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Stenzel)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Since its launch in 2009, the \u003ca href=\"http://kepler.nasa.gov/multimedia/animations/orrery3/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Kepler spacecraft has detected\u003c/a> and confirmed about 1,080 extrasolar planets, and 4,966 candidate exoplanets awaiting confirmation, adding greatly to the \u003ca href=\"http://www.exoplanets.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">totals of all exoplanet discoveries\u003c/a>. Of these detections, about a dozen are smaller than twice Earth’s size, and orbit within their stars’ Habitable Zones, making them \u003ca href=\"http://phl.upr.edu/projects/habitable-exoplanets-catalog\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">prime prospects for possessing life-friendly environments\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Gravitational Microlensing\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kepler was preparing to begin a search for distant exoplanets through measurements of their effect on the light of more distant stars, a science campaign that was to begin on April 10th. As an exoplanet passes between Earth and the more distant star, its gravity can bend the star’s light and focus it toward Earth, causing a distortion in the starlight that Kepler can detect.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_637199\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-637199\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/gif_diagram.gif\" alt=\"Diagram showing how the Kepler spacecraft detects the presence of distant exoplanets by measuring its gravitational effect on the light of a more distant star. \" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Diagram showing how the Kepler spacecraft detects the presence of distant exoplanets by measuring its gravitational effect on the light of a more distant star. \u003ccite>(NASA Ames/JPL-Caltech/T. Pyle)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>This effect is called “\u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FHh0Qx7LPJY\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">gravitational microlensing\u003c/a>,” and is similar in concept to how a glass lens bends and focuses light, but on a much larger scale.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gravitational microlensing, then, lets us detect the presence–as well as estimate the masses–of planets so far away that they are normally undetectable. The most distant exoplanets yet discovered were detected by this method, some as far as the central core of the Milky Way Galaxy, tens of thousands of light years away.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Change in Kepler’s Game Plan\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The detection of exoplanets by gravitational microlensing was not Kepler’s original method of discovery.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kepler’s initial exoplanet-finding tactic was to measure the dimming of a star’s light as one of its own planets crossed in front of it, an event called a \u003ca href=\"http://kepler.nasa.gov/multimedia/Interactives/keplerFlashAdvDiscovery/#\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">transit\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kepler spent three years staring at about 145,000 stars near the constellation Cygnus, waiting for any of them to “blink” as a planet transited. By “staring” at the same patch of stars for multiple years, Kepler was also able to confirm planets at Earth-like distances from their stars—planets that we can only observe to transit once in many months, or years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But in 2012, one of Kepler’s four stabilizing gyroscopes stopped working, followed in 2013 by a second gyroscope failure. The loss of these gyroscopes meant that Kepler could no longer remain pointing steadily at its target patch of space, and continued observations of planetary transits could no longer take place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then in May of 2013, a new operating mode was approved that would allow Kepler to continue conducting scientific investigations using only its two remaining gyroscopes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“\u003ca href=\"http://keplerscience.arc.nasa.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">K2\u003c/a>” was born.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In its K2 incarnation, Kepler can conduct a number of observations, including detecting exoplanets through gravitational microlensing, searching for supernovas in distant galaxies, and studying young stars in clusters to expand our understanding of how planetary systems form.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With any luck, K2 will resume science operations in a week or so, bringing to knowledge yet more \u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/kepler/news/kepler20130717.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">strange and distant worlds\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Despite this week's mishap, the spacecraft has detected and confirmed an impressive 1,080 extrasolar planets since its launch in 2009.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Seventy-five million miles out in space is not where you want to be when an emergency crops up, but that’s exactly where \u003ca href=\"http://kepler.nasa.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">NASA’s Kepler spacecraft\u003c/a> was earlier this week when the red lights and sirens went off back at mission control.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kepler suddenly placed itself in “emergency mode,” for reasons under investigation. Mission operators at Ames Research Center in Mountain View, California were given immediate priority to use NASA’s Deep Space Network of radio dishes to communicate with Kepler and download data to help them diagnose the problem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite a 13-minute round-trip communication delay, project engineers managed to get Kepler out of emergency mode and placed the spacecraft into a \u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/feature/mission-manager-update-kepler-recovered-from-emergency-and-stable\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">stable waiting state\u003c/a>, as they analyze the diagnostic data and figure out what happened.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mission managers hope to return Kepler to science operations soon, once the spacecraft is given a clean bill of health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Seven-Year Hunting Trip\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kepler is a sun-orbiting space telescope designed to discover small, Earth-sized planets orbiting their stars at the right distance so that liquid water could exist on their surfaces—planets within their stars’ so-called “Goldilocks Zone,” or \u003ca href=\"http://quest.nasa.gov/projects/astrobiology/astroventure/challenge/Articles/habitablezone.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Habitable Zone\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_637201\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-637201\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/NewKeplerPlanetCandidates-20150723.jpg\" alt=\"Graph showing new Kepler exoplanet candidates as of January 2015 (blue) and July 2015 (yellow). \" width=\"400\" height=\"300\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Graph showing new Kepler exoplanet candidates as of January 2015 (blue) and July 2015 (yellow). \u003ccite>(NASA Ames/W. Stenzel)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Since its launch in 2009, the \u003ca href=\"http://kepler.nasa.gov/multimedia/animations/orrery3/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Kepler spacecraft has detected\u003c/a> and confirmed about 1,080 extrasolar planets, and 4,966 candidate exoplanets awaiting confirmation, adding greatly to the \u003ca href=\"http://www.exoplanets.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">totals of all exoplanet discoveries\u003c/a>. Of these detections, about a dozen are smaller than twice Earth’s size, and orbit within their stars’ Habitable Zones, making them \u003ca href=\"http://phl.upr.edu/projects/habitable-exoplanets-catalog\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">prime prospects for possessing life-friendly environments\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Gravitational Microlensing\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kepler was preparing to begin a search for distant exoplanets through measurements of their effect on the light of more distant stars, a science campaign that was to begin on April 10th. As an exoplanet passes between Earth and the more distant star, its gravity can bend the star’s light and focus it toward Earth, causing a distortion in the starlight that Kepler can detect.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_637199\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-637199\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/gif_diagram.gif\" alt=\"Diagram showing how the Kepler spacecraft detects the presence of distant exoplanets by measuring its gravitational effect on the light of a more distant star. \" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Diagram showing how the Kepler spacecraft detects the presence of distant exoplanets by measuring its gravitational effect on the light of a more distant star. \u003ccite>(NASA Ames/JPL-Caltech/T. Pyle)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>This effect is called “\u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FHh0Qx7LPJY\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">gravitational microlensing\u003c/a>,” and is similar in concept to how a glass lens bends and focuses light, but on a much larger scale.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gravitational microlensing, then, lets us detect the presence–as well as estimate the masses–of planets so far away that they are normally undetectable. The most distant exoplanets yet discovered were detected by this method, some as far as the central core of the Milky Way Galaxy, tens of thousands of light years away.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Change in Kepler’s Game Plan\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The detection of exoplanets by gravitational microlensing was not Kepler’s original method of discovery.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kepler’s initial exoplanet-finding tactic was to measure the dimming of a star’s light as one of its own planets crossed in front of it, an event called a \u003ca href=\"http://kepler.nasa.gov/multimedia/Interactives/keplerFlashAdvDiscovery/#\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">transit\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kepler spent three years staring at about 145,000 stars near the constellation Cygnus, waiting for any of them to “blink” as a planet transited. By “staring” at the same patch of stars for multiple years, Kepler was also able to confirm planets at Earth-like distances from their stars—planets that we can only observe to transit once in many months, or years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But in 2012, one of Kepler’s four stabilizing gyroscopes stopped working, followed in 2013 by a second gyroscope failure. The loss of these gyroscopes meant that Kepler could no longer remain pointing steadily at its target patch of space, and continued observations of planetary transits could no longer take place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then in May of 2013, a new operating mode was approved that would allow Kepler to continue conducting scientific investigations using only its two remaining gyroscopes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“\u003ca href=\"http://keplerscience.arc.nasa.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">K2\u003c/a>” was born.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In its K2 incarnation, Kepler can conduct a number of observations, including detecting exoplanets through gravitational microlensing, searching for supernovas in distant galaxies, and studying young stars in clusters to expand our understanding of how planetary systems form.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With any luck, K2 will resume science operations in a week or so, bringing to knowledge yet more \u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/kepler/news/kepler20130717.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">strange and distant worlds\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Wastewater Creates Energy, Products and More",
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"content": "\u003cp>Historically, we’ve treated wastewater as something to be treated and dumped – a liability and not a resource. But Sebastien Tilmans may change our minds about that. Tilmans is the director of operations at the \u003ca href=\"http://web.stanford.edu/group/cr2c/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"external noopener\">William and Cloy Codiga Resource Recovery Center\u003c/a> at Stanford University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The center is working to accelerate the path to commercialization of wastewater technologies. California’s drought has helped to highlight growing interest in wastewater reuse to provide water resources for drinking water and nonpotable uses such as flushing toilets and irrigation. But wastewater has other embedded resources besides water – including energy, nutrients and materials.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some of the technologies already exist to utilize this resource, but many others are still being developed and that’s where the Resource Recovery Center comes in. It creates a space that enables researchers to plug and play with three different grades of wastewater to test different kinds of technologies. So, for example, if you want to test a new reverse osmosis process you would plug into the secondary effluent. If you want to test a new membrane bioreactor you would plug into the primary effluent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water Deeply recently spoke to Tilmans about how the center is providing a critical intermediate testing ground for technologies, how we can understand the value of wastewater and what the future of water recycling looks like.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: The most obvious resource recovered from wastewater is water; what are some of the other resources?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_637091\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 411px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-637091\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/sebastien-Tilmans-800x531.jpg\" alt=\"Sebastien Tilmans, director of operations at the William and Cloy Codiga Resource Recovery Center at Stanford University, wants to see wastewater viewed as a resource. \" width=\"411\" height=\"272\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/sebastien-Tilmans-800x531.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/sebastien-Tilmans-400x266.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/sebastien-Tilmans-768x510.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/sebastien-Tilmans-1440x956.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/sebastien-Tilmans-1920x1275.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/sebastien-Tilmans-1180x784.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/sebastien-Tilmans-960x638.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 411px) 100vw, 411px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Sebastien Tilmans, director of operations at the William and Cloy Codiga Resource Recovery Center at Stanford University, wants to see wastewater viewed as a resource. \u003ccite>(Courtesy Sebastien Tilmans)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Sebastien Tilmans: The traditional mentality has always been that wastewater is a hazardous waste that we need to mitigate. But we view it as an ore. If you were at an iron mine you’re not getting pure iron, you’re getting iron ore and you need to take out the impurities before you have something valuable that you can sell.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And wastewater is the same – it’s got water, it’s got energy, nutrients and material. You can produce high-end materials from it; you just have to take out the impurities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Specifically you have nitrogen and phosphorus, which are fertilizers. Production of nitrogen fertilizer actually consumes a tremendous amount of energy and produces a lot of greenhouse gas emissions globally. But in wastewater we have a free supply of nitrogen and phosphorus that we could be recovering in a safe way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There is a process that has been developed in labs at Stanford and now is a startup company, where you can take the methane, the biogas produced from the anaerobic treatment of wastewater, and turn that into a biodegradable plastic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What’s great about it compared to regular plastics is that at the end of its life you can recycle it or it can be sent to a landfill or anaerobic digester and turned right back into methane gas and you can make more plastic with it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can create these closed-loop, virtuous cycles of materials.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: This is actually being done commercially?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tilmans: Yes, there is a startup company called \u003ca href=\"http://mangomaterials.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"external noopener\">Mango Materials\u003c/a> that is commercializing that technology to produce bioplastic from that methane.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There is even research coming out of Europe that shows that this bioplastic can be used as a supplement in aquaculture (fish, prawns, crabs) and it boosts yields up to 20 percent. It increases the organism’s resistance to different bacterial infections. You can increase yields and reduce the amount of antibiotics that need to be used.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We’re only scratching the surface of the value that can be generated from this raw material.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: Energy is of course another resource?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tilmans: Yes, and energy takes many forms. You get this biogas and then you can use that to produce electricity and heat using a conventional turbine that’s in any gas-fired power plant. But you can also purify it to pipeline-grade natural gas and put it back into PG&E’s pipelines potentially or compress it and use it as a vehicle fuel.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We also have a system for what’s called secondary treatment to remove all the dissolved organics and it yields a water that is very, very high quality. But what’s really cool is that it can achieve that while still being a net energy producer. And cutting in half or less the amount of residual solids that get produced by conventional processes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: How do you do that?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tilmans: Conventional systems use biological processes; they are typically aerobic biological processes, which means they use oxygen. The process of aerating the water consumes a lot of energy because water is a bad reservoir for oxygen. We use anaerobic processes that do not use oxygen. The bacteria that consume the organic material in the water, instead of consuming it and turning it into carbon dioxide, they turn it into methane and you can harvest that methane gas and turn it into electricity. It’s the main component of natural gas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: What kinds of researchers or organizations would be able to test their technology at your facility?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tilmans: Any group can bring in mobile units and connect to the right kind of wastewater. It could be a company like Veolia, a multinational water company. Or it could be a municipality working with a consultant who wants to test-drive a new technology in a controlled environment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We would also work with researchers at Stanford and other places that are working with technology in the lab, which may be being tested on only a gallon or two a day and now they want to test at thousands of gallons a day to advance the technology.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: So your lab would create a space that would help researchers really take their technology from the small-scale test phase to the next level to see how viable it is?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tilmans: Yes, it is a space where you have access to thousands of gallons a day to test at the intermediate scale and in a controlled environment where it won’t pose a risk to the environment or public health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then, once it is validated, they can next take it out of our facility and do field demonstrations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This size of testing is also relevant for decentralized systems. San Francisco has a \u003ca href=\"http://www.huffingtonpost.com/tara-lohan/san-franciscos-innovative-step-to-save-water_b_8236072.html?utm_hp_ref=green&ir=Green\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"external noopener\">new ordinance\u003c/a> that every new building [of more than 250,000 square feet/23,000 square meters] is going to need to have an alternative source of water besides the city water. They can use stormwater collected from the street but they can also recycle wastewater in the building itself.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Localized water recycling we think is going to become part of the mix for water reuse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: It’s much more feasible to have water recycling at that scale than for the home. Why is that?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tilmans: There are couple of reasons for that. One is the capital cost of building the system and the other is the operating cost of running and maintaining and monitoring the performance of this system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We have a sensor testing station to plug in new sensors into each grade of water to test the monitoring equipment. Developing new sensors and testing them is as important as the treatment systems. We test and validate both.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: Do you think we will see much more wastewater reuse by municipalities or onsite systems being developed on business campuses and new buildings?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tilmans: I think there is no shortage of municipalities across the state looking for new water supplies. Recycled water is actually one of the cheapest and most reliable new water supplies out there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The technology absolutely exists. The real obstacles of getting [onsite reuse systems] installed today is regulatory – building inspections, codes, things like that – and of course public education. Making sure that not just the public, but regulators and building inspectors, are on board with water reuse and trust it to be safe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: Ten years from now, where do you hope we’ll be in our thinking about wastewater?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tilmans: In a place like California we are so droughtstricken we can’t afford to waste the waste anymore. Here in Silicon Valley we use the water once and it goes in the ocean. In 10 years or a little longer, I’d like to see us recycling all our wastewater. And I think we can be recycling water in an energy-neutral way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I’d love to see our broader society view wastewater as another water supply and a raw material to be used for the highest and best use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cspan class=\"start\">\u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/about/\">Water Deeply\u003c/a> is\u003c/span> an independent digital media project dedicated to covering California’s water crisis. The project is part of \u003ca href=\"http://www.newsdeeply.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">News Deeply\u003c/a>, a new media startup and social enterprise based in New York.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Sebastien Tilmans, director of operations at the William and Cloy Codiga Resource Recovery Center at Stanford University, says wastewater should be viewed as a raw material and important resource, instead of a hazardous waste. And he tells us how it can be used to create water, energy and materials",
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"nprByline": "\u003ca href=\"http://www.taralohan.com/about/\">Tara Lohan\u003c/a>\u003c/br>\u003ca href=\"http://www.waterdeeply.org/\" target=\"_blank\">Water Deeply\u003c/a>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Historically, we’ve treated wastewater as something to be treated and dumped – a liability and not a resource. But Sebastien Tilmans may change our minds about that. Tilmans is the director of operations at the \u003ca href=\"http://web.stanford.edu/group/cr2c/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"external noopener\">William and Cloy Codiga Resource Recovery Center\u003c/a> at Stanford University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The center is working to accelerate the path to commercialization of wastewater technologies. California’s drought has helped to highlight growing interest in wastewater reuse to provide water resources for drinking water and nonpotable uses such as flushing toilets and irrigation. But wastewater has other embedded resources besides water – including energy, nutrients and materials.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some of the technologies already exist to utilize this resource, but many others are still being developed and that’s where the Resource Recovery Center comes in. It creates a space that enables researchers to plug and play with three different grades of wastewater to test different kinds of technologies. So, for example, if you want to test a new reverse osmosis process you would plug into the secondary effluent. If you want to test a new membrane bioreactor you would plug into the primary effluent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water Deeply recently spoke to Tilmans about how the center is providing a critical intermediate testing ground for technologies, how we can understand the value of wastewater and what the future of water recycling looks like.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: The most obvious resource recovered from wastewater is water; what are some of the other resources?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_637091\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 411px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-637091\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/sebastien-Tilmans-800x531.jpg\" alt=\"Sebastien Tilmans, director of operations at the William and Cloy Codiga Resource Recovery Center at Stanford University, wants to see wastewater viewed as a resource. \" width=\"411\" height=\"272\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/sebastien-Tilmans-800x531.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/sebastien-Tilmans-400x266.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/sebastien-Tilmans-768x510.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/sebastien-Tilmans-1440x956.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/sebastien-Tilmans-1920x1275.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/sebastien-Tilmans-1180x784.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/sebastien-Tilmans-960x638.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 411px) 100vw, 411px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Sebastien Tilmans, director of operations at the William and Cloy Codiga Resource Recovery Center at Stanford University, wants to see wastewater viewed as a resource. \u003ccite>(Courtesy Sebastien Tilmans)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Sebastien Tilmans: The traditional mentality has always been that wastewater is a hazardous waste that we need to mitigate. But we view it as an ore. If you were at an iron mine you’re not getting pure iron, you’re getting iron ore and you need to take out the impurities before you have something valuable that you can sell.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And wastewater is the same – it’s got water, it’s got energy, nutrients and material. You can produce high-end materials from it; you just have to take out the impurities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Specifically you have nitrogen and phosphorus, which are fertilizers. Production of nitrogen fertilizer actually consumes a tremendous amount of energy and produces a lot of greenhouse gas emissions globally. But in wastewater we have a free supply of nitrogen and phosphorus that we could be recovering in a safe way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There is a process that has been developed in labs at Stanford and now is a startup company, where you can take the methane, the biogas produced from the anaerobic treatment of wastewater, and turn that into a biodegradable plastic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What’s great about it compared to regular plastics is that at the end of its life you can recycle it or it can be sent to a landfill or anaerobic digester and turned right back into methane gas and you can make more plastic with it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can create these closed-loop, virtuous cycles of materials.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: This is actually being done commercially?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tilmans: Yes, there is a startup company called \u003ca href=\"http://mangomaterials.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"external noopener\">Mango Materials\u003c/a> that is commercializing that technology to produce bioplastic from that methane.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There is even research coming out of Europe that shows that this bioplastic can be used as a supplement in aquaculture (fish, prawns, crabs) and it boosts yields up to 20 percent. It increases the organism’s resistance to different bacterial infections. You can increase yields and reduce the amount of antibiotics that need to be used.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We’re only scratching the surface of the value that can be generated from this raw material.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: Energy is of course another resource?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tilmans: Yes, and energy takes many forms. You get this biogas and then you can use that to produce electricity and heat using a conventional turbine that’s in any gas-fired power plant. But you can also purify it to pipeline-grade natural gas and put it back into PG&E’s pipelines potentially or compress it and use it as a vehicle fuel.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We also have a system for what’s called secondary treatment to remove all the dissolved organics and it yields a water that is very, very high quality. But what’s really cool is that it can achieve that while still being a net energy producer. And cutting in half or less the amount of residual solids that get produced by conventional processes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: How do you do that?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tilmans: Conventional systems use biological processes; they are typically aerobic biological processes, which means they use oxygen. The process of aerating the water consumes a lot of energy because water is a bad reservoir for oxygen. We use anaerobic processes that do not use oxygen. The bacteria that consume the organic material in the water, instead of consuming it and turning it into carbon dioxide, they turn it into methane and you can harvest that methane gas and turn it into electricity. It’s the main component of natural gas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: What kinds of researchers or organizations would be able to test their technology at your facility?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tilmans: Any group can bring in mobile units and connect to the right kind of wastewater. It could be a company like Veolia, a multinational water company. Or it could be a municipality working with a consultant who wants to test-drive a new technology in a controlled environment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We would also work with researchers at Stanford and other places that are working with technology in the lab, which may be being tested on only a gallon or two a day and now they want to test at thousands of gallons a day to advance the technology.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: So your lab would create a space that would help researchers really take their technology from the small-scale test phase to the next level to see how viable it is?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tilmans: Yes, it is a space where you have access to thousands of gallons a day to test at the intermediate scale and in a controlled environment where it won’t pose a risk to the environment or public health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then, once it is validated, they can next take it out of our facility and do field demonstrations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This size of testing is also relevant for decentralized systems. San Francisco has a \u003ca href=\"http://www.huffingtonpost.com/tara-lohan/san-franciscos-innovative-step-to-save-water_b_8236072.html?utm_hp_ref=green&ir=Green\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"external noopener\">new ordinance\u003c/a> that every new building [of more than 250,000 square feet/23,000 square meters] is going to need to have an alternative source of water besides the city water. They can use stormwater collected from the street but they can also recycle wastewater in the building itself.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Localized water recycling we think is going to become part of the mix for water reuse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: It’s much more feasible to have water recycling at that scale than for the home. Why is that?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tilmans: There are couple of reasons for that. One is the capital cost of building the system and the other is the operating cost of running and maintaining and monitoring the performance of this system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We have a sensor testing station to plug in new sensors into each grade of water to test the monitoring equipment. Developing new sensors and testing them is as important as the treatment systems. We test and validate both.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: Do you think we will see much more wastewater reuse by municipalities or onsite systems being developed on business campuses and new buildings?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tilmans: I think there is no shortage of municipalities across the state looking for new water supplies. Recycled water is actually one of the cheapest and most reliable new water supplies out there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The technology absolutely exists. The real obstacles of getting [onsite reuse systems] installed today is regulatory – building inspections, codes, things like that – and of course public education. Making sure that not just the public, but regulators and building inspectors, are on board with water reuse and trust it to be safe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: Ten years from now, where do you hope we’ll be in our thinking about wastewater?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tilmans: In a place like California we are so droughtstricken we can’t afford to waste the waste anymore. Here in Silicon Valley we use the water once and it goes in the ocean. In 10 years or a little longer, I’d like to see us recycling all our wastewater. And I think we can be recycling water in an energy-neutral way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I’d love to see our broader society view wastewater as another water supply and a raw material to be used for the highest and best use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cspan class=\"start\">\u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/about/\">Water Deeply\u003c/a> is\u003c/span> an independent digital media project dedicated to covering California’s water crisis. The project is part of \u003ca href=\"http://www.newsdeeply.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">News Deeply\u003c/a>, a new media startup and social enterprise based in New York.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Largest U.S. Coal Company Files for Bankruptcy",
"headTitle": "Largest U.S. Coal Company Files for Bankruptcy | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>A coal-mining giant has filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection amid an industrywide slump.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Peabody Energy — which is the biggest coal miner in the U.S. and says it is the largest private-sector coal company in the world — is looking to restructure its heavy debt load and gain relief from its creditors. It hopes to continue operations unimpeded.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The St. Louis-based company said \u003ca href=\"https://mscusppegrs01.blob.core.windows.net/mmfiles/sitemedia/ch11/announcement%20press%20release.pdf\">in a statement\u003c/a> that the pressure on the coal industry is “unprecedented.” It cited a drop in prices, weaker demand from China, the rise of competition from fracking and “ongoing regulatory challenges” as reasons for the restructuring.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Earlier this year, Arch Coal — the second-largest coal miner in the U.S. — \u003ca href=\"http://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-01-11/arch-coal-files-for-bankruptcy-reaches-4-5-billion-debt-deal\">filed for bankruptcy\u003c/a>. Bloomberg noted that three other major coal miners went bankrupt \u003ca href=\"http://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-01-21/the-coal-miner-on-everybody-s-list-as-next-bankruptcy-victim\">the year before that\u003c/a>, and many industry watchers had expected Peabody to follow suit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dashed dreams of China-powered prosperity contributed to the coal giant’s financial woes. Peabody bought Australian mining firm MacArthur in 2011 for \u003ca href=\"http://dealbook.nytimes.com/2011/11/16/peabody-energy-takes-full-control-of-macarthur-coal/\">nearly $5 billion\u003c/a>. It was \u003ca href=\"http://www.stltoday.com/business/local/with-macarthur-acquisition-peabody-lays-heavier-bet-on-asia/article_6d55d79b-c6d1-5a22-9189-f869ce985bcf.html\">a bet on Asian growth\u003c/a>, planned at a time when coal prices had been on the rise for two years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That same year, coal prices \u003ca href=\"https://www.quandl.com/data/EIA/COAL\">began to drop\u003c/a>. The industry entered a long slump — \u003ca href=\"http://www.google.com/finance?chdnp=1&chdd=1&chds=1&chdv=1&chvs=maximized&chdeh=0&chfdeh=0&chdet=1460549465977&chddm=984147&chls=IntervalBasedLine&q=INDEXDJX:DJUSCL&ntsp=0&ei=GjcOV6OZAoKymAHdh5-gCQ\">where it remains today\u003c/a>. And instead of surging, growth in China \u003ca href=\"http://www.scmp.com/business/economy/article/1409527/stagnant-growth-adds-pressure-rebalancing-chinas-economy\">was stagnant\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, Peabody carries a heavy debt burden. \u003ca href=\"http://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-03-11/peabody's-demise-parallels-the-decline-of-king-coal/7241246\">Australia’s ABC News reports\u003c/a> that Peabody owes $10.1 billion and has $10.9 billion in assets — and that the company lost $2 billion in 2015.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the statement announcing the Chapter 11 restructuring, Peabody also revealed that a planned \u003ca href=\"http://www.cnbc.com/2015/11/23/peabody-energy-to-sell-new-mexico-colorado-assets-for-358-mln.html\">sale of its New Mexico and Colorado mines\u003c/a> has fallen through.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mine operations are continuing as usual, Peabody said in the statement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last month, Inside Energy’s Leigh Paterson \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2016/03/25/471817223/bankruptcies-fuel-uncertainty-in-coal-communities\">reported for NPR\u003c/a> on what bankruptcy means in the coal industry. She noted that a bankrupt Peabody subsidiary recently raised ire by trying to cut insurance for retired employees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And cleanup liabilities are often among the debts that a bankrupt coal-mining company is attempting to negotiate, Paterson says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Peabody said in its statement that the company is proud of its work in land restoration, or repairing areas damaged by mining, and will “meet its reclamation obligations.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shale gas, increasingly produced in the U.S. through the practice of hydraulic fracturing, or fracking, was named by Peabody as a factor in its bankruptcy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the long-term, as NPR’s Jeff Brady \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2016/02/17/466033966/from-the-ashes-of-some-coal-plants-new-energy-rises\">reported in February\u003c/a>, there’s another challenge facing the coal industry:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>“The renewable \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2015/12/29/460812946/tax-breaks-falling-costs-are-boosting-wind-and-solar\">energy building boom\u003c/a> also is stressing the industry. Once solar and wind projects are built, the power is cheap to produce.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>” ‘Gas puts the immediate threat to coal, but the combination of gas and renewables places a longer-term threat to coal,’ says Andy Roberts, analyst in international thermal coal markets for the consulting firm Wood Mackenzie.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“He says last year was tough for coal companies, and the future likely will be \u003ca href=\"http://www.woodmac.com/blog/happy-new-year-coal-producers-or-maybe-not/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">even more painful\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>” ‘Probably, over the long, long time, only the strongest of them are going to survive,’ Roberts says.”\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One way companies can strengthen their position in the struggling industry? Declaring bankruptcy, Jeff wrote.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=U.S.+Coal+Giant+Peabody+Energy+Files+For+Bankruptcy&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\" alt=\"\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "As the coal industry struggles with falling prices, weak Chinese demand, regulatory changes and competition from fracking, St. Louis-based Peabody has filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>A coal-mining giant has filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection amid an industrywide slump.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Peabody Energy — which is the biggest coal miner in the U.S. and says it is the largest private-sector coal company in the world — is looking to restructure its heavy debt load and gain relief from its creditors. It hopes to continue operations unimpeded.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The St. Louis-based company said \u003ca href=\"https://mscusppegrs01.blob.core.windows.net/mmfiles/sitemedia/ch11/announcement%20press%20release.pdf\">in a statement\u003c/a> that the pressure on the coal industry is “unprecedented.” It cited a drop in prices, weaker demand from China, the rise of competition from fracking and “ongoing regulatory challenges” as reasons for the restructuring.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Earlier this year, Arch Coal — the second-largest coal miner in the U.S. — \u003ca href=\"http://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-01-11/arch-coal-files-for-bankruptcy-reaches-4-5-billion-debt-deal\">filed for bankruptcy\u003c/a>. Bloomberg noted that three other major coal miners went bankrupt \u003ca href=\"http://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-01-21/the-coal-miner-on-everybody-s-list-as-next-bankruptcy-victim\">the year before that\u003c/a>, and many industry watchers had expected Peabody to follow suit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dashed dreams of China-powered prosperity contributed to the coal giant’s financial woes. Peabody bought Australian mining firm MacArthur in 2011 for \u003ca href=\"http://dealbook.nytimes.com/2011/11/16/peabody-energy-takes-full-control-of-macarthur-coal/\">nearly $5 billion\u003c/a>. It was \u003ca href=\"http://www.stltoday.com/business/local/with-macarthur-acquisition-peabody-lays-heavier-bet-on-asia/article_6d55d79b-c6d1-5a22-9189-f869ce985bcf.html\">a bet on Asian growth\u003c/a>, planned at a time when coal prices had been on the rise for two years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That same year, coal prices \u003ca href=\"https://www.quandl.com/data/EIA/COAL\">began to drop\u003c/a>. The industry entered a long slump — \u003ca href=\"http://www.google.com/finance?chdnp=1&chdd=1&chds=1&chdv=1&chvs=maximized&chdeh=0&chfdeh=0&chdet=1460549465977&chddm=984147&chls=IntervalBasedLine&q=INDEXDJX:DJUSCL&ntsp=0&ei=GjcOV6OZAoKymAHdh5-gCQ\">where it remains today\u003c/a>. And instead of surging, growth in China \u003ca href=\"http://www.scmp.com/business/economy/article/1409527/stagnant-growth-adds-pressure-rebalancing-chinas-economy\">was stagnant\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, Peabody carries a heavy debt burden. \u003ca href=\"http://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-03-11/peabody's-demise-parallels-the-decline-of-king-coal/7241246\">Australia’s ABC News reports\u003c/a> that Peabody owes $10.1 billion and has $10.9 billion in assets — and that the company lost $2 billion in 2015.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the statement announcing the Chapter 11 restructuring, Peabody also revealed that a planned \u003ca href=\"http://www.cnbc.com/2015/11/23/peabody-energy-to-sell-new-mexico-colorado-assets-for-358-mln.html\">sale of its New Mexico and Colorado mines\u003c/a> has fallen through.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mine operations are continuing as usual, Peabody said in the statement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last month, Inside Energy’s Leigh Paterson \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2016/03/25/471817223/bankruptcies-fuel-uncertainty-in-coal-communities\">reported for NPR\u003c/a> on what bankruptcy means in the coal industry. She noted that a bankrupt Peabody subsidiary recently raised ire by trying to cut insurance for retired employees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And cleanup liabilities are often among the debts that a bankrupt coal-mining company is attempting to negotiate, Paterson says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Peabody said in its statement that the company is proud of its work in land restoration, or repairing areas damaged by mining, and will “meet its reclamation obligations.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shale gas, increasingly produced in the U.S. through the practice of hydraulic fracturing, or fracking, was named by Peabody as a factor in its bankruptcy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the long-term, as NPR’s Jeff Brady \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2016/02/17/466033966/from-the-ashes-of-some-coal-plants-new-energy-rises\">reported in February\u003c/a>, there’s another challenge facing the coal industry:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>“The renewable \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2015/12/29/460812946/tax-breaks-falling-costs-are-boosting-wind-and-solar\">energy building boom\u003c/a> also is stressing the industry. Once solar and wind projects are built, the power is cheap to produce.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>” ‘Gas puts the immediate threat to coal, but the combination of gas and renewables places a longer-term threat to coal,’ says Andy Roberts, analyst in international thermal coal markets for the consulting firm Wood Mackenzie.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“He says last year was tough for coal companies, and the future likely will be \u003ca href=\"http://www.woodmac.com/blog/happy-new-year-coal-producers-or-maybe-not/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">even more painful\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>” ‘Probably, over the long, long time, only the strongest of them are going to survive,’ Roberts says.”\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One way companies can strengthen their position in the struggling industry? Declaring bankruptcy, Jeff wrote.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=U.S.+Coal+Giant+Peabody+Energy+Files+For+Bankruptcy&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\" alt=\"\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp class=\"ap-story-p\">Some of America’s brightest children will visit the White House as President Barack Obama holds his final science fair to highlight work that excelled in a broad range of competitions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"ap-story-p\">Obama began the science fair in 2010, saying the students who produce the best experiments and products ought to be recognized like the athletes who regularly come to the White House.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"ap-story-p\">“If you win the NCAA championship, you come to the White House,” Obama \u003ca href=\"https://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/remarks-president-education-innovate-campaign\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">said in 2009\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"ap-story-p\">“Well, if you’re a young person and you produce the best experiment or design, the best hardware or software, you ought to be recognized for that achievement, too.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"ap-story-p\">The fair on Wednesday will feature more than 130 participants and include six projects from California:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli class=\"ap-story-p\">Maya Varma of San Jose used 3D printing to develop a cost-effective device to analyze lung health and accurately diagnose lung disease.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli class=\"ap-story-p\">Shaneel Narayan and Jahsene Tongco of Union City built a solar-powered charging station for electric vehicles.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli class=\"ap-story-p\">A group of teen programmers from San Diego created Spectrum, an Android app that aims to provide a social-media network for the LGBTQIA+ community.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli class=\"ap-story-p\">A Los Angeles robotics team was selected as the best role model in transforming its community by spreading interest in science and technology.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli class=\"ap-story-p\">Talie Cloud from Sanger created an organic agricultural insecticide from bitter melon seed.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli class=\"ap-story-p\">Hari Bhimaraju from Cupertino used a Raspberry Pi and Arduino to design a portable teaching tool to help visually impaired students learn the periodic table of elements.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp class=\"ap-story-p\">You can watch the Science Fair live from 10:00 a.m. – 12:00 p.m. PST at \u003ca href=\"http://www.whitehouse.gov/live\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">www.whitehouse.gov/live\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cp>A leading brand of home and garden pest-control products says it will stop using a class of pesticides linked to the decline of bees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ortho, part of the Miracle-Gro family, says the decision to drop the use of the chemicals—called neonicotinoids, or neonics for short—comes after considering the range of possible threats to bees and other pollinators.[contextly_sidebar id=”AvJSPAaUE3AG7sVZOHNnrQcCSt8dKy7C”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“While agencies in the U.S. are still evaluating the overall impact of neonics on pollinator populations, it’s time for Ortho to move on,” says Tim Martin, the general manager of the Ortho Brand.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The announcement comes on the heels of state legislation passed by the Maryland General Assembly to restrict the sales of retail home and garden products that contain neonics. The bill is now before Gov. Larry Hogan; his office tells us that he is currently reviewing it. Other states are also \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncsl.org/research/environment-and-natural-resources/pollinator-health.aspx\">studying\u003c/a> pollinator health and considering action, according to the National Conference of State Legislatures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As we’ve reported, neonics are widely used in agriculture. Currently, at \u003ca href=\"https://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/microsites/ostp/Pollinator%20Health%20Strategy%202015.pdf\">the direction\u003c/a> of the Obama administration, the Environmental Protection Agency is assessing the effect of neonicotinoid insecticides on the health of bees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A growing body of scientific evidence suggests that neonics can \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2015/11/24/457130929/as-beekeepers-lose-more-hives-time-for-new-rules-on-pesticides\">negatively influence bee health\u003c/a> and may make bees more vulnerable to mites and other threats.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, the amount of neonics used in home lawn-and-garden products is dwarfed by what farmers use on crops. But Delegate \u003ca href=\"http://msa.maryland.gov/msa/mdmanual/06hse/html/msa12238.html\">Anne Healey\u003c/a> of Maryland, a sponsor of the \u003ca href=\"http://mgaleg.maryland.gov/webmga/frmMain.aspx?pid=billpage&stab=01&id=sb0198&tab=subject3&ys=2016RS\">Pollinator Protection Act\u003c/a>, says it’s still important to take action.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’m hoping this [legislation] will raise awareness” of the decline of pollinators, Healey told us. “In Maryland we experienced a 60 percent loss in bee colonies in one year,” Healey says. Although the beekeepers have been able to rebuild their colonies, “overall, it’s clearly a problem.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As we’ve reported, there are a host of issues linked to pollinator decline — from a loss of foraging habitat to the varroa mite to climate change. And neonics manufacturers, such as Bayer Crop Science, have \u003ca href=\"http://feedabee.com/\">focused on efforts\u003c/a> such as planting more wildflowers and rebuilding habitat where bees and pollinators can eat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The industry maintains that the products it manufactures are safe for bees both in agriculture and in home and garden settings. “The products that contain neonicotinoids are safe for use by homeowners and professionals,” says Karen Reardon of \u003ca href=\"http://www.pestfacts.org/\">RISE\u003c/a>, a trade association that represents manufacturers, formulators and distributors of specialty pesticides.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ortho has already begun to phase out neonics. The company tells us that some products will be reformulated or discontinued by 2017. The company says it will complete its phaseout of neonics in outdoor products by 2021.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Home+And+Garden+Giant+Ditches+Class+Of+Pesticides+That+May+Harm+Bees&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\" alt=\"\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A growing body of scientific evidence suggests that neonics can \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2015/11/24/457130929/as-beekeepers-lose-more-hives-time-for-new-rules-on-pesticides\">negatively influence bee health\u003c/a> and may make bees more vulnerable to mites and other threats.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, the amount of neonics used in home lawn-and-garden products is dwarfed by what farmers use on crops. But Delegate \u003ca href=\"http://msa.maryland.gov/msa/mdmanual/06hse/html/msa12238.html\">Anne Healey\u003c/a> of Maryland, a sponsor of the \u003ca href=\"http://mgaleg.maryland.gov/webmga/frmMain.aspx?pid=billpage&stab=01&id=sb0198&tab=subject3&ys=2016RS\">Pollinator Protection Act\u003c/a>, says it’s still important to take action.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’m hoping this [legislation] will raise awareness” of the decline of pollinators, Healey told us. “In Maryland we experienced a 60 percent loss in bee colonies in one year,” Healey says. Although the beekeepers have been able to rebuild their colonies, “overall, it’s clearly a problem.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As we’ve reported, there are a host of issues linked to pollinator decline — from a loss of foraging habitat to the varroa mite to climate change. And neonics manufacturers, such as Bayer Crop Science, have \u003ca href=\"http://feedabee.com/\">focused on efforts\u003c/a> such as planting more wildflowers and rebuilding habitat where bees and pollinators can eat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The industry maintains that the products it manufactures are safe for bees both in agriculture and in home and garden settings. “The products that contain neonicotinoids are safe for use by homeowners and professionals,” says Karen Reardon of \u003ca href=\"http://www.pestfacts.org/\">RISE\u003c/a>, a trade association that represents manufacturers, formulators and distributors of specialty pesticides.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ortho has already begun to phase out neonics. The company tells us that some products will be reformulated or discontinued by 2017. The company says it will complete its phaseout of neonics in outdoor products by 2021.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Home+And+Garden+Giant+Ditches+Class+Of+Pesticides+That+May+Harm+Bees&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\" alt=\"\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>An Internet investor has enlisted famed physicist Stephen Hawking and Facebook founder Mark Zuckerberg to help him with a futuristic plan for seeking life in outer space.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuri_Milner\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Yuri Milner\u003c/a> announced the $100 million project Tuesday. It’s aimed at establishing the feasibility of sending a swarm of tiny spacecraft, each weighing far less than an ounce, to the Alpha Centauri star system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Powered by energy from a huge, Earth-based laser, the spacecraft would fly at about one-fifth the speed of light. Their target would be a planet with potential for holding life. No such planet has been discovered yet at Alpha Centauri, but experts say one may lurk there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The spacecraft would take 20 years to reach the star system, where they would make observations and send back data.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2016/04/13/science/alpha-centauri-breakthrough-starshot-yuri-milner-stephen-hawking.html?smid=tw-nytimesscience&smtyp=cur&_r=2\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Read more\u003c/a> via The New York Times.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"excerpt": "A Russian entrepreneur wants to send a fleet of tiny spacecraft to a star system in the hopes it might support life.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>An Internet investor has enlisted famed physicist Stephen Hawking and Facebook founder Mark Zuckerberg to help him with a futuristic plan for seeking life in outer space.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuri_Milner\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Yuri Milner\u003c/a> announced the $100 million project Tuesday. It’s aimed at establishing the feasibility of sending a swarm of tiny spacecraft, each weighing far less than an ounce, to the Alpha Centauri star system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Powered by energy from a huge, Earth-based laser, the spacecraft would fly at about one-fifth the speed of light. Their target would be a planet with potential for holding life. No such planet has been discovered yet at Alpha Centauri, but experts say one may lurk there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The spacecraft would take 20 years to reach the star system, where they would make observations and send back data.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2016/04/13/science/alpha-centauri-breakthrough-starshot-yuri-milner-stephen-hawking.html?smid=tw-nytimesscience&smtyp=cur&_r=2\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Read more\u003c/a> via The New York Times.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "Too Much Solar in California? Not If You Bottle It",
"headTitle": "Too Much Solar in California? Not If You Bottle It | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>The cost of solar power has plummeted in recent years, which has led to a renewable energy boom in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But there’s a big hang-up: solar energy doesn’t provide a 24-hour supply. When the sun sets, the power from solar farms drops off, just as California needs it most.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s sparked new interest in technology that stores electricity. And the energy storage technology race is going far beyond your typical battery.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Solar Peaking\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Pretty much everyday, we hit peak output,” says Michael Wheeler, a vice president at \u003ca href=\"http://recurrentenergy.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Recurrent Energy\u003c/a> in San Francisco, looking at a screen showing the solar farms his company manages.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But earlier this spring, something happened that, at first, doesn’t seem to make sense.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘We’ve built these solar projects and to the extent that we have to turn them off more and more often, it doesn’t make a lot of sense.’\u003ccite>Michael Wheeler,\u003cbr>\nRecurrent Energy\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>It was the middle of the day, when one of the solar farms was cranking out electricity, and his company got a message.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The grid operator is telling us they don’t need all of it,” Wheeler says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There was too much electricity on the grid. The electric grid managers were telling solar farms to shut down.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The project went from almost peak output to zero for about two hours,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This happens on sunny, spring days when there is plenty of solar power but Californians aren’t using a lot of air conditioning yet, so demand for power is low.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The solar and wind power comes in on top of what natural gas power plants are generating. Because renewable energy production goes up and down with passing clouds and wind conditions, grid operators say they need the continuous supply from natural gas to make up for those fluctuations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_626879\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-626879\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/PGEbattery-web.jpg\" alt=\"PG&E's battery in San Jose can store more than six hours of energy.\" width=\"640\" height=\"441\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/PGEbattery-web.jpg 640w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/PGEbattery-web-400x276.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">PG&E’s battery in San Jose can store more than six hours of energy. \u003ccite>(PG&E)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Shutting down natural gas would leave the power supply less stable. Many gas plants can take between four and eight hours to restart, once they’re turned off.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As more solar farms come online, the pressure to shut them down on mild, sunny days is only expected to become greater. California plans to get 50 percent of its electricity from renewable sources by 2030.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve built these solar projects and to the extent that we have to turn them off more and more often, it doesn’t make a lot of sense,” Wheeler says. “It would be a lot better to find uses for that electricity.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Shifting Solar\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California’s grid operators have proposed \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2016/04/04/what-will-california-do-with-too-much-solar/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">linking the state’s grid\u003c/a> to other Western states, so the excess solar energy could be shared.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another solution is to store the solar energy, because there’s an obvious need for power in the evening, right as the sun goes down.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”l7OdPh3xOLqw1w8wvqvYo5vgdvoYG5Li”]“Everybody comes home from work and they turn on their lights and that uses a lot of power,” says Shayle Kann who analyzes renewable energy at \u003ca href=\"https://www.greentechmedia.com/about\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Greentech Media\u003c/a> in Boston.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California’s electricity demand peaks in the evening. Storing solar power for just a few hours would allow solar farms to help meet that peak.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It makes that solar energy dispatchable,” he says. “In other words, you can control when it goes into the grid.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Listen to the Story:\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nhttp://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2016/04/WEBEnergyStorageSommer160411.mp3\u003cbr>\nSince California regulators don’t want to see solar farms turn off, they’re \u003ca href=\"http://www.cpuc.ca.gov/General.aspx?id=3462\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">requiring utilities\u003c/a> to build energy storage on the grid. All together, Pacific Gas & Electric, Southern California Edison and San Diego Gas & Electric must install 1.3 gigawatts of energy storage by 2020, which is about the same as a couple power plants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That mandate is the first of its kind in the country. So far, batteries have been the dominant technology.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Batteries in consumer electronics—you’re used to your Duracell batteries and things—we’ve had those for a very long time,” says Kann. “What’s new is deploying that on a large scale for the grid.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are a handful of \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2013/05/24/the-biggest-battery-you-havent-seen/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">large banks of batteries\u003c/a> on the grid already, some the size of a semi-truck, which can store electricity for several hours.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Bottling Electricity\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Batteries are coming down in cost dramatically, but they’re still relatively expensive compared to other sources of power.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s launched start-up companies looking for a different way to store energy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So what you’re looking at, really, is best described as a giant scuba tank,” says Steve Crane, pointing to a 25-foot tank in the warehouse of his company, \u003ca href=\"http://www.lightsail.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">LightSail Energy\u003c/a> in Berkeley, California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_626973\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 900px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-626973\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/LightSail-900-2.jpg\" alt=\"Steve Crane of LightSail Energy at their headquarters in Berkeley. \" width=\"900\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/LightSail-900-2.jpg 900w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/LightSail-900-2-400x237.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/LightSail-900-2-800x474.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/LightSail-900-2-768x455.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 900px) 100vw, 900px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Steve Crane of LightSail Energy at their headquarters in Berkeley. \u003ccite>(Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>A scuba tank is the inspiration for his technology, which compresses air.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The electrical energy is hard to hold on to,” says Crane. “Compressed air is relatively easy to store for hours or even days.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here’s how it works: when there’s extra electricity, Crane turns on a giant air pump. It fills the tank, compressing the air by 200 times.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then when electricity is needed, the air is released to drive an electric generator. The hard part has been dealing with all the heat this makes; Crane’s technology uses water to capture some of the heat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Any air compressor that you use, even a bicycle pump, creates heat,” says Crane. “A bicycle pump will feel warm after you’ve used it for a while.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The idea of storing energy by compressing air isn’t new, but other projects have stored the air in \u003ca href=\"http://caes.pnnl.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">large underground caverns\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By using tanks, LightSail’s technology would be more modular. It’s still in the early stages, with the company working on its first pilot projects. But Crane hopes it will have an edge over batteries, because it’s likely going to be cheaper and it lasts longer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you have a laptop or cell phone,” he says, “you know that after two to three years, you start to see significant deterioration.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Crane says interest has sky-rocketed for energy storage technology like his and other other non-battery approaches, such as \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/alltechconsidered/2016/04/05/470810118/solar-and-wind-energy-may-be-nice-but-how-can-we-store-it\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">ice, molten salt\u003c/a> or mechanical machines \u003ca href=\"http://amberkinetics.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">called flywheels\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Nobody had ever heard of energy storage when I got into this field six or seven years ago,” he says. “Now it’s something that the governor of California talks about. However, the funding that is available for new technology in this area is pretty much zero.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Research and development can take years and venture capital firms like to see faster results.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But if California is to meet its ambitious renewable energy goals, energy storage technology will have to catch up.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "On sunny spring days, California's solar plants sometimes have to shut down because there's more energy on the grid than we need. But some innovators have better ideas.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The cost of solar power has plummeted in recent years, which has led to a renewable energy boom in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But there’s a big hang-up: solar energy doesn’t provide a 24-hour supply. When the sun sets, the power from solar farms drops off, just as California needs it most.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s sparked new interest in technology that stores electricity. And the energy storage technology race is going far beyond your typical battery.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Solar Peaking\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Pretty much everyday, we hit peak output,” says Michael Wheeler, a vice president at \u003ca href=\"http://recurrentenergy.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Recurrent Energy\u003c/a> in San Francisco, looking at a screen showing the solar farms his company manages.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But earlier this spring, something happened that, at first, doesn’t seem to make sense.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘We’ve built these solar projects and to the extent that we have to turn them off more and more often, it doesn’t make a lot of sense.’\u003ccite>Michael Wheeler,\u003cbr>\nRecurrent Energy\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>It was the middle of the day, when one of the solar farms was cranking out electricity, and his company got a message.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The grid operator is telling us they don’t need all of it,” Wheeler says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There was too much electricity on the grid. The electric grid managers were telling solar farms to shut down.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The project went from almost peak output to zero for about two hours,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This happens on sunny, spring days when there is plenty of solar power but Californians aren’t using a lot of air conditioning yet, so demand for power is low.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The solar and wind power comes in on top of what natural gas power plants are generating. Because renewable energy production goes up and down with passing clouds and wind conditions, grid operators say they need the continuous supply from natural gas to make up for those fluctuations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_626879\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-626879\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/PGEbattery-web.jpg\" alt=\"PG&E's battery in San Jose can store more than six hours of energy.\" width=\"640\" height=\"441\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/PGEbattery-web.jpg 640w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/PGEbattery-web-400x276.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">PG&E’s battery in San Jose can store more than six hours of energy. \u003ccite>(PG&E)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Shutting down natural gas would leave the power supply less stable. Many gas plants can take between four and eight hours to restart, once they’re turned off.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As more solar farms come online, the pressure to shut them down on mild, sunny days is only expected to become greater. California plans to get 50 percent of its electricity from renewable sources by 2030.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve built these solar projects and to the extent that we have to turn them off more and more often, it doesn’t make a lot of sense,” Wheeler says. “It would be a lot better to find uses for that electricity.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Shifting Solar\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California’s grid operators have proposed \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2016/04/04/what-will-california-do-with-too-much-solar/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">linking the state’s grid\u003c/a> to other Western states, so the excess solar energy could be shared.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another solution is to store the solar energy, because there’s an obvious need for power in the evening, right as the sun goes down.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>“Everybody comes home from work and they turn on their lights and that uses a lot of power,” says Shayle Kann who analyzes renewable energy at \u003ca href=\"https://www.greentechmedia.com/about\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Greentech Media\u003c/a> in Boston.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California’s electricity demand peaks in the evening. Storing solar power for just a few hours would allow solar farms to help meet that peak.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It makes that solar energy dispatchable,” he says. “In other words, you can control when it goes into the grid.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Listen to the Story:\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nhttp://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2016/04/WEBEnergyStorageSommer160411.mp3\u003cbr>\nSince California regulators don’t want to see solar farms turn off, they’re \u003ca href=\"http://www.cpuc.ca.gov/General.aspx?id=3462\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">requiring utilities\u003c/a> to build energy storage on the grid. All together, Pacific Gas & Electric, Southern California Edison and San Diego Gas & Electric must install 1.3 gigawatts of energy storage by 2020, which is about the same as a couple power plants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That mandate is the first of its kind in the country. So far, batteries have been the dominant technology.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Batteries in consumer electronics—you’re used to your Duracell batteries and things—we’ve had those for a very long time,” says Kann. “What’s new is deploying that on a large scale for the grid.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are a handful of \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2013/05/24/the-biggest-battery-you-havent-seen/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">large banks of batteries\u003c/a> on the grid already, some the size of a semi-truck, which can store electricity for several hours.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Bottling Electricity\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Batteries are coming down in cost dramatically, but they’re still relatively expensive compared to other sources of power.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s launched start-up companies looking for a different way to store energy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So what you’re looking at, really, is best described as a giant scuba tank,” says Steve Crane, pointing to a 25-foot tank in the warehouse of his company, \u003ca href=\"http://www.lightsail.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">LightSail Energy\u003c/a> in Berkeley, California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_626973\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 900px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-626973\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/LightSail-900-2.jpg\" alt=\"Steve Crane of LightSail Energy at their headquarters in Berkeley. \" width=\"900\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/LightSail-900-2.jpg 900w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/LightSail-900-2-400x237.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/LightSail-900-2-800x474.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/LightSail-900-2-768x455.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 900px) 100vw, 900px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Steve Crane of LightSail Energy at their headquarters in Berkeley. \u003ccite>(Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>A scuba tank is the inspiration for his technology, which compresses air.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The electrical energy is hard to hold on to,” says Crane. “Compressed air is relatively easy to store for hours or even days.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here’s how it works: when there’s extra electricity, Crane turns on a giant air pump. It fills the tank, compressing the air by 200 times.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then when electricity is needed, the air is released to drive an electric generator. The hard part has been dealing with all the heat this makes; Crane’s technology uses water to capture some of the heat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Any air compressor that you use, even a bicycle pump, creates heat,” says Crane. “A bicycle pump will feel warm after you’ve used it for a while.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The idea of storing energy by compressing air isn’t new, but other projects have stored the air in \u003ca href=\"http://caes.pnnl.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">large underground caverns\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By using tanks, LightSail’s technology would be more modular. It’s still in the early stages, with the company working on its first pilot projects. But Crane hopes it will have an edge over batteries, because it’s likely going to be cheaper and it lasts longer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you have a laptop or cell phone,” he says, “you know that after two to three years, you start to see significant deterioration.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Crane says interest has sky-rocketed for energy storage technology like his and other other non-battery approaches, such as \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/alltechconsidered/2016/04/05/470810118/solar-and-wind-energy-may-be-nice-but-how-can-we-store-it\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">ice, molten salt\u003c/a> or mechanical machines \u003ca href=\"http://amberkinetics.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">called flywheels\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Nobody had ever heard of energy storage when I got into this field six or seven years ago,” he says. “Now it’s something that the governor of California talks about. However, the funding that is available for new technology in this area is pretty much zero.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Research and development can take years and venture capital firms like to see faster results.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Friday was a landmark day for the SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket. It launched into space a resupply capsule bearing a new inflatable habitat for the International Space Station. Then the rocket’s “first stage” returned to Earth for a sea landing — without exploding.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though the SpaceX rocket had successfully \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2015/12/22/460649324/spacex-rocket-successfully-lands-after-launching-satellites\">landed on solid ground\u003c/a> before, the last attempt to land the rocket on a barge at sea ended in a \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/01/18/463461790/watch-spacex-rocket-explodes-trying-to-land-on-a-barge\">fiery crash\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket lifted off, carrying an inflatable space module that will be added to the station. NASA hopes this kind of expandable room in space could someday help astronauts get to Mars,” NPR’s Geoff Brumfiel reports for our Newscast Unit. “As the rocket’s second stage carried this cargo into orbit, the first stage did something unprecedented. It turned around, flew back to Earth and touched down vertically on a robotic barge floating off the coast of Florida.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As NPR’s Joe Palca \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/04/07/473089336/nasa-to-test-inflatable-room-for-astronauts-in-space\">reported\u003c/a> earlier this week, the idea for inflatable habitats in space dates back to the 1990s when “the space agency was trying to figure out how to get astronauts to Mars, without the crew going crazy living in a tiny capsule for months on end.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When it’s folded up, the expandable room is about 6 feet by 6 feet, Joe says, but when inflated, “it’s about 12 feet by 10 feet, approximately the size of a small RV.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new habitat could mean more comfortable living during a future trip to Mars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And the successful landing of the SpaceX rocket will mean much more affordable space travel, as SpaceX can reuse the expensive “first stage,” Geoff says. \u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=SpaceX+Rocket+Lands+Safely+On+A+Ship+At+Sea+For+the+First+Time&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Friday was a landmark day for the SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket. It launched into space a resupply capsule bearing a new inflatable habitat for the International Space Station. Then the rocket’s “first stage” returned to Earth for a sea landing — without exploding.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though the SpaceX rocket had successfully \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2015/12/22/460649324/spacex-rocket-successfully-lands-after-launching-satellites\">landed on solid ground\u003c/a> before, the last attempt to land the rocket on a barge at sea ended in a \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/01/18/463461790/watch-spacex-rocket-explodes-trying-to-land-on-a-barge\">fiery crash\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket lifted off, carrying an inflatable space module that will be added to the station. NASA hopes this kind of expandable room in space could someday help astronauts get to Mars,” NPR’s Geoff Brumfiel reports for our Newscast Unit. “As the rocket’s second stage carried this cargo into orbit, the first stage did something unprecedented. It turned around, flew back to Earth and touched down vertically on a robotic barge floating off the coast of Florida.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As NPR’s Joe Palca \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/04/07/473089336/nasa-to-test-inflatable-room-for-astronauts-in-space\">reported\u003c/a> earlier this week, the idea for inflatable habitats in space dates back to the 1990s when “the space agency was trying to figure out how to get astronauts to Mars, without the crew going crazy living in a tiny capsule for months on end.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When it’s folded up, the expandable room is about 6 feet by 6 feet, Joe says, but when inflated, “it’s about 12 feet by 10 feet, approximately the size of a small RV.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new habitat could mean more comfortable living during a future trip to Mars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And the successful landing of the SpaceX rocket will mean much more affordable space travel, as SpaceX can reuse the expensive “first stage,” Geoff says. \u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=SpaceX+Rocket+Lands+Safely+On+A+Ship+At+Sea+For+the+First+Time&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Will La Niña Follow One of the Strongest Ever El Niños?",
"headTitle": "Will La Niña Follow One of the Strongest Ever El Niños? | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Back in November, El Niño \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/el-nino-peaks-but-impacts-to-come-19900\">reached a fever pitch\u003c/a>, vaulting into the ranks of the strongest events on record and wreaking havoc \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/monster-el-nino-transforms-worlds-weather-20138\">on weather patterns\u003c/a> around the world. Now it is beginning to wane as the ocean cools, so what comes next?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s possible that by next fall, the tropical Pacific Ocean could seesaw into a state that is roughly El Niño’s opposite, forecasters say. Called \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/warming-doubles-likelihood-extreme-la-ninas-18592\">La Niña\u003c/a>, this climate state comes with its own set of global impacts, including higher chances of a dry winter in \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/shift-may-bring-more-drought-california-20196\">drought-plagued California\u003c/a> and warm, wet weather in Southeast Asia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But El Niños and La Niñas are particularly difficult to predict at this time of year, so exactly what happens remains to be seen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Warm-Cool Cycle\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>El Niño and La Niña are part of a cycle that runs over the course of three to seven years. While El Niño features warmer-than-normal ocean waters in the central and eastern tropical Pacific — much warmer in the case of this exceptional El Niño — La Niña features colder-than-normal waters in the same region.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those changes in ocean temperatures are accompanied by changes in the atmosphere: During El Niño, convection and rains shift eastward and the normal east-to-west trade winds weaken or even reverse, while during La Niña, the normal dry state of the eastern Pacific intensifies along with the trade winds. Those atmospheric effects set off a domino effect around the world that can shift normal weather patterns.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This El Niño reached a peak in ocean temperatures in November and those waters have been cooling off ever since, following the normal progression. That decline means “it’s almost a certainty that [the tropical Pacific Ocean is] going to go back to neutral in about two months,” \u003ca href=\"http://iri.columbia.edu/contact/staff-directory/anthony-barnston/\">Anthony Barnston\u003c/a>, chief forecaster at Columbia University’s International Research Institute for Climate and Society, said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What’s still up in the air is whether it stays neutral or continues to cool until it reaches a La Niña state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_626778\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 620px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-626778\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/La_Nina_winter.jpg\" alt=\"How La Niña impacts global weather patterns.\" width=\"620\" height=\"370\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/La_Nina_winter.jpg 620w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/La_Nina_winter-400x239.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 620px) 100vw, 620px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">How La Niña impacts global weather patterns. \u003ccite>(NOAA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>El Niño’s Self-Sabotage\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>La Niña’s don’t always follow after El Niños, but seem more likely to do so after a strong El Niño, \u003ca href=\"https://www.climate.gov/news-features/blogs/enso/will-la-ni%C3%B1a-follow-el-ni%C3%B1o-what-past-tells-us\">based on the historical record\u003c/a>. That record is quite short, though, which makes it hard to draw firm conclusions from it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the underlying physics of the El Niño cycle offers some reason to think that strong El Niños do tend to lead to La Niñas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>El Niños generate large-scale waves in the ocean (these aren’t like the waves that break on the water’s surface). One set, called Kelvin waves, travel from west to east and cause warming, enhancing the El Niño.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The other, called Rossby waves, travel in the opposite direction until they reach Indonesia, where they bounce off the landmass and head back east. Eventually, the Rossby waves catch up to the El Niño and cause cooling, in something of an act of self-sabotage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The El Niño sort of kills itself,” Barnston said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The stronger the El Niño, the stronger the Rossby waves it generates. If those waves are strong enough, they can not only kill off the El Niño, but “overshoot” in the other direction, driving the system towards a La Niña state, Barnston said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Current Cooling\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Rossby waves usually disrupt the El Niño pattern about six months after it peaks, or, right about now. Indeed, forecasters have noted a cool down below the surface of the eastern tropical Pacific in recent weeks, though surface water temperatures are still firmly in El Niño territory. They will gradually follow the subsurface cool-off, though, likely reaching neutral territory by late spring.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If a La Niña is in the offing, those waters should be cooling further by mid-summer, though, like El Niño, it wouldn’t peak until late fall or early winter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Right now Barnston puts the odds at slightly better than 50 percent that a La Niña does develop.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What is very unlikely to happen is a return to El Niño conditions, which almost never occur in back-to-back years because of that self-sabotage mechanism. (It only tends to happen when there is an unusually late-developing El Niño that can then persist and peak again the following year.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>La Niña, on the other hand, can last for two to three years because the large-scale waves it generates aren’t as well-defined. “It’s not equal and opposite to what you get during El Niño,” Barnston said, so La Niña doesn’t tend to undercut itself the way El Niño does.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s far too early to tell how strong any La Niña that does develop might be, forecasters say.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s difficult to forecast strength of events. An added difficulty is that things change pretty quickly when an event is decaying — this is the time of year when the accuracy of forecasts is lower,” Catherine Ganter, a senior climatologist with Australia’s Bureau of Meteorology, said in an email.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Barnston said they should have a better idea of the potential strength by August, possibly a bit sooner if there is a very sharp cool down in Pacific Ocean temperatures.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Back in November, El Niño \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/el-nino-peaks-but-impacts-to-come-19900\">reached a fever pitch\u003c/a>, vaulting into the ranks of the strongest events on record and wreaking havoc \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/monster-el-nino-transforms-worlds-weather-20138\">on weather patterns\u003c/a> around the world. Now it is beginning to wane as the ocean cools, so what comes next?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s possible that by next fall, the tropical Pacific Ocean could seesaw into a state that is roughly El Niño’s opposite, forecasters say. Called \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/warming-doubles-likelihood-extreme-la-ninas-18592\">La Niña\u003c/a>, this climate state comes with its own set of global impacts, including higher chances of a dry winter in \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/shift-may-bring-more-drought-california-20196\">drought-plagued California\u003c/a> and warm, wet weather in Southeast Asia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But El Niños and La Niñas are particularly difficult to predict at this time of year, so exactly what happens remains to be seen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Warm-Cool Cycle\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>El Niño and La Niña are part of a cycle that runs over the course of three to seven years. While El Niño features warmer-than-normal ocean waters in the central and eastern tropical Pacific — much warmer in the case of this exceptional El Niño — La Niña features colder-than-normal waters in the same region.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those changes in ocean temperatures are accompanied by changes in the atmosphere: During El Niño, convection and rains shift eastward and the normal east-to-west trade winds weaken or even reverse, while during La Niña, the normal dry state of the eastern Pacific intensifies along with the trade winds. Those atmospheric effects set off a domino effect around the world that can shift normal weather patterns.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This El Niño reached a peak in ocean temperatures in November and those waters have been cooling off ever since, following the normal progression. That decline means “it’s almost a certainty that [the tropical Pacific Ocean is] going to go back to neutral in about two months,” \u003ca href=\"http://iri.columbia.edu/contact/staff-directory/anthony-barnston/\">Anthony Barnston\u003c/a>, chief forecaster at Columbia University’s International Research Institute for Climate and Society, said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What’s still up in the air is whether it stays neutral or continues to cool until it reaches a La Niña state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_626778\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 620px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-626778\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/La_Nina_winter.jpg\" alt=\"How La Niña impacts global weather patterns.\" width=\"620\" height=\"370\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/La_Nina_winter.jpg 620w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/La_Nina_winter-400x239.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 620px) 100vw, 620px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">How La Niña impacts global weather patterns. \u003ccite>(NOAA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>El Niño’s Self-Sabotage\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>La Niña’s don’t always follow after El Niños, but seem more likely to do so after a strong El Niño, \u003ca href=\"https://www.climate.gov/news-features/blogs/enso/will-la-ni%C3%B1a-follow-el-ni%C3%B1o-what-past-tells-us\">based on the historical record\u003c/a>. That record is quite short, though, which makes it hard to draw firm conclusions from it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the underlying physics of the El Niño cycle offers some reason to think that strong El Niños do tend to lead to La Niñas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>El Niños generate large-scale waves in the ocean (these aren’t like the waves that break on the water’s surface). One set, called Kelvin waves, travel from west to east and cause warming, enhancing the El Niño.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The other, called Rossby waves, travel in the opposite direction until they reach Indonesia, where they bounce off the landmass and head back east. Eventually, the Rossby waves catch up to the El Niño and cause cooling, in something of an act of self-sabotage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The El Niño sort of kills itself,” Barnston said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The stronger the El Niño, the stronger the Rossby waves it generates. If those waves are strong enough, they can not only kill off the El Niño, but “overshoot” in the other direction, driving the system towards a La Niña state, Barnston said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Current Cooling\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Rossby waves usually disrupt the El Niño pattern about six months after it peaks, or, right about now. Indeed, forecasters have noted a cool down below the surface of the eastern tropical Pacific in recent weeks, though surface water temperatures are still firmly in El Niño territory. They will gradually follow the subsurface cool-off, though, likely reaching neutral territory by late spring.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If a La Niña is in the offing, those waters should be cooling further by mid-summer, though, like El Niño, it wouldn’t peak until late fall or early winter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Right now Barnston puts the odds at slightly better than 50 percent that a La Niña does develop.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What is very unlikely to happen is a return to El Niño conditions, which almost never occur in back-to-back years because of that self-sabotage mechanism. (It only tends to happen when there is an unusually late-developing El Niño that can then persist and peak again the following year.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>La Niña, on the other hand, can last for two to three years because the large-scale waves it generates aren’t as well-defined. “It’s not equal and opposite to what you get during El Niño,” Barnston said, so La Niña doesn’t tend to undercut itself the way El Niño does.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s far too early to tell how strong any La Niña that does develop might be, forecasters say.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s difficult to forecast strength of events. An added difficulty is that things change pretty quickly when an event is decaying — this is the time of year when the accuracy of forecasts is lower,” Catherine Ganter, a senior climatologist with Australia’s Bureau of Meteorology, said in an email.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Barnston said they should have a better idea of the potential strength by August, possibly a bit sooner if there is a very sharp cool down in Pacific Ocean temperatures.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Scientists Set to Drill Into Extinction-Event Crater in Mexico",
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"content": "\u003cp>A research team is now working to put a massive drill into the the Gulf of Mexico’s seafloor, with the goal of peeling back 65 million years of history. Their goal: to secure a nearly mile-deep core sample from the Chicxulub crater that’s commonly linked to the end of the dinosaur era.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s a lot of questions about mass extinction events, including all the extinction or kill mechanisms out there,” says one of the research team’s leaders, Sean Gulick of the University of Texas, Austin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If Gulick and his colleagues are successful, their work could bring insights into a range of topics, from prehistoric biology and planetary geology to Earth’s current era of climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The impact of a miles-wide asteroid and the end of the Cretaceous period were catastrophic to life on Earth, erasing more than 70 percent of the planet’s species, according to the most recent estimations. When it hit our planet, the impact must have looked something like an exclamation point, packing enough velocity and mass to make deep-seated rocks and other materials behave like water splashing in a pond after a stone is thrown into it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Using core samples, the scientists will explore Chicxulub’s well-preserved peak ring — the rough circle of hills that’s commonly seen rising above flat impact craters on Earth and other planets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In that section,” Gulick says, “the big excitement is, ‘How did life come back at ground zero?’ Was it the specialists that came back first, the generalists? Is there any clue to what organisms repopulated first, as opposed to what the environmental consequences were for the ocean?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To drill into the seafloor, a 137-foot craft called the Liftboat Myrtle is now using its tripod of 6-foot-wide legs to position itself over an offshore site that’s about 25 kilometers from Progreso, Mexico. Workers on the Myrtle are preparing to “spud in” — start drilling — in earnest, with the first usable samples arriving next week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_626286\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/yucatan-nasa.jpg\" alt=\"The Chicxulub crater from the impact that's widely believed to have caused the Cretaceous-Tertiary Extinction 65.5 million years ago is visible here in a shaded relief image of Mexico's Yucatan Peninsula. \" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" class=\"size-full wp-image-626286\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/yucatan-nasa.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/yucatan-nasa-400x225.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/yucatan-nasa-768x432.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Chicxulub crater from the impact that’s widely believed to have caused the Cretaceous-Tertiary Extinction 65.5 million years ago is visible here in a shaded relief image of Mexico’s Yucatan Peninsula.\u003cbr> \u003ccite>(SRTM Team NASA/JPL/NIMA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The project will run for around six weeks, involving an international team of researchers led by the University of Texas and Imperial College London. The team is backed by the \u003ca href=\"http://www.eso.ecord.org/expeditions/364/364.php\">European Consortium for Ocean Research Drilling\u003c/a>, part of the International Ocean Discovery Program.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The plan is to drill down 1,500 meters, or nearly 5,000 feet, through the seafloor. To be more efficient — an important aspect of a research project costing around $10 million — the team won’t collect a core for the first 500 meters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Opening a window that spans more than 10 million years of tumultuous changes on Earth, the project will begin by focusing on a more recent geologic period that shares some similarities with current conditions on Earth: the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum, the last time the planet had a sharp elevation in CO2 levels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Part of what they hope to figure out, Gulick says, is why the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum didn’t trigger much of a mass extinction event.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Most things just didn’t worry about the high CO2 time, and kind of made it through,” he says. “However, if you look today, at our current increasing CO2 values, already it’s looking like we have a pretty big extinction event in the making. Is that something to do with vulnerability? Is that something to do with the specific kill mechanisms? We should understand this better, given that we’re kind of in the middle of an experiment, ourselves.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The samples will be analyzed for the potential presence of “extremophiles” — exotic organisms that might have thrived in the heat and chemical fluids.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“To find those, we look for their DNA,” Gulick says. “So we want to grab these samples as quickly as they come to the surface and freeze them at minus-80 degrees Celsius” to preserve them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the time of the meteor strike, the area was covered by water. Today, about half of the resulting crater is on the northwest corner of the Yucatan, in an area about 100 miles west of Cancun. Millions of years after it was formed, the crater is still easily visible in a topographic image that NASA created back in 2000. Its diameter has been estimated at more than 110 miles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This thing would have effectively punched a hole through the atmosphere,” Gulick says of the asteroid that smacked into Earth. “It would’ve blown so much material vertically up into the vapor plume that some of it reaches escape velocity and completely encircles the Earth and rains back down again. Some it probably stays in the atmosphere. So there’s quite a range of effects.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It went everywhere on the entire planet,” Gulick adds, saying that today, “If you find the end of Cretaceous rocks, beginning of the Paleogene rocks, anywhere on the planet, you will find parts of the meteor and parts of the basement rocks from the Yucatan in that layer.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those basement rocks — granite and other materials — are also believed to be what helps form the peak ring. The impact would have brought them up to the surface from a depth of as much as 10 or 15 kilometers, Gulick says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another element of the Chicxulub strike, he adds, is that the impact hit “a really bad place,” in terms of the debris it generated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It hit a spot where it was full of limestone and evaporites, including things that were rich in sulfur,” Gulick says. “That was a particularly bad spot to have hit in terms of chemical effects. You know, putting a bunch of sulfate aerosols into the upper atmosphere is an incredibly effective way to block sunlight — in addition to the dust. And putting sulfate aerosols in the lower atmosphere makes acid rain. So, if we’d hit a different place, it might not have been as bad. It’s really hard to say.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the team drills into the peak ring, they expect to find everything from airfall materials to deposits from a tsunami triggered by the impact. They’ll explore what makes up the peak ring, which earlier seismic studies have shown to be fairly low-density.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By looking beneath Earth’s surface for signs of how a cataclysmic event reshaped life on our planet, the researchers are also hoping to learn more about how other planets have been shaped by projectile impacts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In addition to being interesting from an extinction element,” Gulick says, “it’s also interesting because it’s a well-preserved, very large crater that we can access without leaving the planet. It’s equivalent to studying the really big craters with peak rings, for instance, on the moon, on Mercury, on Mars — but obviously at a fraction of the cost.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To some people — particularly fans of speculative fiction — the idea of drilling into a crater that brought about the end of days for 70 percent of the Earth’s species might sound like a risky proposition, one that raises specters of deadly alien material. I asked Gulick what he says to those folks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I guess I immediately wonder what in the world they think we would find that is of concern,” he says. “Time is on our side here. This is 65-and-a-half million years ago. That’s a long time. You know, it’s not still hot, for instance.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Scientists+Set+To+Drill+Into+Extinction-Event+Crater+In+Mexico&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>A research team is now working to put a massive drill into the the Gulf of Mexico’s seafloor, with the goal of peeling back 65 million years of history. Their goal: to secure a nearly mile-deep core sample from the Chicxulub crater that’s commonly linked to the end of the dinosaur era.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s a lot of questions about mass extinction events, including all the extinction or kill mechanisms out there,” says one of the research team’s leaders, Sean Gulick of the University of Texas, Austin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If Gulick and his colleagues are successful, their work could bring insights into a range of topics, from prehistoric biology and planetary geology to Earth’s current era of climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The impact of a miles-wide asteroid and the end of the Cretaceous period were catastrophic to life on Earth, erasing more than 70 percent of the planet’s species, according to the most recent estimations. When it hit our planet, the impact must have looked something like an exclamation point, packing enough velocity and mass to make deep-seated rocks and other materials behave like water splashing in a pond after a stone is thrown into it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Using core samples, the scientists will explore Chicxulub’s well-preserved peak ring — the rough circle of hills that’s commonly seen rising above flat impact craters on Earth and other planets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In that section,” Gulick says, “the big excitement is, ‘How did life come back at ground zero?’ Was it the specialists that came back first, the generalists? Is there any clue to what organisms repopulated first, as opposed to what the environmental consequences were for the ocean?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To drill into the seafloor, a 137-foot craft called the Liftboat Myrtle is now using its tripod of 6-foot-wide legs to position itself over an offshore site that’s about 25 kilometers from Progreso, Mexico. Workers on the Myrtle are preparing to “spud in” — start drilling — in earnest, with the first usable samples arriving next week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_626286\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/yucatan-nasa.jpg\" alt=\"The Chicxulub crater from the impact that's widely believed to have caused the Cretaceous-Tertiary Extinction 65.5 million years ago is visible here in a shaded relief image of Mexico's Yucatan Peninsula. \" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" class=\"size-full wp-image-626286\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/yucatan-nasa.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/yucatan-nasa-400x225.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/yucatan-nasa-768x432.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Chicxulub crater from the impact that’s widely believed to have caused the Cretaceous-Tertiary Extinction 65.5 million years ago is visible here in a shaded relief image of Mexico’s Yucatan Peninsula.\u003cbr> \u003ccite>(SRTM Team NASA/JPL/NIMA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The project will run for around six weeks, involving an international team of researchers led by the University of Texas and Imperial College London. The team is backed by the \u003ca href=\"http://www.eso.ecord.org/expeditions/364/364.php\">European Consortium for Ocean Research Drilling\u003c/a>, part of the International Ocean Discovery Program.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The plan is to drill down 1,500 meters, or nearly 5,000 feet, through the seafloor. To be more efficient — an important aspect of a research project costing around $10 million — the team won’t collect a core for the first 500 meters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Opening a window that spans more than 10 million years of tumultuous changes on Earth, the project will begin by focusing on a more recent geologic period that shares some similarities with current conditions on Earth: the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum, the last time the planet had a sharp elevation in CO2 levels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Part of what they hope to figure out, Gulick says, is why the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum didn’t trigger much of a mass extinction event.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Most things just didn’t worry about the high CO2 time, and kind of made it through,” he says. “However, if you look today, at our current increasing CO2 values, already it’s looking like we have a pretty big extinction event in the making. Is that something to do with vulnerability? Is that something to do with the specific kill mechanisms? We should understand this better, given that we’re kind of in the middle of an experiment, ourselves.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The samples will be analyzed for the potential presence of “extremophiles” — exotic organisms that might have thrived in the heat and chemical fluids.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“To find those, we look for their DNA,” Gulick says. “So we want to grab these samples as quickly as they come to the surface and freeze them at minus-80 degrees Celsius” to preserve them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the time of the meteor strike, the area was covered by water. Today, about half of the resulting crater is on the northwest corner of the Yucatan, in an area about 100 miles west of Cancun. Millions of years after it was formed, the crater is still easily visible in a topographic image that NASA created back in 2000. Its diameter has been estimated at more than 110 miles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This thing would have effectively punched a hole through the atmosphere,” Gulick says of the asteroid that smacked into Earth. “It would’ve blown so much material vertically up into the vapor plume that some of it reaches escape velocity and completely encircles the Earth and rains back down again. Some it probably stays in the atmosphere. So there’s quite a range of effects.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It went everywhere on the entire planet,” Gulick adds, saying that today, “If you find the end of Cretaceous rocks, beginning of the Paleogene rocks, anywhere on the planet, you will find parts of the meteor and parts of the basement rocks from the Yucatan in that layer.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those basement rocks — granite and other materials — are also believed to be what helps form the peak ring. The impact would have brought them up to the surface from a depth of as much as 10 or 15 kilometers, Gulick says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another element of the Chicxulub strike, he adds, is that the impact hit “a really bad place,” in terms of the debris it generated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It hit a spot where it was full of limestone and evaporites, including things that were rich in sulfur,” Gulick says. “That was a particularly bad spot to have hit in terms of chemical effects. You know, putting a bunch of sulfate aerosols into the upper atmosphere is an incredibly effective way to block sunlight — in addition to the dust. And putting sulfate aerosols in the lower atmosphere makes acid rain. So, if we’d hit a different place, it might not have been as bad. It’s really hard to say.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the team drills into the peak ring, they expect to find everything from airfall materials to deposits from a tsunami triggered by the impact. They’ll explore what makes up the peak ring, which earlier seismic studies have shown to be fairly low-density.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By looking beneath Earth’s surface for signs of how a cataclysmic event reshaped life on our planet, the researchers are also hoping to learn more about how other planets have been shaped by projectile impacts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In addition to being interesting from an extinction element,” Gulick says, “it’s also interesting because it’s a well-preserved, very large crater that we can access without leaving the planet. It’s equivalent to studying the really big craters with peak rings, for instance, on the moon, on Mercury, on Mars — but obviously at a fraction of the cost.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To some people — particularly fans of speculative fiction — the idea of drilling into a crater that brought about the end of days for 70 percent of the Earth’s species might sound like a risky proposition, one that raises specters of deadly alien material. I asked Gulick what he says to those folks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I guess I immediately wonder what in the world they think we would find that is of concern,” he says. “Time is on our side here. This is 65-and-a-half million years ago. That’s a long time. You know, it’s not still hot, for instance.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Scientists+Set+To+Drill+Into+Extinction-Event+Crater+In+Mexico&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "NASA to Test Inflatable Room for Astronauts in Space",
"headTitle": "NASA to Test Inflatable Room for Astronauts in Space | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>A new era for living in space may be about to start.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A prototype habitat is headed to the \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/main/index.html\">International Space Station\u003c/a> for a two-year trial. What makes the module unique is it’s launched folded up, and it’s inflated to its full size once in orbit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The idea for inflatables began at NASA’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/home/index.html\">Johnson Space Center\u003c/a> in the 1990s. The space agency was trying to figure out how to get astronauts to Mars, without the crew going crazy living in a tiny capsule for months on end.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kriss Kennedy was a NASA engineer working on the problem. It essentially boiled down to this: How do you pack a large living structure into a small rocket cargo space? The solution: inflatables.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Well, there are several advantages for inflatable habitats; one is you can package it in a smaller volume,” says Kennedy, and then expand it once you get into space.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The inflatable is not like a balloon. Folded up, it just looks like a cylinder. Expanded, it grows upward and outward so it looks more like a watermelon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-624796\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/Bigelow-Aerospace_superlarge.gif\" alt=\"Bigelow-Aerospace_superlarge\" width=\"954\" height=\"500\">\u003cbr>\nIt’s made of multiple layers of Kevlar and other materials resistant to micrometeorites. And even though it’s inflated, Kennedy says you shouldn’t think of it as squishy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s very rigid,” he says. “Once you get even a partial pressure it’s extremely hard, as hard as aluminum.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But as enthusiastic as some at NASA were for this new approach to building space habitats, Congress wasn’t sufficiently impressed, and in 2000 legislators \u003ca href=\"http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/F?c106:1:./temp/~c106PROjVo:e30153:\">told\u003c/a> NASA to kill the program.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Enter billionaire \u003ca href=\"http://www.forbes.com/forbes/2011/0627/features-robert-bigelow-aerospace-real-estate-cosmic-landlord.html\">Robert Bigelow\u003c/a>, a man who made his fortune in budget hotels. He saw a future for inflatable space habitats, maybe even space hotels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He got the rights to NASA’s inflatable technology and created \u003ca href=\"http://bigelowaerospace.com/\">Bigelow Aerospace\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After more than a decade of development, the company has produced BEAM, \u003ca href=\"http://bigelowaerospace.com/beam/\">Bigelow Expandable Activity Module\u003c/a>, and NASA has agreed to attach it to the International Space Station and see how it performs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Folded up, BEAM is about 6 feet by 6 feet. Inflated, it’s about 12 feet by 10 feet, approximately the size of a small RV.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_624798\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-624798\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/bigelow_NASA.jpg\" alt=\"NASA wanted extra room that could be transported to space in compact form and expanded upon arrival. \" width=\"400\" height=\"600\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">NASA wanted extra room that could be transported to space in compact form and expanded upon arrival. \u003ccite>(Bigelow Aerospace)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/directorates/heo/aes/jason-crusan\">Jason Crusan\u003c/a> is in charge of BEAM for NASA. He says when it arrives at the station, astronauts will remove it from the cargo rocket with the station’s robotic arm and plug into a node on the station.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once it’s securely attached, the astronauts will start to inflate it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It could be done as fast as four minutes,” says Crusan. “We’re not going to do it that fast. We’ll do it over the course of several hours.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s not that expanding it too fast might make it pop. BEAM’s layered design won’t let that happen. He says you could poke a big hole in an outer layer “and it will leak, obviously. but it’s not going to puncture like a balloon.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While it’s attached to the space station, the plan is for the crew to go inside the habitat from time to time to see how it’s performing. Crusan says there are no plans at the moment for the crew to have a sleepover.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>BEAM will be attached to the space station for two years. After that it will be detached and allowed to burn up in Earth’s atmosphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Crusan says NASA now sees a future for inflatables, and it’s the same future as in the 1990s: getting humans to Mars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We do want to look at the use of expandables in what we call our Mars transit architecture,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What goes around comes around.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=NASA+To+Test+Inflatable+Room+For+Astronauts+In+Space&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\" alt=\"\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>A new era for living in space may be about to start.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A prototype habitat is headed to the \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/main/index.html\">International Space Station\u003c/a> for a two-year trial. What makes the module unique is it’s launched folded up, and it’s inflated to its full size once in orbit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The idea for inflatables began at NASA’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/home/index.html\">Johnson Space Center\u003c/a> in the 1990s. The space agency was trying to figure out how to get astronauts to Mars, without the crew going crazy living in a tiny capsule for months on end.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kriss Kennedy was a NASA engineer working on the problem. It essentially boiled down to this: How do you pack a large living structure into a small rocket cargo space? The solution: inflatables.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Well, there are several advantages for inflatable habitats; one is you can package it in a smaller volume,” says Kennedy, and then expand it once you get into space.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The inflatable is not like a balloon. Folded up, it just looks like a cylinder. Expanded, it grows upward and outward so it looks more like a watermelon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-624796\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/Bigelow-Aerospace_superlarge.gif\" alt=\"Bigelow-Aerospace_superlarge\" width=\"954\" height=\"500\">\u003cbr>\nIt’s made of multiple layers of Kevlar and other materials resistant to micrometeorites. And even though it’s inflated, Kennedy says you shouldn’t think of it as squishy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s very rigid,” he says. “Once you get even a partial pressure it’s extremely hard, as hard as aluminum.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But as enthusiastic as some at NASA were for this new approach to building space habitats, Congress wasn’t sufficiently impressed, and in 2000 legislators \u003ca href=\"http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/F?c106:1:./temp/~c106PROjVo:e30153:\">told\u003c/a> NASA to kill the program.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Enter billionaire \u003ca href=\"http://www.forbes.com/forbes/2011/0627/features-robert-bigelow-aerospace-real-estate-cosmic-landlord.html\">Robert Bigelow\u003c/a>, a man who made his fortune in budget hotels. He saw a future for inflatable space habitats, maybe even space hotels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He got the rights to NASA’s inflatable technology and created \u003ca href=\"http://bigelowaerospace.com/\">Bigelow Aerospace\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After more than a decade of development, the company has produced BEAM, \u003ca href=\"http://bigelowaerospace.com/beam/\">Bigelow Expandable Activity Module\u003c/a>, and NASA has agreed to attach it to the International Space Station and see how it performs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Folded up, BEAM is about 6 feet by 6 feet. Inflated, it’s about 12 feet by 10 feet, approximately the size of a small RV.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_624798\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-624798\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/bigelow_NASA.jpg\" alt=\"NASA wanted extra room that could be transported to space in compact form and expanded upon arrival. \" width=\"400\" height=\"600\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">NASA wanted extra room that could be transported to space in compact form and expanded upon arrival. \u003ccite>(Bigelow Aerospace)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/directorates/heo/aes/jason-crusan\">Jason Crusan\u003c/a> is in charge of BEAM for NASA. He says when it arrives at the station, astronauts will remove it from the cargo rocket with the station’s robotic arm and plug into a node on the station.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once it’s securely attached, the astronauts will start to inflate it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It could be done as fast as four minutes,” says Crusan. “We’re not going to do it that fast. We’ll do it over the course of several hours.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s not that expanding it too fast might make it pop. BEAM’s layered design won’t let that happen. He says you could poke a big hole in an outer layer “and it will leak, obviously. but it’s not going to puncture like a balloon.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While it’s attached to the space station, the plan is for the crew to go inside the habitat from time to time to see how it’s performing. Crusan says there are no plans at the moment for the crew to have a sleepover.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>BEAM will be attached to the space station for two years. After that it will be detached and allowed to burn up in Earth’s atmosphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Crusan says NASA now sees a future for inflatables, and it’s the same future as in the 1990s: getting humans to Mars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We do want to look at the use of expandables in what we call our Mars transit architecture,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What goes around comes around.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=NASA+To+Test+Inflatable+Room+For+Astronauts+In+Space&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\" alt=\"\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Tiny Forage Fish at Bottom of Marine Food Web Get New Protections",
"headTitle": "Tiny Forage Fish at Bottom of Marine Food Web Get New Protections | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Sardines, herring and other small fish species are the foundation of the marine food web—they’re essential food for birds, marine mammals and other fish. But globally, demand for these so-called forage species has exploded, with many going to feed the livestock and fish farming industries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”hubLZghGaTkFNKjQ0Snw7bd68OuLcPrN”]Some of these species are already heavily fished, and it will take time for them to recover. But other forage species have not yet been commercially targeted. And this week, the U.S. government passed measures—backed by environmentalists as well as fishermen—to protect these critical fish and invertebrate species in waters off the U.S. West Coast before they’re overfished.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A \u003ca href=\"https://www.federalregister.gov/articles/2016/04/04/2016-07516/fisheries-off-west-coast-states-comprehensive-ecosystem-based-amendment-1-amendments-to-the-fishery\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">rule\u003c/a> passed Monday by the National Marine Fisheries Service makes it illegal for commercial fishermen to develop new fisheries for hundreds of forage species unless scientists have first determined that targeting them will have no negative impacts on the marine ecosystem, existing fisheries and fishing communities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Forage species include such creatures as lanternfishes, Pacific saury, silversides, eulachon, surf smelt and neon flying squid. Some of these species have hardly been fished at all. They may live in deep water far from shore and are relatively absent from public awareness.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Just because people haven’t heard of a lot of these species yet, it’s really only a matter of time and economics before it becomes viable to put out huge nets that catch the entire base of our food web,” Geoff Shester, California Campaign Director with the group Oceana, says in an interview.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other forage fish species are already in trouble. Pacific sardines are at their lowest numbers in decades. Pacific herring have also declined. In the waters off Peru, the anchoveta has been heavily fished.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shester says demand for forage species, which are potentially easy targets due to their tendency to gather in dense schools, is growing as aquaculture and livestock industries expand. A study published last year in \u003cem>Reviews in Fisheries Science & Aquaculture\u003c/em>reported that aquaculture production doubled from 2000 to 2012, when about 55 million tons of fish and crustaceans were reared on farms. These animals rely heavily on fishmeal and oil, and in 2012, about 18 million tons of wild-caught seafood was rendered into these products, according to the report.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The demand for fish oil and fishmeal is going through the roof,” Shester says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new rule comes on the heels of two similar initiatives, both passed in 2009. One prohibits targeted commercial fishing for West Coast krill, an important marine food source for which fishing interest has rapidly grown in other parts of the ocean. Another law limits commercial fishing in parts of the Arctic Ocean as global warming melts sea ice and makes the region accessible to vessels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_624030\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-624030\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/sardines.jpg\" alt=\"Some forage fish species are already in trouble. Pacific sardines are at their lowest numbers in decades. \" width=\"800\" height=\"493\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/sardines.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/sardines-400x247.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/sardines-768x473.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Some forage fish species are already in trouble. Pacific sardines are at their lowest numbers in decades. \u003ccite>(Gabriel Bouys/AFP/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Yvonne deReynier, senior resource management specialist with the National Marine Fisheries Service, says lanternfishes are one of the most ecologically important groups of fishes that will benefit from the new protections. Lanternfishes, also called myctophids, may be the most abundant vertebrate group on the planet in terms of biomass, or weight. According to a \u003ca href=\"http://usa.oceana.org/blog/myctophids-small-fish-and-colossal-action-protect-them\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">report by Oceana\u003c/a>, the 246 species of myctophids in the ocean represent about two-thirds of the biomass, or weight, of all deep sea fishes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But large natural abundance of lanternfishes and other forage species doesn’t necessarily buffer them against overfishing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We don’t know what the effects of fishing on these species could be in 50 years, but we aren’t taking any chances,” says Anna Weinstein, marine program director for Audubon California, one of the groups that supported the restrictions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She says saury and neon flying squid have already become subjects of commercial fishing interest in other nations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So this action couldn’t have come at a better time,” Weinstein says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The forage fish protections affect the band of water between 3 and 200 miles from shore off the coast of California, Oregon and Washington – an area covering about 280,000 square miles. Weinstein says the rule will have a wide array of trickledown benefits for fishermen, marine mammals and seabirds. A great deal of conservation effort and money, she says, has already been focused on protecting islands where birds like albatrosses, puffins and shearwaters breed. Now, she says, their key food sources are protected, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists around the world have endorsed the idea of protecting important forage species before they become exploited. A 2012 report from a group of 13 scientists called the Lenfest Forage Fish Task Force called for paying closer attention to the vulnerabilities of forage fishes and how overfishing these species can negatively impact many larger species that prey on them. According to the report, titled \u003cem>Little Fish, Big Impact\u003c/em>, overfishing has contributed to the declines of the Peruvian anchoveta, Chesapeake Bay menhaden and other ecologically critical species. The authors call for setting lower catch limits for important forage species while boosting the minimum biomass that must be left in the water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Oceana’s Shester says the new policy is long overdue and that many overfishing crises, including the current collapse of the Pacific sardine, could have been avoided if fishery regulators had taken a more precautionary approach to management years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“With Pacific sardines, the fishery’s managers waited until numbers were at 10 percent,” Shester says. “We saw warning signs that the fishery was collapsing five years ago, but only when it had collapsed did we do anything.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Protecting forage species now, he says, doesn’t put them off limits forever.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It just means that we need to take a step back before we proceed and start catching them,” Shester says. “It puts the burden of proof on the fishermen to show beforehand that they aren’t going to harm the ecosystem if they catch these species, and only then can they put nets in the water.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Demand for sardines and other small species has exploded, with many being used as feed for livestock and fish farming. New rules aim to protect these species from overfishing off the U.S. West Coast.",
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"description": "Demand for sardines and other small species has exploded, with many being used as feed for livestock and fish farming. New rules aim to protect these species from overfishing off the U.S. West Coast.",
"title": "Tiny Forage Fish at Bottom of Marine Food Web Get New Protections | KQED",
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"headline": "Tiny Forage Fish at Bottom of Marine Food Web Get New Protections",
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"slug": "tiny-forage-fish-at-bottom-of-marine-food-web-get-new-protections",
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"nprByline": "Alastair Bland \u003c/br>\u003cb>NPR\u003c/b>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Sardines, herring and other small fish species are the foundation of the marine food web—they’re essential food for birds, marine mammals and other fish. But globally, demand for these so-called forage species has exploded, with many going to feed the livestock and fish farming industries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>Some of these species are already heavily fished, and it will take time for them to recover. But other forage species have not yet been commercially targeted. And this week, the U.S. government passed measures—backed by environmentalists as well as fishermen—to protect these critical fish and invertebrate species in waters off the U.S. West Coast before they’re overfished.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A \u003ca href=\"https://www.federalregister.gov/articles/2016/04/04/2016-07516/fisheries-off-west-coast-states-comprehensive-ecosystem-based-amendment-1-amendments-to-the-fishery\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">rule\u003c/a> passed Monday by the National Marine Fisheries Service makes it illegal for commercial fishermen to develop new fisheries for hundreds of forage species unless scientists have first determined that targeting them will have no negative impacts on the marine ecosystem, existing fisheries and fishing communities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Forage species include such creatures as lanternfishes, Pacific saury, silversides, eulachon, surf smelt and neon flying squid. Some of these species have hardly been fished at all. They may live in deep water far from shore and are relatively absent from public awareness.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Just because people haven’t heard of a lot of these species yet, it’s really only a matter of time and economics before it becomes viable to put out huge nets that catch the entire base of our food web,” Geoff Shester, California Campaign Director with the group Oceana, says in an interview.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other forage fish species are already in trouble. Pacific sardines are at their lowest numbers in decades. Pacific herring have also declined. In the waters off Peru, the anchoveta has been heavily fished.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shester says demand for forage species, which are potentially easy targets due to their tendency to gather in dense schools, is growing as aquaculture and livestock industries expand. A study published last year in \u003cem>Reviews in Fisheries Science & Aquaculture\u003c/em>reported that aquaculture production doubled from 2000 to 2012, when about 55 million tons of fish and crustaceans were reared on farms. These animals rely heavily on fishmeal and oil, and in 2012, about 18 million tons of wild-caught seafood was rendered into these products, according to the report.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The demand for fish oil and fishmeal is going through the roof,” Shester says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new rule comes on the heels of two similar initiatives, both passed in 2009. One prohibits targeted commercial fishing for West Coast krill, an important marine food source for which fishing interest has rapidly grown in other parts of the ocean. Another law limits commercial fishing in parts of the Arctic Ocean as global warming melts sea ice and makes the region accessible to vessels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_624030\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-624030\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/sardines.jpg\" alt=\"Some forage fish species are already in trouble. Pacific sardines are at their lowest numbers in decades. \" width=\"800\" height=\"493\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/sardines.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/sardines-400x247.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/sardines-768x473.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Some forage fish species are already in trouble. Pacific sardines are at their lowest numbers in decades. \u003ccite>(Gabriel Bouys/AFP/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Yvonne deReynier, senior resource management specialist with the National Marine Fisheries Service, says lanternfishes are one of the most ecologically important groups of fishes that will benefit from the new protections. Lanternfishes, also called myctophids, may be the most abundant vertebrate group on the planet in terms of biomass, or weight. According to a \u003ca href=\"http://usa.oceana.org/blog/myctophids-small-fish-and-colossal-action-protect-them\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">report by Oceana\u003c/a>, the 246 species of myctophids in the ocean represent about two-thirds of the biomass, or weight, of all deep sea fishes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But large natural abundance of lanternfishes and other forage species doesn’t necessarily buffer them against overfishing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We don’t know what the effects of fishing on these species could be in 50 years, but we aren’t taking any chances,” says Anna Weinstein, marine program director for Audubon California, one of the groups that supported the restrictions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She says saury and neon flying squid have already become subjects of commercial fishing interest in other nations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So this action couldn’t have come at a better time,” Weinstein says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The forage fish protections affect the band of water between 3 and 200 miles from shore off the coast of California, Oregon and Washington – an area covering about 280,000 square miles. Weinstein says the rule will have a wide array of trickledown benefits for fishermen, marine mammals and seabirds. A great deal of conservation effort and money, she says, has already been focused on protecting islands where birds like albatrosses, puffins and shearwaters breed. Now, she says, their key food sources are protected, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists around the world have endorsed the idea of protecting important forage species before they become exploited. A 2012 report from a group of 13 scientists called the Lenfest Forage Fish Task Force called for paying closer attention to the vulnerabilities of forage fishes and how overfishing these species can negatively impact many larger species that prey on them. According to the report, titled \u003cem>Little Fish, Big Impact\u003c/em>, overfishing has contributed to the declines of the Peruvian anchoveta, Chesapeake Bay menhaden and other ecologically critical species. The authors call for setting lower catch limits for important forage species while boosting the minimum biomass that must be left in the water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Oceana’s Shester says the new policy is long overdue and that many overfishing crises, including the current collapse of the Pacific sardine, could have been avoided if fishery regulators had taken a more precautionary approach to management years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“With Pacific sardines, the fishery’s managers waited until numbers were at 10 percent,” Shester says. “We saw warning signs that the fishery was collapsing five years ago, but only when it had collapsed did we do anything.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Protecting forage species now, he says, doesn’t put them off limits forever.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It just means that we need to take a step back before we proceed and start catching them,” Shester says. “It puts the burden of proof on the fishermen to show beforehand that they aren’t going to harm the ecosystem if they catch these species, and only then can they put nets in the water.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
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"mindshift": {
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"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
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"order": 12
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"onourwatch": {
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"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
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"tagline": "Politics from a personal perspective",
"info": "Political Breakdown is a new series that explores the political intersection of California and the nation. Each week hosts Scott Shafer and Marisa Lagos are joined with a new special guest to unpack politics -- with personality — and offer an insider’s glimpse at how politics happens.",
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"possible": {
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"title": "Possible",
"info": "Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.possible.fm/",
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"source": "Possible"
},
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"pri-the-world": {
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"title": "PRI's The World: Latest Edition",
"info": "Each weekday, host Marco Werman and his team of producers bring you the world's most interesting stories in an hour of radio that reminds us just how small our planet really is.",
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"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-World-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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},
"radiolab": {
"id": "radiolab",
"title": "Radiolab",
"info": "A two-time Peabody Award-winner, Radiolab is an investigation told through sounds and stories, and centered around one big idea. In the Radiolab world, information sounds like music and science and culture collide. Hosted by Jad Abumrad and Robert Krulwich, the show is designed for listeners who demand skepticism, but appreciate wonder. WNYC Studios is the producer of other leading podcasts including Freakonomics Radio, Death, Sex & Money, On the Media and many more.",
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},
"reveal": {
"id": "reveal",
"title": "Reveal",
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