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"title": "California May Be in for Greater Weather Extremes",
"headTitle": "California May Be in for Greater Weather Extremes | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>One of the big questions in the news this winter has been: When will the drought be over?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A study published today in Science Advances suggests that may not be the most useful question to ask. Better might be: Is the climate of California starting to see even wider swings between dry and wet conditions? We’re already a land of “feast or famine” weather. How will we manage our water future if we’re experiencing greater extremes?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A team of us from Stanford, Northwestern and Columbia conducted the study to find out whether the atmospheric conditions associated with California’s most extreme wet years or most extreme dry years are happening more often.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The short answer? Yes. The atmospheric pressure patterns we see off the coast of California during extreme dry years are happening more frequently in recent decades—and the patterns that lead to our wettest years may be becoming more frequent as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What Happened During California’s Extreme Drought?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since early 2013, the state of California has been in the grip of an extraordinary \u003ca href=\"http://www.weatherwest.com/archives/1797\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">multi-year drought\u003c/a>. The accumulated loss of precipitation over the four years so far is \u003ca href=\"http://advances.sciencemag.org/content/2/4/e1501344\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">unprecedented\u003c/a> in the century we’ve been recording this information. If you add the drying effects of record-high temperatures, the 2013-2016 event may, in fact, be the most severe \u003ca href=\"http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/california-s-drought-may-be-worst-in-a-millennium/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">in a millennium\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The amount of water stored in the critically important Sierra Nevada snowpack reached its lowest level in \u003ca href=\"http://www.livescience.com/52265-california-snowpack-shrinking.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">over 500 years\u003c/a> in 2015, and the loss of groundwater in the state’s aquifers has literally \u003ca href=\"https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/05/140514133440.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">moved mountains\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The drought has had \u003ca href=\"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/2015GL066628/full\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">widespread effects\u003c/a> on the state’s economy and environment, slashing the amount of water available for agricultural and \u003ca href=\"http://www.motherjones.com/environment/2015/07/drought-5000-californians-dont-have-running-water\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">urban\u003c/a> uses, raising \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2015/07/15/us/california-fire-season-drought.html?_r=0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">wildfire risk\u003c/a> and dramatically increasing \u003ca href=\"http://phys.org/news/2015-12-tens-millions-trees-danger-california.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">tree mortality\u003c/a>. Across the state there have been adverse effects upon riverine and marine \u003ca href=\"http://www.latimes.com/local/california/la-me-drought-fish-20150824-story.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">ecosystems\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://bigstory.ap.org/article/58e0c7bfe91442f79e304fbdc1bec95d/damage-sinking-land-costing-california-billions\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">infrastructure damage\u003c/a> to roads and pipelines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_611160\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 491px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/blog_image_1.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-611160\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-611160\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/blog_image_1.jpg\" alt=\"The Ridiculously Resilient Ridge, Oct-May 2012-2015. \" width=\"491\" height=\"430\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/blog_image_1.jpg 491w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/blog_image_1-400x350.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 491px) 100vw, 491px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Ridiculously Resilient Ridge, Oct-May 2012-2015. \u003ccite>(Adapted from Swain 2015, GRL)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The atmospheric pattern responsible for ushering in this \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/california-shattering-temperature-records-18871\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">record-breaking\u003c/a> warmth and dryness is the now-infamous “\u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ridiculously_Resilient_Ridge\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Ridiculously Resilient Ridge\u003c/a>.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The RRR is an unusually persistent stretch of atmospheric high pressure sitting over the Pacific ocean off the coast of California. This sluggish Ridge hovered right in the path of storms headed for the state. Like a boulder displacing a narrow stream of water, the RRR consistently \u003ca href=\"http://www.weatherwest.com/archives/1797\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">deflected water-bearing storms\u003c/a> to the north of California, precisely during the typical “rainy season” months of October to May.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Much of the state was therefore left high and dry—even during what is typically the wettest time of year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>California Is Unusually Susceptible \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We get the majority (66%) of our annual precipitation during just the four months of December through March. Unlikely many places on Earth, our summers are very dry: less than 5 percent of our precipitation falls between June and September. And we don’t tend to get our annual water supply from a large number of storms. Remarkably, most of\u003ca href=\"https://weather.com/science/weather-explainers/news/atmospheric-river-explained\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> California’s precipitation\u003c/a> in a typical year falls over the course of a relatively small number of strong storms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”20CHPhjlyqXilSZvOkrET0Pg38tDZXG9″]Here’s why: the state lies just south of the typical winter storm track in the Pacific, so Californians have to rely on the rain and snow that falls when the jet stream dips south—and it does this for relatively short intervals—sending storm systems barreling toward our coastline.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The most important of these storms are associated with “\u003ca href=\"http://www.esrl.noaa.gov/psd/atmrivers/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">atmospheric rivers\u003c/a>.” These narrow plumes of concentrated atmospheric water vapor bring tremendous amount of rains mountain snowfall when the move inland—increasing flood risk but also bringing much needed water to the Golden State.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This striking dependence of California’s entire water supply upon the occurrence of just a few atmospheric river events each winter means that a surplus or deficit of just one or two such storms can quickly increase the risk of flood or drought in any given year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As a result, diversion of the Pacific storm track by unusually persistent winter ridges is the most common cause of California droughts, since there is little opportunity to make up for accumulated water deficits during the rest of the year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Patterns Associated With Drought Are Occurring More Frequently \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Our team investigated whether North Pacific pressure patterns similar to those we saw during California’s most extremely dry, and wet periods were occurring more frequently in recent decades. We looked at the years from 1948 through 2015, and the months of October through May.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We found that certain unusual atmospheric patterns are indeed occurring more often. Over the past three decades, we’ve experienced more frequent patterns similar to what we saw during California’s extremely warm and dry years of 2013-2014 and 2014-2015.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These years—during which the Ridiculously Resilient Ridge \u003ca href=\"http://www.weatherwest.com/archives/2947\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">rose to prominence\u003c/a>—were characterized by unusually low pressure over the Pacific north of Hawaii, and a very strong ridge of high pressure along the entire West Coast of North America, from southern California all the way to the Alaskan arctic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_611338\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 612px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/blog_image_4.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-611338\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-611338\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/blog_image_4.jpg\" alt=\"Long-term trends in California drought severity (upper left), temperature (upper right), Sierra Nevada snowpack (lower left), and precipitation (lower right). The red shaded regions depict the 2013-2015 drought. \" width=\"612\" height=\"395\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/blog_image_4.jpg 612w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/blog_image_4-400x258.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 612px) 100vw, 612px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Long-term trends in California drought severity (upper left), temperature (upper right), Sierra Nevada snowpack (lower left), and precipitation (lower right). The red shaded regions depict the 2013-2015 drought. \u003ccite>(Adapted from Swain 2015, GRL)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>…But Not at the Expense of Wet Year Patterns\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Given the increase we saw in pressure patterns similar to California’s driest years, it might be reasonable to expect that patterns associated with the wettest years have become less common. But that’s not what we found.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Instead, one of two methods we used in this study suggested that several wet patterns have actually increased in recent decades, while the other suggested little change. Therefore, while we are quite confident that patterns conducive to extreme warmth and dryness in California are happening more frequently, this does not seem to be at the expense of those patterns associated with California’s wettest years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>‘A Strong and Persistent Ridginess’\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A number of studies have already shown that the long-term temperature trend associated with global warming has increased the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/PNAS-Diffenbaugh-Drought-Climate-Brief-03032015-FINAL.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">likelihood\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.ldeo.columbia.edu/news-events/warming-climate-deepening-california-drought\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">severity\u003c/a> of drought in California—even when there are no significant changes in precipitation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Our new work demonstrates that increasingly frequent atmospheric patterns conducive to extreme drought in California are indeed increasing, but that patterns conducive to very wet years may also be increasing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We haven’t traced the exact cause of this increase in patterns similar to the Ridiculously Resilient Ridge, but we do find there’s an increasingly strong and persistent “ridginess” off the West Coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Finally, it is worth noting that climate models for 21st century California depict a \u003ca href=\"http://www.pnas.org/content/112/13/3931.abstract\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">much warmer\u003c/a> future, likely accompanied by \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4639898/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">increasingly large\u003c/a> swings between \u003ca href=\"http://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/abs/10.1175/JCLI-D-14-00624.1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">dry and wet\u003c/a> conditions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It is fascinating that such large changes in the character of California precipitation are occurring despite little long-term change in average precipitation—which highlights the critical importance of considering changes in the most extreme years when planning for the future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Daniel Swain is an atmospheric scientist at Stanford’s School of Earth, Energy & Environmental Sciences. A version of this post also appears on his \u003ca href=\"http://www.weatherwest.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">California Weather\u003c/a> blog. Other authors on the study published today are: \u003ca href=\"http://www.earth.northwestern.edu/people/faculty/horton-daniel.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Daniel Horton\u003c/a>, Northwestern University; \u003ca href=\"http://www.ldeo.columbia.edu/user/dsingh\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Deepti Singh\u003c/a>, Columbia University; and \u003ca href=\"https://earth.stanford.edu/noah-diffenbaugh\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Noah Diffenbaugh\u003c/a>, Stanford University. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "A new study shows the atmospheric patterns that lead to extreme dry years are happening more often, but not at the expense of wet year patterns.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>One of the big questions in the news this winter has been: When will the drought be over?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A study published today in Science Advances suggests that may not be the most useful question to ask. Better might be: Is the climate of California starting to see even wider swings between dry and wet conditions? We’re already a land of “feast or famine” weather. How will we manage our water future if we’re experiencing greater extremes?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A team of us from Stanford, Northwestern and Columbia conducted the study to find out whether the atmospheric conditions associated with California’s most extreme wet years or most extreme dry years are happening more often.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The short answer? Yes. The atmospheric pressure patterns we see off the coast of California during extreme dry years are happening more frequently in recent decades—and the patterns that lead to our wettest years may be becoming more frequent as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What Happened During California’s Extreme Drought?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since early 2013, the state of California has been in the grip of an extraordinary \u003ca href=\"http://www.weatherwest.com/archives/1797\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">multi-year drought\u003c/a>. The accumulated loss of precipitation over the four years so far is \u003ca href=\"http://advances.sciencemag.org/content/2/4/e1501344\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">unprecedented\u003c/a> in the century we’ve been recording this information. If you add the drying effects of record-high temperatures, the 2013-2016 event may, in fact, be the most severe \u003ca href=\"http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/california-s-drought-may-be-worst-in-a-millennium/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">in a millennium\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The amount of water stored in the critically important Sierra Nevada snowpack reached its lowest level in \u003ca href=\"http://www.livescience.com/52265-california-snowpack-shrinking.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">over 500 years\u003c/a> in 2015, and the loss of groundwater in the state’s aquifers has literally \u003ca href=\"https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/05/140514133440.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">moved mountains\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The drought has had \u003ca href=\"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/2015GL066628/full\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">widespread effects\u003c/a> on the state’s economy and environment, slashing the amount of water available for agricultural and \u003ca href=\"http://www.motherjones.com/environment/2015/07/drought-5000-californians-dont-have-running-water\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">urban\u003c/a> uses, raising \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2015/07/15/us/california-fire-season-drought.html?_r=0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">wildfire risk\u003c/a> and dramatically increasing \u003ca href=\"http://phys.org/news/2015-12-tens-millions-trees-danger-california.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">tree mortality\u003c/a>. Across the state there have been adverse effects upon riverine and marine \u003ca href=\"http://www.latimes.com/local/california/la-me-drought-fish-20150824-story.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">ecosystems\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://bigstory.ap.org/article/58e0c7bfe91442f79e304fbdc1bec95d/damage-sinking-land-costing-california-billions\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">infrastructure damage\u003c/a> to roads and pipelines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_611160\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 491px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/blog_image_1.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-611160\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-611160\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/blog_image_1.jpg\" alt=\"The Ridiculously Resilient Ridge, Oct-May 2012-2015. \" width=\"491\" height=\"430\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/blog_image_1.jpg 491w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/blog_image_1-400x350.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 491px) 100vw, 491px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Ridiculously Resilient Ridge, Oct-May 2012-2015. \u003ccite>(Adapted from Swain 2015, GRL)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The atmospheric pattern responsible for ushering in this \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/california-shattering-temperature-records-18871\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">record-breaking\u003c/a> warmth and dryness is the now-infamous “\u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ridiculously_Resilient_Ridge\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Ridiculously Resilient Ridge\u003c/a>.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The RRR is an unusually persistent stretch of atmospheric high pressure sitting over the Pacific ocean off the coast of California. This sluggish Ridge hovered right in the path of storms headed for the state. Like a boulder displacing a narrow stream of water, the RRR consistently \u003ca href=\"http://www.weatherwest.com/archives/1797\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">deflected water-bearing storms\u003c/a> to the north of California, precisely during the typical “rainy season” months of October to May.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Much of the state was therefore left high and dry—even during what is typically the wettest time of year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>California Is Unusually Susceptible \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We get the majority (66%) of our annual precipitation during just the four months of December through March. Unlikely many places on Earth, our summers are very dry: less than 5 percent of our precipitation falls between June and September. And we don’t tend to get our annual water supply from a large number of storms. Remarkably, most of\u003ca href=\"https://weather.com/science/weather-explainers/news/atmospheric-river-explained\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> California’s precipitation\u003c/a> in a typical year falls over the course of a relatively small number of strong storms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>Here’s why: the state lies just south of the typical winter storm track in the Pacific, so Californians have to rely on the rain and snow that falls when the jet stream dips south—and it does this for relatively short intervals—sending storm systems barreling toward our coastline.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The most important of these storms are associated with “\u003ca href=\"http://www.esrl.noaa.gov/psd/atmrivers/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">atmospheric rivers\u003c/a>.” These narrow plumes of concentrated atmospheric water vapor bring tremendous amount of rains mountain snowfall when the move inland—increasing flood risk but also bringing much needed water to the Golden State.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This striking dependence of California’s entire water supply upon the occurrence of just a few atmospheric river events each winter means that a surplus or deficit of just one or two such storms can quickly increase the risk of flood or drought in any given year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As a result, diversion of the Pacific storm track by unusually persistent winter ridges is the most common cause of California droughts, since there is little opportunity to make up for accumulated water deficits during the rest of the year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Patterns Associated With Drought Are Occurring More Frequently \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Our team investigated whether North Pacific pressure patterns similar to those we saw during California’s most extremely dry, and wet periods were occurring more frequently in recent decades. We looked at the years from 1948 through 2015, and the months of October through May.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We found that certain unusual atmospheric patterns are indeed occurring more often. Over the past three decades, we’ve experienced more frequent patterns similar to what we saw during California’s extremely warm and dry years of 2013-2014 and 2014-2015.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These years—during which the Ridiculously Resilient Ridge \u003ca href=\"http://www.weatherwest.com/archives/2947\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">rose to prominence\u003c/a>—were characterized by unusually low pressure over the Pacific north of Hawaii, and a very strong ridge of high pressure along the entire West Coast of North America, from southern California all the way to the Alaskan arctic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_611338\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 612px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/blog_image_4.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-611338\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-611338\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/blog_image_4.jpg\" alt=\"Long-term trends in California drought severity (upper left), temperature (upper right), Sierra Nevada snowpack (lower left), and precipitation (lower right). The red shaded regions depict the 2013-2015 drought. \" width=\"612\" height=\"395\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/blog_image_4.jpg 612w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/blog_image_4-400x258.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 612px) 100vw, 612px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Long-term trends in California drought severity (upper left), temperature (upper right), Sierra Nevada snowpack (lower left), and precipitation (lower right). The red shaded regions depict the 2013-2015 drought. \u003ccite>(Adapted from Swain 2015, GRL)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>…But Not at the Expense of Wet Year Patterns\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Given the increase we saw in pressure patterns similar to California’s driest years, it might be reasonable to expect that patterns associated with the wettest years have become less common. But that’s not what we found.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Instead, one of two methods we used in this study suggested that several wet patterns have actually increased in recent decades, while the other suggested little change. Therefore, while we are quite confident that patterns conducive to extreme warmth and dryness in California are happening more frequently, this does not seem to be at the expense of those patterns associated with California’s wettest years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>‘A Strong and Persistent Ridginess’\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A number of studies have already shown that the long-term temperature trend associated with global warming has increased the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/PNAS-Diffenbaugh-Drought-Climate-Brief-03032015-FINAL.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">likelihood\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.ldeo.columbia.edu/news-events/warming-climate-deepening-california-drought\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">severity\u003c/a> of drought in California—even when there are no significant changes in precipitation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Our new work demonstrates that increasingly frequent atmospheric patterns conducive to extreme drought in California are indeed increasing, but that patterns conducive to very wet years may also be increasing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We haven’t traced the exact cause of this increase in patterns similar to the Ridiculously Resilient Ridge, but we do find there’s an increasingly strong and persistent “ridginess” off the West Coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Finally, it is worth noting that climate models for 21st century California depict a \u003ca href=\"http://www.pnas.org/content/112/13/3931.abstract\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">much warmer\u003c/a> future, likely accompanied by \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4639898/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">increasingly large\u003c/a> swings between \u003ca href=\"http://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/abs/10.1175/JCLI-D-14-00624.1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">dry and wet\u003c/a> conditions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It is fascinating that such large changes in the character of California precipitation are occurring despite little long-term change in average precipitation—which highlights the critical importance of considering changes in the most extreme years when planning for the future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Daniel Swain is an atmospheric scientist at Stanford’s School of Earth, Energy & Environmental Sciences. A version of this post also appears on his \u003ca href=\"http://www.weatherwest.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">California Weather\u003c/a> blog. Other authors on the study published today are: \u003ca href=\"http://www.earth.northwestern.edu/people/faculty/horton-daniel.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Daniel Horton\u003c/a>, Northwestern University; \u003ca href=\"http://www.ldeo.columbia.edu/user/dsingh\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Deepti Singh\u003c/a>, Columbia University; and \u003ca href=\"https://earth.stanford.edu/noah-diffenbaugh\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Noah Diffenbaugh\u003c/a>, Stanford University. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "What Mysterious Forces Are Creating Mountains on Titan?",
"headTitle": "What Mysterious Forces Are Creating Mountains on Titan? | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>In the winding-down period of its more than 12-year mission exploring the Saturn system, \u003ca href=\"http://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">NASA’s Cassini\u003c/a> spacecraft has spotted the tallest mountain of Saturn’s largest moon, Titan, a peak in the Mithrim Montes range near the equator that rises over two miles above the moon’s surface.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Cassini spacecraft measured the peaks of Mithrim Montes using its radar instrument to penetrate the layers of thick, smoggy haze in Titan’s atmosphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The highest of the peaks is 10,948 feet high, and most of Titan’s highest peaks, which are found near the equator, are close to 10,000 feet tall. Comparably high mountains on Earth include Cathedral Peak in Yosemite, Mount Lassen, and Telescope Peak in Death Valley National Park (whose entire height, from sea level to summit, can be viewed in \u003ca href=\"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Telescope_Peak_from_Badwater_2.jpg/1280px-Telescope_Peak_from_Badwater_2.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">one stunning vista from the valley floor\u003c/a>).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Extreme Mountaineering\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The discovery of nature’s geological extremes—extreme heights, extreme depths, extreme scales—is something that may excite the adventurous spirit in us all. However, scientists have a more practical purpose for taking such measurements, in this case probing the origins and understanding the forces that form the \u003ca href=\"https://penningtonplanetarium.wordpress.com/2013/12/21/the-9-tallest-mountains-in-the-solar-system/comment-page-1/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">solar system’s highest mountain ranges\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_605409\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 301px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-605409\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/Continental-continental_convergence_Fig21contcont.gif\" alt=\"Example of a mountain range uplifted by the collision of two continental tectonic plates, as with Earth's Himalaya Mountain Range. \" width=\"301\" height=\"173\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Example of a mountain range uplifted by the collision of two continental tectonic plates, as with Earth’s Himalaya Mountain Range. \u003ccite>(Public Domain)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Though one might climb a mountain “because it’s there,” the mountains themselves are there for a more concrete reason. Mountains are structures formed by dynamic forces that actively push them upward—for example, the collision of tectonic plates, which is the driving force uplifting Earth’s tallest mountain ranges. Volcanism is another process that builds mountains. And, on some worlds, like the planet Mercury, uplifted features may be formed when the planet or moon cools and contracts, and wrinkles form on its surface.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Mountains, Young and Old\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On planets and moons with atmospheres—in particular, those with active surface weathering processes—mountains gradually wear down as erosion scours their surfaces. On Earth, the towering Himalayas, Andes, and Rocky Mountains are examples of relatively young mountain ranges pushed upward by the collisions of crustal tectonic plates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_605410\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-605410\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/Appalachian_Mountains-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"The Appalachian Mountains, once as high and mighty as the Alps or the Rockies, have eroded over hundreds of millions of years to low, gentle ridges and peaks.\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/Appalachian_Mountains-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/Appalachian_Mountains-400x225.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/Appalachian_Mountains-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/Appalachian_Mountains-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/Appalachian_Mountains-1920x1080.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/Appalachian_Mountains-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/Appalachian_Mountains-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Appalachian Mountains, once as high and mighty as the Alps or the Rockies, have eroded over hundreds of millions of years to low, gentle ridges and peaks. \u003ccite>(Public Domain)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The Appalachian Mountains along the east coast of North America, today a gentle range whose highest points are less than 7,000 feet above sea level, have been weathered down since their formation 480 million years ago. In its heyday, however, the Appalachians were a mighty range comparable to the Alps and the Rockies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What Is at Work Under Titan’s Surface?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The presence of \u003ca href=\"http://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/news/cassinifeatures/feature20160324/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Titan’s tall mountains\u003c/a> is intriguing, particularly in light of the fact that Titan’s thick atmosphere and erosive weather cycle of liquid-methane precipitation and runoff are at work wearing them down. This suggests that some active process may have raised the mountains relatively recently.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Candidates for the mountain-building forces responsible for Titan’s ranges include tectonic activity driven by a deep subsurface ocean of water that Titan’s crust floats on, tidal effects from Saturn’s gravity, or the contracting of the moon’s surface as it cools. By studying their size, location, and distribution, scientists hope to learn which of these processes might be the culprit, and how it may still be shaping Titan’s surface today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Ranging Across the Solar System\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_605407\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-605407\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/PIA20023-16-640x350.jpg\" alt=\"Radar image made by NASA's Cassini spacecraft of the Mithrim Montes range, where Titan's tallest peak is located.\" width=\"640\" height=\"350\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/PIA20023-16-640x350.jpg 640w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/PIA20023-16-640x350-400x219.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Radar image made by NASA’s Cassini spacecraft of the Mithrim Montes range, where Titan’s tallest peak is located. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech/ASI)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Throughout the solar system we explore the tallest mountains and mountain ranges of many planets and moons in order to reveal unseen processes masked by their surfaces.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pluto’s \u003ca href=\"http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap150718.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Norgay Montes\u003c/a> tower 11,000 feet high, while Mercury’s \u003ca href=\"http://messenger.jhuapl.edu/gallery/sciencePhotos/image.php?image_id=503\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Caloris Montes\u003c/a> reaches a similar 10,032 feet. On Venus, \u003ca href=\"http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/imgcat/html/object_page/mgn_c260n033_2.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Maxwell Montes\u003c/a>, whose origin is still under debate, climbs to 35,904 feet. On Mars, the vast shield volcano \u003ca href=\"http://www.windows2universe.org/mars/places/olympus_mons.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Olympus Mons\u003c/a>—the highest mountain in the solar system—rises a breathtaking 69,650 feet above the Martian surface.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Earth’s own Mount Everest, at 29,029 feet above sea level, along with the entire Himalayan mountain range, was uplifted by the collision of the Indo-Australian and the Eurasian crustal plates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Cassini mission is coming to a close. In September 2017, the spacecraft will be deliberately de-orbited and burn up in the atmosphere of Saturn, ending a 13-year expedition of remarkable discovery.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Between now and then, Cassini will make about dozen close flybys of Titan, so there’s still time for a few more long-distance extreme-mountaineering runs….\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "NASA's Cassini spacecraft has spotted the tallest mountain of Saturn's largest moon, Titan, that rises over two miles above the moon's surface.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>In the winding-down period of its more than 12-year mission exploring the Saturn system, \u003ca href=\"http://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">NASA’s Cassini\u003c/a> spacecraft has spotted the tallest mountain of Saturn’s largest moon, Titan, a peak in the Mithrim Montes range near the equator that rises over two miles above the moon’s surface.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Cassini spacecraft measured the peaks of Mithrim Montes using its radar instrument to penetrate the layers of thick, smoggy haze in Titan’s atmosphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The highest of the peaks is 10,948 feet high, and most of Titan’s highest peaks, which are found near the equator, are close to 10,000 feet tall. Comparably high mountains on Earth include Cathedral Peak in Yosemite, Mount Lassen, and Telescope Peak in Death Valley National Park (whose entire height, from sea level to summit, can be viewed in \u003ca href=\"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Telescope_Peak_from_Badwater_2.jpg/1280px-Telescope_Peak_from_Badwater_2.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">one stunning vista from the valley floor\u003c/a>).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Extreme Mountaineering\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The discovery of nature’s geological extremes—extreme heights, extreme depths, extreme scales—is something that may excite the adventurous spirit in us all. However, scientists have a more practical purpose for taking such measurements, in this case probing the origins and understanding the forces that form the \u003ca href=\"https://penningtonplanetarium.wordpress.com/2013/12/21/the-9-tallest-mountains-in-the-solar-system/comment-page-1/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">solar system’s highest mountain ranges\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_605409\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 301px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-605409\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/Continental-continental_convergence_Fig21contcont.gif\" alt=\"Example of a mountain range uplifted by the collision of two continental tectonic plates, as with Earth's Himalaya Mountain Range. \" width=\"301\" height=\"173\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Example of a mountain range uplifted by the collision of two continental tectonic plates, as with Earth’s Himalaya Mountain Range. \u003ccite>(Public Domain)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Though one might climb a mountain “because it’s there,” the mountains themselves are there for a more concrete reason. Mountains are structures formed by dynamic forces that actively push them upward—for example, the collision of tectonic plates, which is the driving force uplifting Earth’s tallest mountain ranges. Volcanism is another process that builds mountains. And, on some worlds, like the planet Mercury, uplifted features may be formed when the planet or moon cools and contracts, and wrinkles form on its surface.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Mountains, Young and Old\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On planets and moons with atmospheres—in particular, those with active surface weathering processes—mountains gradually wear down as erosion scours their surfaces. On Earth, the towering Himalayas, Andes, and Rocky Mountains are examples of relatively young mountain ranges pushed upward by the collisions of crustal tectonic plates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_605410\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-605410\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/Appalachian_Mountains-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"The Appalachian Mountains, once as high and mighty as the Alps or the Rockies, have eroded over hundreds of millions of years to low, gentle ridges and peaks.\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/Appalachian_Mountains-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/Appalachian_Mountains-400x225.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/Appalachian_Mountains-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/Appalachian_Mountains-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/Appalachian_Mountains-1920x1080.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/Appalachian_Mountains-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/Appalachian_Mountains-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Appalachian Mountains, once as high and mighty as the Alps or the Rockies, have eroded over hundreds of millions of years to low, gentle ridges and peaks. \u003ccite>(Public Domain)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The Appalachian Mountains along the east coast of North America, today a gentle range whose highest points are less than 7,000 feet above sea level, have been weathered down since their formation 480 million years ago. In its heyday, however, the Appalachians were a mighty range comparable to the Alps and the Rockies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What Is at Work Under Titan’s Surface?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The presence of \u003ca href=\"http://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/news/cassinifeatures/feature20160324/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Titan’s tall mountains\u003c/a> is intriguing, particularly in light of the fact that Titan’s thick atmosphere and erosive weather cycle of liquid-methane precipitation and runoff are at work wearing them down. This suggests that some active process may have raised the mountains relatively recently.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Candidates for the mountain-building forces responsible for Titan’s ranges include tectonic activity driven by a deep subsurface ocean of water that Titan’s crust floats on, tidal effects from Saturn’s gravity, or the contracting of the moon’s surface as it cools. By studying their size, location, and distribution, scientists hope to learn which of these processes might be the culprit, and how it may still be shaping Titan’s surface today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Ranging Across the Solar System\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_605407\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-605407\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/PIA20023-16-640x350.jpg\" alt=\"Radar image made by NASA's Cassini spacecraft of the Mithrim Montes range, where Titan's tallest peak is located.\" width=\"640\" height=\"350\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/PIA20023-16-640x350.jpg 640w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/PIA20023-16-640x350-400x219.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Radar image made by NASA’s Cassini spacecraft of the Mithrim Montes range, where Titan’s tallest peak is located. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech/ASI)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Throughout the solar system we explore the tallest mountains and mountain ranges of many planets and moons in order to reveal unseen processes masked by their surfaces.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pluto’s \u003ca href=\"http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap150718.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Norgay Montes\u003c/a> tower 11,000 feet high, while Mercury’s \u003ca href=\"http://messenger.jhuapl.edu/gallery/sciencePhotos/image.php?image_id=503\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Caloris Montes\u003c/a> reaches a similar 10,032 feet. On Venus, \u003ca href=\"http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/imgcat/html/object_page/mgn_c260n033_2.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Maxwell Montes\u003c/a>, whose origin is still under debate, climbs to 35,904 feet. On Mars, the vast shield volcano \u003ca href=\"http://www.windows2universe.org/mars/places/olympus_mons.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Olympus Mons\u003c/a>—the highest mountain in the solar system—rises a breathtaking 69,650 feet above the Martian surface.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Earth’s own Mount Everest, at 29,029 feet above sea level, along with the entire Himalayan mountain range, was uplifted by the collision of the Indo-Australian and the Eurasian crustal plates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Cassini mission is coming to a close. In September 2017, the spacecraft will be deliberately de-orbited and burn up in the atmosphere of Saturn, ending a 13-year expedition of remarkable discovery.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Between now and then, Cassini will make about dozen close flybys of Titan, so there’s still time for a few more long-distance extreme-mountaineering runs….\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Peak Sierra Snowpack: Beats Last Year But No Drought Buster",
"headTitle": "Peak Sierra Snowpack: Beats Last Year But No Drought Buster | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>The “April 1” snow survey in the Sierra Nevada is always anxiously awaited, in the truest sense of the term. Early April is when the \u003ca href=\"http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cdecapp/snowapp/sweq.action\">snowpack\u003c/a> is generally reckoned to have peaked and the spring melt season is upon us. If there isn’t sufficient snow by now to carry California through its parched summer, there likely won’t be.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This year’s April1 survey (done on March 30 this year for arcane reasons) was a good news/bad news affair.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The good news is that water content (which is what they actually measure, not accumulation) came in at 87 percent of average — that’s a far cry from last year at this time, when Governor Jerry Brown stood on a barren mountainside along Highway 50 to announce California’s first-ever statewide mandatory water restrictions. The snowpack on that date was virtually non-existent, shattering records for “bad” at about 5 percent of normal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The bad news is that same 87 percent of average, which is to put it another way, 13 percent below normal. After four years of drought, hydrologists have warned, that’s not going to cut it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“An average snowpack wouldn’t solve the hole we’re in from four years of dry soil moistures and low reservoirs, and overpumped groundwater,” says Peter Gleick, a hydrologist and head of the Oakland-based Pacific Institute. “We really needed more than average — a lot more than average.” (There’s more from Gleick on why we should expect more disappointing snowpacks in our \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2016/03/23/get-used-to-skimpier-snows-in-the-sierra/\">recent post\u003c/a>.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s hard for many to square the ongoing drought with reservoirs that have \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2016/03/28/was-march-the-rainfall-miracle-wed-hoped-for/\">filled rapidly in recent weeks\u003c/a>, water tumbling down huge spillways in many cases (often a \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2016/02/29/california-reservoirs-are-dumping-water-in-a-drought-but-science-could-change-that/\">required precaution\u003c/a> against possible floods). California has been under a declared state of drought emergency since January of 2014, and water use restrictions have been extended through the coming summer, with some \u003ca href=\"http://www.mercurynews.com/drought/ci_29700280/california-drought-rules-likely-be-relaxed\">yet-to-be-announced modifications\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, state water managers urge that, “Residents should continue to conserve water due to drought conditions and impacts that are still felt in many parts of the state.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Spring blizzards are not unheard of. The survey comes just two days after Reno recorded it’s third biggest dumping of late-season snow on record — nearly 7 inches. But once the calendar turns to April, precipitation of all kinds drops off dramatically throughout California and the Sierra.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "The so-so snowpack almost certainly portends an official fifth year of drought, even with many reservoirs brimming.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The “April 1” snow survey in the Sierra Nevada is always anxiously awaited, in the truest sense of the term. Early April is when the \u003ca href=\"http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cdecapp/snowapp/sweq.action\">snowpack\u003c/a> is generally reckoned to have peaked and the spring melt season is upon us. If there isn’t sufficient snow by now to carry California through its parched summer, there likely won’t be.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This year’s April1 survey (done on March 30 this year for arcane reasons) was a good news/bad news affair.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The good news is that water content (which is what they actually measure, not accumulation) came in at 87 percent of average — that’s a far cry from last year at this time, when Governor Jerry Brown stood on a barren mountainside along Highway 50 to announce California’s first-ever statewide mandatory water restrictions. The snowpack on that date was virtually non-existent, shattering records for “bad” at about 5 percent of normal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The bad news is that same 87 percent of average, which is to put it another way, 13 percent below normal. After four years of drought, hydrologists have warned, that’s not going to cut it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“An average snowpack wouldn’t solve the hole we’re in from four years of dry soil moistures and low reservoirs, and overpumped groundwater,” says Peter Gleick, a hydrologist and head of the Oakland-based Pacific Institute. “We really needed more than average — a lot more than average.” (There’s more from Gleick on why we should expect more disappointing snowpacks in our \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2016/03/23/get-used-to-skimpier-snows-in-the-sierra/\">recent post\u003c/a>.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s hard for many to square the ongoing drought with reservoirs that have \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2016/03/28/was-march-the-rainfall-miracle-wed-hoped-for/\">filled rapidly in recent weeks\u003c/a>, water tumbling down huge spillways in many cases (often a \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2016/02/29/california-reservoirs-are-dumping-water-in-a-drought-but-science-could-change-that/\">required precaution\u003c/a> against possible floods). California has been under a declared state of drought emergency since January of 2014, and water use restrictions have been extended through the coming summer, with some \u003ca href=\"http://www.mercurynews.com/drought/ci_29700280/california-drought-rules-likely-be-relaxed\">yet-to-be-announced modifications\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, state water managers urge that, “Residents should continue to conserve water due to drought conditions and impacts that are still felt in many parts of the state.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Spring blizzards are not unheard of. The survey comes just two days after Reno recorded it’s third biggest dumping of late-season snow on record — nearly 7 inches. But once the calendar turns to April, precipitation of all kinds drops off dramatically throughout California and the Sierra.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>It’s been a winter for the books in the Arctic. Capping off a season of sustained, mind-boggling warm weather and \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/arctic-sea-ice-record-low-again-20044\">stunted sea ice growth\u003c/a>, the annual Arctic sea ice maximum hit its lowest level ever recorded. That marks the second straight year that the winter maximum ice extent set a record low.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’ve never seen such a warm, crazy winter in the Arctic,” Mark Serreze, director of the \u003ca href=\"https://nsidc.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">National Snow and Ice Data Center\u003c/a>, said in a statement. “The heat was relentless.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Along with other indicators like global average temperature and sea level rise, the record-setting sea ice cover is a key example of how much climate change is affecting the planet. Diminished sea ice can impact the ability of Arctic species like polar bears and walruses to find food, and could \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/polar-vortex-whats-the-role-of-warming-18654\">impact the weather\u003c/a> across North America, Europe and Asia, though that connection is still contentious.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The Arctic is in crisis. Year by year, it’s slipping into a new state, and it’s hard to see how that won’t have an effect on weather throughout the Northern Hemisphere,” Ted Scambos, an NSIDC lead scientist, said in a statement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://nsidc.org/news/newsroom/arctic-sets-yet-another-record-low-maximum-extent\">NSIDC announced on Monday\u003c/a> that Arctic sea ice hit its maximum extent for the winter on March 24, when it averaged 5.607 million square miles. That beat \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/arctic-sea-hits-record-low-winter-peak-18795\">last year’s record low\u003c/a> of 5.612 million square miles, set on Feb. 25, 2015, by 5,000 square miles or just a bit smaller than the area of Connecticut.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" src=\"https://www.youtube.com/embed/ferqrZi4WF4?rel=0\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last year’s peak came earlier than is typical, while this year’s was later than the average peak time. That late peak date sets up a shorter-than-normal ice melt season this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The record low maximum doesn’t necessarily guarantee a record-low summer sea ice minimum, though, as ice melt depends heavily on Arctic weather patterns through the spring and summer months. Last year’s minimum was the\u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/arctic-ice-4th-lowest-record-19455\">fourth lowest on record\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Overall, though, Arctic sea ice has seen \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/video-old-arctic-sea-ice-20112\">a clear decline\u003c/a> since satellites first began monitoring it in 1979. Since that time, winter sea ice extent has dropped 3.2 percent per decade, while the summer minimum has seen an even steeper drop of 13.7 percent per decade.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That decline is linked to the rapid warming of the region, which is heating up twice as fast as the rest of the globe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This winter, that warmth reached astounding levels, with air temperatures over the Arctic Ocean ranging from 4°F to 11°F (2°C to 6°C) above average in nearly every region.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That incredible warmth helped contribute to January and February successively setting the record for the \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/february-winter-record-warm-for-planet-20150\">most anomalously warm months\u003c/a> globally in more than 130 years of record keeping.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"headTitle": "Pacific Ocean Pattern Could Predict U.S. Heat Waves | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>In the summer of 2012, a series of punishing heat waves roasted a large portion of the U.S. with \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/2012-heat-wave-rolls-on-as-July-warmest-month-on-record-14773\">record-breaking temperatures\u003c/a> that helped spawn one of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/2012-drought-inches-up-in-us-historical-rankings-14818\">most widespread and costliest droughts\u003c/a> to hit the country in decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Combined, the blistering temperatures and drought cost some $31.5 billion and led to dozens of deaths. The heat was so intense that it melted roads and airport runways.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”55yb5ocAOi72b5skbecQTqbNo12PsiS8″]In May of that year, when the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration issued its forecast for the summer, it had \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/lack-of-warning-on-2012-us-drought-reflects-flaws-in-forecasting-14823\">predicted normal temperatures\u003c/a> for the Midwest and Northeast — a forecast that clearly fell short.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Such seasonal forecasting is notoriously difficult, but a new study detailed Monday in the journal \u003ca href=\"http://nature.com/articles/doi:10.1038/ngeo2687\">Nature Geoscience\u003c/a> points to a way to potentially better predict the type of \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/extreme-heat-climate-change-19641\">extreme heat\u003c/a> that engulfed the country that summer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By identifying a pattern of Pacific Ocean temperatures that seems to precede major heat events in the eastern U.S., the study could help forecasters give farmers, cities and utilities more time to prepare. Such early warnings will become more and more critical as the world continues to warm and heat waves become more frequent and more intense.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s been very hard to get accurate, long lead-time prediction,” \u003ca href=\"https://earth.stanford.edu/noah-diffenbaugh\">Noah Diffenbaugh\u003c/a>, a climate scientist at Stanford University who wasn’t involved with the research, said. “This paper is kind of extending our potential to have this longer time-scale predictability.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Ocean Pattern Pops Up\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://staff.ucar.edu/users/mckinnon\">Karen McKinnon\u003c/a> and her colleagues found the connection to Pacific Ocean temperatures by first looking at daily temperature data for the period from late June to late August from 1,613 weather stations across the U.S. going back to 1982. They divided the country into broad regions that tend to experience extreme heat at the same time. (A day with extreme heat was defined as one where the warmest 5 percent of weather stations in the region had temperatures at least 11.7°F, or 6.5°C, above average.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They focused on the largest grouping to emerge, which spanned from the Midwest down into the Southeast and up the coast to the Northeast. That area coincides with major population centers, as well as key farmland.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers then looked to see if those days of extreme heat tended to correspond with any particular patterns of sea surface temperatures in the North Pacific. One pattern “just popped up super clearly,” McKinnon, a postdoctoral researcher at the National Center for Atmospheric Research in Boulder, Colo., said. In an area spanning the breadth of the ocean basin and roughly the same latitudes as the U.S., they found cooler-than-normal waters to the north butted up against warmer-than-normal waters to the south.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And not only did the pattern show up at the same time as the extreme heat in the eastern U.S., the team could trace it back in time to before the heat wave hit and use it to predict the likelihood of the extreme hot weather.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers found the ocean pattern could be used to predict increased odds for extreme heat in the broad region up to 50 days out, with the skill of the predictions increasing closer to the event as the ocean pattern evolved.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The team used the pattern to do a “hindcast” of the punishing summer of 2012, and were able to predict increased odds of extreme heat for the end of June as early as mid-May.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The pattern could also be used to predict extreme heat for some individual stations, the team found, mostly in a region in the middle of the country. The clearer connection there is likely due to the fact that the domes of hot air associated with heat waves tend to be centered on that area, McKinnon said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Exactly why the ocean pattern and extreme eastern U.S. heat are connected isn’t yet clear. The two main ideas, McKinnon said, are that the ocean pattern is influencing the atmosphere in a way that leads to the eventual heat dome buildup, or that both the ocean pattern and the heat dome are caused by some other third factor. McKinnon and her colleagues are working now with computer models to “try and tease apart a little bit more” what’s happening, she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>‘Good Case Study’\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>One of the clearest implications of the \u003ca href=\"http://wxshift.com/climate-change/climate-indicators/global-temperature\">overall warming of the planet\u003c/a> as greenhouse gases trap more and more heat in the atmosphere is that heat waves will \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/searing-heat-waves-could-become-annual-threat-20066\">become more common and more intense\u003c/a>, raising concerns about future impacts to agriculture, infrastructure and vulnerable populations. Such concerns could make long-term predictions particularly valuable in the future because “we can make decisions about how to manage risk,” Diffenbaugh said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One hurdle to jump, though, is to try to use this ocean pattern to make forecasts in real-time “to see if it really works,”\u003ca href=\"http://mikeventrice.weebly.com/\">Michael Ventrice\u003c/a>, an operational meteorologist with the Weather Company, said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>McKinnon and her team are planning to do just that this year, possibly starting sometime in April.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Right now, the models that Ventrice and other seasonal forecasters use are predicting one of the hottest summers in recent years. The ocean pattern that McKinnon and her colleagues identified, though, is flipped, which would tend to suggest cooler summer weather.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is a good case study,” Ventrice, who was not involved with the research, said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Obviously it’s a little bit scary,” McKinnon said of doing real-time forecasts, because even if their forecast track record is good across many years, it could be off for a particular year. Other myriad climate factors play a role in the weather, and any one of them could overwhelm the Pacific Ocean connection.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While there’s still work to do to understand and firm up the link between extreme heat and Pacific Ocean temperature patterns, the possibility is intriguing because “we’re always looking for better ways” to extend seasonal predictions, Ventrice said.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>In the summer of 2012, a series of punishing heat waves roasted a large portion of the U.S. with \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/2012-heat-wave-rolls-on-as-July-warmest-month-on-record-14773\">record-breaking temperatures\u003c/a> that helped spawn one of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/2012-drought-inches-up-in-us-historical-rankings-14818\">most widespread and costliest droughts\u003c/a> to hit the country in decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Combined, the blistering temperatures and drought cost some $31.5 billion and led to dozens of deaths. The heat was so intense that it melted roads and airport runways.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>In May of that year, when the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration issued its forecast for the summer, it had \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/lack-of-warning-on-2012-us-drought-reflects-flaws-in-forecasting-14823\">predicted normal temperatures\u003c/a> for the Midwest and Northeast — a forecast that clearly fell short.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Such seasonal forecasting is notoriously difficult, but a new study detailed Monday in the journal \u003ca href=\"http://nature.com/articles/doi:10.1038/ngeo2687\">Nature Geoscience\u003c/a> points to a way to potentially better predict the type of \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/extreme-heat-climate-change-19641\">extreme heat\u003c/a> that engulfed the country that summer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By identifying a pattern of Pacific Ocean temperatures that seems to precede major heat events in the eastern U.S., the study could help forecasters give farmers, cities and utilities more time to prepare. Such early warnings will become more and more critical as the world continues to warm and heat waves become more frequent and more intense.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s been very hard to get accurate, long lead-time prediction,” \u003ca href=\"https://earth.stanford.edu/noah-diffenbaugh\">Noah Diffenbaugh\u003c/a>, a climate scientist at Stanford University who wasn’t involved with the research, said. “This paper is kind of extending our potential to have this longer time-scale predictability.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Ocean Pattern Pops Up\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://staff.ucar.edu/users/mckinnon\">Karen McKinnon\u003c/a> and her colleagues found the connection to Pacific Ocean temperatures by first looking at daily temperature data for the period from late June to late August from 1,613 weather stations across the U.S. going back to 1982. They divided the country into broad regions that tend to experience extreme heat at the same time. (A day with extreme heat was defined as one where the warmest 5 percent of weather stations in the region had temperatures at least 11.7°F, or 6.5°C, above average.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They focused on the largest grouping to emerge, which spanned from the Midwest down into the Southeast and up the coast to the Northeast. That area coincides with major population centers, as well as key farmland.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers then looked to see if those days of extreme heat tended to correspond with any particular patterns of sea surface temperatures in the North Pacific. One pattern “just popped up super clearly,” McKinnon, a postdoctoral researcher at the National Center for Atmospheric Research in Boulder, Colo., said. In an area spanning the breadth of the ocean basin and roughly the same latitudes as the U.S., they found cooler-than-normal waters to the north butted up against warmer-than-normal waters to the south.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And not only did the pattern show up at the same time as the extreme heat in the eastern U.S., the team could trace it back in time to before the heat wave hit and use it to predict the likelihood of the extreme hot weather.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers found the ocean pattern could be used to predict increased odds for extreme heat in the broad region up to 50 days out, with the skill of the predictions increasing closer to the event as the ocean pattern evolved.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The team used the pattern to do a “hindcast” of the punishing summer of 2012, and were able to predict increased odds of extreme heat for the end of June as early as mid-May.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The pattern could also be used to predict extreme heat for some individual stations, the team found, mostly in a region in the middle of the country. The clearer connection there is likely due to the fact that the domes of hot air associated with heat waves tend to be centered on that area, McKinnon said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Exactly why the ocean pattern and extreme eastern U.S. heat are connected isn’t yet clear. The two main ideas, McKinnon said, are that the ocean pattern is influencing the atmosphere in a way that leads to the eventual heat dome buildup, or that both the ocean pattern and the heat dome are caused by some other third factor. McKinnon and her colleagues are working now with computer models to “try and tease apart a little bit more” what’s happening, she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>‘Good Case Study’\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>One of the clearest implications of the \u003ca href=\"http://wxshift.com/climate-change/climate-indicators/global-temperature\">overall warming of the planet\u003c/a> as greenhouse gases trap more and more heat in the atmosphere is that heat waves will \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/searing-heat-waves-could-become-annual-threat-20066\">become more common and more intense\u003c/a>, raising concerns about future impacts to agriculture, infrastructure and vulnerable populations. Such concerns could make long-term predictions particularly valuable in the future because “we can make decisions about how to manage risk,” Diffenbaugh said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One hurdle to jump, though, is to try to use this ocean pattern to make forecasts in real-time “to see if it really works,”\u003ca href=\"http://mikeventrice.weebly.com/\">Michael Ventrice\u003c/a>, an operational meteorologist with the Weather Company, said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>McKinnon and her team are planning to do just that this year, possibly starting sometime in April.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Right now, the models that Ventrice and other seasonal forecasters use are predicting one of the hottest summers in recent years. The ocean pattern that McKinnon and her colleagues identified, though, is flipped, which would tend to suggest cooler summer weather.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is a good case study,” Ventrice, who was not involved with the research, said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Obviously it’s a little bit scary,” McKinnon said of doing real-time forecasts, because even if their forecast track record is good across many years, it could be off for a particular year. Other myriad climate factors play a role in the weather, and any one of them could overwhelm the Pacific Ocean connection.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While there’s still work to do to understand and firm up the link between extreme heat and Pacific Ocean temperature patterns, the possibility is intriguing because “we’re always looking for better ways” to extend seasonal predictions, Ventrice said.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Was March the Rainfall Miracle We'd Hoped For?",
"headTitle": "Was March the Rainfall Miracle We’d Hoped For? | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Yes, the Bay Area got a lot of rain this winter. But was it enough to end the drought?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sadly, no. But there’s good news—this winter was the best we’ve had in five years in terms of precipitation. Rainfall in most Bay Area cities is about 100 percent of normal. San Francisco has received \u003ca href=\"http://www.wrh.noaa.gov/cnrfc/rsa_getprod.php?prod=RNORR4RSA&wfo=cnrfc&version=0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">21 inches of rain this winter\u003c/a>, up from \u003ca href=\"http://www.wrh.noaa.gov/cnrfc/rsa_getprod.php?prod=RNORR4RSA&wfo=cnrfc&version=0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">16 inches last year\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘We’re not in an emergency in northern California anymore in terms of drought.’\u003ccite>Paul Rogers,\u003cbr>KQED and the San Jose Mercury News\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>And the state’s two biggest reservoirs, \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Oroville and Shasta, are now more than \u003ca href=\"http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cdecapp/resapp/getResGraphsMain.action\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">80 percent full\u003c/a>. Last March, they hovered between \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/50-percent-of-average_reservoirs.jpg\">50 and 59 percent\u003c/a>.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s really been kind of a wonderful last few months,” says \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/PaulRogersSJMN?ref_src=twsrc%5Egoogle%7Ctwcamp%5Eserp%7Ctwgr%5Eauthor\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Paul Rogers\u003c/a>, San Jose Mercury News Environment Reporter and KQED Science Managing Editor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>El Niño’s warm ocean waters fueled storms across the state, and northern California got most of the benefit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">We’re not in an emergency in northern California anymore in terms of drought,” Rogers says. “The soaking storms that we got in March really delivered their biggest punch in the most important watersheds in the state.” \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition to Oroville and Shasta, \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Pardee reservoir, the biggest reservoir that serves the East Bay, is \u003ca href=\"https://www.ebmud.com/water-and-drought/about-your-water/water-supply/water-supply-reports/daily-water-supply-report/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">99 percent full\u003c/a>.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_596537\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 1006px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-596537\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/CA-map_drought.jpg\" alt=\"This map shows precipitation as a percentage of average for March. Areas in maroon are at less than 5 percent of average for this time of year while magenta areas are at more than 300 percent of average. \" width=\"1006\" height=\"1392\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/CA-map_drought.jpg 1006w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/CA-map_drought-400x553.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/CA-map_drought-800x1107.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/CA-map_drought-768x1063.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/CA-map_drought-960x1328.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1006px) 100vw, 1006px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This map shows precipitation as a percentage of average for March. Areas in maroon are at less than 5 percent of average for this time of year while magenta areas are at more than 300 percent of average. \u003ccite>(NOAA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">But Rogers says southern California wasn’t as lucky. Some cities, \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">like Los Angeles, are only at \u003ca href=\"http://www.wrh.noaa.gov/cnrfc/rsa_getprod.php?prod=RNORR4RSA&wfo=cnrfc&version=0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">50 percent of normal rainfall\u003c/a> for this time of year.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And farther south, say in Long Beach and Riverside, rainfall totals are at \u003ca href=\"http://www.wrh.noaa.gov/cnrfc/rsa_getprod.php?prod=RNORR4RSA&wfo=cnrfc&version=0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">44 percent of average\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It really is a tale of two droughts,” Rogers says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The mandatory water cutbacks Governor Jerry Brown enacted last April have been extended \u003ca href=\"http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/water_issues/programs/conservation_portal/emergency_regulation.shtml\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">through October\u003c/a>, but some of those restrictions may be lifted in parts of northern California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Felicia Marcus, who chairs the \u003ca href=\"http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">State Water Resources Control Board\u003c/a>, has already \u003ca href=\"http://www.sacbee.com/news/state/california/water-and-drought/article66078267.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">hinted at this\u003c/a>, Rogers noted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“What you’re going to probably see,” he says, “is that, in northern California, particularly the further north you go, where we had a lot of rain, they’re going to have few or no mandatory rules. The further south you go, their rules are going to look pretty similar to what they had this past summer.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And although relaxed restriction are a positive sign—\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2016/01/11/when-will-californias-drought-end/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">the drought isn’t legally over\u003c/a> until Brown says so and lifts his executive order.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That probably won’t happen this year.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Yes, the Bay Area got a lot of rain this winter. But was it enough to end the drought?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sadly, no. But there’s good news—this winter was the best we’ve had in five years in terms of precipitation. Rainfall in most Bay Area cities is about 100 percent of normal. San Francisco has received \u003ca href=\"http://www.wrh.noaa.gov/cnrfc/rsa_getprod.php?prod=RNORR4RSA&wfo=cnrfc&version=0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">21 inches of rain this winter\u003c/a>, up from \u003ca href=\"http://www.wrh.noaa.gov/cnrfc/rsa_getprod.php?prod=RNORR4RSA&wfo=cnrfc&version=0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">16 inches last year\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘We’re not in an emergency in northern California anymore in terms of drought.’\u003ccite>Paul Rogers,\u003cbr>KQED and the San Jose Mercury News\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>And the state’s two biggest reservoirs, \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Oroville and Shasta, are now more than \u003ca href=\"http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cdecapp/resapp/getResGraphsMain.action\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">80 percent full\u003c/a>. Last March, they hovered between \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/50-percent-of-average_reservoirs.jpg\">50 and 59 percent\u003c/a>.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s really been kind of a wonderful last few months,” says \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/PaulRogersSJMN?ref_src=twsrc%5Egoogle%7Ctwcamp%5Eserp%7Ctwgr%5Eauthor\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Paul Rogers\u003c/a>, San Jose Mercury News Environment Reporter and KQED Science Managing Editor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>El Niño’s warm ocean waters fueled storms across the state, and northern California got most of the benefit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">We’re not in an emergency in northern California anymore in terms of drought,” Rogers says. “The soaking storms that we got in March really delivered their biggest punch in the most important watersheds in the state.” \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition to Oroville and Shasta, \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Pardee reservoir, the biggest reservoir that serves the East Bay, is \u003ca href=\"https://www.ebmud.com/water-and-drought/about-your-water/water-supply/water-supply-reports/daily-water-supply-report/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">99 percent full\u003c/a>.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_596537\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 1006px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-596537\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/CA-map_drought.jpg\" alt=\"This map shows precipitation as a percentage of average for March. Areas in maroon are at less than 5 percent of average for this time of year while magenta areas are at more than 300 percent of average. \" width=\"1006\" height=\"1392\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/CA-map_drought.jpg 1006w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/CA-map_drought-400x553.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/CA-map_drought-800x1107.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/CA-map_drought-768x1063.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/CA-map_drought-960x1328.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1006px) 100vw, 1006px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This map shows precipitation as a percentage of average for March. Areas in maroon are at less than 5 percent of average for this time of year while magenta areas are at more than 300 percent of average. \u003ccite>(NOAA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">But Rogers says southern California wasn’t as lucky. Some cities, \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">like Los Angeles, are only at \u003ca href=\"http://www.wrh.noaa.gov/cnrfc/rsa_getprod.php?prod=RNORR4RSA&wfo=cnrfc&version=0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">50 percent of normal rainfall\u003c/a> for this time of year.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And farther south, say in Long Beach and Riverside, rainfall totals are at \u003ca href=\"http://www.wrh.noaa.gov/cnrfc/rsa_getprod.php?prod=RNORR4RSA&wfo=cnrfc&version=0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">44 percent of average\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It really is a tale of two droughts,” Rogers says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The mandatory water cutbacks Governor Jerry Brown enacted last April have been extended \u003ca href=\"http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/water_issues/programs/conservation_portal/emergency_regulation.shtml\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">through October\u003c/a>, but some of those restrictions may be lifted in parts of northern California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Felicia Marcus, who chairs the \u003ca href=\"http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">State Water Resources Control Board\u003c/a>, has already \u003ca href=\"http://www.sacbee.com/news/state/california/water-and-drought/article66078267.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">hinted at this\u003c/a>, Rogers noted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“What you’re going to probably see,” he says, “is that, in northern California, particularly the further north you go, where we had a lot of rain, they’re going to have few or no mandatory rules. The further south you go, their rules are going to look pretty similar to what they had this past summer.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And although relaxed restriction are a positive sign—\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2016/01/11/when-will-californias-drought-end/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">the drought isn’t legally over\u003c/a> until Brown says so and lifts his executive order.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That probably won’t happen this year.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>When the numbers come in for the closely watched April 1 survey of \u003ca href=\"http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cdecapp/snowapp/sweq.action\">snow in the Sierra Nevada\u003c/a>, California is likely to fall short of an average year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s a major disappointment in a winter that featured one of the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2016/02/01/why-this-el-nino-is-one-for-the-books/\">strongest El Niño events on record\u003c/a>—warm ocean conditions that were widely expected to produce torrents of precipitation. It’s also a source of concern since the state has historically counted on runoff from accumulated mountain snows for about a third of its water supply.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Earlier this week, the northern Sierra snowpack briefly nudged the long-term average for April 1, while measurements from the southern Sierra were lagging badly, at just 75 percent of normal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To be sure, both numbers are \u003ca href=\"http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/IOTD/view.php?id=86838\">a huge improvement\u003c/a> over last year at this time, when the Sierra Nevada range was virtually barren. But this year, almost-average isn’t going to cut it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_594396\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 561px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-594396 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/No-SnowSurvey_150401.png\" alt=\"Governor Jerry Brown looks on as last April's snow survey is conducted on barren ground along Highway 50, near Echo Summit.\" width=\"561\" height=\"381\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/No-SnowSurvey_150401.png 561w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/No-SnowSurvey_150401-400x272.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 561px) 100vw, 561px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Governor Jerry Brown looks on as last April’s snow survey is conducted on barren ground along Highway 50, near Echo Summit. \u003ccite>(Calif. Dept. of Water Resources)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“We really needed more than average—a lot more than average,” says Peter Gleick, a hydrologist and co-founder of the Oakland-based \u003ca href=\"http://pacinst.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Pacific Institute\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Average snowpack wouldn’t solve the hole we’re in from four years of dry soil moistures and low reservoirs and overpumped groundwater,” he says. “I think a fifth year of drought is now pretty inevitable.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, El Niño conjured up enough rain and snow to slightly dampen Californians’ worries over water. In a survey just released by the Public Policy Institute of California, while 57 percent of respondents still consider water supply to be a “big problem,” water and drought slipped from the top spot among residents’ biggest concerns, yielding once again to jobs and the economy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Long-Term Outlook Not Encouraging\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gleick attended this week’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2016/03/22/fact-sheet-working-together-build-sustainable-water-future\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">White House Water Summit\u003c/a>, a confab designed to assess threats to future water security and seek solutions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Coinciding with that event, federal water managers issued some sobering projections for the continuing impact of California’s changing climate on key watersheds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>Sacramento and San Joaquin River Basins:\u003cbr>\nMean annual runoff is projected to increase as much as 5.4% in the Sacramento and San Joaquin Rivers Delta by the 2050s. Moisture falling as rain instead of snow at lower elevations will increase wintertime runoff by 22% (December through March) and decrease springtime runoff by 27% (April through July).\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>And moving uphill toward Lake Tahoe, the outlook does not improve:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>Truckee River Basin:\u003cbr>\nMean annual runoff is projected to increase by from [sic] 5.7% by the 2050s. Warmer conditions are projected to transition wintertime snow into rain, increasing December–March runoff and decreasing April–July runoff. The median date of peak runoff is expected to be 19 days earlier by the end of the century.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Those increases in runoff might sound like a good thing. More water is more water, right?\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘We don’t just care about how much water we get, we also care about when we get it’\u003ccite>Peter Gleick, hydrologist\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“I wouldn’t bank on that,” says Gleick, citing both the uncertainty inherent in precipitation models for California and rising temperatures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We don’t just care about how much water we get, we also care about when we get it,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More wintertime and less springtime runoff is a sign that winter storms are dropping more rain and less snow, depleting the state’s “frozen reservoir” and leaving less water during the summer growing season, when farms and cities most need it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As John Upton \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/california-snowpack-returns-fears-future-20166\">writes for Climate Central\u003c/a>:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>The low snowpack experienced last year is expected to become more common during the decades ahead — even though storminess in the region is \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/west-likely-stormier-with-climate-change-20009\">projected to increase\u003c/a>. Last year’s was the \u003ca href=\"http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cdecapp/snowapp/sweq.action\">smallest snowpack on record\u003c/a>, caused primarily by a shortfall in large winter storms, fueling a withering drought \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/global-warming-fueled-heat-calif-drought-18719\">exacerbated by high temperatures\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Within 50 years, snowpacks as diminutive as last year’s could occur on average more than once every decade, said \u003ca href=\"https://profile.usgs.gov/mddettin\">Michael Dettinger\u003c/a>, a U.S. Geological Survey hydrologist.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What we have to do is a combination of smarter storage and better management of reservoirs, and much more efficient water use,” says Gleick. “There is no one solution to Cailfornia’s water problems.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>When the numbers come in for the closely watched April 1 survey of \u003ca href=\"http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cdecapp/snowapp/sweq.action\">snow in the Sierra Nevada\u003c/a>, California is likely to fall short of an average year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s a major disappointment in a winter that featured one of the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2016/02/01/why-this-el-nino-is-one-for-the-books/\">strongest El Niño events on record\u003c/a>—warm ocean conditions that were widely expected to produce torrents of precipitation. It’s also a source of concern since the state has historically counted on runoff from accumulated mountain snows for about a third of its water supply.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Earlier this week, the northern Sierra snowpack briefly nudged the long-term average for April 1, while measurements from the southern Sierra were lagging badly, at just 75 percent of normal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To be sure, both numbers are \u003ca href=\"http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/IOTD/view.php?id=86838\">a huge improvement\u003c/a> over last year at this time, when the Sierra Nevada range was virtually barren. But this year, almost-average isn’t going to cut it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_594396\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 561px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-594396 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/No-SnowSurvey_150401.png\" alt=\"Governor Jerry Brown looks on as last April's snow survey is conducted on barren ground along Highway 50, near Echo Summit.\" width=\"561\" height=\"381\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/No-SnowSurvey_150401.png 561w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/No-SnowSurvey_150401-400x272.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 561px) 100vw, 561px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Governor Jerry Brown looks on as last April’s snow survey is conducted on barren ground along Highway 50, near Echo Summit. \u003ccite>(Calif. Dept. of Water Resources)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“We really needed more than average—a lot more than average,” says Peter Gleick, a hydrologist and co-founder of the Oakland-based \u003ca href=\"http://pacinst.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Pacific Institute\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Average snowpack wouldn’t solve the hole we’re in from four years of dry soil moistures and low reservoirs and overpumped groundwater,” he says. “I think a fifth year of drought is now pretty inevitable.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, El Niño conjured up enough rain and snow to slightly dampen Californians’ worries over water. In a survey just released by the Public Policy Institute of California, while 57 percent of respondents still consider water supply to be a “big problem,” water and drought slipped from the top spot among residents’ biggest concerns, yielding once again to jobs and the economy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Long-Term Outlook Not Encouraging\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gleick attended this week’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2016/03/22/fact-sheet-working-together-build-sustainable-water-future\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">White House Water Summit\u003c/a>, a confab designed to assess threats to future water security and seek solutions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Coinciding with that event, federal water managers issued some sobering projections for the continuing impact of California’s changing climate on key watersheds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>Sacramento and San Joaquin River Basins:\u003cbr>\nMean annual runoff is projected to increase as much as 5.4% in the Sacramento and San Joaquin Rivers Delta by the 2050s. Moisture falling as rain instead of snow at lower elevations will increase wintertime runoff by 22% (December through March) and decrease springtime runoff by 27% (April through July).\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>And moving uphill toward Lake Tahoe, the outlook does not improve:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>Truckee River Basin:\u003cbr>\nMean annual runoff is projected to increase by from [sic] 5.7% by the 2050s. Warmer conditions are projected to transition wintertime snow into rain, increasing December–March runoff and decreasing April–July runoff. The median date of peak runoff is expected to be 19 days earlier by the end of the century.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Those increases in runoff might sound like a good thing. More water is more water, right?\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘We don’t just care about how much water we get, we also care about when we get it’\u003ccite>Peter Gleick, hydrologist\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“I wouldn’t bank on that,” says Gleick, citing both the uncertainty inherent in precipitation models for California and rising temperatures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We don’t just care about how much water we get, we also care about when we get it,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More wintertime and less springtime runoff is a sign that winter storms are dropping more rain and less snow, depleting the state’s “frozen reservoir” and leaving less water during the summer growing season, when farms and cities most need it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As John Upton \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/california-snowpack-returns-fears-future-20166\">writes for Climate Central\u003c/a>:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>The low snowpack experienced last year is expected to become more common during the decades ahead — even though storminess in the region is \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/west-likely-stormier-with-climate-change-20009\">projected to increase\u003c/a>. Last year’s was the \u003ca href=\"http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cdecapp/snowapp/sweq.action\">smallest snowpack on record\u003c/a>, caused primarily by a shortfall in large winter storms, fueling a withering drought \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/global-warming-fueled-heat-calif-drought-18719\">exacerbated by high temperatures\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Within 50 years, snowpacks as diminutive as last year’s could occur on average more than once every decade, said \u003ca href=\"https://profile.usgs.gov/mddettin\">Michael Dettinger\u003c/a>, a U.S. Geological Survey hydrologist.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What we have to do is a combination of smarter storage and better management of reservoirs, and much more efficient water use,” says Gleick. “There is no one solution to Cailfornia’s water problems.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"headTitle": "Navy Tugboat Lost for a Century Found Off California Coast | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp class=\"ap-story-p\">A Navy tugboat that sank nearly a century ago has been found by a team of government researchers off the San Francisco coast, officials announced Wednesday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"ap-story-p\">The USS Conestoga departed San Francisco Bay for Pearl Harbor in March 1921. But the boat never made it to Hawaii, and her 56-man crew was declared lost. The boat was never found, despite a search that covered hundreds of thousands of square miles and was the biggest air and sea search of its time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"ap-story-p\">Officials from the Navy and National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration announced that the tug has been found about 30 miles off the coast, near the Farallon Islands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_594093\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1000px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-594093\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/conestoga.jpg\" alt=\"The USS Conestoga. \" width=\"1000\" height=\"587\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/conestoga.jpg 1000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/conestoga-400x235.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/conestoga-800x470.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/conestoga-768x451.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/conestoga-960x564.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The USS Conestoga. \u003ccite>(Naval History & Heritage Command NH 71299)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_594098\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1000px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-594098\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/multibeam-sonar.jpg\" alt=\"Multibeam sonar image of the shipwreck site. \" width=\"1000\" height=\"788\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/multibeam-sonar.jpg 1000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/multibeam-sonar-400x315.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/multibeam-sonar-800x630.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/multibeam-sonar-768x605.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/multibeam-sonar-960x756.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Multibeam sonar image of the shipwreck site. \u003ccite>(Fugro/NOAA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp class=\"ap-story-p\">NOAA is in the midst of a multiyear effort to map roughly 300 shipwrecks off in the waters off San Francisco. The discovery process began in 2009 when a coastal survey documented a possible shipwreck near the islands. In October 2015, a joint NOAA and Navy mission confirmed the Conestoga’s identity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"ap-story-p\">The 170-foot steel tugboat, one of the largest seagoing tugboats in the period, was launched in 1903. It was originally built to tow coal barges for the Philadelphia and Reading Railroad Company.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"ap-story-p\">The U.S. Navy purchased the Conestoga in September 1917 after the United States entered World War I. It carried out towing duties along the Atlantic coast and at the end of the war it was attached to Naval Base No. 13, Azores. After the war it was assigned to harbor tug duty at Norfolk, Virginia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"ap-story-p\">It was reclassified USS Conestoga AT 54 in 1920 and after undergoing alterations, it was ordered to duty as a station ship in American Samoa, but disappeared on its way after departing San Francisco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_594096\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1000px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-594096\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/conestoga-stern.jpg\" alt=\"The stern of the USS Conestoga. \" width=\"1000\" height=\"561\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/conestoga-stern.jpg 1000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/conestoga-stern-400x224.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/conestoga-stern-800x449.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/conestoga-stern-768x431.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/conestoga-stern-960x539.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The stern of the USS Conestoga. \u003ccite>(NOAA/Teledyne SeaBotix)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"ap-story-p\">When the Conestoga failed to arrive in Hawaii, the Navy launched a massive search, finding only a lifeboat with the letter “C” on its bow off Manzanillo, Mexico.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp class=\"ap-story-p\">A Navy tugboat that sank nearly a century ago has been found by a team of government researchers off the San Francisco coast, officials announced Wednesday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"ap-story-p\">The USS Conestoga departed San Francisco Bay for Pearl Harbor in March 1921. But the boat never made it to Hawaii, and her 56-man crew was declared lost. The boat was never found, despite a search that covered hundreds of thousands of square miles and was the biggest air and sea search of its time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"ap-story-p\">Officials from the Navy and National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration announced that the tug has been found about 30 miles off the coast, near the Farallon Islands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_594093\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1000px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-594093\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/conestoga.jpg\" alt=\"The USS Conestoga. \" width=\"1000\" height=\"587\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/conestoga.jpg 1000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/conestoga-400x235.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/conestoga-800x470.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/conestoga-768x451.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/conestoga-960x564.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The USS Conestoga. \u003ccite>(Naval History & Heritage Command NH 71299)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_594098\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1000px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-594098\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/multibeam-sonar.jpg\" alt=\"Multibeam sonar image of the shipwreck site. \" width=\"1000\" height=\"788\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/multibeam-sonar.jpg 1000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/multibeam-sonar-400x315.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/multibeam-sonar-800x630.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/multibeam-sonar-768x605.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/multibeam-sonar-960x756.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Multibeam sonar image of the shipwreck site. \u003ccite>(Fugro/NOAA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp class=\"ap-story-p\">NOAA is in the midst of a multiyear effort to map roughly 300 shipwrecks off in the waters off San Francisco. The discovery process began in 2009 when a coastal survey documented a possible shipwreck near the islands. In October 2015, a joint NOAA and Navy mission confirmed the Conestoga’s identity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"ap-story-p\">The 170-foot steel tugboat, one of the largest seagoing tugboats in the period, was launched in 1903. It was originally built to tow coal barges for the Philadelphia and Reading Railroad Company.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"ap-story-p\">The U.S. Navy purchased the Conestoga in September 1917 after the United States entered World War I. It carried out towing duties along the Atlantic coast and at the end of the war it was attached to Naval Base No. 13, Azores. After the war it was assigned to harbor tug duty at Norfolk, Virginia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"ap-story-p\">It was reclassified USS Conestoga AT 54 in 1920 and after undergoing alterations, it was ordered to duty as a station ship in American Samoa, but disappeared on its way after departing San Francisco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_594096\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1000px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-594096\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/conestoga-stern.jpg\" alt=\"The stern of the USS Conestoga. \" width=\"1000\" height=\"561\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/conestoga-stern.jpg 1000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/conestoga-stern-400x224.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/conestoga-stern-800x449.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/conestoga-stern-768x431.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/conestoga-stern-960x539.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The stern of the USS Conestoga. \u003ccite>(NOAA/Teledyne SeaBotix)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"ap-story-p\">When the Conestoga failed to arrive in Hawaii, the Navy launched a massive search, finding only a lifeboat with the letter “C” on its bow off Manzanillo, Mexico.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "With Bees in Trouble, Almond Farmers Try Trees That Don't Need 'Em",
"headTitle": "With Bees in Trouble, Almond Farmers Try Trees That Don’t Need ‘Em | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Beekeepers flock from all over the country to California every February and March to watch billions of honeybees buzz around the state’s almond trees. Eighty percent of the country’s commercial bees visit the Golden State each spring.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So I went to check out the scene at an almond orchard at \u003ca href=\"http://www.fresnostate.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Fresno State\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Really, the key is to stay calm around bees, because if you’re afraid, then your body physiologically changes and they can sense that,” beekeeper Brian Hiatt tells me. “They literally can smell fear.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He should know: In this orchard alone, Hiatt has about 1.5 million bees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Spring is usually a really busy time for beekeepers. But this year, Hiatt says he’s worried that a relatively new variety of almonds called \u003ca href=\"http://www.davewilson.com/commercial-orchards/featured-products/independence-almond\">Independence\u003c/a> could harm the longevity of his business.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Independence almond trees are easy to harvest, and they make tasty almonds. But what really sets them apart is the fact that they’re self-fertile — meaning they technically don’t need bees to pollinate their flowers because they’re pollinating themselves (though some farmers say if you use just a few bees, you’ll get an even bigger crop.) That’s a boon for farmers, who spend lots of money hiring bees to pollinate their crop.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There are a lot of these old almonds that still need bees,” Hiatt notes. But as Independence almonds become more popular, he thinks he’d lose profits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_594083\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-594083\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/almond-bee.jpg\" alt=\"Ben Barra guesses there are a couple thousand acres of the Independence almond variety in California. He says there is a growing waiting list for new sprigs of the tree. \" width=\"800\" height=\"599\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/almond-bee.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/almond-bee-400x300.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/almond-bee-768x575.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Ben Barra guesses there are a couple thousand acres of the Independence almond variety in California. He says there is a growing waiting list for new sprigs of the tree. \u003ccite>(Ezra David Romero/Valley Public Radio)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Others in the industry — including Gene Brandi with the \u003ca href=\"http://www.abfnet.org/\">American Beekeeping Federation\u003c/a> — see things differently, especially since a colony collapse disorder has killed as much as 40 percent of the honeybees in the West. “I know how difficult it has been for our industry to supply the bees that are needed,” Brandi says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And farmers like \u003ca href=\"http://pitiglianofarms.com/\">Josh Pitgliano\u003c/a> from Tulare County are loving Independence almonds. Pitgliano has several hundred acres of the self-fertile variety — he first started planting Independence trees six years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He says he likes that with Independence almond trees, he has to use less than half the number of bees. Whereas most farmers place two hives per acre, Pitgliano scrapes by with half a hive per acre on his orchards of Independence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That translates to big savings: An average hive of bees costs around $180 to hire for the season.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Plus, Independence almond trees comes with another perk — easy harvest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I come in here once and I harvest all the nuts, all at one time,” Pitgliano says. In contrast, traditional almond orchards have several varieties of the tree planted in each field and are harvested multiple times.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And the nuts these trees make are just as good, says farmer Ben Barra. When he realized he didn’t have to hire any bees at all with the Independence variety, he was hooked. (When I visited his farm, there were some wild bees buzzing around.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Barra has farmed everything from sugar beets to eggplant to potatoes. He tore out his peaches and plums after he had a really bad season, losing over $100,000.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So he latched onto the idea of a crop that didn’t require many bees, that he’d only have to harvest once. And it seems to be working out: Barra says the Independence trees have produced more than he originally expected.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You can’t believe it,” Barra says. “The first year we did 6,000 [pounds], and then we did 17,000 [pounds]. Last year we did 31,000 [pounds].”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This year he’s hopes the acreage’s yield is over 40,000 pounds, but he realizes he’s taking a chance on new tree variety that hasn’t stood the test of time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When I gambled with this,” Barra says, “this was the last shot that I was making.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=With+Bees+In+Trouble%2C+Almond+Farmers+Try+Trees+That+Don%27t+Need+%27Em&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\" alt=\"\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Beekeepers flock from all over the country to California every February and March to watch billions of honeybees buzz around the state’s almond trees. Eighty percent of the country’s commercial bees visit the Golden State each spring.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So I went to check out the scene at an almond orchard at \u003ca href=\"http://www.fresnostate.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Fresno State\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Really, the key is to stay calm around bees, because if you’re afraid, then your body physiologically changes and they can sense that,” beekeeper Brian Hiatt tells me. “They literally can smell fear.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He should know: In this orchard alone, Hiatt has about 1.5 million bees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Spring is usually a really busy time for beekeepers. But this year, Hiatt says he’s worried that a relatively new variety of almonds called \u003ca href=\"http://www.davewilson.com/commercial-orchards/featured-products/independence-almond\">Independence\u003c/a> could harm the longevity of his business.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Independence almond trees are easy to harvest, and they make tasty almonds. But what really sets them apart is the fact that they’re self-fertile — meaning they technically don’t need bees to pollinate their flowers because they’re pollinating themselves (though some farmers say if you use just a few bees, you’ll get an even bigger crop.) That’s a boon for farmers, who spend lots of money hiring bees to pollinate their crop.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There are a lot of these old almonds that still need bees,” Hiatt notes. But as Independence almonds become more popular, he thinks he’d lose profits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_594083\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-594083\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/almond-bee.jpg\" alt=\"Ben Barra guesses there are a couple thousand acres of the Independence almond variety in California. He says there is a growing waiting list for new sprigs of the tree. \" width=\"800\" height=\"599\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/almond-bee.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/almond-bee-400x300.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/almond-bee-768x575.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Ben Barra guesses there are a couple thousand acres of the Independence almond variety in California. He says there is a growing waiting list for new sprigs of the tree. \u003ccite>(Ezra David Romero/Valley Public Radio)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Others in the industry — including Gene Brandi with the \u003ca href=\"http://www.abfnet.org/\">American Beekeeping Federation\u003c/a> — see things differently, especially since a colony collapse disorder has killed as much as 40 percent of the honeybees in the West. “I know how difficult it has been for our industry to supply the bees that are needed,” Brandi says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And farmers like \u003ca href=\"http://pitiglianofarms.com/\">Josh Pitgliano\u003c/a> from Tulare County are loving Independence almonds. Pitgliano has several hundred acres of the self-fertile variety — he first started planting Independence trees six years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He says he likes that with Independence almond trees, he has to use less than half the number of bees. Whereas most farmers place two hives per acre, Pitgliano scrapes by with half a hive per acre on his orchards of Independence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That translates to big savings: An average hive of bees costs around $180 to hire for the season.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Plus, Independence almond trees comes with another perk — easy harvest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I come in here once and I harvest all the nuts, all at one time,” Pitgliano says. In contrast, traditional almond orchards have several varieties of the tree planted in each field and are harvested multiple times.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And the nuts these trees make are just as good, says farmer Ben Barra. When he realized he didn’t have to hire any bees at all with the Independence variety, he was hooked. (When I visited his farm, there were some wild bees buzzing around.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Barra has farmed everything from sugar beets to eggplant to potatoes. He tore out his peaches and plums after he had a really bad season, losing over $100,000.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So he latched onto the idea of a crop that didn’t require many bees, that he’d only have to harvest once. And it seems to be working out: Barra says the Independence trees have produced more than he originally expected.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You can’t believe it,” Barra says. “The first year we did 6,000 [pounds], and then we did 17,000 [pounds]. Last year we did 31,000 [pounds].”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This year he’s hopes the acreage’s yield is over 40,000 pounds, but he realizes he’s taking a chance on new tree variety that hasn’t stood the test of time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When I gambled with this,” Barra says, “this was the last shot that I was making.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=With+Bees+In+Trouble%2C+Almond+Farmers+Try+Trees+That+Don%27t+Need+%27Em&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\" alt=\"\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "East Palo Alto’s Economic Future Tied to Water",
"headTitle": "East Palo Alto’s Economic Future Tied to Water | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Many cities in Silicon Valley are working to develop new sources of water to avoid shortfalls in future decades, but East Palo Alto is already at a critical point. The city needs more water in order to spur much-needed economic development and new housing. Here’s how it hopes to get there.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘If you don’t have water, you don’t have affordable housing. If you don’t have water, you can’t grow.”\u003ccite>Carlos Martinez, City Manager\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Carlos Martinez has big dreams for East Palo Alto. It will continue to be multi-ethnic, there will be residents of all economic classes, affordable housing, schools with 100 percent graduation rates and community programs for youth and seniors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s a lot to ask from any town and East Palo Alto has an additional hurdle right now. The city doesn’t have enough water to drive economic growth, which would help provide the tax dollars to fund housing, schools, city services and new development.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is true when you look at other planets, when you look for life, you look for water and it is equally true here,” said Martinez, who is East Palo Alto’s city manager. “If you don’t have water, you don’t have affordable housing. If you don’t have water, you can’t grow, and if we can’t grow we can’t generate jobs, which our citizens need.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Development on Hold\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One key to East Palo Alto’s future is a small triangle of land in the back corner of a Home Depot parking lot. A sunken indent in the lawn is the only indication of the good fortune below. This is the location known as Pad D, where the city has already dug a test well in search of drinkable groundwater. The results were very promising – a good quantity of water and good quality. In less than two years, it’s possible this could be a producing well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_592429\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/east-palo-dont-drink.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-592429\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-592429\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/east-palo-dont-drink-800x437.jpg\" alt=\"A sign warns not to drink the water at the Gloria Way well in East Palo Alto. The city hopes in 2017 to begin construction on a new well here to use groundwater to augment water supply. \" width=\"800\" height=\"437\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/east-palo-dont-drink-800x437.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/east-palo-dont-drink-400x219.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/east-palo-dont-drink-768x420.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/east-palo-dont-drink-1440x787.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/east-palo-dont-drink-1920x1049.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/east-palo-dont-drink-1180x645.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/east-palo-dont-drink-960x525.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/east-palo-dont-drink.jpg 2000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A sign warns not to drink the water at the Gloria Way well in East Palo Alto. The city hopes in 2017 to begin construction on a new well here to use groundwater to augment water supply. \u003ccite>(Tara Lohan/Water Deeply)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>And that’s good news because East Palo Alto’s water supply today comes from the San Francisco Public Utilities Commission’s Hetch Hetchy water system. The water itself is not problematic, but the amount is. East Palo Alto currently uses all of its allocation. By 2035, with the city’s projected growth, it will be short 1,200 acre-feet a year (an average household uses between one half and one acre-foot a year and East Palo Alto residents have some of the lowest water use in the state).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The situation is not as dire as some Central Valley towns where wells ran dry last year and residents had to haul water for showering and drinking. East Palo Alto residents currently have enough water to meet their basic needs, but without an \u003ca href=\"http://www.waterdeeply.org/articles/2016/03/9865/silicon-valley-seeks-local-water-sources/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">additional supply\u003c/a> the city’s economic growth is hamstrung because new developments are not able to be approved by the city.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And this isn’t a function of California’s four-year drought, either. “I don’t want to give the impression that because of the drought there is no water,” said Martinez. “There is water – there is plenty of water.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘We have developers lining up.’\u003ccite>Michelle Daher, Environmental Coordinator\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>In fact, he says, other nearby cities have allocations that currently exceed their needs, but East Palo Alto officials haven’t yet managed to find cities that are willing to sell or trade their unused water. “There is plenty of water in the system, it’s just not ours,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And without well water or supplies from other cities to increase their allocation, East Palo Alto is out of other options. Even increasing conservation would be hard at this point. Residents have a reported per capita daily water use of 52 gallons – one of the lowest in the area (and the state). When Gov. Jerry Brown ordered statewide conservations mandates of up to 36 percent last year, East Palo Alto was tasked with trimming its water use only 8 percent because it was already low.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But residents didn’t just hit the target, they nearly tripled it. By February they had saved enough water to meet an October target.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have very few parks and open spaces so we are not irrigating huge lawns. Our lots are small also, we don’t have three or four acre lots with landscaping,” said Martinez. “There is little we can do to gather more water. We are already doing what we can. We can’t tell our residents to use less water because it would be dangerous to their health and safety.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So East Palo Alto is looking to add two new wells to augment Hetch Hetchy water with local groundwater. The first is Pad D and the second well will be located 1.5 miles (2.4km) away on Gloria Way, a residential road. The Gloria Way well was in use decades ago, but residents disliked the color and odor of the water because of high levels of manganese and iron, so a filtration system will be needed before a well here can be used again.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”zgmST6DMzFvdGUOq3KwBwke7VW4gGDTx”]Martinez estimates that construction could start on the Gloria Way well at the beginning of 2017. And it won’t be soon enough for some developers hoping to begin construction on projects in East Palo Alto.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have developers lining up,” said Michelle Daher, the city’s environmental coordinator. “We’re telling them we’ll process your applications, but without having the water to promise to your project we are not going to move forward beyond just an initial preview of the application. We can’t take it to the planning commission and get it fully vetted or get the entitlements because there isn’t water to meet the requirements.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Martinez says there are three main projects in limbo while the city works on securing new water sources. Two are “Class A” office spaces (the most premiere) – one at 200,000 square feet (19,000 square meters) and the other a whopping 1.4 million square feet (130,000 square meters). The third project is the \u003ca href=\"http://www.theprimaryschool.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Primary School\u003c/a>, a new school combining education and health services for 500 kids led by Priscilla Chan, the pediatrician and philanthropist wife of Facebook CEO Mark Zuckerberg. The school plans to open in a temporary location this fall until it can complete construction on its permanent East Palo Alto site.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All three projects would bring in needed revenue for the city, but East Palo Alto also has other priorities as well. “The city has a site they would like to develop as affordable housing, but of course we can’t develop affordable housing without water,” said Martinez.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Planning for the Future\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With more water, East Palo Alto, which is squeezed between the shoulders of Palo Alto (home to Stanford University) and Menlo Park (headquarters of Facebook), may be poised for big changes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And it’s not the first time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the last decade Martinez says he’s already seen substantial changes. Back in 1992 East Palo Alto held the unenviable title of having the highest homicide rate per capita in the country. These days, though, thanks to the proliferation of the tech boom, it finally has the attention of moneyed interests and large developers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But that hasn’t always been the case.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When the city of East Palo Alto incorporated, many people in San Mateo County thought that the city could not survive because it has a very tiny tax base,” said Martinez. For example, in 1977 total \u003ca href=\"http://techcrunch.com/2015/01/10/east-of-palo-altos-eden/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">sales tax revenue\u003c/a> per capita in East Palo Alto was $8.33. Next door in Palo Alto, it was $64.35 per capita.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Up until 1983, East Palo Alto was an unincorporated part of San Mateo County. In the years preceding, neighboring towns and highway construction had chipped away parts of East Palo Alto’s neighborhoods, shrinking the city’s borders down to an irregularly shaped 2.5 square miles (6.5 square km).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The largest tax generator was a McDonald’s,” said Martinez. “You can’t run a city with that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_592434\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/East-Palo-development.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-592434\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-592434\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/East-Palo-development-800x534.jpg\" alt=\"A vacant lot in East Palo Alto may be the future site of a new downtown development when the city secures additional water resources to approve new building projects.\" width=\"800\" height=\"534\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/East-Palo-development-800x534.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/East-Palo-development-400x267.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/East-Palo-development-768x513.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/East-Palo-development-1440x961.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/East-Palo-development-1920x1282.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/East-Palo-development-1180x788.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/East-Palo-development-960x641.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/East-Palo-development.jpg 2000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A vacant lot in East Palo Alto may be the future site of a new downtown development when the city secures additional water resources to approve new building projects. \u003ccite>(Tara Lohan)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Community leaders were determined to make East Palo Alto economically sound and do so with a commitment to fair housing. The first step after incorporation, said Martinez, was enacting rent control ordinances.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Housing has been a defining factor in the area’s history, long before it was officially incorporated. In the post World War II boom that drove population growth in the peninsula, East Palo Alto became a refuge for African Americans at a time when housing discrimination and “\u003ca href=\"http://sils.unc.edu/news/2010/t-races\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">redlining\u003c/a>” were common in other nearby cities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For decades East Palo Alto was predominantly African American, but the demographics have shifted in recent years, though it still remains more racially diverse than neighboring towns or the county as a whole. Census numbers from 2010 show the city is 65 percent Hispanic or Latino, 17 percent Black and 7.5 percent Pacific Islander or Hawaiian. The majority of people in the city speak a language other than English at home and 40 percent were born in another country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And as the tech boom has fueled a drastic rise in rents and home prices throughout the area, East Palo Alto remains more affordable, relatively speaking. Neighborhoods tend to have more modest homes and multiunit buildings. Median home prices have risen in East Palo Alto to $650,000, but it’s still a bargain compared to $2 million in neighboring Palo Alto or $1.5 million in Menlo Park.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Residents of East Palo Alto, though, have smaller paychecks than their neighbors. Median household income is 43 percent less than the rest of San Mateo County, which makes the need for economic development even greater.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Martinez knows that it will come with trade-offs. It already has. Back in the 1990s, when others counted East Palo Alto as down and out, the city’s leaders made strategic decisions to boost its economy. The downtown area known as Whiskey Gulch “suffered from physically dilapidated buildings, high crime and drug activity, and the proliferation of liquor stores and bars,” the city’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.ci.east-palo-alto.ca.us/index.aspx?nid=430\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">website\u003c/a> explains. But it was razed and replaced in 1999 with “University Circle,” which now includes a Four Seasons hotel and office towers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“And that began to bring property tax revenue and stabilize the city,” said Martinez. “People didn’t think retail users would relocate to East Palo Alto.” But they were wrong. Next came another development with Ikea, Home Depot, Nordstrom Rack, Sports Authority, Starbucks and other big chain businesses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There is no longer a doubt that East Palo Alto can sustain itself as a city but I think in that process to get to that point, many people were displaced, multi-family homes were demolished and families were relocated,” said Martinez. “The city council had to make very hard choices in order to survive as a city. Development generates revenues for financial services but also creates other impacts – it’s a balancing act.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That balancing act is something that the city takes seriously as it develops a new general plan for how to grow East Palo Alto as more water becomes available.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The city is actively seeking input to make sure we get it right for future generations and have a vision that is long-term,” said Daher. “The residents have made it clear they are interested in seeing development happen, but in certain areas they want to focus on retaining their low-income housing portfolio.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the horizon is a new city center that would bring more pedestrian-friendly streets, retail and higher-density housing. The area that Martinez calls the “linchpin” for this new downtown is an empty 6-acre (2.4-hectare) lot surrounded by a chain-link fence. It’s across from the McDonald’s that used to be the city’s biggest tax generator. A sign lists a phone number for the vacant parcel’s developer, Barry Swenson.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Right now, it is another dream deferred for East Palo Alto. Like other developments, it will have to wait for more water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Martinez hopes the wait is not too long.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We should have more and better city facilities and better recreational opportunities,” said Martinez. “There are many things that we should be doing but we don’t have the resources at this point. Additional development would enable us to provide that for our citizens. But that cannot happen if we don’t have water.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This article originally appeared on \u003ca href=\"http://waterdeeply.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Water Deeply\u003c/a>, and you can find the original \u003ca href=\"http://www.waterdeeply.org/articles/2016/03/9934/east-palo-altos-economic-future-tied-water/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">here\u003c/a>. For important news about the California drought, you can \u003ca href=\"http://nwsdp.ly/waterlist\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">sign up to the Water Deeply email list\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Many cities in Silicon Valley are working to develop new sources of water to avoid shortfalls in future decades, but East Palo Alto is already at a critical point. The city needs more water in order to spur much-needed economic development and new housing.\r\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Many cities in Silicon Valley are working to develop new sources of water to avoid shortfalls in future decades, but East Palo Alto is already at a critical point. The city needs more water in order to spur much-needed economic development and new housing. Here’s how it hopes to get there.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘If you don’t have water, you don’t have affordable housing. If you don’t have water, you can’t grow.”\u003ccite>Carlos Martinez, City Manager\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Carlos Martinez has big dreams for East Palo Alto. It will continue to be multi-ethnic, there will be residents of all economic classes, affordable housing, schools with 100 percent graduation rates and community programs for youth and seniors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s a lot to ask from any town and East Palo Alto has an additional hurdle right now. The city doesn’t have enough water to drive economic growth, which would help provide the tax dollars to fund housing, schools, city services and new development.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is true when you look at other planets, when you look for life, you look for water and it is equally true here,” said Martinez, who is East Palo Alto’s city manager. “If you don’t have water, you don’t have affordable housing. If you don’t have water, you can’t grow, and if we can’t grow we can’t generate jobs, which our citizens need.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Development on Hold\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One key to East Palo Alto’s future is a small triangle of land in the back corner of a Home Depot parking lot. A sunken indent in the lawn is the only indication of the good fortune below. This is the location known as Pad D, where the city has already dug a test well in search of drinkable groundwater. The results were very promising – a good quantity of water and good quality. In less than two years, it’s possible this could be a producing well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_592429\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/east-palo-dont-drink.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-592429\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-592429\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/east-palo-dont-drink-800x437.jpg\" alt=\"A sign warns not to drink the water at the Gloria Way well in East Palo Alto. The city hopes in 2017 to begin construction on a new well here to use groundwater to augment water supply. \" width=\"800\" height=\"437\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/east-palo-dont-drink-800x437.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/east-palo-dont-drink-400x219.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/east-palo-dont-drink-768x420.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/east-palo-dont-drink-1440x787.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/east-palo-dont-drink-1920x1049.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/east-palo-dont-drink-1180x645.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/east-palo-dont-drink-960x525.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/east-palo-dont-drink.jpg 2000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A sign warns not to drink the water at the Gloria Way well in East Palo Alto. The city hopes in 2017 to begin construction on a new well here to use groundwater to augment water supply. \u003ccite>(Tara Lohan/Water Deeply)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>And that’s good news because East Palo Alto’s water supply today comes from the San Francisco Public Utilities Commission’s Hetch Hetchy water system. The water itself is not problematic, but the amount is. East Palo Alto currently uses all of its allocation. By 2035, with the city’s projected growth, it will be short 1,200 acre-feet a year (an average household uses between one half and one acre-foot a year and East Palo Alto residents have some of the lowest water use in the state).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The situation is not as dire as some Central Valley towns where wells ran dry last year and residents had to haul water for showering and drinking. East Palo Alto residents currently have enough water to meet their basic needs, but without an \u003ca href=\"http://www.waterdeeply.org/articles/2016/03/9865/silicon-valley-seeks-local-water-sources/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">additional supply\u003c/a> the city’s economic growth is hamstrung because new developments are not able to be approved by the city.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And this isn’t a function of California’s four-year drought, either. “I don’t want to give the impression that because of the drought there is no water,” said Martinez. “There is water – there is plenty of water.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘We have developers lining up.’\u003ccite>Michelle Daher, Environmental Coordinator\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>In fact, he says, other nearby cities have allocations that currently exceed their needs, but East Palo Alto officials haven’t yet managed to find cities that are willing to sell or trade their unused water. “There is plenty of water in the system, it’s just not ours,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And without well water or supplies from other cities to increase their allocation, East Palo Alto is out of other options. Even increasing conservation would be hard at this point. Residents have a reported per capita daily water use of 52 gallons – one of the lowest in the area (and the state). When Gov. Jerry Brown ordered statewide conservations mandates of up to 36 percent last year, East Palo Alto was tasked with trimming its water use only 8 percent because it was already low.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But residents didn’t just hit the target, they nearly tripled it. By February they had saved enough water to meet an October target.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have very few parks and open spaces so we are not irrigating huge lawns. Our lots are small also, we don’t have three or four acre lots with landscaping,” said Martinez. “There is little we can do to gather more water. We are already doing what we can. We can’t tell our residents to use less water because it would be dangerous to their health and safety.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So East Palo Alto is looking to add two new wells to augment Hetch Hetchy water with local groundwater. The first is Pad D and the second well will be located 1.5 miles (2.4km) away on Gloria Way, a residential road. The Gloria Way well was in use decades ago, but residents disliked the color and odor of the water because of high levels of manganese and iron, so a filtration system will be needed before a well here can be used again.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>Martinez estimates that construction could start on the Gloria Way well at the beginning of 2017. And it won’t be soon enough for some developers hoping to begin construction on projects in East Palo Alto.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have developers lining up,” said Michelle Daher, the city’s environmental coordinator. “We’re telling them we’ll process your applications, but without having the water to promise to your project we are not going to move forward beyond just an initial preview of the application. We can’t take it to the planning commission and get it fully vetted or get the entitlements because there isn’t water to meet the requirements.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Martinez says there are three main projects in limbo while the city works on securing new water sources. Two are “Class A” office spaces (the most premiere) – one at 200,000 square feet (19,000 square meters) and the other a whopping 1.4 million square feet (130,000 square meters). The third project is the \u003ca href=\"http://www.theprimaryschool.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Primary School\u003c/a>, a new school combining education and health services for 500 kids led by Priscilla Chan, the pediatrician and philanthropist wife of Facebook CEO Mark Zuckerberg. The school plans to open in a temporary location this fall until it can complete construction on its permanent East Palo Alto site.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All three projects would bring in needed revenue for the city, but East Palo Alto also has other priorities as well. “The city has a site they would like to develop as affordable housing, but of course we can’t develop affordable housing without water,” said Martinez.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Planning for the Future\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With more water, East Palo Alto, which is squeezed between the shoulders of Palo Alto (home to Stanford University) and Menlo Park (headquarters of Facebook), may be poised for big changes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And it’s not the first time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the last decade Martinez says he’s already seen substantial changes. Back in 1992 East Palo Alto held the unenviable title of having the highest homicide rate per capita in the country. These days, though, thanks to the proliferation of the tech boom, it finally has the attention of moneyed interests and large developers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But that hasn’t always been the case.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When the city of East Palo Alto incorporated, many people in San Mateo County thought that the city could not survive because it has a very tiny tax base,” said Martinez. For example, in 1977 total \u003ca href=\"http://techcrunch.com/2015/01/10/east-of-palo-altos-eden/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">sales tax revenue\u003c/a> per capita in East Palo Alto was $8.33. Next door in Palo Alto, it was $64.35 per capita.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Up until 1983, East Palo Alto was an unincorporated part of San Mateo County. In the years preceding, neighboring towns and highway construction had chipped away parts of East Palo Alto’s neighborhoods, shrinking the city’s borders down to an irregularly shaped 2.5 square miles (6.5 square km).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The largest tax generator was a McDonald’s,” said Martinez. “You can’t run a city with that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_592434\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/East-Palo-development.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-592434\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-592434\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/East-Palo-development-800x534.jpg\" alt=\"A vacant lot in East Palo Alto may be the future site of a new downtown development when the city secures additional water resources to approve new building projects.\" width=\"800\" height=\"534\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/East-Palo-development-800x534.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/East-Palo-development-400x267.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/East-Palo-development-768x513.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/East-Palo-development-1440x961.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/East-Palo-development-1920x1282.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/East-Palo-development-1180x788.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/East-Palo-development-960x641.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/East-Palo-development.jpg 2000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A vacant lot in East Palo Alto may be the future site of a new downtown development when the city secures additional water resources to approve new building projects. \u003ccite>(Tara Lohan)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Community leaders were determined to make East Palo Alto economically sound and do so with a commitment to fair housing. The first step after incorporation, said Martinez, was enacting rent control ordinances.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Housing has been a defining factor in the area’s history, long before it was officially incorporated. In the post World War II boom that drove population growth in the peninsula, East Palo Alto became a refuge for African Americans at a time when housing discrimination and “\u003ca href=\"http://sils.unc.edu/news/2010/t-races\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">redlining\u003c/a>” were common in other nearby cities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For decades East Palo Alto was predominantly African American, but the demographics have shifted in recent years, though it still remains more racially diverse than neighboring towns or the county as a whole. Census numbers from 2010 show the city is 65 percent Hispanic or Latino, 17 percent Black and 7.5 percent Pacific Islander or Hawaiian. The majority of people in the city speak a language other than English at home and 40 percent were born in another country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And as the tech boom has fueled a drastic rise in rents and home prices throughout the area, East Palo Alto remains more affordable, relatively speaking. Neighborhoods tend to have more modest homes and multiunit buildings. Median home prices have risen in East Palo Alto to $650,000, but it’s still a bargain compared to $2 million in neighboring Palo Alto or $1.5 million in Menlo Park.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Residents of East Palo Alto, though, have smaller paychecks than their neighbors. Median household income is 43 percent less than the rest of San Mateo County, which makes the need for economic development even greater.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Martinez knows that it will come with trade-offs. It already has. Back in the 1990s, when others counted East Palo Alto as down and out, the city’s leaders made strategic decisions to boost its economy. The downtown area known as Whiskey Gulch “suffered from physically dilapidated buildings, high crime and drug activity, and the proliferation of liquor stores and bars,” the city’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.ci.east-palo-alto.ca.us/index.aspx?nid=430\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">website\u003c/a> explains. But it was razed and replaced in 1999 with “University Circle,” which now includes a Four Seasons hotel and office towers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“And that began to bring property tax revenue and stabilize the city,” said Martinez. “People didn’t think retail users would relocate to East Palo Alto.” But they were wrong. Next came another development with Ikea, Home Depot, Nordstrom Rack, Sports Authority, Starbucks and other big chain businesses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There is no longer a doubt that East Palo Alto can sustain itself as a city but I think in that process to get to that point, many people were displaced, multi-family homes were demolished and families were relocated,” said Martinez. “The city council had to make very hard choices in order to survive as a city. Development generates revenues for financial services but also creates other impacts – it’s a balancing act.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That balancing act is something that the city takes seriously as it develops a new general plan for how to grow East Palo Alto as more water becomes available.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The city is actively seeking input to make sure we get it right for future generations and have a vision that is long-term,” said Daher. “The residents have made it clear they are interested in seeing development happen, but in certain areas they want to focus on retaining their low-income housing portfolio.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the horizon is a new city center that would bring more pedestrian-friendly streets, retail and higher-density housing. The area that Martinez calls the “linchpin” for this new downtown is an empty 6-acre (2.4-hectare) lot surrounded by a chain-link fence. It’s across from the McDonald’s that used to be the city’s biggest tax generator. A sign lists a phone number for the vacant parcel’s developer, Barry Swenson.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Right now, it is another dream deferred for East Palo Alto. Like other developments, it will have to wait for more water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Martinez hopes the wait is not too long.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We should have more and better city facilities and better recreational opportunities,” said Martinez. “There are many things that we should be doing but we don’t have the resources at this point. Additional development would enable us to provide that for our citizens. But that cannot happen if we don’t have water.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This article originally appeared on \u003ca href=\"http://waterdeeply.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Water Deeply\u003c/a>, and you can find the original \u003ca href=\"http://www.waterdeeply.org/articles/2016/03/9934/east-palo-altos-economic-future-tied-water/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">here\u003c/a>. For important news about the California drought, you can \u003ca href=\"http://nwsdp.ly/waterlist\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">sign up to the Water Deeply email list\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"info": "\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />",
"airtime": "SUN 9pm-10pm",
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"meta": {
"site": "radio",
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"id": "commonwealth-club",
"title": "Commonwealth Club of California Podcast",
"info": "The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.",
"airtime": "THU 10pm, FRI 1am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Commonwealth-Club-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.commonwealthclub.org/podcasts",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "Commonwealth Club of California"
},
"link": "/radio/program/commonwealth-club",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cDovL3d3dy5jb21tb253ZWFsdGhjbHViLm9yZy9hdWRpby9wb2RjYXN0L3dlZWtseS54bWw",
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}
},
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"id": "forum",
"title": "Forum",
"tagline": "The conversation starts here",
"info": "KQED’s live call-in program discussing local, state, national and international issues, as well as in-depth interviews.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 9am-11am, 10pm-11pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Forum-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Forum with Mina Kim and Alexis Madrigal",
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 9
},
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM5NTU3MzgxNjMz",
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"id": "freakonomics-radio",
"title": "Freakonomics Radio",
"info": "Freakonomics Radio is a one-hour award-winning podcast and public-radio project hosted by Stephen Dubner, with co-author Steve Levitt as a regular guest. It is produced in partnership with WNYC.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/05/freakonomicsRadio.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://freakonomics.com/",
"airtime": "SUN 1am-2am, SAT 3pm-4pm",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "WNYC"
},
"link": "/radio/program/freakonomics-radio",
"subscribe": {
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/freakonomics-radio/id354668519",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/podcasts/WNYC-Podcasts/Freakonomics-Radio-p272293/",
"rss": "https://feeds.feedburner.com/freakonomicsradio"
}
},
"fresh-air": {
"id": "fresh-air",
"title": "Fresh Air",
"info": "Hosted by Terry Gross, \u003cem>Fresh Air from WHYY\u003c/em> is the Peabody Award-winning weekday magazine of contemporary arts and issues. One of public radio's most popular programs, Fresh Air features intimate conversations with today's biggest luminaries.",
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"link": "/radio/program/fresh-air",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=214089682&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/381444908/podcast.xml"
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"id": "here-and-now",
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"info": "A live production of NPR and WBUR Boston, in collaboration with stations across the country, Here & Now reflects the fluid world of news as it's happening in the middle of the day, with timely, in-depth news, interviews and conversation. Hosted by Robin Young, Jeremy Hobson and Tonya Mosley.",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510051/podcast.xml"
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},
"hidden-brain": {
"id": "hidden-brain",
"title": "Hidden Brain",
"info": "Shankar Vedantam uses science and storytelling to reveal the unconscious patterns that drive human behavior, shape our choices and direct our relationships.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/05/hiddenbrain.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/series/423302056/hidden-brain",
"airtime": "SUN 7pm-8pm",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "NPR"
},
"link": "/radio/program/hidden-brain",
"subscribe": {
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"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/podcasts/Science-Podcasts/Hidden-Brain-p787503/",
"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510308/podcast.xml"
}
},
"how-i-built-this": {
"id": "how-i-built-this",
"title": "How I Built This with Guy Raz",
"info": "Guy Raz dives into the stories behind some of the world's best known companies. How I Built This weaves a narrative journey about innovators, entrepreneurs and idealists—and the movements they built.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/05/howIBuiltThis.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510313/how-i-built-this",
"airtime": "SUN 7:30pm-8pm",
"meta": {
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"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/how-i-built-this",
"subscribe": {
"npr": "https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/3zxy",
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/how-i-built-this-with-guy-raz/id1150510297?mt=2",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510313/podcast.xml"
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},
"hyphenacion": {
"id": "hyphenacion",
"title": "Hyphenación",
"tagline": "Where conversation and cultura meet",
"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/Hyphenacion_FinalAssets_PodcastTile.png",
"imageAlt": "KQED Hyphenación",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/hyphenacion",
"meta": {
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"order": 15
},
"link": "/podcasts/hyphenacion",
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"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/2p3Fifq96nw9BPcmFdIq0o?si=39209f7b25774f38",
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"amazon": "https://music.amazon.com/podcasts/6c3dd23c-93fb-4aab-97ba-1725fa6315f1/hyphenaci%C3%B3n",
"rss": "https://feeds.megaphone.fm/KQINC2275451163"
}
},
"jerrybrown": {
"id": "jerrybrown",
"title": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown",
"tagline": "Lessons from a lifetime in politics",
"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-Political-Mind-of-Jerry-Brown-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED The Political Mind of Jerry Brown",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
"meta": {
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"order": 18
},
"link": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/id1492194549",
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}
},
"latino-usa": {
"id": "latino-usa",
"title": "Latino USA",
"airtime": "MON 1am-2am, SUN 6pm-7pm",
"info": "Latino USA, the radio journal of news and culture, is the only national, English-language radio program produced from a Latino perspective.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/latinoUsa.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://latinousa.org/",
"meta": {
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"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/latino-usa",
"subscribe": {
"npr": "https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/xtTd",
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=79681317&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510016/podcast.xml"
}
},
"marketplace": {
"id": "marketplace",
"title": "Marketplace",
"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Marketplace-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.marketplace.org/",
"meta": {
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"source": "American Public Media"
},
"link": "/radio/program/marketplace",
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"rss": "https://feeds.publicradio.org/public_feeds/marketplace-pm/rss/rss"
}
},
"masters-of-scale": {
"id": "masters-of-scale",
"title": "Masters of Scale",
"info": "Masters of Scale is an original podcast in which LinkedIn co-founder and Greylock Partner Reid Hoffman sets out to describe and prove theories that explain how great entrepreneurs take their companies from zero to a gazillion in ingenious fashion.",
"airtime": "Every other Wednesday June 12 through October 16 at 8pm (repeats Thursdays at 2am)",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Masters-of-Scale-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://mastersofscale.com/",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "WaitWhat"
},
"link": "/radio/program/masters-of-scale",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "http://mastersofscale.app.link/",
"rss": "https://rss.art19.com/masters-of-scale"
}
},
"mindshift": {
"id": "mindshift",
"title": "MindShift",
"tagline": "A podcast about the future of learning and how we raise our kids",
"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/mindshift/",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 12
},
"link": "/podcasts/mindshift",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/mindshift-podcast/id1078765985",
"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5",
"npr": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/464615685/mind-shift-podcast",
"stitcher": "https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/stories-teachers-share",
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}
},
"morning-edition": {
"id": "morning-edition",
"title": "Morning Edition",
"info": "\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. Hosts Steve Inskeep, David Greene and Rachel Martin bring you the latest breaking news and features to prepare you for the day.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 3am-9am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Morning-Edition-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/programs/morning-edition/",
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"link": "/radio/program/morning-edition"
},
"onourwatch": {
"id": "onourwatch",
"title": "On Our Watch",
"tagline": "Deeply-reported investigative journalism",
"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/On-Our-Watch-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "On Our Watch from NPR and KQED",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 11
},
"link": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/id1567098962",
"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5ucHIub3JnLzUxMDM2MC9wb2RjYXN0LnhtbD9zYz1nb29nbGVwb2RjYXN0cw",
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"stitcher": "https://www.stitcher.com/show/on-our-watch",
"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510360/podcast.xml"
}
},
"on-the-media": {
"id": "on-the-media",
"title": "On The Media",
"info": "Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. For one hour a week, the show tries to lift the veil from the process of \"making media,\" especially news media, because it's through that lens that we see the world and the world sees us",
"airtime": "SUN 2pm-3pm, MON 12am-1am",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/onTheMedia.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.wnycstudios.org/shows/otm",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "wnyc"
},
"link": "/radio/program/on-the-media",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/on-the-media/id73330715?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/On-the-Media-p69/",
"rss": "http://feeds.wnyc.org/onthemedia"
}
},
"pbs-newshour": {
"id": "pbs-newshour",
"title": "PBS NewsHour",
"info": "Analysis, background reports and updates from the PBS NewsHour putting today's news in context.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 3pm-4pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/PBS-News-Hour-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.pbs.org/newshour/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "pbs"
},
"link": "/radio/program/pbs-newshour",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/pbs-newshour-full-show/id394432287?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/PBS-NewsHour---Full-Show-p425698/",
"rss": "https://www.pbs.org/newshour/feeds/rss/podcasts/show"
}
},
"perspectives": {
"id": "perspectives",
"title": "Perspectives",
"tagline": "KQED's series of daily listener commentaries since 1991",
"info": "KQED's series of daily listener commentaries since 1991.",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/Perspectives_Tile_Final.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Perspectives",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/perspectives/",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 14
},
"link": "/perspectives",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/id73801135",
"npr": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/432309616/perspectives",
"rss": "https://ww2.kqed.org/perspectives/category/perspectives/feed/",
"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93dzIua3FlZC5vcmcvcGVyc3BlY3RpdmVzL2NhdGVnb3J5L3BlcnNwZWN0aXZlcy9mZWVkLw"
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},
"planet-money": {
"id": "planet-money",
"title": "Planet Money",
"info": "The economy explained. Imagine you could call up a friend and say, Meet me at the bar and tell me what's going on with the economy. Now imagine that's actually a fun evening.",
"airtime": "SUN 3pm-4pm",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/planetmoney.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/sections/money/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/planet-money",
"subscribe": {
"npr": "https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/M4f5",
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/planet-money/id290783428?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/podcasts/Business--Economics-Podcasts/Planet-Money-p164680/",
"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510289/podcast.xml"
}
},
"politicalbreakdown": {
"id": "politicalbreakdown",
"title": "Political Breakdown",
"tagline": "Politics from a personal perspective",
"info": "Political Breakdown is a new series that explores the political intersection of California and the nation. Each week hosts Scott Shafer and Marisa Lagos are joined with a new special guest to unpack politics -- with personality — and offer an insider’s glimpse at how politics happens.",
"airtime": "THU 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Political-Breakdown-2024-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Political Breakdown",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/politicalbreakdown",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 5
},
"link": "/podcasts/politicalbreakdown",
"subscribe": {
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"amazon": "https://music.amazon.com/podcasts/e0c2d153-ad36-4c8d-901d-f1da6a724824/political-breakdown",
"npr": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/572155894/political-breakdown",
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