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"headTitle": "Too Much Solar in California? Not If You Bottle It | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>The cost of solar power has plummeted in recent years, which has led to a renewable energy boom in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But there’s a big hang-up: solar energy doesn’t provide a 24-hour supply. When the sun sets, the power from solar farms drops off, just as California needs it most.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s sparked new interest in technology that stores electricity. And the energy storage technology race is going far beyond your typical battery.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Solar Peaking\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Pretty much everyday, we hit peak output,” says Michael Wheeler, a vice president at \u003ca href=\"http://recurrentenergy.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Recurrent Energy\u003c/a> in San Francisco, looking at a screen showing the solar farms his company manages.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But earlier this spring, something happened that, at first, doesn’t seem to make sense.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘We’ve built these solar projects and to the extent that we have to turn them off more and more often, it doesn’t make a lot of sense.’\u003ccite>Michael Wheeler,\u003cbr>\nRecurrent Energy\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>It was the middle of the day, when one of the solar farms was cranking out electricity, and his company got a message.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The grid operator is telling us they don’t need all of it,” Wheeler says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There was too much electricity on the grid. The electric grid managers were telling solar farms to shut down.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The project went from almost peak output to zero for about two hours,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This happens on sunny, spring days when there is plenty of solar power but Californians aren’t using a lot of air conditioning yet, so demand for power is low.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The solar and wind power comes in on top of what natural gas power plants are generating. Because renewable energy production goes up and down with passing clouds and wind conditions, grid operators say they need the continuous supply from natural gas to make up for those fluctuations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_626879\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-626879\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/PGEbattery-web.jpg\" alt=\"PG&E's battery in San Jose can store more than six hours of energy.\" width=\"640\" height=\"441\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/PGEbattery-web.jpg 640w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/PGEbattery-web-400x276.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">PG&E’s battery in San Jose can store more than six hours of energy. \u003ccite>(PG&E)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Shutting down natural gas would leave the power supply less stable. Many gas plants can take between four and eight hours to restart, once they’re turned off.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As more solar farms come online, the pressure to shut them down on mild, sunny days is only expected to become greater. California plans to get 50 percent of its electricity from renewable sources by 2030.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve built these solar projects and to the extent that we have to turn them off more and more often, it doesn’t make a lot of sense,” Wheeler says. “It would be a lot better to find uses for that electricity.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Shifting Solar\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California’s grid operators have proposed \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2016/04/04/what-will-california-do-with-too-much-solar/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">linking the state’s grid\u003c/a> to other Western states, so the excess solar energy could be shared.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another solution is to store the solar energy, because there’s an obvious need for power in the evening, right as the sun goes down.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”l7OdPh3xOLqw1w8wvqvYo5vgdvoYG5Li”]“Everybody comes home from work and they turn on their lights and that uses a lot of power,” says Shayle Kann who analyzes renewable energy at \u003ca href=\"https://www.greentechmedia.com/about\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Greentech Media\u003c/a> in Boston.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California’s electricity demand peaks in the evening. Storing solar power for just a few hours would allow solar farms to help meet that peak.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It makes that solar energy dispatchable,” he says. “In other words, you can control when it goes into the grid.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Listen to the Story:\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nhttp://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2016/04/WEBEnergyStorageSommer160411.mp3\u003cbr>\nSince California regulators don’t want to see solar farms turn off, they’re \u003ca href=\"http://www.cpuc.ca.gov/General.aspx?id=3462\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">requiring utilities\u003c/a> to build energy storage on the grid. All together, Pacific Gas & Electric, Southern California Edison and San Diego Gas & Electric must install 1.3 gigawatts of energy storage by 2020, which is about the same as a couple power plants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That mandate is the first of its kind in the country. So far, batteries have been the dominant technology.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Batteries in consumer electronics—you’re used to your Duracell batteries and things—we’ve had those for a very long time,” says Kann. “What’s new is deploying that on a large scale for the grid.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are a handful of \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2013/05/24/the-biggest-battery-you-havent-seen/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">large banks of batteries\u003c/a> on the grid already, some the size of a semi-truck, which can store electricity for several hours.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Bottling Electricity\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Batteries are coming down in cost dramatically, but they’re still relatively expensive compared to other sources of power.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s launched start-up companies looking for a different way to store energy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So what you’re looking at, really, is best described as a giant scuba tank,” says Steve Crane, pointing to a 25-foot tank in the warehouse of his company, \u003ca href=\"http://www.lightsail.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">LightSail Energy\u003c/a> in Berkeley, California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_626973\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 900px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-626973\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/LightSail-900-2.jpg\" alt=\"Steve Crane of LightSail Energy at their headquarters in Berkeley. \" width=\"900\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/LightSail-900-2.jpg 900w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/LightSail-900-2-400x237.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/LightSail-900-2-800x474.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/LightSail-900-2-768x455.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 900px) 100vw, 900px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Steve Crane of LightSail Energy at their headquarters in Berkeley. \u003ccite>(Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>A scuba tank is the inspiration for his technology, which compresses air.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The electrical energy is hard to hold on to,” says Crane. “Compressed air is relatively easy to store for hours or even days.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here’s how it works: when there’s extra electricity, Crane turns on a giant air pump. It fills the tank, compressing the air by 200 times.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then when electricity is needed, the air is released to drive an electric generator. The hard part has been dealing with all the heat this makes; Crane’s technology uses water to capture some of the heat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Any air compressor that you use, even a bicycle pump, creates heat,” says Crane. “A bicycle pump will feel warm after you’ve used it for a while.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The idea of storing energy by compressing air isn’t new, but other projects have stored the air in \u003ca href=\"http://caes.pnnl.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">large underground caverns\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By using tanks, LightSail’s technology would be more modular. It’s still in the early stages, with the company working on its first pilot projects. But Crane hopes it will have an edge over batteries, because it’s likely going to be cheaper and it lasts longer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you have a laptop or cell phone,” he says, “you know that after two to three years, you start to see significant deterioration.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Crane says interest has sky-rocketed for energy storage technology like his and other other non-battery approaches, such as \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/alltechconsidered/2016/04/05/470810118/solar-and-wind-energy-may-be-nice-but-how-can-we-store-it\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">ice, molten salt\u003c/a> or mechanical machines \u003ca href=\"http://amberkinetics.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">called flywheels\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Nobody had ever heard of energy storage when I got into this field six or seven years ago,” he says. “Now it’s something that the governor of California talks about. However, the funding that is available for new technology in this area is pretty much zero.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Research and development can take years and venture capital firms like to see faster results.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But if California is to meet its ambitious renewable energy goals, energy storage technology will have to catch up.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "On sunny spring days, California's solar plants sometimes have to shut down because there's more energy on the grid than we need. But some innovators have better ideas.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The cost of solar power has plummeted in recent years, which has led to a renewable energy boom in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But there’s a big hang-up: solar energy doesn’t provide a 24-hour supply. When the sun sets, the power from solar farms drops off, just as California needs it most.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s sparked new interest in technology that stores electricity. And the energy storage technology race is going far beyond your typical battery.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Solar Peaking\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Pretty much everyday, we hit peak output,” says Michael Wheeler, a vice president at \u003ca href=\"http://recurrentenergy.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Recurrent Energy\u003c/a> in San Francisco, looking at a screen showing the solar farms his company manages.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But earlier this spring, something happened that, at first, doesn’t seem to make sense.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘We’ve built these solar projects and to the extent that we have to turn them off more and more often, it doesn’t make a lot of sense.’\u003ccite>Michael Wheeler,\u003cbr>\nRecurrent Energy\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>It was the middle of the day, when one of the solar farms was cranking out electricity, and his company got a message.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The grid operator is telling us they don’t need all of it,” Wheeler says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There was too much electricity on the grid. The electric grid managers were telling solar farms to shut down.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The project went from almost peak output to zero for about two hours,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This happens on sunny, spring days when there is plenty of solar power but Californians aren’t using a lot of air conditioning yet, so demand for power is low.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The solar and wind power comes in on top of what natural gas power plants are generating. Because renewable energy production goes up and down with passing clouds and wind conditions, grid operators say they need the continuous supply from natural gas to make up for those fluctuations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_626879\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-626879\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/PGEbattery-web.jpg\" alt=\"PG&E's battery in San Jose can store more than six hours of energy.\" width=\"640\" height=\"441\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/PGEbattery-web.jpg 640w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/PGEbattery-web-400x276.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">PG&E’s battery in San Jose can store more than six hours of energy. \u003ccite>(PG&E)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Shutting down natural gas would leave the power supply less stable. Many gas plants can take between four and eight hours to restart, once they’re turned off.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As more solar farms come online, the pressure to shut them down on mild, sunny days is only expected to become greater. California plans to get 50 percent of its electricity from renewable sources by 2030.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve built these solar projects and to the extent that we have to turn them off more and more often, it doesn’t make a lot of sense,” Wheeler says. “It would be a lot better to find uses for that electricity.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Shifting Solar\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California’s grid operators have proposed \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2016/04/04/what-will-california-do-with-too-much-solar/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">linking the state’s grid\u003c/a> to other Western states, so the excess solar energy could be shared.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another solution is to store the solar energy, because there’s an obvious need for power in the evening, right as the sun goes down.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>“Everybody comes home from work and they turn on their lights and that uses a lot of power,” says Shayle Kann who analyzes renewable energy at \u003ca href=\"https://www.greentechmedia.com/about\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Greentech Media\u003c/a> in Boston.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California’s electricity demand peaks in the evening. Storing solar power for just a few hours would allow solar farms to help meet that peak.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It makes that solar energy dispatchable,” he says. “In other words, you can control when it goes into the grid.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Listen to the Story:\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nhttp://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2016/04/WEBEnergyStorageSommer160411.mp3\u003cbr>\nSince California regulators don’t want to see solar farms turn off, they’re \u003ca href=\"http://www.cpuc.ca.gov/General.aspx?id=3462\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">requiring utilities\u003c/a> to build energy storage on the grid. All together, Pacific Gas & Electric, Southern California Edison and San Diego Gas & Electric must install 1.3 gigawatts of energy storage by 2020, which is about the same as a couple power plants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That mandate is the first of its kind in the country. So far, batteries have been the dominant technology.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Batteries in consumer electronics—you’re used to your Duracell batteries and things—we’ve had those for a very long time,” says Kann. “What’s new is deploying that on a large scale for the grid.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are a handful of \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2013/05/24/the-biggest-battery-you-havent-seen/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">large banks of batteries\u003c/a> on the grid already, some the size of a semi-truck, which can store electricity for several hours.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Bottling Electricity\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Batteries are coming down in cost dramatically, but they’re still relatively expensive compared to other sources of power.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s launched start-up companies looking for a different way to store energy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So what you’re looking at, really, is best described as a giant scuba tank,” says Steve Crane, pointing to a 25-foot tank in the warehouse of his company, \u003ca href=\"http://www.lightsail.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">LightSail Energy\u003c/a> in Berkeley, California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_626973\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 900px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-626973\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/LightSail-900-2.jpg\" alt=\"Steve Crane of LightSail Energy at their headquarters in Berkeley. \" width=\"900\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/LightSail-900-2.jpg 900w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/LightSail-900-2-400x237.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/LightSail-900-2-800x474.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/LightSail-900-2-768x455.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 900px) 100vw, 900px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Steve Crane of LightSail Energy at their headquarters in Berkeley. \u003ccite>(Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>A scuba tank is the inspiration for his technology, which compresses air.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The electrical energy is hard to hold on to,” says Crane. “Compressed air is relatively easy to store for hours or even days.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here’s how it works: when there’s extra electricity, Crane turns on a giant air pump. It fills the tank, compressing the air by 200 times.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then when electricity is needed, the air is released to drive an electric generator. The hard part has been dealing with all the heat this makes; Crane’s technology uses water to capture some of the heat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Any air compressor that you use, even a bicycle pump, creates heat,” says Crane. “A bicycle pump will feel warm after you’ve used it for a while.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The idea of storing energy by compressing air isn’t new, but other projects have stored the air in \u003ca href=\"http://caes.pnnl.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">large underground caverns\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By using tanks, LightSail’s technology would be more modular. It’s still in the early stages, with the company working on its first pilot projects. But Crane hopes it will have an edge over batteries, because it’s likely going to be cheaper and it lasts longer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you have a laptop or cell phone,” he says, “you know that after two to three years, you start to see significant deterioration.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Crane says interest has sky-rocketed for energy storage technology like his and other other non-battery approaches, such as \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/alltechconsidered/2016/04/05/470810118/solar-and-wind-energy-may-be-nice-but-how-can-we-store-it\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">ice, molten salt\u003c/a> or mechanical machines \u003ca href=\"http://amberkinetics.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">called flywheels\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Nobody had ever heard of energy storage when I got into this field six or seven years ago,” he says. “Now it’s something that the governor of California talks about. 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"content": "\u003cp>Friday was a landmark day for the SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket. It launched into space a resupply capsule bearing a new inflatable habitat for the International Space Station. Then the rocket’s “first stage” returned to Earth for a sea landing — without exploding.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though the SpaceX rocket had successfully \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2015/12/22/460649324/spacex-rocket-successfully-lands-after-launching-satellites\">landed on solid ground\u003c/a> before, the last attempt to land the rocket on a barge at sea ended in a \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/01/18/463461790/watch-spacex-rocket-explodes-trying-to-land-on-a-barge\">fiery crash\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket lifted off, carrying an inflatable space module that will be added to the station. NASA hopes this kind of expandable room in space could someday help astronauts get to Mars,” NPR’s Geoff Brumfiel reports for our Newscast Unit. “As the rocket’s second stage carried this cargo into orbit, the first stage did something unprecedented. It turned around, flew back to Earth and touched down vertically on a robotic barge floating off the coast of Florida.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As NPR’s Joe Palca \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/04/07/473089336/nasa-to-test-inflatable-room-for-astronauts-in-space\">reported\u003c/a> earlier this week, the idea for inflatable habitats in space dates back to the 1990s when “the space agency was trying to figure out how to get astronauts to Mars, without the crew going crazy living in a tiny capsule for months on end.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When it’s folded up, the expandable room is about 6 feet by 6 feet, Joe says, but when inflated, “it’s about 12 feet by 10 feet, approximately the size of a small RV.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new habitat could mean more comfortable living during a future trip to Mars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And the successful landing of the SpaceX rocket will mean much more affordable space travel, as SpaceX can reuse the expensive “first stage,” Geoff says. \u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=SpaceX+Rocket+Lands+Safely+On+A+Ship+At+Sea+For+the+First+Time&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Friday was a landmark day for the SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket. It launched into space a resupply capsule bearing a new inflatable habitat for the International Space Station. Then the rocket’s “first stage” returned to Earth for a sea landing — without exploding.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though the SpaceX rocket had successfully \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2015/12/22/460649324/spacex-rocket-successfully-lands-after-launching-satellites\">landed on solid ground\u003c/a> before, the last attempt to land the rocket on a barge at sea ended in a \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/01/18/463461790/watch-spacex-rocket-explodes-trying-to-land-on-a-barge\">fiery crash\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket lifted off, carrying an inflatable space module that will be added to the station. NASA hopes this kind of expandable room in space could someday help astronauts get to Mars,” NPR’s Geoff Brumfiel reports for our Newscast Unit. “As the rocket’s second stage carried this cargo into orbit, the first stage did something unprecedented. It turned around, flew back to Earth and touched down vertically on a robotic barge floating off the coast of Florida.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As NPR’s Joe Palca \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/04/07/473089336/nasa-to-test-inflatable-room-for-astronauts-in-space\">reported\u003c/a> earlier this week, the idea for inflatable habitats in space dates back to the 1990s when “the space agency was trying to figure out how to get astronauts to Mars, without the crew going crazy living in a tiny capsule for months on end.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When it’s folded up, the expandable room is about 6 feet by 6 feet, Joe says, but when inflated, “it’s about 12 feet by 10 feet, approximately the size of a small RV.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new habitat could mean more comfortable living during a future trip to Mars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And the successful landing of the SpaceX rocket will mean much more affordable space travel, as SpaceX can reuse the expensive “first stage,” Geoff says. \u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=SpaceX+Rocket+Lands+Safely+On+A+Ship+At+Sea+For+the+First+Time&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Back in November, El Niño \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/el-nino-peaks-but-impacts-to-come-19900\">reached a fever pitch\u003c/a>, vaulting into the ranks of the strongest events on record and wreaking havoc \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/monster-el-nino-transforms-worlds-weather-20138\">on weather patterns\u003c/a> around the world. Now it is beginning to wane as the ocean cools, so what comes next?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s possible that by next fall, the tropical Pacific Ocean could seesaw into a state that is roughly El Niño’s opposite, forecasters say. Called \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/warming-doubles-likelihood-extreme-la-ninas-18592\">La Niña\u003c/a>, this climate state comes with its own set of global impacts, including higher chances of a dry winter in \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/shift-may-bring-more-drought-california-20196\">drought-plagued California\u003c/a> and warm, wet weather in Southeast Asia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But El Niños and La Niñas are particularly difficult to predict at this time of year, so exactly what happens remains to be seen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Warm-Cool Cycle\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>El Niño and La Niña are part of a cycle that runs over the course of three to seven years. While El Niño features warmer-than-normal ocean waters in the central and eastern tropical Pacific — much warmer in the case of this exceptional El Niño — La Niña features colder-than-normal waters in the same region.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those changes in ocean temperatures are accompanied by changes in the atmosphere: During El Niño, convection and rains shift eastward and the normal east-to-west trade winds weaken or even reverse, while during La Niña, the normal dry state of the eastern Pacific intensifies along with the trade winds. Those atmospheric effects set off a domino effect around the world that can shift normal weather patterns.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This El Niño reached a peak in ocean temperatures in November and those waters have been cooling off ever since, following the normal progression. That decline means “it’s almost a certainty that [the tropical Pacific Ocean is] going to go back to neutral in about two months,” \u003ca href=\"http://iri.columbia.edu/contact/staff-directory/anthony-barnston/\">Anthony Barnston\u003c/a>, chief forecaster at Columbia University’s International Research Institute for Climate and Society, said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What’s still up in the air is whether it stays neutral or continues to cool until it reaches a La Niña state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_626778\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 620px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-626778\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/La_Nina_winter.jpg\" alt=\"How La Niña impacts global weather patterns.\" width=\"620\" height=\"370\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/La_Nina_winter.jpg 620w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/La_Nina_winter-400x239.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 620px) 100vw, 620px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">How La Niña impacts global weather patterns. \u003ccite>(NOAA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>El Niño’s Self-Sabotage\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>La Niña’s don’t always follow after El Niños, but seem more likely to do so after a strong El Niño, \u003ca href=\"https://www.climate.gov/news-features/blogs/enso/will-la-ni%C3%B1a-follow-el-ni%C3%B1o-what-past-tells-us\">based on the historical record\u003c/a>. That record is quite short, though, which makes it hard to draw firm conclusions from it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the underlying physics of the El Niño cycle offers some reason to think that strong El Niños do tend to lead to La Niñas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>El Niños generate large-scale waves in the ocean (these aren’t like the waves that break on the water’s surface). One set, called Kelvin waves, travel from west to east and cause warming, enhancing the El Niño.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The other, called Rossby waves, travel in the opposite direction until they reach Indonesia, where they bounce off the landmass and head back east. Eventually, the Rossby waves catch up to the El Niño and cause cooling, in something of an act of self-sabotage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The El Niño sort of kills itself,” Barnston said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The stronger the El Niño, the stronger the Rossby waves it generates. If those waves are strong enough, they can not only kill off the El Niño, but “overshoot” in the other direction, driving the system towards a La Niña state, Barnston said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Current Cooling\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Rossby waves usually disrupt the El Niño pattern about six months after it peaks, or, right about now. Indeed, forecasters have noted a cool down below the surface of the eastern tropical Pacific in recent weeks, though surface water temperatures are still firmly in El Niño territory. They will gradually follow the subsurface cool-off, though, likely reaching neutral territory by late spring.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If a La Niña is in the offing, those waters should be cooling further by mid-summer, though, like El Niño, it wouldn’t peak until late fall or early winter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Right now Barnston puts the odds at slightly better than 50 percent that a La Niña does develop.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What is very unlikely to happen is a return to El Niño conditions, which almost never occur in back-to-back years because of that self-sabotage mechanism. (It only tends to happen when there is an unusually late-developing El Niño that can then persist and peak again the following year.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>La Niña, on the other hand, can last for two to three years because the large-scale waves it generates aren’t as well-defined. “It’s not equal and opposite to what you get during El Niño,” Barnston said, so La Niña doesn’t tend to undercut itself the way El Niño does.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s far too early to tell how strong any La Niña that does develop might be, forecasters say.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s difficult to forecast strength of events. An added difficulty is that things change pretty quickly when an event is decaying — this is the time of year when the accuracy of forecasts is lower,” Catherine Ganter, a senior climatologist with Australia’s Bureau of Meteorology, said in an email.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Barnston said they should have a better idea of the potential strength by August, possibly a bit sooner if there is a very sharp cool down in Pacific Ocean temperatures.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Back in November, El Niño \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/el-nino-peaks-but-impacts-to-come-19900\">reached a fever pitch\u003c/a>, vaulting into the ranks of the strongest events on record and wreaking havoc \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/monster-el-nino-transforms-worlds-weather-20138\">on weather patterns\u003c/a> around the world. Now it is beginning to wane as the ocean cools, so what comes next?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s possible that by next fall, the tropical Pacific Ocean could seesaw into a state that is roughly El Niño’s opposite, forecasters say. Called \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/warming-doubles-likelihood-extreme-la-ninas-18592\">La Niña\u003c/a>, this climate state comes with its own set of global impacts, including higher chances of a dry winter in \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/shift-may-bring-more-drought-california-20196\">drought-plagued California\u003c/a> and warm, wet weather in Southeast Asia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But El Niños and La Niñas are particularly difficult to predict at this time of year, so exactly what happens remains to be seen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Warm-Cool Cycle\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>El Niño and La Niña are part of a cycle that runs over the course of three to seven years. While El Niño features warmer-than-normal ocean waters in the central and eastern tropical Pacific — much warmer in the case of this exceptional El Niño — La Niña features colder-than-normal waters in the same region.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those changes in ocean temperatures are accompanied by changes in the atmosphere: During El Niño, convection and rains shift eastward and the normal east-to-west trade winds weaken or even reverse, while during La Niña, the normal dry state of the eastern Pacific intensifies along with the trade winds. Those atmospheric effects set off a domino effect around the world that can shift normal weather patterns.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This El Niño reached a peak in ocean temperatures in November and those waters have been cooling off ever since, following the normal progression. That decline means “it’s almost a certainty that [the tropical Pacific Ocean is] going to go back to neutral in about two months,” \u003ca href=\"http://iri.columbia.edu/contact/staff-directory/anthony-barnston/\">Anthony Barnston\u003c/a>, chief forecaster at Columbia University’s International Research Institute for Climate and Society, said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What’s still up in the air is whether it stays neutral or continues to cool until it reaches a La Niña state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_626778\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 620px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-626778\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/La_Nina_winter.jpg\" alt=\"How La Niña impacts global weather patterns.\" width=\"620\" height=\"370\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/La_Nina_winter.jpg 620w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/La_Nina_winter-400x239.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 620px) 100vw, 620px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">How La Niña impacts global weather patterns. \u003ccite>(NOAA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>El Niño’s Self-Sabotage\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>La Niña’s don’t always follow after El Niños, but seem more likely to do so after a strong El Niño, \u003ca href=\"https://www.climate.gov/news-features/blogs/enso/will-la-ni%C3%B1a-follow-el-ni%C3%B1o-what-past-tells-us\">based on the historical record\u003c/a>. That record is quite short, though, which makes it hard to draw firm conclusions from it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the underlying physics of the El Niño cycle offers some reason to think that strong El Niños do tend to lead to La Niñas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>El Niños generate large-scale waves in the ocean (these aren’t like the waves that break on the water’s surface). One set, called Kelvin waves, travel from west to east and cause warming, enhancing the El Niño.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The other, called Rossby waves, travel in the opposite direction until they reach Indonesia, where they bounce off the landmass and head back east. Eventually, the Rossby waves catch up to the El Niño and cause cooling, in something of an act of self-sabotage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The El Niño sort of kills itself,” Barnston said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The stronger the El Niño, the stronger the Rossby waves it generates. If those waves are strong enough, they can not only kill off the El Niño, but “overshoot” in the other direction, driving the system towards a La Niña state, Barnston said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Current Cooling\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Rossby waves usually disrupt the El Niño pattern about six months after it peaks, or, right about now. Indeed, forecasters have noted a cool down below the surface of the eastern tropical Pacific in recent weeks, though surface water temperatures are still firmly in El Niño territory. They will gradually follow the subsurface cool-off, though, likely reaching neutral territory by late spring.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If a La Niña is in the offing, those waters should be cooling further by mid-summer, though, like El Niño, it wouldn’t peak until late fall or early winter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Right now Barnston puts the odds at slightly better than 50 percent that a La Niña does develop.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What is very unlikely to happen is a return to El Niño conditions, which almost never occur in back-to-back years because of that self-sabotage mechanism. (It only tends to happen when there is an unusually late-developing El Niño that can then persist and peak again the following year.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>La Niña, on the other hand, can last for two to three years because the large-scale waves it generates aren’t as well-defined. “It’s not equal and opposite to what you get during El Niño,” Barnston said, so La Niña doesn’t tend to undercut itself the way El Niño does.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s far too early to tell how strong any La Niña that does develop might be, forecasters say.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s difficult to forecast strength of events. 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"content": "\u003cp>A research team is now working to put a massive drill into the the Gulf of Mexico’s seafloor, with the goal of peeling back 65 million years of history. Their goal: to secure a nearly mile-deep core sample from the Chicxulub crater that’s commonly linked to the end of the dinosaur era.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s a lot of questions about mass extinction events, including all the extinction or kill mechanisms out there,” says one of the research team’s leaders, Sean Gulick of the University of Texas, Austin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If Gulick and his colleagues are successful, their work could bring insights into a range of topics, from prehistoric biology and planetary geology to Earth’s current era of climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The impact of a miles-wide asteroid and the end of the Cretaceous period were catastrophic to life on Earth, erasing more than 70 percent of the planet’s species, according to the most recent estimations. When it hit our planet, the impact must have looked something like an exclamation point, packing enough velocity and mass to make deep-seated rocks and other materials behave like water splashing in a pond after a stone is thrown into it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Using core samples, the scientists will explore Chicxulub’s well-preserved peak ring — the rough circle of hills that’s commonly seen rising above flat impact craters on Earth and other planets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In that section,” Gulick says, “the big excitement is, ‘How did life come back at ground zero?’ Was it the specialists that came back first, the generalists? Is there any clue to what organisms repopulated first, as opposed to what the environmental consequences were for the ocean?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To drill into the seafloor, a 137-foot craft called the Liftboat Myrtle is now using its tripod of 6-foot-wide legs to position itself over an offshore site that’s about 25 kilometers from Progreso, Mexico. Workers on the Myrtle are preparing to “spud in” — start drilling — in earnest, with the first usable samples arriving next week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_626286\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/yucatan-nasa.jpg\" alt=\"The Chicxulub crater from the impact that's widely believed to have caused the Cretaceous-Tertiary Extinction 65.5 million years ago is visible here in a shaded relief image of Mexico's Yucatan Peninsula. \" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" class=\"size-full wp-image-626286\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/yucatan-nasa.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/yucatan-nasa-400x225.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/yucatan-nasa-768x432.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Chicxulub crater from the impact that’s widely believed to have caused the Cretaceous-Tertiary Extinction 65.5 million years ago is visible here in a shaded relief image of Mexico’s Yucatan Peninsula.\u003cbr> \u003ccite>(SRTM Team NASA/JPL/NIMA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The project will run for around six weeks, involving an international team of researchers led by the University of Texas and Imperial College London. The team is backed by the \u003ca href=\"http://www.eso.ecord.org/expeditions/364/364.php\">European Consortium for Ocean Research Drilling\u003c/a>, part of the International Ocean Discovery Program.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The plan is to drill down 1,500 meters, or nearly 5,000 feet, through the seafloor. To be more efficient — an important aspect of a research project costing around $10 million — the team won’t collect a core for the first 500 meters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Opening a window that spans more than 10 million years of tumultuous changes on Earth, the project will begin by focusing on a more recent geologic period that shares some similarities with current conditions on Earth: the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum, the last time the planet had a sharp elevation in CO2 levels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Part of what they hope to figure out, Gulick says, is why the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum didn’t trigger much of a mass extinction event.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Most things just didn’t worry about the high CO2 time, and kind of made it through,” he says. “However, if you look today, at our current increasing CO2 values, already it’s looking like we have a pretty big extinction event in the making. Is that something to do with vulnerability? Is that something to do with the specific kill mechanisms? We should understand this better, given that we’re kind of in the middle of an experiment, ourselves.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The samples will be analyzed for the potential presence of “extremophiles” — exotic organisms that might have thrived in the heat and chemical fluids.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“To find those, we look for their DNA,” Gulick says. “So we want to grab these samples as quickly as they come to the surface and freeze them at minus-80 degrees Celsius” to preserve them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the time of the meteor strike, the area was covered by water. Today, about half of the resulting crater is on the northwest corner of the Yucatan, in an area about 100 miles west of Cancun. Millions of years after it was formed, the crater is still easily visible in a topographic image that NASA created back in 2000. Its diameter has been estimated at more than 110 miles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This thing would have effectively punched a hole through the atmosphere,” Gulick says of the asteroid that smacked into Earth. “It would’ve blown so much material vertically up into the vapor plume that some of it reaches escape velocity and completely encircles the Earth and rains back down again. Some it probably stays in the atmosphere. So there’s quite a range of effects.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It went everywhere on the entire planet,” Gulick adds, saying that today, “If you find the end of Cretaceous rocks, beginning of the Paleogene rocks, anywhere on the planet, you will find parts of the meteor and parts of the basement rocks from the Yucatan in that layer.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those basement rocks — granite and other materials — are also believed to be what helps form the peak ring. The impact would have brought them up to the surface from a depth of as much as 10 or 15 kilometers, Gulick says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another element of the Chicxulub strike, he adds, is that the impact hit “a really bad place,” in terms of the debris it generated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It hit a spot where it was full of limestone and evaporites, including things that were rich in sulfur,” Gulick says. “That was a particularly bad spot to have hit in terms of chemical effects. You know, putting a bunch of sulfate aerosols into the upper atmosphere is an incredibly effective way to block sunlight — in addition to the dust. And putting sulfate aerosols in the lower atmosphere makes acid rain. So, if we’d hit a different place, it might not have been as bad. It’s really hard to say.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the team drills into the peak ring, they expect to find everything from airfall materials to deposits from a tsunami triggered by the impact. They’ll explore what makes up the peak ring, which earlier seismic studies have shown to be fairly low-density.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By looking beneath Earth’s surface for signs of how a cataclysmic event reshaped life on our planet, the researchers are also hoping to learn more about how other planets have been shaped by projectile impacts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In addition to being interesting from an extinction element,” Gulick says, “it’s also interesting because it’s a well-preserved, very large crater that we can access without leaving the planet. It’s equivalent to studying the really big craters with peak rings, for instance, on the moon, on Mercury, on Mars — but obviously at a fraction of the cost.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To some people — particularly fans of speculative fiction — the idea of drilling into a crater that brought about the end of days for 70 percent of the Earth’s species might sound like a risky proposition, one that raises specters of deadly alien material. I asked Gulick what he says to those folks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I guess I immediately wonder what in the world they think we would find that is of concern,” he says. “Time is on our side here. This is 65-and-a-half million years ago. That’s a long time. You know, it’s not still hot, for instance.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Scientists+Set+To+Drill+Into+Extinction-Event+Crater+In+Mexico&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "After a meteor punched a huge crater into the Earth 65.5 million years ago, 70 percent of the planet's species went extinct. Today, pieces of that meteor are found all over the world.",
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"description": "After a meteor punched a huge crater into the Earth 65.5 million years ago, 70 percent of the planet's species went extinct. Today, pieces of that meteor are found all over the world.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>A research team is now working to put a massive drill into the the Gulf of Mexico’s seafloor, with the goal of peeling back 65 million years of history. Their goal: to secure a nearly mile-deep core sample from the Chicxulub crater that’s commonly linked to the end of the dinosaur era.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s a lot of questions about mass extinction events, including all the extinction or kill mechanisms out there,” says one of the research team’s leaders, Sean Gulick of the University of Texas, Austin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If Gulick and his colleagues are successful, their work could bring insights into a range of topics, from prehistoric biology and planetary geology to Earth’s current era of climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The impact of a miles-wide asteroid and the end of the Cretaceous period were catastrophic to life on Earth, erasing more than 70 percent of the planet’s species, according to the most recent estimations. When it hit our planet, the impact must have looked something like an exclamation point, packing enough velocity and mass to make deep-seated rocks and other materials behave like water splashing in a pond after a stone is thrown into it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Using core samples, the scientists will explore Chicxulub’s well-preserved peak ring — the rough circle of hills that’s commonly seen rising above flat impact craters on Earth and other planets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In that section,” Gulick says, “the big excitement is, ‘How did life come back at ground zero?’ Was it the specialists that came back first, the generalists? Is there any clue to what organisms repopulated first, as opposed to what the environmental consequences were for the ocean?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To drill into the seafloor, a 137-foot craft called the Liftboat Myrtle is now using its tripod of 6-foot-wide legs to position itself over an offshore site that’s about 25 kilometers from Progreso, Mexico. Workers on the Myrtle are preparing to “spud in” — start drilling — in earnest, with the first usable samples arriving next week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_626286\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/yucatan-nasa.jpg\" alt=\"The Chicxulub crater from the impact that's widely believed to have caused the Cretaceous-Tertiary Extinction 65.5 million years ago is visible here in a shaded relief image of Mexico's Yucatan Peninsula. \" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" class=\"size-full wp-image-626286\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/yucatan-nasa.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/yucatan-nasa-400x225.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/yucatan-nasa-768x432.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Chicxulub crater from the impact that’s widely believed to have caused the Cretaceous-Tertiary Extinction 65.5 million years ago is visible here in a shaded relief image of Mexico’s Yucatan Peninsula.\u003cbr> \u003ccite>(SRTM Team NASA/JPL/NIMA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The project will run for around six weeks, involving an international team of researchers led by the University of Texas and Imperial College London. The team is backed by the \u003ca href=\"http://www.eso.ecord.org/expeditions/364/364.php\">European Consortium for Ocean Research Drilling\u003c/a>, part of the International Ocean Discovery Program.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The plan is to drill down 1,500 meters, or nearly 5,000 feet, through the seafloor. To be more efficient — an important aspect of a research project costing around $10 million — the team won’t collect a core for the first 500 meters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Opening a window that spans more than 10 million years of tumultuous changes on Earth, the project will begin by focusing on a more recent geologic period that shares some similarities with current conditions on Earth: the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum, the last time the planet had a sharp elevation in CO2 levels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Part of what they hope to figure out, Gulick says, is why the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum didn’t trigger much of a mass extinction event.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Most things just didn’t worry about the high CO2 time, and kind of made it through,” he says. “However, if you look today, at our current increasing CO2 values, already it’s looking like we have a pretty big extinction event in the making. Is that something to do with vulnerability? Is that something to do with the specific kill mechanisms? We should understand this better, given that we’re kind of in the middle of an experiment, ourselves.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The samples will be analyzed for the potential presence of “extremophiles” — exotic organisms that might have thrived in the heat and chemical fluids.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“To find those, we look for their DNA,” Gulick says. “So we want to grab these samples as quickly as they come to the surface and freeze them at minus-80 degrees Celsius” to preserve them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the time of the meteor strike, the area was covered by water. Today, about half of the resulting crater is on the northwest corner of the Yucatan, in an area about 100 miles west of Cancun. Millions of years after it was formed, the crater is still easily visible in a topographic image that NASA created back in 2000. Its diameter has been estimated at more than 110 miles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This thing would have effectively punched a hole through the atmosphere,” Gulick says of the asteroid that smacked into Earth. “It would’ve blown so much material vertically up into the vapor plume that some of it reaches escape velocity and completely encircles the Earth and rains back down again. Some it probably stays in the atmosphere. So there’s quite a range of effects.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It went everywhere on the entire planet,” Gulick adds, saying that today, “If you find the end of Cretaceous rocks, beginning of the Paleogene rocks, anywhere on the planet, you will find parts of the meteor and parts of the basement rocks from the Yucatan in that layer.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those basement rocks — granite and other materials — are also believed to be what helps form the peak ring. The impact would have brought them up to the surface from a depth of as much as 10 or 15 kilometers, Gulick says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another element of the Chicxulub strike, he adds, is that the impact hit “a really bad place,” in terms of the debris it generated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It hit a spot where it was full of limestone and evaporites, including things that were rich in sulfur,” Gulick says. “That was a particularly bad spot to have hit in terms of chemical effects. You know, putting a bunch of sulfate aerosols into the upper atmosphere is an incredibly effective way to block sunlight — in addition to the dust. And putting sulfate aerosols in the lower atmosphere makes acid rain. So, if we’d hit a different place, it might not have been as bad. It’s really hard to say.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the team drills into the peak ring, they expect to find everything from airfall materials to deposits from a tsunami triggered by the impact. They’ll explore what makes up the peak ring, which earlier seismic studies have shown to be fairly low-density.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By looking beneath Earth’s surface for signs of how a cataclysmic event reshaped life on our planet, the researchers are also hoping to learn more about how other planets have been shaped by projectile impacts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In addition to being interesting from an extinction element,” Gulick says, “it’s also interesting because it’s a well-preserved, very large crater that we can access without leaving the planet. It’s equivalent to studying the really big craters with peak rings, for instance, on the moon, on Mercury, on Mars — but obviously at a fraction of the cost.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To some people — particularly fans of speculative fiction — the idea of drilling into a crater that brought about the end of days for 70 percent of the Earth’s species might sound like a risky proposition, one that raises specters of deadly alien material. I asked Gulick what he says to those folks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I guess I immediately wonder what in the world they think we would find that is of concern,” he says. “Time is on our side here. This is 65-and-a-half million years ago. That’s a long time. You know, it’s not still hot, for instance.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Scientists+Set+To+Drill+Into+Extinction-Event+Crater+In+Mexico&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "NASA to Test Inflatable Room for Astronauts in Space",
"headTitle": "NASA to Test Inflatable Room for Astronauts in Space | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>A new era for living in space may be about to start.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A prototype habitat is headed to the \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/main/index.html\">International Space Station\u003c/a> for a two-year trial. What makes the module unique is it’s launched folded up, and it’s inflated to its full size once in orbit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The idea for inflatables began at NASA’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/home/index.html\">Johnson Space Center\u003c/a> in the 1990s. The space agency was trying to figure out how to get astronauts to Mars, without the crew going crazy living in a tiny capsule for months on end.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kriss Kennedy was a NASA engineer working on the problem. It essentially boiled down to this: How do you pack a large living structure into a small rocket cargo space? The solution: inflatables.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Well, there are several advantages for inflatable habitats; one is you can package it in a smaller volume,” says Kennedy, and then expand it once you get into space.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The inflatable is not like a balloon. Folded up, it just looks like a cylinder. Expanded, it grows upward and outward so it looks more like a watermelon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-624796\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/Bigelow-Aerospace_superlarge.gif\" alt=\"Bigelow-Aerospace_superlarge\" width=\"954\" height=\"500\">\u003cbr>\nIt’s made of multiple layers of Kevlar and other materials resistant to micrometeorites. And even though it’s inflated, Kennedy says you shouldn’t think of it as squishy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s very rigid,” he says. “Once you get even a partial pressure it’s extremely hard, as hard as aluminum.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But as enthusiastic as some at NASA were for this new approach to building space habitats, Congress wasn’t sufficiently impressed, and in 2000 legislators \u003ca href=\"http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/F?c106:1:./temp/~c106PROjVo:e30153:\">told\u003c/a> NASA to kill the program.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Enter billionaire \u003ca href=\"http://www.forbes.com/forbes/2011/0627/features-robert-bigelow-aerospace-real-estate-cosmic-landlord.html\">Robert Bigelow\u003c/a>, a man who made his fortune in budget hotels. He saw a future for inflatable space habitats, maybe even space hotels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He got the rights to NASA’s inflatable technology and created \u003ca href=\"http://bigelowaerospace.com/\">Bigelow Aerospace\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After more than a decade of development, the company has produced BEAM, \u003ca href=\"http://bigelowaerospace.com/beam/\">Bigelow Expandable Activity Module\u003c/a>, and NASA has agreed to attach it to the International Space Station and see how it performs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Folded up, BEAM is about 6 feet by 6 feet. Inflated, it’s about 12 feet by 10 feet, approximately the size of a small RV.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_624798\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-624798\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/bigelow_NASA.jpg\" alt=\"NASA wanted extra room that could be transported to space in compact form and expanded upon arrival. \" width=\"400\" height=\"600\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">NASA wanted extra room that could be transported to space in compact form and expanded upon arrival. \u003ccite>(Bigelow Aerospace)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/directorates/heo/aes/jason-crusan\">Jason Crusan\u003c/a> is in charge of BEAM for NASA. He says when it arrives at the station, astronauts will remove it from the cargo rocket with the station’s robotic arm and plug into a node on the station.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once it’s securely attached, the astronauts will start to inflate it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It could be done as fast as four minutes,” says Crusan. “We’re not going to do it that fast. We’ll do it over the course of several hours.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s not that expanding it too fast might make it pop. BEAM’s layered design won’t let that happen. He says you could poke a big hole in an outer layer “and it will leak, obviously. but it’s not going to puncture like a balloon.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While it’s attached to the space station, the plan is for the crew to go inside the habitat from time to time to see how it’s performing. Crusan says there are no plans at the moment for the crew to have a sleepover.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>BEAM will be attached to the space station for two years. After that it will be detached and allowed to burn up in Earth’s atmosphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Crusan says NASA now sees a future for inflatables, and it’s the same future as in the 1990s: getting humans to Mars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We do want to look at the use of expandables in what we call our Mars transit architecture,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What goes around comes around.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=NASA+To+Test+Inflatable+Room+For+Astronauts+In+Space&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\" alt=\"\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "On Friday, a supply rocket is scheduled to send an inflatable module to the International Space Station. The expandable technology is being developed by a private firm.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>A new era for living in space may be about to start.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A prototype habitat is headed to the \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/main/index.html\">International Space Station\u003c/a> for a two-year trial. What makes the module unique is it’s launched folded up, and it’s inflated to its full size once in orbit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The idea for inflatables began at NASA’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/home/index.html\">Johnson Space Center\u003c/a> in the 1990s. The space agency was trying to figure out how to get astronauts to Mars, without the crew going crazy living in a tiny capsule for months on end.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kriss Kennedy was a NASA engineer working on the problem. It essentially boiled down to this: How do you pack a large living structure into a small rocket cargo space? The solution: inflatables.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Well, there are several advantages for inflatable habitats; one is you can package it in a smaller volume,” says Kennedy, and then expand it once you get into space.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The inflatable is not like a balloon. Folded up, it just looks like a cylinder. Expanded, it grows upward and outward so it looks more like a watermelon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-624796\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/Bigelow-Aerospace_superlarge.gif\" alt=\"Bigelow-Aerospace_superlarge\" width=\"954\" height=\"500\">\u003cbr>\nIt’s made of multiple layers of Kevlar and other materials resistant to micrometeorites. And even though it’s inflated, Kennedy says you shouldn’t think of it as squishy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s very rigid,” he says. “Once you get even a partial pressure it’s extremely hard, as hard as aluminum.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But as enthusiastic as some at NASA were for this new approach to building space habitats, Congress wasn’t sufficiently impressed, and in 2000 legislators \u003ca href=\"http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/F?c106:1:./temp/~c106PROjVo:e30153:\">told\u003c/a> NASA to kill the program.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Enter billionaire \u003ca href=\"http://www.forbes.com/forbes/2011/0627/features-robert-bigelow-aerospace-real-estate-cosmic-landlord.html\">Robert Bigelow\u003c/a>, a man who made his fortune in budget hotels. He saw a future for inflatable space habitats, maybe even space hotels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He got the rights to NASA’s inflatable technology and created \u003ca href=\"http://bigelowaerospace.com/\">Bigelow Aerospace\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After more than a decade of development, the company has produced BEAM, \u003ca href=\"http://bigelowaerospace.com/beam/\">Bigelow Expandable Activity Module\u003c/a>, and NASA has agreed to attach it to the International Space Station and see how it performs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Folded up, BEAM is about 6 feet by 6 feet. Inflated, it’s about 12 feet by 10 feet, approximately the size of a small RV.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_624798\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-624798\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/bigelow_NASA.jpg\" alt=\"NASA wanted extra room that could be transported to space in compact form and expanded upon arrival. \" width=\"400\" height=\"600\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">NASA wanted extra room that could be transported to space in compact form and expanded upon arrival. \u003ccite>(Bigelow Aerospace)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/directorates/heo/aes/jason-crusan\">Jason Crusan\u003c/a> is in charge of BEAM for NASA. He says when it arrives at the station, astronauts will remove it from the cargo rocket with the station’s robotic arm and plug into a node on the station.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once it’s securely attached, the astronauts will start to inflate it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It could be done as fast as four minutes,” says Crusan. “We’re not going to do it that fast. We’ll do it over the course of several hours.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s not that expanding it too fast might make it pop. BEAM’s layered design won’t let that happen. He says you could poke a big hole in an outer layer “and it will leak, obviously. but it’s not going to puncture like a balloon.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While it’s attached to the space station, the plan is for the crew to go inside the habitat from time to time to see how it’s performing. Crusan says there are no plans at the moment for the crew to have a sleepover.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>BEAM will be attached to the space station for two years. After that it will be detached and allowed to burn up in Earth’s atmosphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Crusan says NASA now sees a future for inflatables, and it’s the same future as in the 1990s: getting humans to Mars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We do want to look at the use of expandables in what we call our Mars transit architecture,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What goes around comes around.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=NASA+To+Test+Inflatable+Room+For+Astronauts+In+Space&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\" alt=\"\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Tiny Forage Fish at Bottom of Marine Food Web Get New Protections",
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"content": "\u003cp>Sardines, herring and other small fish species are the foundation of the marine food web—they’re essential food for birds, marine mammals and other fish. But globally, demand for these so-called forage species has exploded, with many going to feed the livestock and fish farming industries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”hubLZghGaTkFNKjQ0Snw7bd68OuLcPrN”]Some of these species are already heavily fished, and it will take time for them to recover. But other forage species have not yet been commercially targeted. And this week, the U.S. government passed measures—backed by environmentalists as well as fishermen—to protect these critical fish and invertebrate species in waters off the U.S. West Coast before they’re overfished.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A \u003ca href=\"https://www.federalregister.gov/articles/2016/04/04/2016-07516/fisheries-off-west-coast-states-comprehensive-ecosystem-based-amendment-1-amendments-to-the-fishery\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">rule\u003c/a> passed Monday by the National Marine Fisheries Service makes it illegal for commercial fishermen to develop new fisheries for hundreds of forage species unless scientists have first determined that targeting them will have no negative impacts on the marine ecosystem, existing fisheries and fishing communities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Forage species include such creatures as lanternfishes, Pacific saury, silversides, eulachon, surf smelt and neon flying squid. Some of these species have hardly been fished at all. They may live in deep water far from shore and are relatively absent from public awareness.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Just because people haven’t heard of a lot of these species yet, it’s really only a matter of time and economics before it becomes viable to put out huge nets that catch the entire base of our food web,” Geoff Shester, California Campaign Director with the group Oceana, says in an interview.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other forage fish species are already in trouble. Pacific sardines are at their lowest numbers in decades. Pacific herring have also declined. In the waters off Peru, the anchoveta has been heavily fished.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shester says demand for forage species, which are potentially easy targets due to their tendency to gather in dense schools, is growing as aquaculture and livestock industries expand. A study published last year in \u003cem>Reviews in Fisheries Science & Aquaculture\u003c/em>reported that aquaculture production doubled from 2000 to 2012, when about 55 million tons of fish and crustaceans were reared on farms. These animals rely heavily on fishmeal and oil, and in 2012, about 18 million tons of wild-caught seafood was rendered into these products, according to the report.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The demand for fish oil and fishmeal is going through the roof,” Shester says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new rule comes on the heels of two similar initiatives, both passed in 2009. One prohibits targeted commercial fishing for West Coast krill, an important marine food source for which fishing interest has rapidly grown in other parts of the ocean. Another law limits commercial fishing in parts of the Arctic Ocean as global warming melts sea ice and makes the region accessible to vessels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_624030\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-624030\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/sardines.jpg\" alt=\"Some forage fish species are already in trouble. Pacific sardines are at their lowest numbers in decades. \" width=\"800\" height=\"493\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/sardines.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/sardines-400x247.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/sardines-768x473.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Some forage fish species are already in trouble. Pacific sardines are at their lowest numbers in decades. \u003ccite>(Gabriel Bouys/AFP/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Yvonne deReynier, senior resource management specialist with the National Marine Fisheries Service, says lanternfishes are one of the most ecologically important groups of fishes that will benefit from the new protections. Lanternfishes, also called myctophids, may be the most abundant vertebrate group on the planet in terms of biomass, or weight. According to a \u003ca href=\"http://usa.oceana.org/blog/myctophids-small-fish-and-colossal-action-protect-them\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">report by Oceana\u003c/a>, the 246 species of myctophids in the ocean represent about two-thirds of the biomass, or weight, of all deep sea fishes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But large natural abundance of lanternfishes and other forage species doesn’t necessarily buffer them against overfishing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We don’t know what the effects of fishing on these species could be in 50 years, but we aren’t taking any chances,” says Anna Weinstein, marine program director for Audubon California, one of the groups that supported the restrictions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She says saury and neon flying squid have already become subjects of commercial fishing interest in other nations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So this action couldn’t have come at a better time,” Weinstein says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The forage fish protections affect the band of water between 3 and 200 miles from shore off the coast of California, Oregon and Washington – an area covering about 280,000 square miles. Weinstein says the rule will have a wide array of trickledown benefits for fishermen, marine mammals and seabirds. A great deal of conservation effort and money, she says, has already been focused on protecting islands where birds like albatrosses, puffins and shearwaters breed. Now, she says, their key food sources are protected, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists around the world have endorsed the idea of protecting important forage species before they become exploited. A 2012 report from a group of 13 scientists called the Lenfest Forage Fish Task Force called for paying closer attention to the vulnerabilities of forage fishes and how overfishing these species can negatively impact many larger species that prey on them. According to the report, titled \u003cem>Little Fish, Big Impact\u003c/em>, overfishing has contributed to the declines of the Peruvian anchoveta, Chesapeake Bay menhaden and other ecologically critical species. The authors call for setting lower catch limits for important forage species while boosting the minimum biomass that must be left in the water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Oceana’s Shester says the new policy is long overdue and that many overfishing crises, including the current collapse of the Pacific sardine, could have been avoided if fishery regulators had taken a more precautionary approach to management years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“With Pacific sardines, the fishery’s managers waited until numbers were at 10 percent,” Shester says. “We saw warning signs that the fishery was collapsing five years ago, but only when it had collapsed did we do anything.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Protecting forage species now, he says, doesn’t put them off limits forever.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It just means that we need to take a step back before we proceed and start catching them,” Shester says. “It puts the burden of proof on the fishermen to show beforehand that they aren’t going to harm the ecosystem if they catch these species, and only then can they put nets in the water.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Sardines, herring and other small fish species are the foundation of the marine food web—they’re essential food for birds, marine mammals and other fish. But globally, demand for these so-called forage species has exploded, with many going to feed the livestock and fish farming industries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>Some of these species are already heavily fished, and it will take time for them to recover. But other forage species have not yet been commercially targeted. And this week, the U.S. government passed measures—backed by environmentalists as well as fishermen—to protect these critical fish and invertebrate species in waters off the U.S. West Coast before they’re overfished.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A \u003ca href=\"https://www.federalregister.gov/articles/2016/04/04/2016-07516/fisheries-off-west-coast-states-comprehensive-ecosystem-based-amendment-1-amendments-to-the-fishery\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">rule\u003c/a> passed Monday by the National Marine Fisheries Service makes it illegal for commercial fishermen to develop new fisheries for hundreds of forage species unless scientists have first determined that targeting them will have no negative impacts on the marine ecosystem, existing fisheries and fishing communities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Forage species include such creatures as lanternfishes, Pacific saury, silversides, eulachon, surf smelt and neon flying squid. Some of these species have hardly been fished at all. They may live in deep water far from shore and are relatively absent from public awareness.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Just because people haven’t heard of a lot of these species yet, it’s really only a matter of time and economics before it becomes viable to put out huge nets that catch the entire base of our food web,” Geoff Shester, California Campaign Director with the group Oceana, says in an interview.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other forage fish species are already in trouble. Pacific sardines are at their lowest numbers in decades. Pacific herring have also declined. In the waters off Peru, the anchoveta has been heavily fished.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shester says demand for forage species, which are potentially easy targets due to their tendency to gather in dense schools, is growing as aquaculture and livestock industries expand. A study published last year in \u003cem>Reviews in Fisheries Science & Aquaculture\u003c/em>reported that aquaculture production doubled from 2000 to 2012, when about 55 million tons of fish and crustaceans were reared on farms. These animals rely heavily on fishmeal and oil, and in 2012, about 18 million tons of wild-caught seafood was rendered into these products, according to the report.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The demand for fish oil and fishmeal is going through the roof,” Shester says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new rule comes on the heels of two similar initiatives, both passed in 2009. One prohibits targeted commercial fishing for West Coast krill, an important marine food source for which fishing interest has rapidly grown in other parts of the ocean. Another law limits commercial fishing in parts of the Arctic Ocean as global warming melts sea ice and makes the region accessible to vessels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_624030\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-624030\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/sardines.jpg\" alt=\"Some forage fish species are already in trouble. Pacific sardines are at their lowest numbers in decades. \" width=\"800\" height=\"493\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/sardines.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/sardines-400x247.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/sardines-768x473.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Some forage fish species are already in trouble. Pacific sardines are at their lowest numbers in decades. \u003ccite>(Gabriel Bouys/AFP/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Yvonne deReynier, senior resource management specialist with the National Marine Fisheries Service, says lanternfishes are one of the most ecologically important groups of fishes that will benefit from the new protections. Lanternfishes, also called myctophids, may be the most abundant vertebrate group on the planet in terms of biomass, or weight. According to a \u003ca href=\"http://usa.oceana.org/blog/myctophids-small-fish-and-colossal-action-protect-them\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">report by Oceana\u003c/a>, the 246 species of myctophids in the ocean represent about two-thirds of the biomass, or weight, of all deep sea fishes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But large natural abundance of lanternfishes and other forage species doesn’t necessarily buffer them against overfishing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We don’t know what the effects of fishing on these species could be in 50 years, but we aren’t taking any chances,” says Anna Weinstein, marine program director for Audubon California, one of the groups that supported the restrictions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She says saury and neon flying squid have already become subjects of commercial fishing interest in other nations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So this action couldn’t have come at a better time,” Weinstein says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The forage fish protections affect the band of water between 3 and 200 miles from shore off the coast of California, Oregon and Washington – an area covering about 280,000 square miles. Weinstein says the rule will have a wide array of trickledown benefits for fishermen, marine mammals and seabirds. A great deal of conservation effort and money, she says, has already been focused on protecting islands where birds like albatrosses, puffins and shearwaters breed. Now, she says, their key food sources are protected, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists around the world have endorsed the idea of protecting important forage species before they become exploited. A 2012 report from a group of 13 scientists called the Lenfest Forage Fish Task Force called for paying closer attention to the vulnerabilities of forage fishes and how overfishing these species can negatively impact many larger species that prey on them. According to the report, titled \u003cem>Little Fish, Big Impact\u003c/em>, overfishing has contributed to the declines of the Peruvian anchoveta, Chesapeake Bay menhaden and other ecologically critical species. The authors call for setting lower catch limits for important forage species while boosting the minimum biomass that must be left in the water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Oceana’s Shester says the new policy is long overdue and that many overfishing crises, including the current collapse of the Pacific sardine, could have been avoided if fishery regulators had taken a more precautionary approach to management years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“With Pacific sardines, the fishery’s managers waited until numbers were at 10 percent,” Shester says. “We saw warning signs that the fishery was collapsing five years ago, but only when it had collapsed did we do anything.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Protecting forage species now, he says, doesn’t put them off limits forever.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It just means that we need to take a step back before we proceed and start catching them,” Shester says. “It puts the burden of proof on the fishermen to show beforehand that they aren’t going to harm the ecosystem if they catch these species, and only then can they put nets in the water.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>The Governors of California and Oregon joined Interior Secretary Sally Jewell today at the mouth of the Klamath River in Northern California to sign agreements that are expected to lead to the removal of four hydroelectric dams and the restoration of salmon and steelhead runs over 300 miles of river habitat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>OPB reporter Jes Burns \u003ca href=\"http://www.opb.org/news/article/historic-klamath-dam-removal-gets-a-second-chance/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">wrote about the deal\u003c/a>:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>Supporters of a resolution to one of the West’s most protracted water wars made their way to a remote location on Northern California coast to witness the signing of two major agreements Wednesday that could make history.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new deals move the region a big step closer to the removal of four dams on the Klamath River, which runs through Southern Oregon and Northern California. It also ensures that farmers will not be financially responsible for restoration of salmon runs once the dams are gone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>…\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California’s Gov. Brown expressed optimism that the agreements signed Wednesday would have a lasting impact.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The end goal here is the river, the fish and the sustainability. Not for the next election cycle but for eons and thousands of years. That’s the significance here,” he said. “We’re starting to get it right after so many years of getting it wrong. What a beautiful day.”\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The Governors of California and Oregon joined Interior Secretary Sally Jewell today at the mouth of the Klamath River in Northern California to sign agreements that are expected to lead to the removal of four hydroelectric dams and the restoration of salmon and steelhead runs over 300 miles of river habitat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>OPB reporter Jes Burns \u003ca href=\"http://www.opb.org/news/article/historic-klamath-dam-removal-gets-a-second-chance/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">wrote about the deal\u003c/a>:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>Supporters of a resolution to one of the West’s most protracted water wars made their way to a remote location on Northern California coast to witness the signing of two major agreements Wednesday that could make history.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new deals move the region a big step closer to the removal of four dams on the Klamath River, which runs through Southern Oregon and Northern California. It also ensures that farmers will not be financially responsible for restoration of salmon runs once the dams are gone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>…\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California’s Gov. Brown expressed optimism that the agreements signed Wednesday would have a lasting impact.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The end goal here is the river, the fish and the sustainability. Not for the next election cycle but for eons and thousands of years. That’s the significance here,” he said. “We’re starting to get it right after so many years of getting it wrong. What a beautiful day.”\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "Wastewater Becomes a Resource in Silicon Valley",
"headTitle": "Wastewater Becomes a Resource in Silicon Valley | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Despite a much wetter winter than the last several, California is still mired in drought, according to scientists and policymakers. But if you ask architect Bill Worthen of \u003ca href=\"http://urbanfabrick.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"external noopener\">Urban Fabrick\u003c/a>, there is plenty of water in the state of California. “It’s just not where we want it, when we want it, in the form we want it,” he said. “To me, as an architect, that’s a classic design problem and that’s also a huge opportunity to think about how we can reuse and rethink water in the state.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”8q39TbELLYztF2vbp510TvKVa6Tjgyix”]Worthen recently spoke at a gathering of building and design professionals interested in water reuse in Silicon Valley. “Our opportunity here is to think about how we can stop the insanity of using water once as it comes out of our tap.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The concept of reusing water in Silicon Valley is not new. There are more than 150 miles (240km) of purple pipes – the designated color for pipes carrying recycled water. Some cities have incentives to encourage water reuse in homes and an “advanced water purification center” in San Jose is able to treat wastewater to drinking water standards – yet the region still has an incredible amount of untapped potential.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For starters, most residents are still flushing their toilets with pristine water. “Future generations are going to look at us like we’re insane that we used drinking water to flush poop,” said Gil Friend, chief sustainability officer for the City of Palo Alto. “Who could possibly have thought of something so stupid? But here we are.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California’s drought, now in its fifth year, has highlighted the need to conserve water and increase efficiency. And slowly gaining more attention is the idea to match water quality to water need. More than half the \u003ca href=\"http://www.waterdeeply.org/articles/2016/02/9693/reliable-silicon-valley-water-sources/\" rel=\"external\">water supply\u003c/a> for Silicon Valley is imported, originating in the Sierra Nevada mountains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Does it all need to be the cleanest, safest drinking supply known to mankind or can some of it actually not be that clean?” asks Josiah Cain, a landscape architect at \u003ca href=\"http://www.sherwoodengineers.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"external noopener\">Sherwood Design Engineers\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Opportunity\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The answer is actually that we don’t always need pristine drinking water to meet a lot of our water supply requirements. We certainly don’t need it to flush our toilets. For a typical office building, 95 percent of the water used could come from nonpotable sources, says Worthen. This means that almost all the water used in an office building goes to irrigation, heating and cooling systems, and to flushing toilets and urinals. In a multiunit residential building, the number is 50 percent – much lower, but still significant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Arid California will undoubtedly face future droughts and climate change modeling indicates that these may be longer and more severe, and that the timing and amount of crucial snowpack will change, affecting the availability of water when it’s needed most in hot summer months. All of which means that finding new ways to augment water supply is becoming a priority that extends beyond the current water crunch.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a 2014 \u003ca href=\"http://pacinst.org/publication/ca-water-supply-solutions/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"external noopener\">report\u003c/a>, the Pacific Institute, a global water think tank, found that California had significant potential to increase water reuse and capture stormwater. “Traditional supply options are tapped out,” the report found, adding that groundwater is overdrafted in many places and there are few options for creating new surface storage reservoirs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Reuse creates a water supply that is both reliable and local. “It can also provide economic and environmental benefits by reducing energy use, diversions from rivers and streams, and pollution from wastewater discharges,” the report found.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_620613\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1834px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-620613\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/pipelines.jpg\" alt=\"Purple lines indicate the pipelines of the recycled water systems stretching through multiple cities in Santa Clara County. \" width=\"1834\" height=\"1464\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/pipelines.jpg 1834w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/pipelines-400x319.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/pipelines-800x639.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/pipelines-768x613.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/pipelines-1440x1149.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/pipelines-1180x942.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/pipelines-960x766.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1834px) 100vw, 1834px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Purple lines indicate the pipelines of the recycled water systems stretching through multiple cities in Santa Clara County. \u003ccite>(Sustainable Silicon Valley and Saskia Fagan)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Beyond what’s already being done there is another 1.2 million to 1.8 million acre-feet (1.4 to 2.2 billion cubic meters) per year potential to expand water reuse in the state, especially in coastal areas, the Pacific Institute reported. And in the San Francisco Bay Area and Southern California cities, capturing stormwater could reduce flooding and boost water supplies by 420,000 to 630,000 acre-feet or more annually. For comparison, an average California home uses 0.5–1 acre-foot a year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And there are other reasons, too. Researchers from UCLA found that there are \u003ca href=\"http://ph.ucla.edu/news/press-release/2016/mar/expanding-use-recycled-water-would-benefit-environment-and-human-health\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"external noopener\">health benefits\u003c/a>from using recycled water because it supports the maintenance of green spaces, can decrease air pollution and can lower greenhouse gas emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Reuse in Action\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Silicon Valley has gotten a jump on water reuse, but still has a long way to go before it’s widespread at either the home, business or municipal level.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Alan Hackler, founder of \u003ca href=\"http://www.baymaples.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"external noopener\">Bay Maples\u003c/a> landscaping company, got a good sense in the last year of how popular water reuse is becoming. Hackler’s team installed 16 graywater systems and five rainwater catchment systems in homes in 2015 and held numerous workshops to teach the principles to others.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The easiest and most popular way to reuse water at home is for “laundry-to-landscape” systems, for which there is now a state code. These involve piping washing machine water to gardens for irrigation. Hackler also does graywater projects that use bathroom sink and shower water for irrigation, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some cities, like Palo Alto, are helping to spur more water reuse in the home. Palo Alto’s building code requires new construction or large renovation projects to make homes laundry-to-landscape ready.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When it comes to water reuse at the home level, “There is a lot of interest in it, but the number of people who’ve actually done it is still fairly small,” said Phil Bobel, the deputy director of Public Works for Palo Alto. “It requires time, energy, you have to get a building permit and deal with our building department and all of that stuff. There are a lot things that slow you down.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hackler has also found that the process isn’t always consistent from city to city – or the costs. A building department permit in one city may be $600 and in another it’s only $200.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not surprisingly, the biggest impact from recycled water currently comes from water reuse at the municipal level. And the biggest player in this is the \u003ca href=\"https://www.sanjoseca.gov/index.aspx?NID=1587\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"external noopener\">South Bay Water Recycling\u003c/a> program in San Jose, which provides nonpotable water via 143 miles (230km) of “purple pipes” to the City of Santa Clara, the City of Milpitas and two water retailers – San Jose Water Company and San Jose Municipal Water System.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Each day about 10 million gallons (40,000 cubic meters) of recycled water are piped from this system to 800 irrigation and industrial customers including Levi’s Stadium, Great America, McCarthy Ranch Shopping Center, Guadalupe Gardens, Intel and San Jose City Hall. The water is used in cooling towers and power plants, for toilet flushing in dual-plumbed buildings and for irrigating golf courses, street medians, college campuses, parks and other landscaping.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some of the water in the system is currently mixed with highly treated recycled water from the\u003ca href=\"http://purewater4u.org/advanced-water-treatment-facility\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"external noopener\">Silicon Valley Advanced Water Purification Center\u003c/a>. It treats wastewater to drinking water standards, but the water so far is only permitted to be used for nonpotable purposes, although in the future it may be used to replenish groundwater.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Besides San Jose’s treatment plant, there are three others – in Gilroy/Morgan Hill, Sunnyvale and Palo Alto – that produce recycled water for purple pipe systems. Palo Alto’s biggest customer is next door in Mountain View’s north of Bayshore neighborhood, home to Google and other businesses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>San Mateo County has some municipal water recycling, although not as much as Santa Clara County. Daly City’s North San Mateo County Sanitation District has been providing 1 million gallons (4,000 cubic meters) of recycled water per day to irrigate areas of Daly City as well as irrigating Harding Park and Fleming Park golf courses in San Francisco. And nearby, the Pacifica Recycled Water Project irrigates the Sharp Park Golf Course and other areas in Pacifica.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Across Silicon Valley, interest in recycled water is high, says Bobel. “The drought has really increased everybody’s interest, that’s for sure,” he said. Palo Alto hopes to expand its recycled water pipeline, as does San Jose. And Bobel believes that in the future all the south county recycled water systems in Santa Clara may be connected.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A lot of people are recognizing while this current ‘drought’ may end, we may be in for a long-term low-rainfall kind of situation and we shouldn’t count on the high rainfall years of the past,” he said. “We should start to plan \u003ca href=\"http://www.waterdeeply.org/articles/2016/03/9865/silicon-valley-seeks-local-water-sources/\" rel=\"external\">alternative water supplies\u003c/a>.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Navigating the Speed Bumps\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ten years ago, Bobel says, expanding water recycling systems might have been impeded by lack of public acceptance. But now the public is onboard and the biggest hurdle is the cost to build the pipelines, he says. The same holds true for constructing buildings with dual plumbing to reuse graywater – it’s mostly an issue of economics, although regulatory challenges do exist, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The giant public sector capital investment that’s necessary to do something like this, we don’t seem to have available,” said Cain. “So we do the district approach.” In between small-scale home systems and large municipal pipeline systems is another area of opportunity – creating onsite graywater or blackwater reuse systems in buildings. A few of these decentralized systems can also be linked together in small districts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the Bay Area, San Francisco has been a driver of this technology. Last year it became the\u003ca href=\"http://www.huffingtonpost.com/tara-lohan/san-franciscos-innovative-step-to-save-water_b_8236072.html?utm_hp_ref=green&ir=Green\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"external noopener\">first city\u003c/a> in the country to require new developments over 250,000 square feet (23,000 square meters) to use onsite water reuse systems for any water needs that are nonpotable. The ordinance also requires buildings of 40,000 square feet or more to do an assessment of the reuse potential.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new requirement was driven by interest in a program developed by the San Francisco Public Utilities Commission, which spent several years working to align health, public works and water departments on the vision.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it hasn’t been easily transferrable to other places in California yet, although the interest is great.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Marianna Grossman, a founder and managing partner at \u003ca href=\"http://www.minervaventures.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"external noopener\">Minerva Ventures\u003c/a>, wanted to help bring those regulations to Santa Clara and San Mateo counties. “It should be easy because it is so clear that we need to not flush drinking water down the toilet,” said Grossman.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But instead she found a lot of barriers to implementation. In San Francisco, there is only one city and county. “In San Mateo, I think there are 22 separate cities and towns,” said Grossman. “In Santa Clara there are 16, plus each county has unincorporated areas that they run.” And there are also the various health, planning and public works departments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In working to help four technology companies in Mountain View to establish onsite reuse systems, she said they encountered more problems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Mountain View’s city council thinks they’ve said they want to do water reuse, but in fact the way the regulations get enforced, it makes it very hard to do,” she said. “There is a lack of alignment in the city government from the policymakers to the different departments.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sebastien Tilmans, director of operations at the \u003ca href=\"https://cee.stanford.edu/labs-centers/codiga-resource-recovery-center-cr2c\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"external noopener\">Codiga Resource Recovery Center\u003c/a> at Stanford University, said he’s also had conversations with several different technology companies in Silicon Valley that are interested in onsite water reuse systems. “They want to increase their resilience and to be good corporate citizens,” he said. “But the real obstacle to getting the systems installed today is regulatory – it’s building inspections, codes, things like that – and of course education of not just the public, but making sure regulators and building inspectors are on board with water reuse and trust it to be safe.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Grossman believes there should be better statewide regulations for water reuse protocols. “To try and go city by city to set zoning rules around water reuse I don’t think is efficient or sensible,” said Grossman. “It is a nightmare for developers and builders if every single one has a different plan and approach and process.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Currently the State Water Resources Control Board’s Division of Drinking Water has been tasked with investigating the feasibility of developing uniform water recycling criteria for direct potable reuse, which is when water is recycled and directly piped to customers for drinking water. But these potential new regulations would not cover nonpotable water reuse projects, such as decentralized graywater systems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Grossman believes standard regulations will help drive more businesses to seize the economic advantages of water reuse. “Rules and policies build market possibilities,” she said. “Once you have the rules, you create a huge market that drives down the cost of a water reuse system and increases the knowledge of plumbers, engineers and architects on how to do those systems.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Friend cautions that it’s not just a matter of regulations, it’s also a matter implementing these systems on a meaningful scale. “In San Francisco, we’ve got terrific examples of iconic buildings [doing water reuse] that are valuable because they show what’s possible, that it works, it’s economical, it’s safe,” he said. “But to go from there to shifting hundreds of thousands of households in a region is a steeply challenging issue we need to think through. We can’t get there by random. The regulation may be the easy part, as hard as that is.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cspan class=\"start\">\u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/about/\">Water Deeply\u003c/a> is\u003c/span> an independent digital media project dedicated to covering California’s water crisis. The project is part of \u003ca href=\"http://www.newsdeeply.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">News Deeply\u003c/a>, a new media startup and social enterprise based in New York.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"nprByline": "\u003ca href=\"http://www.taralohan.com/about/\" target=\"_blank\">Tara Lohan\u003c/a>,\u003cbr>\u003ca href=\"http://www.waterdeeply.org/\">Water Deeply\u003c/a>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Despite a much wetter winter than the last several, California is still mired in drought, according to scientists and policymakers. But if you ask architect Bill Worthen of \u003ca href=\"http://urbanfabrick.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"external noopener\">Urban Fabrick\u003c/a>, there is plenty of water in the state of California. “It’s just not where we want it, when we want it, in the form we want it,” he said. “To me, as an architect, that’s a classic design problem and that’s also a huge opportunity to think about how we can reuse and rethink water in the state.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>Worthen recently spoke at a gathering of building and design professionals interested in water reuse in Silicon Valley. “Our opportunity here is to think about how we can stop the insanity of using water once as it comes out of our tap.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The concept of reusing water in Silicon Valley is not new. There are more than 150 miles (240km) of purple pipes – the designated color for pipes carrying recycled water. Some cities have incentives to encourage water reuse in homes and an “advanced water purification center” in San Jose is able to treat wastewater to drinking water standards – yet the region still has an incredible amount of untapped potential.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For starters, most residents are still flushing their toilets with pristine water. “Future generations are going to look at us like we’re insane that we used drinking water to flush poop,” said Gil Friend, chief sustainability officer for the City of Palo Alto. “Who could possibly have thought of something so stupid? But here we are.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California’s drought, now in its fifth year, has highlighted the need to conserve water and increase efficiency. And slowly gaining more attention is the idea to match water quality to water need. More than half the \u003ca href=\"http://www.waterdeeply.org/articles/2016/02/9693/reliable-silicon-valley-water-sources/\" rel=\"external\">water supply\u003c/a> for Silicon Valley is imported, originating in the Sierra Nevada mountains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Does it all need to be the cleanest, safest drinking supply known to mankind or can some of it actually not be that clean?” asks Josiah Cain, a landscape architect at \u003ca href=\"http://www.sherwoodengineers.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"external noopener\">Sherwood Design Engineers\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Opportunity\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The answer is actually that we don’t always need pristine drinking water to meet a lot of our water supply requirements. We certainly don’t need it to flush our toilets. For a typical office building, 95 percent of the water used could come from nonpotable sources, says Worthen. This means that almost all the water used in an office building goes to irrigation, heating and cooling systems, and to flushing toilets and urinals. In a multiunit residential building, the number is 50 percent – much lower, but still significant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Arid California will undoubtedly face future droughts and climate change modeling indicates that these may be longer and more severe, and that the timing and amount of crucial snowpack will change, affecting the availability of water when it’s needed most in hot summer months. All of which means that finding new ways to augment water supply is becoming a priority that extends beyond the current water crunch.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a 2014 \u003ca href=\"http://pacinst.org/publication/ca-water-supply-solutions/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"external noopener\">report\u003c/a>, the Pacific Institute, a global water think tank, found that California had significant potential to increase water reuse and capture stormwater. “Traditional supply options are tapped out,” the report found, adding that groundwater is overdrafted in many places and there are few options for creating new surface storage reservoirs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Reuse creates a water supply that is both reliable and local. “It can also provide economic and environmental benefits by reducing energy use, diversions from rivers and streams, and pollution from wastewater discharges,” the report found.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_620613\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1834px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-620613\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/pipelines.jpg\" alt=\"Purple lines indicate the pipelines of the recycled water systems stretching through multiple cities in Santa Clara County. \" width=\"1834\" height=\"1464\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/pipelines.jpg 1834w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/pipelines-400x319.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/pipelines-800x639.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/pipelines-768x613.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/pipelines-1440x1149.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/pipelines-1180x942.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/pipelines-960x766.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1834px) 100vw, 1834px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Purple lines indicate the pipelines of the recycled water systems stretching through multiple cities in Santa Clara County. \u003ccite>(Sustainable Silicon Valley and Saskia Fagan)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Beyond what’s already being done there is another 1.2 million to 1.8 million acre-feet (1.4 to 2.2 billion cubic meters) per year potential to expand water reuse in the state, especially in coastal areas, the Pacific Institute reported. And in the San Francisco Bay Area and Southern California cities, capturing stormwater could reduce flooding and boost water supplies by 420,000 to 630,000 acre-feet or more annually. For comparison, an average California home uses 0.5–1 acre-foot a year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And there are other reasons, too. Researchers from UCLA found that there are \u003ca href=\"http://ph.ucla.edu/news/press-release/2016/mar/expanding-use-recycled-water-would-benefit-environment-and-human-health\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"external noopener\">health benefits\u003c/a>from using recycled water because it supports the maintenance of green spaces, can decrease air pollution and can lower greenhouse gas emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Reuse in Action\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Silicon Valley has gotten a jump on water reuse, but still has a long way to go before it’s widespread at either the home, business or municipal level.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Alan Hackler, founder of \u003ca href=\"http://www.baymaples.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"external noopener\">Bay Maples\u003c/a> landscaping company, got a good sense in the last year of how popular water reuse is becoming. Hackler’s team installed 16 graywater systems and five rainwater catchment systems in homes in 2015 and held numerous workshops to teach the principles to others.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The easiest and most popular way to reuse water at home is for “laundry-to-landscape” systems, for which there is now a state code. These involve piping washing machine water to gardens for irrigation. Hackler also does graywater projects that use bathroom sink and shower water for irrigation, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some cities, like Palo Alto, are helping to spur more water reuse in the home. Palo Alto’s building code requires new construction or large renovation projects to make homes laundry-to-landscape ready.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When it comes to water reuse at the home level, “There is a lot of interest in it, but the number of people who’ve actually done it is still fairly small,” said Phil Bobel, the deputy director of Public Works for Palo Alto. “It requires time, energy, you have to get a building permit and deal with our building department and all of that stuff. There are a lot things that slow you down.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hackler has also found that the process isn’t always consistent from city to city – or the costs. A building department permit in one city may be $600 and in another it’s only $200.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not surprisingly, the biggest impact from recycled water currently comes from water reuse at the municipal level. And the biggest player in this is the \u003ca href=\"https://www.sanjoseca.gov/index.aspx?NID=1587\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"external noopener\">South Bay Water Recycling\u003c/a> program in San Jose, which provides nonpotable water via 143 miles (230km) of “purple pipes” to the City of Santa Clara, the City of Milpitas and two water retailers – San Jose Water Company and San Jose Municipal Water System.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Each day about 10 million gallons (40,000 cubic meters) of recycled water are piped from this system to 800 irrigation and industrial customers including Levi’s Stadium, Great America, McCarthy Ranch Shopping Center, Guadalupe Gardens, Intel and San Jose City Hall. The water is used in cooling towers and power plants, for toilet flushing in dual-plumbed buildings and for irrigating golf courses, street medians, college campuses, parks and other landscaping.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some of the water in the system is currently mixed with highly treated recycled water from the\u003ca href=\"http://purewater4u.org/advanced-water-treatment-facility\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"external noopener\">Silicon Valley Advanced Water Purification Center\u003c/a>. It treats wastewater to drinking water standards, but the water so far is only permitted to be used for nonpotable purposes, although in the future it may be used to replenish groundwater.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Besides San Jose’s treatment plant, there are three others – in Gilroy/Morgan Hill, Sunnyvale and Palo Alto – that produce recycled water for purple pipe systems. Palo Alto’s biggest customer is next door in Mountain View’s north of Bayshore neighborhood, home to Google and other businesses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>San Mateo County has some municipal water recycling, although not as much as Santa Clara County. Daly City’s North San Mateo County Sanitation District has been providing 1 million gallons (4,000 cubic meters) of recycled water per day to irrigate areas of Daly City as well as irrigating Harding Park and Fleming Park golf courses in San Francisco. And nearby, the Pacifica Recycled Water Project irrigates the Sharp Park Golf Course and other areas in Pacifica.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Across Silicon Valley, interest in recycled water is high, says Bobel. “The drought has really increased everybody’s interest, that’s for sure,” he said. Palo Alto hopes to expand its recycled water pipeline, as does San Jose. And Bobel believes that in the future all the south county recycled water systems in Santa Clara may be connected.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A lot of people are recognizing while this current ‘drought’ may end, we may be in for a long-term low-rainfall kind of situation and we shouldn’t count on the high rainfall years of the past,” he said. “We should start to plan \u003ca href=\"http://www.waterdeeply.org/articles/2016/03/9865/silicon-valley-seeks-local-water-sources/\" rel=\"external\">alternative water supplies\u003c/a>.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Navigating the Speed Bumps\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ten years ago, Bobel says, expanding water recycling systems might have been impeded by lack of public acceptance. But now the public is onboard and the biggest hurdle is the cost to build the pipelines, he says. The same holds true for constructing buildings with dual plumbing to reuse graywater – it’s mostly an issue of economics, although regulatory challenges do exist, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The giant public sector capital investment that’s necessary to do something like this, we don’t seem to have available,” said Cain. “So we do the district approach.” In between small-scale home systems and large municipal pipeline systems is another area of opportunity – creating onsite graywater or blackwater reuse systems in buildings. A few of these decentralized systems can also be linked together in small districts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the Bay Area, San Francisco has been a driver of this technology. Last year it became the\u003ca href=\"http://www.huffingtonpost.com/tara-lohan/san-franciscos-innovative-step-to-save-water_b_8236072.html?utm_hp_ref=green&ir=Green\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"external noopener\">first city\u003c/a> in the country to require new developments over 250,000 square feet (23,000 square meters) to use onsite water reuse systems for any water needs that are nonpotable. The ordinance also requires buildings of 40,000 square feet or more to do an assessment of the reuse potential.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new requirement was driven by interest in a program developed by the San Francisco Public Utilities Commission, which spent several years working to align health, public works and water departments on the vision.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it hasn’t been easily transferrable to other places in California yet, although the interest is great.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Marianna Grossman, a founder and managing partner at \u003ca href=\"http://www.minervaventures.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"external noopener\">Minerva Ventures\u003c/a>, wanted to help bring those regulations to Santa Clara and San Mateo counties. “It should be easy because it is so clear that we need to not flush drinking water down the toilet,” said Grossman.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But instead she found a lot of barriers to implementation. In San Francisco, there is only one city and county. “In San Mateo, I think there are 22 separate cities and towns,” said Grossman. “In Santa Clara there are 16, plus each county has unincorporated areas that they run.” And there are also the various health, planning and public works departments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In working to help four technology companies in Mountain View to establish onsite reuse systems, she said they encountered more problems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Mountain View’s city council thinks they’ve said they want to do water reuse, but in fact the way the regulations get enforced, it makes it very hard to do,” she said. “There is a lack of alignment in the city government from the policymakers to the different departments.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sebastien Tilmans, director of operations at the \u003ca href=\"https://cee.stanford.edu/labs-centers/codiga-resource-recovery-center-cr2c\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"external noopener\">Codiga Resource Recovery Center\u003c/a> at Stanford University, said he’s also had conversations with several different technology companies in Silicon Valley that are interested in onsite water reuse systems. “They want to increase their resilience and to be good corporate citizens,” he said. “But the real obstacle to getting the systems installed today is regulatory – it’s building inspections, codes, things like that – and of course education of not just the public, but making sure regulators and building inspectors are on board with water reuse and trust it to be safe.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Grossman believes there should be better statewide regulations for water reuse protocols. “To try and go city by city to set zoning rules around water reuse I don’t think is efficient or sensible,” said Grossman. “It is a nightmare for developers and builders if every single one has a different plan and approach and process.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Currently the State Water Resources Control Board’s Division of Drinking Water has been tasked with investigating the feasibility of developing uniform water recycling criteria for direct potable reuse, which is when water is recycled and directly piped to customers for drinking water. But these potential new regulations would not cover nonpotable water reuse projects, such as decentralized graywater systems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Grossman believes standard regulations will help drive more businesses to seize the economic advantages of water reuse. “Rules and policies build market possibilities,” she said. “Once you have the rules, you create a huge market that drives down the cost of a water reuse system and increases the knowledge of plumbers, engineers and architects on how to do those systems.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Friend cautions that it’s not just a matter of regulations, it’s also a matter implementing these systems on a meaningful scale. “In San Francisco, we’ve got terrific examples of iconic buildings [doing water reuse] that are valuable because they show what’s possible, that it works, it’s economical, it’s safe,” he said. “But to go from there to shifting hundreds of thousands of households in a region is a steeply challenging issue we need to think through. We can’t get there by random. The regulation may be the easy part, as hard as that is.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "Federal Report Says Global Warming Is Making US Sick",
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"content": "\u003cp>Man-made global warming is making America sicker, and it’s only going to get worse, according to a new \u003ca href=\"https://health2016.globalchange.gov/\">federal government report\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The 332-page report issued Monday by the Obama administration said global warming will make the air dirtier, water more contaminated and food more tainted. It warned of diseases, such as those spread by ticks and mosquitoes, longer allergy seasons, and thousands of heat wave deaths.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www3.epa.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Environmental Protection Agency\u003c/a> chief Gina McCarthy said if that’s not enough, climate change affects people’s mental health, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s not just about polar bears and melting ice caps. It’s about our families. It’s about our future,” McCarthy said at a White House event unveiling the report.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Climate change affects more people in more ways than anything doctors have seen in the past, said Surgeon General Vivek Murthy. He said the report allows doctors to better quantify “the sheer number of pathways through which climate affects health.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That includes air pollution worsened from power plants, pollen and even wildfires, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Not being able to breathe is one of the most frightening experience” for people, Murthy said. “We’re talking about scary moments for parents and children.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Asthma is already the No. 1 cause of children going to the hospital and “now we’re seeing it worsening because of the heat, the allergens,” and air pollution, said Lynn Goldman, dean of the George Washington University’s public health school.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>White House science adviser John Holdren highlighted heat waves, saying that even with some reduction in emissions of heat-trapping gases globally, “we can see thousands to tens of thousands of heat-related deaths in the United States each summer.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Centers of Disease Control and Prevention computer simulations of 209 cities show that extra summer heat deaths will outweigh fewer winter cold deaths from climate change, said CDC’s Shubhayu Saha, a study lead author.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Holdren said the report is based on more than 1,800 published scientific studies and new federal research, and was reviewed by the National Academies of Sciences.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The report clearly establishes that climate change is a major threat to public health in the United States,” said Howard Frumkin, dean of the University of Washington’s public health school, who wasn’t part of the report. He said the government isn’t doing enough. “There is a vast disconnect between the magnitude of the problem, as outlined by this report, and the response of government health agencies.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Josh Lederman contributed to this report.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Man-made global warming is making America sicker, and it’s only going to get worse, according to a new \u003ca href=\"https://health2016.globalchange.gov/\">federal government report\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The 332-page report issued Monday by the Obama administration said global warming will make the air dirtier, water more contaminated and food more tainted. It warned of diseases, such as those spread by ticks and mosquitoes, longer allergy seasons, and thousands of heat wave deaths.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www3.epa.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Environmental Protection Agency\u003c/a> chief Gina McCarthy said if that’s not enough, climate change affects people’s mental health, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s not just about polar bears and melting ice caps. It’s about our families. It’s about our future,” McCarthy said at a White House event unveiling the report.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Climate change affects more people in more ways than anything doctors have seen in the past, said Surgeon General Vivek Murthy. He said the report allows doctors to better quantify “the sheer number of pathways through which climate affects health.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That includes air pollution worsened from power plants, pollen and even wildfires, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Not being able to breathe is one of the most frightening experience” for people, Murthy said. “We’re talking about scary moments for parents and children.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Asthma is already the No. 1 cause of children going to the hospital and “now we’re seeing it worsening because of the heat, the allergens,” and air pollution, said Lynn Goldman, dean of the George Washington University’s public health school.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>White House science adviser John Holdren highlighted heat waves, saying that even with some reduction in emissions of heat-trapping gases globally, “we can see thousands to tens of thousands of heat-related deaths in the United States each summer.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Centers of Disease Control and Prevention computer simulations of 209 cities show that extra summer heat deaths will outweigh fewer winter cold deaths from climate change, said CDC’s Shubhayu Saha, a study lead author.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Holdren said the report is based on more than 1,800 published scientific studies and new federal research, and was reviewed by the National Academies of Sciences.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The report clearly establishes that climate change is a major threat to public health in the United States,” said Howard Frumkin, dean of the University of Washington’s public health school, who wasn’t part of the report. He said the government isn’t doing enough. “There is a vast disconnect between the magnitude of the problem, as outlined by this report, and the response of government health agencies.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Josh Lederman contributed to this report.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>When it comes to water conservation efforts, Californians fell short in February.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During the ninth, and final, month under Governor Jerry Brown’s historic 25 percent water reduction mandate, urban residents used 12 percent less water compared to the same period in 2013.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is down from a 17.1 percent reduction in January.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Felicia Marcus, chair of the State Water Resources Control Board, called it an “enormous effort” in saving water, despite the missed target.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Californians rose to the occasion, reducing irrigation, fixing leaks, taking shorter showers and saving our precious water resources in all sorts of ways,” says Marcus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Hover over the dots below to see how much water each district saved.\u003c/em> \u003cbr>\n\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"100%\" height=\"520\" frameborder=\"0\" src=\"https://kqednews.cartodb.com/viz/9bf115aa-fac1-11e5-9ead-0e787de82d45/embed_map\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, it was the lowest monthly reduction, in terms of percentage, since the water restrictions began last June. It was also an unusually dry February.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over the entire nine month water reduction mandate, California dwellers reduced their consumption by 23.9 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Moving forward, Californians will be required to use at least 20 percent less water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state is now in the fifth year of drought, even though an El Niño weather system delivered a near-average year of rain and snow in some northern parts of the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Key reservoirs in Northern California like Shasta and Oroville are brimming after El Niño storms drenched the region. And some Northern California water districts, like Menlo Park, had a cumulative savings of more than 40 percent from June 2015 to February.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, Southern California saw relatively little precipitation and many areas struggled to save water. Places like El Segundo, had a cumulative water savings of just 3.3 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By April 1—typically the end of California’s rain and snow season—the state was left with a nearly average snow pack and few hopes of more significant storms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re in much better shape than we were in last year and thank heavens for that,” says Marcus. “But we’re nowhere near having a drought-over party. No champagne and confetti yet.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>When it comes to water conservation efforts, Californians fell short in February.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During the ninth, and final, month under Governor Jerry Brown’s historic 25 percent water reduction mandate, urban residents used 12 percent less water compared to the same period in 2013.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is down from a 17.1 percent reduction in January.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Felicia Marcus, chair of the State Water Resources Control Board, called it an “enormous effort” in saving water, despite the missed target.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Californians rose to the occasion, reducing irrigation, fixing leaks, taking shorter showers and saving our precious water resources in all sorts of ways,” says Marcus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Hover over the dots below to see how much water each district saved.\u003c/em> \u003cbr>\n\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"100%\" height=\"520\" frameborder=\"0\" src=\"https://kqednews.cartodb.com/viz/9bf115aa-fac1-11e5-9ead-0e787de82d45/embed_map\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, it was the lowest monthly reduction, in terms of percentage, since the water restrictions began last June. It was also an unusually dry February.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over the entire nine month water reduction mandate, California dwellers reduced their consumption by 23.9 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Moving forward, Californians will be required to use at least 20 percent less water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state is now in the fifth year of drought, even though an El Niño weather system delivered a near-average year of rain and snow in some northern parts of the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Key reservoirs in Northern California like Shasta and Oroville are brimming after El Niño storms drenched the region. And some Northern California water districts, like Menlo Park, had a cumulative savings of more than 40 percent from June 2015 to February.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, Southern California saw relatively little precipitation and many areas struggled to save water. Places like El Segundo, had a cumulative water savings of just 3.3 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By April 1—typically the end of California’s rain and snow season—the state was left with a nearly average snow pack and few hopes of more significant storms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re in much better shape than we were in last year and thank heavens for that,” says Marcus. “But we’re nowhere near having a drought-over party. No champagne and confetti yet.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Solar energy records are falling left and right in California these days, as the state steams ahead toward its ambitious renewable energy goals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the success of solar has brought about a hidden downside: on some perfectly sunny days, solar farms are being told to turn off.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s because in the spring and fall, when Californians aren’t using much air conditioning and demand for electricity is low, the surge of midday solar power is more than the state can use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s becoming a growing concern for those running the grid at the California Independent System Operator. At their Folsom headquarters, a team continually manages the power supply for most of the state, keeping the lights on for some 30 million people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s constantly solving a constant problem, meaning you’re always trying to balance,” says Nancy Traweek, who directs system operations for the grid.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>TOO MUCH RENEWABLE POWER\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cb> On March 27, a sunny day, some solar farms had to shut down because there was more power on the grid than Californians were using. \u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"sharedaddy show-for-medium-up\">\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_611449\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1730px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-611449\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/Solar_Desktop.jpg\" alt=\"SOURCE: California ISO. \" width=\"1730\" height=\"1000\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">SOURCE: California ISO. \u003ccite>(Teodros Hailye/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Ups and Downs of Renewables\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the past, balancing California’s electric was fairly straightforward. The power supply was constant, coming from natural gas and nuclear power plants that put out a steady stream of electricity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the growth of solar and wind power has thrown a wild card in the mix. The sun and wind are much less predictable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“All of a sudden you have a major cloud that comes over a solar field,” Traweek says, and that causes the solar power to drop off.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That [power] needs to come from somewhere else immediately,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So grid operators have to keep the natural gas plants running in the background. If they’re turned off, many take four to eight hours start up again.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California’s highest demand for electricity also happens right as the sun goes down, when Californians come home from work and lights turn on. Grid operators need natural gas power plants at the ready to meet that peak and to fill the gap that’s left by solar power.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Listen to the Story:\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nhttp://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2016/04/WEBWesternGridSommer160404.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But add up all those energy sources – solar, wind, natural gas, as well as hydropower, nuclear and others – and on some days, they’re making more electricity than California needs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When it gets really bad, now we really got to start cutting as much as we possibly can,” Traweek says. “If that’s not done, then you could have a blackout.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, grid operators have to tell solar farms to shut off.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s zero-carbon, clean energy,” says Keith Casey, a vice president at the California Independent System Operator. “It would just be a travesty to curtail large amounts of it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Casey says the problem will only get worse as more solar and wind connect to the grid. California plans to hit 50 percent renewable energy by 2030.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Joining Grids Across the West\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California’s grid operator is developing a solution, one that is garnering controversy across state lines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_610986\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-610986 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/CAISO2.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"448\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/CAISO2.jpg 640w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/CAISO2-400x280.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Grid operators manage 80 percent of California’s transmission system at the California Independent System Operator. \u003ccite>(Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Right now, California’s grid runs mostly on its own, like an island. But there are power lines reaching across the West.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You’re operating your little piece of the system,” Casey says, “but if you can operate it as an integrated whole, you can just operate the system more efficiently.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, Casey is proposing California join up with its neighbors. Instead of having lots of electric grids across the West, each doing their own thing, there would be a larger regional grid, sharing power across state lines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When California has too much solar power, neighboring states would buy it, preventing California from having to switch off the solar farms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a win-win,” Casey says. “We really think we need to seize the most efficient opportunities that are out there for integrating renewables.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This marriage of electric grids would start with \u003ca href=\"https://www.pacificorp.com/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">PacifiCorp\u003c/a>, a utility that runs its own grid in Oregon, Utah, Idaho and Wyoming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A \u003ca href=\"http://www.caiso.com/Documents/StudyBenefits-PacifiCorp-ISOIntegration.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">study commissioned by PacifiCorp \u003c/a>found that customers across both regions would save $154 to $335 million annually through sharing lower-cost renewable energy and avoiding turning off solar farms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Coal Power on the Line\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But PacifiCorp isn’t a partner everyone wants to get in bed with.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“PacifiCorp is by far the largest owner of coal plants in the Western United States,” says Travis Ritchie, an attorney with the Sierra Club. In 2014, more than 60 percent of PacifiCorp’s electricity came from coal power.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_611762\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 378px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/ISO-PacifiCorpTerritories.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-611762\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-611762\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/ISO-PacifiCorpTerritories-800x965.jpg\" alt=\"ISO-PacifiCorpTerritories\" width=\"378\" height=\"456\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/ISO-PacifiCorpTerritories-800x965.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/ISO-PacifiCorpTerritories-400x482.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/ISO-PacifiCorpTerritories-768x926.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/ISO-PacifiCorpTerritories-1180x1423.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/ISO-PacifiCorpTerritories-960x1158.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/ISO-PacifiCorpTerritories.jpg 1254w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 378px) 100vw, 378px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">SOURCE: \u003ccite>(California Independent System Operator)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“That’s a big problem for California,” he says. “We have put forth a lot of really great policy measures to stop coal for climate reasons, for pollution reasons.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>PacifiCorp’s coal power wouldn’t necessarily flow into California. The state’s climate change law, AB 32, means that electricity from other states has a price tacked on that raises the cost of fossil fuels to account for their carbon emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Ritchie warns that joining a regional electric grid, governed across several states with different agendas, could mean giving up some of California’s autonomy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Will California actually lose the ability lead on climate issues if it gives up its power to Utah and Wyoming, two states that are actively fighting everything about climate change that California is working to promote?” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Several state legislators have the same concern. In February, they \u003ca href=\"https://drive.google.com/file/d/0BwIXiaj8LQ3GR2VPQWpFTmx5Nnc/view\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">sent a letter\u003c/a> to Governor Jerry Brown raising red flags about the merger.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have made great strides to make sure that our electricity is as clean as possible,” says California Assembly Speaker Anthony Rendon. “I want to make sure that joining a wider grid doesn’t impact that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Storing vs. Sharing\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Others point out that joining electric grids isn’t the only way to deal with excess renewable energy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”EfB9kf250phSVRQi9fJGcucaaiRZAMC8″]“Energy storage is probably the biggest hammer in the toolbox,” says Paul Denholm, analyst at the National Renewable Energy Lab in Colorado.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Large batteries and other energy storage technologies could store the excess solar energy California is producing during the day. But until prices come down, storage remains costly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Denholm says according to his analysis, California will probably need both storage and a regional grid to reach its 50 percent renewable goal in the most cost-effective way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other types of energy, apart from solar, could also become more flexible. Many natural gas power plants have signed contracts with utilities that limit how often they can be turned off or ramped up and down.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We need to make sure we can schedule the power plants to be available when needed,” Denholm says. “Those contracts have to change so the output from the power plants can vary.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With renewable energy growing at a rapid clip, other states could soon face the same challenges.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are looking at a tipping point for wind and solar,” Denholm says. “Wind and solar in many places in the country is actually the cheapest option. And that’s the first time in history where that’s been the case.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The California Independent System Operator and PacifiCorp will spend the next two years studying their plan to integrate, as well as making their case before regulators in several states. If the plan moves ahead, the two would join up by 2019.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Solar energy records are falling left and right in California these days, as the state steams ahead toward its ambitious renewable energy goals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the success of solar has brought about a hidden downside: on some perfectly sunny days, solar farms are being told to turn off.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s because in the spring and fall, when Californians aren’t using much air conditioning and demand for electricity is low, the surge of midday solar power is more than the state can use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s becoming a growing concern for those running the grid at the California Independent System Operator. At their Folsom headquarters, a team continually manages the power supply for most of the state, keeping the lights on for some 30 million people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s constantly solving a constant problem, meaning you’re always trying to balance,” says Nancy Traweek, who directs system operations for the grid.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>TOO MUCH RENEWABLE POWER\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cb> On March 27, a sunny day, some solar farms had to shut down because there was more power on the grid than Californians were using. \u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"sharedaddy show-for-medium-up\">\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_611449\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1730px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-611449\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/Solar_Desktop.jpg\" alt=\"SOURCE: California ISO. \" width=\"1730\" height=\"1000\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">SOURCE: California ISO. \u003ccite>(Teodros Hailye/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Ups and Downs of Renewables\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the past, balancing California’s electric was fairly straightforward. The power supply was constant, coming from natural gas and nuclear power plants that put out a steady stream of electricity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the growth of solar and wind power has thrown a wild card in the mix. The sun and wind are much less predictable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“All of a sudden you have a major cloud that comes over a solar field,” Traweek says, and that causes the solar power to drop off.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That [power] needs to come from somewhere else immediately,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So grid operators have to keep the natural gas plants running in the background. If they’re turned off, many take four to eight hours start up again.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California’s highest demand for electricity also happens right as the sun goes down, when Californians come home from work and lights turn on. Grid operators need natural gas power plants at the ready to meet that peak and to fill the gap that’s left by solar power.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Listen to the Story:\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>But add up all those energy sources – solar, wind, natural gas, as well as hydropower, nuclear and others – and on some days, they’re making more electricity than California needs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When it gets really bad, now we really got to start cutting as much as we possibly can,” Traweek says. “If that’s not done, then you could have a blackout.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, grid operators have to tell solar farms to shut off.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s zero-carbon, clean energy,” says Keith Casey, a vice president at the California Independent System Operator. “It would just be a travesty to curtail large amounts of it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Casey says the problem will only get worse as more solar and wind connect to the grid. California plans to hit 50 percent renewable energy by 2030.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Joining Grids Across the West\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California’s grid operator is developing a solution, one that is garnering controversy across state lines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_610986\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-610986 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/CAISO2.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"448\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/CAISO2.jpg 640w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/CAISO2-400x280.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Grid operators manage 80 percent of California’s transmission system at the California Independent System Operator. \u003ccite>(Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Right now, California’s grid runs mostly on its own, like an island. But there are power lines reaching across the West.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You’re operating your little piece of the system,” Casey says, “but if you can operate it as an integrated whole, you can just operate the system more efficiently.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, Casey is proposing California join up with its neighbors. Instead of having lots of electric grids across the West, each doing their own thing, there would be a larger regional grid, sharing power across state lines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When California has too much solar power, neighboring states would buy it, preventing California from having to switch off the solar farms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a win-win,” Casey says. “We really think we need to seize the most efficient opportunities that are out there for integrating renewables.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This marriage of electric grids would start with \u003ca href=\"https://www.pacificorp.com/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">PacifiCorp\u003c/a>, a utility that runs its own grid in Oregon, Utah, Idaho and Wyoming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A \u003ca href=\"http://www.caiso.com/Documents/StudyBenefits-PacifiCorp-ISOIntegration.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">study commissioned by PacifiCorp \u003c/a>found that customers across both regions would save $154 to $335 million annually through sharing lower-cost renewable energy and avoiding turning off solar farms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Coal Power on the Line\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But PacifiCorp isn’t a partner everyone wants to get in bed with.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“PacifiCorp is by far the largest owner of coal plants in the Western United States,” says Travis Ritchie, an attorney with the Sierra Club. In 2014, more than 60 percent of PacifiCorp’s electricity came from coal power.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_611762\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 378px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/ISO-PacifiCorpTerritories.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-611762\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-611762\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/ISO-PacifiCorpTerritories-800x965.jpg\" alt=\"ISO-PacifiCorpTerritories\" width=\"378\" height=\"456\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/ISO-PacifiCorpTerritories-800x965.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/ISO-PacifiCorpTerritories-400x482.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/ISO-PacifiCorpTerritories-768x926.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/ISO-PacifiCorpTerritories-1180x1423.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/ISO-PacifiCorpTerritories-960x1158.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/ISO-PacifiCorpTerritories.jpg 1254w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 378px) 100vw, 378px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">SOURCE: \u003ccite>(California Independent System Operator)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“That’s a big problem for California,” he says. “We have put forth a lot of really great policy measures to stop coal for climate reasons, for pollution reasons.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>PacifiCorp’s coal power wouldn’t necessarily flow into California. The state’s climate change law, AB 32, means that electricity from other states has a price tacked on that raises the cost of fossil fuels to account for their carbon emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Ritchie warns that joining a regional electric grid, governed across several states with different agendas, could mean giving up some of California’s autonomy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Will California actually lose the ability lead on climate issues if it gives up its power to Utah and Wyoming, two states that are actively fighting everything about climate change that California is working to promote?” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Several state legislators have the same concern. In February, they \u003ca href=\"https://drive.google.com/file/d/0BwIXiaj8LQ3GR2VPQWpFTmx5Nnc/view\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">sent a letter\u003c/a> to Governor Jerry Brown raising red flags about the merger.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have made great strides to make sure that our electricity is as clean as possible,” says California Assembly Speaker Anthony Rendon. “I want to make sure that joining a wider grid doesn’t impact that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Storing vs. Sharing\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Others point out that joining electric grids isn’t the only way to deal with excess renewable energy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>“Energy storage is probably the biggest hammer in the toolbox,” says Paul Denholm, analyst at the National Renewable Energy Lab in Colorado.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Large batteries and other energy storage technologies could store the excess solar energy California is producing during the day. But until prices come down, storage remains costly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Denholm says according to his analysis, California will probably need both storage and a regional grid to reach its 50 percent renewable goal in the most cost-effective way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other types of energy, apart from solar, could also become more flexible. Many natural gas power plants have signed contracts with utilities that limit how often they can be turned off or ramped up and down.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We need to make sure we can schedule the power plants to be available when needed,” Denholm says. “Those contracts have to change so the output from the power plants can vary.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With renewable energy growing at a rapid clip, other states could soon face the same challenges.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are looking at a tipping point for wind and solar,” Denholm says. “Wind and solar in many places in the country is actually the cheapest option. And that’s the first time in history where that’s been the case.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
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"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
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"marketplace": {
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"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
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"mindshift": {
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"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
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"order": 12
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"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
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"info": "Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. For one hour a week, the show tries to lift the veil from the process of \"making media,\" especially news media, because it's through that lens that we see the world and the world sees us",
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"info": "The economy explained. Imagine you could call up a friend and say, Meet me at the bar and tell me what's going on with the economy. Now imagine that's actually a fun evening.",
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"politicalbreakdown": {
"id": "politicalbreakdown",
"title": "Political Breakdown",
"tagline": "Politics from a personal perspective",
"info": "Political Breakdown is a new series that explores the political intersection of California and the nation. Each week hosts Scott Shafer and Marisa Lagos are joined with a new special guest to unpack politics -- with personality — and offer an insider’s glimpse at how politics happens.",
"airtime": "THU 6:30pm-7pm",
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"possible": {
"id": "possible",
"title": "Possible",
"info": "Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.",
"airtime": "SUN 2pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Possible-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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},
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},
"pri-the-world": {
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"title": "PRI's The World: Latest Edition",
"info": "Each weekday, host Marco Werman and his team of producers bring you the world's most interesting stories in an hour of radio that reminds us just how small our planet really is.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 2pm-3pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-World-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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},
"radiolab": {
"id": "radiolab",
"title": "Radiolab",
"info": "A two-time Peabody Award-winner, Radiolab is an investigation told through sounds and stories, and centered around one big idea. In the Radiolab world, information sounds like music and science and culture collide. Hosted by Jad Abumrad and Robert Krulwich, the show is designed for listeners who demand skepticism, but appreciate wonder. WNYC Studios is the producer of other leading podcasts including Freakonomics Radio, Death, Sex & Money, On the Media and many more.",
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},
"reveal": {
"id": "reveal",
"title": "Reveal",
"info": "Created by The Center for Investigative Reporting and PRX, Reveal is public radios first one-hour weekly radio show and podcast dedicated to investigative reporting. Credible, fact based and without a partisan agenda, Reveal combines the power and artistry of driveway moment storytelling with data-rich reporting on critically important issues. The result is stories that inform and inspire, arming our listeners with information to right injustices, hold the powerful accountable and improve lives.Reveal is hosted by Al Letson and showcases the award-winning work of CIR and newsrooms large and small across the nation. In a radio and podcast market crowded with choices, Reveal focuses on important and often surprising stories that illuminate the world for our listeners.",
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"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/reveal300px.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.revealnews.org/episodes/",
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"link": "/radio/program/reveal",
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"rss": "http://feeds.revealradio.org/revealpodcast"
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},
"rightnowish": {
"id": "rightnowish",
"title": "Rightnowish",
"tagline": "Art is where you find it",
"info": "Rightnowish digs into life in the Bay Area right now… ish. Journalist Pendarvis Harshaw takes us to galleries painted on the sides of liquor stores in West Oakland. We'll dance in warehouses in the Bayview, make smoothies with kids in South Berkeley, and listen to classical music in a 1984 Cutlass Supreme in Richmond. Every week, Pen talks to movers and shakers about how the Bay Area shapes what they create, and how they shape the place we call home.",
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"order": 16
},
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},
"science-friday": {
"id": "science-friday",
"title": "Science Friday",
"info": "Science Friday is a weekly science talk show, broadcast live over public radio stations nationwide. Each week, the show focuses on science topics that are in the news and tries to bring an educated, balanced discussion to bear on the scientific issues at hand. Panels of expert guests join host Ira Flatow, a veteran science journalist, to discuss science and to take questions from listeners during the call-in portion of the program.",
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