexico, they have reached rocks left over from the day the Earth \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/04/08/473386620/scientists-set-to-drill-into-extinction-event-crater-in-mexico\">was hit by a killer asteroid\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The cataclysm is believed to have wiped out the dinosaurs. “This was probably the most important event in the last 100 million years,” says \u003ca href=\"http://www.imperial.ac.uk/people/j.v.morgan\">Joanna Morgan\u003c/a>, a geophysicist at Imperial College in London and a leader of the expedition.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_680898\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 700px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-680898\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/Liftboat-myrtle_NPR.jpeg\" alt=\"Liftboat Myrtle is a drilling platform normally used for oil operations. Since April, geologists have been using it in the Gulf of Mexico to drill into the crater Chicxulub. \" width=\"700\" height=\"933\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/Liftboat-myrtle_NPR.jpeg 700w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/Liftboat-myrtle_NPR-400x533.jpeg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Liftboat Myrtle is a drilling platform normally used for oil operations. Since April, geologists have been using it in the Gulf of Mexico to drill into the crater Chicxulub. \u003ccite>(DSmith/ECORD/IODP)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Since the 1980s, researchers have known about the impact site, located near the present-day Yucatan Peninsula. Known as Chicxulub, the crater is approximately 125 miles across. It was created when an asteroid the size of Staten Island, N.Y., struck Earth around 66 million years ago. The initial explosion from the impact would have made a nuclear bomb look like a firecracker. The searing heat started wildfires many hundreds of miles away.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After that, came an unscheduled winter. Sulfur, ash and debris clouded the sky. Darkness fell and, for a while, Earth was not itself.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think it was a bad few months, really,” Morgan says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s an understatement: Scientists believe 75 percent of life went extinct during this dark chapter in Earth’s history, including the dinosaurs\u003cem>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers have sampled Chicxulub before, but this expedition by the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ecord.org/\">European Consortium for Ocean Research Drilling\u003c/a> precisely targets a key part of the crater yet to be studied: a ring of mountains left by the asteroid. This “peak ring” is a fundamental feature of the strike and should tell researchers much more about it, says \u003ca href=\"http://ig.utexas.edu/staff/sean-p-s-gulick/\">Sean Gulick\u003c/a>, a geophysicist at the University of Texas at Austin, who co-leads the team with Morgan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For weeks, they’ve been drilling — and going back in time. Each layer of rock they pass through is connected to a part of Earth’s history.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_680902\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-680902\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/NPRscience.jpeg\" alt=\"Scientists on Myrtle have been drilling around-the-clock. This week, they finally reached a buried ring of mountains created by the asteroid.\" width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/NPRscience.jpeg 1024w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/NPRscience-400x267.jpeg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/NPRscience-800x534.jpeg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/NPRscience-768x512.jpeg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/NPRscience-960x640.jpeg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Scientists on Myrtle have been drilling around-the-clock. This week, they finally reached a buried ring of mountains created by the asteroid. \u003ccite>(ELeBer/ECORD/IODP)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“We went through a remarkable amount of the post-impact world. All the way into the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/tertiary/eocene.php\">Eocene times\u003c/a> — so between 50 and 55 million years ago,” Gulick says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The rocks they’ve pulled out show how life began to recover after the cataclysm, Gulick says. “We’ve got all these limestones and rocks that contain the fossils from the world after the impact, all the things that evolved from the few organisms that survived.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The research team finally reached the top of the peak ring this week. It appears to be a thick layer of broken, melted rock just beneath a layer of sandstone that may be the leavings of a huge tsunami that was triggered when the asteroid struck.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gulick thinks the rocks hold clues. For example, if any microscopic organisms survived near the site of the strike, their fossils might be in these samples. In June, the rock cores will be sent back to a lab in Germany for further study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The asteroid strike marked the end of an era. But the creatures that made it through that catastrophe went on to shape the world again, says Morgan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The mammals survived,” she says. “And that led on to our own evolution.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Geologists+Find+Clues+In+Crater+Left+By+Dinosaur-Killing+Asteroid&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Scientists drilling beneath the Gulf of Mexico have hit the layer deposited when an asteroid the size of Staten Island, N.Y., hit Earth. Samples might contain details from that fateful day.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Scientists have had a literal breakthrough off the coast of Mexico.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After weeks of drilling from an offshore platform in the Gulf of Mexico, they have reached rocks left over from the day the Earth \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/04/08/473386620/scientists-set-to-drill-into-extinction-event-crater-in-mexico\">was hit by a killer asteroid\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The cataclysm is believed to have wiped out the dinosaurs. “This was probably the most important event in the last 100 million years,” says \u003ca href=\"http://www.imperial.ac.uk/people/j.v.morgan\">Joanna Morgan\u003c/a>, a geophysicist at Imperial College in London and a leader of the expedition.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_680898\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 700px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-680898\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/Liftboat-myrtle_NPR.jpeg\" alt=\"Liftboat Myrtle is a drilling platform normally used for oil operations. Since April, geologists have been using it in the Gulf of Mexico to drill into the crater Chicxulub. \" width=\"700\" height=\"933\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/Liftboat-myrtle_NPR.jpeg 700w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/Liftboat-myrtle_NPR-400x533.jpeg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Liftboat Myrtle is a drilling platform normally used for oil operations. Since April, geologists have been using it in the Gulf of Mexico to drill into the crater Chicxulub. \u003ccite>(DSmith/ECORD/IODP)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Since the 1980s, researchers have known about the impact site, located near the present-day Yucatan Peninsula. Known as Chicxulub, the crater is approximately 125 miles across. It was created when an asteroid the size of Staten Island, N.Y., struck Earth around 66 million years ago. The initial explosion from the impact would have made a nuclear bomb look like a firecracker. The searing heat started wildfires many hundreds of miles away.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After that, came an unscheduled winter. Sulfur, ash and debris clouded the sky. Darkness fell and, for a while, Earth was not itself.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think it was a bad few months, really,” Morgan says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s an understatement: Scientists believe 75 percent of life went extinct during this dark chapter in Earth’s history, including the dinosaurs\u003cem>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers have sampled Chicxulub before, but this expedition by the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ecord.org/\">European Consortium for Ocean Research Drilling\u003c/a> precisely targets a key part of the crater yet to be studied: a ring of mountains left by the asteroid. This “peak ring” is a fundamental feature of the strike and should tell researchers much more about it, says \u003ca href=\"http://ig.utexas.edu/staff/sean-p-s-gulick/\">Sean Gulick\u003c/a>, a geophysicist at the University of Texas at Austin, who co-leads the team with Morgan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For weeks, they’ve been drilling — and going back in time. Each layer of rock they pass through is connected to a part of Earth’s history.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_680902\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-680902\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/NPRscience.jpeg\" alt=\"Scientists on Myrtle have been drilling around-the-clock. This week, they finally reached a buried ring of mountains created by the asteroid.\" width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/NPRscience.jpeg 1024w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/NPRscience-400x267.jpeg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/NPRscience-800x534.jpeg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/NPRscience-768x512.jpeg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/NPRscience-960x640.jpeg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Scientists on Myrtle have been drilling around-the-clock. This week, they finally reached a buried ring of mountains created by the asteroid. \u003ccite>(ELeBer/ECORD/IODP)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“We went through a remarkable amount of the post-impact world. All the way into the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/tertiary/eocene.php\">Eocene times\u003c/a> — so between 50 and 55 million years ago,” Gulick says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The rocks they’ve pulled out show how life began to recover after the cataclysm, Gulick says. “We’ve got all these limestones and rocks that contain the fossils from the world after the impact, all the things that evolved from the few organisms that survived.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The research team finally reached the top of the peak ring this week. It appears to be a thick layer of broken, melted rock just beneath a layer of sandstone that may be the leavings of a huge tsunami that was triggered when the asteroid struck.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gulick thinks the rocks hold clues. For example, if any microscopic organisms survived near the site of the strike, their fossils might be in these samples. In June, the rock cores will be sent back to a lab in Germany for further study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The asteroid strike marked the end of an era. But the creatures that made it through that catastrophe went on to shape the world again, says Morgan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The mammals survived,” she says. “And that led on to our own evolution.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Geologists+Find+Clues+In+Crater+Left+By+Dinosaur-Killing+Asteroid&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Sierra Meltdown: What Snow We Got is Going Fast",
"headTitle": "Sierra Meltdown: What Snow We Got is Going Fast | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>California’s “frozen reservoir” is melting fast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unusually high temperatures this spring have acted like a blow-drier on accumulated winter snows, despite a healthy boost during the stormy month of March.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One thing is undeniable: the Sierra snowpack is a lot more robust than the previous winter’s, which was off-the-charts ugly. Around the first of May, water content (which is what really matters) of the snowpack stood at 60 percent of the long-term average. That’s not great news unless you compare it to May 1 of last year, when it was 1 percent. That’s not a typo.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On April 1, when hydrologists generally reckon the snowpack to be at its peak for the season, it stood at 85 percent of the average for that date.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This spring the most intense period of melting is running about two to three weeks earlier than normal, according to Nina Oakley, assistant research climatologist at the Western Regional Climate Center in Reno.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Typically the steepest declines are in late April to early May,” she says. But this year, Oakley says monthly average temperatures in the early spring were running 2 to 5 degrees above normal at the higher Sierra elevations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_679295\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 939px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-679295 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/SNOTEL_Squaw_1604.png\" alt=\"This graph shows this year's snow melt (blue line) starting sooner than the long-term average (red).\" width=\"939\" height=\"459\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/SNOTEL_Squaw_1604.png 939w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/SNOTEL_Squaw_1604-400x196.png 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/SNOTEL_Squaw_1604-800x391.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/SNOTEL_Squaw_1604-768x375.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 939px) 100vw, 939px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This graph shows this year’s snow melt (blue line) starting sooner than the long-term average (red). \u003ccite>(Natural Resources Conservation Service/USDA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Plus there’s a “snowball” effect, or what Oakley calls a “positive feedback,” in which some snow melt leads to more.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As soon as you start melting enough snow that you expose trees, rocks, soil underneath,” she explains, “these features are not reflective like the snow and so they’ll start to absorb solar energy and facilitate further snow melt.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘It’s a big juggling act, frankly, to manage the water resource here’\u003ccite>Doug Carlson, DWR\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The good news is that a lot of this early melt is ending up in reservoirs. The bad news with an early melt is that as consumers start drawing down those reservoirs, there’s less runoff to replace it during the peak growing season, when it’s most needed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We try to capture every drop we can,” says Doug Carlson of the state’s Department of Water Resources.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The big Northern California reservoirs are filling fast. The two biggest, Shasta Lake and Lake Oroville, are both at more than 90 percent of capacity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Carlson concedes that significant \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2016/02/29/california-reservoirs-are-dumping-water-in-a-drought-but-science-could-change-that/\">volumes of water are let go\u003c/a> for flood control and to push back encroaching salt water and maintain river ecosystems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a big juggling act, frankly, to manage the water resource here,” says Carlson. “We think we’re capturing a good deal of the snow melt right now.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An early melt can also have environmental impacts, especially on fish. If the cold water pulses come too early, lower flows and higher water temperatures later in the season can make it difficult or impossible for some species to survive.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Warmer-than-usual temperatures in the Sierra are driving the spring melt two to three weeks early.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>California’s “frozen reservoir” is melting fast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unusually high temperatures this spring have acted like a blow-drier on accumulated winter snows, despite a healthy boost during the stormy month of March.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One thing is undeniable: the Sierra snowpack is a lot more robust than the previous winter’s, which was off-the-charts ugly. Around the first of May, water content (which is what really matters) of the snowpack stood at 60 percent of the long-term average. That’s not great news unless you compare it to May 1 of last year, when it was 1 percent. That’s not a typo.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On April 1, when hydrologists generally reckon the snowpack to be at its peak for the season, it stood at 85 percent of the average for that date.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This spring the most intense period of melting is running about two to three weeks earlier than normal, according to Nina Oakley, assistant research climatologist at the Western Regional Climate Center in Reno.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Typically the steepest declines are in late April to early May,” she says. But this year, Oakley says monthly average temperatures in the early spring were running 2 to 5 degrees above normal at the higher Sierra elevations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_679295\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 939px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-679295 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/SNOTEL_Squaw_1604.png\" alt=\"This graph shows this year's snow melt (blue line) starting sooner than the long-term average (red).\" width=\"939\" height=\"459\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/SNOTEL_Squaw_1604.png 939w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/SNOTEL_Squaw_1604-400x196.png 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/SNOTEL_Squaw_1604-800x391.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/SNOTEL_Squaw_1604-768x375.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 939px) 100vw, 939px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This graph shows this year’s snow melt (blue line) starting sooner than the long-term average (red). \u003ccite>(Natural Resources Conservation Service/USDA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Plus there’s a “snowball” effect, or what Oakley calls a “positive feedback,” in which some snow melt leads to more.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As soon as you start melting enough snow that you expose trees, rocks, soil underneath,” she explains, “these features are not reflective like the snow and so they’ll start to absorb solar energy and facilitate further snow melt.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘It’s a big juggling act, frankly, to manage the water resource here’\u003ccite>Doug Carlson, DWR\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The good news is that a lot of this early melt is ending up in reservoirs. The bad news with an early melt is that as consumers start drawing down those reservoirs, there’s less runoff to replace it during the peak growing season, when it’s most needed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We try to capture every drop we can,” says Doug Carlson of the state’s Department of Water Resources.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The big Northern California reservoirs are filling fast. The two biggest, Shasta Lake and Lake Oroville, are both at more than 90 percent of capacity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Carlson concedes that significant \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2016/02/29/california-reservoirs-are-dumping-water-in-a-drought-but-science-could-change-that/\">volumes of water are let go\u003c/a> for flood control and to push back encroaching salt water and maintain river ecosystems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a big juggling act, frankly, to manage the water resource here,” says Carlson. “We think we’re capturing a good deal of the snow melt right now.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An early melt can also have environmental impacts, especially on fish. If the cold water pulses come too early, lower flows and higher water temperatures later in the season can make it difficult or impossible for some species to survive.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Why La Niña Does Not Ensure More Drought",
"headTitle": "Why La Niña Does Not Ensure More Drought | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>By now we’ve all heard the news that La Niña is the next weather phenomenon poised to toy with California. The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration on April 14 issued a “La Niña watch” indicating a 70 percent chance the weather phenomenon would likely take hold by the end of this calendar year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Which was quickly followed by \u003ca href=\"http://www.usatoday.com/story/weather/2016/04/15/el-nino-la-nina/83078500/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">headlines\u003c/span>\u003c/a> saying La Niña is likely to worsen the drought in California.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Not so fast.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Just as we learned this year there are no guarantees with El Niño, the same is true of its opposite. La Niña is defined by a marked cooling of the equatorial Pacific Ocean, which disrupts global weather patterns just like El Niño does. But instead of making the southwest wetter, it tends to make it drier while detouring storms toward the Pacific Northwest.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_679021\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 250px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-679021\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/water-deeply_Jan-Null.jpg\" alt=\"Meterologist Jan Null is photographed at his home in Saratoga on Tuesday, March 31, 2015. Null runs Golden Gate Weather Services from home. \" width=\"250\" height=\"250\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/water-deeply_Jan-Null.jpg 250w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/water-deeply_Jan-Null-32x32.jpg 32w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/water-deeply_Jan-Null-64x64.jpg 64w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/water-deeply_Jan-Null-96x96.jpg 96w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/water-deeply_Jan-Null-128x128.jpg 128w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/water-deeply_Jan-Null-150x150.jpg 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 250px) 100vw, 250px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Meterologist Jan Null is photographed at his home in Saratoga on Tuesday, March 31, 2015. Null runs Golden Gate Weather Services from home. \u003ccite>(Gary Reyes/Bay Area News Group)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But it doesn’t always go down like that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">To help us make sense of La Niña, Water Deeply asked Jan Null to explain things. Null is a consulting meteorologist and owner of \u003ca href=\"http://ggweather.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">Golden Gate Weather Services\u003c/a> in Saratoga. He has also been a consistent voice of reason about El Niño when the media was often crying wolf.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">\u003cb>Is La Niña coming?\u003c/b>\u003c/span>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Jan Null: Probably. More and more, the computer models each of the last two months have been tilting into the negative category (in terms of sea surface temperature anomaly). That’s the sort of thing you start seeing. The average is now \u003c/span>−0.8 for all the dynamic and statistical models for November-December-January. If it’s colder than −0.5, then it gets into weak La Niña category. Between −0.5 and 1 is weak; Between −1 and −1.5 is moderate; greater than −1.5 is strong.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">\u003cb>Is it typical to have La Niña follow El Niño?\u003c/b>\u003c/span>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Jan Null: There have now been 24 El Niños going back to 1950. If we look at the total number of La Niñas out of all 24, 17 of those became La Niñas. That’s a pretty high percentage. With the models all pointing toward cooling and with the data, we’re already seeing significant cooling in the Pacific; we’re certainly heading toward a La Niña. So we’ve decided we’re going to have a La Niña. The next thing is, how strong is that La Niña going to be? That’s the big question mark right now.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">\u003cb>How important is that to know?\u003c/b>\u003c/span>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Jan Null: If we look at what the results are in the different categories, it starts giving us an idea of what has happened in the past. The signal is much less definite than with an El Niño. There’s a broader range of solutions under La Niña than under El Niño.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Let’s say we’re going to get into the moderate range. Then it’s important to look at effects on individual \u003ca href=\"http://www.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov/products/analysis_monitoring/regional_monitoring/CLIM_DIVS/california.gif\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">climate divisions\u003c/span>\u003c/a> in the state. Climate Division 2 is arguably the most important, encompassing the Northern Sierra Nevada and Northern Sacramento Valley. If we look at the six moderate La Niña events, three were less than normal rainfall and three were greater than normal. That doesn’t tell me anything. That’s a broad range of solutions for moderate El Niños.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">One of these was 1955, an incredibly wet year, with major flooding on the Sacramento and Feather rivers and all Northern California drainages.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">The gist of it is, anything can happen. There are no guarantees.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">If we go down to Climate Division 6, in coastal Southern California, then you can see that three of those were well below normal, two were slightly below normal and only one of the six was above normal.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">\u003cb>Is it reasonable at this stage to say La Niña means another drought year?\u003c/b>\u003c/span>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Jan Null: No, it’s not. Because, maybe we’ll have a 1955-56. And just look at this past winter. Was this past winter a drought year, or a break in the drought? If you’re in the northern half of the state, you’re probably saying it’s a break in the drought. If you’re in the southern half, you’re probably going to say the drought continues.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">The bottom line, is I don’t have any answers. If anybody says they have answers, they’re selling you snake oil. There are no reliable tools for long-range weather forecasting, period. Five, seven, ten days have gotten phenomenally good. Out past that, it’s nothing I would get my wallet out for.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">\u003cb>What does the timing look like for this La Niña?\u003c/b>\u003c/span>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Jan Null: We kinda get into the negative category in midsummer, so somebody at the (National Weather Service) Climate Prediction Center will probably come out and say we’re in a La Niña officially. But it really doesn’t matter until we get to November, for the most part. Because that’s our rainy season, it kinda doesn’t matter what La Niña does between now and then. Our rainfall season is November through March.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">\u003cb>How should we be reacting to this La Niña?\u003c/b>\u003c/span>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Jan Null: First of all, the people on TV should not be jumping up and down crying Chicken Little like they did with El Niño. The impacts of El Niño were not particularly well forecast. Even in print media, in headlines, they all focused on the extreme end of a wet El Niño, and they didn’t put in the range of solutions that were possible. It all became clickbait. So be wary of clickbait. Read the entire article.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Most of the articles have reasonably good data in them. But headlines do not portray that, and so much is driven by the headlines. That becomes people’s takeaway. So it makes it really tough for a good science message to get out there. I would tell people, read the science, don’t just read the headlines.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">\u003cb>Is there anything influencing this La Niña that’s unusual?\u003c/b>\u003c/span>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Jan Null: El Niño and La Niña are not the biggest phenomena. You have this whole other alphabet soup of things going on in the planet. You have the Pacific Decadal Oscillation, the Arctic Oscillation, the North Atlantic Oscillation. When they line up the right way, they can make a La Niña stronger.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">But again it’s way too many variables, especially when they’re all interacting with each other. In some ways, it’s like a snake eating its tail. There are all these different feedbacks going on. I haven’t seen anybody who’s deciphered all of them.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">\u003cb>Water Deeply:\u003c/b> \u003cb>What kind of La Niña should we root for?\u003c/b>\u003c/span>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Jan Null: The La Niña is not going to be the same for everybody. If we’re going to get water in the state, and we can’t have it everywhere, I want it to be like this past winter. I want it to be where the biggest reservoirs are – in the north.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">\u003cb>What sort of La Niña is likely to deliver there?\u003c/b>\u003c/span>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Jan Null:\u003cb> \u003c/b>The ones that have best probability there are the moderate La Niña. With a moderate, it’s 50/50 odds. For Southern California, the odds are much less. But there aren’t that many reservoirs in Southern California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Of the 10 worst flood years … only four of those were El Niño, four were neutral and two were la Niña. So again, that’s a pretty big spread. But it does say, if we’re looking at La Niña, you can get flooding in a La Niña. And two of the most memorable flood years in the state were December 1955 and December 1964, and those were both La Niña years.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">There are no guarantees. The range of solutions is too big.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Also, the 800-lb gorilla in the room is our warmer atmosphere over our warmer oceans. So how is this shifting the impact? With a moderate La Niña in 1955, is it the same as a moderate La Niña in 2016? We see that with land temperatures, precipitation patterns. Things don’t stay the same. They are evolving. You don’t keep the same average over time.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cspan class=\"start\">\u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/about/\">Water Deeply\u003c/a> is\u003c/span> an independent digital media project dedicated to covering California’s water crisis. The project is part of \u003ca href=\"http://www.newsdeeply.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">News Deeply\u003c/a>, a new media startup and social enterprise based in New York.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "With early forecasts that La Niña will take hold next winter, headlines are already warning this means another year of drought. But Jan Null, a consulting meteorologist, tells us a wide range of results are possible.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>By now we’ve all heard the news that La Niña is the next weather phenomenon poised to toy with California. The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration on April 14 issued a “La Niña watch” indicating a 70 percent chance the weather phenomenon would likely take hold by the end of this calendar year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Which was quickly followed by \u003ca href=\"http://www.usatoday.com/story/weather/2016/04/15/el-nino-la-nina/83078500/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">headlines\u003c/span>\u003c/a> saying La Niña is likely to worsen the drought in California.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Not so fast.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Just as we learned this year there are no guarantees with El Niño, the same is true of its opposite. La Niña is defined by a marked cooling of the equatorial Pacific Ocean, which disrupts global weather patterns just like El Niño does. But instead of making the southwest wetter, it tends to make it drier while detouring storms toward the Pacific Northwest.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_679021\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 250px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-679021\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/water-deeply_Jan-Null.jpg\" alt=\"Meterologist Jan Null is photographed at his home in Saratoga on Tuesday, March 31, 2015. Null runs Golden Gate Weather Services from home. \" width=\"250\" height=\"250\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/water-deeply_Jan-Null.jpg 250w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/water-deeply_Jan-Null-32x32.jpg 32w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/water-deeply_Jan-Null-64x64.jpg 64w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/water-deeply_Jan-Null-96x96.jpg 96w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/water-deeply_Jan-Null-128x128.jpg 128w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/water-deeply_Jan-Null-150x150.jpg 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 250px) 100vw, 250px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Meterologist Jan Null is photographed at his home in Saratoga on Tuesday, March 31, 2015. Null runs Golden Gate Weather Services from home. \u003ccite>(Gary Reyes/Bay Area News Group)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But it doesn’t always go down like that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">To help us make sense of La Niña, Water Deeply asked Jan Null to explain things. Null is a consulting meteorologist and owner of \u003ca href=\"http://ggweather.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">Golden Gate Weather Services\u003c/a> in Saratoga. He has also been a consistent voice of reason about El Niño when the media was often crying wolf.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">\u003cb>Is La Niña coming?\u003c/b>\u003c/span>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Jan Null: Probably. More and more, the computer models each of the last two months have been tilting into the negative category (in terms of sea surface temperature anomaly). That’s the sort of thing you start seeing. The average is now \u003c/span>−0.8 for all the dynamic and statistical models for November-December-January. If it’s colder than −0.5, then it gets into weak La Niña category. Between −0.5 and 1 is weak; Between −1 and −1.5 is moderate; greater than −1.5 is strong.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">\u003cb>Is it typical to have La Niña follow El Niño?\u003c/b>\u003c/span>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Jan Null: There have now been 24 El Niños going back to 1950. If we look at the total number of La Niñas out of all 24, 17 of those became La Niñas. That’s a pretty high percentage. With the models all pointing toward cooling and with the data, we’re already seeing significant cooling in the Pacific; we’re certainly heading toward a La Niña. So we’ve decided we’re going to have a La Niña. The next thing is, how strong is that La Niña going to be? That’s the big question mark right now.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">\u003cb>How important is that to know?\u003c/b>\u003c/span>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Jan Null: If we look at what the results are in the different categories, it starts giving us an idea of what has happened in the past. The signal is much less definite than with an El Niño. There’s a broader range of solutions under La Niña than under El Niño.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Let’s say we’re going to get into the moderate range. Then it’s important to look at effects on individual \u003ca href=\"http://www.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov/products/analysis_monitoring/regional_monitoring/CLIM_DIVS/california.gif\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">climate divisions\u003c/span>\u003c/a> in the state. Climate Division 2 is arguably the most important, encompassing the Northern Sierra Nevada and Northern Sacramento Valley. If we look at the six moderate La Niña events, three were less than normal rainfall and three were greater than normal. That doesn’t tell me anything. That’s a broad range of solutions for moderate El Niños.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">One of these was 1955, an incredibly wet year, with major flooding on the Sacramento and Feather rivers and all Northern California drainages.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">The gist of it is, anything can happen. There are no guarantees.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">If we go down to Climate Division 6, in coastal Southern California, then you can see that three of those were well below normal, two were slightly below normal and only one of the six was above normal.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">\u003cb>Is it reasonable at this stage to say La Niña means another drought year?\u003c/b>\u003c/span>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Jan Null: No, it’s not. Because, maybe we’ll have a 1955-56. And just look at this past winter. Was this past winter a drought year, or a break in the drought? If you’re in the northern half of the state, you’re probably saying it’s a break in the drought. If you’re in the southern half, you’re probably going to say the drought continues.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">The bottom line, is I don’t have any answers. If anybody says they have answers, they’re selling you snake oil. There are no reliable tools for long-range weather forecasting, period. Five, seven, ten days have gotten phenomenally good. Out past that, it’s nothing I would get my wallet out for.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">\u003cb>What does the timing look like for this La Niña?\u003c/b>\u003c/span>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Jan Null: We kinda get into the negative category in midsummer, so somebody at the (National Weather Service) Climate Prediction Center will probably come out and say we’re in a La Niña officially. But it really doesn’t matter until we get to November, for the most part. Because that’s our rainy season, it kinda doesn’t matter what La Niña does between now and then. Our rainfall season is November through March.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">\u003cb>How should we be reacting to this La Niña?\u003c/b>\u003c/span>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Jan Null: First of all, the people on TV should not be jumping up and down crying Chicken Little like they did with El Niño. The impacts of El Niño were not particularly well forecast. Even in print media, in headlines, they all focused on the extreme end of a wet El Niño, and they didn’t put in the range of solutions that were possible. It all became clickbait. So be wary of clickbait. Read the entire article.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Most of the articles have reasonably good data in them. But headlines do not portray that, and so much is driven by the headlines. That becomes people’s takeaway. So it makes it really tough for a good science message to get out there. I would tell people, read the science, don’t just read the headlines.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">\u003cb>Is there anything influencing this La Niña that’s unusual?\u003c/b>\u003c/span>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Jan Null: El Niño and La Niña are not the biggest phenomena. You have this whole other alphabet soup of things going on in the planet. You have the Pacific Decadal Oscillation, the Arctic Oscillation, the North Atlantic Oscillation. When they line up the right way, they can make a La Niña stronger.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">But again it’s way too many variables, especially when they’re all interacting with each other. In some ways, it’s like a snake eating its tail. There are all these different feedbacks going on. I haven’t seen anybody who’s deciphered all of them.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">\u003cb>Water Deeply:\u003c/b> \u003cb>What kind of La Niña should we root for?\u003c/b>\u003c/span>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Jan Null: The La Niña is not going to be the same for everybody. If we’re going to get water in the state, and we can’t have it everywhere, I want it to be like this past winter. I want it to be where the biggest reservoirs are – in the north.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">\u003cb>What sort of La Niña is likely to deliver there?\u003c/b>\u003c/span>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Jan Null:\u003cb> \u003c/b>The ones that have best probability there are the moderate La Niña. With a moderate, it’s 50/50 odds. For Southern California, the odds are much less. But there aren’t that many reservoirs in Southern California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Of the 10 worst flood years … only four of those were El Niño, four were neutral and two were la Niña. So again, that’s a pretty big spread. But it does say, if we’re looking at La Niña, you can get flooding in a La Niña. And two of the most memorable flood years in the state were December 1955 and December 1964, and those were both La Niña years.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">There are no guarantees. The range of solutions is too big.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Also, the 800-lb gorilla in the room is our warmer atmosphere over our warmer oceans. So how is this shifting the impact? With a moderate La Niña in 1955, is it the same as a moderate La Niña in 2016? We see that with land temperatures, precipitation patterns. Things don’t stay the same. They are evolving. You don’t keep the same average over time.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cspan class=\"start\">\u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/about/\">Water Deeply\u003c/a> is\u003c/span> an independent digital media project dedicated to covering California’s water crisis. The project is part of \u003ca href=\"http://www.newsdeeply.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">News Deeply\u003c/a>, a new media startup and social enterprise based in New York.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "A Long, Complicated Battle Over 9,000-Year-Old Bones Is Finally Over",
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"content": "\u003cp>Last week, there was a big development in the long-running, bitter, complicated battle over a 9,000-year-old set of bones known variously as “Kennewick Man” or “The Ancient One,” depending on whom you ask.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers \u003ca href=\"http://www.history.com/news/army-corps-of-engineers-confirms-kennewick-man-is-native-american\">confirmed\u003c/a> that the ancient bearer of the bones is genetically linked to modern-day Native Americans. Now, under federal law, a group of tribes that has been fighting to rebury him will almost certainly get to do so.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It also means that scientists will probably never get another chance to study him, though ancient human remains from North America are incredibly rare, and forensic technology gets better all the time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s the chafe between science and spirituality,” \u003ca href=\"http://indiancountrytodaymedianetwork.com/2013/04/25/long-legal-and-moral-battle-over-kennewick-man-149008\">writes\u003c/a> Kevin Taylor at Indian Country Today, “between people who say the remains have so much to tell us about the ancient human past that they should remain available for research, versus people who feel a kinship with the ancient bones and say they should be reburied to show proper reverence for the dead.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_679014\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-679014\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/skeleton.png\" alt=\"The skeleton of Kennewick Man is represented by nearly 300 bones and bone fragments. \" width=\"400\" height=\"1099\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The skeleton of Kennewick Man is represented by nearly 300 bones and bone fragments. \u003ccite>(Chip Clark/Smithsonian Institute)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>There’s a history to bitter tensions of this sort. Take the recent fight between native Hawaiian protesters and scientists who wanted to erect a telescope on Mauna Kea, a dormant volcano \u003ca href=\"http://www.cnn.com/2015/08/27/us/tmt-hawaii-telescope-controversy/\">considered sacred\u003c/a> by some and “the best location in the world to observe the stars and study the origins of our universe” by others.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>None of these \u003ca href=\"http://www.mountgraham.org/content/star-struck-astronomical-abuse-indigenous-sacred-sites\">clashes\u003c/a> exists in a vacuum; they often come on the heels of decades, if not centuries, of genocide and erasure aimed at indigenous peoples and their ways of life. And so an object of scientific interest, be it a bone or a mountain, can come to stand for an entire civilization.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some say scientists need to rethink their whole approach to culturally sensitive research. Others say the unfettered pursuit of knowledge ought to trump belief; if the faithful always got their way, we’d still think the Earth was flat. Who gets to decide? The twists and turns in the story of Kennewick Man — which has been \u003ca href=\"http://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/kennewick-man-finally-freed-share-his-secrets-180952462/?no-ist=&preview=_page%3D3_page%3D3&page=3\">told before\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://indiancountrytodaymedianetwork.com/2013/04/25/long-legal-and-moral-battle-over-kennewick-man-149008\">and well\u003c/a> — suggest there’s no easy answer, of course, but certainly provide an incredible case study for the future of this debate.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>A forensic mystery, or a moot point?\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>The fight has been raging for 20 years, ever since a couple of college kids stumbled — literally — across a human skull while wading in a river in Washington state. They thought they’d found a murder victim, and flagged down a nearby cop, who called in a local expert. Instead, they had discovered some of the oldest, most complete human remains ever dug up in North America.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Archaeologists dubbed the skeleton Kennewick Man, after the place he was found, and hoped his bones could help settle one of the greatest mysteries in the story of human migration: how did \u003cem>Homo sapiens\u003c/em>, originating in Africa, end up in the Americas?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The dominant theory was that humans trekked here on foot around 13,000 years ago, during the Ice Age, when seas were lower and a land bridge temporarily connected Siberia and Alaska. But \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2014/03/28/world/americas/discoveries-challenge-beliefs-on-humans-arrival-in-the-americas.html?_r=0\">other evidence\u003c/a> suggests humans were already living on this continent well before that particular pathway was possible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So which was it? Did humans walk here, or somehow — incredible to imagine — \u003cem>paddle\u003c/em>? Was there one wave of migration, or more? A study of Kennewick Man’s bones could reveal what he ate, what he drank, how he hunted, and, of course, his DNA — all clues that could ultimately tell the story of where he, and his forebears, came from and how they got here.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But a group of Native American tribes considered The Ancient One, as they call him, a direct tribal ancestor — and they didn’t need science to explain how people ended up here. “From our oral histories, we know that our people have been part of this land since the beginning of time,” a leader of the Umatilla tribe \u003ca href=\"https://books.google.com/books?id=_2acRaHk8l8C&lpg=PA296&ots=Vo5ZFSo7eZ&dq=From%20our%20oral%20histories%2C%20we%20know%20that%20our%20people%20have%20been%20part%20of%20this%20land%20since%20the%20beginning%20of%20time&pg=PA296#v=onepage&q&f=false\">wrote\u003c/a> in a statement at the time. “We do not believe that our people migrated here from another continent, as the scientists do.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Working together, five tribes demanded that The Ancient One’s remains not be poked or prodded in the name of science, and instead be promptly reburied in accordance with tribal custom — and under the Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act. That \u003ca href=\"http://www.usbr.gov/nagpra/\">federal law\u003c/a>, passed in 1990, requires certain Native American artifacts and remains to be handed over to culturally affiliated tribes or provable descendants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The tribes had good reason to be sensitive,” \u003ca href=\"http://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/kennewick-man-finally-freed-share-his-secrets-180952462/#DyWFUQaeudB6jSRX.99\">writes\u003c/a> \u003cem>Smithsonian Magazine’\u003c/em>s Douglas Preston. “The early history of museum collecting of Native American remains is replete with horror stories. In the 19th century, anthropologists and collectors looted fresh Native American graves and burial platforms, dug up corpses and even decapitated dead Indians lying on the field of battle and shipped the heads to Washington for study. Until NAGPRA, museums were filled with American Indian remains acquired without regard for the feelings and religious beliefs of native people.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But for these bones to fall under the protection of NAGPRA, there had to be proof of a connection between the remains and the people fighting to reclaim them today. The scientists said no such connection existed. The tribal leaders insisted it did; they could feel it in their bones.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That question ended up spawning an unprecedented legal and ethical battle in which prominent archaeologists and anthropologists would sue the U.S. government for the chance to study the bones. Femur bones would \u003ca href=\"http://community.seattletimes.nwsource.com/archive/?date=19981211&slug=2788453\">go missing\u003c/a> under unexplained circumstances. Bitter arguments would be pitched over the migration patterns and feeding habits of sea lions, the curvature and racial implications of cheekbones, the validity of oral tradition as courtroom evidence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Eventually, the scientists did get a legally approved (though very brief and highly constricted) look at Kennewick Man, and what they learned is truly amazing. Based on the shape of his skull and other features, they theorized that he or his forebears may have been Asian coastal seafarers. They may have journeyed by boat along the south Alaskan shoreline and ultimately all the way down the Americas, hugging the coast and living off kelp, fish, sea lions and the like.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is the “\u003ca href=\"http://natural-history.uoregon.edu/research/paleocoastal-research-project/kelp-highway-hypothesis\">coastal migration\u003c/a>” theory of the peopling of the Americas, which suggests that a wave, or waves, of people traveled and lived along the Pacific coast long before other travelers chased herds of tasty mastodons and mammoths across a land bridge into Alaska.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They also learned a tremendous amount about what Kennewick Man’s life may have been like. Here’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/kennewick-man-finally-freed-share-his-secrets-180952462/?+Archaeology+%7C+Smithsonian.com)=&utm_campaign=Feed%3A+smithsonianmag%2Fhistory-archaeology+(History+&page=2&no-ist=&=&=\">more from Preston\u003c/a>:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>“Kennewick Man spent a lot of time holding something in front of him while forcibly raising and lowering it; the researchers theorize he was hurling a spear downward into the water, as seal hunters do. His leg bones suggest he often waded in shallow rapids, and he had bone growths consistent with ‘surfer’s ear,’ caused by frequent immersion in cold water. His knee joints suggest he often squatted on his heels. … Many years before Kennewick Man’s death, a heavy blow to his chest broke six ribs. Because he used his right hand to throw spears, five broken ribs on his right side never knitted together. This man was one tough dude.”\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003ch3>Conflict, or collaboration?\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>As of last week, it’s likely that this tough dude is headed back to the earth. University of Chicago scientists confirmed another study, from last year, showing that Kennewick Man’s DNA has \u003ca href=\"http://www.seattletimes.com/seattle-news/science/its-official-kennewick-man-is-native-american/\">genetic similarities\u003c/a> to those of modern-day Colville tribal members. Now, members of the Colville tribe and four others say they’ll \u003ca href=\"http://www.seattletimes.com/seattle-news/science/its-official-kennewick-man-is-native-american/\">work together\u003c/a> to complete the repatriation — or reburial — process, and the government has shown zero interest in standing in their way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But while scientists may never get another chance to study these remains, even as biomolecular science is “advancing so rapidly that within five to ten years it may be possible to know what diseases Kennewick Man suffered from and what caused his death,” \u003ca href=\"http://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/kennewick-man-finally-freed-share-his-secrets-180952462/?no-ist=&preview=_page%3D3_page%3D3&page=3\">writes\u003c/a> Preston, the story of Kennewick Man raises all sorts of questions as to how researchers might avoid antagonizing local cultures to begin with — or whether they should have to try.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the scientists involved in revealing a genetic connection between Kennewick Man and living Native Americans invited members of the five tribes into the lab, where they \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2015/06/19/science/new-dna-results-show-kennewick-man-was-native-american.html?_r=0\">put on body suits\u003c/a> and entered a “clean room” to pay their respects to The Ancient One. In the wake of Kennewick, scientists \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/news/ancient-american-genome-rekindles-legal-row-1.17797\">have been reflecting\u003c/a> on ways to work \u003cem>with\u003c/em> indigenous communities when these kinds of conflicts come up:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>“Many other researchers are taking a similar approach. [Dennis O’Rourke, a biological anthropologist at the University of Utah in Salt Lake City] says that there is no one-size-fits-all strategy to working with native communities. He finds some of the North American Arctic groups he works with eager to contribute to his research, others are less so; and their opinions shift over time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>” ‘We really have to change the top-down approach, where we come to people and say “these are our research questions and you should participate, because — SCIENCE,” ‘ says Jennifer Raff, an anthropological geneticist at the University of Texas at Austin.”\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Other scientists say there’s a real danger in altering scientific methods to accommodate religious belief. Elizabeth Weiss, an anthropologist at San Jose State, outlined impediments to her own work in a \u003ca href=\"http://politicsandthelifesciences.org/Contents/Contents-2001-3/PLS2001-3-013.pdf\">2001 paper\u003c/a> on the Kennewick controversy, and argued that regulations like NAGPRA require far too little evidence proving a cultural connection to modern-day native communities. She also suggested that such regulations — which increased around the world in the wake of NAGPRA — can have a chilling effect on scientific research:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>“Consider having dedicated a large part of one’s life to unearthing the materials that are now being examined. Even casts and other important works — such as videotapes, photos, and excavation records — are in increasing danger of confiscation. Some scientists have expressed fear that their federal grants would be in jeopardy if they objected too openly to current policies. Under such circumstances, most scientists do not even begin ‘high-risk’ projects. Finds that could threaten Native American origin beliefs are especially likely to be targeted. Defendants could become embroiled for years in expensive lawsuits that neither they nor their institutions can afford …\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The politics of bone gathering in Africa are notorious … and one shudders to imagine what might happen if activists could convince modern Africans to claim early human skeletons as their ancestors, so that they too could be reburied.”\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As this saga draws to a close, perhaps only one thing is certain. Wherever science, ethics and history collide, easy answers don’t exist. The distinction between pioneering researcher and grave robber can depend entirely on whom you ask. But there’s one more story worth telling here, that of another very old pile of North American bones that got a whisper of the attention that Kennewick Man has gotten, because the raging fight over what to do with them simply never got started. From \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/news/ancient-american-genome-rekindles-legal-row-1.17797\">Nature\u003c/a>:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>“Just weeks before Kennewick Man’s remains were discovered, researchers working in Alaska discovered a 10,000-year-old human skeleton. They notified local tribes and quickly came to an agreement that allowed them to excavate and study the remains and keep the tribes involved in the research. ‘You don’t really hear so much about the good cases,’ says Raff.”\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=A+Long%2C+Complicated+Battle+Over+9%2C000-Year-Old+Bones+Is+Finally+Over&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Last week, there was a big development in the long-running, bitter, complicated battle over a 9,000-year-old set of bones known variously as “Kennewick Man” or “The Ancient One,” depending on whom you ask.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers \u003ca href=\"http://www.history.com/news/army-corps-of-engineers-confirms-kennewick-man-is-native-american\">confirmed\u003c/a> that the ancient bearer of the bones is genetically linked to modern-day Native Americans. Now, under federal law, a group of tribes that has been fighting to rebury him will almost certainly get to do so.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It also means that scientists will probably never get another chance to study him, though ancient human remains from North America are incredibly rare, and forensic technology gets better all the time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s the chafe between science and spirituality,” \u003ca href=\"http://indiancountrytodaymedianetwork.com/2013/04/25/long-legal-and-moral-battle-over-kennewick-man-149008\">writes\u003c/a> Kevin Taylor at Indian Country Today, “between people who say the remains have so much to tell us about the ancient human past that they should remain available for research, versus people who feel a kinship with the ancient bones and say they should be reburied to show proper reverence for the dead.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_679014\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-679014\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/skeleton.png\" alt=\"The skeleton of Kennewick Man is represented by nearly 300 bones and bone fragments. \" width=\"400\" height=\"1099\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The skeleton of Kennewick Man is represented by nearly 300 bones and bone fragments. \u003ccite>(Chip Clark/Smithsonian Institute)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>There’s a history to bitter tensions of this sort. Take the recent fight between native Hawaiian protesters and scientists who wanted to erect a telescope on Mauna Kea, a dormant volcano \u003ca href=\"http://www.cnn.com/2015/08/27/us/tmt-hawaii-telescope-controversy/\">considered sacred\u003c/a> by some and “the best location in the world to observe the stars and study the origins of our universe” by others.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>None of these \u003ca href=\"http://www.mountgraham.org/content/star-struck-astronomical-abuse-indigenous-sacred-sites\">clashes\u003c/a> exists in a vacuum; they often come on the heels of decades, if not centuries, of genocide and erasure aimed at indigenous peoples and their ways of life. And so an object of scientific interest, be it a bone or a mountain, can come to stand for an entire civilization.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some say scientists need to rethink their whole approach to culturally sensitive research. Others say the unfettered pursuit of knowledge ought to trump belief; if the faithful always got their way, we’d still think the Earth was flat. Who gets to decide? The twists and turns in the story of Kennewick Man — which has been \u003ca href=\"http://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/kennewick-man-finally-freed-share-his-secrets-180952462/?no-ist=&preview=_page%3D3_page%3D3&page=3\">told before\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://indiancountrytodaymedianetwork.com/2013/04/25/long-legal-and-moral-battle-over-kennewick-man-149008\">and well\u003c/a> — suggest there’s no easy answer, of course, but certainly provide an incredible case study for the future of this debate.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>A forensic mystery, or a moot point?\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>The fight has been raging for 20 years, ever since a couple of college kids stumbled — literally — across a human skull while wading in a river in Washington state. They thought they’d found a murder victim, and flagged down a nearby cop, who called in a local expert. Instead, they had discovered some of the oldest, most complete human remains ever dug up in North America.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Archaeologists dubbed the skeleton Kennewick Man, after the place he was found, and hoped his bones could help settle one of the greatest mysteries in the story of human migration: how did \u003cem>Homo sapiens\u003c/em>, originating in Africa, end up in the Americas?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The dominant theory was that humans trekked here on foot around 13,000 years ago, during the Ice Age, when seas were lower and a land bridge temporarily connected Siberia and Alaska. But \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2014/03/28/world/americas/discoveries-challenge-beliefs-on-humans-arrival-in-the-americas.html?_r=0\">other evidence\u003c/a> suggests humans were already living on this continent well before that particular pathway was possible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So which was it? Did humans walk here, or somehow — incredible to imagine — \u003cem>paddle\u003c/em>? Was there one wave of migration, or more? A study of Kennewick Man’s bones could reveal what he ate, what he drank, how he hunted, and, of course, his DNA — all clues that could ultimately tell the story of where he, and his forebears, came from and how they got here.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But a group of Native American tribes considered The Ancient One, as they call him, a direct tribal ancestor — and they didn’t need science to explain how people ended up here. “From our oral histories, we know that our people have been part of this land since the beginning of time,” a leader of the Umatilla tribe \u003ca href=\"https://books.google.com/books?id=_2acRaHk8l8C&lpg=PA296&ots=Vo5ZFSo7eZ&dq=From%20our%20oral%20histories%2C%20we%20know%20that%20our%20people%20have%20been%20part%20of%20this%20land%20since%20the%20beginning%20of%20time&pg=PA296#v=onepage&q&f=false\">wrote\u003c/a> in a statement at the time. “We do not believe that our people migrated here from another continent, as the scientists do.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Working together, five tribes demanded that The Ancient One’s remains not be poked or prodded in the name of science, and instead be promptly reburied in accordance with tribal custom — and under the Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act. That \u003ca href=\"http://www.usbr.gov/nagpra/\">federal law\u003c/a>, passed in 1990, requires certain Native American artifacts and remains to be handed over to culturally affiliated tribes or provable descendants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The tribes had good reason to be sensitive,” \u003ca href=\"http://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/kennewick-man-finally-freed-share-his-secrets-180952462/#DyWFUQaeudB6jSRX.99\">writes\u003c/a> \u003cem>Smithsonian Magazine’\u003c/em>s Douglas Preston. “The early history of museum collecting of Native American remains is replete with horror stories. In the 19th century, anthropologists and collectors looted fresh Native American graves and burial platforms, dug up corpses and even decapitated dead Indians lying on the field of battle and shipped the heads to Washington for study. Until NAGPRA, museums were filled with American Indian remains acquired without regard for the feelings and religious beliefs of native people.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But for these bones to fall under the protection of NAGPRA, there had to be proof of a connection between the remains and the people fighting to reclaim them today. The scientists said no such connection existed. The tribal leaders insisted it did; they could feel it in their bones.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That question ended up spawning an unprecedented legal and ethical battle in which prominent archaeologists and anthropologists would sue the U.S. government for the chance to study the bones. Femur bones would \u003ca href=\"http://community.seattletimes.nwsource.com/archive/?date=19981211&slug=2788453\">go missing\u003c/a> under unexplained circumstances. Bitter arguments would be pitched over the migration patterns and feeding habits of sea lions, the curvature and racial implications of cheekbones, the validity of oral tradition as courtroom evidence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Eventually, the scientists did get a legally approved (though very brief and highly constricted) look at Kennewick Man, and what they learned is truly amazing. Based on the shape of his skull and other features, they theorized that he or his forebears may have been Asian coastal seafarers. They may have journeyed by boat along the south Alaskan shoreline and ultimately all the way down the Americas, hugging the coast and living off kelp, fish, sea lions and the like.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is the “\u003ca href=\"http://natural-history.uoregon.edu/research/paleocoastal-research-project/kelp-highway-hypothesis\">coastal migration\u003c/a>” theory of the peopling of the Americas, which suggests that a wave, or waves, of people traveled and lived along the Pacific coast long before other travelers chased herds of tasty mastodons and mammoths across a land bridge into Alaska.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They also learned a tremendous amount about what Kennewick Man’s life may have been like. Here’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/kennewick-man-finally-freed-share-his-secrets-180952462/?+Archaeology+%7C+Smithsonian.com)=&utm_campaign=Feed%3A+smithsonianmag%2Fhistory-archaeology+(History+&page=2&no-ist=&=&=\">more from Preston\u003c/a>:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>“Kennewick Man spent a lot of time holding something in front of him while forcibly raising and lowering it; the researchers theorize he was hurling a spear downward into the water, as seal hunters do. His leg bones suggest he often waded in shallow rapids, and he had bone growths consistent with ‘surfer’s ear,’ caused by frequent immersion in cold water. His knee joints suggest he often squatted on his heels. … Many years before Kennewick Man’s death, a heavy blow to his chest broke six ribs. Because he used his right hand to throw spears, five broken ribs on his right side never knitted together. This man was one tough dude.”\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003ch3>Conflict, or collaboration?\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>As of last week, it’s likely that this tough dude is headed back to the earth. University of Chicago scientists confirmed another study, from last year, showing that Kennewick Man’s DNA has \u003ca href=\"http://www.seattletimes.com/seattle-news/science/its-official-kennewick-man-is-native-american/\">genetic similarities\u003c/a> to those of modern-day Colville tribal members. Now, members of the Colville tribe and four others say they’ll \u003ca href=\"http://www.seattletimes.com/seattle-news/science/its-official-kennewick-man-is-native-american/\">work together\u003c/a> to complete the repatriation — or reburial — process, and the government has shown zero interest in standing in their way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But while scientists may never get another chance to study these remains, even as biomolecular science is “advancing so rapidly that within five to ten years it may be possible to know what diseases Kennewick Man suffered from and what caused his death,” \u003ca href=\"http://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/kennewick-man-finally-freed-share-his-secrets-180952462/?no-ist=&preview=_page%3D3_page%3D3&page=3\">writes\u003c/a> Preston, the story of Kennewick Man raises all sorts of questions as to how researchers might avoid antagonizing local cultures to begin with — or whether they should have to try.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the scientists involved in revealing a genetic connection between Kennewick Man and living Native Americans invited members of the five tribes into the lab, where they \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2015/06/19/science/new-dna-results-show-kennewick-man-was-native-american.html?_r=0\">put on body suits\u003c/a> and entered a “clean room” to pay their respects to The Ancient One. In the wake of Kennewick, scientists \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/news/ancient-american-genome-rekindles-legal-row-1.17797\">have been reflecting\u003c/a> on ways to work \u003cem>with\u003c/em> indigenous communities when these kinds of conflicts come up:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>“Many other researchers are taking a similar approach. [Dennis O’Rourke, a biological anthropologist at the University of Utah in Salt Lake City] says that there is no one-size-fits-all strategy to working with native communities. He finds some of the North American Arctic groups he works with eager to contribute to his research, others are less so; and their opinions shift over time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>” ‘We really have to change the top-down approach, where we come to people and say “these are our research questions and you should participate, because — SCIENCE,” ‘ says Jennifer Raff, an anthropological geneticist at the University of Texas at Austin.”\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Other scientists say there’s a real danger in altering scientific methods to accommodate religious belief. Elizabeth Weiss, an anthropologist at San Jose State, outlined impediments to her own work in a \u003ca href=\"http://politicsandthelifesciences.org/Contents/Contents-2001-3/PLS2001-3-013.pdf\">2001 paper\u003c/a> on the Kennewick controversy, and argued that regulations like NAGPRA require far too little evidence proving a cultural connection to modern-day native communities. She also suggested that such regulations — which increased around the world in the wake of NAGPRA — can have a chilling effect on scientific research:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>“Consider having dedicated a large part of one’s life to unearthing the materials that are now being examined. Even casts and other important works — such as videotapes, photos, and excavation records — are in increasing danger of confiscation. Some scientists have expressed fear that their federal grants would be in jeopardy if they objected too openly to current policies. Under such circumstances, most scientists do not even begin ‘high-risk’ projects. Finds that could threaten Native American origin beliefs are especially likely to be targeted. Defendants could become embroiled for years in expensive lawsuits that neither they nor their institutions can afford …\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The politics of bone gathering in Africa are notorious … and one shudders to imagine what might happen if activists could convince modern Africans to claim early human skeletons as their ancestors, so that they too could be reburied.”\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As this saga draws to a close, perhaps only one thing is certain. Wherever science, ethics and history collide, easy answers don’t exist. The distinction between pioneering researcher and grave robber can depend entirely on whom you ask. But there’s one more story worth telling here, that of another very old pile of North American bones that got a whisper of the attention that Kennewick Man has gotten, because the raging fight over what to do with them simply never got started. From \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/news/ancient-american-genome-rekindles-legal-row-1.17797\">Nature\u003c/a>:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>“Just weeks before Kennewick Man’s remains were discovered, researchers working in Alaska discovered a 10,000-year-old human skeleton. They notified local tribes and quickly came to an agreement that allowed them to excavate and study the remains and keep the tribes involved in the research. ‘You don’t really hear so much about the good cases,’ says Raff.”\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=A+Long%2C+Complicated+Battle+Over+9%2C000-Year-Old+Bones+Is+Finally+Over&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Californians Beat New, Relaxed Target for Water Savings",
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"content": "\u003cp>Urban residents of California beat their goal for saving water in March by turning off their sprinklers when the rain fell.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The State Water Board says cities and businesses cut water use by more than 24 percent compared to the same month in 2013. Board chair Felicia Marcus called it “a stunningly welcome number” after a six-month run of declining conservation. The 24.3 percent mark doubled efforts in February, when much of California was dry, with record-high temperatures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_675079\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 829px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-675079\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/watercons_1603.png\" alt=\"March water conservation marked a significant reversal from several months of declining savings in California.\" width=\"829\" height=\"621\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/watercons_1603.png 829w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/watercons_1603-400x300.png 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/watercons_1603-800x599.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/watercons_1603-768x575.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 829px) 100vw, 829px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">March water conservation marked a significant reversal from several months of declining savings in California. \u003ccite>(State Water Resources Control Board)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>March is the first month under newly relaxed conservation requirements. Cities are now expected to use at least 20 percent less water, a break from the previous order of 25 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A bright spot continues to be water use per capita by urban Californians, who have throttled back from an average of more than 100 gallons per person, per day in August, to 66 in March, with people in some locations using significantly less.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Officials say it’s an indication that Californians have stuck to some of the water habits they formed during the state’s most punishing drought on record.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An especially soggy March helped depress water use — especially outdoor irrigation — but rainfall in California tapers off dramatically at just this time of year; there’s unlikely to be any “May miracle.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We need to keep conserving,” warns Marcus. “We may not need the same levels of conservation as last year, but we still need to keep all we can in our reservoirs and groundwater basins in case this winter is just a punctuation mark in a longer drought.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Urban residents of California beat their goal for saving water in March by turning off their sprinklers when the rain fell.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The State Water Board says cities and businesses cut water use by more than 24 percent compared to the same month in 2013. Board chair Felicia Marcus called it “a stunningly welcome number” after a six-month run of declining conservation. The 24.3 percent mark doubled efforts in February, when much of California was dry, with record-high temperatures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_675079\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 829px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-675079\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/watercons_1603.png\" alt=\"March water conservation marked a significant reversal from several months of declining savings in California.\" width=\"829\" height=\"621\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/watercons_1603.png 829w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/watercons_1603-400x300.png 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/watercons_1603-800x599.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/watercons_1603-768x575.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 829px) 100vw, 829px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">March water conservation marked a significant reversal from several months of declining savings in California. \u003ccite>(State Water Resources Control Board)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>March is the first month under newly relaxed conservation requirements. Cities are now expected to use at least 20 percent less water, a break from the previous order of 25 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A bright spot continues to be water use per capita by urban Californians, who have throttled back from an average of more than 100 gallons per person, per day in August, to 66 in March, with people in some locations using significantly less.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Officials say it’s an indication that Californians have stuck to some of the water habits they formed during the state’s most punishing drought on record.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An especially soggy March helped depress water use — especially outdoor irrigation — but rainfall in California tapers off dramatically at just this time of year; there’s unlikely to be any “May miracle.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We need to keep conserving,” warns Marcus. “We may not need the same levels of conservation as last year, but we still need to keep all we can in our reservoirs and groundwater basins in case this winter is just a punctuation mark in a longer drought.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Global Warming Is Starving West Coast Waters of Oxygen",
"headTitle": "Global Warming Is Starving West Coast Waters of Oxygen | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Just west of Los Angeles, decimated populations of spiny rockfish rummage for prey among bush-like corals. Cold currents from deep valleys wash nutrients between the Channel Islands, fertilizing plants that are eaten by fish. The fish are eaten by dolphins and pelicans and served with fries to diners watching ocean sunsets from Venice Beach.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rockfish populations that crashed off the southern Californian coast in the 1990s have been protected by fishing rules and marine parks. But climate change is making a natural threat to the fish even worse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”Gne3W9AHBDJJeaZ5tF6m5XUHhj56nZqJ”]As atmospheric pollution warms the planet and its seas, oxygen levels are declining in the oceans, making it harder for the bottom-dwelling fish to breathe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ocean warming is projected to continue reducing oxygen levels in some hotspots that are naturally low in oxygen, such as the eastern Pacific Ocean. The oxygen declines in coastal waters like California’s threaten to create invisible chemical barriers, boxing vulnerable wildlife into smaller territories.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The importance of oxygen loss has been underestimated or overlooked by ocean scientists,” said Lisa Levin, a Scripps Institution of Oceanography professor who is helping to pioneer research into the problem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Levin’s lab published a study last week revealing the heavy influence of oxygen levels on the biodiversity of worms, molluscs and other creatures that live in West Coast mud, which are eaten by rockfish and other marine predators.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As oceans warm, fish and other sea animals need more oxygen, yet the sea water they breathe holds less of it. Ocean circulation changes caused by global warming can also reduce oxygen levels below the ocean’s surface, where it’s absorbed from the atmosphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s jeopardizing fisheries already afflicted by overfishing, wetland losses, water pollution, ocean warming and ocean acidification.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“For some things that can’t move, it’s going to kill them,” Levin said. “For things that can swim away, it’s going to shrink their habitat.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Oxygen levels can be highly variable, and scientists are still trying to untangle the role climate change may have played in declining West Coast oxygen levels since the 1980s, some of which coincided with local ocean cooling.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scripps and federal government scientists calculated in 2010 that the oxygen declines could reduce cowcod habitat in protected Southern California Bight areas by 18 percent by the 2020s, if trends continued.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Ocean warming and ocean acidification have had much more attention,” Levin said. “The people who have been studying changes in oxygen didn’t raise the issue about global declines until probably eight years ago, and haven’t focused on communicating to the media, to the public, everywhere it needs to go.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Levin led a three-person Scripps research team that analyzed data from biological surveys of ocean mud using advanced statistical techniques. They reported last week in the journal Proceedings of the Royal Society B that oxygen levels appear to have more influence than temperature or a measure of acidity over the number of small mud-dwelling species found on West Coast coastlines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The results were very different when the researchers examined samples from a different region. In the Arabian sea, the scientists discovered that the measure of ocean acidity was more closely tied to biodiversity levels than oxygen concentrations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The finding helped to illuminate the local and regional nature of the low-oxygen threat, and the complex relationships between warming, acidification and oxygen depletion that are being caused by climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If more data were available from another area, such as the East African coast, I suspect that may be different as well,” said Nancy Rabalais, a Louisiana Universities Marine Consortium professor who was not involved with the research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rabalais said the new Scripps study could help scientists predict how the three major ocean changes caused by global warming — warming, acidification and deoxygenation — could affect biodiversity in key marine habitats.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Each of the trifecta of global warming impacts tends to harm wildlife. Each of those impacts could be slowed if a United Nations climate treaty, which was negotiated in Paris in December, succeeds in sharply curbing fossil fuel use and deforestation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists point out that battered marine ecosystems would have greater chances of surviving impacts from warming if overfishing, plastic pollution and habitat destruction are also curbed. Marine parks can also help.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Extreme oxygen shortfalls already occur in seasonal dead zones, such as in the Gulf of Mexico, which is caused by farming and sewage pollution. By warming seawater, climate change can make dead zones bigger.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In areas where oxygen levels are naturally low, including off the West Coast and in the eastern Atlantic and southern Indian oceans, recent modeling showed climate change is already worsening the problem — which can fuel severe oxygen shortfalls that scientists call hypoxia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those impacts were projected by computer models to spread to additional regions during future years and decades. Some high-oxygen parts of oceans, by contrast, might not experience any impacts from the declines this century, the research showed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s hard to attribute a single year of hypoxia to warming,” said Curtis Deutsch, a professor at the University of Washington who contributed to the modeling analysis, which was published this year in the journal Global Biogeochemical Cycles. “And yet, at the same time, we expect it to become more frequent.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists like Deutsch are turning to models to try to understand how climate change may be influencing oxygen levels in oceans. Those concentrations are influenced by a confounding array of natural and human factors, and they haven’t been well measured.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There are parts of the ocean where models predict that we can be detecting real, long-term changes in the ocean that are distinct from natural fluctuations right now,” Deutsch said. “For fisheries, it hasn’t been detected in data, but all of the indicators point toward this being an important concern for the future.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The modeling study honed in on oxygen impacts in the open ocean, but it didn’t reveal or project more complicated changes in coastal regions, such as in the colorful coral and sponge habitats of the Southern California Bight.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The findings from the modeling runs corroborated those from similar studies that have been published in recent years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These are very expected results,” said John Dunne, a National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration biogeochemist and climate modeler who has researched the topic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dunne said impacts from projected oxygen declines will matter most in parts of the ocean where levels are naturally low to begin with, such as along the West Coast, including the waters off Los Angeles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Changes in southern California may already be squeezing decimated populations of fish that are popular with fishermen and diners, such as cowcod and other rockfish, into dangerously small territories, further threatening their survival.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“At high levels of oxygen, it doesn’t matter,” Dunne said. “At low levels of oxygen, it matters a great deal.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Global warming is reducing oxygen supplies for marine wildlife along the West Coast and elsewhere.",
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"headline": "Global Warming Is Starving West Coast Waters of Oxygen",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Just west of Los Angeles, decimated populations of spiny rockfish rummage for prey among bush-like corals. Cold currents from deep valleys wash nutrients between the Channel Islands, fertilizing plants that are eaten by fish. The fish are eaten by dolphins and pelicans and served with fries to diners watching ocean sunsets from Venice Beach.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rockfish populations that crashed off the southern Californian coast in the 1990s have been protected by fishing rules and marine parks. But climate change is making a natural threat to the fish even worse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>As atmospheric pollution warms the planet and its seas, oxygen levels are declining in the oceans, making it harder for the bottom-dwelling fish to breathe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ocean warming is projected to continue reducing oxygen levels in some hotspots that are naturally low in oxygen, such as the eastern Pacific Ocean. The oxygen declines in coastal waters like California’s threaten to create invisible chemical barriers, boxing vulnerable wildlife into smaller territories.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The importance of oxygen loss has been underestimated or overlooked by ocean scientists,” said Lisa Levin, a Scripps Institution of Oceanography professor who is helping to pioneer research into the problem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Levin’s lab published a study last week revealing the heavy influence of oxygen levels on the biodiversity of worms, molluscs and other creatures that live in West Coast mud, which are eaten by rockfish and other marine predators.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As oceans warm, fish and other sea animals need more oxygen, yet the sea water they breathe holds less of it. Ocean circulation changes caused by global warming can also reduce oxygen levels below the ocean’s surface, where it’s absorbed from the atmosphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s jeopardizing fisheries already afflicted by overfishing, wetland losses, water pollution, ocean warming and ocean acidification.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“For some things that can’t move, it’s going to kill them,” Levin said. “For things that can swim away, it’s going to shrink their habitat.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Oxygen levels can be highly variable, and scientists are still trying to untangle the role climate change may have played in declining West Coast oxygen levels since the 1980s, some of which coincided with local ocean cooling.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scripps and federal government scientists calculated in 2010 that the oxygen declines could reduce cowcod habitat in protected Southern California Bight areas by 18 percent by the 2020s, if trends continued.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Ocean warming and ocean acidification have had much more attention,” Levin said. “The people who have been studying changes in oxygen didn’t raise the issue about global declines until probably eight years ago, and haven’t focused on communicating to the media, to the public, everywhere it needs to go.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Levin led a three-person Scripps research team that analyzed data from biological surveys of ocean mud using advanced statistical techniques. They reported last week in the journal Proceedings of the Royal Society B that oxygen levels appear to have more influence than temperature or a measure of acidity over the number of small mud-dwelling species found on West Coast coastlines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The results were very different when the researchers examined samples from a different region. In the Arabian sea, the scientists discovered that the measure of ocean acidity was more closely tied to biodiversity levels than oxygen concentrations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The finding helped to illuminate the local and regional nature of the low-oxygen threat, and the complex relationships between warming, acidification and oxygen depletion that are being caused by climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If more data were available from another area, such as the East African coast, I suspect that may be different as well,” said Nancy Rabalais, a Louisiana Universities Marine Consortium professor who was not involved with the research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rabalais said the new Scripps study could help scientists predict how the three major ocean changes caused by global warming — warming, acidification and deoxygenation — could affect biodiversity in key marine habitats.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Each of the trifecta of global warming impacts tends to harm wildlife. Each of those impacts could be slowed if a United Nations climate treaty, which was negotiated in Paris in December, succeeds in sharply curbing fossil fuel use and deforestation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists point out that battered marine ecosystems would have greater chances of surviving impacts from warming if overfishing, plastic pollution and habitat destruction are also curbed. Marine parks can also help.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Extreme oxygen shortfalls already occur in seasonal dead zones, such as in the Gulf of Mexico, which is caused by farming and sewage pollution. By warming seawater, climate change can make dead zones bigger.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In areas where oxygen levels are naturally low, including off the West Coast and in the eastern Atlantic and southern Indian oceans, recent modeling showed climate change is already worsening the problem — which can fuel severe oxygen shortfalls that scientists call hypoxia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those impacts were projected by computer models to spread to additional regions during future years and decades. Some high-oxygen parts of oceans, by contrast, might not experience any impacts from the declines this century, the research showed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s hard to attribute a single year of hypoxia to warming,” said Curtis Deutsch, a professor at the University of Washington who contributed to the modeling analysis, which was published this year in the journal Global Biogeochemical Cycles. “And yet, at the same time, we expect it to become more frequent.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists like Deutsch are turning to models to try to understand how climate change may be influencing oxygen levels in oceans. Those concentrations are influenced by a confounding array of natural and human factors, and they haven’t been well measured.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There are parts of the ocean where models predict that we can be detecting real, long-term changes in the ocean that are distinct from natural fluctuations right now,” Deutsch said. “For fisheries, it hasn’t been detected in data, but all of the indicators point toward this being an important concern for the future.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The modeling study honed in on oxygen impacts in the open ocean, but it didn’t reveal or project more complicated changes in coastal regions, such as in the colorful coral and sponge habitats of the Southern California Bight.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The findings from the modeling runs corroborated those from similar studies that have been published in recent years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These are very expected results,” said John Dunne, a National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration biogeochemist and climate modeler who has researched the topic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dunne said impacts from projected oxygen declines will matter most in parts of the ocean where levels are naturally low to begin with, such as along the West Coast, including the waters off Los Angeles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Changes in southern California may already be squeezing decimated populations of fish that are popular with fishermen and diners, such as cowcod and other rockfish, into dangerously small territories, further threatening their survival.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
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"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
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"mindshift": {
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"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
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"order": 12
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"info": "\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. Hosts Steve Inskeep, David Greene and Rachel Martin bring you the latest breaking news and features to prepare you for the day.",
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"tagline": "Deeply-reported investigative journalism",
"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
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"info": "Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. For one hour a week, the show tries to lift the veil from the process of \"making media,\" especially news media, because it's through that lens that we see the world and the world sees us",
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"perspectives": {
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"info": "The economy explained. Imagine you could call up a friend and say, Meet me at the bar and tell me what's going on with the economy. Now imagine that's actually a fun evening.",
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"tagline": "Politics from a personal perspective",
"info": "Political Breakdown is a new series that explores the political intersection of California and the nation. Each week hosts Scott Shafer and Marisa Lagos are joined with a new special guest to unpack politics -- with personality — and offer an insider’s glimpse at how politics happens.",
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"possible": {
"id": "possible",
"title": "Possible",
"info": "Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.",
"airtime": "SUN 2pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Possible-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.possible.fm/",
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"source": "Possible"
},
"link": "/radio/program/possible",
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},
"pri-the-world": {
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"title": "PRI's The World: Latest Edition",
"info": "Each weekday, host Marco Werman and his team of producers bring you the world's most interesting stories in an hour of radio that reminds us just how small our planet really is.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 2pm-3pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-World-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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},
"radiolab": {
"id": "radiolab",
"title": "Radiolab",
"info": "A two-time Peabody Award-winner, Radiolab is an investigation told through sounds and stories, and centered around one big idea. In the Radiolab world, information sounds like music and science and culture collide. Hosted by Jad Abumrad and Robert Krulwich, the show is designed for listeners who demand skepticism, but appreciate wonder. WNYC Studios is the producer of other leading podcasts including Freakonomics Radio, Death, Sex & Money, On the Media and many more.",
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},
"reveal": {
"id": "reveal",
"title": "Reveal",
"info": "Created by The Center for Investigative Reporting and PRX, Reveal is public radios first one-hour weekly radio show and podcast dedicated to investigative reporting. Credible, fact based and without a partisan agenda, Reveal combines the power and artistry of driveway moment storytelling with data-rich reporting on critically important issues. The result is stories that inform and inspire, arming our listeners with information to right injustices, hold the powerful accountable and improve lives.Reveal is hosted by Al Letson and showcases the award-winning work of CIR and newsrooms large and small across the nation. In a radio and podcast market crowded with choices, Reveal focuses on important and often surprising stories that illuminate the world for our listeners.",
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