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"content": "\u003cp>In the pre-dawn hours on Friday, the annual Lyrid Meteor Shower returns to Bay Area skies, offering what can be a breathtaking celestial light show for those willing to trade in a little sleep time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>When to View the Lyrids\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Lyrid meteors are active from around April 16th to the 25th, but the peak in their activity usually lasts less than a day. This year, greatest activity is expected to take place on the morning of Friday, April 22nd, sometime before dawn. The best viewing is generally around 3:00 a.m., but you can expect to glimpse meteors anytime between midnight and dawn.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_647163\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 525px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-647163\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/Untitled-2.jpg\" alt=\"The radiant point of the Lyrid Meteors lies between the constellations Lyra and Hercules.\" width=\"525\" height=\"265\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/Untitled-2.jpg 525w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/Untitled-2-400x202.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 525px) 100vw, 525px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The radiant point of the Lyrid Meteors lies between the constellations Lyra and Hercules. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Lyrid meteors will appear to emanate from a point in the sky (the shower’s “radiant point”) near the constellation Lyra (hence the name “Lyrids”). Lyra rises in the northeast in the late evening, and is marked by the bright star Vega. By 3:00 a.m., Vega and the rest of Lyra will be high in the eastern sky. Wherever you end up watching from, make sure you have an unobstructed view of the eastern sky.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The light of the nearly full moon will interfere with viewing this year, drowning out the fainter meteors in the shower, but the brighter meteors should still be visible. Fortunately, by 3:00 a.m. the moon will be in the southwest and hence behind you if you are looking eastward toward the Lyrids’ radiant point.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Where to See the Lyrids\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As long as you have a clear sky you can hope to see a Lyrid meteor from your own backyard — but to increase your chances, it helps to get as far away from city light pollution as possible. Fortunately, even though the San Francisco Bay Area is a major metropolitan area, the geography of surrounding mountain ranges creates a number of “dark spots” that may be less than half an hour’s drive from your home, depending on where you live.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Generally, staying away from the coastal region reduces your chances of being fogged out, if marine fog is in the forecast. It takes real dedication to get up at 2:30 a.m. and drive half an hour to a dark spot, but if you’re game:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>In the North Bay there are plenty of dark choices, from the coastal hills out toward Bodega and Point Reyes (though beware of the marine fog forecast), to Sonoma Mountain east of Rohnert Park and Cotati, to the Napa Valley.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>In the East Bay some of the glare from Berkeley, Oakland, San Leandro, and Hayward is blocked by the East Bay Hills, offering shelter from some light pollution. The ridgeline (Skyline Blvd., Grizzly Peak Blvd.) should be okay, but moving east gets you farther from the source of major light pollution on the Bay side.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>The slopes of Mount Diablo offer a good view, and one far from the coast. Though the gate of \u003ca href=\"http://www.parks.ca.gov/?page_id=517\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Mount Diablo State Park\u003c/a> closes at sunset, on the road below the gate there are pullouts to be found.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>The Sunol area is also a good East Bay choice, protected by hills on all sides.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Farther south, east of Morgan Hill, is \u003ca href=\"http://www.parks.ca.gov/?page_id=561\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Henry Coe State Park\u003c/a>, an ideal spot for meteor viewing for several reasons. It’s away from the coast and major urban centers, and the park gates are open around the clock.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>On the peninsula south of San Mateo, on Skyline Blvd., there are a few good spots to pull over and give the meteor watching a go.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>Wherever you choose to view the Lyrids from, stay safe, of course don’t park where you aren’t supposed to, and make sure you’re not trespassing on private property.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What Causes a Meteor Shower?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A meteor — also called a shooting star — is a tiny bit of metal or rock, usually no bigger than a fingernail, that burns up in Earth’s atmosphere. A single meteor can be seen at any time of the year when a rogue bit of material flying around the solar system enters Earth’s atmosphere at random.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_647161\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-647161\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/earth-and-dust-trail-800x554.jpg\" alt=\"Illustration showing Earth passing through a trail of dust left by the passage of a comet, the source of a meteor shower. \" width=\"800\" height=\"554\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/earth-and-dust-trail-800x554.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/earth-and-dust-trail-400x277.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/earth-and-dust-trail-768x532.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/earth-and-dust-trail-960x665.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/earth-and-dust-trail.jpg 1000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Illustration showing Earth passing through a trail of dust left by the passage of a comet, the source of a meteor shower. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://geology.com/articles/meteor-shower.shtml\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Meteor \u003cem>showers\u003c/em>\u003c/a> occur when a cloud of dust strikes our atmosphere around the same time — or more accurately, when the Earth passes through a trail of dust left behind by a comet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The side of the Earth that faces into the dust cloud as Earth moves through it happens to be under morning skies, which is why you can only see a meteor shower between midnight and dawn. It’s a little like when a car, speeding down a freeway, passes through a swarm of flying insects, which strike the windshield of the car and not the rear window, leaving splats and streaks on the front end.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As comets pass close to the sun they warm up and some of their ices are vaporized, forming the comet’s familiar tail. The vapors carry dust and leave behind a trail of particles. When Earth slams into the dust trail at its orbital velocity of 18 miles per second, the dust particles burn up in our atmosphere and vaporize.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Lyrid meteor shower is one of the oldest known, with some observational records dating back 2,700 years. A record from China described the meteors of the Lyrid shower of 687 BCE as “falling like rain.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_647162\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 474px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-647162\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/meteor_shower_19thcentury_engraving-7939311.jpg\" alt='Engraving depicting the exceptional 1833 \"meteor storm\" of the Leonid Meteor Shower.' width=\"474\" height=\"525\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/meteor_shower_19thcentury_engraving-7939311.jpg 474w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/meteor_shower_19thcentury_engraving-7939311-400x443.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 474px) 100vw, 474px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Engraving depicting the exceptional 1833 “meteor storm” of the Leonid Meteor Shower. \u003ccite>(Public Domain)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Each meteor shower originates from the dusty leavings of a different comet. The comet responsible for the Lyrids is named \u003ca href=\"http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/c1861g1thatcher/indepth\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">C/1861 G1 Thatcher\u003c/a>. We have no photographs of Thatcher since it last passed through our part of the solar system in 1861, on an orbit that takes 415 years to complete — so this comet won’t come close again until the year 2276.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the legacy of comet Thatcher’s visit — the trail of dust it left behind — still lights up our skies every year.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "If you don't mind missing a few Z's, the Lyrids can make for a dazzling nocturnal light show.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>In the pre-dawn hours on Friday, the annual Lyrid Meteor Shower returns to Bay Area skies, offering what can be a breathtaking celestial light show for those willing to trade in a little sleep time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>When to View the Lyrids\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Lyrid meteors are active from around April 16th to the 25th, but the peak in their activity usually lasts less than a day. This year, greatest activity is expected to take place on the morning of Friday, April 22nd, sometime before dawn. The best viewing is generally around 3:00 a.m., but you can expect to glimpse meteors anytime between midnight and dawn.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_647163\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 525px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-647163\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/Untitled-2.jpg\" alt=\"The radiant point of the Lyrid Meteors lies between the constellations Lyra and Hercules.\" width=\"525\" height=\"265\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/Untitled-2.jpg 525w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/Untitled-2-400x202.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 525px) 100vw, 525px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The radiant point of the Lyrid Meteors lies between the constellations Lyra and Hercules. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Lyrid meteors will appear to emanate from a point in the sky (the shower’s “radiant point”) near the constellation Lyra (hence the name “Lyrids”). Lyra rises in the northeast in the late evening, and is marked by the bright star Vega. By 3:00 a.m., Vega and the rest of Lyra will be high in the eastern sky. Wherever you end up watching from, make sure you have an unobstructed view of the eastern sky.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The light of the nearly full moon will interfere with viewing this year, drowning out the fainter meteors in the shower, but the brighter meteors should still be visible. Fortunately, by 3:00 a.m. the moon will be in the southwest and hence behind you if you are looking eastward toward the Lyrids’ radiant point.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Where to See the Lyrids\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As long as you have a clear sky you can hope to see a Lyrid meteor from your own backyard — but to increase your chances, it helps to get as far away from city light pollution as possible. Fortunately, even though the San Francisco Bay Area is a major metropolitan area, the geography of surrounding mountain ranges creates a number of “dark spots” that may be less than half an hour’s drive from your home, depending on where you live.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Generally, staying away from the coastal region reduces your chances of being fogged out, if marine fog is in the forecast. It takes real dedication to get up at 2:30 a.m. and drive half an hour to a dark spot, but if you’re game:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>In the North Bay there are plenty of dark choices, from the coastal hills out toward Bodega and Point Reyes (though beware of the marine fog forecast), to Sonoma Mountain east of Rohnert Park and Cotati, to the Napa Valley.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>In the East Bay some of the glare from Berkeley, Oakland, San Leandro, and Hayward is blocked by the East Bay Hills, offering shelter from some light pollution. The ridgeline (Skyline Blvd., Grizzly Peak Blvd.) should be okay, but moving east gets you farther from the source of major light pollution on the Bay side.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>The slopes of Mount Diablo offer a good view, and one far from the coast. Though the gate of \u003ca href=\"http://www.parks.ca.gov/?page_id=517\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Mount Diablo State Park\u003c/a> closes at sunset, on the road below the gate there are pullouts to be found.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>The Sunol area is also a good East Bay choice, protected by hills on all sides.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Farther south, east of Morgan Hill, is \u003ca href=\"http://www.parks.ca.gov/?page_id=561\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Henry Coe State Park\u003c/a>, an ideal spot for meteor viewing for several reasons. It’s away from the coast and major urban centers, and the park gates are open around the clock.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>On the peninsula south of San Mateo, on Skyline Blvd., there are a few good spots to pull over and give the meteor watching a go.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>Wherever you choose to view the Lyrids from, stay safe, of course don’t park where you aren’t supposed to, and make sure you’re not trespassing on private property.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What Causes a Meteor Shower?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A meteor — also called a shooting star — is a tiny bit of metal or rock, usually no bigger than a fingernail, that burns up in Earth’s atmosphere. A single meteor can be seen at any time of the year when a rogue bit of material flying around the solar system enters Earth’s atmosphere at random.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_647161\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-647161\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/earth-and-dust-trail-800x554.jpg\" alt=\"Illustration showing Earth passing through a trail of dust left by the passage of a comet, the source of a meteor shower. \" width=\"800\" height=\"554\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/earth-and-dust-trail-800x554.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/earth-and-dust-trail-400x277.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/earth-and-dust-trail-768x532.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/earth-and-dust-trail-960x665.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/earth-and-dust-trail.jpg 1000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Illustration showing Earth passing through a trail of dust left by the passage of a comet, the source of a meteor shower. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://geology.com/articles/meteor-shower.shtml\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Meteor \u003cem>showers\u003c/em>\u003c/a> occur when a cloud of dust strikes our atmosphere around the same time — or more accurately, when the Earth passes through a trail of dust left behind by a comet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The side of the Earth that faces into the dust cloud as Earth moves through it happens to be under morning skies, which is why you can only see a meteor shower between midnight and dawn. It’s a little like when a car, speeding down a freeway, passes through a swarm of flying insects, which strike the windshield of the car and not the rear window, leaving splats and streaks on the front end.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As comets pass close to the sun they warm up and some of their ices are vaporized, forming the comet’s familiar tail. The vapors carry dust and leave behind a trail of particles. When Earth slams into the dust trail at its orbital velocity of 18 miles per second, the dust particles burn up in our atmosphere and vaporize.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Lyrid meteor shower is one of the oldest known, with some observational records dating back 2,700 years. A record from China described the meteors of the Lyrid shower of 687 BCE as “falling like rain.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_647162\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 474px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-647162\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/meteor_shower_19thcentury_engraving-7939311.jpg\" alt='Engraving depicting the exceptional 1833 \"meteor storm\" of the Leonid Meteor Shower.' width=\"474\" height=\"525\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/meteor_shower_19thcentury_engraving-7939311.jpg 474w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/meteor_shower_19thcentury_engraving-7939311-400x443.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 474px) 100vw, 474px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Engraving depicting the exceptional 1833 “meteor storm” of the Leonid Meteor Shower. \u003ccite>(Public Domain)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Each meteor shower originates from the dusty leavings of a different comet. The comet responsible for the Lyrids is named \u003ca href=\"http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/c1861g1thatcher/indepth\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">C/1861 G1 Thatcher\u003c/a>. We have no photographs of Thatcher since it last passed through our part of the solar system in 1861, on an orbit that takes 415 years to complete — so this comet won’t come close again until the year 2276.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the legacy of comet Thatcher’s visit — the trail of dust it left behind — still lights up our skies every year.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Is California’s Water System Really Broken?",
"headTitle": "Is California’s Water System Really Broken? | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Farmers in the western San Joaquin Valley are facing another year with curtailed water allocations, while fish populations are as low as they’ve ever been. Something, clearly, isn’t working, and agriculture industry lobbyists say they know what the problem is.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our water delivery system is broken,” says Gayle Holman, spokesperson for Westlands Water District, a large San Joaquin Valley farming region expected to take a hard hit this year from reduced water deliveries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”Gr8fse4v90zRv9sxyPZNSirJ8tLqmkeL”]Holman argues that environmental restrictions against pumping water from the Delta are harming farmers’ livelihoods without doing any good.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Fish, agriculture, communities – none of them are benefiting from the precautions [against pumping],” Holman claims. “We’re seeing an overall erosion of the productivity of the Delta and the farmland south of it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There is no doubt that fish species such as winter-run Chinook salmon, delta smelt and several others are slipping toward extinction – but why? Farm lobbyists say removal of water from the Delta has little to do with the declines and that non-native species are a bigger problem. They say striped bass are eating imperiled fishes at unsustainable rates, and over the past few years water users have supported multiple legislative efforts to cull striped bass numbers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Predation [on salmon] is a huge problem we haven’t addressed,” says Mike Wade, the executive director of the California Farm Water Coalition, a group that lobbies for farmers statewide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Research conducted in 2012 on the Tuolumne River by the private research firm FishBio found striped bass stuffed with baby salmon. To many water users, this is clear and damning evidence that striped bass are a lead driver in the decades-long decline of the Central Valley’s native fishes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the problem isn’t so simple, according to numerous fishery scientists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Yes, these fish often die in the mouth of a striped bass,” says Jon Rosenfield, a conservation biologist with the Bay Institute, a watchdog environmental group in San Francisco. “But when a person dies in the emergency room, it wasn’t the hospital that killed them. So, the question you have to ask is, what conditions got the fish into the striped bass’s mouth?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The entire ecosystem is collapsing, and striped bass numbers are plunging about as rapidly as those of salmon, smelt and other species. Rosenfield says so much water is now being taken out of the Delta on an annual basis that what was once a thriving estuary functions today more like a large, warm-water swamp, friendly to some non-native fishes, such as black bass, catfish and sunfish, but very hostile to most native fishes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These [farm groups] always want to remove the predators, and that is not the solution,” Rosenfield says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rather, he maintains, restoring the Central Valley’s waterways and their seasonal flow patterns to something resembling their natural state would prompt a response in native fish numbers. It is well known that gushing winter and spring floods can essentially wash juvenile salmon safely out to sea in a protective smokescreen of mud and silt. For this reason, salmon hatcheries often release their smolts immediately after large rain events.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists such as striped bass expert David Ostrach, U.C. Davis’ Peter Moyle and Carson Jeffres, and California Trout’s Jacob Katz, have all argued that the loss of annual flood cycles, as well as riverside floodplain habitat, has made survival for small fish in the Central Valley’s waterways almost impossible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>FishBio’s Doug Demko, who led the Tuolumne River research, says he has observed that young salmon do poorly when river and Delta flows are reduced.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In those low-flow and medium-flow water years, juvenile salmon mortality is extremely high,” Demko says. “In high-flow years, we get much higher survival.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Striped bass were introduced to California in the late 1800s. The fish took well to the Bay and Delta. As a species, they established themselves, naturalized and boomed. For about 80 years striped bass thrived. Ostrach says there may have been 4 million adult striped bass in the Bay-Delta system in the 1960s. There may have been even more in the decades prior, before close scientific fish surveys had begun. Meanwhile, Chinook salmon – especially the commercial important fall run – supported by fish hatcheries, remained fairly strong.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 1951, the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation’s Central Valley Project began operating a massive pumping station in the southern Delta. About a decade later, the California Department of Water Resources introduced a similar pumping station to support its own conveyance system, the State Water Project. Pumping rates grew steadily from about 1.5 million acre-feet (1.8 billion cubic meters) in the 1960s to the 4 million acre-foot level by the 1970s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the same time, the decline of the Delta ecosystem began in earnest. This deterioration has been closely tracked by the California Department of Fish and Wildlife, which started an annual survey called the Fall Midwater Trawl in 1967. The idea was to take a yearly snapshot of fish abundance by dragging the same-sized net over the same parcels of water on about the same days every year. In the survey’s first year, department biologists calculated an abundance index of 19,677 juvenile stripers . That number has dropped steadily since, to anywhere from 1,000 to 5,000 through the 1980s and 1990s. Over the same time period, winter-run Chinook salmon, as well as salmon runs in the San Joaquin River, followed a similar downward trajectory.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then, in the early 2000s – after a rapid increase in water pumping pushed Delta exports to record rates of more than 6 million acre-feet (7.4 billion cubic meters) – the decline accelerated, with the striper index ranging from a few dozen to about 300. Bar graphs showing the survey results for several other species look nearly the same, with abundance of each bottoming out to almost nothing in the early 2000s. Delta smelt are now considered essentially extinct in the wild. The simultaneous crash of multiple Delta fish species has been so dramatic that biologists even have a name for it – the Pelagic Organism Decline .\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Farm lobbyists remain unconvinced. Wade, at the California Farm Water Coalition, says attributing fish declines to water diversions is erroneous and causes needless harm to growers of fruit trees and vegetable crops in the western San Joaquin Valley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There is no science that shows the export pumps at the south end of the Delta are having a long-term impact on salmon or delta smelt,” Wade says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the correlation between water pumping and fish declines grows even stronger when fall-run Chinook salmon are added to the equation: In the early 2000s, as the Pelagic Organism Decline began, the Sacramento’s fall run finally caved, as well. Record low returns of the fish came three years after the record high Delta exports. The entire fishery was closed for the first time in 2008. In a 2009 report , scientists with the National Marine Fisheries Service attributed the decline to a combination of poor ocean conditions as well as inland habitat problems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We recognize … that the rapid and likely temporary deterioration in ocean conditions is acting on top of a long-term, steady degradation of the freshwater and estuarine environment,” the authors wrote.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So how much water must be left to flow through the estuary? A certain amount is needed just to keep saltwater from entering the Delta and the pumps themselves. Rosenfield says that from October through March, 1.97 million acre-feet (2.43 billion cubic meters) were allowed through the Delta for this essential purpose – or about 12 percent of the water that fell as precipitation in the Central Valley drainage basin in that time. While fish are often blamed by farmers for hindering operation of the Delta pumps, endangered species protections were responsible for only 664,000 acre-feet – or 4 percent of the basin’s total precipitation – that entered the Bay in that time period.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In an average year, more than half the Central Valley’s winter–spring runoff is captured behind dams or pumped out of the Delta, according to Rosenfield. That’s too much. Scientists have calculated that a healthy Delta ecosystem would need closer to 75 percent of that flow moving through the estuary and into San Francisco Bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But water alone may not be enough to help the fish. Jacob Katz at California Trout says Chinook salmon also need riverside habitat that floods annually. Katz has led research showing that juvenile salmon that are given access to flooded rice fields beside the Sacramento River grow exceptionally fast and, ultimately, have vastly better odds of avoiding predators and reaching the ocean. This habitat has been mostly eliminated from California’s rivers by levees and berms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As for the Bay-Delta’s striped bass population, it has been dwindling for years. Ostrach says there may be as few as 250,000 adults today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He says there is no doubt striped bass have suffered for the same reasons as salmon and smelt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A combined set of factors has aligned against all of the [Delta’s] fisheries,” Ostrach says. “The major problem is that we no longer have a functioning estuary but have engineered an ecosystem much more similar to an Arkansas lake. It’s no wonder that fish that live in an estuary can’t survive here.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The decline of multiple estuarine species at once suggests the environment they share in common is under extreme pressure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The delta smelt lived for 20,000 years in the Delta, and they’ve survived earthquakes and floods and drought and every kind of thing nature has thrown at them, but they can’t survive us,” Rosenfield says. “And Chinook salmon have thrived in every major system from here up to Alaska and around to Russia and Japan, but they can’t survive in our rivers anymore. What does this say about our rivers?”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Many farmers contend that the water delivery system that pumps water through the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta is broken – water to farms and cities must be cut to help fish species, but those species’ numbers are still plummeting. So what's going on?",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Farmers in the western San Joaquin Valley are facing another year with curtailed water allocations, while fish populations are as low as they’ve ever been. Something, clearly, isn’t working, and agriculture industry lobbyists say they know what the problem is.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our water delivery system is broken,” says Gayle Holman, spokesperson for Westlands Water District, a large San Joaquin Valley farming region expected to take a hard hit this year from reduced water deliveries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>Holman argues that environmental restrictions against pumping water from the Delta are harming farmers’ livelihoods without doing any good.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Fish, agriculture, communities – none of them are benefiting from the precautions [against pumping],” Holman claims. “We’re seeing an overall erosion of the productivity of the Delta and the farmland south of it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There is no doubt that fish species such as winter-run Chinook salmon, delta smelt and several others are slipping toward extinction – but why? Farm lobbyists say removal of water from the Delta has little to do with the declines and that non-native species are a bigger problem. They say striped bass are eating imperiled fishes at unsustainable rates, and over the past few years water users have supported multiple legislative efforts to cull striped bass numbers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Predation [on salmon] is a huge problem we haven’t addressed,” says Mike Wade, the executive director of the California Farm Water Coalition, a group that lobbies for farmers statewide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Research conducted in 2012 on the Tuolumne River by the private research firm FishBio found striped bass stuffed with baby salmon. To many water users, this is clear and damning evidence that striped bass are a lead driver in the decades-long decline of the Central Valley’s native fishes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the problem isn’t so simple, according to numerous fishery scientists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Yes, these fish often die in the mouth of a striped bass,” says Jon Rosenfield, a conservation biologist with the Bay Institute, a watchdog environmental group in San Francisco. “But when a person dies in the emergency room, it wasn’t the hospital that killed them. So, the question you have to ask is, what conditions got the fish into the striped bass’s mouth?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The entire ecosystem is collapsing, and striped bass numbers are plunging about as rapidly as those of salmon, smelt and other species. Rosenfield says so much water is now being taken out of the Delta on an annual basis that what was once a thriving estuary functions today more like a large, warm-water swamp, friendly to some non-native fishes, such as black bass, catfish and sunfish, but very hostile to most native fishes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These [farm groups] always want to remove the predators, and that is not the solution,” Rosenfield says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rather, he maintains, restoring the Central Valley’s waterways and their seasonal flow patterns to something resembling their natural state would prompt a response in native fish numbers. It is well known that gushing winter and spring floods can essentially wash juvenile salmon safely out to sea in a protective smokescreen of mud and silt. For this reason, salmon hatcheries often release their smolts immediately after large rain events.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists such as striped bass expert David Ostrach, U.C. Davis’ Peter Moyle and Carson Jeffres, and California Trout’s Jacob Katz, have all argued that the loss of annual flood cycles, as well as riverside floodplain habitat, has made survival for small fish in the Central Valley’s waterways almost impossible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>FishBio’s Doug Demko, who led the Tuolumne River research, says he has observed that young salmon do poorly when river and Delta flows are reduced.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In those low-flow and medium-flow water years, juvenile salmon mortality is extremely high,” Demko says. “In high-flow years, we get much higher survival.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Striped bass were introduced to California in the late 1800s. The fish took well to the Bay and Delta. As a species, they established themselves, naturalized and boomed. For about 80 years striped bass thrived. Ostrach says there may have been 4 million adult striped bass in the Bay-Delta system in the 1960s. There may have been even more in the decades prior, before close scientific fish surveys had begun. Meanwhile, Chinook salmon – especially the commercial important fall run – supported by fish hatcheries, remained fairly strong.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 1951, the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation’s Central Valley Project began operating a massive pumping station in the southern Delta. About a decade later, the California Department of Water Resources introduced a similar pumping station to support its own conveyance system, the State Water Project. Pumping rates grew steadily from about 1.5 million acre-feet (1.8 billion cubic meters) in the 1960s to the 4 million acre-foot level by the 1970s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the same time, the decline of the Delta ecosystem began in earnest. This deterioration has been closely tracked by the California Department of Fish and Wildlife, which started an annual survey called the Fall Midwater Trawl in 1967. The idea was to take a yearly snapshot of fish abundance by dragging the same-sized net over the same parcels of water on about the same days every year. In the survey’s first year, department biologists calculated an abundance index of 19,677 juvenile stripers . That number has dropped steadily since, to anywhere from 1,000 to 5,000 through the 1980s and 1990s. Over the same time period, winter-run Chinook salmon, as well as salmon runs in the San Joaquin River, followed a similar downward trajectory.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then, in the early 2000s – after a rapid increase in water pumping pushed Delta exports to record rates of more than 6 million acre-feet (7.4 billion cubic meters) – the decline accelerated, with the striper index ranging from a few dozen to about 300. Bar graphs showing the survey results for several other species look nearly the same, with abundance of each bottoming out to almost nothing in the early 2000s. Delta smelt are now considered essentially extinct in the wild. The simultaneous crash of multiple Delta fish species has been so dramatic that biologists even have a name for it – the Pelagic Organism Decline .\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Farm lobbyists remain unconvinced. Wade, at the California Farm Water Coalition, says attributing fish declines to water diversions is erroneous and causes needless harm to growers of fruit trees and vegetable crops in the western San Joaquin Valley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There is no science that shows the export pumps at the south end of the Delta are having a long-term impact on salmon or delta smelt,” Wade says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the correlation between water pumping and fish declines grows even stronger when fall-run Chinook salmon are added to the equation: In the early 2000s, as the Pelagic Organism Decline began, the Sacramento’s fall run finally caved, as well. Record low returns of the fish came three years after the record high Delta exports. The entire fishery was closed for the first time in 2008. In a 2009 report , scientists with the National Marine Fisheries Service attributed the decline to a combination of poor ocean conditions as well as inland habitat problems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We recognize … that the rapid and likely temporary deterioration in ocean conditions is acting on top of a long-term, steady degradation of the freshwater and estuarine environment,” the authors wrote.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So how much water must be left to flow through the estuary? A certain amount is needed just to keep saltwater from entering the Delta and the pumps themselves. Rosenfield says that from October through March, 1.97 million acre-feet (2.43 billion cubic meters) were allowed through the Delta for this essential purpose – or about 12 percent of the water that fell as precipitation in the Central Valley drainage basin in that time. While fish are often blamed by farmers for hindering operation of the Delta pumps, endangered species protections were responsible for only 664,000 acre-feet – or 4 percent of the basin’s total precipitation – that entered the Bay in that time period.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In an average year, more than half the Central Valley’s winter–spring runoff is captured behind dams or pumped out of the Delta, according to Rosenfield. That’s too much. Scientists have calculated that a healthy Delta ecosystem would need closer to 75 percent of that flow moving through the estuary and into San Francisco Bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But water alone may not be enough to help the fish. Jacob Katz at California Trout says Chinook salmon also need riverside habitat that floods annually. Katz has led research showing that juvenile salmon that are given access to flooded rice fields beside the Sacramento River grow exceptionally fast and, ultimately, have vastly better odds of avoiding predators and reaching the ocean. This habitat has been mostly eliminated from California’s rivers by levees and berms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As for the Bay-Delta’s striped bass population, it has been dwindling for years. Ostrach says there may be as few as 250,000 adults today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He says there is no doubt striped bass have suffered for the same reasons as salmon and smelt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A combined set of factors has aligned against all of the [Delta’s] fisheries,” Ostrach says. “The major problem is that we no longer have a functioning estuary but have engineered an ecosystem much more similar to an Arkansas lake. It’s no wonder that fish that live in an estuary can’t survive here.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The decline of multiple estuarine species at once suggests the environment they share in common is under extreme pressure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The delta smelt lived for 20,000 years in the Delta, and they’ve survived earthquakes and floods and drought and every kind of thing nature has thrown at them, but they can’t survive us,” Rosenfield says. “And Chinook salmon have thrived in every major system from here up to Alaska and around to Russia and Japan, but they can’t survive in our rivers anymore. What does this say about our rivers?”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Can We Limit Global Temperature Rise?",
"headTitle": "Can We Limit Global Temperature Rise? | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Global leaders are meeting in New York this week to sign the Paris climate agreement. One of the expressed purposes of the document is to limit warming to “well below 2°C above pre-industrial levels and pursuing efforts to limit the temperature increase to 1.5°C.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A Climate Central analysis shows that the world will have to dramatically accelerate emissions reductions if it wants to meet that goal. The average global temperature change for the first three months of 2016 was 1.48°C, essentially equaling the 1.5°C warming threshold agreed to by COP 21 negotiators in Paris last December.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>February exceeded the 1.5°C target at 1.55°C, marking the first time the global average temperature has surpassed the sobering milestone in any month. March followed suit checking in at 1.5°C. January’s mark of 1.4°C, put the global average temperature change from early industrial levels for the first three months of 2016 at 1.48°C.\u003cbr>\n\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"720\" height=\"571\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" src=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/wgts/new-baseline/index.html?utm_source=KQED&utm_medium=embed&utm_campaign=new-baseline\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Climate Central scientists and statisticians made these calculations based on an average of global temperature data reported by NASA and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). But rather than using the baselines those agencies employ, Climate Central compared 2016’s temperature anomalies to an 1881-1910 average temperature baseline, the earliest date for which global temperature data are considered reliable. NASA reports global temperature change in reference to a 1951-1980 climate baseline, and NOAA reports the anomaly in reference to a 20th century average temperature.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NASA’s data alone showed a February temperature anomaly of 1.63°C above early industrial levels with March at 1.54°C.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Calculating a baseline closer to the pre-industrial era provides a useful measure of global temperature for policymakers and the public to better track how successful the world’s efforts are in keeping global warming below agreed-upon thresholds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A similar adjustment can be applied to some of the temperature change projections in the most recent IPCC report.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The IPCC AR5 Working Group 1 Report contains projections of future global surface temperature change according to several scenarios of future socio-economic development, most of which are presented using a baseline of 1986 to 2005. The IPCC chose this baseline in order to provide its readers a more immediate base of comparison, the climate of the present world, which people are familiar with. But these representations may suggest that the Paris goals are easier to reach than is true.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The IPCC’s presentation of these scenarios was not designed to inform the discussion about warming limits (e.g., 1.5°C, 2°C goals of the Paris COP21 agreements). But the Panel does provide a way to make its projections of future warming consistent with discussions about targets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>IPCC estimates, using the best and longest record available, show that the difference between the 1986-2005 global average temperature value used in most of the Panel’s projections, and pre-industrial global average temperature, is 0.61°C (0.55-0.67). Neglecting 0.61°C warming is not trivial, and makes a significant difference for the assessment of the goals established in Paris. In fact, 0.61°C amounts to about half the warming already experienced thus far.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To capture this warming and display the IPCC warming time series relative to the pre-industrial period, Climate Central adjusted a well known IPCC projection (SPM7(a)) to reflect a 1880-1910 baseline. This adjustment has a significant effect on the dates at which the 1.5 and 2°C thresholds are crossed, moving them up by about 15-20 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If current emissions trends continue (RCP8.5) we could cross the 1.5°C threshold in 10 to 15 years, somewhere between the years 2025-2030, compared to 2045-2050 when a 1985-2005 baseline is used.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The dramatic global hot streak that kicked off 2016 doesn’t mean the world has already failed to meet the goals in the Paris agreement. Three months do not make a year, and it is unlikely that 2016 will exceed the 1881-1910 climate-normal by 1.5°C. This year is also in the wake of a strong El Niño, when higher-than-average temperatures would be expected.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And of course, exceeding the 1.5°C threshold for even an entire year would not mean that global temperatures had in fact risen to that point, never (at least within our lifetime) to drop back below it as it’s too short of a timeframe to make that determination.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the hot start for 2016 is a notable symbolic milestone. The day the world first crossed the 400 parts per million (ppm) threshold for atmospheric carbon dioxide heralded a future of ever increasing carbon dioxide. So too, do the first three months of 2016 send a clear signal of where our world is headed and how fast we are headed there if drastic actions to reduce carbon emissions are not taken immediately.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>Background\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>On Dec.12, 2015, the 21\u003csup>st\u003c/sup> Conference of the Parties to the U.N. Framework Convention on Climate Change approved the Paris Agreement committing 195 nations of the world to “holding the increase in the global average temperature to well below 2°C above preindustrial levels and pursuing efforts to limit the temperature increase to 1.5°C.” The pact commits the world to adopt nationally determined policies to limit greenhouse gas emissions in accord with those goals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The 2°C goal represents a temperature increase from a pre-industrial baseline that scientists believe will maintain the relatively stable climate conditions that humans and other species have adapted to over the previous 12,000 years. It will also minimize some of the worst impacts of climate change: drought, heat waves, heavy rain and flooding, and sea level rise. Limiting the global surface temperature increase to 1.5°C would lessen these impacts even further.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"imgleft\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://assets.climatecentral.org/images/uploads/news/4_20_16_CC_new-baseline-methodology-table.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"376\">\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>1.5 and 2°C are not hard and fast limits beyond which disaster is imminent, but they are now the milestones by which the world measures all progress toward slowing global warming. And yet it is surprisingly difficult to find objective measures that answer the question, where are we today on the path toward meeting the 1.5 or 2°C goals?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Every month NOAA and NASA update their global surface temperature change analysis, using data from the Global Historical Climate Network, and methods validated in the peer-reviewed literature (Hansen et al. 2010; NCDC). The monthly updates are posted on their websites, and made available to the public along with the underlying data and assumptions that go into their calculations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These calculations are enormously useful for understanding the magnitude and pace of global warming. In fact, they are the bedrock measurements validating the fact that our planet is warming at all.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But none present their results in comparison to a pre-industrial climate normal.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3 id=\"methods\">\u003cstrong>Methods and Results\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>The NASA and NOAA monthly updates are presented as anomalies, or as the deviation from a baseline climate normal, calculated as an average of a 30-year reference period, or the 20\u003csup>th\u003c/sup> century average; they do not represent an absolute temperature increase from a specific date. NASA presents their results in reference to a 1951 to 1980 average temperature, NOAA in reference to a 20\u003csup>th\u003c/sup> century average temperature.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The NASA results, calculated by Goddard Institute for Space Studies are published monthly on the NASA/GISS website (\u003ca href=\"http://data.giss.nasa.gov/gistemp/\">GISTEMP\u003c/a>). NOAA methods and monthly updates are published via the National Centers for Environmental Information \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/monitoring-references/\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Climate Central used data from NASA and NOAA to create an 1881 to 1910 climate normal for the months of January, February, and March. We then compared the reported monthly 2016 anomaly for each of these months to this “early-industrial” baseline reference period. These anomalies were then averaged to produce a mean monthly NASA/NOAA anomaly for each month. The results are presented below.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The NASA anomaly is considerably higher than the anomaly reported by NOAA. This reflects the fact the NASA’s calculations are tuned to account for temperature changes at the poles, where there are far fewer monitoring stations. NOAA relies only on historical station data and makes no adjustment to account for sparse records at the poles, where warming has been more rapid relative to non-polar regions.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Global leaders are meeting in New York this week to sign the Paris climate agreement. One of the expressed purposes of the document is to limit warming to “well below 2°C above pre-industrial levels and pursuing efforts to limit the temperature increase to 1.5°C.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A Climate Central analysis shows that the world will have to dramatically accelerate emissions reductions if it wants to meet that goal. The average global temperature change for the first three months of 2016 was 1.48°C, essentially equaling the 1.5°C warming threshold agreed to by COP 21 negotiators in Paris last December.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>February exceeded the 1.5°C target at 1.55°C, marking the first time the global average temperature has surpassed the sobering milestone in any month. March followed suit checking in at 1.5°C. January’s mark of 1.4°C, put the global average temperature change from early industrial levels for the first three months of 2016 at 1.48°C.\u003cbr>\n\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"720\" height=\"571\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" src=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/wgts/new-baseline/index.html?utm_source=KQED&utm_medium=embed&utm_campaign=new-baseline\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Climate Central scientists and statisticians made these calculations based on an average of global temperature data reported by NASA and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). But rather than using the baselines those agencies employ, Climate Central compared 2016’s temperature anomalies to an 1881-1910 average temperature baseline, the earliest date for which global temperature data are considered reliable. NASA reports global temperature change in reference to a 1951-1980 climate baseline, and NOAA reports the anomaly in reference to a 20th century average temperature.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NASA’s data alone showed a February temperature anomaly of 1.63°C above early industrial levels with March at 1.54°C.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Calculating a baseline closer to the pre-industrial era provides a useful measure of global temperature for policymakers and the public to better track how successful the world’s efforts are in keeping global warming below agreed-upon thresholds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A similar adjustment can be applied to some of the temperature change projections in the most recent IPCC report.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The IPCC AR5 Working Group 1 Report contains projections of future global surface temperature change according to several scenarios of future socio-economic development, most of which are presented using a baseline of 1986 to 2005. The IPCC chose this baseline in order to provide its readers a more immediate base of comparison, the climate of the present world, which people are familiar with. But these representations may suggest that the Paris goals are easier to reach than is true.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The IPCC’s presentation of these scenarios was not designed to inform the discussion about warming limits (e.g., 1.5°C, 2°C goals of the Paris COP21 agreements). But the Panel does provide a way to make its projections of future warming consistent with discussions about targets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>IPCC estimates, using the best and longest record available, show that the difference between the 1986-2005 global average temperature value used in most of the Panel’s projections, and pre-industrial global average temperature, is 0.61°C (0.55-0.67). Neglecting 0.61°C warming is not trivial, and makes a significant difference for the assessment of the goals established in Paris. In fact, 0.61°C amounts to about half the warming already experienced thus far.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To capture this warming and display the IPCC warming time series relative to the pre-industrial period, Climate Central adjusted a well known IPCC projection (SPM7(a)) to reflect a 1880-1910 baseline. This adjustment has a significant effect on the dates at which the 1.5 and 2°C thresholds are crossed, moving them up by about 15-20 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If current emissions trends continue (RCP8.5) we could cross the 1.5°C threshold in 10 to 15 years, somewhere between the years 2025-2030, compared to 2045-2050 when a 1985-2005 baseline is used.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The dramatic global hot streak that kicked off 2016 doesn’t mean the world has already failed to meet the goals in the Paris agreement. Three months do not make a year, and it is unlikely that 2016 will exceed the 1881-1910 climate-normal by 1.5°C. This year is also in the wake of a strong El Niño, when higher-than-average temperatures would be expected.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And of course, exceeding the 1.5°C threshold for even an entire year would not mean that global temperatures had in fact risen to that point, never (at least within our lifetime) to drop back below it as it’s too short of a timeframe to make that determination.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the hot start for 2016 is a notable symbolic milestone. The day the world first crossed the 400 parts per million (ppm) threshold for atmospheric carbon dioxide heralded a future of ever increasing carbon dioxide. So too, do the first three months of 2016 send a clear signal of where our world is headed and how fast we are headed there if drastic actions to reduce carbon emissions are not taken immediately.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>Background\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>On Dec.12, 2015, the 21\u003csup>st\u003c/sup> Conference of the Parties to the U.N. Framework Convention on Climate Change approved the Paris Agreement committing 195 nations of the world to “holding the increase in the global average temperature to well below 2°C above preindustrial levels and pursuing efforts to limit the temperature increase to 1.5°C.” The pact commits the world to adopt nationally determined policies to limit greenhouse gas emissions in accord with those goals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The 2°C goal represents a temperature increase from a pre-industrial baseline that scientists believe will maintain the relatively stable climate conditions that humans and other species have adapted to over the previous 12,000 years. It will also minimize some of the worst impacts of climate change: drought, heat waves, heavy rain and flooding, and sea level rise. Limiting the global surface temperature increase to 1.5°C would lessen these impacts even further.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"imgleft\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://assets.climatecentral.org/images/uploads/news/4_20_16_CC_new-baseline-methodology-table.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"376\">\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>1.5 and 2°C are not hard and fast limits beyond which disaster is imminent, but they are now the milestones by which the world measures all progress toward slowing global warming. And yet it is surprisingly difficult to find objective measures that answer the question, where are we today on the path toward meeting the 1.5 or 2°C goals?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Every month NOAA and NASA update their global surface temperature change analysis, using data from the Global Historical Climate Network, and methods validated in the peer-reviewed literature (Hansen et al. 2010; NCDC). The monthly updates are posted on their websites, and made available to the public along with the underlying data and assumptions that go into their calculations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These calculations are enormously useful for understanding the magnitude and pace of global warming. In fact, they are the bedrock measurements validating the fact that our planet is warming at all.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But none present their results in comparison to a pre-industrial climate normal.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3 id=\"methods\">\u003cstrong>Methods and Results\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>The NASA and NOAA monthly updates are presented as anomalies, or as the deviation from a baseline climate normal, calculated as an average of a 30-year reference period, or the 20\u003csup>th\u003c/sup> century average; they do not represent an absolute temperature increase from a specific date. NASA presents their results in reference to a 1951 to 1980 average temperature, NOAA in reference to a 20\u003csup>th\u003c/sup> century average temperature.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The NASA results, calculated by Goddard Institute for Space Studies are published monthly on the NASA/GISS website (\u003ca href=\"http://data.giss.nasa.gov/gistemp/\">GISTEMP\u003c/a>). NOAA methods and monthly updates are published via the National Centers for Environmental Information \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/monitoring-references/\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Climate Central used data from NASA and NOAA to create an 1881 to 1910 climate normal for the months of January, February, and March. We then compared the reported monthly 2016 anomaly for each of these months to this “early-industrial” baseline reference period. These anomalies were then averaged to produce a mean monthly NASA/NOAA anomaly for each month. The results are presented below.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The NASA anomaly is considerably higher than the anomaly reported by NOAA. This reflects the fact the NASA’s calculations are tuned to account for temperature changes at the poles, where there are far fewer monitoring stations. NOAA relies only on historical station data and makes no adjustment to account for sparse records at the poles, where warming has been more rapid relative to non-polar regions.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"headTitle": "Climate Change? Some People May Not Be Sweating It Because the Weather Is Nicer | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>For millions of Americans, climate change is making the weather nicer. That’s the conclusion of a new study that points out winters are getting quite a bit milder, while summers aren’t getting that much worse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study’s authors say the mild temperatures might be one reason some people aren’t so worried about climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For most of the U.S., the hottest temperatures in July haven’t gone up much — scientific consensus is about half a degree over the past 40 years. Same for sticky humidity — not much change, if any.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But January’s highest temperatures have warmed up on average more than 4 degrees. Patrick Egan at New York University says for lots of people, that means weather many people view as “pleasant.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I live here in New York City, and you’ve got shirtless beach volleyball games taking place on Christmas Eve in Central Park,” Egan says. “And on Christmas Day we had a cookout. We were all wearing shorts, and … it was bizarre and it was unusual. It was no Currier & Ives Christmas, but it was also pleasant.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As they might say in New York, you got a problem with Santa in shorts?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Egan \u003ca href=\"http://politics.as.nyu.edu/object/PatrickEgan\">is a political scientist\u003c/a> who has studied why people live where they do, but the temperature numbers come from climate science. What Egan and colleague \u003ca href=\"https://nicholas.duke.edu/people/faculty/mullin\">Megan Mullin at Duke University\u003c/a> have done is calculate that about 80 percent of Americans live in places where winters are warming faster than summers. “You know, for many Americans,” Egan says, “they’re not experiencing really hot Julys as much as they are experiencing really warm winters. That’s really the crux of this study.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Egan notes that research on where people choose to live shows that they often put a premium on warmer winters. So he says it’s fair to conclude that lots of people are enjoying the change in the weather — unless they’re skiers or snowboarders, perhaps. Egan and Mullin say that might be one reason many people aren’t so worried about climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v532/n7599/full/nature17441.html\">Writing in the journal Nature\u003c/a>, Egan says public attitudes may change quickly when summer temperature increases start increasing faster, which scientists say will happen in several decades. How fast depends on whether and by how much the world cuts back on emissions of greenhouse gases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the meantime, though, rapidly warming winters do pose all sorts of problems for plants and animals that can’t adapt as readily as people can. And while the U.S. hasn’t been hit too hard by heat waves, other parts of the world have, some of which are seeing summer maximum temperatures rise quickly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Climate+Change%3F+Some+People+May+Not+Be+Sweating+It+Because+The+Weather+Is+Nicer&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\" alt=\"\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>For millions of Americans, climate change is making the weather nicer. That’s the conclusion of a new study that points out winters are getting quite a bit milder, while summers aren’t getting that much worse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study’s authors say the mild temperatures might be one reason some people aren’t so worried about climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For most of the U.S., the hottest temperatures in July haven’t gone up much — scientific consensus is about half a degree over the past 40 years. Same for sticky humidity — not much change, if any.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But January’s highest temperatures have warmed up on average more than 4 degrees. Patrick Egan at New York University says for lots of people, that means weather many people view as “pleasant.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I live here in New York City, and you’ve got shirtless beach volleyball games taking place on Christmas Eve in Central Park,” Egan says. “And on Christmas Day we had a cookout. We were all wearing shorts, and … it was bizarre and it was unusual. It was no Currier & Ives Christmas, but it was also pleasant.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As they might say in New York, you got a problem with Santa in shorts?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Egan \u003ca href=\"http://politics.as.nyu.edu/object/PatrickEgan\">is a political scientist\u003c/a> who has studied why people live where they do, but the temperature numbers come from climate science. What Egan and colleague \u003ca href=\"https://nicholas.duke.edu/people/faculty/mullin\">Megan Mullin at Duke University\u003c/a> have done is calculate that about 80 percent of Americans live in places where winters are warming faster than summers. “You know, for many Americans,” Egan says, “they’re not experiencing really hot Julys as much as they are experiencing really warm winters. That’s really the crux of this study.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Egan notes that research on where people choose to live shows that they often put a premium on warmer winters. So he says it’s fair to conclude that lots of people are enjoying the change in the weather — unless they’re skiers or snowboarders, perhaps. Egan and Mullin say that might be one reason many people aren’t so worried about climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v532/n7599/full/nature17441.html\">Writing in the journal Nature\u003c/a>, Egan says public attitudes may change quickly when summer temperature increases start increasing faster, which scientists say will happen in several decades. How fast depends on whether and by how much the world cuts back on emissions of greenhouse gases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the meantime, though, rapidly warming winters do pose all sorts of problems for plants and animals that can’t adapt as readily as people can. And while the U.S. hasn’t been hit too hard by heat waves, other parts of the world have, some of which are seeing summer maximum temperatures rise quickly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Climate+Change%3F+Some+People+May+Not+Be+Sweating+It+Because+The+Weather+Is+Nicer&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\" alt=\"\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Earthquake Science at the Threshold: 1906 Was a Game Changer",
"headTitle": "Earthquake Science at the Threshold: 1906 Was a Game Changer | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Scientists still debate the magnitude of the 1906 earthquake that leveled much of San Francisco and surrounds, 110 years ago today. Long referred to as magnitude 8 or greater (using the now retired Richter scale), more recent analyses peg it at 7.9 or even 7.7.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Suffice it to say that the Great San Francisco Earthquake (actually centered off of present-day Daly City) deserved to be called “the big one.” The rip along the San Andreas fault stretched for 296 miles. By comparison, the 2014 South Napa Earthquake was a 7-mile hiccup.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘At the time of the 1906 earthquake, we didn’t understand that earthquakes occurred on faults.’\u003ccite>Richard Allen, UC Berkeley\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The 1906 quake forever changed the Bay Area’s landscape and culture — but that “slip” of the San Andreas fault was also a game changer in the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2016/04/15/exploring-earthquakes/\">field of earthquake science\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“At the time of the 1906 earthquake, we didn’t understand that earthquakes occurred on faults,” marvels Richard Allen, who directs the seismological lab at UC Berkeley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It seems unbelievable that we wouldn’t understand that at that time but we didn’t.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The 1600-page report that followed, two years in the making and spearheaded by geologist Andrew Lawson, was a treasure trove of data that Allen says is still used by modern seismologists. (Excerpts and some \u003ca href=\"http://www.slate.com/blogs/the_vault/2014/04/18/san_francisco_earthquake_maps_of_the_geographical_distribution_of_its_intensity.html\">fascinating graphics\u003c/a> from the Lawson report appear in a 2014 look-back from Slate’s historical blog, The Vault.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Recent years have seen accelerating advances in the science, including a major breakthrough: the development of earthquake warning systems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Starved of funding and caught up in debates over its design, California’s statewide ShakeAlert system has just advanced from testing into the pilot phase, lagging warning systems that are already fully deployed in Japan and Mexico. ShakeAlert sends warnings to the personal computers of subscribers by sounding an alarm klaxon and by giving a countdown to the shaking with its estimated intensity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_641614\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 528px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-641614 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/RS11864_454093346-sfi.jpg\" alt=\"The 1906 San Francisco quake released more than 1,000 times the energy of the 6.0 Napa quake in 2014.\" width=\"528\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/RS11864_454093346-sfi.jpg 528w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/RS11864_454093346-sfi-400x273.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 528px) 100vw, 528px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The 1906 San Francisco quake released more than 1,000 times the energy of the 6.0 Napa quake in 2014, the aftermath of which is pictured above. \u003ccite>(Justin Sullivan/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>It’s based on the network of in-ground sensors known as the \u003ca href=\"http://www.cisn.org/\">California Integrated Seismic Network\u003c/a>, which detects deep underground rumblings in fault zones. Currently the senors are clustered near major metropolitan areas. Scientists aim to double the number of sensors to improve the accuracy of the system. But adding stations is costly and time-consuming. With relatively scant funding, it’s been slow going.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists recently gave the system a boost by launching the \u003ca href=\"http://myshake.berkeley.edu/\">“MyShake” network\u003c/a>, a crowdsourcing approach harnessing the technology in cell phones.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Globally, more than 100,000 people have downloaded the app (which is only available for Android phones) and registered with the network, including about 12,000 users in California. So far, the smartphone network is only gathering earthquake data—almost overwhelming the Berkeley seismological lab’s ability to sift through it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s crazy,” says Jennifer Strauss, the lab’s external relations lead. “There’s a lot of data coming in.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The plan is that eventually, that data will be instantly turned around into actual quake warnings on your phone, seconds before the shaking starts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[youtube https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vUkL4V3bOcA]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’m really hopeful that five years from now, everyone will have earthquake early warning,” says Allen. “I think that’s a realistic goal. I would like it to be sooner. If the funding comes in faster it’ll be sooner.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Allen says money is the biggest obstacle. The federal government recently kicked in two rounds of funding that will help. Building out the system and keeping it running will cost tens of millions of dollars. The original state law authorizing the system contained no funding.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As for the next “holy grail” of seismic science—actually predicting when individual earthquakes will occur—most scientists agree that is still decades away.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[soundcloud url=”https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/259707350″ params=”color=ff5500&auto_play=false&hide_related=false&show_comments=true&show_user=true&show_reposts=false” width=”100%” height=”166″ iframe=”true” /]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Explore earthquake basics with \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2016/04/15/exploring-earthquakes/\">new explainers from KQED\u003c/a> and the California Academy of Sciences.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "The Great San Francisco Earthquake of 1906 set seismic science on the path that led to today's advances.",
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"description": "The Great San Francisco Earthquake of 1906 set seismic science on the path that led to today's advances.",
"title": "Earthquake Science at the Threshold: 1906 Was a Game Changer | KQED",
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"headline": "Earthquake Science at the Threshold: 1906 Was a Game Changer",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Scientists still debate the magnitude of the 1906 earthquake that leveled much of San Francisco and surrounds, 110 years ago today. Long referred to as magnitude 8 or greater (using the now retired Richter scale), more recent analyses peg it at 7.9 or even 7.7.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Suffice it to say that the Great San Francisco Earthquake (actually centered off of present-day Daly City) deserved to be called “the big one.” The rip along the San Andreas fault stretched for 296 miles. By comparison, the 2014 South Napa Earthquake was a 7-mile hiccup.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘At the time of the 1906 earthquake, we didn’t understand that earthquakes occurred on faults.’\u003ccite>Richard Allen, UC Berkeley\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The 1906 quake forever changed the Bay Area’s landscape and culture — but that “slip” of the San Andreas fault was also a game changer in the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2016/04/15/exploring-earthquakes/\">field of earthquake science\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“At the time of the 1906 earthquake, we didn’t understand that earthquakes occurred on faults,” marvels Richard Allen, who directs the seismological lab at UC Berkeley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It seems unbelievable that we wouldn’t understand that at that time but we didn’t.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The 1600-page report that followed, two years in the making and spearheaded by geologist Andrew Lawson, was a treasure trove of data that Allen says is still used by modern seismologists. (Excerpts and some \u003ca href=\"http://www.slate.com/blogs/the_vault/2014/04/18/san_francisco_earthquake_maps_of_the_geographical_distribution_of_its_intensity.html\">fascinating graphics\u003c/a> from the Lawson report appear in a 2014 look-back from Slate’s historical blog, The Vault.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Recent years have seen accelerating advances in the science, including a major breakthrough: the development of earthquake warning systems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Starved of funding and caught up in debates over its design, California’s statewide ShakeAlert system has just advanced from testing into the pilot phase, lagging warning systems that are already fully deployed in Japan and Mexico. ShakeAlert sends warnings to the personal computers of subscribers by sounding an alarm klaxon and by giving a countdown to the shaking with its estimated intensity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_641614\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 528px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-641614 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/RS11864_454093346-sfi.jpg\" alt=\"The 1906 San Francisco quake released more than 1,000 times the energy of the 6.0 Napa quake in 2014.\" width=\"528\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/RS11864_454093346-sfi.jpg 528w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/RS11864_454093346-sfi-400x273.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 528px) 100vw, 528px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The 1906 San Francisco quake released more than 1,000 times the energy of the 6.0 Napa quake in 2014, the aftermath of which is pictured above. \u003ccite>(Justin Sullivan/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>It’s based on the network of in-ground sensors known as the \u003ca href=\"http://www.cisn.org/\">California Integrated Seismic Network\u003c/a>, which detects deep underground rumblings in fault zones. Currently the senors are clustered near major metropolitan areas. Scientists aim to double the number of sensors to improve the accuracy of the system. But adding stations is costly and time-consuming. With relatively scant funding, it’s been slow going.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists recently gave the system a boost by launching the \u003ca href=\"http://myshake.berkeley.edu/\">“MyShake” network\u003c/a>, a crowdsourcing approach harnessing the technology in cell phones.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Globally, more than 100,000 people have downloaded the app (which is only available for Android phones) and registered with the network, including about 12,000 users in California. So far, the smartphone network is only gathering earthquake data—almost overwhelming the Berkeley seismological lab’s ability to sift through it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s crazy,” says Jennifer Strauss, the lab’s external relations lead. “There’s a lot of data coming in.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The plan is that eventually, that data will be instantly turned around into actual quake warnings on your phone, seconds before the shaking starts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/vUkL4V3bOcA'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/vUkL4V3bOcA'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’m really hopeful that five years from now, everyone will have earthquake early warning,” says Allen. “I think that’s a realistic goal. I would like it to be sooner. If the funding comes in faster it’ll be sooner.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Allen says money is the biggest obstacle. The federal government recently kicked in two rounds of funding that will help. Building out the system and keeping it running will cost tens of millions of dollars. The original state law authorizing the system contained no funding.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As for the next “holy grail” of seismic science—actually predicting when individual earthquakes will occur—most scientists agree that is still decades away.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cdiv class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__shortcodes__shortcodeWrapper'>\n \u003ciframe width='”100%”' height='”166″'\n scrolling='no' frameborder='no'\n src='https://w.soundcloud.com/player/?url=”https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/259707350″&visual=true&”color=ff5500&auto_play=false&hide_related=false&show_comments=true&show_user=true&show_reposts=false”'\n title='”https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/259707350″'>\n \u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/div>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Explore earthquake basics with \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2016/04/15/exploring-earthquakes/\">new explainers from KQED\u003c/a> and the California Academy of Sciences.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Inside Tesla’s Mysterious Desert Battery Factory",
"headTitle": "Inside Tesla’s Mysterious Desert Battery Factory | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Tesla’s Gigafactory is a lot like Willy Wonka’s Chocolate Factory: it’s mysterious, it’s big and few people have been inside.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For almost two years now, the company has been building the largest battery factory on the planet high in the Nevada desert—a factory that it says could revolutionize the way consumers use energy at home.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s tucked away in a dusty valley, half an hour east of Reno. Driving up Electric Avenue, the factory is a stark contrast on the horizon. It’s a sleek white building with a red stripe, almost like one of the company’s cars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Listen to the Story:\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nhttp://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2016/04/WEBTeslaGigafactorySommer160418.mp3\u003cbr>\n“It’s really hard to get a sense of scale,” says Tesla co-founder and Chief Technical Officer JB Straubel. “I mean, it’s huge.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We’re up on the roof of the Gigafactory, the small piece that has been built already, trying to get a glimpse of that scale.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So you can see the building footprint that would be in front of us to the west and north,” he says, pointing to the flat expanse of land where the rest of the factory will go—all 5.8 million square feet of it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’m not a huge football fan but I think it’s on the order of around a hundred football fields,” Straubel says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like Willy Wonka’s factory, there’s a lot of hype about this place, both for the records it’s breaking and the company’s mystique. People have been caught sneaking onto the property to see it under construction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_641708\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1200px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-641708\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/Outside2.jpg\" alt=\"Tesla begins battery production while the neighboring sections of the factory are still under construction.\" width=\"1200\" height=\"624\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/Outside2.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/Outside2-400x208.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/Outside2-800x416.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/Outside2-768x399.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/Outside2-1180x614.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/Outside2-960x499.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1200px) 100vw, 1200px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Tesla is beginning battery production while neighboring sections of the factory are still under construction. \u003ccite>(Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>With its multiple floors, it’ll be one of the largest factories in the U.S., period. Its main rival is Boeing’s factory in Everett, Washington where 747s are assembled.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nevada beat out several states by luring Tesla with an incentive package worth more than a billion dollars. Lawmakers here are watching like hawks for the economic benefits, like making sure Nevadans make up a big part of the factory’s construction crew and 6,000 permanent workers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Baking Batteries\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Inside the factory, that workforce is going full steam ahead. Workers are welding steel, pouring concrete and installing highly specialized machines, shrouded in plastic. It goes on for room after room after room.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_641713\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1200px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-641713\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/Inside1.jpg\" alt=\"Production is underway for Tesla's home battery, the Powerwall.\" width=\"1200\" height=\"655\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/Inside1.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/Inside1-400x218.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/Inside1-800x437.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/Inside1-768x419.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/Inside1-1180x644.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/Inside1-960x524.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1200px) 100vw, 1200px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Production is underway for Tesla’s home battery, the Powerwall. \u003ccite>(Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“So this is a pretty exciting room,” Straubel says. It’s filled with huge metal tanks, almost like an insanely-large industrial kitchen. “This is where we will actually mix the materials, the raw materials, we mix them into what’s called a slurry.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The main pieces of the lithium-ion batteries, the anode and cathode, are baked by huge machines in yet another room.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a little bit like a giant baking oven except it’s a few hundred feet long,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As each section of the Gigafactory is completed, Tesla moves in and starts battery production immediately. It will eventually be connected by rail to Tesla’s car-assembly plant in Fremont, California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Straubel says the Gigafactory will even run on renewable energy from solar panels covering the roof, as well as off-site renewable projects and batteries, of course.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_641717\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1200px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-641717\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/Inside3.jpg\" alt=\"Tesla CTO JB Straubel in front of Powerpacks, refrigerator-size batteries for factories or electric utilities.\" width=\"1200\" height=\"693\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/Inside3.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/Inside3-400x231.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/Inside3-800x462.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/Inside3-768x444.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/Inside3-1180x681.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/Inside3-960x554.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1200px) 100vw, 1200px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Tesla CTO JB Straubel in front of Powerpacks, refrigerator-size batteries for factories or electric utilities. \u003ccite>(Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>All About Scale\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tesla expects the factory, created in partnership with Panasonic, to double the world’s capacity for lithium-ion battery production, eventually making 35 gigawatt-hours of energy storage annually. That would supply 500,000 of its electric cars, a significant leap over what the company is producing now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s not just about building a lot more batteries but it’s about reducing the cost,” Straubel says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_641710\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 355px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-641710\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/Tesla_V06_160415-400x711.png\" alt=\"Tesla_V06_160415\" width=\"355\" height=\"631\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/Tesla_V06_160415-400x711.png 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/Tesla_V06_160415.png 750w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 355px) 100vw, 355px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Source: Tesla. Graphics by Teodros Hailye/KQED\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Tesla is known for its pricey cars. Its sedan, the Model S, starts at $76,500 before tax credits, and batteries are a big part of the sticker price. Analysts estimate that most battery packs cost well over $10,000.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Which is why, Straubel says, the Gigafactory is about scale. He believes scaling up could drive down the cost of batteries 30 percent or more.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We think we’ll probably be able to exceed that,” Straubel says. “Our vehicles can be more affordable. More people can have access to them.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s what the company is going for with the new \u003ca href=\"https://www.teslamotors.com/model3\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Model 3\u003c/a>, its first mass market car, announced last month. It’ll run around $28,000 dollars after the federal tax credit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It won’t come out until late next year, but customers lined up in droves to put down $1,000 deposits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have today over 325,000 reservations for Model 3, representing this enormous backlog of orders,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The catch is that Tesla can’t fill those orders without this factory up and running.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s part of why we’re trying to go so fast and accelerate the construction here, so we are ready ahead of time,” Straubel says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_641809\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-641809\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/Outside3-800x436.jpg\" alt=\"Under Nevada’s tax incentive package, half of the workers hired must be Nevada residents.\" width=\"800\" height=\"436\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/Outside3-800x436.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/Outside3-400x218.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/Outside3-768x418.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/Outside3-1440x785.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/Outside3-1180x643.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/Outside3-960x523.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/Outside3.jpg 1472w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Under Nevada’s tax incentive package, half of the workers hired must be Nevada residents. \u003ccite>(Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Home Battery\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just one room over, the part of the Gigafactory that is running is making something else: the \u003ca href=\"https://www.teslamotors.com/powerwall\">Powerwall\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s a flat battery, about 4 feet long, 3 feet wide, and it’s Tesla’s first battery for your house. There are stacks of them on the factory floor, ready to ship to customers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If someone has solar on their house and they install a Powerwall, what this lets you do is store your surplus solar energy,” Straubel says. Homeowners could then use around 7 kilowatt-hours of that stored energy at night, which is several hours’ worth, depending on energy demand.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_641719\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-641719\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/Powerwall-400x344.jpg\" alt=\"Tesla's home battery, designed to store solar energy for use at night.\" width=\"400\" height=\"344\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/Powerwall-400x344.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/Powerwall.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/Powerwall-768x660.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Tesla’s home battery, designed to store solar energy for use at night. \u003ccite>(Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The production floor is also stacked with Powerpacks, a larger version of the battery about the size of a refrigerator. They’re designed to store electricity at factories, industrial sites, or on the grid itself by electric utilities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The machines humming in this part of the plant are part of Tesla’s ultimate vision for their customers: an electric car in the garage and batteries that store all the solar power they need. It’s a future free of fossil fuels, Straubel says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Batteries are the missing piece in allowing sustainable energy to scale up to 100 percent of our energy needs,” he says. “We’re confident that eventually just about every vehicle on the road will move to being electric.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s changing the transportation landscape. That’s changing the energy landscape. It is changing the world,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It probably doesn’t need to be said: trying to change the world is a major gamble.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Gamble in the Desert\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Is [Tesla CEO] Elon Musk far-seeing and investing in the future? Or is he making big bets that could all collapse at once?” says Severin Borenstein, an energy economist at UC Berkeley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When it comes to fighting climate change, Borenstien says the world could use lots of electric cars and low-cost, solar batteries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_641722\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-641722\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/Tesla-Aerial-Perspective-800x389.jpg\" alt=\"An artist rendering of the Gigafactory, covered in solar panels that will power the facility.\" width=\"800\" height=\"389\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/Tesla-Aerial-Perspective-800x389.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/Tesla-Aerial-Perspective-400x195.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/Tesla-Aerial-Perspective-768x374.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/Tesla-Aerial-Perspective-1440x701.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/Tesla-Aerial-Perspective-1180x574.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/Tesla-Aerial-Perspective-960x467.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/Tesla-Aerial-Perspective.jpg 1878w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An artist rendering of the Gigafactory, covered in solar panels that will power the facility. \u003ccite>(Tesla)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“If we could figure out a way to produce batteries at large-scale and low-cost, it would really be a game changer for reducing greenhouse gas emissions,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The question, he says, is whether consumers are ready to buy into Tesla’s vision.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gas prices have been extremely low, which hurts demand for efficient cars. And then there’s the $3,000 Powerwall battery. Electric rates in many states make it hard to actually save money storing your own electricity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In California and some other states, solar customers are paid by their electric utilities for the extra solar power they put onto the grid, a policy known as “\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/12/07/with-rooftop-solar-booming-california-utilities-want-to-charge-more/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">net-energy metering\u003c/a>.” That creates little financial incentive to store solar energy at home.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A battery could save someone money if electricity costs a lot more at night than it does during the day. Borenstein says few states have those kind of electricity prices.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Average households are not going to get much or any value from these batteries,” Borenstein says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_641724\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-641724\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/Inside2-800x403.jpg\" alt=\"Tesla's Powerwall production line.\" width=\"800\" height=\"403\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/Inside2-800x403.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/Inside2-400x202.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/Inside2-768x387.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/Inside2-1180x595.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/Inside2-960x484.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/Inside2.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Tesla’s Powerwall production line. \u003ccite>(Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Early adopters may not care, though.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They’re people who like that and feel good about it and they’re mostly pretty darn rich,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tesla is betting that cheaper batteries will make everyone else want a home battery and electric car, too, something that could finally lead the company to profitability.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The $5 billion Gigafactory is exactly that gamble. If Tesla stays on schedule, the factory will be fully open in four years.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Tesla’s Gigafactory is a lot like Willy Wonka’s Chocolate Factory: it’s mysterious, it’s big and few people have been inside.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For almost two years now, the company has been building the largest battery factory on the planet high in the Nevada desert—a factory that it says could revolutionize the way consumers use energy at home.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s tucked away in a dusty valley, half an hour east of Reno. Driving up Electric Avenue, the factory is a stark contrast on the horizon. It’s a sleek white building with a red stripe, almost like one of the company’s cars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Listen to the Story:\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nhttp://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2016/04/WEBTeslaGigafactorySommer160418.mp3\u003cbr>\n“It’s really hard to get a sense of scale,” says Tesla co-founder and Chief Technical Officer JB Straubel. “I mean, it’s huge.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We’re up on the roof of the Gigafactory, the small piece that has been built already, trying to get a glimpse of that scale.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So you can see the building footprint that would be in front of us to the west and north,” he says, pointing to the flat expanse of land where the rest of the factory will go—all 5.8 million square feet of it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’m not a huge football fan but I think it’s on the order of around a hundred football fields,” Straubel says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like Willy Wonka’s factory, there’s a lot of hype about this place, both for the records it’s breaking and the company’s mystique. People have been caught sneaking onto the property to see it under construction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_641708\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1200px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-641708\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/Outside2.jpg\" alt=\"Tesla begins battery production while the neighboring sections of the factory are still under construction.\" width=\"1200\" height=\"624\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/Outside2.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/Outside2-400x208.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/Outside2-800x416.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/Outside2-768x399.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/Outside2-1180x614.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/Outside2-960x499.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1200px) 100vw, 1200px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Tesla is beginning battery production while neighboring sections of the factory are still under construction. \u003ccite>(Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>With its multiple floors, it’ll be one of the largest factories in the U.S., period. Its main rival is Boeing’s factory in Everett, Washington where 747s are assembled.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nevada beat out several states by luring Tesla with an incentive package worth more than a billion dollars. Lawmakers here are watching like hawks for the economic benefits, like making sure Nevadans make up a big part of the factory’s construction crew and 6,000 permanent workers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Baking Batteries\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Inside the factory, that workforce is going full steam ahead. Workers are welding steel, pouring concrete and installing highly specialized machines, shrouded in plastic. It goes on for room after room after room.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_641713\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1200px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-641713\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/Inside1.jpg\" alt=\"Production is underway for Tesla's home battery, the Powerwall.\" width=\"1200\" height=\"655\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/Inside1.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/Inside1-400x218.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/Inside1-800x437.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/Inside1-768x419.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/Inside1-1180x644.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/Inside1-960x524.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1200px) 100vw, 1200px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Production is underway for Tesla’s home battery, the Powerwall. \u003ccite>(Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“So this is a pretty exciting room,” Straubel says. It’s filled with huge metal tanks, almost like an insanely-large industrial kitchen. “This is where we will actually mix the materials, the raw materials, we mix them into what’s called a slurry.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The main pieces of the lithium-ion batteries, the anode and cathode, are baked by huge machines in yet another room.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a little bit like a giant baking oven except it’s a few hundred feet long,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As each section of the Gigafactory is completed, Tesla moves in and starts battery production immediately. It will eventually be connected by rail to Tesla’s car-assembly plant in Fremont, California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Straubel says the Gigafactory will even run on renewable energy from solar panels covering the roof, as well as off-site renewable projects and batteries, of course.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_641717\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1200px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-641717\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/Inside3.jpg\" alt=\"Tesla CTO JB Straubel in front of Powerpacks, refrigerator-size batteries for factories or electric utilities.\" width=\"1200\" height=\"693\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/Inside3.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/Inside3-400x231.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/Inside3-800x462.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/Inside3-768x444.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/Inside3-1180x681.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/Inside3-960x554.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1200px) 100vw, 1200px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Tesla CTO JB Straubel in front of Powerpacks, refrigerator-size batteries for factories or electric utilities. \u003ccite>(Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>All About Scale\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tesla expects the factory, created in partnership with Panasonic, to double the world’s capacity for lithium-ion battery production, eventually making 35 gigawatt-hours of energy storage annually. That would supply 500,000 of its electric cars, a significant leap over what the company is producing now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s not just about building a lot more batteries but it’s about reducing the cost,” Straubel says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_641710\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 355px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-641710\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/Tesla_V06_160415-400x711.png\" alt=\"Tesla_V06_160415\" width=\"355\" height=\"631\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/Tesla_V06_160415-400x711.png 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/Tesla_V06_160415.png 750w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 355px) 100vw, 355px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Source: Tesla. Graphics by Teodros Hailye/KQED\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Tesla is known for its pricey cars. Its sedan, the Model S, starts at $76,500 before tax credits, and batteries are a big part of the sticker price. Analysts estimate that most battery packs cost well over $10,000.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Which is why, Straubel says, the Gigafactory is about scale. He believes scaling up could drive down the cost of batteries 30 percent or more.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We think we’ll probably be able to exceed that,” Straubel says. “Our vehicles can be more affordable. More people can have access to them.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s what the company is going for with the new \u003ca href=\"https://www.teslamotors.com/model3\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Model 3\u003c/a>, its first mass market car, announced last month. It’ll run around $28,000 dollars after the federal tax credit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It won’t come out until late next year, but customers lined up in droves to put down $1,000 deposits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have today over 325,000 reservations for Model 3, representing this enormous backlog of orders,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The catch is that Tesla can’t fill those orders without this factory up and running.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s part of why we’re trying to go so fast and accelerate the construction here, so we are ready ahead of time,” Straubel says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_641809\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-641809\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/Outside3-800x436.jpg\" alt=\"Under Nevada’s tax incentive package, half of the workers hired must be Nevada residents.\" width=\"800\" height=\"436\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/Outside3-800x436.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/Outside3-400x218.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/Outside3-768x418.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/Outside3-1440x785.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/Outside3-1180x643.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/Outside3-960x523.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/Outside3.jpg 1472w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Under Nevada’s tax incentive package, half of the workers hired must be Nevada residents. \u003ccite>(Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Home Battery\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just one room over, the part of the Gigafactory that is running is making something else: the \u003ca href=\"https://www.teslamotors.com/powerwall\">Powerwall\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s a flat battery, about 4 feet long, 3 feet wide, and it’s Tesla’s first battery for your house. There are stacks of them on the factory floor, ready to ship to customers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If someone has solar on their house and they install a Powerwall, what this lets you do is store your surplus solar energy,” Straubel says. Homeowners could then use around 7 kilowatt-hours of that stored energy at night, which is several hours’ worth, depending on energy demand.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_641719\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-641719\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/Powerwall-400x344.jpg\" alt=\"Tesla's home battery, designed to store solar energy for use at night.\" width=\"400\" height=\"344\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/Powerwall-400x344.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/Powerwall.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/Powerwall-768x660.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Tesla’s home battery, designed to store solar energy for use at night. \u003ccite>(Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The production floor is also stacked with Powerpacks, a larger version of the battery about the size of a refrigerator. They’re designed to store electricity at factories, industrial sites, or on the grid itself by electric utilities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The machines humming in this part of the plant are part of Tesla’s ultimate vision for their customers: an electric car in the garage and batteries that store all the solar power they need. It’s a future free of fossil fuels, Straubel says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Batteries are the missing piece in allowing sustainable energy to scale up to 100 percent of our energy needs,” he says. “We’re confident that eventually just about every vehicle on the road will move to being electric.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s changing the transportation landscape. That’s changing the energy landscape. It is changing the world,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It probably doesn’t need to be said: trying to change the world is a major gamble.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Gamble in the Desert\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Is [Tesla CEO] Elon Musk far-seeing and investing in the future? Or is he making big bets that could all collapse at once?” says Severin Borenstein, an energy economist at UC Berkeley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When it comes to fighting climate change, Borenstien says the world could use lots of electric cars and low-cost, solar batteries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_641722\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-641722\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/Tesla-Aerial-Perspective-800x389.jpg\" alt=\"An artist rendering of the Gigafactory, covered in solar panels that will power the facility.\" width=\"800\" height=\"389\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/Tesla-Aerial-Perspective-800x389.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/Tesla-Aerial-Perspective-400x195.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/Tesla-Aerial-Perspective-768x374.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/Tesla-Aerial-Perspective-1440x701.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/Tesla-Aerial-Perspective-1180x574.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/Tesla-Aerial-Perspective-960x467.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/Tesla-Aerial-Perspective.jpg 1878w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An artist rendering of the Gigafactory, covered in solar panels that will power the facility. \u003ccite>(Tesla)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“If we could figure out a way to produce batteries at large-scale and low-cost, it would really be a game changer for reducing greenhouse gas emissions,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The question, he says, is whether consumers are ready to buy into Tesla’s vision.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gas prices have been extremely low, which hurts demand for efficient cars. And then there’s the $3,000 Powerwall battery. Electric rates in many states make it hard to actually save money storing your own electricity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In California and some other states, solar customers are paid by their electric utilities for the extra solar power they put onto the grid, a policy known as “\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/12/07/with-rooftop-solar-booming-california-utilities-want-to-charge-more/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">net-energy metering\u003c/a>.” That creates little financial incentive to store solar energy at home.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A battery could save someone money if electricity costs a lot more at night than it does during the day. Borenstein says few states have those kind of electricity prices.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Average households are not going to get much or any value from these batteries,” Borenstein says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_641724\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-641724\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/Inside2-800x403.jpg\" alt=\"Tesla's Powerwall production line.\" width=\"800\" height=\"403\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/Inside2-800x403.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/Inside2-400x202.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/Inside2-768x387.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/Inside2-1180x595.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/Inside2-960x484.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/Inside2.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Tesla’s Powerwall production line. \u003ccite>(Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Early adopters may not care, though.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They’re people who like that and feel good about it and they’re mostly pretty darn rich,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tesla is betting that cheaper batteries will make everyone else want a home battery and electric car, too, something that could finally lead the company to profitability.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>The sun has just set at the Watsonville Slough. Biologist Gary Kittleson and I are putting on headlamps and waders. We are searching for California red-legged frogs. Kittleson is an expert on the species. He’s working with a young tech company that is using sound to find out how many of the frogs remain in the slough.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This red-legged frog has had more than it’s “15 minutes” of fame. Many believe it was the amphibian in Mark Twain’s first breakthrough short story,\u003ca href=\"http://twain.lib.virginia.edu/projects/price/frog.htm\"> “The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County.”\u003c/a> Today, it’s listed as threatened under the federal Endangered Species Act and its population numbers \u003ca href=\"http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/136113/0\">continue to decline\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘You’re going to start having cameras, acoustic sensors, and satellites trained on these important parts of the world.’ \u003ccite>Matthew McKown, CEO of Conservation Metrics\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://cdfgnews.wordpress.com/2014/07/15/california-red-legged-frog-named-state-amphibian/\">Red-legged frogs \u003c/a>are the state amphibian and once abounded in California. But in the 19th and 20th centuries they were over-hunted — it seems that people loved to eat their legs. Today these amphibians are losing habitat and are threatened by invasive species like the American bullfrog. Few California red-legged frogs remain. Some years Kittleson says he’d be ecstatic to see just one or two in the slough.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.landtrustsantacruz.org/watsonville-slough-farm/\">The Watsonville Slough \u003c/a>in Santa Cruz County provides vital marshland habitat for California red-legged frogs. To get an accurate count of the dwindling population here, scientists like Kittleson are trying something new. They are teaming up with \u003ca href=\"http://conservationmetrics.com/\">Conservation Metrics\u003c/a>, a tech company that specializes in big data and sound.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.santacruzsentinel.com/article/ZZ/20141109/NEWS/141104235\">Kittleson\u003c/a>, a consulting biologist with a private practice, is the expert on the ground for the project. Over the years he has identified a piece of old farmland in the Watsonville Slough as a hotspot for red-legged frogs. They seem to be drawn to some low-lying ponds once used to raise pigs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.landtrustsantacruz.org/\">The Land Trust of Santa Cruz County\u003c/a> owns this piece of land. It is working to save the frogs here by doing things like putting mesh wire around their eggs to protect them from predators. The Land Trust hired Kittleson to do population counts, to see if conservation efforts are working.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_637841\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-637841\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/CMI_Songmeter_Watsonville-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"Conservation Metrics uses song meters to record red-legged frog calls all night.\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/CMI_Songmeter_Watsonville-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/CMI_Songmeter_Watsonville-400x300.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/CMI_Songmeter_Watsonville-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/CMI_Songmeter_Watsonville-1440x1080.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/CMI_Songmeter_Watsonville-1920x1439.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/CMI_Songmeter_Watsonville-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/CMI_Songmeter_Watsonville-960x720.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Conservation Metrics uses song meters to record red-legged frog calls all night. \u003ccite>(Conservation Metrics)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Kittleson spends a few hours out here at a time, wading through swamp water, peering into brush, and listening for red-legged frogs. Picking out their low calls is no easy task.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The slough is rife with chorus frogs, which make repeated, loud, high-pitched calls. The sound is deafening. Kittleson and I have stopped at the edge of a small pool of water. The chorus is all I can hear.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kittleson begins explaining the history of the pond to me, and then abruptly stops.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There was a red-legged frog,” he says. We listen. I hear nothing. “It probably won’t call again because we are talking,” Kittleson says. His ears are so finely tuned, he can hear red-legged frogs even while he talks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[soundcloud url=”https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/259317553″ params=”color=ff5500&auto_play=false&hide_related=false&show_comments=true&show_user=true&show_reposts=false” width=”100%” height=”166″ iframe=”true” /]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Sorting Out the Soundscape\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Field observation like this is the old way of counting animals. At best Kittleson says you only get a tiny slice of good data — a sample of a sample of a sample. That’s why the Land Trust is partnering with Conservation Metrics. The company has put up \u003ca href=\"http://www.wildlifeacoustics.com/\">song meters\u003c/a>, which continuously record the nighttime soundscape. Near the edge of the pond, Kittleson points out one of the recording devices.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s the song meter, mounted on fence posts,” he says, “It’s recording us now.” The green box has microphones protruding from each side. They’re like little ears, capturing everything.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So far Conservation Metrics has gathered 1,630 hours of recordings, which translates into 241 gigabytes of data. Down at its office in Santa Cruz, the company turns the recordings into images called spectrograms. Employee Jeff Schlueter writes algorithms so the computer can sift through hours and hours of audio in the spectrograms and isolate the red-legged frog calls.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_633578\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-633578\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/Spectrogram-inspection-e1460423793529.jpg\" alt=\"Jeff Schlueter writes algorithms to sort through hours and hours of recordings.\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1440\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Jeff Schlueter (at left) writes algorithms to sort through hours and hours of recordings. \u003ccite>(Sam Harnett/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>For Conservation Metrics the red-legged frog survey is a relatively small project, more of a pilot program to show its approach can be helpful with a variety of species. Up until now Conservation Metrics has worked mostly with song birds. This year, the company is running 42 projects in 15 countries, and it is handling about 50 terabytes of data.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Using algorithms, one person with a computer can sort through the data for each project and get a population count that would normally take a whole team of field biologists. Matthew McKown founded Conservation Metrics about three years ago after seeing the potential of big data in conservation when he was a graduate student.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our whole point is to make conservation better,” McKown says, “so we’re trying to make it as cheap as possible.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>McKown is capitalizing on the rapidly plummeting cost of gathering and crunching data. He says the conservation world has just recently entered the big data era.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_637753\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-637753\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/RLF01_RLF01_0_20160218_182000_000_startsec_2287_label_5-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"The top band on this spectrogram shows sound made my chorus frogs, the red-legged calls are hiding down at the bottom.\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/RLF01_RLF01_0_20160218_182000_000_startsec_2287_label_5-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/RLF01_RLF01_0_20160218_182000_000_startsec_2287_label_5-400x300.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/RLF01_RLF01_0_20160218_182000_000_startsec_2287_label_5-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/RLF01_RLF01_0_20160218_182000_000_startsec_2287_label_5-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/RLF01_RLF01_0_20160218_182000_000_startsec_2287_label_5-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/RLF01_RLF01_0_20160218_182000_000_startsec_2287_label_5.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The top band on this spectrogram shows sound made by chorus frogs, the red-legged calls are hiding down at the bottom. \u003ccite>(Conservation Metrics)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Scientists are now collecting and analyzing audio, video, satellite imagery, and \u003ca href=\"http://www.usgs.gov/blogs/features/usgs_top_story/supercomputers-map-out-super-endangered-species-in-3-d/\">GPS data from all kinds of animals\u003c/a> like the California condor and the dugong, a threatened relative of the manatee. McKown says surveillance and big data are going to start playing a bigger role in protecting endangered species and threatened habitats.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What you’re going to start having is cameras, acoustic sensors, and satellites trained on these important parts of the world.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the marsh near Watsonville, Kittleson says he hopes better data will give us clues about how to save the California red-legged frog.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We are now waist-deep in swamp water, sweeping the pond with our headlamps, looking for the glare of frog eyes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And then Kittleson finally spots one.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The frog is sitting on a tiny log, floating by the water’s edge. Kittleson is not optimistic about the future of the species. It’s habitat, which once covered most of California, \u003ca href=\"https://ecos.fws.gov/tess_public/profile/speciesProfile.action?spcode=D02D\">continues to shrink \u003c/a>and its population continues to decline. But Kittleson says getting good data on the number of frogs that remain is the only chance we have to start moving in the right direction.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The sun has just set at the Watsonville Slough. Biologist Gary Kittleson and I are putting on headlamps and waders. We are searching for California red-legged frogs. Kittleson is an expert on the species. He’s working with a young tech company that is using sound to find out how many of the frogs remain in the slough.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This red-legged frog has had more than it’s “15 minutes” of fame. Many believe it was the amphibian in Mark Twain’s first breakthrough short story,\u003ca href=\"http://twain.lib.virginia.edu/projects/price/frog.htm\"> “The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County.”\u003c/a> Today, it’s listed as threatened under the federal Endangered Species Act and its population numbers \u003ca href=\"http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/136113/0\">continue to decline\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘You’re going to start having cameras, acoustic sensors, and satellites trained on these important parts of the world.’ \u003ccite>Matthew McKown, CEO of Conservation Metrics\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://cdfgnews.wordpress.com/2014/07/15/california-red-legged-frog-named-state-amphibian/\">Red-legged frogs \u003c/a>are the state amphibian and once abounded in California. But in the 19th and 20th centuries they were over-hunted — it seems that people loved to eat their legs. Today these amphibians are losing habitat and are threatened by invasive species like the American bullfrog. Few California red-legged frogs remain. Some years Kittleson says he’d be ecstatic to see just one or two in the slough.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.landtrustsantacruz.org/watsonville-slough-farm/\">The Watsonville Slough \u003c/a>in Santa Cruz County provides vital marshland habitat for California red-legged frogs. To get an accurate count of the dwindling population here, scientists like Kittleson are trying something new. They are teaming up with \u003ca href=\"http://conservationmetrics.com/\">Conservation Metrics\u003c/a>, a tech company that specializes in big data and sound.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.santacruzsentinel.com/article/ZZ/20141109/NEWS/141104235\">Kittleson\u003c/a>, a consulting biologist with a private practice, is the expert on the ground for the project. Over the years he has identified a piece of old farmland in the Watsonville Slough as a hotspot for red-legged frogs. They seem to be drawn to some low-lying ponds once used to raise pigs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.landtrustsantacruz.org/\">The Land Trust of Santa Cruz County\u003c/a> owns this piece of land. It is working to save the frogs here by doing things like putting mesh wire around their eggs to protect them from predators. The Land Trust hired Kittleson to do population counts, to see if conservation efforts are working.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_637841\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-637841\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/CMI_Songmeter_Watsonville-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"Conservation Metrics uses song meters to record red-legged frog calls all night.\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/CMI_Songmeter_Watsonville-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/CMI_Songmeter_Watsonville-400x300.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/CMI_Songmeter_Watsonville-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/CMI_Songmeter_Watsonville-1440x1080.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/CMI_Songmeter_Watsonville-1920x1439.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/CMI_Songmeter_Watsonville-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/CMI_Songmeter_Watsonville-960x720.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Conservation Metrics uses song meters to record red-legged frog calls all night. \u003ccite>(Conservation Metrics)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Kittleson spends a few hours out here at a time, wading through swamp water, peering into brush, and listening for red-legged frogs. Picking out their low calls is no easy task.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The slough is rife with chorus frogs, which make repeated, loud, high-pitched calls. The sound is deafening. Kittleson and I have stopped at the edge of a small pool of water. The chorus is all I can hear.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kittleson begins explaining the history of the pond to me, and then abruptly stops.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There was a red-legged frog,” he says. We listen. I hear nothing. “It probably won’t call again because we are talking,” Kittleson says. His ears are so finely tuned, he can hear red-legged frogs even while he talks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cdiv class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__shortcodes__shortcodeWrapper'>\n \u003ciframe width='”100%”' height='”166″'\n scrolling='no' frameborder='no'\n src='https://w.soundcloud.com/player/?url=”https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/259317553″&visual=true&”color=ff5500&auto_play=false&hide_related=false&show_comments=true&show_user=true&show_reposts=false”'\n title='”https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/259317553″'>\n \u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/div>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Sorting Out the Soundscape\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Field observation like this is the old way of counting animals. At best Kittleson says you only get a tiny slice of good data — a sample of a sample of a sample. That’s why the Land Trust is partnering with Conservation Metrics. The company has put up \u003ca href=\"http://www.wildlifeacoustics.com/\">song meters\u003c/a>, which continuously record the nighttime soundscape. Near the edge of the pond, Kittleson points out one of the recording devices.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s the song meter, mounted on fence posts,” he says, “It’s recording us now.” The green box has microphones protruding from each side. They’re like little ears, capturing everything.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So far Conservation Metrics has gathered 1,630 hours of recordings, which translates into 241 gigabytes of data. Down at its office in Santa Cruz, the company turns the recordings into images called spectrograms. Employee Jeff Schlueter writes algorithms so the computer can sift through hours and hours of audio in the spectrograms and isolate the red-legged frog calls.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_633578\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-633578\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/Spectrogram-inspection-e1460423793529.jpg\" alt=\"Jeff Schlueter writes algorithms to sort through hours and hours of recordings.\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1440\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Jeff Schlueter (at left) writes algorithms to sort through hours and hours of recordings. \u003ccite>(Sam Harnett/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>For Conservation Metrics the red-legged frog survey is a relatively small project, more of a pilot program to show its approach can be helpful with a variety of species. Up until now Conservation Metrics has worked mostly with song birds. This year, the company is running 42 projects in 15 countries, and it is handling about 50 terabytes of data.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Using algorithms, one person with a computer can sort through the data for each project and get a population count that would normally take a whole team of field biologists. Matthew McKown founded Conservation Metrics about three years ago after seeing the potential of big data in conservation when he was a graduate student.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our whole point is to make conservation better,” McKown says, “so we’re trying to make it as cheap as possible.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>McKown is capitalizing on the rapidly plummeting cost of gathering and crunching data. He says the conservation world has just recently entered the big data era.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_637753\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-637753\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/RLF01_RLF01_0_20160218_182000_000_startsec_2287_label_5-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"The top band on this spectrogram shows sound made my chorus frogs, the red-legged calls are hiding down at the bottom.\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/RLF01_RLF01_0_20160218_182000_000_startsec_2287_label_5-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/RLF01_RLF01_0_20160218_182000_000_startsec_2287_label_5-400x300.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/RLF01_RLF01_0_20160218_182000_000_startsec_2287_label_5-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/RLF01_RLF01_0_20160218_182000_000_startsec_2287_label_5-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/RLF01_RLF01_0_20160218_182000_000_startsec_2287_label_5-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/RLF01_RLF01_0_20160218_182000_000_startsec_2287_label_5.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The top band on this spectrogram shows sound made by chorus frogs, the red-legged calls are hiding down at the bottom. \u003ccite>(Conservation Metrics)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Scientists are now collecting and analyzing audio, video, satellite imagery, and \u003ca href=\"http://www.usgs.gov/blogs/features/usgs_top_story/supercomputers-map-out-super-endangered-species-in-3-d/\">GPS data from all kinds of animals\u003c/a> like the California condor and the dugong, a threatened relative of the manatee. McKown says surveillance and big data are going to start playing a bigger role in protecting endangered species and threatened habitats.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What you’re going to start having is cameras, acoustic sensors, and satellites trained on these important parts of the world.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the marsh near Watsonville, Kittleson says he hopes better data will give us clues about how to save the California red-legged frog.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We are now waist-deep in swamp water, sweeping the pond with our headlamps, looking for the glare of frog eyes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And then Kittleson finally spots one.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The frog is sitting on a tiny log, floating by the water’s edge. Kittleson is not optimistic about the future of the species. It’s habitat, which once covered most of California, \u003ca href=\"https://ecos.fws.gov/tess_public/profile/speciesProfile.action?spcode=D02D\">continues to shrink \u003c/a>and its population continues to decline. But Kittleson says getting good data on the number of frogs that remain is the only chance we have to start moving in the right direction.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Seventy-five million miles out in space is not where you want to be when an emergency crops up, but that’s exactly where \u003ca href=\"http://kepler.nasa.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">NASA’s Kepler spacecraft\u003c/a> was earlier this week when the red lights and sirens went off back at mission control.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kepler suddenly placed itself in “emergency mode,” for reasons under investigation. Mission operators at Ames Research Center in Mountain View, California were given immediate priority to use NASA’s Deep Space Network of radio dishes to communicate with Kepler and download data to help them diagnose the problem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite a 13-minute round-trip communication delay, project engineers managed to get Kepler out of emergency mode and placed the spacecraft into a \u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/feature/mission-manager-update-kepler-recovered-from-emergency-and-stable\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">stable waiting state\u003c/a>, as they analyze the diagnostic data and figure out what happened.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mission managers hope to return Kepler to science operations soon, once the spacecraft is given a clean bill of health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Seven-Year Hunting Trip\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kepler is a sun-orbiting space telescope designed to discover small, Earth-sized planets orbiting their stars at the right distance so that liquid water could exist on their surfaces—planets within their stars’ so-called “Goldilocks Zone,” or \u003ca href=\"http://quest.nasa.gov/projects/astrobiology/astroventure/challenge/Articles/habitablezone.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Habitable Zone\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_637201\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-637201\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/NewKeplerPlanetCandidates-20150723.jpg\" alt=\"Graph showing new Kepler exoplanet candidates as of January 2015 (blue) and July 2015 (yellow). \" width=\"400\" height=\"300\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Graph showing new Kepler exoplanet candidates as of January 2015 (blue) and July 2015 (yellow). \u003ccite>(NASA Ames/W. Stenzel)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Since its launch in 2009, the \u003ca href=\"http://kepler.nasa.gov/multimedia/animations/orrery3/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Kepler spacecraft has detected\u003c/a> and confirmed about 1,080 extrasolar planets, and 4,966 candidate exoplanets awaiting confirmation, adding greatly to the \u003ca href=\"http://www.exoplanets.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">totals of all exoplanet discoveries\u003c/a>. Of these detections, about a dozen are smaller than twice Earth’s size, and orbit within their stars’ Habitable Zones, making them \u003ca href=\"http://phl.upr.edu/projects/habitable-exoplanets-catalog\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">prime prospects for possessing life-friendly environments\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Gravitational Microlensing\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kepler was preparing to begin a search for distant exoplanets through measurements of their effect on the light of more distant stars, a science campaign that was to begin on April 10th. As an exoplanet passes between Earth and the more distant star, its gravity can bend the star’s light and focus it toward Earth, causing a distortion in the starlight that Kepler can detect.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_637199\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-637199\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/gif_diagram.gif\" alt=\"Diagram showing how the Kepler spacecraft detects the presence of distant exoplanets by measuring its gravitational effect on the light of a more distant star. \" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Diagram showing how the Kepler spacecraft detects the presence of distant exoplanets by measuring its gravitational effect on the light of a more distant star. \u003ccite>(NASA Ames/JPL-Caltech/T. Pyle)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>This effect is called “\u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FHh0Qx7LPJY\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">gravitational microlensing\u003c/a>,” and is similar in concept to how a glass lens bends and focuses light, but on a much larger scale.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gravitational microlensing, then, lets us detect the presence–as well as estimate the masses–of planets so far away that they are normally undetectable. The most distant exoplanets yet discovered were detected by this method, some as far as the central core of the Milky Way Galaxy, tens of thousands of light years away.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Change in Kepler’s Game Plan\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The detection of exoplanets by gravitational microlensing was not Kepler’s original method of discovery.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kepler’s initial exoplanet-finding tactic was to measure the dimming of a star’s light as one of its own planets crossed in front of it, an event called a \u003ca href=\"http://kepler.nasa.gov/multimedia/Interactives/keplerFlashAdvDiscovery/#\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">transit\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kepler spent three years staring at about 145,000 stars near the constellation Cygnus, waiting for any of them to “blink” as a planet transited. By “staring” at the same patch of stars for multiple years, Kepler was also able to confirm planets at Earth-like distances from their stars—planets that we can only observe to transit once in many months, or years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But in 2012, one of Kepler’s four stabilizing gyroscopes stopped working, followed in 2013 by a second gyroscope failure. The loss of these gyroscopes meant that Kepler could no longer remain pointing steadily at its target patch of space, and continued observations of planetary transits could no longer take place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then in May of 2013, a new operating mode was approved that would allow Kepler to continue conducting scientific investigations using only its two remaining gyroscopes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“\u003ca href=\"http://keplerscience.arc.nasa.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">K2\u003c/a>” was born.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In its K2 incarnation, Kepler can conduct a number of observations, including detecting exoplanets through gravitational microlensing, searching for supernovas in distant galaxies, and studying young stars in clusters to expand our understanding of how planetary systems form.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With any luck, K2 will resume science operations in a week or so, bringing to knowledge yet more \u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/kepler/news/kepler20130717.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">strange and distant worlds\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Seventy-five million miles out in space is not where you want to be when an emergency crops up, but that’s exactly where \u003ca href=\"http://kepler.nasa.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">NASA’s Kepler spacecraft\u003c/a> was earlier this week when the red lights and sirens went off back at mission control.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kepler suddenly placed itself in “emergency mode,” for reasons under investigation. Mission operators at Ames Research Center in Mountain View, California were given immediate priority to use NASA’s Deep Space Network of radio dishes to communicate with Kepler and download data to help them diagnose the problem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite a 13-minute round-trip communication delay, project engineers managed to get Kepler out of emergency mode and placed the spacecraft into a \u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/feature/mission-manager-update-kepler-recovered-from-emergency-and-stable\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">stable waiting state\u003c/a>, as they analyze the diagnostic data and figure out what happened.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mission managers hope to return Kepler to science operations soon, once the spacecraft is given a clean bill of health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Seven-Year Hunting Trip\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kepler is a sun-orbiting space telescope designed to discover small, Earth-sized planets orbiting their stars at the right distance so that liquid water could exist on their surfaces—planets within their stars’ so-called “Goldilocks Zone,” or \u003ca href=\"http://quest.nasa.gov/projects/astrobiology/astroventure/challenge/Articles/habitablezone.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Habitable Zone\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_637201\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-637201\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/NewKeplerPlanetCandidates-20150723.jpg\" alt=\"Graph showing new Kepler exoplanet candidates as of January 2015 (blue) and July 2015 (yellow). \" width=\"400\" height=\"300\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Graph showing new Kepler exoplanet candidates as of January 2015 (blue) and July 2015 (yellow). \u003ccite>(NASA Ames/W. Stenzel)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Since its launch in 2009, the \u003ca href=\"http://kepler.nasa.gov/multimedia/animations/orrery3/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Kepler spacecraft has detected\u003c/a> and confirmed about 1,080 extrasolar planets, and 4,966 candidate exoplanets awaiting confirmation, adding greatly to the \u003ca href=\"http://www.exoplanets.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">totals of all exoplanet discoveries\u003c/a>. Of these detections, about a dozen are smaller than twice Earth’s size, and orbit within their stars’ Habitable Zones, making them \u003ca href=\"http://phl.upr.edu/projects/habitable-exoplanets-catalog\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">prime prospects for possessing life-friendly environments\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Gravitational Microlensing\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kepler was preparing to begin a search for distant exoplanets through measurements of their effect on the light of more distant stars, a science campaign that was to begin on April 10th. As an exoplanet passes between Earth and the more distant star, its gravity can bend the star’s light and focus it toward Earth, causing a distortion in the starlight that Kepler can detect.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_637199\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-637199\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/gif_diagram.gif\" alt=\"Diagram showing how the Kepler spacecraft detects the presence of distant exoplanets by measuring its gravitational effect on the light of a more distant star. \" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Diagram showing how the Kepler spacecraft detects the presence of distant exoplanets by measuring its gravitational effect on the light of a more distant star. \u003ccite>(NASA Ames/JPL-Caltech/T. Pyle)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>This effect is called “\u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FHh0Qx7LPJY\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">gravitational microlensing\u003c/a>,” and is similar in concept to how a glass lens bends and focuses light, but on a much larger scale.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gravitational microlensing, then, lets us detect the presence–as well as estimate the masses–of planets so far away that they are normally undetectable. The most distant exoplanets yet discovered were detected by this method, some as far as the central core of the Milky Way Galaxy, tens of thousands of light years away.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Change in Kepler’s Game Plan\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The detection of exoplanets by gravitational microlensing was not Kepler’s original method of discovery.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kepler’s initial exoplanet-finding tactic was to measure the dimming of a star’s light as one of its own planets crossed in front of it, an event called a \u003ca href=\"http://kepler.nasa.gov/multimedia/Interactives/keplerFlashAdvDiscovery/#\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">transit\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kepler spent three years staring at about 145,000 stars near the constellation Cygnus, waiting for any of them to “blink” as a planet transited. By “staring” at the same patch of stars for multiple years, Kepler was also able to confirm planets at Earth-like distances from their stars—planets that we can only observe to transit once in many months, or years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But in 2012, one of Kepler’s four stabilizing gyroscopes stopped working, followed in 2013 by a second gyroscope failure. The loss of these gyroscopes meant that Kepler could no longer remain pointing steadily at its target patch of space, and continued observations of planetary transits could no longer take place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then in May of 2013, a new operating mode was approved that would allow Kepler to continue conducting scientific investigations using only its two remaining gyroscopes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“\u003ca href=\"http://keplerscience.arc.nasa.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">K2\u003c/a>” was born.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In its K2 incarnation, Kepler can conduct a number of observations, including detecting exoplanets through gravitational microlensing, searching for supernovas in distant galaxies, and studying young stars in clusters to expand our understanding of how planetary systems form.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With any luck, K2 will resume science operations in a week or so, bringing to knowledge yet more \u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/kepler/news/kepler20130717.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">strange and distant worlds\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Wastewater Creates Energy, Products and More",
"headTitle": "Wastewater Creates Energy, Products and More | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Historically, we’ve treated wastewater as something to be treated and dumped – a liability and not a resource. But Sebastien Tilmans may change our minds about that. Tilmans is the director of operations at the \u003ca href=\"http://web.stanford.edu/group/cr2c/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"external noopener\">William and Cloy Codiga Resource Recovery Center\u003c/a> at Stanford University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The center is working to accelerate the path to commercialization of wastewater technologies. California’s drought has helped to highlight growing interest in wastewater reuse to provide water resources for drinking water and nonpotable uses such as flushing toilets and irrigation. But wastewater has other embedded resources besides water – including energy, nutrients and materials.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some of the technologies already exist to utilize this resource, but many others are still being developed and that’s where the Resource Recovery Center comes in. It creates a space that enables researchers to plug and play with three different grades of wastewater to test different kinds of technologies. So, for example, if you want to test a new reverse osmosis process you would plug into the secondary effluent. If you want to test a new membrane bioreactor you would plug into the primary effluent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water Deeply recently spoke to Tilmans about how the center is providing a critical intermediate testing ground for technologies, how we can understand the value of wastewater and what the future of water recycling looks like.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: The most obvious resource recovered from wastewater is water; what are some of the other resources?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_637091\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 411px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-637091\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/sebastien-Tilmans-800x531.jpg\" alt=\"Sebastien Tilmans, director of operations at the William and Cloy Codiga Resource Recovery Center at Stanford University, wants to see wastewater viewed as a resource. \" width=\"411\" height=\"272\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/sebastien-Tilmans-800x531.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/sebastien-Tilmans-400x266.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/sebastien-Tilmans-768x510.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/sebastien-Tilmans-1440x956.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/sebastien-Tilmans-1920x1275.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/sebastien-Tilmans-1180x784.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/sebastien-Tilmans-960x638.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 411px) 100vw, 411px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Sebastien Tilmans, director of operations at the William and Cloy Codiga Resource Recovery Center at Stanford University, wants to see wastewater viewed as a resource. \u003ccite>(Courtesy Sebastien Tilmans)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Sebastien Tilmans: The traditional mentality has always been that wastewater is a hazardous waste that we need to mitigate. But we view it as an ore. If you were at an iron mine you’re not getting pure iron, you’re getting iron ore and you need to take out the impurities before you have something valuable that you can sell.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And wastewater is the same – it’s got water, it’s got energy, nutrients and material. You can produce high-end materials from it; you just have to take out the impurities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Specifically you have nitrogen and phosphorus, which are fertilizers. Production of nitrogen fertilizer actually consumes a tremendous amount of energy and produces a lot of greenhouse gas emissions globally. But in wastewater we have a free supply of nitrogen and phosphorus that we could be recovering in a safe way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There is a process that has been developed in labs at Stanford and now is a startup company, where you can take the methane, the biogas produced from the anaerobic treatment of wastewater, and turn that into a biodegradable plastic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What’s great about it compared to regular plastics is that at the end of its life you can recycle it or it can be sent to a landfill or anaerobic digester and turned right back into methane gas and you can make more plastic with it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can create these closed-loop, virtuous cycles of materials.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: This is actually being done commercially?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tilmans: Yes, there is a startup company called \u003ca href=\"http://mangomaterials.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"external noopener\">Mango Materials\u003c/a> that is commercializing that technology to produce bioplastic from that methane.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There is even research coming out of Europe that shows that this bioplastic can be used as a supplement in aquaculture (fish, prawns, crabs) and it boosts yields up to 20 percent. It increases the organism’s resistance to different bacterial infections. You can increase yields and reduce the amount of antibiotics that need to be used.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We’re only scratching the surface of the value that can be generated from this raw material.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: Energy is of course another resource?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tilmans: Yes, and energy takes many forms. You get this biogas and then you can use that to produce electricity and heat using a conventional turbine that’s in any gas-fired power plant. But you can also purify it to pipeline-grade natural gas and put it back into PG&E’s pipelines potentially or compress it and use it as a vehicle fuel.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We also have a system for what’s called secondary treatment to remove all the dissolved organics and it yields a water that is very, very high quality. But what’s really cool is that it can achieve that while still being a net energy producer. And cutting in half or less the amount of residual solids that get produced by conventional processes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: How do you do that?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tilmans: Conventional systems use biological processes; they are typically aerobic biological processes, which means they use oxygen. The process of aerating the water consumes a lot of energy because water is a bad reservoir for oxygen. We use anaerobic processes that do not use oxygen. The bacteria that consume the organic material in the water, instead of consuming it and turning it into carbon dioxide, they turn it into methane and you can harvest that methane gas and turn it into electricity. It’s the main component of natural gas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: What kinds of researchers or organizations would be able to test their technology at your facility?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tilmans: Any group can bring in mobile units and connect to the right kind of wastewater. It could be a company like Veolia, a multinational water company. Or it could be a municipality working with a consultant who wants to test-drive a new technology in a controlled environment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We would also work with researchers at Stanford and other places that are working with technology in the lab, which may be being tested on only a gallon or two a day and now they want to test at thousands of gallons a day to advance the technology.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: So your lab would create a space that would help researchers really take their technology from the small-scale test phase to the next level to see how viable it is?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tilmans: Yes, it is a space where you have access to thousands of gallons a day to test at the intermediate scale and in a controlled environment where it won’t pose a risk to the environment or public health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then, once it is validated, they can next take it out of our facility and do field demonstrations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This size of testing is also relevant for decentralized systems. San Francisco has a \u003ca href=\"http://www.huffingtonpost.com/tara-lohan/san-franciscos-innovative-step-to-save-water_b_8236072.html?utm_hp_ref=green&ir=Green\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"external noopener\">new ordinance\u003c/a> that every new building [of more than 250,000 square feet/23,000 square meters] is going to need to have an alternative source of water besides the city water. They can use stormwater collected from the street but they can also recycle wastewater in the building itself.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Localized water recycling we think is going to become part of the mix for water reuse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: It’s much more feasible to have water recycling at that scale than for the home. Why is that?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tilmans: There are couple of reasons for that. One is the capital cost of building the system and the other is the operating cost of running and maintaining and monitoring the performance of this system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We have a sensor testing station to plug in new sensors into each grade of water to test the monitoring equipment. Developing new sensors and testing them is as important as the treatment systems. We test and validate both.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: Do you think we will see much more wastewater reuse by municipalities or onsite systems being developed on business campuses and new buildings?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tilmans: I think there is no shortage of municipalities across the state looking for new water supplies. Recycled water is actually one of the cheapest and most reliable new water supplies out there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The technology absolutely exists. The real obstacles of getting [onsite reuse systems] installed today is regulatory – building inspections, codes, things like that – and of course public education. Making sure that not just the public, but regulators and building inspectors, are on board with water reuse and trust it to be safe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: Ten years from now, where do you hope we’ll be in our thinking about wastewater?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tilmans: In a place like California we are so droughtstricken we can’t afford to waste the waste anymore. Here in Silicon Valley we use the water once and it goes in the ocean. In 10 years or a little longer, I’d like to see us recycling all our wastewater. And I think we can be recycling water in an energy-neutral way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I’d love to see our broader society view wastewater as another water supply and a raw material to be used for the highest and best use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cspan class=\"start\">\u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/about/\">Water Deeply\u003c/a> is\u003c/span> an independent digital media project dedicated to covering California’s water crisis. The project is part of \u003ca href=\"http://www.newsdeeply.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">News Deeply\u003c/a>, a new media startup and social enterprise based in New York.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Sebastien Tilmans, director of operations at the William and Cloy Codiga Resource Recovery Center at Stanford University, says wastewater should be viewed as a raw material and important resource, instead of a hazardous waste. And he tells us how it can be used to create water, energy and materials",
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"nprByline": "\u003ca href=\"http://www.taralohan.com/about/\">Tara Lohan\u003c/a>\u003c/br>\u003ca href=\"http://www.waterdeeply.org/\" target=\"_blank\">Water Deeply\u003c/a>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Historically, we’ve treated wastewater as something to be treated and dumped – a liability and not a resource. But Sebastien Tilmans may change our minds about that. Tilmans is the director of operations at the \u003ca href=\"http://web.stanford.edu/group/cr2c/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"external noopener\">William and Cloy Codiga Resource Recovery Center\u003c/a> at Stanford University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The center is working to accelerate the path to commercialization of wastewater technologies. California’s drought has helped to highlight growing interest in wastewater reuse to provide water resources for drinking water and nonpotable uses such as flushing toilets and irrigation. But wastewater has other embedded resources besides water – including energy, nutrients and materials.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some of the technologies already exist to utilize this resource, but many others are still being developed and that’s where the Resource Recovery Center comes in. It creates a space that enables researchers to plug and play with three different grades of wastewater to test different kinds of technologies. So, for example, if you want to test a new reverse osmosis process you would plug into the secondary effluent. If you want to test a new membrane bioreactor you would plug into the primary effluent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water Deeply recently spoke to Tilmans about how the center is providing a critical intermediate testing ground for technologies, how we can understand the value of wastewater and what the future of water recycling looks like.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: The most obvious resource recovered from wastewater is water; what are some of the other resources?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_637091\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 411px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-637091\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/sebastien-Tilmans-800x531.jpg\" alt=\"Sebastien Tilmans, director of operations at the William and Cloy Codiga Resource Recovery Center at Stanford University, wants to see wastewater viewed as a resource. \" width=\"411\" height=\"272\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/sebastien-Tilmans-800x531.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/sebastien-Tilmans-400x266.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/sebastien-Tilmans-768x510.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/sebastien-Tilmans-1440x956.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/sebastien-Tilmans-1920x1275.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/sebastien-Tilmans-1180x784.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/sebastien-Tilmans-960x638.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 411px) 100vw, 411px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Sebastien Tilmans, director of operations at the William and Cloy Codiga Resource Recovery Center at Stanford University, wants to see wastewater viewed as a resource. \u003ccite>(Courtesy Sebastien Tilmans)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Sebastien Tilmans: The traditional mentality has always been that wastewater is a hazardous waste that we need to mitigate. But we view it as an ore. If you were at an iron mine you’re not getting pure iron, you’re getting iron ore and you need to take out the impurities before you have something valuable that you can sell.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And wastewater is the same – it’s got water, it’s got energy, nutrients and material. You can produce high-end materials from it; you just have to take out the impurities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Specifically you have nitrogen and phosphorus, which are fertilizers. Production of nitrogen fertilizer actually consumes a tremendous amount of energy and produces a lot of greenhouse gas emissions globally. But in wastewater we have a free supply of nitrogen and phosphorus that we could be recovering in a safe way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There is a process that has been developed in labs at Stanford and now is a startup company, where you can take the methane, the biogas produced from the anaerobic treatment of wastewater, and turn that into a biodegradable plastic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What’s great about it compared to regular plastics is that at the end of its life you can recycle it or it can be sent to a landfill or anaerobic digester and turned right back into methane gas and you can make more plastic with it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can create these closed-loop, virtuous cycles of materials.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: This is actually being done commercially?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tilmans: Yes, there is a startup company called \u003ca href=\"http://mangomaterials.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"external noopener\">Mango Materials\u003c/a> that is commercializing that technology to produce bioplastic from that methane.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There is even research coming out of Europe that shows that this bioplastic can be used as a supplement in aquaculture (fish, prawns, crabs) and it boosts yields up to 20 percent. It increases the organism’s resistance to different bacterial infections. You can increase yields and reduce the amount of antibiotics that need to be used.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We’re only scratching the surface of the value that can be generated from this raw material.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: Energy is of course another resource?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tilmans: Yes, and energy takes many forms. You get this biogas and then you can use that to produce electricity and heat using a conventional turbine that’s in any gas-fired power plant. But you can also purify it to pipeline-grade natural gas and put it back into PG&E’s pipelines potentially or compress it and use it as a vehicle fuel.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We also have a system for what’s called secondary treatment to remove all the dissolved organics and it yields a water that is very, very high quality. But what’s really cool is that it can achieve that while still being a net energy producer. And cutting in half or less the amount of residual solids that get produced by conventional processes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: How do you do that?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tilmans: Conventional systems use biological processes; they are typically aerobic biological processes, which means they use oxygen. The process of aerating the water consumes a lot of energy because water is a bad reservoir for oxygen. We use anaerobic processes that do not use oxygen. The bacteria that consume the organic material in the water, instead of consuming it and turning it into carbon dioxide, they turn it into methane and you can harvest that methane gas and turn it into electricity. It’s the main component of natural gas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: What kinds of researchers or organizations would be able to test their technology at your facility?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tilmans: Any group can bring in mobile units and connect to the right kind of wastewater. It could be a company like Veolia, a multinational water company. Or it could be a municipality working with a consultant who wants to test-drive a new technology in a controlled environment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We would also work with researchers at Stanford and other places that are working with technology in the lab, which may be being tested on only a gallon or two a day and now they want to test at thousands of gallons a day to advance the technology.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: So your lab would create a space that would help researchers really take their technology from the small-scale test phase to the next level to see how viable it is?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tilmans: Yes, it is a space where you have access to thousands of gallons a day to test at the intermediate scale and in a controlled environment where it won’t pose a risk to the environment or public health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then, once it is validated, they can next take it out of our facility and do field demonstrations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This size of testing is also relevant for decentralized systems. San Francisco has a \u003ca href=\"http://www.huffingtonpost.com/tara-lohan/san-franciscos-innovative-step-to-save-water_b_8236072.html?utm_hp_ref=green&ir=Green\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"external noopener\">new ordinance\u003c/a> that every new building [of more than 250,000 square feet/23,000 square meters] is going to need to have an alternative source of water besides the city water. They can use stormwater collected from the street but they can also recycle wastewater in the building itself.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Localized water recycling we think is going to become part of the mix for water reuse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: It’s much more feasible to have water recycling at that scale than for the home. Why is that?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tilmans: There are couple of reasons for that. One is the capital cost of building the system and the other is the operating cost of running and maintaining and monitoring the performance of this system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We have a sensor testing station to plug in new sensors into each grade of water to test the monitoring equipment. Developing new sensors and testing them is as important as the treatment systems. We test and validate both.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: Do you think we will see much more wastewater reuse by municipalities or onsite systems being developed on business campuses and new buildings?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tilmans: I think there is no shortage of municipalities across the state looking for new water supplies. Recycled water is actually one of the cheapest and most reliable new water supplies out there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The technology absolutely exists. The real obstacles of getting [onsite reuse systems] installed today is regulatory – building inspections, codes, things like that – and of course public education. Making sure that not just the public, but regulators and building inspectors, are on board with water reuse and trust it to be safe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: Ten years from now, where do you hope we’ll be in our thinking about wastewater?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tilmans: In a place like California we are so droughtstricken we can’t afford to waste the waste anymore. Here in Silicon Valley we use the water once and it goes in the ocean. In 10 years or a little longer, I’d like to see us recycling all our wastewater. And I think we can be recycling water in an energy-neutral way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I’d love to see our broader society view wastewater as another water supply and a raw material to be used for the highest and best use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cspan class=\"start\">\u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/about/\">Water Deeply\u003c/a> is\u003c/span> an independent digital media project dedicated to covering California’s water crisis. The project is part of \u003ca href=\"http://www.newsdeeply.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">News Deeply\u003c/a>, a new media startup and social enterprise based in New York.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Largest U.S. Coal Company Files for Bankruptcy",
"headTitle": "Largest U.S. Coal Company Files for Bankruptcy | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>A coal-mining giant has filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection amid an industrywide slump.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Peabody Energy — which is the biggest coal miner in the U.S. and says it is the largest private-sector coal company in the world — is looking to restructure its heavy debt load and gain relief from its creditors. It hopes to continue operations unimpeded.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The St. Louis-based company said \u003ca href=\"https://mscusppegrs01.blob.core.windows.net/mmfiles/sitemedia/ch11/announcement%20press%20release.pdf\">in a statement\u003c/a> that the pressure on the coal industry is “unprecedented.” It cited a drop in prices, weaker demand from China, the rise of competition from fracking and “ongoing regulatory challenges” as reasons for the restructuring.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Earlier this year, Arch Coal — the second-largest coal miner in the U.S. — \u003ca href=\"http://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-01-11/arch-coal-files-for-bankruptcy-reaches-4-5-billion-debt-deal\">filed for bankruptcy\u003c/a>. Bloomberg noted that three other major coal miners went bankrupt \u003ca href=\"http://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-01-21/the-coal-miner-on-everybody-s-list-as-next-bankruptcy-victim\">the year before that\u003c/a>, and many industry watchers had expected Peabody to follow suit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dashed dreams of China-powered prosperity contributed to the coal giant’s financial woes. Peabody bought Australian mining firm MacArthur in 2011 for \u003ca href=\"http://dealbook.nytimes.com/2011/11/16/peabody-energy-takes-full-control-of-macarthur-coal/\">nearly $5 billion\u003c/a>. It was \u003ca href=\"http://www.stltoday.com/business/local/with-macarthur-acquisition-peabody-lays-heavier-bet-on-asia/article_6d55d79b-c6d1-5a22-9189-f869ce985bcf.html\">a bet on Asian growth\u003c/a>, planned at a time when coal prices had been on the rise for two years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That same year, coal prices \u003ca href=\"https://www.quandl.com/data/EIA/COAL\">began to drop\u003c/a>. The industry entered a long slump — \u003ca href=\"http://www.google.com/finance?chdnp=1&chdd=1&chds=1&chdv=1&chvs=maximized&chdeh=0&chfdeh=0&chdet=1460549465977&chddm=984147&chls=IntervalBasedLine&q=INDEXDJX:DJUSCL&ntsp=0&ei=GjcOV6OZAoKymAHdh5-gCQ\">where it remains today\u003c/a>. And instead of surging, growth in China \u003ca href=\"http://www.scmp.com/business/economy/article/1409527/stagnant-growth-adds-pressure-rebalancing-chinas-economy\">was stagnant\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, Peabody carries a heavy debt burden. \u003ca href=\"http://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-03-11/peabody's-demise-parallels-the-decline-of-king-coal/7241246\">Australia’s ABC News reports\u003c/a> that Peabody owes $10.1 billion and has $10.9 billion in assets — and that the company lost $2 billion in 2015.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the statement announcing the Chapter 11 restructuring, Peabody also revealed that a planned \u003ca href=\"http://www.cnbc.com/2015/11/23/peabody-energy-to-sell-new-mexico-colorado-assets-for-358-mln.html\">sale of its New Mexico and Colorado mines\u003c/a> has fallen through.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mine operations are continuing as usual, Peabody said in the statement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last month, Inside Energy’s Leigh Paterson \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2016/03/25/471817223/bankruptcies-fuel-uncertainty-in-coal-communities\">reported for NPR\u003c/a> on what bankruptcy means in the coal industry. She noted that a bankrupt Peabody subsidiary recently raised ire by trying to cut insurance for retired employees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And cleanup liabilities are often among the debts that a bankrupt coal-mining company is attempting to negotiate, Paterson says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Peabody said in its statement that the company is proud of its work in land restoration, or repairing areas damaged by mining, and will “meet its reclamation obligations.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shale gas, increasingly produced in the U.S. through the practice of hydraulic fracturing, or fracking, was named by Peabody as a factor in its bankruptcy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the long-term, as NPR’s Jeff Brady \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2016/02/17/466033966/from-the-ashes-of-some-coal-plants-new-energy-rises\">reported in February\u003c/a>, there’s another challenge facing the coal industry:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>“The renewable \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2015/12/29/460812946/tax-breaks-falling-costs-are-boosting-wind-and-solar\">energy building boom\u003c/a> also is stressing the industry. Once solar and wind projects are built, the power is cheap to produce.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>” ‘Gas puts the immediate threat to coal, but the combination of gas and renewables places a longer-term threat to coal,’ says Andy Roberts, analyst in international thermal coal markets for the consulting firm Wood Mackenzie.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“He says last year was tough for coal companies, and the future likely will be \u003ca href=\"http://www.woodmac.com/blog/happy-new-year-coal-producers-or-maybe-not/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">even more painful\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>” ‘Probably, over the long, long time, only the strongest of them are going to survive,’ Roberts says.”\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One way companies can strengthen their position in the struggling industry? Declaring bankruptcy, Jeff wrote.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=U.S.+Coal+Giant+Peabody+Energy+Files+For+Bankruptcy&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\" alt=\"\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "As the coal industry struggles with falling prices, weak Chinese demand, regulatory changes and competition from fracking, St. Louis-based Peabody has filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>A coal-mining giant has filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection amid an industrywide slump.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Peabody Energy — which is the biggest coal miner in the U.S. and says it is the largest private-sector coal company in the world — is looking to restructure its heavy debt load and gain relief from its creditors. It hopes to continue operations unimpeded.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The St. Louis-based company said \u003ca href=\"https://mscusppegrs01.blob.core.windows.net/mmfiles/sitemedia/ch11/announcement%20press%20release.pdf\">in a statement\u003c/a> that the pressure on the coal industry is “unprecedented.” It cited a drop in prices, weaker demand from China, the rise of competition from fracking and “ongoing regulatory challenges” as reasons for the restructuring.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Earlier this year, Arch Coal — the second-largest coal miner in the U.S. — \u003ca href=\"http://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-01-11/arch-coal-files-for-bankruptcy-reaches-4-5-billion-debt-deal\">filed for bankruptcy\u003c/a>. Bloomberg noted that three other major coal miners went bankrupt \u003ca href=\"http://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-01-21/the-coal-miner-on-everybody-s-list-as-next-bankruptcy-victim\">the year before that\u003c/a>, and many industry watchers had expected Peabody to follow suit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dashed dreams of China-powered prosperity contributed to the coal giant’s financial woes. Peabody bought Australian mining firm MacArthur in 2011 for \u003ca href=\"http://dealbook.nytimes.com/2011/11/16/peabody-energy-takes-full-control-of-macarthur-coal/\">nearly $5 billion\u003c/a>. It was \u003ca href=\"http://www.stltoday.com/business/local/with-macarthur-acquisition-peabody-lays-heavier-bet-on-asia/article_6d55d79b-c6d1-5a22-9189-f869ce985bcf.html\">a bet on Asian growth\u003c/a>, planned at a time when coal prices had been on the rise for two years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That same year, coal prices \u003ca href=\"https://www.quandl.com/data/EIA/COAL\">began to drop\u003c/a>. The industry entered a long slump — \u003ca href=\"http://www.google.com/finance?chdnp=1&chdd=1&chds=1&chdv=1&chvs=maximized&chdeh=0&chfdeh=0&chdet=1460549465977&chddm=984147&chls=IntervalBasedLine&q=INDEXDJX:DJUSCL&ntsp=0&ei=GjcOV6OZAoKymAHdh5-gCQ\">where it remains today\u003c/a>. And instead of surging, growth in China \u003ca href=\"http://www.scmp.com/business/economy/article/1409527/stagnant-growth-adds-pressure-rebalancing-chinas-economy\">was stagnant\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, Peabody carries a heavy debt burden. \u003ca href=\"http://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-03-11/peabody's-demise-parallels-the-decline-of-king-coal/7241246\">Australia’s ABC News reports\u003c/a> that Peabody owes $10.1 billion and has $10.9 billion in assets — and that the company lost $2 billion in 2015.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the statement announcing the Chapter 11 restructuring, Peabody also revealed that a planned \u003ca href=\"http://www.cnbc.com/2015/11/23/peabody-energy-to-sell-new-mexico-colorado-assets-for-358-mln.html\">sale of its New Mexico and Colorado mines\u003c/a> has fallen through.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mine operations are continuing as usual, Peabody said in the statement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last month, Inside Energy’s Leigh Paterson \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2016/03/25/471817223/bankruptcies-fuel-uncertainty-in-coal-communities\">reported for NPR\u003c/a> on what bankruptcy means in the coal industry. She noted that a bankrupt Peabody subsidiary recently raised ire by trying to cut insurance for retired employees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And cleanup liabilities are often among the debts that a bankrupt coal-mining company is attempting to negotiate, Paterson says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Peabody said in its statement that the company is proud of its work in land restoration, or repairing areas damaged by mining, and will “meet its reclamation obligations.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shale gas, increasingly produced in the U.S. through the practice of hydraulic fracturing, or fracking, was named by Peabody as a factor in its bankruptcy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the long-term, as NPR’s Jeff Brady \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2016/02/17/466033966/from-the-ashes-of-some-coal-plants-new-energy-rises\">reported in February\u003c/a>, there’s another challenge facing the coal industry:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>“The renewable \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2015/12/29/460812946/tax-breaks-falling-costs-are-boosting-wind-and-solar\">energy building boom\u003c/a> also is stressing the industry. Once solar and wind projects are built, the power is cheap to produce.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>” ‘Gas puts the immediate threat to coal, but the combination of gas and renewables places a longer-term threat to coal,’ says Andy Roberts, analyst in international thermal coal markets for the consulting firm Wood Mackenzie.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“He says last year was tough for coal companies, and the future likely will be \u003ca href=\"http://www.woodmac.com/blog/happy-new-year-coal-producers-or-maybe-not/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">even more painful\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>” ‘Probably, over the long, long time, only the strongest of them are going to survive,’ Roberts says.”\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One way companies can strengthen their position in the struggling industry? Declaring bankruptcy, Jeff wrote.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=U.S.+Coal+Giant+Peabody+Energy+Files+For+Bankruptcy&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\" alt=\"\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp class=\"ap-story-p\">Some of America’s brightest children will visit the White House as President Barack Obama holds his final science fair to highlight work that excelled in a broad range of competitions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"ap-story-p\">Obama began the science fair in 2010, saying the students who produce the best experiments and products ought to be recognized like the athletes who regularly come to the White House.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"ap-story-p\">“If you win the NCAA championship, you come to the White House,” Obama \u003ca href=\"https://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/remarks-president-education-innovate-campaign\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">said in 2009\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"ap-story-p\">“Well, if you’re a young person and you produce the best experiment or design, the best hardware or software, you ought to be recognized for that achievement, too.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"ap-story-p\">The fair on Wednesday will feature more than 130 participants and include six projects from California:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli class=\"ap-story-p\">Maya Varma of San Jose used 3D printing to develop a cost-effective device to analyze lung health and accurately diagnose lung disease.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli class=\"ap-story-p\">Shaneel Narayan and Jahsene Tongco of Union City built a solar-powered charging station for electric vehicles.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli class=\"ap-story-p\">A group of teen programmers from San Diego created Spectrum, an Android app that aims to provide a social-media network for the LGBTQIA+ community.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli class=\"ap-story-p\">A Los Angeles robotics team was selected as the best role model in transforming its community by spreading interest in science and technology.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli class=\"ap-story-p\">Talie Cloud from Sanger created an organic agricultural insecticide from bitter melon seed.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli class=\"ap-story-p\">Hari Bhimaraju from Cupertino used a Raspberry Pi and Arduino to design a portable teaching tool to help visually impaired students learn the periodic table of elements.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp class=\"ap-story-p\">You can watch the Science Fair live from 10:00 a.m. – 12:00 p.m. PST at \u003ca href=\"http://www.whitehouse.gov/live\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">www.whitehouse.gov/live\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cp>A leading brand of home and garden pest-control products says it will stop using a class of pesticides linked to the decline of bees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ortho, part of the Miracle-Gro family, says the decision to drop the use of the chemicals—called neonicotinoids, or neonics for short—comes after considering the range of possible threats to bees and other pollinators.[contextly_sidebar id=”AvJSPAaUE3AG7sVZOHNnrQcCSt8dKy7C”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“While agencies in the U.S. are still evaluating the overall impact of neonics on pollinator populations, it’s time for Ortho to move on,” says Tim Martin, the general manager of the Ortho Brand.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The announcement comes on the heels of state legislation passed by the Maryland General Assembly to restrict the sales of retail home and garden products that contain neonics. The bill is now before Gov. Larry Hogan; his office tells us that he is currently reviewing it. Other states are also \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncsl.org/research/environment-and-natural-resources/pollinator-health.aspx\">studying\u003c/a> pollinator health and considering action, according to the National Conference of State Legislatures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As we’ve reported, neonics are widely used in agriculture. Currently, at \u003ca href=\"https://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/microsites/ostp/Pollinator%20Health%20Strategy%202015.pdf\">the direction\u003c/a> of the Obama administration, the Environmental Protection Agency is assessing the effect of neonicotinoid insecticides on the health of bees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A growing body of scientific evidence suggests that neonics can \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2015/11/24/457130929/as-beekeepers-lose-more-hives-time-for-new-rules-on-pesticides\">negatively influence bee health\u003c/a> and may make bees more vulnerable to mites and other threats.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, the amount of neonics used in home lawn-and-garden products is dwarfed by what farmers use on crops. But Delegate \u003ca href=\"http://msa.maryland.gov/msa/mdmanual/06hse/html/msa12238.html\">Anne Healey\u003c/a> of Maryland, a sponsor of the \u003ca href=\"http://mgaleg.maryland.gov/webmga/frmMain.aspx?pid=billpage&stab=01&id=sb0198&tab=subject3&ys=2016RS\">Pollinator Protection Act\u003c/a>, says it’s still important to take action.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’m hoping this [legislation] will raise awareness” of the decline of pollinators, Healey told us. “In Maryland we experienced a 60 percent loss in bee colonies in one year,” Healey says. Although the beekeepers have been able to rebuild their colonies, “overall, it’s clearly a problem.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As we’ve reported, there are a host of issues linked to pollinator decline — from a loss of foraging habitat to the varroa mite to climate change. And neonics manufacturers, such as Bayer Crop Science, have \u003ca href=\"http://feedabee.com/\">focused on efforts\u003c/a> such as planting more wildflowers and rebuilding habitat where bees and pollinators can eat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The industry maintains that the products it manufactures are safe for bees both in agriculture and in home and garden settings. “The products that contain neonicotinoids are safe for use by homeowners and professionals,” says Karen Reardon of \u003ca href=\"http://www.pestfacts.org/\">RISE\u003c/a>, a trade association that represents manufacturers, formulators and distributors of specialty pesticides.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ortho has already begun to phase out neonics. The company tells us that some products will be reformulated or discontinued by 2017. The company says it will complete its phaseout of neonics in outdoor products by 2021.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Home+And+Garden+Giant+Ditches+Class+Of+Pesticides+That+May+Harm+Bees&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\" alt=\"\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A growing body of scientific evidence suggests that neonics can \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2015/11/24/457130929/as-beekeepers-lose-more-hives-time-for-new-rules-on-pesticides\">negatively influence bee health\u003c/a> and may make bees more vulnerable to mites and other threats.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, the amount of neonics used in home lawn-and-garden products is dwarfed by what farmers use on crops. But Delegate \u003ca href=\"http://msa.maryland.gov/msa/mdmanual/06hse/html/msa12238.html\">Anne Healey\u003c/a> of Maryland, a sponsor of the \u003ca href=\"http://mgaleg.maryland.gov/webmga/frmMain.aspx?pid=billpage&stab=01&id=sb0198&tab=subject3&ys=2016RS\">Pollinator Protection Act\u003c/a>, says it’s still important to take action.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’m hoping this [legislation] will raise awareness” of the decline of pollinators, Healey told us. “In Maryland we experienced a 60 percent loss in bee colonies in one year,” Healey says. Although the beekeepers have been able to rebuild their colonies, “overall, it’s clearly a problem.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As we’ve reported, there are a host of issues linked to pollinator decline — from a loss of foraging habitat to the varroa mite to climate change. And neonics manufacturers, such as Bayer Crop Science, have \u003ca href=\"http://feedabee.com/\">focused on efforts\u003c/a> such as planting more wildflowers and rebuilding habitat where bees and pollinators can eat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The industry maintains that the products it manufactures are safe for bees both in agriculture and in home and garden settings. “The products that contain neonicotinoids are safe for use by homeowners and professionals,” says Karen Reardon of \u003ca href=\"http://www.pestfacts.org/\">RISE\u003c/a>, a trade association that represents manufacturers, formulators and distributors of specialty pesticides.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ortho has already begun to phase out neonics. The company tells us that some products will be reformulated or discontinued by 2017. The company says it will complete its phaseout of neonics in outdoor products by 2021.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Home+And+Garden+Giant+Ditches+Class+Of+Pesticides+That+May+Harm+Bees&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\" alt=\"\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"soldout": {
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