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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The Solar Impulse 2 landed in the Phoenix area Monday night, welcomed by spectators at Goodyear Airport as the plane’s pilots continue their quest to be the world’s first solar powered airplane to fly around the Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The 745-mile trip took nearly 16 hours — less time than expected, largely due to powerful tailwinds. The plane reached a maximum altitude of 22,000 feet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From \u003ca href=\"http://kjzz.org/\">member station KJZZ \u003c/a>in Phoenix, Andrew Bernier tells our Newscast unit:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>“The average speed of Solar Impulse 2 is 45 mph. But the tailwinds were too strong for some portions of the flight — so to slow down, the pilot had to sometimes turn the plane around and fly into the headwinds, essentially flying backward toward Phoenix. Other than that, the pilot said it was a great and sunny flight over the desert.”\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Swiss pilot Andre Borschberg was at the controls for the plane’s 10th stage of a round-the-world flight. Borschberg alternates flying duties with project founder Bertrand Piccard.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The fuel-free flight project started in March 2015, but it was put on hold in July after the plane’s batteries developed problems during a five-day flight from Japan to Hawaii. It resumed its journey last month, \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/04/24/475473222/experimental-solar-powered-plane-completes-journey-across-the-pacific\">completing a three-day trip\u003c/a> from Hawaii to Mountain View, Calif.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Solar Impulse 2 uses energy gathered from 17,000 solar cells on its surface to power itself. The craft weighs roughly 5,000 pounds and has a wingspan of 236 feet — wider than a Boeing 747.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the Two-Way reported \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/04/21/475113210/experimental-solar-powered-plane-takes-flight-after-9-month-delay\">when the plane left Hawaii\u003c/a>, the team hopes to end the journey \u003ca href=\"http://www.solarimpulse.com/adventure\">where it began\u003c/a> last spring, in Abu Dhabi in the United Arab Emirates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Solar+Airplane+Lands+In+Phoenix+After+Flight+From+Silicon+Valley&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Buildings Must Improve Their Energy Use; Here's What That Means for You",
"headTitle": "Buildings Must Improve Their Energy Use; Here’s What That Means for You | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Rows of newly minted model homes unspool across a verdant, rolling landscape in El Dorado Hills, a sprawling master-planned community near Sacramento.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Solar panels glint across 1,000 acres of rooftops. On a tidy cul-de-sac, a faux-grass lawn flanks the driveway to the home of the future.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘It’s important that sustainability not be defined just in terms of environmental sustainability, but equality and income sustainability .’\u003ccite>Tyson Slocum, Public Citizen energy program director\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The two-story residence brims with state-of-the-art energy-saving technology: highly efficient heating and cooling systems, dense wall insulation, triple-paned windows, smog-gobbling roof tiles and “smart” appliances that spring into action when power demand is lowest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Power-sipping homes like this will be critical to the state’s recalibrated energy policies. Those policies now include a law that requires California’s built environment—tens of millions of structures—to operate twice as efficiently by the year 2030, slashing consumption of electricity and natural gas to half their projected levels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The mandate, intended to reduce the state’s need for carbon-spewing power plants, is part of California’s mission to address climate change by cutting greenhouse-gas emissions. Residential and commercial buildings account for about 20 percent of those pollutants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-672472 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/energy_home_001-e1462201168963.jpg\" alt=\"energy_home_001\" width=\"1930\" height=\"1947\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/energy_home_001-e1462201168963.jpg 1930w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/energy_home_001-e1462201168963-400x404.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/energy_home_001-e1462201168963-800x807.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/energy_home_001-e1462201168963-768x775.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/energy_home_001-e1462201168963-1440x1453.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/energy_home_001-e1462201168963-1920x1937.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/energy_home_001-e1462201168963-1180x1190.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/energy_home_001-e1462201168963-960x968.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/energy_home_001-e1462201168963-32x32.jpg 32w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/energy_home_001-e1462201168963-64x64.jpg 64w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/energy_home_001-e1462201168963-96x96.jpg 96w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/energy_home_001-e1462201168963-128x128.jpg 128w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/energy_home_001-e1462201168963-150x150.jpg 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1930px) 100vw, 1930px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Exactly how the state’s ambitious goal will be achieved is unclear, and agreement on the price tag is elusive. What is certain is that making homes and other buildings use energy more efficiently will cost money up front, in a state that has some of the country’s most expensive real estate and is struggling to create more affordable housing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California home prices are more than twice the national average, according to the nonpartisan Legislative Analyst’s Office.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Officials and some builders insist that consumers and businesses will save money in the long run as utility bills shrink and the resale value of houses and commercial structures increases.\u003cbr>\nOthers view the goal as something more akin to the well-appointed homes in El Dorado Hills: a lovely thing to aspire to, difficult to reach.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There is, however, wide agreement on the enormity of the task, which builds on policies requiring more reliance on renewable-energy sources such as sun and wind and fostering mass transit to get cars off the road.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is a long-term project,” said Andrew McAllister, a member of the California Energy Commission. “Everyone has to play a part. There’s no one big solution, no silver bullet. There is a lot of silver buckshot.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new law, created last year by Gov. Jerry Brown and the legislature, offers no blueprint for implementing a policy that could touch millions of homes and nearly every school, church, office building and shopping center in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>No action is required for existing homes or commercial buildings unless they undergo significant renovations. And the law stipulates that its implementation not be financially onerous for Californians.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But important questions of exactly how much the policy will ultimately cost and who will pay are unresolved, despite related legislation passed to help with the expense.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_672475\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 700px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-672475\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/ENERGY-USE.png\" alt=\"A new building code will cover many existing structures.\" width=\"700\" height=\"700\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/ENERGY-USE.png 700w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/ENERGY-USE-400x400.png 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/ENERGY-USE-32x32.png 32w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/ENERGY-USE-64x64.png 64w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/ENERGY-USE-96x96.png 96w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/ENERGY-USE-128x128.png 128w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/ENERGY-USE-150x150.png 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A new building code will cover many existing structures. \u003ccite>(Val B. Mina for CALmatters)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>There are other fundamental questions as well, such as exactly how to measure efficiency, where to start — Brown has suggested beginning with state-owned structures — and how energy upgrades will affect the state’s scarce low-income housing supply.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The task of figuring things out lies largely with the Energy Commission and the Public Utilities Commission. The agencies say they hope to know by the middle of next year how to update a tangle of existing building codes and other regulations, modernize the state’s electricity grid to incorporate more renewable energy and craft an educational campaign to inform consumers of what’s coming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Air Resources Board, which regulates air quality in California, will help, as will the major utilities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The details are not fleshed out. But to reach our climate targets, investing in energy efficiency is important,” said Sen. Fran Pavley (D-Agoura Hills), author of a landmark California law, signed in 2006 by then-Gov. Arnold Schwarzenegger, that launched a comprehensive effort to combat climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s going to be costly,” Pavley said. “…To me, the challenge is how to implement the upfront capital cost.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When Brown signed the energy-efficiency bill into law last year, he described the changing climate as a “catastrophe” and called on Californians to do their part.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, California has been on an energy diet for decades. Many of the state’s energy programs date to Brown’s first tenure as governor in the 1970s, a response to an oil embargo that sent gasoline prices into the stratosphere. His administration wrote energy efficiency into the building code, and California became the first state to create strict energy standards for appliances.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Per capita electricity consumption here has remained mostly flat since 1975, while national energy use has gone up 50 percent, according to the federal Energy Information Assn. Additionally, even though electricity rates in California exceed the national average, residents’ annual bills are among the lowest in the country. California’s aggressive appliance standards, for example, have saved consumers $75 billion since appliance efficiency programs launched in 1978, a state analysis says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state energy commission estimates that new building codes alone will save Californians $1.6 billion over the next 30 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, although the building code is ratcheted up periodically to reflect technological advances, at least half of existing structures were erected before 1978, according to the state commission. Residential and commercial buildings account for about two-thirds of statewide electricity use, so there’s a lot of catching up to do in some quarters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the moment, and until the state’s approach is fleshed out, progress toward the government’s new targets rests heavily on the building code, which is revised every three years. It won’t fully reflect the new law until 2020, but the latest update, to take effect Jan. 1 of next year, does require a higher degree of efficiency.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_672476\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1874px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-672476\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/electricity_consumption_sector-1.png\" alt=\"Residential and commercial users consume most of California's available power. \" width=\"1874\" height=\"2031\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/electricity_consumption_sector-1.png 1874w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/electricity_consumption_sector-1-400x434.png 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/electricity_consumption_sector-1-800x867.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/electricity_consumption_sector-1-768x832.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/electricity_consumption_sector-1-1440x1561.png 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/electricity_consumption_sector-1-1180x1279.png 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/electricity_consumption_sector-1-960x1040.png 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1874px) 100vw, 1874px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Residential and commercial users consume most of California’s available power. \u003ccite>(Source: California Energy Commission)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Starting in January, homeowners who embark on major renovations—the type that trigger permits and inspections—may have new requirements for walls and attics, need high-performance lighting or require tankless water heaters, among other items. And inspections for compliance will be, at least in the near term, the most important tool for advancing the energy-efficiency goals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Homeowners, however, are less than assiduous about getting permits even when they are required: The energy commission estimates that 90 percent of residential heating and cooling upgrades, for example, are performed without official permission.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Enforcement is easier for work performed on large commercial structures, which is more likely to come to the attention of inspectors and can incur heavy violation penalties. And businesses are worried.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Matthew Hargrove, Senior Vice President of governmental affairs at the California Business Properties Assn., represents owners of commercial buildings, who are concerned about the cost of upgrades. He said the last code update, in 2014, required advancements that tripled the cost of redoing lighting systems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The mandate seemed simple enough, he said, but “we had lighting contractors saying the requirements were so expensive that their businesses died on the vine” when many building owners chose not to upgrade.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Refurbishing buildings that have modern, more efficient infrastructures may be relatively affordable, but those structures are poor candidates to reap significant energy savings, Hargrove said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The real savings are to be found in older commercial buildings, but those are often held by owners who can least afford upgrades, Hargrove said. When a commercial building erected in the 1920s or 1930s requires major work, the cost of bringing it to code may be prohibitive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite the unknowns, it seems certain that maximum residential efficiency will come with some sticker shock for homeowners. Estimates vary dramatically, depending on the extent of efficiency.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jacob Atalla is Vice President of Sustainability for KB Home, which is building the technologically sophisticated houses in El Dorado Hills. He said the systems in those structures save about $1,000 annually in utility expenses. But the price tag for those houses runs about $50,000 more than for homes without so many energy-saving bells and whistles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The energy commission, however, estimates it will cost only an additional $2,700 for a new home to simply meet the building code taking effect Jan. 1. The agency estimates that over the life of a 30-year mortgage, those code requirements would save a homeowner $7,400 in energy and maintenance expenses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, a commission report last year acknowledged that most Californians stay in homes only five to eight years and “may not recoup the value of a deep retrofit project while they own the home.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Officials point out there are ways to soften the blow. Utility companies currently offer $1 billion a year for programs, some funded by their customers, to encourage energy efficiency. Major utilities and state agencies offer rebates for homeowners who upgrade, and myriad programs help low-income families use less energy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition, state funds have been set aside to help aging schools upgrade. Schools spent $300 million last year on such improvements as newer windows and modern heating and cooling systems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nonetheless, there is concern that the burden of complying with the requirements will fall heavily on the poorest Californians. Nearly a third of the state’s utility customers are categorized as low-income, according to the Public Utilities Commission.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They currently receive about $30 million a year in federal weatherproofing assistance, according to the Public Utilities Commission. But they may need more.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s important that sustainability not be defined just in terms of environmental sustainability, but equality and income sustainability,” said Tyson Slocum, director of the energy program at Public Citizen, the non-partisan public interest group. “Cost can’t be a barrier to participate.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Proponents note that as technology evolves, it gets less expensive. A 2015 state report envisions an $8 billion annual private-sector efficiency marketplace, in which technology companies innovate with products and services to make energy savings reachable for more people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State officials vow that California will find a way to slash its energy footprint as it educates residents about how, and why, to do so.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Part of the challenge is a relatively basic education, so that people can understand what their actions imply in terms of energy consumption,” McAllister said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The conditions are absolutely there to achieve our goals,” said, “We can do it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>CALmatters is a non-profit journalism venture dedicated to exploring state policies and politics. For more stories by Julie Cart go to calmatters.org/about/staff/julie-cart/\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Rows of newly minted model homes unspool across a verdant, rolling landscape in El Dorado Hills, a sprawling master-planned community near Sacramento.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Solar panels glint across 1,000 acres of rooftops. On a tidy cul-de-sac, a faux-grass lawn flanks the driveway to the home of the future.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘It’s important that sustainability not be defined just in terms of environmental sustainability, but equality and income sustainability .’\u003ccite>Tyson Slocum, Public Citizen energy program director\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The two-story residence brims with state-of-the-art energy-saving technology: highly efficient heating and cooling systems, dense wall insulation, triple-paned windows, smog-gobbling roof tiles and “smart” appliances that spring into action when power demand is lowest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Power-sipping homes like this will be critical to the state’s recalibrated energy policies. Those policies now include a law that requires California’s built environment—tens of millions of structures—to operate twice as efficiently by the year 2030, slashing consumption of electricity and natural gas to half their projected levels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The mandate, intended to reduce the state’s need for carbon-spewing power plants, is part of California’s mission to address climate change by cutting greenhouse-gas emissions. Residential and commercial buildings account for about 20 percent of those pollutants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-672472 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/energy_home_001-e1462201168963.jpg\" alt=\"energy_home_001\" width=\"1930\" height=\"1947\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/energy_home_001-e1462201168963.jpg 1930w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/energy_home_001-e1462201168963-400x404.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/energy_home_001-e1462201168963-800x807.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/energy_home_001-e1462201168963-768x775.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/energy_home_001-e1462201168963-1440x1453.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/energy_home_001-e1462201168963-1920x1937.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/energy_home_001-e1462201168963-1180x1190.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/energy_home_001-e1462201168963-960x968.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/energy_home_001-e1462201168963-32x32.jpg 32w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/energy_home_001-e1462201168963-64x64.jpg 64w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/energy_home_001-e1462201168963-96x96.jpg 96w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/energy_home_001-e1462201168963-128x128.jpg 128w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/energy_home_001-e1462201168963-150x150.jpg 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1930px) 100vw, 1930px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Exactly how the state’s ambitious goal will be achieved is unclear, and agreement on the price tag is elusive. What is certain is that making homes and other buildings use energy more efficiently will cost money up front, in a state that has some of the country’s most expensive real estate and is struggling to create more affordable housing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California home prices are more than twice the national average, according to the nonpartisan Legislative Analyst’s Office.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Officials and some builders insist that consumers and businesses will save money in the long run as utility bills shrink and the resale value of houses and commercial structures increases.\u003cbr>\nOthers view the goal as something more akin to the well-appointed homes in El Dorado Hills: a lovely thing to aspire to, difficult to reach.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There is, however, wide agreement on the enormity of the task, which builds on policies requiring more reliance on renewable-energy sources such as sun and wind and fostering mass transit to get cars off the road.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is a long-term project,” said Andrew McAllister, a member of the California Energy Commission. “Everyone has to play a part. There’s no one big solution, no silver bullet. There is a lot of silver buckshot.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new law, created last year by Gov. Jerry Brown and the legislature, offers no blueprint for implementing a policy that could touch millions of homes and nearly every school, church, office building and shopping center in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>No action is required for existing homes or commercial buildings unless they undergo significant renovations. And the law stipulates that its implementation not be financially onerous for Californians.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But important questions of exactly how much the policy will ultimately cost and who will pay are unresolved, despite related legislation passed to help with the expense.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_672475\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 700px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-672475\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/ENERGY-USE.png\" alt=\"A new building code will cover many existing structures.\" width=\"700\" height=\"700\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/ENERGY-USE.png 700w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/ENERGY-USE-400x400.png 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/ENERGY-USE-32x32.png 32w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/ENERGY-USE-64x64.png 64w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/ENERGY-USE-96x96.png 96w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/ENERGY-USE-128x128.png 128w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/ENERGY-USE-150x150.png 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A new building code will cover many existing structures. \u003ccite>(Val B. Mina for CALmatters)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>There are other fundamental questions as well, such as exactly how to measure efficiency, where to start — Brown has suggested beginning with state-owned structures — and how energy upgrades will affect the state’s scarce low-income housing supply.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The task of figuring things out lies largely with the Energy Commission and the Public Utilities Commission. The agencies say they hope to know by the middle of next year how to update a tangle of existing building codes and other regulations, modernize the state’s electricity grid to incorporate more renewable energy and craft an educational campaign to inform consumers of what’s coming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Air Resources Board, which regulates air quality in California, will help, as will the major utilities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The details are not fleshed out. But to reach our climate targets, investing in energy efficiency is important,” said Sen. Fran Pavley (D-Agoura Hills), author of a landmark California law, signed in 2006 by then-Gov. Arnold Schwarzenegger, that launched a comprehensive effort to combat climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s going to be costly,” Pavley said. “…To me, the challenge is how to implement the upfront capital cost.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When Brown signed the energy-efficiency bill into law last year, he described the changing climate as a “catastrophe” and called on Californians to do their part.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, California has been on an energy diet for decades. Many of the state’s energy programs date to Brown’s first tenure as governor in the 1970s, a response to an oil embargo that sent gasoline prices into the stratosphere. His administration wrote energy efficiency into the building code, and California became the first state to create strict energy standards for appliances.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Per capita electricity consumption here has remained mostly flat since 1975, while national energy use has gone up 50 percent, according to the federal Energy Information Assn. Additionally, even though electricity rates in California exceed the national average, residents’ annual bills are among the lowest in the country. California’s aggressive appliance standards, for example, have saved consumers $75 billion since appliance efficiency programs launched in 1978, a state analysis says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state energy commission estimates that new building codes alone will save Californians $1.6 billion over the next 30 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, although the building code is ratcheted up periodically to reflect technological advances, at least half of existing structures were erected before 1978, according to the state commission. Residential and commercial buildings account for about two-thirds of statewide electricity use, so there’s a lot of catching up to do in some quarters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the moment, and until the state’s approach is fleshed out, progress toward the government’s new targets rests heavily on the building code, which is revised every three years. It won’t fully reflect the new law until 2020, but the latest update, to take effect Jan. 1 of next year, does require a higher degree of efficiency.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_672476\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1874px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-672476\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/electricity_consumption_sector-1.png\" alt=\"Residential and commercial users consume most of California's available power. \" width=\"1874\" height=\"2031\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/electricity_consumption_sector-1.png 1874w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/electricity_consumption_sector-1-400x434.png 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/electricity_consumption_sector-1-800x867.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/electricity_consumption_sector-1-768x832.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/electricity_consumption_sector-1-1440x1561.png 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/electricity_consumption_sector-1-1180x1279.png 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/electricity_consumption_sector-1-960x1040.png 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1874px) 100vw, 1874px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Residential and commercial users consume most of California’s available power. \u003ccite>(Source: California Energy Commission)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Starting in January, homeowners who embark on major renovations—the type that trigger permits and inspections—may have new requirements for walls and attics, need high-performance lighting or require tankless water heaters, among other items. And inspections for compliance will be, at least in the near term, the most important tool for advancing the energy-efficiency goals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Homeowners, however, are less than assiduous about getting permits even when they are required: The energy commission estimates that 90 percent of residential heating and cooling upgrades, for example, are performed without official permission.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Enforcement is easier for work performed on large commercial structures, which is more likely to come to the attention of inspectors and can incur heavy violation penalties. And businesses are worried.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Matthew Hargrove, Senior Vice President of governmental affairs at the California Business Properties Assn., represents owners of commercial buildings, who are concerned about the cost of upgrades. He said the last code update, in 2014, required advancements that tripled the cost of redoing lighting systems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The mandate seemed simple enough, he said, but “we had lighting contractors saying the requirements were so expensive that their businesses died on the vine” when many building owners chose not to upgrade.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Refurbishing buildings that have modern, more efficient infrastructures may be relatively affordable, but those structures are poor candidates to reap significant energy savings, Hargrove said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The real savings are to be found in older commercial buildings, but those are often held by owners who can least afford upgrades, Hargrove said. When a commercial building erected in the 1920s or 1930s requires major work, the cost of bringing it to code may be prohibitive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite the unknowns, it seems certain that maximum residential efficiency will come with some sticker shock for homeowners. Estimates vary dramatically, depending on the extent of efficiency.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jacob Atalla is Vice President of Sustainability for KB Home, which is building the technologically sophisticated houses in El Dorado Hills. He said the systems in those structures save about $1,000 annually in utility expenses. But the price tag for those houses runs about $50,000 more than for homes without so many energy-saving bells and whistles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The energy commission, however, estimates it will cost only an additional $2,700 for a new home to simply meet the building code taking effect Jan. 1. The agency estimates that over the life of a 30-year mortgage, those code requirements would save a homeowner $7,400 in energy and maintenance expenses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, a commission report last year acknowledged that most Californians stay in homes only five to eight years and “may not recoup the value of a deep retrofit project while they own the home.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Officials point out there are ways to soften the blow. Utility companies currently offer $1 billion a year for programs, some funded by their customers, to encourage energy efficiency. Major utilities and state agencies offer rebates for homeowners who upgrade, and myriad programs help low-income families use less energy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition, state funds have been set aside to help aging schools upgrade. Schools spent $300 million last year on such improvements as newer windows and modern heating and cooling systems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nonetheless, there is concern that the burden of complying with the requirements will fall heavily on the poorest Californians. Nearly a third of the state’s utility customers are categorized as low-income, according to the Public Utilities Commission.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They currently receive about $30 million a year in federal weatherproofing assistance, according to the Public Utilities Commission. But they may need more.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s important that sustainability not be defined just in terms of environmental sustainability, but equality and income sustainability,” said Tyson Slocum, director of the energy program at Public Citizen, the non-partisan public interest group. “Cost can’t be a barrier to participate.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Proponents note that as technology evolves, it gets less expensive. A 2015 state report envisions an $8 billion annual private-sector efficiency marketplace, in which technology companies innovate with products and services to make energy savings reachable for more people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State officials vow that California will find a way to slash its energy footprint as it educates residents about how, and why, to do so.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Part of the challenge is a relatively basic education, so that people can understand what their actions imply in terms of energy consumption,” McAllister said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The conditions are absolutely there to achieve our goals,” said, “We can do it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>CALmatters is a non-profit journalism venture dedicated to exploring state policies and politics. For more stories by Julie Cart go to calmatters.org/about/staff/julie-cart/\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"slug": "grizzly-bears-are-everywhere-in-california-but-the-woods",
"title": "Move to Return Grizzly Bears to California Will Be an Uphill Push",
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"headTitle": "Move to Return Grizzly Bears to California Will Be an Uphill Push | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cp>Who says the grizzly bear has vanished from California? On the contrary, it’s nearly ubiquitous in the Golden State—on everything from the state flag to T-shirts and coffee mugs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course, the bears themselves have been absent for nearly a century.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Before the Gold Rush, the best guess is there were probably 10,000 grizzlies in California. But in the space of about 75 years, they were trapped and hunted into extinction. Though no one can say with certainty when the last bear expired, by 1930 even unconfirmed sightings had winked out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They can be brought back,” insists Noah Greenwald, conservation director for the Arizona-based \u003ca href=\"http://www.biologicaldiversity.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Center for Biological Diversity\u003c/a>. In 2014, it \u003ca href=\"http://www.biologicaldiversity.org/species/mammals/grizzly_bear/pdfs/Grizzly_Recovery_Plan_Petition_.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">petitioned\u003c/a> the U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service to expand areas for grizzly recovery into California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_663467\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 750px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-663467 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/Darley-After-a-Day-of-Sport.jpg\" alt=\"The Gold Rush and repeating rifle proved to be the undoing of the California Grizzly. By the mid 1920s, they had been trapped and hunted into extinction.\" width=\"750\" height=\"557\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/Darley-After-a-Day-of-Sport.jpg 750w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/Darley-After-a-Day-of-Sport-400x297.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 750px) 100vw, 750px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Gold Rush and repeating rifle proved to be the undoing of the California Grizzly. By the mid 1920s, they had been trapped and hunted into extinction. \u003ccite>(University of California/Bancroft Library)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>That petition was denied. The agency said it didn’t want to divert resources from its efforts to rebuild the brown bears’ populations elsewhere \u003ca href=\"http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2014/11/141130-grizzly-reintroduction-cascades-national-park-environment/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">in the Lower 48\u003c/a>. Currently wildlife officials estimate there are no more than 2,000 grizzlies spread across Montana, Wyoming, Idaho and Washington (with a much larger population in Alaska).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Certainly in Yellowstone National Park, which gets more than three million visitors a year, grizzly bears are a tremendous draw there and a real source of joy,” observes Greenwald.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And yes, they can be a source of danger. A female grizzly with cubs killed a hiker in Yellowstone last year—but bear attacks are exceedingly rare. So the Center for Biological Diversity is betting on taking its case directly to the public. It’s gathered about 13,000 signatures on an online petition, and is about to launch the next phase of a \u003ca href=\"http://bringbackthebears.org/#home\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">web and social media campaign\u003c/a> under the banner, “Bring Back the Bear.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_663472\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 465px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/No-Bearflag_2000.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-663472\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/No-Bearflag_2000-800x450.jpg\" alt='The \"Bring Back the Bear\" campaign features a bearless state flag.' width=\"465\" height=\"262\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/No-Bearflag_2000-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/No-Bearflag_2000-400x225.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/No-Bearflag_2000-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/No-Bearflag_2000-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/No-Bearflag_2000-1920x1080.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/No-Bearflag_2000-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/No-Bearflag_2000-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/No-Bearflag_2000.jpg 2000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 465px) 100vw, 465px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The “Bring Back the Bear” campaign features a bearless state flag. \u003ccite>(Gyro/Center for Biological Diversity)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“I do think it’s something—with some education and with further study—something that people could and will rally around,” Greenwald speculates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hollywood hasn’t exactly advanced the cause, doing for Grizzlies more or less what “Jaws” did for sharks—last year’s \u003ca href=\"http://oscar.go.com/news/winners/the-revenant-wins-3-2016-oscars\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Oscar nominee\u003c/a> for best picture being only the latest example. Leonardo DiCaprio’s violent encounter with a mama grizzly was likely the most talked-about scene in “The Revenant.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>There Are Bears—And Then There Are Grizzlies\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Right now, the only encounter possible with a native California grizzly, is at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.californiamuseum.org/bear-mind\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">California Museum\u003c/a> in Sacramento, where Monarch, the bear that served as a model for the state flag, stands stuffed behind glass walls.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Clearly some prefer their grizzlies that way and they’re not alone. State wildlife officials are, to say the least, skeptical of the bid to reestablish the bears in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Listen to the Story:\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nhttp://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2016/04/WEBGrizzlyBearsMiller160502.mp3\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>Yellowstone grizzly recording by Bernie Krause/\u003ca href=\"http://www.wildsanctuary.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Wild Sanctuary\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Marc Kenyon is a bear biologist; a big, bearded bear of a guy himself, Kenyon heads the state’s Human-Wildlife Conflict Program.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That grizzly would turn this thing into a tin can in a hurry,” says Kenyon, showing me the trailers his agency uses to trap and transport injured or wayward black bears.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kenyon’s agency puts the number of black bears in California at somewhere between 30,000 and 60,000—but clearly black bears are not grizzlies, which can easily be twice the size, a thousand pounds or more. And even though the bears would be placed in remote areas, there’s no guarantee they would stay put.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“One thing I can tell you about bears is that bears roam,” says Kenyon. “And they’ll roam a long distance.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Center for Biological Diversity has identified nearly 8,000 square miles of potential habitat in the remote Sierra Nevada, with a smaller area near the Oregon border. Kenyon’s not sure it’s enough.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I can only imagine how far a grizzly bear in California might roam,” he says, “in search for food, in search for mates, in search for its own habitat, its own territory.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"show-for-small-only\">\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_665058\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 750px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-665058\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/Grizzly_Mobile.jpg\" alt=\"Source: Center for Biological Diversity\" width=\"750\" height=\"1135\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Source: Center for Biological Diversity\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv class=\"show-for-medium-up\">\n\u003cdiv class=\"sharedaddy\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-665057\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/Grizzly_Desktop.jpg\" alt=\"Source: Center for Biological Diversity (Teodros Hailye/KQED)\" width=\"100%\"> Source: Center for Biological Diversity (Teodros Hailye/KQED)\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv class=\"sharedaddy\">\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>Even advocates, like nature journalist Jason Mark, concede that this wouldn’t be an easy lift.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I don’t want to at all underestimate the challenge of something ambitious like this,” says Mark, author of “\u003ca href=\"http://www.amazon.com/Satellites-High-Country-Searching-Wild/dp/1610915801\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Satellites in the High Country: Searching for the Wild in the Age of Man\u003c/a>.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He says the hardest part might be “changing the way that we think of what wild nature is good for.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Is it good, for us, just as a place to go recreate and watch and look at, or does wild nature have some intrinsic rights of its own?” he asks. “And in that sense the bear does have a right to return to what was once its homeland.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mark says the large carnivores could have ecological benefits, aiding in seed dispersal and balancing populations of smaller prey animals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Kenyon isn’t convinced that it’s the best thing for species like California’s declining deer population, or even for the bears themselves at this point.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“For a stable grizzly bear population, we’re looking in excess of 200 animals—that can find each other,” says Kenyon. By comparison, the Yellowstone \u003ca href=\"http://news.nationalgeographic.com/2015/10/151001-grizzly-bears-animals-science-conservation-nation/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">grizzly population\u003c/a> numbers about 700.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you get down to a density where the animals can’t find each other, you’re lessening the chance for them to breed,” he says, “and then you’re lessening the chance for the species to survive in the long term.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_663468\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 750px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-663468\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/Merriam-Map-of-Bear-Habitat.jpg\" alt=\"C. Hart Merriam's hand-colored map shows grizzlies in widely varied habitats across California. He also identified several subspecies.\" width=\"750\" height=\"952\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/Merriam-Map-of-Bear-Habitat.jpg 750w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/Merriam-Map-of-Bear-Habitat-400x508.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 750px) 100vw, 750px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">C. Hart Merriam’s hand-colored map shows grizzlies in widely varied habitats across California. He also identified six subspecies. \u003ccite>(University of California/Bancroft Library)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Grizzlies … in Oakland?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Which brings us to the Oakland Zoo, where construction crews have started work on its \u003ca href=\"http://www.californiatrail.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">California Trail\u003c/a> project. The exhibit will feature the state’s iconic critters from big cats to condors, and the centerpiece will be a three-acre grizzly “habitat.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You know, unfortunately they tell sort of the sad history of humans and wildlife here in California,” says Colleen Kinzley, who directs animal care, conservation and research at the zoo.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We want people to be aware of that,” she says. “I mean, despite the fact that the grizzly bear is on our flag and our state seal, many people don’t know that grizzlies existed in California and are really a part of this habitat and environment.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”tNDxIqCQ6OM8KhFUGLYNbB9Hg9p1oQ7s”]The zoo is preparing for its first bears-in-residence sometime next year. And Kinzley says the best way to “bring back the bears” in the wild would be to let them come back on their own.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You can’t just plop a large predator into a location and say, ‘Alright, everybody just get along,'” she says. “The bear will lose if you don’t have complete buy-in from all the different constituencies.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It would be a long shot, to be sure, but it’s theoretically possible that, say, the tiny population of \u003ca href=\"http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2014/11/141130-grizzly-reintroduction-cascades-national-park-environment/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">grizzlies in the Washington Cascades\u003c/a> might work their way down into California, much as wolves have \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/08/20/gray-wolf-pups-found-in-california-first-in-nearly-a-century/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">drifted down\u003c/a> from Oregon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It would be a long way off but I think probably easier than getting everyone to agree to bring bears from somewhere and put them in California,” says Kinzley. Kenyon agrees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In any case, it’s likely that for a long time to come, the only way to see live grizzlies in California will be with a big fence around them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Featured art by Laura Cunningham, author of \u003ca href=\"https://heydaybooks.com/book/a-state-of-change/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">A State of Change\u003c/a> and co-founder of the desert conservation group \u003ca href=\"http://www.basinandrangewatch.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Basin and Range Watch\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "A small but persistent movement to bring the grizzly back to California is about to take it to the next level.",
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"title": "Move to Return Grizzly Bears to California Will Be an Uphill Push | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Who says the grizzly bear has vanished from California? On the contrary, it’s nearly ubiquitous in the Golden State—on everything from the state flag to T-shirts and coffee mugs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course, the bears themselves have been absent for nearly a century.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Before the Gold Rush, the best guess is there were probably 10,000 grizzlies in California. But in the space of about 75 years, they were trapped and hunted into extinction. Though no one can say with certainty when the last bear expired, by 1930 even unconfirmed sightings had winked out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They can be brought back,” insists Noah Greenwald, conservation director for the Arizona-based \u003ca href=\"http://www.biologicaldiversity.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Center for Biological Diversity\u003c/a>. In 2014, it \u003ca href=\"http://www.biologicaldiversity.org/species/mammals/grizzly_bear/pdfs/Grizzly_Recovery_Plan_Petition_.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">petitioned\u003c/a> the U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service to expand areas for grizzly recovery into California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_663467\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 750px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-663467 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/Darley-After-a-Day-of-Sport.jpg\" alt=\"The Gold Rush and repeating rifle proved to be the undoing of the California Grizzly. By the mid 1920s, they had been trapped and hunted into extinction.\" width=\"750\" height=\"557\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/Darley-After-a-Day-of-Sport.jpg 750w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/Darley-After-a-Day-of-Sport-400x297.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 750px) 100vw, 750px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Gold Rush and repeating rifle proved to be the undoing of the California Grizzly. By the mid 1920s, they had been trapped and hunted into extinction. \u003ccite>(University of California/Bancroft Library)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>That petition was denied. The agency said it didn’t want to divert resources from its efforts to rebuild the brown bears’ populations elsewhere \u003ca href=\"http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2014/11/141130-grizzly-reintroduction-cascades-national-park-environment/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">in the Lower 48\u003c/a>. Currently wildlife officials estimate there are no more than 2,000 grizzlies spread across Montana, Wyoming, Idaho and Washington (with a much larger population in Alaska).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Certainly in Yellowstone National Park, which gets more than three million visitors a year, grizzly bears are a tremendous draw there and a real source of joy,” observes Greenwald.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And yes, they can be a source of danger. A female grizzly with cubs killed a hiker in Yellowstone last year—but bear attacks are exceedingly rare. So the Center for Biological Diversity is betting on taking its case directly to the public. It’s gathered about 13,000 signatures on an online petition, and is about to launch the next phase of a \u003ca href=\"http://bringbackthebears.org/#home\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">web and social media campaign\u003c/a> under the banner, “Bring Back the Bear.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_663472\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 465px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/No-Bearflag_2000.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-663472\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/No-Bearflag_2000-800x450.jpg\" alt='The \"Bring Back the Bear\" campaign features a bearless state flag.' width=\"465\" height=\"262\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/No-Bearflag_2000-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/No-Bearflag_2000-400x225.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/No-Bearflag_2000-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/No-Bearflag_2000-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/No-Bearflag_2000-1920x1080.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/No-Bearflag_2000-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/No-Bearflag_2000-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/No-Bearflag_2000.jpg 2000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 465px) 100vw, 465px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The “Bring Back the Bear” campaign features a bearless state flag. \u003ccite>(Gyro/Center for Biological Diversity)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“I do think it’s something—with some education and with further study—something that people could and will rally around,” Greenwald speculates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hollywood hasn’t exactly advanced the cause, doing for Grizzlies more or less what “Jaws” did for sharks—last year’s \u003ca href=\"http://oscar.go.com/news/winners/the-revenant-wins-3-2016-oscars\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Oscar nominee\u003c/a> for best picture being only the latest example. Leonardo DiCaprio’s violent encounter with a mama grizzly was likely the most talked-about scene in “The Revenant.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>There Are Bears—And Then There Are Grizzlies\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Right now, the only encounter possible with a native California grizzly, is at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.californiamuseum.org/bear-mind\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">California Museum\u003c/a> in Sacramento, where Monarch, the bear that served as a model for the state flag, stands stuffed behind glass walls.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Clearly some prefer their grizzlies that way and they’re not alone. State wildlife officials are, to say the least, skeptical of the bid to reestablish the bears in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Listen to the Story:\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nhttp://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2016/04/WEBGrizzlyBearsMiller160502.mp3\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>Yellowstone grizzly recording by Bernie Krause/\u003ca href=\"http://www.wildsanctuary.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Wild Sanctuary\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Marc Kenyon is a bear biologist; a big, bearded bear of a guy himself, Kenyon heads the state’s Human-Wildlife Conflict Program.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That grizzly would turn this thing into a tin can in a hurry,” says Kenyon, showing me the trailers his agency uses to trap and transport injured or wayward black bears.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kenyon’s agency puts the number of black bears in California at somewhere between 30,000 and 60,000—but clearly black bears are not grizzlies, which can easily be twice the size, a thousand pounds or more. And even though the bears would be placed in remote areas, there’s no guarantee they would stay put.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“One thing I can tell you about bears is that bears roam,” says Kenyon. “And they’ll roam a long distance.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Center for Biological Diversity has identified nearly 8,000 square miles of potential habitat in the remote Sierra Nevada, with a smaller area near the Oregon border. Kenyon’s not sure it’s enough.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I can only imagine how far a grizzly bear in California might roam,” he says, “in search for food, in search for mates, in search for its own habitat, its own territory.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"show-for-small-only\">\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_665058\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 750px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-665058\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/Grizzly_Mobile.jpg\" alt=\"Source: Center for Biological Diversity\" width=\"750\" height=\"1135\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Source: Center for Biological Diversity\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv class=\"show-for-medium-up\">\n\u003cdiv class=\"sharedaddy\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-665057\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/Grizzly_Desktop.jpg\" alt=\"Source: Center for Biological Diversity (Teodros Hailye/KQED)\" width=\"100%\"> Source: Center for Biological Diversity (Teodros Hailye/KQED)\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv class=\"sharedaddy\">\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>Even advocates, like nature journalist Jason Mark, concede that this wouldn’t be an easy lift.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I don’t want to at all underestimate the challenge of something ambitious like this,” says Mark, author of “\u003ca href=\"http://www.amazon.com/Satellites-High-Country-Searching-Wild/dp/1610915801\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Satellites in the High Country: Searching for the Wild in the Age of Man\u003c/a>.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He says the hardest part might be “changing the way that we think of what wild nature is good for.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Is it good, for us, just as a place to go recreate and watch and look at, or does wild nature have some intrinsic rights of its own?” he asks. “And in that sense the bear does have a right to return to what was once its homeland.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mark says the large carnivores could have ecological benefits, aiding in seed dispersal and balancing populations of smaller prey animals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Kenyon isn’t convinced that it’s the best thing for species like California’s declining deer population, or even for the bears themselves at this point.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“For a stable grizzly bear population, we’re looking in excess of 200 animals—that can find each other,” says Kenyon. By comparison, the Yellowstone \u003ca href=\"http://news.nationalgeographic.com/2015/10/151001-grizzly-bears-animals-science-conservation-nation/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">grizzly population\u003c/a> numbers about 700.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you get down to a density where the animals can’t find each other, you’re lessening the chance for them to breed,” he says, “and then you’re lessening the chance for the species to survive in the long term.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_663468\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 750px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-663468\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/Merriam-Map-of-Bear-Habitat.jpg\" alt=\"C. Hart Merriam's hand-colored map shows grizzlies in widely varied habitats across California. He also identified several subspecies.\" width=\"750\" height=\"952\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/Merriam-Map-of-Bear-Habitat.jpg 750w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/Merriam-Map-of-Bear-Habitat-400x508.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 750px) 100vw, 750px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">C. Hart Merriam’s hand-colored map shows grizzlies in widely varied habitats across California. He also identified six subspecies. \u003ccite>(University of California/Bancroft Library)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Grizzlies … in Oakland?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Which brings us to the Oakland Zoo, where construction crews have started work on its \u003ca href=\"http://www.californiatrail.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">California Trail\u003c/a> project. The exhibit will feature the state’s iconic critters from big cats to condors, and the centerpiece will be a three-acre grizzly “habitat.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You know, unfortunately they tell sort of the sad history of humans and wildlife here in California,” says Colleen Kinzley, who directs animal care, conservation and research at the zoo.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We want people to be aware of that,” she says. “I mean, despite the fact that the grizzly bear is on our flag and our state seal, many people don’t know that grizzlies existed in California and are really a part of this habitat and environment.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>The zoo is preparing for its first bears-in-residence sometime next year. And Kinzley says the best way to “bring back the bears” in the wild would be to let them come back on their own.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You can’t just plop a large predator into a location and say, ‘Alright, everybody just get along,'” she says. “The bear will lose if you don’t have complete buy-in from all the different constituencies.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It would be a long shot, to be sure, but it’s theoretically possible that, say, the tiny population of \u003ca href=\"http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2014/11/141130-grizzly-reintroduction-cascades-national-park-environment/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">grizzlies in the Washington Cascades\u003c/a> might work their way down into California, much as wolves have \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/08/20/gray-wolf-pups-found-in-california-first-in-nearly-a-century/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">drifted down\u003c/a> from Oregon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It would be a long way off but I think probably easier than getting everyone to agree to bring bears from somewhere and put them in California,” says Kinzley. Kenyon agrees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In any case, it’s likely that for a long time to come, the only way to see live grizzlies in California will be with a big fence around them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Featured art by Laura Cunningham, author of \u003ca href=\"https://heydaybooks.com/book/a-state-of-change/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">A State of Change\u003c/a> and co-founder of the desert conservation group \u003ca href=\"http://www.basinandrangewatch.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Basin and Range Watch\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Opinion: It’s Time to Bring the Grizzly Bear Back to California",
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"content": "\u003cp>In the mid-19th century, there were as many as 10,000 brown bears in California — a greater population density than in Alaska today. The last documented sighting was in 1924. Now all that remains is the profile of the powerful bruin on the state flag.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>No doubt some people will freak out at the prospect of the Lower 48’s biggest predator haunting the woods. But there are good reasons to return the animal to the Bear Flag Republic. Grizzly reintroduction would have clear ecological benefits. And it would have cultural benefits, too, by prompting us to rethink what nature is “good for.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California is already crawling with predators. We have mountain lions in Los Angeles — where the Internet-famous “\u003ca href=\"http://www.urbancarnivores.com/p22-the-hollywood-lion/\">Hollywood Lion\u003c/a>” stalks mule dear in Griffith Park — and one in San Francisco, too, where \u003ca href=\"http://www.businessinsider.com/r-mountain-lion-spotted-roaming-around-san-francisco-2015-7\">a cougar was captured on a security camera\u003c/a> last summer.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘The presence of grizzlies and mountain lions and wolves are reminders that nature in its wilder states is not here to serve us’\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The reappearance of mountain lions is an example of what conservation biologists call “rewilding.” In some instances, like that of the mountain lion, the wild animals find their way back on their own. In other cases, state or federal agencies have made determined efforts to bring back animals hunted and trapped to oblivion or pushed out by development.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The reintroduction of gray wolves to the Northern Rockies in the late 1990s is the best-known rewilding story. Twenty-one years after wolves were returned to Yellowstone National Park, there is an established population and some have migrated as far as Northern California, where, in August, a pack was confirmed in the state for the first time since 1924.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The return of the gray wolf to the rural West has been hugely controversial, marked by serial court cases, Capitol Hill maneuverings, vigilantism (in the form of poaching animals listed as endangered) and fiery debates that have scorched western communities. For many ranchers and hunters, the return of the wolf represents a dangerous surrendering of human control over the landscape. To supporters of rewilding, the success of the wolf is a kind of ecological restorative justice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_654142\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 750px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-654142\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/Sheet-Music-I-Love-You-CA.jpg\" alt=\"Grizzlies appear to have loved California's varied habitats--but do Californians love the bears enough to bring them back?\" width=\"750\" height=\"1020\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/Sheet-Music-I-Love-You-CA.jpg 750w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/Sheet-Music-I-Love-You-CA-400x544.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 750px) 100vw, 750px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Grizzlies appear to have loved California’s varied habitats–but do Californians love the bears enough to bring them back? \u003ccite>(University of California/Bancroft Library)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Bringing back grizzly bears to California is the latest rewilding idea. Last year, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.biologicaldiversity.org/\">Center for Biological Diversity\u003c/a>, an Arizona-based conservation group, filed a petition with the \u003ca href=\"http://www.fws.gov/\">U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service\u003c/a> to consider reintroducing the grizzly in the Southwest and California. The agency denied the request, and now the organization plans to petition the \u003ca href=\"https://www.wildlife.ca.gov/\">California Department of Fish and Wildlife\u003c/a> to bring back the bear.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Grizzly bears were a common part of the California landscape and had been there for eons, and we wiped them out,” says \u003ca href=\"http://www.biologicaldiversity.org/about/staff/index.html#noah\">Noah Greenwald\u003c/a>, the endangered species coordinator at the Center for Biological Diversity. “By bringing them back we would be righting a historic wrong.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_663460\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 689px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-663460\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/Coho-griz-negative-copy103-copy.jpg\" alt=\"Grizzlies originally occupied varied habitats in California, including river valleys during seasons when salmon were plentiful.\" width=\"689\" height=\"856\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/Coho-griz-negative-copy103-copy.jpg 689w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/Coho-griz-negative-copy103-copy-400x497.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 689px) 100vw, 689px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Grizzlies originally occupied varied habitats in California, including river valleys during seasons when salmon were plentiful. \u003ccite>(Laura Cunningham/Basin and Range Watch)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Returning grizzlies to California would have real ecological advantages. Wildlife biologists have shown that restoring large predators to a landscape can have consequences that ripple across an ecosystem. This phenomenon is called “trophic cascades.” Imagine: a wolf reappears on the scene. Suddenly, the elk and deer have to be alert. Their newly cautious behavior gives aspen and willow a chance to thrive, which provide fresh habitat for beaver and songbirds.\u003ca href=\"https://environment.yale.edu/profile/david-mattson/\"> David Mattson\u003c/a>, a lecturer at the \u003ca href=\"http://environment.yale.edu/\">Yale School of Forestry\u003c/a>, says grizzlies would have “demonstrable ecosystem effects” were they reintroduced to California. Brown bears would assist with seed dispersal and soil aeration as they tear into the ground hunting for gophers and voles. Coastal grizzly would move nutrients upstream and inland via their consumption of spawning salmon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But state wildlife officials are cool on the idea. “Grizzly bears traditionally would roam oak woodlands and even beaches and eat whale carcasses and whatnot,” says California Fish and Wildlife spokesperson \u003ca href=\"https://www.linkedin.com/in/jordan-traverso-895208a\">Jordan Traverso\u003c/a>. “So you’d be introducing them in places where people are now, not the typical black bear habitat. So we are not supportive of that proposal, even a little bit.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_654222\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2000px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-654222 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/Bears-whale.jpeg\" alt=\"Grizzly bears feeding on a beached whale carcass, as imagined by artist Laura Cunningham.\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1281\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/Bears-whale.jpeg 2000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/Bears-whale-400x256.jpeg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/Bears-whale-800x512.jpeg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/Bears-whale-768x492.jpeg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/Bears-whale-1440x922.jpeg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/Bears-whale-1920x1230.jpeg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/Bears-whale-1180x756.jpeg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/Bears-whale-960x615.jpeg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2000px) 100vw, 2000px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Grizzly bears feeding on a beached whale carcass, as imagined by artist Laura Cunningham. \u003ccite>(Laura Cunningham/Basin and Range Watch)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Still, the idea is not as outlandish as it might sound.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A study of Europe published in the journal Science found that large carnivores are successfully sharing landscapes with people. Some 17,000 brown bears (\u003cem>Ursus arctos\u003c/em>, essentially the same species as the North American grizzly) live in 22 European countries, making the bear the most abundant large carnivore on the continent. Europe is also home to 12,000 wolves, twice as many as in the United States, despite the continent having twice the population density. The study found that large carnivores “have shown an ability to recolonize areas with moderate human densities if they are allowed, and to persist in highly human-dominated landscapes and in the proximity of urban areas.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://web.stanford.edu/~mwlewis/\">Martin Lewis\u003c/a>, a geographer at \u003ca href=\"http://www.stanford.edu/\">Stanford\u003c/a> who has studied the politics of rewilding, says the problem with grizzly reintroduction is not a lack of suitable habitat. But, he says, “there are questions about coexistence. People can learn to live with them, but there will be trade-offs. There will be encounters, and some of those encounters will be negative.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”yXiMJJ9nodz2h61dfgro0bCts8PBMEwe”]Let’s face it. Wolves eat cattle and prized game like elk. Grizzlies sometimes attack backpackers. Mountain lions sometimes go after hikers. Acknowledging such dangers is not being callous toward human life, but recognizes that the lives of these animals, and the role they play in the environment, also matter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The risks are worth it. The presence of grizzlies and mountain lions and wolves are reminders that nature in its wilder states is not here to serve us, and that wild animals and wild places have their own interests. Can we cohabitate with wild animals though they might pose a threat to us?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Such coexistence will require us to rethink some of our assumptions about wild nature. Do we want nature to always conform neatly to human desires — a garden to be tended by our hands, or an idyllic retreat imagined by the Romantics? Or are we willing to live with a nature that is wilder? A nature that is uncontrolled, unpredictable, and possibly dangerous. One where you could end up as lunch if you’re not careful.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To accept the return of large carnivores will demand a selflessness to which, as a species, we are unaccustomed. It will also require a measure of courage. After all, it’s easy to love a nature that just looks pretty. It’s a much more difficult task to live with a nature that can be threatening — a wolf pack in the pasture, a lion on the prowl under streetlights and, yes, grizzlies in the woods.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Jason Mark is the author of “\u003ca href=\"http://www.islandpress.org/book/satellites-in-the-high-country\">Satellites in the High Country: Searching for the Wild in the Age of Man\u003c/a>” and editor of Sierra magazine.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Featured art by Laura Cunningham, author of \u003ca href=\"https://heydaybooks.com/book/a-state-of-change/\">A State of Change\u003c/a> and co-founder of the desert conservation group \u003ca href=\"http://www.basinandrangewatch.org/\">Basin and Range Watch\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "A naturalist and author argues that the state's symbol belongs back in the state — and not just on t-shirts and coffee mugs.",
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"title": "Opinion: It’s Time to Bring the Grizzly Bear Back to California | KQED",
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"headline": "Opinion: It’s Time to Bring the Grizzly Bear Back to California",
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"nprByline": "\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://www.sierraclub.org/sierra/authors/jason-mark\" target=\"_blank\">Jason Mark\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>, \u003ca href=\"http://www.sierraclub.org/sierra\" target=\"_blank\">Sierra Magazine\u003c/a>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>In the mid-19th century, there were as many as 10,000 brown bears in California — a greater population density than in Alaska today. The last documented sighting was in 1924. Now all that remains is the profile of the powerful bruin on the state flag.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>No doubt some people will freak out at the prospect of the Lower 48’s biggest predator haunting the woods. But there are good reasons to return the animal to the Bear Flag Republic. Grizzly reintroduction would have clear ecological benefits. And it would have cultural benefits, too, by prompting us to rethink what nature is “good for.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California is already crawling with predators. We have mountain lions in Los Angeles — where the Internet-famous “\u003ca href=\"http://www.urbancarnivores.com/p22-the-hollywood-lion/\">Hollywood Lion\u003c/a>” stalks mule dear in Griffith Park — and one in San Francisco, too, where \u003ca href=\"http://www.businessinsider.com/r-mountain-lion-spotted-roaming-around-san-francisco-2015-7\">a cougar was captured on a security camera\u003c/a> last summer.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘The presence of grizzlies and mountain lions and wolves are reminders that nature in its wilder states is not here to serve us’\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The reappearance of mountain lions is an example of what conservation biologists call “rewilding.” In some instances, like that of the mountain lion, the wild animals find their way back on their own. In other cases, state or federal agencies have made determined efforts to bring back animals hunted and trapped to oblivion or pushed out by development.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The reintroduction of gray wolves to the Northern Rockies in the late 1990s is the best-known rewilding story. Twenty-one years after wolves were returned to Yellowstone National Park, there is an established population and some have migrated as far as Northern California, where, in August, a pack was confirmed in the state for the first time since 1924.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The return of the gray wolf to the rural West has been hugely controversial, marked by serial court cases, Capitol Hill maneuverings, vigilantism (in the form of poaching animals listed as endangered) and fiery debates that have scorched western communities. For many ranchers and hunters, the return of the wolf represents a dangerous surrendering of human control over the landscape. To supporters of rewilding, the success of the wolf is a kind of ecological restorative justice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_654142\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 750px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-654142\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/Sheet-Music-I-Love-You-CA.jpg\" alt=\"Grizzlies appear to have loved California's varied habitats--but do Californians love the bears enough to bring them back?\" width=\"750\" height=\"1020\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/Sheet-Music-I-Love-You-CA.jpg 750w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/Sheet-Music-I-Love-You-CA-400x544.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 750px) 100vw, 750px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Grizzlies appear to have loved California’s varied habitats–but do Californians love the bears enough to bring them back? \u003ccite>(University of California/Bancroft Library)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Bringing back grizzly bears to California is the latest rewilding idea. Last year, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.biologicaldiversity.org/\">Center for Biological Diversity\u003c/a>, an Arizona-based conservation group, filed a petition with the \u003ca href=\"http://www.fws.gov/\">U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service\u003c/a> to consider reintroducing the grizzly in the Southwest and California. The agency denied the request, and now the organization plans to petition the \u003ca href=\"https://www.wildlife.ca.gov/\">California Department of Fish and Wildlife\u003c/a> to bring back the bear.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Grizzly bears were a common part of the California landscape and had been there for eons, and we wiped them out,” says \u003ca href=\"http://www.biologicaldiversity.org/about/staff/index.html#noah\">Noah Greenwald\u003c/a>, the endangered species coordinator at the Center for Biological Diversity. “By bringing them back we would be righting a historic wrong.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_663460\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 689px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-663460\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/Coho-griz-negative-copy103-copy.jpg\" alt=\"Grizzlies originally occupied varied habitats in California, including river valleys during seasons when salmon were plentiful.\" width=\"689\" height=\"856\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/Coho-griz-negative-copy103-copy.jpg 689w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/Coho-griz-negative-copy103-copy-400x497.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 689px) 100vw, 689px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Grizzlies originally occupied varied habitats in California, including river valleys during seasons when salmon were plentiful. \u003ccite>(Laura Cunningham/Basin and Range Watch)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Returning grizzlies to California would have real ecological advantages. Wildlife biologists have shown that restoring large predators to a landscape can have consequences that ripple across an ecosystem. This phenomenon is called “trophic cascades.” Imagine: a wolf reappears on the scene. Suddenly, the elk and deer have to be alert. Their newly cautious behavior gives aspen and willow a chance to thrive, which provide fresh habitat for beaver and songbirds.\u003ca href=\"https://environment.yale.edu/profile/david-mattson/\"> David Mattson\u003c/a>, a lecturer at the \u003ca href=\"http://environment.yale.edu/\">Yale School of Forestry\u003c/a>, says grizzlies would have “demonstrable ecosystem effects” were they reintroduced to California. Brown bears would assist with seed dispersal and soil aeration as they tear into the ground hunting for gophers and voles. Coastal grizzly would move nutrients upstream and inland via their consumption of spawning salmon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But state wildlife officials are cool on the idea. “Grizzly bears traditionally would roam oak woodlands and even beaches and eat whale carcasses and whatnot,” says California Fish and Wildlife spokesperson \u003ca href=\"https://www.linkedin.com/in/jordan-traverso-895208a\">Jordan Traverso\u003c/a>. “So you’d be introducing them in places where people are now, not the typical black bear habitat. So we are not supportive of that proposal, even a little bit.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_654222\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2000px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-654222 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/Bears-whale.jpeg\" alt=\"Grizzly bears feeding on a beached whale carcass, as imagined by artist Laura Cunningham.\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1281\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/Bears-whale.jpeg 2000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/Bears-whale-400x256.jpeg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/Bears-whale-800x512.jpeg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/Bears-whale-768x492.jpeg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/Bears-whale-1440x922.jpeg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/Bears-whale-1920x1230.jpeg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/Bears-whale-1180x756.jpeg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/Bears-whale-960x615.jpeg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2000px) 100vw, 2000px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Grizzly bears feeding on a beached whale carcass, as imagined by artist Laura Cunningham. \u003ccite>(Laura Cunningham/Basin and Range Watch)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Still, the idea is not as outlandish as it might sound.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A study of Europe published in the journal Science found that large carnivores are successfully sharing landscapes with people. Some 17,000 brown bears (\u003cem>Ursus arctos\u003c/em>, essentially the same species as the North American grizzly) live in 22 European countries, making the bear the most abundant large carnivore on the continent. Europe is also home to 12,000 wolves, twice as many as in the United States, despite the continent having twice the population density. The study found that large carnivores “have shown an ability to recolonize areas with moderate human densities if they are allowed, and to persist in highly human-dominated landscapes and in the proximity of urban areas.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://web.stanford.edu/~mwlewis/\">Martin Lewis\u003c/a>, a geographer at \u003ca href=\"http://www.stanford.edu/\">Stanford\u003c/a> who has studied the politics of rewilding, says the problem with grizzly reintroduction is not a lack of suitable habitat. But, he says, “there are questions about coexistence. People can learn to live with them, but there will be trade-offs. There will be encounters, and some of those encounters will be negative.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>Let’s face it. Wolves eat cattle and prized game like elk. Grizzlies sometimes attack backpackers. Mountain lions sometimes go after hikers. Acknowledging such dangers is not being callous toward human life, but recognizes that the lives of these animals, and the role they play in the environment, also matter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The risks are worth it. The presence of grizzlies and mountain lions and wolves are reminders that nature in its wilder states is not here to serve us, and that wild animals and wild places have their own interests. Can we cohabitate with wild animals though they might pose a threat to us?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Such coexistence will require us to rethink some of our assumptions about wild nature. Do we want nature to always conform neatly to human desires — a garden to be tended by our hands, or an idyllic retreat imagined by the Romantics? Or are we willing to live with a nature that is wilder? A nature that is uncontrolled, unpredictable, and possibly dangerous. One where you could end up as lunch if you’re not careful.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To accept the return of large carnivores will demand a selflessness to which, as a species, we are unaccustomed. It will also require a measure of courage. After all, it’s easy to love a nature that just looks pretty. It’s a much more difficult task to live with a nature that can be threatening — a wolf pack in the pasture, a lion on the prowl under streetlights and, yes, grizzlies in the woods.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Jason Mark is the author of “\u003ca href=\"http://www.islandpress.org/book/satellites-in-the-high-country\">Satellites in the High Country: Searching for the Wild in the Age of Man\u003c/a>” and editor of Sierra magazine.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Featured art by Laura Cunningham, author of \u003ca href=\"https://heydaybooks.com/book/a-state-of-change/\">A State of Change\u003c/a> and co-founder of the desert conservation group \u003ca href=\"http://www.basinandrangewatch.org/\">Basin and Range Watch\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Weasel Apparently Shuts Down World's Most Powerful Particle Collider",
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"content": "\u003cp>A small mammal has sabotaged the world’s most powerful scientific instrument.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://home.cern/topics/large-hadron-collider\">Large Hadron Collider\u003c/a>, a 17-mile superconducting machine designed to smash protons together at close to the speed of light, went offline overnight. Engineers investigating the mishap found the charred remains of a furry creature near a gnawed-through power cable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We had electrical problems, and we are pretty sure this was caused by a small animal,” says Arnaud Marsollier, head of press for \u003ca href=\"http://home.cern/\">CERN\u003c/a>, the organization that runs the $7 billion particle collider in Switzerland. Although they had not conducted a thorough analysis of the remains, Marsollier says they believe the creature was “a weasel, probably.” (Update: An \u003ca href=\"http://indico.cern.ch/event/506407/contributions/1184968/attachments/1265776/1873815/LHC_29042016.pdf\">official briefing document\u003c/a> from CERN indicates the creature may have been a marten.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The shutdown comes as the LHC was preparing to collect new data on the Higgs Boson, a fundamental particle \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2012/07/04/156221787/cern-says-its-detected-a-new-particle-likely-the-higgs-boson\">it discovered\u003c/a> in 2012. The Higgs is believed to endow other particles with mass, and it is considered to be a cornerstone of the modern theory of particle physics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers have seen some hints in recent data that other, yet-undiscovered particles might also be generated inside the LHC. If those other particles exist, they could revolutionize researcher’s understanding of everything from the laws of gravity, to quantum mechanics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unfortunately, Marsollier says, scientists will have to wait while workers bring the machine back online. Repairs will take a few days, but getting the machine fully ready to smash might take another week or two. “It may be mid-May,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These sorts of mishaps are not unheard of, says Marsollier. The LHC is located outside of Geneva. “We are in the countryside, and of course we have wild animals everywhere.” There have been previous incidents, including one in 2009, when a bird is believed to have \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.nature.com/news/2009/11/exclusive_interview_baguette_b.html\">dropped a baguette\u003c/a> onto critical electrical systems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nor are the problems exclusive to the LHC: In 2006, raccoons conducted a \u003ca href=\"http://www.fnal.gov/pub/today/archive/archive_2006/today06-06-19.html\">“coordinated” attack\u003c/a> on a particle accelerator in Illinois.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It is unclear whether the animals are trying to stop humanity from unlocking the secrets of the universe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course, small mammals cause problems in all sorts of organizations. Yesterday, \u003ca href=\"http://gawker.com/little-scamp-causes-full-minute-of-dead-air-on-npr-on-t-1773672095\">a group of children took National Public Radio off the air for over a minute\u003c/a> before engineers could restore the broadcast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Weasel+Apparently+Shuts+Down+World%27s+Most+Powerful+Particle+Collider&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>A small mammal has sabotaged the world’s most powerful scientific instrument.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://home.cern/topics/large-hadron-collider\">Large Hadron Collider\u003c/a>, a 17-mile superconducting machine designed to smash protons together at close to the speed of light, went offline overnight. Engineers investigating the mishap found the charred remains of a furry creature near a gnawed-through power cable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We had electrical problems, and we are pretty sure this was caused by a small animal,” says Arnaud Marsollier, head of press for \u003ca href=\"http://home.cern/\">CERN\u003c/a>, the organization that runs the $7 billion particle collider in Switzerland. Although they had not conducted a thorough analysis of the remains, Marsollier says they believe the creature was “a weasel, probably.” (Update: An \u003ca href=\"http://indico.cern.ch/event/506407/contributions/1184968/attachments/1265776/1873815/LHC_29042016.pdf\">official briefing document\u003c/a> from CERN indicates the creature may have been a marten.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The shutdown comes as the LHC was preparing to collect new data on the Higgs Boson, a fundamental particle \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2012/07/04/156221787/cern-says-its-detected-a-new-particle-likely-the-higgs-boson\">it discovered\u003c/a> in 2012. The Higgs is believed to endow other particles with mass, and it is considered to be a cornerstone of the modern theory of particle physics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers have seen some hints in recent data that other, yet-undiscovered particles might also be generated inside the LHC. If those other particles exist, they could revolutionize researcher’s understanding of everything from the laws of gravity, to quantum mechanics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unfortunately, Marsollier says, scientists will have to wait while workers bring the machine back online. Repairs will take a few days, but getting the machine fully ready to smash might take another week or two. “It may be mid-May,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These sorts of mishaps are not unheard of, says Marsollier. The LHC is located outside of Geneva. “We are in the countryside, and of course we have wild animals everywhere.” There have been previous incidents, including one in 2009, when a bird is believed to have \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.nature.com/news/2009/11/exclusive_interview_baguette_b.html\">dropped a baguette\u003c/a> onto critical electrical systems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nor are the problems exclusive to the LHC: In 2006, raccoons conducted a \u003ca href=\"http://www.fnal.gov/pub/today/archive/archive_2006/today06-06-19.html\">“coordinated” attack\u003c/a> on a particle accelerator in Illinois.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It is unclear whether the animals are trying to stop humanity from unlocking the secrets of the universe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course, small mammals cause problems in all sorts of organizations. Yesterday, \u003ca href=\"http://gawker.com/little-scamp-causes-full-minute-of-dead-air-on-npr-on-t-1773672095\">a group of children took National Public Radio off the air for over a minute\u003c/a> before engineers could restore the broadcast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Weasel+Apparently+Shuts+Down+World%27s+Most+Powerful+Particle+Collider&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Its name will be “Red Dragon.” And if the latest partnership between SpaceX and NASA works out, the privately funded craft will land on Mars to collect scientific data — possibly within the next two years. The plan is to use the Dragon capsule, but without a human crew.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“SpaceX is planning to send Dragons to Mars as early as 2018,” the company \u003ca href=\"https://www.facebook.com/SpaceX/\">said via Facebook\u003c/a> Wednesday. “These missions will help demonstrate the technologies needed to land large payloads propulsively on Mars.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A propulsive landing, we’ll remind you, is the use of powerful rockets to lower the spacecraft in a stable — and, if all goes well, reusable — position.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You can’t land on Mars using parachutes like you would on Earth,” NPR’s Geoff Brumfiel tells us, “because the atmosphere isn’t thick enough.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Dragon craft is meant to carry astronauts, but SpaceX founder Elon Musk says the SUV-sized interior of the craft would make it difficult for humans to endure any trips longer than from the Earth to the moon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, NASA Deputy Administrator Dava Newman says that her agency is closer “to sending American astronauts to Mars than anyone, anywhere, at any time has ever been.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a statement about the collaboration with SpaceX, Newman says a new and broad consensus is emerging that calls for sending astronauts to Mars in the 2030s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>SpaceX’s Musk \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/elonmusk/status/725364699303301120\">adds via Twitter\u003c/a> that the new Dragon 2 craft is “designed to be able to land anywhere in the solar system.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Few details were announced along with the news of SpaceX and NASA’s Mars collaboration; more details are likely to come out this fall. For now, a SpaceX representative says that while the company will fund the mission, NASA will give technical support — along with access to the Deep Space Network for communications.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After announcing the plan, SpaceX tweeted a video clip of its Dragon 2 capsule using its “SuperDraco propulsive landing system” to seemingly hold itself in a stable position a few feet off the ground at its test facility in Texas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition to figuring out the logistics and tools that are necessary for interplanetary human travel, the Mars mission could answer enduring questions, Newman says: “Is it habitable and did life ever exist on Mars?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The plan to land a capsule on Mars comes more than 50 years after the U.S. sent the Mariner 4 scientific probe streaking past the planet, back in July of 1965.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The news led to some excitement on SpaceX’s Facebook page, where many people praised the aspiration of reaching the red planet. Here are the top two comments:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>” JUST DO IT! Don’t let your dreams be dreams.” — Mark Smed\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>“Make this happen while it still can. I don’t want our descendants to see us as ‘the only generation that could have colonized Mars, but in the end didn’t bother, but instead sat around watching streaming video on their phones.’ ” – Jeff Stoner\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Mars+By+2018%3F+SpaceX+And+NASA+Announce+A+New+Space+Project&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Its name will be “Red Dragon.” And if the latest partnership between SpaceX and NASA works out, the privately funded craft will land on Mars to collect scientific data — possibly within the next two years. The plan is to use the Dragon capsule, but without a human crew.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“SpaceX is planning to send Dragons to Mars as early as 2018,” the company \u003ca href=\"https://www.facebook.com/SpaceX/\">said via Facebook\u003c/a> Wednesday. “These missions will help demonstrate the technologies needed to land large payloads propulsively on Mars.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A propulsive landing, we’ll remind you, is the use of powerful rockets to lower the spacecraft in a stable — and, if all goes well, reusable — position.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You can’t land on Mars using parachutes like you would on Earth,” NPR’s Geoff Brumfiel tells us, “because the atmosphere isn’t thick enough.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Dragon craft is meant to carry astronauts, but SpaceX founder Elon Musk says the SUV-sized interior of the craft would make it difficult for humans to endure any trips longer than from the Earth to the moon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, NASA Deputy Administrator Dava Newman says that her agency is closer “to sending American astronauts to Mars than anyone, anywhere, at any time has ever been.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a statement about the collaboration with SpaceX, Newman says a new and broad consensus is emerging that calls for sending astronauts to Mars in the 2030s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>SpaceX’s Musk \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/elonmusk/status/725364699303301120\">adds via Twitter\u003c/a> that the new Dragon 2 craft is “designed to be able to land anywhere in the solar system.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Few details were announced along with the news of SpaceX and NASA’s Mars collaboration; more details are likely to come out this fall. For now, a SpaceX representative says that while the company will fund the mission, NASA will give technical support — along with access to the Deep Space Network for communications.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After announcing the plan, SpaceX tweeted a video clip of its Dragon 2 capsule using its “SuperDraco propulsive landing system” to seemingly hold itself in a stable position a few feet off the ground at its test facility in Texas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition to figuring out the logistics and tools that are necessary for interplanetary human travel, the Mars mission could answer enduring questions, Newman says: “Is it habitable and did life ever exist on Mars?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The plan to land a capsule on Mars comes more than 50 years after the U.S. sent the Mariner 4 scientific probe streaking past the planet, back in July of 1965.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The news led to some excitement on SpaceX’s Facebook page, where many people praised the aspiration of reaching the red planet. Here are the top two comments:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>” JUST DO IT! Don’t let your dreams be dreams.” — Mark Smed\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>“Make this happen while it still can. I don’t want our descendants to see us as ‘the only generation that could have colonized Mars, but in the end didn’t bother, but instead sat around watching streaming video on their phones.’ ” – Jeff Stoner\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Mars+By+2018%3F+SpaceX+And+NASA+Announce+A+New+Space+Project&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "In Search of the Unknown, This Robot to Explore Pitch-Black Ocean Deep",
"headTitle": "In Search of the Unknown, This Robot to Explore Pitch-Black Ocean Deep | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Ready for a year of deep ocean adventures, SuBastian, a remotely operated underwater vehicle, got its “feet” wet during its first public appearance on Wednesday at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.mbari.org/\">Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The custom-built robot will be able to take 4k video, sample underwater thermal vents and collect rocks 2.8 miles below the ocean’s surface where darkness, near-freezing temperatures and intense pressure make it difficult for humans to explore.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘The ROV [remotely operated vehicle] has the power of a rugby player but the dexterity of a neurosurgeon.’\u003ccite>David Wotherspoon, Schmidt Ocean Institute\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“The ROV [remotely operated vehicle] has the power of a rugby player but the dexterity of a neurosurgeon,” says project manager David Wotherspoon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s the first submersible vehicle the \u003ca href=\"http://schmidtocean.org/\">Schmidt Ocean Institute\u003c/a>, founded by \u003ca href=\"https://abc.xyz/\">Alphabet Inc. \u003c/a>executive chairman Eric Schmidt and his wife, Wendy, has ever built. Wendy Schmidt has also established the Ocean Health XPRIZE, a $2 million competition to improve understanding of the impact of ocean acidification.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Previously, the Schmidt Ocean Institute rented scientific robots and launched them off its retrofitted 272-foot German ship, \u003ca href=\"http://schmidtocean.org/rv-falkor/ship-specifications/\">Falkor\u003c/a>. (And yes, both Falkor and SuBastian get their names from the same \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_NeverEnding_Story_(film)\">1980s cult classic film\u003c/a>.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, with the multimillion-dollar vehicle, the institute can collect data and send it back to engineers on Falkor in near real time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>SuBastian’s 10 video cameras will be able to send screen grabs back to controllers in a special workstation on Falkor installed inside a shipping container. From there, engineers can send directions to SuBastian about which way to move, what samples to collect and what chemicals, like oxygen or sulfur, to measure from thermal vents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_663057\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-663057\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/alarcon-chimneys-D752.jpg\" alt=\"This thermal vent or "black smoker" is located in the Gulf of California and spews mineral-rich water that's over 550 degrees Fahrenheit.\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/alarcon-chimneys-D752.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/alarcon-chimneys-D752-400x225.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/alarcon-chimneys-D752-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/alarcon-chimneys-D752-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/alarcon-chimneys-D752-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/alarcon-chimneys-D752-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/alarcon-chimneys-D752-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This thermal vent or “black smoker” is located in the Gulf of California and spews mineral-rich water that’s over 550 degrees Fahrenheit. \u003ccite>(Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>These vents or “ocean chimneys” are one of the things SuBastian is specifically designed to test. The boiling hot fluids spewing out of the ocean floor occur near geologically active areas and are similar to geysers or fumaroles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Schmidt engineering team built titanium thermal probes that can take hot fluid samples from these vents. Two “arms” on the front of SuBastian can grasp the probe, which will go directly into the hottest part of the vent to take its temperature.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These thermal vents support unique ecosystems that can survive in high temperatures without sunlight and studying them may hold clues about the evolution of life on Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But part of researching the deep ocean means not getting stuck down there. So SuBastian has two types of sonar to map its environment.\u003cbr>\n\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"//giphy.com/embed/JXGc3f23868ow\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" frameborder=\"0\" class=\"giphy-embed\" scrolling=\"yes\">\u003c/iframe>\u003cbr>\n\u003cspan style=\"font-size: medium\">(Engineers test one of SuBastian’s arms.)\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Forward-looking imaging sonar tells operators how close it is to certain objects while scanning sonar prevents collisions and warns of muddy or silty terrain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because the ROV runs on power from the main ship it can work continuously for days or even weeks at a time. An umbilical cord connects the robot to Falkor and contains a group of copper electrical conductors and fiber optics that carry electric power, video and data signals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The cord is also load-bearing so it won’t snap if the vehicle brings back heavy samples or if Falkor gets inundated by storms at sea.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The samples SuBastian could collect include rocks, coral or core samples that show oxygen deposits in the sea floor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And it may stumble upon new forms of life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During a 2014 Falkor voyage, a lander (a camera-carrying underwater platform that works like an elevator) encountered a \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cBxsm5T2yN8\">“ghost” fish\u003c/a>, the deepest fish known to science.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">At 26,715 feet below the ocean’s surface the fish roamed an area east of Guam called the \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Mariana Trench, the deepest part of the world’s oceans.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And that’s exactly where SuBastian is headed this year. This summer the ROV crew will test SuBastian in the open ocean and after that they will conduct scientific experiments in the Marianas Trench during November.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because so little of the ocean is explored—some experts, like diver and scientist Sylvia Earle, say it’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/1991/06/23/magazine/champion-of-the-deep.html?pagewanted=all\">only 5 percent\u003c/a>—SuBastian will offer unparalleled opportunities to understand previously unvisited areas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“I’m really looking forward to getting this out there,” says Wotherspoon.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Ready for a year of deep ocean adventures, SuBastian, a remotely operated underwater vehicle, got its “feet” wet during its first public appearance on Wednesday at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.mbari.org/\">Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The custom-built robot will be able to take 4k video, sample underwater thermal vents and collect rocks 2.8 miles below the ocean’s surface where darkness, near-freezing temperatures and intense pressure make it difficult for humans to explore.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘The ROV [remotely operated vehicle] has the power of a rugby player but the dexterity of a neurosurgeon.’\u003ccite>David Wotherspoon, Schmidt Ocean Institute\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“The ROV [remotely operated vehicle] has the power of a rugby player but the dexterity of a neurosurgeon,” says project manager David Wotherspoon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s the first submersible vehicle the \u003ca href=\"http://schmidtocean.org/\">Schmidt Ocean Institute\u003c/a>, founded by \u003ca href=\"https://abc.xyz/\">Alphabet Inc. \u003c/a>executive chairman Eric Schmidt and his wife, Wendy, has ever built. Wendy Schmidt has also established the Ocean Health XPRIZE, a $2 million competition to improve understanding of the impact of ocean acidification.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Previously, the Schmidt Ocean Institute rented scientific robots and launched them off its retrofitted 272-foot German ship, \u003ca href=\"http://schmidtocean.org/rv-falkor/ship-specifications/\">Falkor\u003c/a>. (And yes, both Falkor and SuBastian get their names from the same \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_NeverEnding_Story_(film)\">1980s cult classic film\u003c/a>.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, with the multimillion-dollar vehicle, the institute can collect data and send it back to engineers on Falkor in near real time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>SuBastian’s 10 video cameras will be able to send screen grabs back to controllers in a special workstation on Falkor installed inside a shipping container. From there, engineers can send directions to SuBastian about which way to move, what samples to collect and what chemicals, like oxygen or sulfur, to measure from thermal vents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_663057\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-663057\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/alarcon-chimneys-D752.jpg\" alt=\"This thermal vent or "black smoker" is located in the Gulf of California and spews mineral-rich water that's over 550 degrees Fahrenheit.\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/alarcon-chimneys-D752.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/alarcon-chimneys-D752-400x225.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/alarcon-chimneys-D752-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/alarcon-chimneys-D752-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/alarcon-chimneys-D752-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/alarcon-chimneys-D752-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/alarcon-chimneys-D752-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This thermal vent or “black smoker” is located in the Gulf of California and spews mineral-rich water that’s over 550 degrees Fahrenheit. \u003ccite>(Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>These vents or “ocean chimneys” are one of the things SuBastian is specifically designed to test. The boiling hot fluids spewing out of the ocean floor occur near geologically active areas and are similar to geysers or fumaroles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Schmidt engineering team built titanium thermal probes that can take hot fluid samples from these vents. Two “arms” on the front of SuBastian can grasp the probe, which will go directly into the hottest part of the vent to take its temperature.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These thermal vents support unique ecosystems that can survive in high temperatures without sunlight and studying them may hold clues about the evolution of life on Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But part of researching the deep ocean means not getting stuck down there. So SuBastian has two types of sonar to map its environment.\u003cbr>\n\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"//giphy.com/embed/JXGc3f23868ow\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" frameborder=\"0\" class=\"giphy-embed\" scrolling=\"yes\">\u003c/iframe>\u003cbr>\n\u003cspan style=\"font-size: medium\">(Engineers test one of SuBastian’s arms.)\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Forward-looking imaging sonar tells operators how close it is to certain objects while scanning sonar prevents collisions and warns of muddy or silty terrain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because the ROV runs on power from the main ship it can work continuously for days or even weeks at a time. An umbilical cord connects the robot to Falkor and contains a group of copper electrical conductors and fiber optics that carry electric power, video and data signals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The cord is also load-bearing so it won’t snap if the vehicle brings back heavy samples or if Falkor gets inundated by storms at sea.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The samples SuBastian could collect include rocks, coral or core samples that show oxygen deposits in the sea floor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And it may stumble upon new forms of life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During a 2014 Falkor voyage, a lander (a camera-carrying underwater platform that works like an elevator) encountered a \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cBxsm5T2yN8\">“ghost” fish\u003c/a>, the deepest fish known to science.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">At 26,715 feet below the ocean’s surface the fish roamed an area east of Guam called the \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Mariana Trench, the deepest part of the world’s oceans.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And that’s exactly where SuBastian is headed this year. This summer the ROV crew will test SuBastian in the open ocean and after that they will conduct scientific experiments in the Marianas Trench during November.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because so little of the ocean is explored—some experts, like diver and scientist Sylvia Earle, say it’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/1991/06/23/magazine/champion-of-the-deep.html?pagewanted=all\">only 5 percent\u003c/a>—SuBastian will offer unparalleled opportunities to understand previously unvisited areas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“I’m really looking forward to getting this out there,” says Wotherspoon.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Was your heating bill a bit friendlier to your wallet this winter? If so, there’s a good chance you can thank El Niño.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The exceptionally strong El Niño in the Pacific has been driving \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/monster-el-nino-transforms-worlds-weather-20138\">chaotic weather\u003c/a> across the globe for months, but it also contributed to a mild winter in the U.S., which was about 15 percent warmer than the winter of 2014-2015.\u003cbr>\n[contextly_sidebar id=”zVCqv5TKYC3HFMByoxD0YLpimFkWBXMg”]\u003cbr>\nThe milder temperatures led people to use less energy to heat their homes compared to the previous winter, a new U.S. Department of Energy \u003ca href=\"http://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.cfm?id=25952\">report\u003c/a> shows. Above-normal temperatures contributed to a 16 percent drop in demand for propane used for heating, a 45 percent drop in heating oil consumption and a 6 percent decrease in electricity consumption compared to the winter of 2014-2015.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Heating demand nationwide declined as much as 27 percent in December compared to the average of the previous 10 winters as measured in \u003ca href=\"https://www.eia.gov/energyexplained/index.cfm?page=about_degree_days\">heating degree days\u003c/a>, a measure of how much utility bills increase as a result of the weather, according to the report.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though heating demand in January matched the 10-year average, February demand was 17 percent below normal and March was 26 percent below normal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Slade Johnson, an analyst for the U.S. Energy Information Administration, said it’s too early to know if such a dramatic fall in energy demand for home heating has been seen before until at least late spring when the nation’s heating season has passed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The El Niño event is still occurring, although it is expected to dissipate by late spring or early summer,” Johnson said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The energy used for home heating is a contributor to climate change because of its use of natural gas, oil and electricity. Home heating accounts for about 63 percent of residential natural gas consumption, for example.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Heating oil is often used in place of natural gas and electricity in the northeast. Heating oil is a highly-polluting crude oil product that emits about the\u003ca href=\"http://www.eia.gov/tools/faqs/faq.cfm?id=73&t=11\">same amount\u003c/a> of carbon dioxide as diesel fuel — less than coal but more than gasoline.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About half of all households in the U.S. heat their homes with natural gas, the cleanest fossil fuel used for home heating, which emits roughly half the carbon dioxide as coal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It won’t be possible to know the exact effect that El Niño had on U.S. greenhouse gas emissions from energy use this winter until the final numbers are tallied later this year, but emissions from U.S. energy consumption were down by 2.5 percent in 2015 compared to the previous year, EIA analyst Perry Lindstrom said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Some of that was because of the warmer heating season — especially at the end of the year,” he said. “The other emissions effect is that, as a result of the above, natural gas prices were low and natural gas pushed out coal in electricity generation.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Was your heating bill a bit friendlier to your wallet this winter? If so, there’s a good chance you can thank El Niño.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The exceptionally strong El Niño in the Pacific has been driving \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/monster-el-nino-transforms-worlds-weather-20138\">chaotic weather\u003c/a> across the globe for months, but it also contributed to a mild winter in the U.S., which was about 15 percent warmer than the winter of 2014-2015.\u003cbr>\n\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cbr>\nThe milder temperatures led people to use less energy to heat their homes compared to the previous winter, a new U.S. Department of Energy \u003ca href=\"http://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.cfm?id=25952\">report\u003c/a> shows. Above-normal temperatures contributed to a 16 percent drop in demand for propane used for heating, a 45 percent drop in heating oil consumption and a 6 percent decrease in electricity consumption compared to the winter of 2014-2015.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Heating demand nationwide declined as much as 27 percent in December compared to the average of the previous 10 winters as measured in \u003ca href=\"https://www.eia.gov/energyexplained/index.cfm?page=about_degree_days\">heating degree days\u003c/a>, a measure of how much utility bills increase as a result of the weather, according to the report.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though heating demand in January matched the 10-year average, February demand was 17 percent below normal and March was 26 percent below normal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Slade Johnson, an analyst for the U.S. Energy Information Administration, said it’s too early to know if such a dramatic fall in energy demand for home heating has been seen before until at least late spring when the nation’s heating season has passed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The El Niño event is still occurring, although it is expected to dissipate by late spring or early summer,” Johnson said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The energy used for home heating is a contributor to climate change because of its use of natural gas, oil and electricity. Home heating accounts for about 63 percent of residential natural gas consumption, for example.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Heating oil is often used in place of natural gas and electricity in the northeast. Heating oil is a highly-polluting crude oil product that emits about the\u003ca href=\"http://www.eia.gov/tools/faqs/faq.cfm?id=73&t=11\">same amount\u003c/a> of carbon dioxide as diesel fuel — less than coal but more than gasoline.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About half of all households in the U.S. heat their homes with natural gas, the cleanest fossil fuel used for home heating, which emits roughly half the carbon dioxide as coal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It won’t be possible to know the exact effect that El Niño had on U.S. greenhouse gas emissions from energy use this winter until the final numbers are tallied later this year, but emissions from U.S. energy consumption were down by 2.5 percent in 2015 compared to the previous year, EIA analyst Perry Lindstrom said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Some of that was because of the warmer heating season — especially at the end of the year,” he said. “The other emissions effect is that, as a result of the above, natural gas prices were low and natural gas pushed out coal in electricity generation.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Scientists have unveiled a fossilized skull from a new species of sauropod — an enormous dinosaur that walked the Earth roughly 95 million years ago. The skull found in Argentina is just the latest in a series of discoveries teaching scientists about how sauropods were once so successful as a group.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If there ever was a “nice” dinosaur, it would be the sauropod. In dinosaur movies, they’re the plant-eating giants with impossibly long necks and big, cowlike eyes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There were legions of sauropod species. They were hardy survivors, outlasting numerous other dinosaurs that went extinct.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Paleontologist\u003ca href=\"http://www.adelphi.edu/faculty/profiles/profile.php?PID=0663\"> Michael D’Emic\u003c/a> cut his professional teeth on sauropod bones. “If you want to study sauropods,” he says matter-of-factly, “you need help. A forklift, assistants.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yes, a forklift. After all, he says, “sauropods are the biggest animals that ever lived.” By a country mile. “They really take the prize.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A sauropod could grow to be 120 feet long and weigh more than a humpback whale, and carry all that on four legs. D’Emic finds them fascinating: “What can nature do and how does it do it at the biggest of scales?” is the question he thinks the sauropod can answer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_662807\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1000px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-662807 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/titanosaur.gif\" alt=\"titanosaur\" width=\"1000\" height=\"563\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Credit: \u003ccite>(WitmerLab/Ohio University)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>D’Emic put sauropod bones under a microscope and in a CT scanner at Adelphi University, where he works. Not just any sauropod, but a baby that hatched and died within weeks — an extremely rare find.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He learned, and \u003ca href=\"http://science.sciencemag.org/content/352/6284/450\">published\u003c/a> in the journal \u003cem>Science,\u003c/em> that this guy grew quickly. “It grew right out of the gate, roaring out of the gate,” D’Emic says, “extremely fast.” A unique ring in the interior of a bone marked the time the animal hatched, and how big it was: about 7 pounds. Growth marks after that recorded how fast it grew. “And by the time it died just several weeks later,” D’Emic says, “it was weighing upwards of 80 or 90 pounds — a Chihuahua to a Great Dane in six or seven weeks.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>D’Emic says growing fast would have been a good strategy when size is your best defense against predators. He says the discovery is part of a renaissance in sauropod research lately — lots of new fossils are turning up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The most spectacular is arguably the most complete sauropod skull ever found, uncovered in Argentina. “The head is the most important part to have” from a dinosaur, says \u003ca href=\"http://www.carnegiemnh.org/vp/lamanna.html\">Matt Lamanna\u003c/a>, a paleontologist with the Carnegie Museum of Natural History in Pittsburgh. He’s a member of the team that studied the skull. He says the skull is the Rosetta Stone for understanding behavior: “You know, how it fed, what the brain was like, what the senses were like … what made the animal tick.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The team called this new species \u003cem>sarmientosaurus,\u003c/em> a member of a subgroup of sauropods called titanosaurs. They describe their 19-year study of the animal in the journal \u003ca href=\"http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0151661\">PLOS One\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They did a CT scan of the skull, and in a sort of reverse engineering, they figured out what the brain and sense organs must have looked like. “For instance, the middle ear seems to adapted for hearing low-frequency sounds; whatever that means, we’re not totally sure,” Lamanna says. Modern-day elephants and whales communicate with low-frequency sound, which could provide a clue. The orientation of the organs of the inner ear suggest the animal’s normal posture was “neck down,” which could mean it browsed not on treetops but on ground vegetation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The team also has the neck bones, which contain something that looks like a tendon running through the neck. Lamanna says he has no idea what it was for. “Nothing like this has ever been found in any dinosaur so far in history,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Taken together, Lamanna says, these discoveries are finally revealing the secrets of the dinosaur age’s ultimate survivors (not counting modern birds, which descended from dinosaurs). For about 150 million years, they were too big to fail.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Superhearing+And+Fast+Growth+...+Scientists+Learn+Why+Sauropods+Ruled&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Scientists have unveiled a fossilized skull from a new species of sauropod — an enormous dinosaur that walked the Earth roughly 95 million years ago. The skull found in Argentina is just the latest in a series of discoveries teaching scientists about how sauropods were once so successful as a group.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If there ever was a “nice” dinosaur, it would be the sauropod. In dinosaur movies, they’re the plant-eating giants with impossibly long necks and big, cowlike eyes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There were legions of sauropod species. They were hardy survivors, outlasting numerous other dinosaurs that went extinct.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Paleontologist\u003ca href=\"http://www.adelphi.edu/faculty/profiles/profile.php?PID=0663\"> Michael D’Emic\u003c/a> cut his professional teeth on sauropod bones. “If you want to study sauropods,” he says matter-of-factly, “you need help. A forklift, assistants.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yes, a forklift. After all, he says, “sauropods are the biggest animals that ever lived.” By a country mile. “They really take the prize.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A sauropod could grow to be 120 feet long and weigh more than a humpback whale, and carry all that on four legs. D’Emic finds them fascinating: “What can nature do and how does it do it at the biggest of scales?” is the question he thinks the sauropod can answer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_662807\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1000px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-662807 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/titanosaur.gif\" alt=\"titanosaur\" width=\"1000\" height=\"563\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Credit: \u003ccite>(WitmerLab/Ohio University)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>D’Emic put sauropod bones under a microscope and in a CT scanner at Adelphi University, where he works. Not just any sauropod, but a baby that hatched and died within weeks — an extremely rare find.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He learned, and \u003ca href=\"http://science.sciencemag.org/content/352/6284/450\">published\u003c/a> in the journal \u003cem>Science,\u003c/em> that this guy grew quickly. “It grew right out of the gate, roaring out of the gate,” D’Emic says, “extremely fast.” A unique ring in the interior of a bone marked the time the animal hatched, and how big it was: about 7 pounds. Growth marks after that recorded how fast it grew. “And by the time it died just several weeks later,” D’Emic says, “it was weighing upwards of 80 or 90 pounds — a Chihuahua to a Great Dane in six or seven weeks.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>D’Emic says growing fast would have been a good strategy when size is your best defense against predators. He says the discovery is part of a renaissance in sauropod research lately — lots of new fossils are turning up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The most spectacular is arguably the most complete sauropod skull ever found, uncovered in Argentina. “The head is the most important part to have” from a dinosaur, says \u003ca href=\"http://www.carnegiemnh.org/vp/lamanna.html\">Matt Lamanna\u003c/a>, a paleontologist with the Carnegie Museum of Natural History in Pittsburgh. He’s a member of the team that studied the skull. He says the skull is the Rosetta Stone for understanding behavior: “You know, how it fed, what the brain was like, what the senses were like … what made the animal tick.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The team called this new species \u003cem>sarmientosaurus,\u003c/em> a member of a subgroup of sauropods called titanosaurs. They describe their 19-year study of the animal in the journal \u003ca href=\"http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0151661\">PLOS One\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They did a CT scan of the skull, and in a sort of reverse engineering, they figured out what the brain and sense organs must have looked like. “For instance, the middle ear seems to adapted for hearing low-frequency sounds; whatever that means, we’re not totally sure,” Lamanna says. Modern-day elephants and whales communicate with low-frequency sound, which could provide a clue. The orientation of the organs of the inner ear suggest the animal’s normal posture was “neck down,” which could mean it browsed not on treetops but on ground vegetation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The team also has the neck bones, which contain something that looks like a tendon running through the neck. Lamanna says he has no idea what it was for. “Nothing like this has ever been found in any dinosaur so far in history,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Taken together, Lamanna says, these discoveries are finally revealing the secrets of the dinosaur age’s ultimate survivors (not counting modern birds, which descended from dinosaurs). For about 150 million years, they were too big to fail.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Superhearing+And+Fast+Growth+...+Scientists+Learn+Why+Sauropods+Ruled&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Is Silicon Valley Key to Delta Tunnels Plan?",
"headTitle": "Is Silicon Valley Key to Delta Tunnels Plan? | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>The realities of water distribution in California have caused regional strife over the years. Most of the state’s precipitation falls in the northern part of California, but the greatest demand for water is in the Central Valley and further south. So California engineered the country’s most complex plumbing system to send water hundreds of miles south, much to the chagrin of many of the state’s northern residents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The lynchpin to this system is the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta, a water source for 25 million people and 3 million acres (1.2 million hectares) of agricultural land. Pumps at the south end of the Delta divert water via aqueducts to farms and cities further south and west.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Delta has more than 1,000 miles (1,600km) of waterways snaking between numerous islands, many of which support farms and small communities. The area also provides vital habitat for migratory birds and many fish species.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the Delta is threatened. Many of its islands are below sea level (and sinking), relying on levees that are one strong seismic shake away from disaster. And the ecosystem itself faces serious challenges. The Delta needs enough fresh water to sweep away pollutants, limit saltwater intrusion and protect fish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For decades, various interests have battled over how much water should be pumped out of the system for south-of-the-Delta water users. At the same time, federal regulators have stepped in to protect fish and place limits on pumping at certain times of the year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gov. Jerry Brown is championing a plan, California Water Fix, he says will protect the Delta’s ecosystem and deliver water more reliably to those south of the Delta. But first he needs buy-in from some of the state’s biggest water users. For the most part, support for the project has fallen along familiar regional lines, with the biggest proponents in the Central Valley and Southern California, and the biggest opponents in the north.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Silicon Valley residents may think of themselves as Northern Californians, but when it comes to water supply, they actually have more in common with Southern Californians. As of right now, Santa Clara Valley Water District – the water wholesaler for Santa Clara County that provides water for nearly 2 million people – is weighing whether or not to participate in California Water Fix, which has a hefty price tag. The district’s decision could affect more than just Silicon Valley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Weighing the Costs and Benefits\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When Barbara Keegan travels to Southern California she hears a lot about how crucial California Water Fix is to the future of the state. But when Keegan returns home to Santa Clara County, where she is the board chair of the Santa Clara Valley Water District, she hears her constituents talking about how Southern California is “trying to steal our water.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_659646\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2000px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-659646\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/Water-Deeply_photo-2.jpg\" alt=\"A tour guide at the Silicon Valley Advanced Water Purification Center in San Jose, California, shows off a container of treated water. Santa Clara Valley Water District hopes to expand its water reuse program. \" width=\"2000\" height=\"1335\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/Water-Deeply_photo-2.jpg 2000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/Water-Deeply_photo-2-400x267.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/Water-Deeply_photo-2-800x534.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/Water-Deeply_photo-2-768x513.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/Water-Deeply_photo-2-1440x961.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/Water-Deeply_photo-2-1920x1282.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/Water-Deeply_photo-2-1180x788.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/Water-Deeply_photo-2-960x641.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2000px) 100vw, 2000px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A tour guide at the Silicon Valley Advanced Water Purification Center in San Jose, California, shows off a container of treated water. Santa Clara Valley Water District hopes to expand its water reuse program. \u003ccite>(Tara Lohan)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“A lot of people like to characterize this as a battle of north versus south,” said Keegan. “What a lot of people don’t realize is that anyone who is south of the Delta, even if you’re in Northern California, you are dependent on that water.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Santa Clara County imports more than half of its water and 40 percent of that comes through Delta conveyance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So we have a stake in finding a solution,” said Keegan. “Because if 40 percent of our water were to disappear, that would be a big problem.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Few people disagree that the Delta is in trouble, but there is no easily agreed upon solution. Keegan said her water district has faced declining allocations over the years because of regulatory requirements, which has meant less water. If the district says no to the project, it doesn’t mean things stay the same, said Keegan. “Maintaining the status quo isn’t really maintaining the status quo because it means constantly diminishing water. It could also potentially mean further degradation of the Delta.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The water district will likely be expected to take a position on the project by late fall. “We haven’t made up our minds yet,” she said. “We are still considering things and there are a lot of complex issues involved.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For starters, the project is controversial. While Brown and his supporters say it will increase water reliability and protect the ecosystem, others are concerned that siphoning water at the north end of the Delta will mean worsening water conditions and less water flowing through the Delta farmers and wildlife.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But we’ve been here before with this deadlock. California Water Fix is actually a new name given to a pretty old idea. For decades water managers and politicians have been scheming over ways to bypass the Delta with a water conveyance system that would more directly deliver water to southern users. Back in the 1980s, Gov. Brown proposed the idea of a peripheral canal that would skirt the Delta. Voters soundly defeated the proposition in 1982.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fast forward to 2006 when work first began on the Bay Delta Conservation Plan, conceived as an attempt to fund new water conveyance along with a massive restoration of the Delta’s ecosystem. When the 40,000-page draft of the plan was finally released in 2013, it didn’t get rave reviews. So last year, the Brown administration divided the plan, creating California Water Fix to address water conveyance issues and California Eco Restore, which pared down the habitat restoration efforts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The heart of the California Water Fix is now twin tunnels that go under the Delta. The tunnels would be a massive 40ft (12m) in diameter and sunk up to 150ft (46m) underground. They’d siphon water from the Sacramento River and deliver it to export facilities in the South Delta. It would eliminate the need to pump all the exported water out of the South Delta, as is done now, which has caused river flows to be reversed and proved a danger to fish species that are caught in the pumps or pulled off their migration course.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The plan comes with a hefty price tag, calculated right now at $15 billion for capital design and construction, and closer to $17 billion with mitigation, operations and maintenance costs figured in. Keegan said her agency would be on the hook for about 5 to 6 percent of the project, which puts the minimal cost for Santa Clara County around $1 billion. But it’s not the initial price tag that has her worried.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’m a civil engineer by trade and I know the history of large infrastructure public works projects,” she said. “There are very few of them that come within budget. A successful project could be one that only goes over by 50 percent or doubles.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It is not yet clear to the water district’s board if the plan would be cost-effective for Santa Clara County, she said. There are still a lot of unknowns. “What if costs increase? What if some of the other partners drop out?” she questioned. “Could our county end up having to pay a disproportionate share of the project?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And how to pay for the project is another issue. The district receives Delta water through the State Water Project, which is paid for through property taxes. But raising property taxes to pay for the tunnels project might not be possible. The Howard Jarvis Taxpayers Association has cautioned the water district that raising property taxes without a public vote to fund the project would be illegal since it was not part of the original State Water Project infrastructure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Keegan said she has heard positions contrary on that issue, but whether it is legal is only one matter; whether it’s the right thing to do is another. “If we participate in this then the people who live here are going to be paying for it,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brian Schmidt, a former district director and vice chair of the Santa Clara Valley Water District, said he believes that cost overruns are a serious concern. “I don’t see a way in advance to reduce that risk to a level we can ignore,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Other Options?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rita Norton, a member of the water district’s environmental advisory committee, called the “slice and dice” separation of the project into two initiatives a politically astute move by its proponents, but worries about whether the environmental portion will ever be funded, even if the infrastructure project does get approval.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And she sees other implications if Santa Clara Valley Water District does participate. “How much indirectly by supporting this project is the water district continuing unsustainable water use in the Central Valley?” she asked. “It’s being sold as a water reliability project, but what else is good for water reliability? How else could these dollars be spent?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Right now, Delta water is a vital supply for Santa Clara County, but could that change in the future? Keegan said that the district is invested in the idea of recycled water. It recently completed an Advanced Water Purification Center that can treat wastewater to drinking water quality standards, although so far it’s only used for non-potable uses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We plan to aggressively expand that,” she said. “A lot of times with projects your limitations are financial or just the time that it takes to do certain things. In this case one of the limiting factors is really getting public acceptance.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Faced with paying more money to import water, will Santa Clara County residents embrace drinking \u003ca href=\"http://www.waterdeeply.org/articles/2016/04/10056/wastewater-resource-silicon-valley/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">recycled water\u003c/a>?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Schmidt hopes so.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think the tunnels would reduce the incentive to greater self-sufficiency through increased direct and indirect potable reuse,” said Schmidt. “I see potable reuse as the real future for Silicon Valley with imported water serving primarily as backup sources.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A decision is likely coming this fall from the water district on whether or not it will participate. Keegan said the district will hold more workshops and public meetings, and welcomes input from residents. But, she said this fall’s decision may not be a definitive yes or no. It’s possible that they will move forward with helping to fund more studies to determine the preliminary engineering and whether cost estimates are in fact realistic. Already, the district has contributed $9 million to studies on the project.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There is likely to be a lot of pressure from project proponents to get Bay Area water districts like Santa Clara Valley on board so that the project has enough critical mass and money to move forward.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“My own opinion is that we are sort of like a swing vote on this,” said Norton. “We are quite influential.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>How key Santa Clara County will be to the project remains to be seen, but minimally its involvement would be symbolic. “We are a Northern California water agency, the fact that if we choose to buy into this and partner with it, that sends a message,” said Keegan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But ultimately, she said, “We want to see a cost-effective comprehensive and reliable long-term solution for the Delta that also includes something that meets the environmental needs. 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"excerpt": "Santa Clara County depends heavily on water imported through the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta, which is why the county’s wholesale water provider is one of a few water districts in Northern California that may participate in an expensive plan to build new water conveyance tunnels under the Delta.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The realities of water distribution in California have caused regional strife over the years. Most of the state’s precipitation falls in the northern part of California, but the greatest demand for water is in the Central Valley and further south. So California engineered the country’s most complex plumbing system to send water hundreds of miles south, much to the chagrin of many of the state’s northern residents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The lynchpin to this system is the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta, a water source for 25 million people and 3 million acres (1.2 million hectares) of agricultural land. Pumps at the south end of the Delta divert water via aqueducts to farms and cities further south and west.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Delta has more than 1,000 miles (1,600km) of waterways snaking between numerous islands, many of which support farms and small communities. The area also provides vital habitat for migratory birds and many fish species.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the Delta is threatened. Many of its islands are below sea level (and sinking), relying on levees that are one strong seismic shake away from disaster. And the ecosystem itself faces serious challenges. The Delta needs enough fresh water to sweep away pollutants, limit saltwater intrusion and protect fish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For decades, various interests have battled over how much water should be pumped out of the system for south-of-the-Delta water users. At the same time, federal regulators have stepped in to protect fish and place limits on pumping at certain times of the year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gov. Jerry Brown is championing a plan, California Water Fix, he says will protect the Delta’s ecosystem and deliver water more reliably to those south of the Delta. But first he needs buy-in from some of the state’s biggest water users. For the most part, support for the project has fallen along familiar regional lines, with the biggest proponents in the Central Valley and Southern California, and the biggest opponents in the north.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Silicon Valley residents may think of themselves as Northern Californians, but when it comes to water supply, they actually have more in common with Southern Californians. As of right now, Santa Clara Valley Water District – the water wholesaler for Santa Clara County that provides water for nearly 2 million people – is weighing whether or not to participate in California Water Fix, which has a hefty price tag. The district’s decision could affect more than just Silicon Valley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Weighing the Costs and Benefits\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When Barbara Keegan travels to Southern California she hears a lot about how crucial California Water Fix is to the future of the state. But when Keegan returns home to Santa Clara County, where she is the board chair of the Santa Clara Valley Water District, she hears her constituents talking about how Southern California is “trying to steal our water.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_659646\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2000px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-659646\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/Water-Deeply_photo-2.jpg\" alt=\"A tour guide at the Silicon Valley Advanced Water Purification Center in San Jose, California, shows off a container of treated water. Santa Clara Valley Water District hopes to expand its water reuse program. \" width=\"2000\" height=\"1335\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/Water-Deeply_photo-2.jpg 2000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/Water-Deeply_photo-2-400x267.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/Water-Deeply_photo-2-800x534.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/Water-Deeply_photo-2-768x513.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/Water-Deeply_photo-2-1440x961.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/Water-Deeply_photo-2-1920x1282.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/Water-Deeply_photo-2-1180x788.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/Water-Deeply_photo-2-960x641.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2000px) 100vw, 2000px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A tour guide at the Silicon Valley Advanced Water Purification Center in San Jose, California, shows off a container of treated water. Santa Clara Valley Water District hopes to expand its water reuse program. \u003ccite>(Tara Lohan)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“A lot of people like to characterize this as a battle of north versus south,” said Keegan. “What a lot of people don’t realize is that anyone who is south of the Delta, even if you’re in Northern California, you are dependent on that water.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Santa Clara County imports more than half of its water and 40 percent of that comes through Delta conveyance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So we have a stake in finding a solution,” said Keegan. “Because if 40 percent of our water were to disappear, that would be a big problem.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Few people disagree that the Delta is in trouble, but there is no easily agreed upon solution. Keegan said her water district has faced declining allocations over the years because of regulatory requirements, which has meant less water. If the district says no to the project, it doesn’t mean things stay the same, said Keegan. “Maintaining the status quo isn’t really maintaining the status quo because it means constantly diminishing water. It could also potentially mean further degradation of the Delta.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The water district will likely be expected to take a position on the project by late fall. “We haven’t made up our minds yet,” she said. “We are still considering things and there are a lot of complex issues involved.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For starters, the project is controversial. While Brown and his supporters say it will increase water reliability and protect the ecosystem, others are concerned that siphoning water at the north end of the Delta will mean worsening water conditions and less water flowing through the Delta farmers and wildlife.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But we’ve been here before with this deadlock. California Water Fix is actually a new name given to a pretty old idea. For decades water managers and politicians have been scheming over ways to bypass the Delta with a water conveyance system that would more directly deliver water to southern users. Back in the 1980s, Gov. Brown proposed the idea of a peripheral canal that would skirt the Delta. Voters soundly defeated the proposition in 1982.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fast forward to 2006 when work first began on the Bay Delta Conservation Plan, conceived as an attempt to fund new water conveyance along with a massive restoration of the Delta’s ecosystem. When the 40,000-page draft of the plan was finally released in 2013, it didn’t get rave reviews. So last year, the Brown administration divided the plan, creating California Water Fix to address water conveyance issues and California Eco Restore, which pared down the habitat restoration efforts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The heart of the California Water Fix is now twin tunnels that go under the Delta. The tunnels would be a massive 40ft (12m) in diameter and sunk up to 150ft (46m) underground. They’d siphon water from the Sacramento River and deliver it to export facilities in the South Delta. It would eliminate the need to pump all the exported water out of the South Delta, as is done now, which has caused river flows to be reversed and proved a danger to fish species that are caught in the pumps or pulled off their migration course.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The plan comes with a hefty price tag, calculated right now at $15 billion for capital design and construction, and closer to $17 billion with mitigation, operations and maintenance costs figured in. Keegan said her agency would be on the hook for about 5 to 6 percent of the project, which puts the minimal cost for Santa Clara County around $1 billion. But it’s not the initial price tag that has her worried.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’m a civil engineer by trade and I know the history of large infrastructure public works projects,” she said. “There are very few of them that come within budget. A successful project could be one that only goes over by 50 percent or doubles.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It is not yet clear to the water district’s board if the plan would be cost-effective for Santa Clara County, she said. There are still a lot of unknowns. “What if costs increase? What if some of the other partners drop out?” she questioned. “Could our county end up having to pay a disproportionate share of the project?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And how to pay for the project is another issue. The district receives Delta water through the State Water Project, which is paid for through property taxes. But raising property taxes to pay for the tunnels project might not be possible. The Howard Jarvis Taxpayers Association has cautioned the water district that raising property taxes without a public vote to fund the project would be illegal since it was not part of the original State Water Project infrastructure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Keegan said she has heard positions contrary on that issue, but whether it is legal is only one matter; whether it’s the right thing to do is another. “If we participate in this then the people who live here are going to be paying for it,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brian Schmidt, a former district director and vice chair of the Santa Clara Valley Water District, said he believes that cost overruns are a serious concern. “I don’t see a way in advance to reduce that risk to a level we can ignore,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Other Options?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rita Norton, a member of the water district’s environmental advisory committee, called the “slice and dice” separation of the project into two initiatives a politically astute move by its proponents, but worries about whether the environmental portion will ever be funded, even if the infrastructure project does get approval.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And she sees other implications if Santa Clara Valley Water District does participate. “How much indirectly by supporting this project is the water district continuing unsustainable water use in the Central Valley?” she asked. “It’s being sold as a water reliability project, but what else is good for water reliability? How else could these dollars be spent?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Right now, Delta water is a vital supply for Santa Clara County, but could that change in the future? Keegan said that the district is invested in the idea of recycled water. It recently completed an Advanced Water Purification Center that can treat wastewater to drinking water quality standards, although so far it’s only used for non-potable uses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We plan to aggressively expand that,” she said. “A lot of times with projects your limitations are financial or just the time that it takes to do certain things. In this case one of the limiting factors is really getting public acceptance.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Faced with paying more money to import water, will Santa Clara County residents embrace drinking \u003ca href=\"http://www.waterdeeply.org/articles/2016/04/10056/wastewater-resource-silicon-valley/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">recycled water\u003c/a>?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Schmidt hopes so.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think the tunnels would reduce the incentive to greater self-sufficiency through increased direct and indirect potable reuse,” said Schmidt. “I see potable reuse as the real future for Silicon Valley with imported water serving primarily as backup sources.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A decision is likely coming this fall from the water district on whether or not it will participate. Keegan said the district will hold more workshops and public meetings, and welcomes input from residents. But, she said this fall’s decision may not be a definitive yes or no. It’s possible that they will move forward with helping to fund more studies to determine the preliminary engineering and whether cost estimates are in fact realistic. Already, the district has contributed $9 million to studies on the project.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There is likely to be a lot of pressure from project proponents to get Bay Area water districts like Santa Clara Valley on board so that the project has enough critical mass and money to move forward.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“My own opinion is that we are sort of like a swing vote on this,” said Norton. “We are quite influential.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>How key Santa Clara County will be to the project remains to be seen, but minimally its involvement would be symbolic. “We are a Northern California water agency, the fact that if we choose to buy into this and partner with it, that sends a message,” said Keegan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But ultimately, she said, “We want to see a cost-effective comprehensive and reliable long-term solution for the Delta that also includes something that meets the environmental needs. So, maybe that is an impossible challenge, but that’s what we are looking for.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Experimental solar-powered plane Solar Impulse 2 has landed in Mountain View, Calif., after a three-day flight across the Pacific.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Good morning, California!” the plane’s visibly emotional pilot Bertrand Piccard told a cheering crowd at Moffett Airfield, where he landed at 11:44 p.m. local time. He’s soon handed an extra large bottle of champagne.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Solar Impulse team is attempting to fly around the world using only the power of the sun.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/04/21/475113210/experimental-solar-powered-plane-takes-flight-after-9-month-delay\">As we reported\u003c/a>, Piccard took off from Hawaii early Thursday after a nine-month delay for repairs. The previous leg, a five-day long trip from Japan to Hawaii, broke a world record for the longest duration nonstop solo flight. But it also fried the plane’s batteries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://twitter.com/solarimpulse/status/724670652129640448\u003cbr>\nhttps://twitter.com/solarimpulse/status/724601229431721984\u003cbr>\nhttps://twitter.com/solarimpulse/status/724217612297748480\u003cbr>\nThe journey across the Pacific was the ninth leg in their journey, which started in Abu Dhabi. The team hopes to eventually end there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s meant to send a message about clean energy, the team says in a statement:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\n\u003cp>“By attempting the first solar flight around the world, pushing back the boundaries of the possible, going into the unknown, and taking on a project deemed impossible by industry experts, Bertrand Piccard and [alternating pilot] André Borschberg want to support concrete actions for sustainability and show that the world can be run on clean technologies.”\u003c/p>\n\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Experimental+Solar-Powered+Plane+Completes+Journey+Across+The+Pacific&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cp>A dead whale has washed up at a popular California surf spot, and a boat captain says he saw another whale carcass off shore.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://(http://bit.ly/1SZt4Qh\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Orange County Register\u003c/a> reports the first whale was spotted Sunday at Lower Trestles just south of San Clemente.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Todd Mansur, who captains a whale watching boat, tells the newspaper he expects the second whale to wash up in the next few days.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Each carcass is estimated at more than 40 feet long.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://www.instagram.com/p/BEoViBYRJ3O/\u003cbr>\nhttps://www.instagram.com/p/BEmxPlgzbGh/?taken-by=kellyslater\u003cbr>\nMansur says he inspected both whales and saw no signs of marks from ships, propeller wounds or entanglements.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He says great white sharks were feeding on the carcasses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lifeguards were not immediately available to comment, so it was unclear what would be done with the whale that washed ashore.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"info": "Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.",
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"soldout": {
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"title": "SOLD OUT: Rethinking Housing in America",
"tagline": "A new future for housing",
"info": "Sold Out: Rethinking Housing in America",
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