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"title": "Hello, Nihonium. Scientists Name 4 New Elements on the Periodic Table",
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"content": "\u003cp>It’s time to update your copy of the periodic table. Four new elements discovered in recent years have now been named, pending final approval by the international group of scientists in charge of the table.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://iupac.org/elements.html\">International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry\u003c/a> has announced these proposed names:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Nihonium and symbol Nh, for the element 113\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Moscovium and symbol Mc, for the element 115\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Tennessine and symbol Ts, for the element 117\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Oganesson and symbol Og, for the element 118\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>The new superheavy, radioactive elements were actually added to the periodic table \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/01/04/461904077/4-new-elements-are-added-to-the-periodic-table\">late last year\u003c/a> and given these temporary and unremarkable names: ununtrium, ununpentium, ununseptium and ununoctoium.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the IUPAC lets the discoverers of an element submit permanent names. Rules say they have to fall into one of five categories — a new element can be named after a mythological concept or character, a mineral or substance, a place or geographic region, a property of the element, or a scientist.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_764129\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 3000px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-764129\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/IUPAC-periodic-table.jpg\" alt=\"The proposed names can't be put on the periodic table until they get final approval, which will happen in November.\" width=\"3000\" height=\"2250\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/IUPAC-periodic-table.jpg 3000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/IUPAC-periodic-table-400x300.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/IUPAC-periodic-table-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/IUPAC-periodic-table-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/IUPAC-periodic-table-1440x1080.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/IUPAC-periodic-table-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/IUPAC-periodic-table-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/IUPAC-periodic-table-960x720.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 3000px) 100vw, 3000px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The proposed names can’t be put on the periodic table until they get final approval, which will happen in November. \u003ccite>(International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>That’s how we get nihonium, discovered by scientists at the RIKEN Nishina Center for Accelerator-Based Science in Japan. IUPAC says Nihon is one of two ways to say “Japan” in Japanese, and that element 113 is the first to have been discovered in an Asian country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Moscovium was proposed by its discoverers at the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research in Dubna, which is near Moscow. Similarly, the name tennessine is a nod to scientific contributions from Tennessee, home to the Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Vanderbilt University and the University of Tennessee at Knoxville.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Oganesson was discovered by collaborating teams of Russians in the city of Dubna and Americans at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory in California. The name honors Russian physicist Yuri Oganessian, a pioneer in the discovery of superheavy elements. He is the second person to have an element named after him while still alive. The first is Nobel-winning scientist \u003ca href=\"http://www.chemheritage.org/discover/online-resources/chemistry-in-history/themes/atomic-and-nuclear-structure/seaborg.aspx\">Glenn Seaborg\u003c/a>, who, among other things, discovered plutonium.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new names are up for public comment for five months. Formal approval by the IUPAC Council will be announced in early November.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That means it’s too late for the more than 150,000 Change.org petitioners who wanted to \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/01/08/462368064/put-lemmy-on-the-periodic-table-more-than-100-000-sign-petition\">honor the late Lemmy Kilmister\u003c/a> of the heavy metal band Motorhead by naming element 115 “\u003ca href=\"https://www.change.org/p/support-lemmy-tribute-name-newly-discovered-heavy-metal-lemmium?version=meter+at+0&module=meter-Links&pgtype=article&contentId=&mediaId=&referrer=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2Fsection%2Fscience%3Fhpw%26rref%26action%3Dclick%26pgtype%3DHomepage%26module%3Dwell-region%26region%3Dbottom-well%26WT.nav%3Dbottom-well&priority=true&action=click&contentCollection=meter-links-click\">lemmium\u003c/a>.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Hello%2C+Nihonium.+Scientists+Name+4+New+Elements+On+The+Periodic+Table+&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "The new superheavy, radioactive elements were added to the periodic table last year but given temporary and unremarkable names: ununtrium, ununpentium, ununseptium and ununoctoium.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>It’s time to update your copy of the periodic table. Four new elements discovered in recent years have now been named, pending final approval by the international group of scientists in charge of the table.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://iupac.org/elements.html\">International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry\u003c/a> has announced these proposed names:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Nihonium and symbol Nh, for the element 113\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Moscovium and symbol Mc, for the element 115\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Tennessine and symbol Ts, for the element 117\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Oganesson and symbol Og, for the element 118\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>The new superheavy, radioactive elements were actually added to the periodic table \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/01/04/461904077/4-new-elements-are-added-to-the-periodic-table\">late last year\u003c/a> and given these temporary and unremarkable names: ununtrium, ununpentium, ununseptium and ununoctoium.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the IUPAC lets the discoverers of an element submit permanent names. Rules say they have to fall into one of five categories — a new element can be named after a mythological concept or character, a mineral or substance, a place or geographic region, a property of the element, or a scientist.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_764129\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 3000px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-764129\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/IUPAC-periodic-table.jpg\" alt=\"The proposed names can't be put on the periodic table until they get final approval, which will happen in November.\" width=\"3000\" height=\"2250\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/IUPAC-periodic-table.jpg 3000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/IUPAC-periodic-table-400x300.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/IUPAC-periodic-table-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/IUPAC-periodic-table-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/IUPAC-periodic-table-1440x1080.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/IUPAC-periodic-table-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/IUPAC-periodic-table-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/IUPAC-periodic-table-960x720.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 3000px) 100vw, 3000px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The proposed names can’t be put on the periodic table until they get final approval, which will happen in November. \u003ccite>(International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>That’s how we get nihonium, discovered by scientists at the RIKEN Nishina Center for Accelerator-Based Science in Japan. IUPAC says Nihon is one of two ways to say “Japan” in Japanese, and that element 113 is the first to have been discovered in an Asian country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Moscovium was proposed by its discoverers at the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research in Dubna, which is near Moscow. Similarly, the name tennessine is a nod to scientific contributions from Tennessee, home to the Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Vanderbilt University and the University of Tennessee at Knoxville.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Oganesson was discovered by collaborating teams of Russians in the city of Dubna and Americans at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory in California. The name honors Russian physicist Yuri Oganessian, a pioneer in the discovery of superheavy elements. He is the second person to have an element named after him while still alive. The first is Nobel-winning scientist \u003ca href=\"http://www.chemheritage.org/discover/online-resources/chemistry-in-history/themes/atomic-and-nuclear-structure/seaborg.aspx\">Glenn Seaborg\u003c/a>, who, among other things, discovered plutonium.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new names are up for public comment for five months. Formal approval by the IUPAC Council will be announced in early November.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That means it’s too late for the more than 150,000 Change.org petitioners who wanted to \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/01/08/462368064/put-lemmy-on-the-periodic-table-more-than-100-000-sign-petition\">honor the late Lemmy Kilmister\u003c/a> of the heavy metal band Motorhead by naming element 115 “\u003ca href=\"https://www.change.org/p/support-lemmy-tribute-name-newly-discovered-heavy-metal-lemmium?version=meter+at+0&module=meter-Links&pgtype=article&contentId=&mediaId=&referrer=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2Fsection%2Fscience%3Fhpw%26rref%26action%3Dclick%26pgtype%3DHomepage%26module%3Dwell-region%26region%3Dbottom-well%26WT.nav%3Dbottom-well&priority=true&action=click&contentCollection=meter-links-click\">lemmium\u003c/a>.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Hello%2C+Nihonium.+Scientists+Name+4+New+Elements+On+The+Periodic+Table+&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "El Niño Had a Good Run, But Now It’s Over",
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"content": "\u003cp>Did you wake up this morning with an overwhelming sense of sadness, a feeling that there was a hole in your heart? You’re not alone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The world officially said goodbye to an old friend.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Thursday, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) announced that the \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/monster-el-nino-transforms-worlds-weather-20138\">past year’s El Niño\u003c/a> was no more. The declaration comes a few weeks after Australia’s Bureau of Meteorology, the other big El Niño monitoring group, also declared it dead and gone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That means ocean temperatures in the eastern tropical Pacific are now near normal. But they might not stay that way for long as odds are pointing to a cooling in the region that could herald the \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/will-la-nina-follow-one-of-strongest-el-ninos-20223\">arrival of a La Niña\u003c/a> event later this fall.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But before we move on, let’s take a minute to reflect on the dearly departed \u003ca href=\"http://wxshift.com/climate-change/climate-indicators/el-nino\">El Niño\u003c/a> of 2015-16. This El Niño was one of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/one-graph-shows-el-ninos-new-record-19693\">strongest on record\u003c/a> and made its fair share of headlines. Its \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/monster-el-nino-transforms-worlds-weather-20138\">impacts on the weather\u003c/a> were \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/search?q=el+nino&x=0&y=0\">vigorously dissected\u003c/a> by countless news organizations, weather forecasters and Twitter commenters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>El Niño played a role the terrible fire season in Indonesia, a soggy winter and spring in the U.S. Southeast, and the severe drought in northeast Brazil, not to mention the planet’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/99-percent-chance-2016-hottest-year-20359\">record hot streak\u003c/a>. That heat has mostly been \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/global-warming-key-driver-record-heat-19734\">driven by global warming\u003c/a>, but El Niño helped boost it as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/wgts/el-nino-impacts/index.html?utm_source=KQED&utm_medium=embed&utm_campaign=2016ElNinoImpacts\" width=\"720\" height=\"571\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course there were also surprises. The U.S. Southwest — generally wet during an El Niño — had a fairly dry winter. And California had a \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/el-nino-california-reservoir-20222\">near average wet season\u003c/a>, which sounds good except for the fact that the state needed a lot \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/el-nino-is-here-so-why-is-california-still-in-drought-19975\">more precipitation than it got\u003c/a> to kick its four-year drought to the curb.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even the formation of this El Niño was a weird one, with it sitting in a holding pattern for much of 2014 before \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/after-much-ado-el-nino-declared-by-NOAA-18729\">finally getting going\u003c/a> in March 2015 and subsequently rocketing into the record books later that year. It’s a good reminder that El Niño is like a snowflake. No two are alike.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Clearly, even in a major event, not everything dances to El Niño’s drumbeat,” \u003ca href=\"https://www.climate.gov/author/michelle-lheureux\">Michelle L’Heureux\u003c/a>, an El Niño forecaster at NOAA’s Climate Prediction Center, said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There will be no shortage of fodder for researchers to dissect in the coming months and years about just what happened in the tropical Pacific. L’Heureux said one of the key areas researchers will be looking at is teasing out how different climate factors beyond El Niño interacted with this year’s event.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“For example, to me, it’s clear that the warmth across the globe was in part driven by El Niño, but the intensity of the warmth in certain areas was impressive,” she said. “How much was due to trends/climate change and how much was due to other factors?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://iri.columbia.edu/contact/staff-directory/simon-mason/\">Simon Mason\u003c/a>, a senior research scientist at the International Research Institute for Climate and Society, said the reason for 2014’s holding pattern was also another major issue researchers would be looking at in hopes of avoiding a repeat forecast misstep when the next El Niño rolls around.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Answering these questions will help scientists get a better handle on what to expect from future El Niños. But first they have a more pressing task at hand: monitoring the tropical Pacific for signs of a La Niña.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are already hints that a \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/will-la-nina-follow-one-of-strongest-el-ninos-20223\">La Niña could emerge\u003c/a> later this year. The climate phenomenon is characterized by cooler-than-normal ocean temperatures in the eastern tropical Pacific that shift weather. And according to the latest analysis by NOAA, temperatures are already dipping below normal in some areas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even more telling of La Niña’s possible rise is the stash of cooler-than-normal waters below the surface. If those cooler waters push up in the coming months, it would almost certainly trigger a La Niña event. Right now, NOAA is calling for a 65 percent chance of a La Niña forming this summer and a 75 percent chance it will form by fall.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like an El Niño, the two biggest wild cards with a La Niña are its strength and longevity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>La Niña’s are also like snowflakes so its impacts are still uncertain, though they could include an increased number of \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/near-normal-hurricane-season-expected-20389\">Atlantic hurricanes\u003c/a>, as well as cool and wet conditions during the winter in the Pacific Northwest. And a strong La Niña could also cause the global average temperature to fall off \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/gallery/graphics/2016-is-off-to-a-scorching-start\">the record pace\u003c/a> it’s been on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Climate change, however, means the world will continue to be well warmer than the long-term average and \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/99-percent-chance-2016-hottest-year-20359\">2016 is basically a lock\u003c/a> to be the hottest year on record.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So say a prayer, pour one out or do whatever it is you need to do to get over the loss of this El Niño. But don’t fret too much, there will likely be another climate phenomenon to obsess over soon enough.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>This story first appeared at \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/\">Climate Central\u003c/a>,\u003cem> an independent organization that researches and reports on climate change.\u003c/em>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Did you wake up this morning with an overwhelming sense of sadness, a feeling that there was a hole in your heart? You’re not alone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The world officially said goodbye to an old friend.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Thursday, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) announced that the \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/monster-el-nino-transforms-worlds-weather-20138\">past year’s El Niño\u003c/a> was no more. The declaration comes a few weeks after Australia’s Bureau of Meteorology, the other big El Niño monitoring group, also declared it dead and gone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That means ocean temperatures in the eastern tropical Pacific are now near normal. But they might not stay that way for long as odds are pointing to a cooling in the region that could herald the \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/will-la-nina-follow-one-of-strongest-el-ninos-20223\">arrival of a La Niña\u003c/a> event later this fall.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But before we move on, let’s take a minute to reflect on the dearly departed \u003ca href=\"http://wxshift.com/climate-change/climate-indicators/el-nino\">El Niño\u003c/a> of 2015-16. This El Niño was one of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/one-graph-shows-el-ninos-new-record-19693\">strongest on record\u003c/a> and made its fair share of headlines. Its \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/monster-el-nino-transforms-worlds-weather-20138\">impacts on the weather\u003c/a> were \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/search?q=el+nino&x=0&y=0\">vigorously dissected\u003c/a> by countless news organizations, weather forecasters and Twitter commenters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>El Niño played a role the terrible fire season in Indonesia, a soggy winter and spring in the U.S. Southeast, and the severe drought in northeast Brazil, not to mention the planet’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/99-percent-chance-2016-hottest-year-20359\">record hot streak\u003c/a>. That heat has mostly been \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/global-warming-key-driver-record-heat-19734\">driven by global warming\u003c/a>, but El Niño helped boost it as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/wgts/el-nino-impacts/index.html?utm_source=KQED&utm_medium=embed&utm_campaign=2016ElNinoImpacts\" width=\"720\" height=\"571\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course there were also surprises. The U.S. Southwest — generally wet during an El Niño — had a fairly dry winter. And California had a \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/el-nino-california-reservoir-20222\">near average wet season\u003c/a>, which sounds good except for the fact that the state needed a lot \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/el-nino-is-here-so-why-is-california-still-in-drought-19975\">more precipitation than it got\u003c/a> to kick its four-year drought to the curb.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even the formation of this El Niño was a weird one, with it sitting in a holding pattern for much of 2014 before \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/after-much-ado-el-nino-declared-by-NOAA-18729\">finally getting going\u003c/a> in March 2015 and subsequently rocketing into the record books later that year. It’s a good reminder that El Niño is like a snowflake. No two are alike.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Clearly, even in a major event, not everything dances to El Niño’s drumbeat,” \u003ca href=\"https://www.climate.gov/author/michelle-lheureux\">Michelle L’Heureux\u003c/a>, an El Niño forecaster at NOAA’s Climate Prediction Center, said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There will be no shortage of fodder for researchers to dissect in the coming months and years about just what happened in the tropical Pacific. L’Heureux said one of the key areas researchers will be looking at is teasing out how different climate factors beyond El Niño interacted with this year’s event.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“For example, to me, it’s clear that the warmth across the globe was in part driven by El Niño, but the intensity of the warmth in certain areas was impressive,” she said. “How much was due to trends/climate change and how much was due to other factors?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://iri.columbia.edu/contact/staff-directory/simon-mason/\">Simon Mason\u003c/a>, a senior research scientist at the International Research Institute for Climate and Society, said the reason for 2014’s holding pattern was also another major issue researchers would be looking at in hopes of avoiding a repeat forecast misstep when the next El Niño rolls around.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Answering these questions will help scientists get a better handle on what to expect from future El Niños. But first they have a more pressing task at hand: monitoring the tropical Pacific for signs of a La Niña.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are already hints that a \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/will-la-nina-follow-one-of-strongest-el-ninos-20223\">La Niña could emerge\u003c/a> later this year. The climate phenomenon is characterized by cooler-than-normal ocean temperatures in the eastern tropical Pacific that shift weather. And according to the latest analysis by NOAA, temperatures are already dipping below normal in some areas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even more telling of La Niña’s possible rise is the stash of cooler-than-normal waters below the surface. If those cooler waters push up in the coming months, it would almost certainly trigger a La Niña event. Right now, NOAA is calling for a 65 percent chance of a La Niña forming this summer and a 75 percent chance it will form by fall.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like an El Niño, the two biggest wild cards with a La Niña are its strength and longevity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>La Niña’s are also like snowflakes so its impacts are still uncertain, though they could include an increased number of \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/near-normal-hurricane-season-expected-20389\">Atlantic hurricanes\u003c/a>, as well as cool and wet conditions during the winter in the Pacific Northwest. And a strong La Niña could also cause the global average temperature to fall off \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/gallery/graphics/2016-is-off-to-a-scorching-start\">the record pace\u003c/a> it’s been on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Climate change, however, means the world will continue to be well warmer than the long-term average and \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/99-percent-chance-2016-hottest-year-20359\">2016 is basically a lock\u003c/a> to be the hottest year on record.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So say a prayer, pour one out or do whatever it is you need to do to get over the loss of this El Niño. But don’t fret too much, there will likely be another climate phenomenon to obsess over soon enough.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>This story first appeared at \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/\">Climate Central\u003c/a>,\u003cem> an independent organization that researches and reports on climate change.\u003c/em>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Water Conservation Saves Energy in California",
"headTitle": "Water Conservation Saves Energy in California | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>California is moving away from mandatory water conservation rules. At least for now. Gov. Jerry Brown enacted mandatory 25 percent reductions across the state that went into effect last June, but this spring the State Water Resources Control Board moved to give local water agencies authority to determine how much conservation is needed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”TNOxlEQ1VgEBJr5MHrvhR8EkwUPEzz9j”]The latest numbers from April show a hopeful sign that perhaps conservation is becoming a way of life in California – even without government mandates. The Water Resources Control Board reported that Californians cut water usage by 26.1 percent in April compared to the same month in 2013. That’s a reduction from 104 gallons (394 liters) per person a day to 77 gallons (292 liters).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nearly 60 percent of California remains in \u003ca href=\"http://droughtmonitor.unl.edu/Home/StateDroughtMonitor.aspx?CA\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">severe drought\u003c/a>, so diligence on water conservation is still pertinent. But the benefits extend beyond just water. Because it takes energy to move and treat water (and wastewater), water conservation also translates to energy savings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Throughout the last year of mandatory water conservation requirements, the state reported each water supplier’s monthly tallies, so the water savings were clear. But what quantity of energy savings were realized as a result?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers from the \u003ca href=\"http://cwee.ucdavis.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Center for Water-Energy Efficiency\u003c/a> at the University of California, Davis, decided to find out. The group built an \u003ca href=\"https://cwee.shinyapps.io/greengov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">interactive web application\u003c/a> which shows that California’s water conservation rate of 23.9 percent over 2013 levels between June 2015 and February 2016 saved 922,543 megawatt hours (MWh) of electricity, or enough to power 135,000 houses for a year. This energy saving also translated into a reduction in greenhouse gas emissions of 219,653 metric tons or the equivalent of removing 50,000 cars from the road for a year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The research also turned up interesting information about how water and energy conservation efforts stack up. Between July and September 2015 – the only period for which researchers could get overlapping water and energy data – they found that the water conservation measures resulted in a savings of 460 gigawatt hours (GWh). That’s almost identical to the amount of energy saved (459.4 GWh) through all the energy conservation programs put in place by the state’s biggest investor-owned utilities – Pacific Gas and Electric, Southern California Edison, Southern California Gas Company and San Diego Gas and Electric – which provide electricity to 80 percent of residents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We thought that was quite significant,” said Frank Loge, a professor of civil and environmental engineering at U.C. Davis and the director of the Center for Water-Energy Efficiency. Not only did water conservation realize about the same energy savings as all the energy conservation programs (like appliance rebates) of the biggest utilities, but the savings via water were way less expensive – $44.8 million for water conservation efforts, compared with $172.6 million for energy conservation programs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even the researchers, said Loge, were surprised by the findings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The key to converting the water conservation savings to energy savings is in figuring out the energy intensity of water supplies, said Loge. Energy intensity is how many kilowatt hours are embedded in a million gallons of water. “In order for water to come out of your tap at home, it requires energy to be pumped into the water system, to treat the water, to pump the water to your house and you might want to consider the energy that goes into disposing of your water as well, so pumping to a wastewater treatment plant and ultimately disposing of it,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The energy savings from these calculations are realized at the utility, not the home, level. This is cold-water conservation, explained Loge. There is another kind of energy saving through water that can be realized by individuals – hot-water saving. “If I replace my shower head, I’m saving hot water and so I’m now the recipient of that energy saving,” he said. “But for the analysis we did it was not the energy saved through hot-water conservation, it was energy saved through cold-water conservation – the water that comes to your house.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>How much Californians continue saving water, and therefore energy, remains to be seen as water suppliers are back in the driving seat when it comes to conservation rules now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What will really be telling is when we’ll be able to see what [water suppliers’] conservation programs are,” said Loge. “They might revert back to the status quo before the drought. I personally think that would not be a good direction. I think there is a lot of opportunity for people to use water more efficiently and I think we ought to be doing that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cspan class=\"start\">\u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/about/\">Water Deeply\u003c/a> is\u003c/span> an independent digital media project dedicated to covering California’s water crisis. The project is part of \u003ca href=\"http://www.newsdeeply.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">News Deeply\u003c/a>, a new media startup and social enterprise based in New York.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "It takes energy to get clean drinking water to our homes. So when California embraced new conservation mandates last year, it meant savings of not just water but also energy. And researchers from UC Davis found out just how much energy.",
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"description": "It takes energy to get clean drinking water to our homes. So when California embraced new conservation mandates last year, it meant savings of not just water but also energy. And researchers from UC Davis found out just how much energy.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>California is moving away from mandatory water conservation rules. At least for now. Gov. Jerry Brown enacted mandatory 25 percent reductions across the state that went into effect last June, but this spring the State Water Resources Control Board moved to give local water agencies authority to determine how much conservation is needed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>The latest numbers from April show a hopeful sign that perhaps conservation is becoming a way of life in California – even without government mandates. The Water Resources Control Board reported that Californians cut water usage by 26.1 percent in April compared to the same month in 2013. That’s a reduction from 104 gallons (394 liters) per person a day to 77 gallons (292 liters).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nearly 60 percent of California remains in \u003ca href=\"http://droughtmonitor.unl.edu/Home/StateDroughtMonitor.aspx?CA\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">severe drought\u003c/a>, so diligence on water conservation is still pertinent. But the benefits extend beyond just water. Because it takes energy to move and treat water (and wastewater), water conservation also translates to energy savings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Throughout the last year of mandatory water conservation requirements, the state reported each water supplier’s monthly tallies, so the water savings were clear. But what quantity of energy savings were realized as a result?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers from the \u003ca href=\"http://cwee.ucdavis.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Center for Water-Energy Efficiency\u003c/a> at the University of California, Davis, decided to find out. The group built an \u003ca href=\"https://cwee.shinyapps.io/greengov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">interactive web application\u003c/a> which shows that California’s water conservation rate of 23.9 percent over 2013 levels between June 2015 and February 2016 saved 922,543 megawatt hours (MWh) of electricity, or enough to power 135,000 houses for a year. This energy saving also translated into a reduction in greenhouse gas emissions of 219,653 metric tons or the equivalent of removing 50,000 cars from the road for a year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The research also turned up interesting information about how water and energy conservation efforts stack up. Between July and September 2015 – the only period for which researchers could get overlapping water and energy data – they found that the water conservation measures resulted in a savings of 460 gigawatt hours (GWh). That’s almost identical to the amount of energy saved (459.4 GWh) through all the energy conservation programs put in place by the state’s biggest investor-owned utilities – Pacific Gas and Electric, Southern California Edison, Southern California Gas Company and San Diego Gas and Electric – which provide electricity to 80 percent of residents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We thought that was quite significant,” said Frank Loge, a professor of civil and environmental engineering at U.C. Davis and the director of the Center for Water-Energy Efficiency. Not only did water conservation realize about the same energy savings as all the energy conservation programs (like appliance rebates) of the biggest utilities, but the savings via water were way less expensive – $44.8 million for water conservation efforts, compared with $172.6 million for energy conservation programs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even the researchers, said Loge, were surprised by the findings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The key to converting the water conservation savings to energy savings is in figuring out the energy intensity of water supplies, said Loge. Energy intensity is how many kilowatt hours are embedded in a million gallons of water. “In order for water to come out of your tap at home, it requires energy to be pumped into the water system, to treat the water, to pump the water to your house and you might want to consider the energy that goes into disposing of your water as well, so pumping to a wastewater treatment plant and ultimately disposing of it,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The energy savings from these calculations are realized at the utility, not the home, level. This is cold-water conservation, explained Loge. There is another kind of energy saving through water that can be realized by individuals – hot-water saving. “If I replace my shower head, I’m saving hot water and so I’m now the recipient of that energy saving,” he said. “But for the analysis we did it was not the energy saved through hot-water conservation, it was energy saved through cold-water conservation – the water that comes to your house.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>How much Californians continue saving water, and therefore energy, remains to be seen as water suppliers are back in the driving seat when it comes to conservation rules now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What will really be telling is when we’ll be able to see what [water suppliers’] conservation programs are,” said Loge. “They might revert back to the status quo before the drought. I personally think that would not be a good direction. I think there is a lot of opportunity for people to use water more efficiently and I think we ought to be doing that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cspan class=\"start\">\u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/about/\">Water Deeply\u003c/a> is\u003c/span> an independent digital media project dedicated to covering California’s water crisis. The project is part of \u003ca href=\"http://www.newsdeeply.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">News Deeply\u003c/a>, a new media startup and social enterprise based in New York.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Endangered Mexican Wolves Debut at SF Zoo",
"headTitle": "Endangered Mexican Wolves Debut at SF Zoo | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>If you ride the Muni Taraval line all the way to its end at San Francisco’s Ocean Beach, you might hear a lone wolf’s howl over the crashing surf. You wouldn’t be tripping—it could be one of three Mexican wolves now living at the city’s zoo.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The trio is settling into new digs at “Wolf Canyon,” which opened to the public today. And the wolves aren’t just for show—they’re key to the conservation of their wild brethren, as part the \u003ca href=\"http://www.fws.gov/southwest/es/mexicanwolf/cap_manage.cfm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Mexican Wolf Species Survival Plan\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The pack is part of a captive breeding program to contribute to the genetic diversity—and therefore the survival—of wolf populations that have been reintroduced to their historical ranges in the southwestern U.S. and central Mexico.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s a lot of talk about animal reintroduction into the wild, but it’s not as common as the layperson thinks,” says David Bocian, Vice President of Animal Care at the San Francisco Zoo.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_758657\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-758657\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/USFWS-Wolf-release-2-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"A Mexican wolf is released into the mountains in eastern Arizona as part of the Mexican Wolf Species Protection Plan. \" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/USFWS-Wolf-release-2-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/USFWS-Wolf-release-2-400x266.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/USFWS-Wolf-release-2-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/USFWS-Wolf-release-2-1440x959.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/USFWS-Wolf-release-2-1180x786.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/USFWS-Wolf-release-2-960x639.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/USFWS-Wolf-release-2.jpg 1866w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A Mexican wolf is released into the mountains in eastern Arizona as part of the Mexican Wolf Species Protection Plan. \u003ccite>(USFWS)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Genetic diversity is a major challenge to such programs, continues Bocian. The more narrow the gene pool, the more vulnerable the population.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If they aren’t adaptable to adjust to those curve balls that nature throws at them,” he says, “they’re not going to survive.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Wild West vs. Wild Wolves\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mexican wolves are the smallest, southern-most subspecies of gray wolf in North America and were almost obliterated by the early 1970s. As the Wild West morphed into ranchland in the mid-1900s, the numbers of elk, deer and other prey plummeted, forcing the wolves to turn to domesticated livestock.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The U.S. and Mexico retaliated with a campaign that nearly wiped out the entire species. When the Mexican wolf was listed as endangered in 1976, the two countries made a plan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“To get a hold of as many wolves in the wild as we can before they go extinct on us,” says Peter Siminski, director of conservation for \u003ca href=\"http://www.livingdesert.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The Living Desert\u003c/a> and coordinator for the Mexican Wolf Species Survival Plan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_758659\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-758659\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/IMG_5638edited1WolvesSI2-XL-800x640.jpg\" alt=\"The new wolves at the SF Zoo are part of a captive breeding program, started in the mid-1970s when the wild population was nearly obliterated.\" width=\"800\" height=\"640\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/IMG_5638edited1WolvesSI2-XL-800x640.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/IMG_5638edited1WolvesSI2-XL-400x320.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/IMG_5638edited1WolvesSI2-XL-768x614.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/IMG_5638edited1WolvesSI2-XL.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The new wolves at the SF Zoo are part of a captive breeding program, started in the mid-1970s when the wild population of Mexican wolves had been nearly obliterated. \u003ccite>(Marianne Hale/SF Zoo)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The recovery team frantically caught five individuals—the only wolves they could find—and began a captive breeding program to repopulate the dry mountain ranges of eastern Arizona, western New Mexico and central Mexico.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 1998, the first pack of 11 wolves ran into their designated habitat and began to establish territories for their families. Today, there are around 100 individuals in the wild and more than 240 in captive breeding facilities in the U.S. and Mexico.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“All the wolves currently in the wild came from ancestors that were bred in captivity,” Siminski says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>SF Wolves Donate to Gamete Bank\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Genetic diversity gets lost over generations, especially in populations descended from so few individuals, says Bocian of the SF Zoo.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re never going to increase it unless we stumble upon some wild animals, and that’s not likely,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_758658\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-758658\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/Wolf-Brothers_SF-Zoo-800x400.jpg\" alt=\"Three Mexican Wolf brothers explore their new enclosure at the SF Zoo. The exhibit uses technology to limit their interaction with humans.\" width=\"800\" height=\"400\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/Wolf-Brothers_SF-Zoo-800x400.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/Wolf-Brothers_SF-Zoo-400x200.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/Wolf-Brothers_SF-Zoo-768x384.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/Wolf-Brothers_SF-Zoo-1180x590.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/Wolf-Brothers_SF-Zoo-960x480.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/Wolf-Brothers_SF-Zoo.jpg 1280w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Three Mexican wolf brothers explore their new enclosure at the SF Zoo. The exhibit uses technology to feed the canines and limit their interaction with humans. \u003ccite>(Marianne Hale/SF Zoo)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Instead, the Association of Zoos and Aquariums (AZA) and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) partner with Mexico in the Mexican Wolf Species Protection Plan to track captive wolves carefully to prevent relatives from mating with each other.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The partners may move male and females around to different zoos to breed. And the three new studs at the SF Zoo will contribute to the gene pool in yet another way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This winter, scientists from the \u003ca href=\"https://www.stlzoo.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">St. Louis Zoo\u003c/a> will fly out to San Francisco to collect sperm from wolves here to bring back to the Mexican wolf gamete bank—a kind of emergency diversity fund. The gene bank also holds eggs from female wolves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You can broaden out the genetic variation if you have a gene bank you can pull from,” says Jason Watters, SF Zoo’s VP of Wellness and Animal Behavior. “You can say, ‘OK, this guy’s line hasn’t been in the population for a few generations. Let’s infuse him back in.’”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_758660\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-758660\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/Bert-Buxbaum-The-Living-Desert-no1-2015-2-800x571.jpg\" alt=\"A captive Mexican wolf at The Living Desert. There are over 240 captive wolves in facilities in the U.S. and Mexico.\" width=\"800\" height=\"571\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/Bert-Buxbaum-The-Living-Desert-no1-2015-2-800x571.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/Bert-Buxbaum-The-Living-Desert-no1-2015-2-400x286.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/Bert-Buxbaum-The-Living-Desert-no1-2015-2-768x548.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/Bert-Buxbaum-The-Living-Desert-no1-2015-2-1440x1028.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/Bert-Buxbaum-The-Living-Desert-no1-2015-2-1920x1371.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/Bert-Buxbaum-The-Living-Desert-no1-2015-2-1180x843.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/Bert-Buxbaum-The-Living-Desert-no1-2015-2-960x686.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A captive Mexican wolf at \u003ca href=\"http://www.livingdesert.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The Living Desert\u003c/a>. There are more than 240 wolves in facilities in the U.S. and Mexico. \u003ccite>(Bert Buxaum/The Living Desert)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A High-Tech Exhibit\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The conservation story of the Mexican wolves is similar to the story of the California condor. Condor handlers wore costumes so the birds would stay wary of humans, and would have a better chance of surviving in the wild. The SF Zoo has a similar goal for the wolves, but is taking a more “Silicon Valley” approach.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Watters collaborated with Silicon Valley-based \u003ca href=\"http://crowdoptic.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Crowd Optic\u003c/a> to rig the wolf exhibit with gadgets to minimize the amount of interaction the animals have with zookeepers. By “turning on” the enclosure with various forms of technology such as automatic feeders, the exhibit itself—rather than the human handlers—will manage the wolves behavior, Watters says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Visitors get to observe the wolves, but limiting direct human contact helps retain the animals’ wild nature, making the habitat appropriate for wolves who could be released back into the wild.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The zoo’s three new wolves are probably too old to be released. At age 10, they are practically geriatric. Thanks to the gamete bank, though, the wolves could father pups for decades to come.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "The new wolf exhibit opens today. It's part of a captive breeding program to rebuild Mexican wolf populations.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>If you ride the Muni Taraval line all the way to its end at San Francisco’s Ocean Beach, you might hear a lone wolf’s howl over the crashing surf. You wouldn’t be tripping—it could be one of three Mexican wolves now living at the city’s zoo.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The trio is settling into new digs at “Wolf Canyon,” which opened to the public today. And the wolves aren’t just for show—they’re key to the conservation of their wild brethren, as part the \u003ca href=\"http://www.fws.gov/southwest/es/mexicanwolf/cap_manage.cfm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Mexican Wolf Species Survival Plan\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The pack is part of a captive breeding program to contribute to the genetic diversity—and therefore the survival—of wolf populations that have been reintroduced to their historical ranges in the southwestern U.S. and central Mexico.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s a lot of talk about animal reintroduction into the wild, but it’s not as common as the layperson thinks,” says David Bocian, Vice President of Animal Care at the San Francisco Zoo.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_758657\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-758657\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/USFWS-Wolf-release-2-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"A Mexican wolf is released into the mountains in eastern Arizona as part of the Mexican Wolf Species Protection Plan. \" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/USFWS-Wolf-release-2-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/USFWS-Wolf-release-2-400x266.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/USFWS-Wolf-release-2-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/USFWS-Wolf-release-2-1440x959.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/USFWS-Wolf-release-2-1180x786.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/USFWS-Wolf-release-2-960x639.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/USFWS-Wolf-release-2.jpg 1866w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A Mexican wolf is released into the mountains in eastern Arizona as part of the Mexican Wolf Species Protection Plan. \u003ccite>(USFWS)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Genetic diversity is a major challenge to such programs, continues Bocian. The more narrow the gene pool, the more vulnerable the population.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If they aren’t adaptable to adjust to those curve balls that nature throws at them,” he says, “they’re not going to survive.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Wild West vs. Wild Wolves\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mexican wolves are the smallest, southern-most subspecies of gray wolf in North America and were almost obliterated by the early 1970s. As the Wild West morphed into ranchland in the mid-1900s, the numbers of elk, deer and other prey plummeted, forcing the wolves to turn to domesticated livestock.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The U.S. and Mexico retaliated with a campaign that nearly wiped out the entire species. When the Mexican wolf was listed as endangered in 1976, the two countries made a plan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“To get a hold of as many wolves in the wild as we can before they go extinct on us,” says Peter Siminski, director of conservation for \u003ca href=\"http://www.livingdesert.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The Living Desert\u003c/a> and coordinator for the Mexican Wolf Species Survival Plan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_758659\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-758659\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/IMG_5638edited1WolvesSI2-XL-800x640.jpg\" alt=\"The new wolves at the SF Zoo are part of a captive breeding program, started in the mid-1970s when the wild population was nearly obliterated.\" width=\"800\" height=\"640\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/IMG_5638edited1WolvesSI2-XL-800x640.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/IMG_5638edited1WolvesSI2-XL-400x320.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/IMG_5638edited1WolvesSI2-XL-768x614.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/IMG_5638edited1WolvesSI2-XL.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The new wolves at the SF Zoo are part of a captive breeding program, started in the mid-1970s when the wild population of Mexican wolves had been nearly obliterated. \u003ccite>(Marianne Hale/SF Zoo)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The recovery team frantically caught five individuals—the only wolves they could find—and began a captive breeding program to repopulate the dry mountain ranges of eastern Arizona, western New Mexico and central Mexico.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 1998, the first pack of 11 wolves ran into their designated habitat and began to establish territories for their families. Today, there are around 100 individuals in the wild and more than 240 in captive breeding facilities in the U.S. and Mexico.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“All the wolves currently in the wild came from ancestors that were bred in captivity,” Siminski says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>SF Wolves Donate to Gamete Bank\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Genetic diversity gets lost over generations, especially in populations descended from so few individuals, says Bocian of the SF Zoo.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re never going to increase it unless we stumble upon some wild animals, and that’s not likely,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_758658\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-758658\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/Wolf-Brothers_SF-Zoo-800x400.jpg\" alt=\"Three Mexican Wolf brothers explore their new enclosure at the SF Zoo. The exhibit uses technology to limit their interaction with humans.\" width=\"800\" height=\"400\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/Wolf-Brothers_SF-Zoo-800x400.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/Wolf-Brothers_SF-Zoo-400x200.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/Wolf-Brothers_SF-Zoo-768x384.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/Wolf-Brothers_SF-Zoo-1180x590.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/Wolf-Brothers_SF-Zoo-960x480.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/Wolf-Brothers_SF-Zoo.jpg 1280w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Three Mexican wolf brothers explore their new enclosure at the SF Zoo. The exhibit uses technology to feed the canines and limit their interaction with humans. \u003ccite>(Marianne Hale/SF Zoo)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Instead, the Association of Zoos and Aquariums (AZA) and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) partner with Mexico in the Mexican Wolf Species Protection Plan to track captive wolves carefully to prevent relatives from mating with each other.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The partners may move male and females around to different zoos to breed. And the three new studs at the SF Zoo will contribute to the gene pool in yet another way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This winter, scientists from the \u003ca href=\"https://www.stlzoo.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">St. Louis Zoo\u003c/a> will fly out to San Francisco to collect sperm from wolves here to bring back to the Mexican wolf gamete bank—a kind of emergency diversity fund. The gene bank also holds eggs from female wolves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You can broaden out the genetic variation if you have a gene bank you can pull from,” says Jason Watters, SF Zoo’s VP of Wellness and Animal Behavior. “You can say, ‘OK, this guy’s line hasn’t been in the population for a few generations. Let’s infuse him back in.’”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_758660\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-758660\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/Bert-Buxbaum-The-Living-Desert-no1-2015-2-800x571.jpg\" alt=\"A captive Mexican wolf at The Living Desert. There are over 240 captive wolves in facilities in the U.S. and Mexico.\" width=\"800\" height=\"571\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/Bert-Buxbaum-The-Living-Desert-no1-2015-2-800x571.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/Bert-Buxbaum-The-Living-Desert-no1-2015-2-400x286.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/Bert-Buxbaum-The-Living-Desert-no1-2015-2-768x548.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/Bert-Buxbaum-The-Living-Desert-no1-2015-2-1440x1028.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/Bert-Buxbaum-The-Living-Desert-no1-2015-2-1920x1371.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/Bert-Buxbaum-The-Living-Desert-no1-2015-2-1180x843.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/Bert-Buxbaum-The-Living-Desert-no1-2015-2-960x686.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A captive Mexican wolf at \u003ca href=\"http://www.livingdesert.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The Living Desert\u003c/a>. There are more than 240 wolves in facilities in the U.S. and Mexico. \u003ccite>(Bert Buxaum/The Living Desert)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A High-Tech Exhibit\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The conservation story of the Mexican wolves is similar to the story of the California condor. Condor handlers wore costumes so the birds would stay wary of humans, and would have a better chance of surviving in the wild. The SF Zoo has a similar goal for the wolves, but is taking a more “Silicon Valley” approach.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Watters collaborated with Silicon Valley-based \u003ca href=\"http://crowdoptic.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Crowd Optic\u003c/a> to rig the wolf exhibit with gadgets to minimize the amount of interaction the animals have with zookeepers. By “turning on” the enclosure with various forms of technology such as automatic feeders, the exhibit itself—rather than the human handlers—will manage the wolves behavior, Watters says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Visitors get to observe the wolves, but limiting direct human contact helps retain the animals’ wild nature, making the habitat appropriate for wolves who could be released back into the wild.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The zoo’s three new wolves are probably too old to be released. At age 10, they are practically geriatric. Thanks to the gamete bank, though, the wolves could father pups for decades to come.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "San Francisco Bay Restoration Measure Clears Two-Thirds Hurdle",
"headTitle": "San Francisco Bay Restoration Measure Clears Two-Thirds Hurdle | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>A measure to restore San Francisco Bay wetlands and prepare for sea level rise appears to have passed with about 69 percent of the vote.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As of Wednesday morning, unofficial counts had \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2016/05/09/measure-aa-asks-bay-area-residents-to-help-protect-against-sea-level-rise/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Measure AA \u003c/a>clearing the required two-thirds vote by more than 31,000 votes. That’s a margin unlikely to be overcome by the few ballots yet to be counted. The $12 per year parcel tax would raise $500 million over 20 years for environmental restoration. The measure requires a two-thirds margin of all the votes cast among counties surrounding the bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Supporters worked for more than a decade to put the rare, all-Bay Area measure on the ballot. Thousands of acres of the bay’s shoreline are slated for restoration, but have lacked a funding source. Around 80 percent of the bay’s wetlands have been lost since the Gold Rush.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“People in the Bay Area love San Francisco Bay,” said David Lewis, executive director or Save the Bay. “They want it to be clean and healthy. The money raised by Measure AA could restore 10,000 to 15,000 acres of tidal marsh.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s also one of the first times climate change adaptation has been put before voters. Sea level could rise 2 feet by midcentury and Measure AA supporters say wetlands are a key strategy in the face of rising water, since they absorb storm surges and protect important infrastructure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some anti-tax groups opposed the measure, saying a flat $12 per parcel would be unfair. Low-income households would pay the same as large tech campuses located right on the shoreline, like Google and Facebook.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Measure AA doesn’t specify exactly what restoration would take place. Instead, restoration projects would apply to the San Francisco Bay Restoration Authority, a special governing board made up of local elected officials.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Half of the $25 million raised each year would be given out based on geographic region, while the other half could be allocated to any county. The projects must meet specific goals, like restoring habitat for wildlife, protecting shoreline communities from floods or improving water quality.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The parcel tax would begin in tax year 2017, with the first restoration funds being awarded in 2018.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>A measure to restore San Francisco Bay wetlands and prepare for sea level rise appears to have passed with about 69 percent of the vote.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As of Wednesday morning, unofficial counts had \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2016/05/09/measure-aa-asks-bay-area-residents-to-help-protect-against-sea-level-rise/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Measure AA \u003c/a>clearing the required two-thirds vote by more than 31,000 votes. That’s a margin unlikely to be overcome by the few ballots yet to be counted. The $12 per year parcel tax would raise $500 million over 20 years for environmental restoration. The measure requires a two-thirds margin of all the votes cast among counties surrounding the bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Supporters worked for more than a decade to put the rare, all-Bay Area measure on the ballot. Thousands of acres of the bay’s shoreline are slated for restoration, but have lacked a funding source. Around 80 percent of the bay’s wetlands have been lost since the Gold Rush.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“People in the Bay Area love San Francisco Bay,” said David Lewis, executive director or Save the Bay. “They want it to be clean and healthy. The money raised by Measure AA could restore 10,000 to 15,000 acres of tidal marsh.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s also one of the first times climate change adaptation has been put before voters. Sea level could rise 2 feet by midcentury and Measure AA supporters say wetlands are a key strategy in the face of rising water, since they absorb storm surges and protect important infrastructure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some anti-tax groups opposed the measure, saying a flat $12 per parcel would be unfair. Low-income households would pay the same as large tech campuses located right on the shoreline, like Google and Facebook.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Measure AA doesn’t specify exactly what restoration would take place. Instead, restoration projects would apply to the San Francisco Bay Restoration Authority, a special governing board made up of local elected officials.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Half of the $25 million raised each year would be given out based on geographic region, while the other half could be allocated to any county. The projects must meet specific goals, like restoring habitat for wildlife, protecting shoreline communities from floods or improving water quality.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The parcel tax would begin in tax year 2017, with the first restoration funds being awarded in 2018.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Watch These Insects Use Bouncing Abdomens to Communicate",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cem>This story comes from \u003ca href=\"http://biographic.com/\">Biographic\u003c/a>, an online magazine published by San Francisco’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.calacademy.org/\">California Academy of Sciences\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Treehoppers, pea-sized insects of the family Membracidae, communicate with each other in an intriguing way: using jiggles. By rapidly bouncing their abdomens, they send vibrations down through their legs and into the plant they are standing on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nearby treehoppers pick up and interpret the vibrations, which vary in frequency and pattern depending on the message being conveyed. Now, scientists are listening in, and starting to crack the treehopper code. And it turns out, the conversations are happening nearly everywhere they eavesdrop — from tropical rainforests to urban gardens.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Your own backyard may in fact be hosting a cacophony of communication that is imperceptible, until you listen in just the right way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"excerpt": "Hiding in plain sight and deceptively still, treehoppers have evolved an ingenious way to communicate — and they're making a racket.",
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"nprByline": "\u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/flichtman?lang=en\" target=\"_blank\">Flora Lichtman\u003c/a>\u003c/br>Biographic",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cem>This story comes from \u003ca href=\"http://biographic.com/\">Biographic\u003c/a>, an online magazine published by San Francisco’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.calacademy.org/\">California Academy of Sciences\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Treehoppers, pea-sized insects of the family Membracidae, communicate with each other in an intriguing way: using jiggles. By rapidly bouncing their abdomens, they send vibrations down through their legs and into the plant they are standing on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nearby treehoppers pick up and interpret the vibrations, which vary in frequency and pattern depending on the message being conveyed. Now, scientists are listening in, and starting to crack the treehopper code. And it turns out, the conversations are happening nearly everywhere they eavesdrop — from tropical rainforests to urban gardens.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Your own backyard may in fact be hosting a cacophony of communication that is imperceptible, until you listen in just the right way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"slug": "how-mosquitoes-use-six-needles-to-suck-your-blood",
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"content": "\u003cp>[dl_subscribe]As summer approaches, we can look forward to picnics, hiking, camping and the mosquito bites that come with spending time outdoors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s a good thing you can’t really see what that mosquito is doing when it bites — you probably wouldn’t want to watch as it buries six needles into you. But scientists have been figuring out all the bloody details. And it’s not just for idle curiosity: mosquito bites are more dangerous to humans than any other animal bite. While female mosquitoes — only females bite us — are drinking our blood to grow their eggs, they can leave behind viruses and parasites that cause diseases like West Nile, Zika, malaria and dengue.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/DL_310MosquitoBite_ANOPHELESSAWS_500.gif\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-728196\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/DL_310MosquitoBite_ANOPHELESSAWS_500.gif\" alt=\"An Anopheles mosquito bites into a human arm.\" width=\"100%\">\u003c/a> An \u003cem>Anopheles\u003c/em> mosquito bites into a human arm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Part of what makes mosquitoes so good at getting humans sick, researchers say, is the effectiveness of their bite. Scientists have discovered that the mosquito’s mouth, called a proboscis (pronounced pro-BOSS-iss), isn’t just one tiny spear. It’s a sophisticated system of thin needles, each of which pierces the skin, finds blood vessels and makes it easy for mosquitoes to suck blood out of them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mosquitoes also have more than 150 receptors — proteins on their antennae and proboscis that help them find victims or figure out if the water is nutritious enough to lay eggs in. When malaria-causing \u003cem>Anopheles \u003c/em>mosquitoes come out at night to look for blood, they track the carbon dioxide we exhale as we sleep. As they get closer to us, they detect body heat and substances called volatile fatty acids that waft up from our skin, said University of California, Davis, parasitologist and entomologist Shirley Luckhart.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Why are some people more likely to get bitten than others?” asked Luckhart. “The volatile fatty acids given off by our skin are quite different. They reflect differences between men and women, even what we’ve eaten. Those cues are different from person to person. There’s probably not one or two. It’s the blend that’s more or less attractive.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers still haven’t figured out what about their volatile fatty acids makes some people more attractive to mosquitoes than others. What scientists have recently discovered is that once a mosquito’s proboscis pierces the skin, one of its six needles, called the labrum, uses receptors on its tip to find a blood vessel.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Those receptors responded to the chemicals in the blood,” said UC Davis biochemist Walter Leal, whose lab made the finding. “Mosquitoes don’t find the blood vessel randomly.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Instead, chemicals in our blood waft up like a “bouquet of smells” that guides the way — unwittingly, but surely — to our blood vessel. The labrum then pierces the vessel and serves as a straw.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>UC Davis post-doctoral researcher Young-Moo Choo, in Leal’s lab, \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4625056/\">discovered a receptor\u003c/a> by dissecting mosquitoes’ mouthparts and genetically testing them. Choo hopes his finding of this receptor, called 4EP, and the discovery of other receptors on the labrum, will help drug companies develop new mosquito repellents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“First they’d need to find a repellent against the receptors,” said Choo. “Then they’d treat people’s skin with it. When the mosquito tried to penetrate the skin, it would taste or smell something repulsive and fly away.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists have been trying to figure out the anatomy of the mosquito bite for decades. It’s a job made difficult by the challenge of dissecting mosquitoes’ delicate mouthparts, which tend to fall apart in the hands of beginners. Choo attributed his dissecting abilities to his experience using chopsticks in his native South Korea. Video, powerful microscopes and genetic analyses have helped researchers figure out how the feeding system works.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_742332\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/DL_310MosquitoBite_LABIUM.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-742332\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/DL_310MosquitoBite_LABIUM-1440x810.jpg\" alt=\"A protective sheath called the labium bends back as a mosquito pushes needle-like mouthparts into human skin.\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/DL_310MosquitoBite_LABIUM-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/DL_310MosquitoBite_LABIUM-400x225.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/DL_310MosquitoBite_LABIUM-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/DL_310MosquitoBite_LABIUM-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/DL_310MosquitoBite_LABIUM.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/DL_310MosquitoBite_LABIUM-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/DL_310MosquitoBite_LABIUM-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A protective sheath called the labium bends back as a mosquito pushes needle-like mouthparts into human skin. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>When a mosquito pierces the skin, a flexible lip-like sheath called the labium scrolls up and stays outside as she pushes in six needle-like parts that scientists refer to as stylets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two of these needles, called maxillae, have tiny teeth. The mosquito uses them to saw through the skin. They’re so sharp you can barely feel the mosquito biting you.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They’re like drill bits,” said Leal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another set of needles, the mandibles, hold tissues apart while the mosquito works.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_745410\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/DL_310MosquitoBite_ColorNeedles.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-745410\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/DL_310MosquitoBite_ColorNeedles-1440x810.jpg\" alt=\"This illustration shows the six needle-like mouthparts that female mosquitoes use to bite us. They use two maxillae (blue) to saw into the skin and two mandibles (yellow) to hold the tissues apart as they saw. They drool saliva into us with the hypopharynx (green) and suck up blood with the labrum (red). \" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/DL_310MosquitoBite_ColorNeedles-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/DL_310MosquitoBite_ColorNeedles-400x225.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/DL_310MosquitoBite_ColorNeedles-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/DL_310MosquitoBite_ColorNeedles-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/DL_310MosquitoBite_ColorNeedles.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/DL_310MosquitoBite_ColorNeedles-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/DL_310MosquitoBite_ColorNeedles-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This illustration shows the six needle-like mouthparts that female mosquitoes use to bite us. They use two maxillae (blue) to saw into the skin and two mandibles (yellow) to hold the tissues apart as they saw. They drool saliva into us with the hypopharynx (green) and suck up blood with the labrum (red). \u003ccite>(Teodros Hailye/KQED, based on research by Young-Moo Choo and colleagues)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In 2012, scientists at the Pasteur Institute in France filmed what happened once a mosquito proboscis had penetrated through mouse skin. The \u003ca href=\"http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0050464\">video \u003c/a>shows the sharp-tipped labrum needle probing under the mouse’s skin, then piercing a vessel and sucking blood from it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The labrum is shaped like a gutter. In order to become a straw it actually needs another mouthpart to lay over it. That mouthpart, called the hypopharynx, serves a dual purpose, as it also allows the mosquito to drool saliva into us.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/DL_310MosquitoBite_DROPOFWATER_500.gif\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/DL_310MosquitoBite_DROPOFWATER_500.gif\" alt=\"When a female mosquito feeds, she separates the water from the red blood cells and squeezes it out through her rear end to make room for more blood.\" width=\"100%\">\u003c/a> When a female mosquito feeds, she separates the water from the red blood cells and squeezes it out through her rear end to make room for more blood.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As a mosquito’s gut fills up with blood, she separates the water in the blood from the red blood cells and squeezes it out through her rear end.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“She does that to concentrate the red blood cells,” said Luckhart. “The red blood cells provide a large protein component.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By squeezing water out, she can fit five to ten times more blood inside her.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The sixth needle — called the hypopharynx — drips saliva into us which contains chemicals that keep our blood flowing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Your blood tends to coagulate immediately upon contact with the air,” said Leal. “They spit some chemicals so the blood doesn’t coagulate.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_728197\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/DL_310MosquitoBite_CULEXPIPIENSLOOKSFORSPOT.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-728197\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/DL_310MosquitoBite_CULEXPIPIENSLOOKSFORSPOT-1440x810.jpg\" alt=\"The common house mosquito in California (Culex pipiens) can transmit West Nile virus by biting infected birds, then biting humans. \" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/DL_310MosquitoBite_CULEXPIPIENSLOOKSFORSPOT-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/DL_310MosquitoBite_CULEXPIPIENSLOOKSFORSPOT-400x225.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/DL_310MosquitoBite_CULEXPIPIENSLOOKSFORSPOT-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/DL_310MosquitoBite_CULEXPIPIENSLOOKSFORSPOT-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/DL_310MosquitoBite_CULEXPIPIENSLOOKSFORSPOT.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/DL_310MosquitoBite_CULEXPIPIENSLOOKSFORSPOT-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/DL_310MosquitoBite_CULEXPIPIENSLOOKSFORSPOT-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The common house mosquito in California (Culex pipiens) can transmit West Nile virus by biting infected birds, then biting humans. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Mosquito saliva also makes our blood vessels dilate, blocks our immune response and lubricates the proboscis. And it causes us to develop itchy welts, and serves as a conduit for dangerous viruses and parasites.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Infected mosquitoes spit highly variable doses, anywhere from one infectious virion to 10,000,” said UC Davis virologist Lark Coffey, referring to virus particles. “The number of virions needed to productively infect mice can be as low as one. In theory, \u003cem>one \u003c/em>might be enough to cause diseases like dengue or West Nile.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It only takes eight to 20 early-stage malaria organisms to cause the disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Within 20 minutes they make it to the human liver,” said Luckhart. “It’s a very fast process.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The results of that speedy delivery are deadly. Malaria sickened more than 300 million people in 2015, and killed roughly 635,000, mostly children under the age of five and pregnant women in sub-Saharan Africa.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s probably an underestimate,” said UC Davis medical entomologist Gregory Lanzaro, “because reporting is terrible.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dengue fever, a disease transmitted by striped black and white mosquitoes called \u003cem>Aedes aegypti\u003c/em>, is estimated to make almost 400 million people sick with jabbing joint pain each year, including a recent outbreak in Hawaii that sickened 260.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_742335\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/DL_310MosquitoBite_AEDESAEGYPTI2.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-742335\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/DL_310MosquitoBite_AEDESAEGYPTI2-1440x810.jpg\" alt=\"Aedes aegypti mosquitoes transmit the viruses that cause Zika and dengue. They bite during the day and can lay their eggs in as little as a bottle-cap-full of water.\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/DL_310MosquitoBite_AEDESAEGYPTI2-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/DL_310MosquitoBite_AEDESAEGYPTI2-400x225.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/DL_310MosquitoBite_AEDESAEGYPTI2-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/DL_310MosquitoBite_AEDESAEGYPTI2-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/DL_310MosquitoBite_AEDESAEGYPTI2.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/DL_310MosquitoBite_AEDESAEGYPTI2-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/DL_310MosquitoBite_AEDESAEGYPTI2-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Aedes aegypti mosquitoes transmit the viruses that cause Zika and dengue. They bite during the day and can lay their eggs in as little as a bottle cap full of water. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Scientists also believe that \u003cem>Aedes aegypti\u003c/em> mosquitoes are the main culprit for more than 350 confirmed cases of congenital malformations associated with the Zika virus in the northeastern Brazilian state of Pernambuco. Since last October, an unusually high number of babies have been born there with small heads and a host of health problems like convulsions and persistent crying suspected of being caused by a Zika virus infection early in their mother’s pregnancy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We don’t yet know these babies’ life expectancy,” said Dr. Regina Ramos, who cares for these babies at the University of Pernambuco’s Oswaldo Cruz Hospital and participated via Skype in a symposium on Zika at UC Davis on May 26.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Aedes aegypti\u003c/em> mosquitoes arrived in California in 2013, to the town of Clovis, near Fresno, and they’ve since been \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdph.ca.gov/HealthInfo/discond/Pages/Zika.aspx\">found in pockets throughout California\u003c/a>, including Hayward and San Mateo. No locally transmitted cases of Zika have occurred in the continental U.S., though three babies with malformations associated to the virus have been born to mothers who contracted the disease elsewhere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mosquitoes don’t get anything out of making us sick ― they just incidentally pass germs onto us. In fact, researchers have found that some viruses started out as mosquito-only viruses. This isn’t hard to believe, as mosquitoes developed 200 million years before humans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As mosquitoes evolved the habit of drinking blood, some viruses have tracked that evolutionary path and become human-vectored viruses,” said microbiologist Shannon Bennett, chief of science at the California Academy of Sciences.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_728202\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/DL310MosquitoBite_CAL_ACADEMY_SHANNON_BENNETT_BITTEN_BY_UNINFECTED_MOSQUITO.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-728202\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/DL310MosquitoBite_CAL_ACADEMY_SHANNON_BENNETT_BITTEN_BY_UNINFECTED_MOSQUITO-1440x810.jpg\" alt=\"Shannon Bennett, chief of science at the California Academy of Sciences, lets herself be bitten by an uninfected common house mosquito during the production of a KQED Deep Look video.\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/DL310MosquitoBite_CAL_ACADEMY_SHANNON_BENNETT_BITTEN_BY_UNINFECTED_MOSQUITO-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/DL310MosquitoBite_CAL_ACADEMY_SHANNON_BENNETT_BITTEN_BY_UNINFECTED_MOSQUITO-400x225.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/DL310MosquitoBite_CAL_ACADEMY_SHANNON_BENNETT_BITTEN_BY_UNINFECTED_MOSQUITO-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/DL310MosquitoBite_CAL_ACADEMY_SHANNON_BENNETT_BITTEN_BY_UNINFECTED_MOSQUITO-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/DL310MosquitoBite_CAL_ACADEMY_SHANNON_BENNETT_BITTEN_BY_UNINFECTED_MOSQUITO.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/DL310MosquitoBite_CAL_ACADEMY_SHANNON_BENNETT_BITTEN_BY_UNINFECTED_MOSQUITO-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/DL310MosquitoBite_CAL_ACADEMY_SHANNON_BENNETT_BITTEN_BY_UNINFECTED_MOSQUITO-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Shannon Bennett, chief of science at the California Academy of Sciences, lets herself be bitten by an uninfected common house mosquito during the production of a KQED Deep Look video. \u003ccite>(Gabriela Quirós/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_728200\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/DL_310MosquitoBite_MOSQUITOLARVA.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-728200\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/DL_310MosquitoBite_MOSQUITOLARVA-1440x810.jpg\" alt=\"In California, larvae of the common house mosquito grow in water that pools in discarded containers, pet dishes and rain gutters. \" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/DL_310MosquitoBite_MOSQUITOLARVA-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/DL_310MosquitoBite_MOSQUITOLARVA-400x225.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/DL_310MosquitoBite_MOSQUITOLARVA-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/DL_310MosquitoBite_MOSQUITOLARVA-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/DL_310MosquitoBite_MOSQUITOLARVA.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/DL_310MosquitoBite_MOSQUITOLARVA-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/DL_310MosquitoBite_MOSQUITOLARVA-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">In California, larvae of the common house mosquito grow in water that pools in discarded containers, pet dishes and rain gutters. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>To reduce the chances of contracting a mosquito-borne disease, public health experts recommend \u003ca href=\"http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/yellowbook/2016/the-pre-travel-consultation/protection-against-mosquitoes-ticks-other-arthropods\">wearing mosquito repellent\u003c/a>, checking the screens on doors and windows and \u003ca href=\"http://msmvcd.s3.amazonaws.com/brochures/AYRM-2011_0.pdf\">eliminating standing water inside and around our homes (.pdf)\u003c/a>. Mosquitoes lay their eggs in the water that pools in gutters and bits of trash, as well as in decorative ponds, potted plants, pet dishes and uncovered rain barrels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve created the ecological niche that they’re well-adapted to,” said Bennett.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "With six needle-like mouthparts, mosquitoes saw into you, drink your blood and sometimes make you sick.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>As summer approaches, we can look forward to picnics, hiking, camping and the mosquito bites that come with spending time outdoors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s a good thing you can’t really see what that mosquito is doing when it bites — you probably wouldn’t want to watch as it buries six needles into you. But scientists have been figuring out all the bloody details. And it’s not just for idle curiosity: mosquito bites are more dangerous to humans than any other animal bite. While female mosquitoes — only females bite us — are drinking our blood to grow their eggs, they can leave behind viruses and parasites that cause diseases like West Nile, Zika, malaria and dengue.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/DL_310MosquitoBite_ANOPHELESSAWS_500.gif\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-728196\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/DL_310MosquitoBite_ANOPHELESSAWS_500.gif\" alt=\"An Anopheles mosquito bites into a human arm.\" width=\"100%\">\u003c/a> An \u003cem>Anopheles\u003c/em> mosquito bites into a human arm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Part of what makes mosquitoes so good at getting humans sick, researchers say, is the effectiveness of their bite. Scientists have discovered that the mosquito’s mouth, called a proboscis (pronounced pro-BOSS-iss), isn’t just one tiny spear. It’s a sophisticated system of thin needles, each of which pierces the skin, finds blood vessels and makes it easy for mosquitoes to suck blood out of them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mosquitoes also have more than 150 receptors — proteins on their antennae and proboscis that help them find victims or figure out if the water is nutritious enough to lay eggs in. When malaria-causing \u003cem>Anopheles \u003c/em>mosquitoes come out at night to look for blood, they track the carbon dioxide we exhale as we sleep. As they get closer to us, they detect body heat and substances called volatile fatty acids that waft up from our skin, said University of California, Davis, parasitologist and entomologist Shirley Luckhart.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Why are some people more likely to get bitten than others?” asked Luckhart. “The volatile fatty acids given off by our skin are quite different. They reflect differences between men and women, even what we’ve eaten. Those cues are different from person to person. There’s probably not one or two. It’s the blend that’s more or less attractive.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers still haven’t figured out what about their volatile fatty acids makes some people more attractive to mosquitoes than others. What scientists have recently discovered is that once a mosquito’s proboscis pierces the skin, one of its six needles, called the labrum, uses receptors on its tip to find a blood vessel.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Those receptors responded to the chemicals in the blood,” said UC Davis biochemist Walter Leal, whose lab made the finding. “Mosquitoes don’t find the blood vessel randomly.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Instead, chemicals in our blood waft up like a “bouquet of smells” that guides the way — unwittingly, but surely — to our blood vessel. The labrum then pierces the vessel and serves as a straw.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>UC Davis post-doctoral researcher Young-Moo Choo, in Leal’s lab, \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4625056/\">discovered a receptor\u003c/a> by dissecting mosquitoes’ mouthparts and genetically testing them. Choo hopes his finding of this receptor, called 4EP, and the discovery of other receptors on the labrum, will help drug companies develop new mosquito repellents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“First they’d need to find a repellent against the receptors,” said Choo. “Then they’d treat people’s skin with it. When the mosquito tried to penetrate the skin, it would taste or smell something repulsive and fly away.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists have been trying to figure out the anatomy of the mosquito bite for decades. It’s a job made difficult by the challenge of dissecting mosquitoes’ delicate mouthparts, which tend to fall apart in the hands of beginners. Choo attributed his dissecting abilities to his experience using chopsticks in his native South Korea. Video, powerful microscopes and genetic analyses have helped researchers figure out how the feeding system works.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_742332\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/DL_310MosquitoBite_LABIUM.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-742332\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/DL_310MosquitoBite_LABIUM-1440x810.jpg\" alt=\"A protective sheath called the labium bends back as a mosquito pushes needle-like mouthparts into human skin.\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/DL_310MosquitoBite_LABIUM-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/DL_310MosquitoBite_LABIUM-400x225.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/DL_310MosquitoBite_LABIUM-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/DL_310MosquitoBite_LABIUM-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/DL_310MosquitoBite_LABIUM.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/DL_310MosquitoBite_LABIUM-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/DL_310MosquitoBite_LABIUM-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A protective sheath called the labium bends back as a mosquito pushes needle-like mouthparts into human skin. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>When a mosquito pierces the skin, a flexible lip-like sheath called the labium scrolls up and stays outside as she pushes in six needle-like parts that scientists refer to as stylets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two of these needles, called maxillae, have tiny teeth. The mosquito uses them to saw through the skin. They’re so sharp you can barely feel the mosquito biting you.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They’re like drill bits,” said Leal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another set of needles, the mandibles, hold tissues apart while the mosquito works.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_745410\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/DL_310MosquitoBite_ColorNeedles.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-745410\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/DL_310MosquitoBite_ColorNeedles-1440x810.jpg\" alt=\"This illustration shows the six needle-like mouthparts that female mosquitoes use to bite us. They use two maxillae (blue) to saw into the skin and two mandibles (yellow) to hold the tissues apart as they saw. They drool saliva into us with the hypopharynx (green) and suck up blood with the labrum (red). \" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/DL_310MosquitoBite_ColorNeedles-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/DL_310MosquitoBite_ColorNeedles-400x225.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/DL_310MosquitoBite_ColorNeedles-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/DL_310MosquitoBite_ColorNeedles-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/DL_310MosquitoBite_ColorNeedles.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/DL_310MosquitoBite_ColorNeedles-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/DL_310MosquitoBite_ColorNeedles-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This illustration shows the six needle-like mouthparts that female mosquitoes use to bite us. They use two maxillae (blue) to saw into the skin and two mandibles (yellow) to hold the tissues apart as they saw. They drool saliva into us with the hypopharynx (green) and suck up blood with the labrum (red). \u003ccite>(Teodros Hailye/KQED, based on research by Young-Moo Choo and colleagues)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In 2012, scientists at the Pasteur Institute in France filmed what happened once a mosquito proboscis had penetrated through mouse skin. The \u003ca href=\"http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0050464\">video \u003c/a>shows the sharp-tipped labrum needle probing under the mouse’s skin, then piercing a vessel and sucking blood from it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The labrum is shaped like a gutter. In order to become a straw it actually needs another mouthpart to lay over it. That mouthpart, called the hypopharynx, serves a dual purpose, as it also allows the mosquito to drool saliva into us.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/DL_310MosquitoBite_DROPOFWATER_500.gif\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/DL_310MosquitoBite_DROPOFWATER_500.gif\" alt=\"When a female mosquito feeds, she separates the water from the red blood cells and squeezes it out through her rear end to make room for more blood.\" width=\"100%\">\u003c/a> When a female mosquito feeds, she separates the water from the red blood cells and squeezes it out through her rear end to make room for more blood.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As a mosquito’s gut fills up with blood, she separates the water in the blood from the red blood cells and squeezes it out through her rear end.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“She does that to concentrate the red blood cells,” said Luckhart. “The red blood cells provide a large protein component.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By squeezing water out, she can fit five to ten times more blood inside her.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The sixth needle — called the hypopharynx — drips saliva into us which contains chemicals that keep our blood flowing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Your blood tends to coagulate immediately upon contact with the air,” said Leal. “They spit some chemicals so the blood doesn’t coagulate.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_728197\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/DL_310MosquitoBite_CULEXPIPIENSLOOKSFORSPOT.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-728197\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/DL_310MosquitoBite_CULEXPIPIENSLOOKSFORSPOT-1440x810.jpg\" alt=\"The common house mosquito in California (Culex pipiens) can transmit West Nile virus by biting infected birds, then biting humans. \" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/DL_310MosquitoBite_CULEXPIPIENSLOOKSFORSPOT-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/DL_310MosquitoBite_CULEXPIPIENSLOOKSFORSPOT-400x225.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/DL_310MosquitoBite_CULEXPIPIENSLOOKSFORSPOT-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/DL_310MosquitoBite_CULEXPIPIENSLOOKSFORSPOT-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/DL_310MosquitoBite_CULEXPIPIENSLOOKSFORSPOT.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/DL_310MosquitoBite_CULEXPIPIENSLOOKSFORSPOT-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/DL_310MosquitoBite_CULEXPIPIENSLOOKSFORSPOT-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The common house mosquito in California (Culex pipiens) can transmit West Nile virus by biting infected birds, then biting humans. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Mosquito saliva also makes our blood vessels dilate, blocks our immune response and lubricates the proboscis. And it causes us to develop itchy welts, and serves as a conduit for dangerous viruses and parasites.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Infected mosquitoes spit highly variable doses, anywhere from one infectious virion to 10,000,” said UC Davis virologist Lark Coffey, referring to virus particles. “The number of virions needed to productively infect mice can be as low as one. In theory, \u003cem>one \u003c/em>might be enough to cause diseases like dengue or West Nile.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It only takes eight to 20 early-stage malaria organisms to cause the disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Within 20 minutes they make it to the human liver,” said Luckhart. “It’s a very fast process.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The results of that speedy delivery are deadly. Malaria sickened more than 300 million people in 2015, and killed roughly 635,000, mostly children under the age of five and pregnant women in sub-Saharan Africa.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s probably an underestimate,” said UC Davis medical entomologist Gregory Lanzaro, “because reporting is terrible.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dengue fever, a disease transmitted by striped black and white mosquitoes called \u003cem>Aedes aegypti\u003c/em>, is estimated to make almost 400 million people sick with jabbing joint pain each year, including a recent outbreak in Hawaii that sickened 260.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_742335\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/DL_310MosquitoBite_AEDESAEGYPTI2.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-742335\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/DL_310MosquitoBite_AEDESAEGYPTI2-1440x810.jpg\" alt=\"Aedes aegypti mosquitoes transmit the viruses that cause Zika and dengue. They bite during the day and can lay their eggs in as little as a bottle-cap-full of water.\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/DL_310MosquitoBite_AEDESAEGYPTI2-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/DL_310MosquitoBite_AEDESAEGYPTI2-400x225.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/DL_310MosquitoBite_AEDESAEGYPTI2-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/DL_310MosquitoBite_AEDESAEGYPTI2-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/DL_310MosquitoBite_AEDESAEGYPTI2.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/DL_310MosquitoBite_AEDESAEGYPTI2-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/DL_310MosquitoBite_AEDESAEGYPTI2-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Aedes aegypti mosquitoes transmit the viruses that cause Zika and dengue. They bite during the day and can lay their eggs in as little as a bottle cap full of water. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Scientists also believe that \u003cem>Aedes aegypti\u003c/em> mosquitoes are the main culprit for more than 350 confirmed cases of congenital malformations associated with the Zika virus in the northeastern Brazilian state of Pernambuco. Since last October, an unusually high number of babies have been born there with small heads and a host of health problems like convulsions and persistent crying suspected of being caused by a Zika virus infection early in their mother’s pregnancy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We don’t yet know these babies’ life expectancy,” said Dr. Regina Ramos, who cares for these babies at the University of Pernambuco’s Oswaldo Cruz Hospital and participated via Skype in a symposium on Zika at UC Davis on May 26.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Aedes aegypti\u003c/em> mosquitoes arrived in California in 2013, to the town of Clovis, near Fresno, and they’ve since been \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdph.ca.gov/HealthInfo/discond/Pages/Zika.aspx\">found in pockets throughout California\u003c/a>, including Hayward and San Mateo. No locally transmitted cases of Zika have occurred in the continental U.S., though three babies with malformations associated to the virus have been born to mothers who contracted the disease elsewhere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mosquitoes don’t get anything out of making us sick ― they just incidentally pass germs onto us. In fact, researchers have found that some viruses started out as mosquito-only viruses. This isn’t hard to believe, as mosquitoes developed 200 million years before humans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As mosquitoes evolved the habit of drinking blood, some viruses have tracked that evolutionary path and become human-vectored viruses,” said microbiologist Shannon Bennett, chief of science at the California Academy of Sciences.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_728202\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/DL310MosquitoBite_CAL_ACADEMY_SHANNON_BENNETT_BITTEN_BY_UNINFECTED_MOSQUITO.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-728202\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/DL310MosquitoBite_CAL_ACADEMY_SHANNON_BENNETT_BITTEN_BY_UNINFECTED_MOSQUITO-1440x810.jpg\" alt=\"Shannon Bennett, chief of science at the California Academy of Sciences, lets herself be bitten by an uninfected common house mosquito during the production of a KQED Deep Look video.\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/DL310MosquitoBite_CAL_ACADEMY_SHANNON_BENNETT_BITTEN_BY_UNINFECTED_MOSQUITO-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/DL310MosquitoBite_CAL_ACADEMY_SHANNON_BENNETT_BITTEN_BY_UNINFECTED_MOSQUITO-400x225.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/DL310MosquitoBite_CAL_ACADEMY_SHANNON_BENNETT_BITTEN_BY_UNINFECTED_MOSQUITO-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/DL310MosquitoBite_CAL_ACADEMY_SHANNON_BENNETT_BITTEN_BY_UNINFECTED_MOSQUITO-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/DL310MosquitoBite_CAL_ACADEMY_SHANNON_BENNETT_BITTEN_BY_UNINFECTED_MOSQUITO.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/DL310MosquitoBite_CAL_ACADEMY_SHANNON_BENNETT_BITTEN_BY_UNINFECTED_MOSQUITO-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/DL310MosquitoBite_CAL_ACADEMY_SHANNON_BENNETT_BITTEN_BY_UNINFECTED_MOSQUITO-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Shannon Bennett, chief of science at the California Academy of Sciences, lets herself be bitten by an uninfected common house mosquito during the production of a KQED Deep Look video. \u003ccite>(Gabriela Quirós/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_728200\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/DL_310MosquitoBite_MOSQUITOLARVA.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-728200\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/DL_310MosquitoBite_MOSQUITOLARVA-1440x810.jpg\" alt=\"In California, larvae of the common house mosquito grow in water that pools in discarded containers, pet dishes and rain gutters. \" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/DL_310MosquitoBite_MOSQUITOLARVA-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/DL_310MosquitoBite_MOSQUITOLARVA-400x225.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/DL_310MosquitoBite_MOSQUITOLARVA-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/DL_310MosquitoBite_MOSQUITOLARVA-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/DL_310MosquitoBite_MOSQUITOLARVA.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/DL_310MosquitoBite_MOSQUITOLARVA-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/DL_310MosquitoBite_MOSQUITOLARVA-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">In California, larvae of the common house mosquito grow in water that pools in discarded containers, pet dishes and rain gutters. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>To reduce the chances of contracting a mosquito-borne disease, public health experts recommend \u003ca href=\"http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/yellowbook/2016/the-pre-travel-consultation/protection-against-mosquitoes-ticks-other-arthropods\">wearing mosquito repellent\u003c/a>, checking the screens on doors and windows and \u003ca href=\"http://msmvcd.s3.amazonaws.com/brochures/AYRM-2011_0.pdf\">eliminating standing water inside and around our homes (.pdf)\u003c/a>. Mosquitoes lay their eggs in the water that pools in gutters and bits of trash, as well as in decorative ponds, potted plants, pet dishes and uncovered rain barrels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve created the ecological niche that they’re well-adapted to,” said Bennett.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "The Drought Solution That’s Under Our Feet",
"headTitle": "The Drought Solution That’s Under Our Feet | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Now in the fifth year of an epic drought, Californians have explored ways to save water and wring it out of typical and atypical sources. The search has spanned the gamut from funding research, investing in expensive solutions like desalination plants, toying with the idea of recycling wastewater, imposing water-use restrictions, letting lawns go dry and experimenting with irrigation efficiency techniques for the crops that feed the country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”om8ScfHfARgN0Kfg3H2pUfY4qmpPl4je”]Thirsty crops, a burgeoning population and below-average precipitation have also led to seriously \u003cspan class=\"Hyperlink0\">\u003ca title=\"Link: https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/articles/2016/01/13/federal-policies-add-to-groundwater-strain/\" href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/articles/2016/01/13/federal-policies-add-to-groundwater-strain/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">overdrawn groundwater\u003c/a> \u003c/span>sources that took a very long time to fill up. The state’s agricultural industry, which grows more than 250 crops, has also been vilified for its heavy water use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But is the Golden State missing a solution that could offer a high payout — a solution that’s right under its feet?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Healthy soil that’s rich in organic matter has an ability to retain water that surpasses much more expensive solutions to the drought, yet not many people are aware of its potential to reduce farm water use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Name something that doesn’t come from the soil?” asked Tony Rolfe, a California state soil scientist with the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/main/national/about/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan class=\"Hyperlink0\">Natural Resources Conservation Service\u003c/span>\u003c/a> (NRCS), a U.S. Department of Agriculture agency. “It’s not just food, but also your clothes that come from cotton, construction and homes that rely on wood, even oxygen because you need soil to grow the plants that take in carbon dioxide and give out oxygen.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Soil has been overlooked because it’s underfoot, but he and other soil scientists around the world have been trying to bring it into the limelight, and highlight how better soil management can help reduce the water we use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just a spoonful of healthy soil rich in organic carbon will have billions of microbes that help plants thrive. These microorganisms need water, for which the soil forms a dark, rich organic matter called \u003ca href=\"http://nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/humus/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan class=\"Hyperlink0\">humus\u003c/span>\u003c/a> that emerges from decayed plant and animal matter — and \u003ca href=\"http://www.ext.colostate.edu/mg/Gardennotes/212.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan class=\"Hyperlink0\">humus acts as a sponge\u003c/span>\u003c/a>, helping the soil retain moisture.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Why Soil Gets Depleted\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But our soil has been seriously depleted in many areas because we’ve been abusing it knowingly and unknowingly. This has reduced its ability to retain moisture and as a result we’ve been drawing heavily on fast-disappearing ground and surface water resources.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Soil depletion is caused by several factors, but overtilling of the land is a top reason, according to Rolfe. Growing only one crop without crop rotation and crop diversity, not putting in a cover crop during the winter and heavy use of fertilizers and pesticides are other reasons why soil gets depleted of its rich nutrients.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“China uses 400–500lb of fertilizer per acre, India uses 100lb per acre and the U.S uses 150–200lb per acre,” said Rattan Lal, a veteran soil scientist at Ohio State University, Columbus (OSU). [100lb is 45kg; 1 acre is 0.4 hectare.] “Sub-Saharan Africa uses only about 8lb per acre, but most are subsistence farmers. What we need is integrated nutrient management to help combat depletion in soil; fertilizer alone can’t compensate for it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lal explained that healthy soils should have high soil organic carbon in the root zone, in the range of 1.5–2 percent. If the carbon is reduced, the soil’s ability to hold water is also reduced.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To keep the soil healthy, tilling and chemical inputs need to be reduced, and farmers are advised to put in cover crops in the off-season and to leave in root residue after harvesting, to feed the soil. The soil is akin to a machine in that a well-maintained, well-oiled machine runs better than one that is left idle until it’s needed. Soil is similar. It needs to have crops rotating throughout the year to feed it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Conservation agriculture is the term applied to these practices, which help reduce soil disturbance and maximize sustainable, economically viable farming that improves yield and the soil’s ecosystem in the long run.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Know Your Soil, Help Save Water\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Knowing what soil you have is important. Once you know, you can manage it better in a drought,” Rolfe said, explaining that the NRCS maps all the soils across the U.S — something it’s been doing for 100 years – and this information is available online. There’s also a\u003ca href=\"http://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/national/home/?cid=stelprdb1049255\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan class=\"Hyperlink0\">smartphone app\u003c/span>\u003c/a> that anyone can use to get an instant snapshot of the soil they’re standing over anywhere in the country.”\u003cb>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The payoff that healthy soil offers is huge — both in terms of water savings and climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you increase soil organic matter by 1 percent, you can save 25,000 gallons [95,000 liters] of water per acre from being used, so you’re less dependent on other sources of water,” Rolfe said. “And the more you can store organic carbon in the soil, the less carbon dioxide is released, which also helps with climate and carbon sequestration.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Current tillage practices are a legacy practice from the 1950s, but overtilling depletes the organic matter, which hurts the microorganisms and leads to the soil acting as a sieve instead of a sponge.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We thought the best method was to go out and till,” Rolfe said. “We didn’t realize that we were hurting the soil ecosystem.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Similarly, many farmers may not recognize the benefits of leaving in crop residue, which acts as a surface shade for the soil and helps soil microbes thrive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Easier Said Than Done\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>“\u003c/b>It’s not rocket science, right?” laughed Rolfe. “But it’s not easy to put into practice, because in California we have 300-plus crops compared to three or four in the Midwest, so there are barriers for farmers to change the way they do things.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Changing soil management practices is a risk that many may be reluctant to take, given the ramifications, he explained.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I feel for the farmers because while it sounds simple, it’s not,” Rolfe said. “It’s like a diet – you think it’s simple going in but it’s not that easy to stick with it. It’s like a paradigm shift, you have to change your management systems and we’re used to doing things the way we’ve always done it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A big risk that worries growers is yields dropping while they transition to healthier soil practices. Transitions can take three to five years to happen, making it an economic risk. Nonbeneficial pests may increase during this period, and farmers may realize they need to invest in new equipment for minimum tillage and seeding, both of which can add to their financial burden.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Smart Agriculture\u003c/strong>\u003cb>\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In May this year, secretary of agriculture Tom Vilsack released a roadmap for the U.S. Department of Agriculture’s “\u003ca href=\"http://www.usda.gov/wps/portal/usda/usdahome?contentidonly=true&contentid=climate-smart.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan class=\"Hyperlink0\">building blocks for climate smart agriculture and forestry\u003c/span>\u003c/a>” in which he lists soil health as a top priority.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lal cited the example of an OSU experiment that proved soil health does impact water retention and crop production. When Ohio went through a bad drought back in 2012, OSU experimented by leaving in crop residue in one patch of the field and stripping residue from another patch.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They found that soil moisture was nearly one-third more in the patch with residue, because there was no surface runoff or evaporation, and what’s more, the soil temperature was cooler by 5–6 degrees Celsius. This led to a 60 percent hike in production.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is what we’re talking about — a cover crop can keep the soil cooler, more moist and what we call climate smart agriculture,” Lal pointed out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Residue also helps feed earthworms, which then burrow channels up and down in the soil. These worm holes or biopores can be up to 2ft (60cm) deep, and plant roots will follow the holes, which leads them to deeper soil where there’s more water available.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One other advantage of soils with high carbon content and microbial activity is that it helps destroy plant diseases.\u003cb>\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The health of the soil, plants, animals, people and ecosystems are interdependent, interconnected and indivisible,” Lal said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cspan class=\"start\">\u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/about/\">Water Deeply\u003c/a> is\u003c/span> an independent digital media project dedicated to covering California’s water crisis. The project is part of \u003ca href=\"http://www.newsdeeply.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">News Deeply\u003c/a>, a new media startup and social enterprise based in New York.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "When California searches for relief from the drought, and explores different solutions, from conserving water to desalination, one avenue that often gets overlooked is what’s under our feet — soil.",
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"description": "When California searches for relief from the drought, and explores different solutions, from conserving water to desalination, one avenue that often gets overlooked is what’s under our feet — soil.",
"title": "The Drought Solution That’s Under Our Feet | KQED",
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"headline": "The Drought Solution That’s Under Our Feet",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Now in the fifth year of an epic drought, Californians have explored ways to save water and wring it out of typical and atypical sources. The search has spanned the gamut from funding research, investing in expensive solutions like desalination plants, toying with the idea of recycling wastewater, imposing water-use restrictions, letting lawns go dry and experimenting with irrigation efficiency techniques for the crops that feed the country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>Thirsty crops, a burgeoning population and below-average precipitation have also led to seriously \u003cspan class=\"Hyperlink0\">\u003ca title=\"Link: https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/articles/2016/01/13/federal-policies-add-to-groundwater-strain/\" href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/articles/2016/01/13/federal-policies-add-to-groundwater-strain/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">overdrawn groundwater\u003c/a> \u003c/span>sources that took a very long time to fill up. The state’s agricultural industry, which grows more than 250 crops, has also been vilified for its heavy water use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But is the Golden State missing a solution that could offer a high payout — a solution that’s right under its feet?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Healthy soil that’s rich in organic matter has an ability to retain water that surpasses much more expensive solutions to the drought, yet not many people are aware of its potential to reduce farm water use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Name something that doesn’t come from the soil?” asked Tony Rolfe, a California state soil scientist with the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/main/national/about/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan class=\"Hyperlink0\">Natural Resources Conservation Service\u003c/span>\u003c/a> (NRCS), a U.S. Department of Agriculture agency. “It’s not just food, but also your clothes that come from cotton, construction and homes that rely on wood, even oxygen because you need soil to grow the plants that take in carbon dioxide and give out oxygen.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Soil has been overlooked because it’s underfoot, but he and other soil scientists around the world have been trying to bring it into the limelight, and highlight how better soil management can help reduce the water we use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just a spoonful of healthy soil rich in organic carbon will have billions of microbes that help plants thrive. These microorganisms need water, for which the soil forms a dark, rich organic matter called \u003ca href=\"http://nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/humus/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan class=\"Hyperlink0\">humus\u003c/span>\u003c/a> that emerges from decayed plant and animal matter — and \u003ca href=\"http://www.ext.colostate.edu/mg/Gardennotes/212.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan class=\"Hyperlink0\">humus acts as a sponge\u003c/span>\u003c/a>, helping the soil retain moisture.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Why Soil Gets Depleted\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But our soil has been seriously depleted in many areas because we’ve been abusing it knowingly and unknowingly. This has reduced its ability to retain moisture and as a result we’ve been drawing heavily on fast-disappearing ground and surface water resources.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Soil depletion is caused by several factors, but overtilling of the land is a top reason, according to Rolfe. Growing only one crop without crop rotation and crop diversity, not putting in a cover crop during the winter and heavy use of fertilizers and pesticides are other reasons why soil gets depleted of its rich nutrients.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“China uses 400–500lb of fertilizer per acre, India uses 100lb per acre and the U.S uses 150–200lb per acre,” said Rattan Lal, a veteran soil scientist at Ohio State University, Columbus (OSU). [100lb is 45kg; 1 acre is 0.4 hectare.] “Sub-Saharan Africa uses only about 8lb per acre, but most are subsistence farmers. What we need is integrated nutrient management to help combat depletion in soil; fertilizer alone can’t compensate for it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lal explained that healthy soils should have high soil organic carbon in the root zone, in the range of 1.5–2 percent. If the carbon is reduced, the soil’s ability to hold water is also reduced.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To keep the soil healthy, tilling and chemical inputs need to be reduced, and farmers are advised to put in cover crops in the off-season and to leave in root residue after harvesting, to feed the soil. The soil is akin to a machine in that a well-maintained, well-oiled machine runs better than one that is left idle until it’s needed. Soil is similar. It needs to have crops rotating throughout the year to feed it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Conservation agriculture is the term applied to these practices, which help reduce soil disturbance and maximize sustainable, economically viable farming that improves yield and the soil’s ecosystem in the long run.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Know Your Soil, Help Save Water\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Knowing what soil you have is important. Once you know, you can manage it better in a drought,” Rolfe said, explaining that the NRCS maps all the soils across the U.S — something it’s been doing for 100 years – and this information is available online. There’s also a\u003ca href=\"http://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/national/home/?cid=stelprdb1049255\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan class=\"Hyperlink0\">smartphone app\u003c/span>\u003c/a> that anyone can use to get an instant snapshot of the soil they’re standing over anywhere in the country.”\u003cb>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The payoff that healthy soil offers is huge — both in terms of water savings and climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you increase soil organic matter by 1 percent, you can save 25,000 gallons [95,000 liters] of water per acre from being used, so you’re less dependent on other sources of water,” Rolfe said. “And the more you can store organic carbon in the soil, the less carbon dioxide is released, which also helps with climate and carbon sequestration.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Current tillage practices are a legacy practice from the 1950s, but overtilling depletes the organic matter, which hurts the microorganisms and leads to the soil acting as a sieve instead of a sponge.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We thought the best method was to go out and till,” Rolfe said. “We didn’t realize that we were hurting the soil ecosystem.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Similarly, many farmers may not recognize the benefits of leaving in crop residue, which acts as a surface shade for the soil and helps soil microbes thrive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Easier Said Than Done\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>“\u003c/b>It’s not rocket science, right?” laughed Rolfe. “But it’s not easy to put into practice, because in California we have 300-plus crops compared to three or four in the Midwest, so there are barriers for farmers to change the way they do things.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Changing soil management practices is a risk that many may be reluctant to take, given the ramifications, he explained.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I feel for the farmers because while it sounds simple, it’s not,” Rolfe said. “It’s like a diet – you think it’s simple going in but it’s not that easy to stick with it. It’s like a paradigm shift, you have to change your management systems and we’re used to doing things the way we’ve always done it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A big risk that worries growers is yields dropping while they transition to healthier soil practices. Transitions can take three to five years to happen, making it an economic risk. Nonbeneficial pests may increase during this period, and farmers may realize they need to invest in new equipment for minimum tillage and seeding, both of which can add to their financial burden.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Smart Agriculture\u003c/strong>\u003cb>\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In May this year, secretary of agriculture Tom Vilsack released a roadmap for the U.S. Department of Agriculture’s “\u003ca href=\"http://www.usda.gov/wps/portal/usda/usdahome?contentidonly=true&contentid=climate-smart.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan class=\"Hyperlink0\">building blocks for climate smart agriculture and forestry\u003c/span>\u003c/a>” in which he lists soil health as a top priority.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lal cited the example of an OSU experiment that proved soil health does impact water retention and crop production. When Ohio went through a bad drought back in 2012, OSU experimented by leaving in crop residue in one patch of the field and stripping residue from another patch.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They found that soil moisture was nearly one-third more in the patch with residue, because there was no surface runoff or evaporation, and what’s more, the soil temperature was cooler by 5–6 degrees Celsius. This led to a 60 percent hike in production.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is what we’re talking about — a cover crop can keep the soil cooler, more moist and what we call climate smart agriculture,” Lal pointed out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Residue also helps feed earthworms, which then burrow channels up and down in the soil. These worm holes or biopores can be up to 2ft (60cm) deep, and plant roots will follow the holes, which leads them to deeper soil where there’s more water available.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One other advantage of soils with high carbon content and microbial activity is that it helps destroy plant diseases.\u003cb>\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The health of the soil, plants, animals, people and ecosystems are interdependent, interconnected and indivisible,” Lal said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cspan class=\"start\">\u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/about/\">Water Deeply\u003c/a> is\u003c/span> an independent digital media project dedicated to covering California’s water crisis. The project is part of \u003ca href=\"http://www.newsdeeply.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">News Deeply\u003c/a>, a new media startup and social enterprise based in New York.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Seaweed on Your Dinner Plate: The Next Kale Could Be Kelp",
"headTitle": "Seaweed on Your Dinner Plate: The Next Kale Could Be Kelp | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>You’ve heard that you should eat more kale. Now a small but growing industry wants you to eat more kelp.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Seaweed production has long been a big industry in Asia. But recently, American entrepreneurs have launched new enterprises that grow fresh and frozen seaweed right here in the States.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just off the Maine coast, I caught up with Peter Fischer, Peter Arnold and Seth Barker, whose new venture, Maine Fresh Sea Farms, is yielding its first full harvest. From a small skiff out in the clean waters of Maine’s Damariscotta estuary, they winch up a rope that’s heavy with floppy sheets of glistening kelp.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Back in September, they set tiny starter plants of three varieties of edible seaweed out here: kelp, dulse and alaria. Now they have several wide lines of biomass that extend out for yards, bulging just under the water’s surface.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These have been growing really fast,” Arnold says, marveling at the seaweed’s speedy growth. “Some of them are well over 10 feet.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These men are all older than 65, and they’ve worked various marine endeavors for decades. They’ve watched the decline of some of Maine’s traditional fisheries: sardine, cod, and more recently, shrimp.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For this latest venture, they’re getting some financial help from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, and from a local nonprofit development agency. Arnold says the hope is that seaweed farming can boost and diversify existing infrastructure and expertise in the state’s seafaring communities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“No one was really doing fresh, at least here in this market,” Arnold says. “So we thought, ‘That’s an opening.’ ”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Maybe they’ve found one. The greens are selling for up to $15 a pound at retail; restaurants pay a bit less. Another Maine company, \u003ca href=\"http://www.oceanapproved.com/\">Ocean Approved\u003c/a>, is selling truckloads of frozen Gulf of Maine seaweed to hospitals and schools — including the universities of Iowa and Texas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>People have foraged wild seaweed off the Eastern Seaboard for centuries. And some small businesses have grown up around harvesting wild seaweed for human and animal consumption. But now a much more active effort to grow seaweed in the U.S. is afoot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You know what? Kelp is the new kale,” says \u003ca href=\"http://www.bartonseaver.org/\">Barton Seaver\u003c/a>, who directs Harvard’s Healthy and Sustainable Food Program. A former D.C.-area chef, he’s all-in for seaweed and has even published a \u003ca href=\"http://www.amazon.com/Superfood-Seagreens-Cooking-Power-packed-Superfoods/dp/1454917393\">seaweed cookbook\u003c/a>. “Watch out, ’cause it’s coming, and it’ll be everywhere in the next decade,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The virtues of macro-algae are many, in Seaver’s eyes: They require no fertilizer, no pesticides, no fresh water, no arable land. Their nutritional profile is admirable, he says, providing healthy doses of iodine as well as potassium, calcium and other micro-nutrients, protein, soluble fiber, and Omega-3 fatty acids.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And seaweed’s benefits aren’t just for humans. It’s quick growth means quick carbon dioxide uptake, which can reduce ocean acidification. Seaweed can filter excess nitrogen and phosphorous from the water, too. A National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration-funded \u003ca href=\"http://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/aquaculture/homepage_stories/18_help_from_kelp.html\">project\u003c/a> in Washington State’s Puget Sound is aiming to prove that farmed seaweed can create a “protective halo” around stressed sea habitats.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s not just a sustainable crop: Seaver says it’s restorative.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“And that’s a very real difference and a major evolutionary point in the sustainability dialogue,” he notes. “We’re not at a point where we’re just focused on doing no harm. We’re really beginning to investigate and discover food-production methods that allow us to restore and heal environments.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“And,” Seaver adds, “it’s delicious.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Really?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I grew up in Maine, and this is what you used to abuse your younger sister on the beach — whipping her with kelp,” says Neal Harden, the chef at a soon-to-open \u003ca href=\"http://ny.eater.com/2015/3/11/8189873/jean-georges-vongerichten-abc-home-grown-abcv\">vegetarian version\u003c/a> of New York City’s Michelin-rated ABC Kitchen. He acknowledges that seaweed can seem like a funny choice for haute cuisine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Harden says he loves the stuff. “It brings a sort of brininess and this oceanic flavor,” he says, as he tosses together dressing for a fettuccine dish he’s developing for his new restaurant. “This dish just has so much umami, between the giant hen [of-the-woods] mushrooms I just threw in there and the seaweed.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Harden has been looking for a source of fresh ocean greens for his new menu. He says he’s lucky to have found the Maine product, which he plans to incorporate into several dishes — including the fettuccine and a morel and dulse salad — while it’s in season (seaweed grows best in the colder months).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He’s not the only one getting into kelp. Several chefs in Maine’s vibrant food scene, true to the locavore ethic, are giving Maine sea greens a try.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The collective American palate may still take some time to fully embrace farmed U.S. macro-algae. But if the seaweed revolution hasn’t quite arrived yet, like the kelp in Maine’s Damariscotta River, it’s showing some pretty rapid growth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Seaweed+On+Your+Dinner+Plate%3A+The+Next+Kale+Could+Be+Kelp&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>You’ve heard that you should eat more kale. Now a small but growing industry wants you to eat more kelp.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Seaweed production has long been a big industry in Asia. But recently, American entrepreneurs have launched new enterprises that grow fresh and frozen seaweed right here in the States.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just off the Maine coast, I caught up with Peter Fischer, Peter Arnold and Seth Barker, whose new venture, Maine Fresh Sea Farms, is yielding its first full harvest. From a small skiff out in the clean waters of Maine’s Damariscotta estuary, they winch up a rope that’s heavy with floppy sheets of glistening kelp.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Back in September, they set tiny starter plants of three varieties of edible seaweed out here: kelp, dulse and alaria. Now they have several wide lines of biomass that extend out for yards, bulging just under the water’s surface.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These have been growing really fast,” Arnold says, marveling at the seaweed’s speedy growth. “Some of them are well over 10 feet.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These men are all older than 65, and they’ve worked various marine endeavors for decades. They’ve watched the decline of some of Maine’s traditional fisheries: sardine, cod, and more recently, shrimp.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For this latest venture, they’re getting some financial help from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, and from a local nonprofit development agency. Arnold says the hope is that seaweed farming can boost and diversify existing infrastructure and expertise in the state’s seafaring communities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“No one was really doing fresh, at least here in this market,” Arnold says. “So we thought, ‘That’s an opening.’ ”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Maybe they’ve found one. The greens are selling for up to $15 a pound at retail; restaurants pay a bit less. Another Maine company, \u003ca href=\"http://www.oceanapproved.com/\">Ocean Approved\u003c/a>, is selling truckloads of frozen Gulf of Maine seaweed to hospitals and schools — including the universities of Iowa and Texas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>People have foraged wild seaweed off the Eastern Seaboard for centuries. And some small businesses have grown up around harvesting wild seaweed for human and animal consumption. But now a much more active effort to grow seaweed in the U.S. is afoot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You know what? Kelp is the new kale,” says \u003ca href=\"http://www.bartonseaver.org/\">Barton Seaver\u003c/a>, who directs Harvard’s Healthy and Sustainable Food Program. A former D.C.-area chef, he’s all-in for seaweed and has even published a \u003ca href=\"http://www.amazon.com/Superfood-Seagreens-Cooking-Power-packed-Superfoods/dp/1454917393\">seaweed cookbook\u003c/a>. “Watch out, ’cause it’s coming, and it’ll be everywhere in the next decade,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The virtues of macro-algae are many, in Seaver’s eyes: They require no fertilizer, no pesticides, no fresh water, no arable land. Their nutritional profile is admirable, he says, providing healthy doses of iodine as well as potassium, calcium and other micro-nutrients, protein, soluble fiber, and Omega-3 fatty acids.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And seaweed’s benefits aren’t just for humans. It’s quick growth means quick carbon dioxide uptake, which can reduce ocean acidification. Seaweed can filter excess nitrogen and phosphorous from the water, too. A National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration-funded \u003ca href=\"http://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/aquaculture/homepage_stories/18_help_from_kelp.html\">project\u003c/a> in Washington State’s Puget Sound is aiming to prove that farmed seaweed can create a “protective halo” around stressed sea habitats.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s not just a sustainable crop: Seaver says it’s restorative.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“And that’s a very real difference and a major evolutionary point in the sustainability dialogue,” he notes. “We’re not at a point where we’re just focused on doing no harm. We’re really beginning to investigate and discover food-production methods that allow us to restore and heal environments.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“And,” Seaver adds, “it’s delicious.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Really?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I grew up in Maine, and this is what you used to abuse your younger sister on the beach — whipping her with kelp,” says Neal Harden, the chef at a soon-to-open \u003ca href=\"http://ny.eater.com/2015/3/11/8189873/jean-georges-vongerichten-abc-home-grown-abcv\">vegetarian version\u003c/a> of New York City’s Michelin-rated ABC Kitchen. He acknowledges that seaweed can seem like a funny choice for haute cuisine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Harden says he loves the stuff. “It brings a sort of brininess and this oceanic flavor,” he says, as he tosses together dressing for a fettuccine dish he’s developing for his new restaurant. “This dish just has so much umami, between the giant hen [of-the-woods] mushrooms I just threw in there and the seaweed.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Harden has been looking for a source of fresh ocean greens for his new menu. He says he’s lucky to have found the Maine product, which he plans to incorporate into several dishes — including the fettuccine and a morel and dulse salad — while it’s in season (seaweed grows best in the colder months).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He’s not the only one getting into kelp. Several chefs in Maine’s vibrant food scene, true to the locavore ethic, are giving Maine sea greens a try.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The collective American palate may still take some time to fully embrace farmed U.S. macro-algae. But if the seaweed revolution hasn’t quite arrived yet, like the kelp in Maine’s Damariscotta River, it’s showing some pretty rapid growth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Seaweed+On+Your+Dinner+Plate%3A+The+Next+Kale+Could+Be+Kelp&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Humpback Whales Exploring the Bay in Unprecedented Numbers",
"headTitle": "Humpback Whales Exploring the Bay in Unprecedented Numbers | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Multiple humpback whale sightings inside Golden Gate bridge have surprised and delighted researchers since late April.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though whales have entered the bay before, scientists interpreted most of those incursions as random wanderings. This time it appears that they’ve targeted the bay for foraging.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“It’s pretty exciting,” says Bill Keener of \u003ca href=\"http://www.ggcetacean.org/\">Golden Gate Cetacean Research\u003c/a>. “We’ve never seen this before and we’ve been studying this since the 70s.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Keener’s research focuses on porpoises but he’s been eagerly heading out to the bay to snap photos since his first encounter on April 28.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_731315\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 3107px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-731315\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/Keener-humpback-15-May-2016-e.jpg\" alt=\"A humpback whale spotted inside the bay on May 15 by Bill Keener a project leader from Golden Gate Cetacean Research .\" width=\"3107\" height=\"2405\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/Keener-humpback-15-May-2016-e.jpg 3107w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/Keener-humpback-15-May-2016-e-400x310.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/Keener-humpback-15-May-2016-e-800x619.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/Keener-humpback-15-May-2016-e-768x594.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/Keener-humpback-15-May-2016-e-1440x1115.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/Keener-humpback-15-May-2016-e-1920x1486.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/Keener-humpback-15-May-2016-e-1180x913.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/Keener-humpback-15-May-2016-e-960x743.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 3107px) 100vw, 3107px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A humpback whale spotted inside the bay on May 15 by Bill Keener, a project leader from Golden Gate Cetacean Research . \u003ccite>(Bill Keener/Golden Gate Cetacean Research)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_731317\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 3443px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-731317\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/Keener-Humpbacks-GGB-15-May-2016-a.jpg\" alt=\"Scientists used unique markings on the whales' tails to identify them. \" width=\"3443\" height=\"2229\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/Keener-Humpbacks-GGB-15-May-2016-a.jpg 3443w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/Keener-Humpbacks-GGB-15-May-2016-a-400x259.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/Keener-Humpbacks-GGB-15-May-2016-a-800x518.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/Keener-Humpbacks-GGB-15-May-2016-a-768x497.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/Keener-Humpbacks-GGB-15-May-2016-a-1440x932.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/Keener-Humpbacks-GGB-15-May-2016-a-1920x1243.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/Keener-Humpbacks-GGB-15-May-2016-a-1180x764.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/Keener-Humpbacks-GGB-15-May-2016-a-960x622.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 3443px) 100vw, 3443px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Scientists use unique markings on the whales’ flukes to identify them. \u003ccite>(Bill Keener/Golden Gate Cetacean Research)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Over the weekend Keener watched a whale repeatedly dive and surface as water streamed through its baleen. Whales use the bristly material to trap food inside their mouths, then expel the water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Keener said the prolonged dives and other behavior he’s observed are unmistakable signs of feeding.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If the whales are coming in intentionally, Keener says it could presage regular annual visits, a sign of improving bay health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Humpback whales feed on anchovies and krill and Keener says the whales’ presence suggests the bay has enough resources to support these large animals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_731318\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 3450px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-731318 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/Duke-humpbacks-30-April-2016.jpg\" alt='Two humpback whales spotted by Golden Gate Cetacean Research \"citizen scientist\" Lauri Duke. ' width=\"3450\" height=\"2587\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/Duke-humpbacks-30-April-2016.jpg 3450w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/Duke-humpbacks-30-April-2016-400x300.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/Duke-humpbacks-30-April-2016-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/Duke-humpbacks-30-April-2016-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/Duke-humpbacks-30-April-2016-1440x1080.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/Duke-humpbacks-30-April-2016-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/Duke-humpbacks-30-April-2016-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/Duke-humpbacks-30-April-2016-960x720.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 3450px) 100vw, 3450px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Two humpback whales swim in front of Fort Baker in Marin County. \u003ccite>(Lauri Duke)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_745519\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 3488px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-745519\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/Keener-humpback-28-May-2016-b-e1464912524727.jpg\" alt=\"A humpback whale sighted on May 28.\" width=\"3488\" height=\"2325\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/Keener-humpback-28-May-2016-b-e1464912524727.jpg 3488w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/Keener-humpback-28-May-2016-b-e1464912524727-400x267.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/Keener-humpback-28-May-2016-b-e1464912524727-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/Keener-humpback-28-May-2016-b-e1464912524727-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/Keener-humpback-28-May-2016-b-e1464912524727-1440x960.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/Keener-humpback-28-May-2016-b-e1464912524727-1920x1280.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/Keener-humpback-28-May-2016-b-e1464912524727-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/Keener-humpback-28-May-2016-b-e1464912524727-960x640.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 3488px) 100vw, 3488px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A humpback whale sighted on May 28. \u003ccite>(Bill Keener/Golden Gate Cetacean Research)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>These whales don’t appear lost like “\u003ca href=\"http://www.marinemammalcenter.org/patients/success-stories/delta-dawn-sacremenot.html?referrer=https://www.google.com/\">Delta and Dawn\u003c/a>” — the mother and calf that wandered far up the Sacramento River in 2007, or \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humphrey_the_Whale\">“Humphrey” the whale\u003c/a>, who detoured from his Mexico-to-Alaska migration and swam into the Bay twice — in 1985 and 1990 — becoming a media celebrity and the subject of a \u003ca href=\"http://www.amazon.com/Humphrey-Lost-Whale-True-Story/dp/1611720176?ie=UTF8&*Version*=1&*entries*=0\">children’s book\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those whales have\u003cb> \u003c/b>“entered into pop culture,” says research biologist John Calambokidis from the \u003ca href=\"http://www.cascadiaresearch.org/\">Cascadia Research Collective\u003c/a> in Olympia, Washington.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The collective studies marine mammals and has a catalog of 3,000 individual whales that have been spotted along the west coast since the 1980s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Calambokidis’ team is analyzing Keener’s photos and has matched at least four whales sighted in San Francisco to several in the catalog.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Each whale has distinct markings on the underside of its tail, which scientists use for identification. A combination of black, white or grey patterns and visible scars help researchers identify the marine mammals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_745520\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1573px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-745520\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/Keener-humpback-15-My-2016-feeding-e1464912716143.jpg\" alt=\"A humpback whale surfacing after diving was likely feeding on anchovies that live in the Bay.\" width=\"1573\" height=\"1053\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/Keener-humpback-15-My-2016-feeding-e1464912716143.jpg 1573w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/Keener-humpback-15-My-2016-feeding-e1464912716143-400x268.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/Keener-humpback-15-My-2016-feeding-e1464912716143-800x536.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/Keener-humpback-15-My-2016-feeding-e1464912716143-768x514.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/Keener-humpback-15-My-2016-feeding-e1464912716143-1440x964.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/Keener-humpback-15-My-2016-feeding-e1464912716143-1180x790.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/Keener-humpback-15-My-2016-feeding-e1464912716143-960x643.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1573px) 100vw, 1573px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A humpback whale surfacing after diving was likely feeding on anchovies that live in the Bay. \u003ccite>(Bill Keener/Golden Gate Cetacean Research)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_745517\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-745517\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/W02_white.jpg\" alt=\"Whale 12297, seen on May 21 inside the Golden Gate was matched to a file photo (insert) from Cascadia Research Collective. \" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/W02_white.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/W02_white-400x225.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/W02_white-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/W02_white-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/W02_white-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/W02_white-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/W02_white-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Whale 12297, seen on May 21 inside the Golden Gate was matched to a file photo (insert) from Cascadia Research Collective. \u003ccite>(Cascadia Research Collective)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_745515\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-745515\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/W01_black.jpg\" alt=\"Spotted inside the Golden Gate on May 21, whale 12576 was first identified as a calf in Monterey during 2008. There have been multiple sighting of this whale in Monterey Bay from 2008 through 2014.\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/W01_black.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/W01_black-400x225.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/W01_black-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/W01_black-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/W01_black-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/W01_black-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/W01_black-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Spotted inside the Golden Gate on May 21, whale 12576 was first identified as a calf in Monterey during 2008. There have been multiple sighting of this whale in Monterey Bay from 2008 through 2014. \u003ccite>(Cascadia Research Collective)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“People joke that it’s like a fingerprint,” says Calambokidis. “I look at these markings and you can tell a lot.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Each animal is tracked with a unique identification number. Whales 12297 and 12576 were both spotted inside the Golden Gate on May 21 and have hovered around Monterey Bay before. Whale 12576, which has large white patches on its fluke, was a calf when it was first observed in 2008.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>No one knows how long the animals will linger here but Calambokidis reminds onlookers to keep a safe distance and avoid approaching in boats or on paddle boards — especially since the animals already face an increased risk from vessel strikes while they’re in the bay.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Multiple humpback whale sightings inside Golden Gate bridge have surprised and delighted researchers since late April.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though whales have entered the bay before, scientists interpreted most of those incursions as random wanderings. This time it appears that they’ve targeted the bay for foraging.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“It’s pretty exciting,” says Bill Keener of \u003ca href=\"http://www.ggcetacean.org/\">Golden Gate Cetacean Research\u003c/a>. “We’ve never seen this before and we’ve been studying this since the 70s.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Keener’s research focuses on porpoises but he’s been eagerly heading out to the bay to snap photos since his first encounter on April 28.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_731315\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 3107px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-731315\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/Keener-humpback-15-May-2016-e.jpg\" alt=\"A humpback whale spotted inside the bay on May 15 by Bill Keener a project leader from Golden Gate Cetacean Research .\" width=\"3107\" height=\"2405\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/Keener-humpback-15-May-2016-e.jpg 3107w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/Keener-humpback-15-May-2016-e-400x310.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/Keener-humpback-15-May-2016-e-800x619.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/Keener-humpback-15-May-2016-e-768x594.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/Keener-humpback-15-May-2016-e-1440x1115.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/Keener-humpback-15-May-2016-e-1920x1486.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/Keener-humpback-15-May-2016-e-1180x913.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/Keener-humpback-15-May-2016-e-960x743.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 3107px) 100vw, 3107px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A humpback whale spotted inside the bay on May 15 by Bill Keener, a project leader from Golden Gate Cetacean Research . \u003ccite>(Bill Keener/Golden Gate Cetacean Research)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_731317\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 3443px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-731317\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/Keener-Humpbacks-GGB-15-May-2016-a.jpg\" alt=\"Scientists used unique markings on the whales' tails to identify them. \" width=\"3443\" height=\"2229\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/Keener-Humpbacks-GGB-15-May-2016-a.jpg 3443w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/Keener-Humpbacks-GGB-15-May-2016-a-400x259.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/Keener-Humpbacks-GGB-15-May-2016-a-800x518.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/Keener-Humpbacks-GGB-15-May-2016-a-768x497.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/Keener-Humpbacks-GGB-15-May-2016-a-1440x932.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/Keener-Humpbacks-GGB-15-May-2016-a-1920x1243.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/Keener-Humpbacks-GGB-15-May-2016-a-1180x764.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/Keener-Humpbacks-GGB-15-May-2016-a-960x622.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 3443px) 100vw, 3443px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Scientists use unique markings on the whales’ flukes to identify them. \u003ccite>(Bill Keener/Golden Gate Cetacean Research)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Over the weekend Keener watched a whale repeatedly dive and surface as water streamed through its baleen. Whales use the bristly material to trap food inside their mouths, then expel the water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Keener said the prolonged dives and other behavior he’s observed are unmistakable signs of feeding.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If the whales are coming in intentionally, Keener says it could presage regular annual visits, a sign of improving bay health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Humpback whales feed on anchovies and krill and Keener says the whales’ presence suggests the bay has enough resources to support these large animals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_731318\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 3450px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-731318 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/Duke-humpbacks-30-April-2016.jpg\" alt='Two humpback whales spotted by Golden Gate Cetacean Research \"citizen scientist\" Lauri Duke. ' width=\"3450\" height=\"2587\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/Duke-humpbacks-30-April-2016.jpg 3450w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/Duke-humpbacks-30-April-2016-400x300.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/Duke-humpbacks-30-April-2016-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/Duke-humpbacks-30-April-2016-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/Duke-humpbacks-30-April-2016-1440x1080.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/Duke-humpbacks-30-April-2016-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/Duke-humpbacks-30-April-2016-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/Duke-humpbacks-30-April-2016-960x720.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 3450px) 100vw, 3450px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Two humpback whales swim in front of Fort Baker in Marin County. \u003ccite>(Lauri Duke)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_745519\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 3488px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-745519\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/Keener-humpback-28-May-2016-b-e1464912524727.jpg\" alt=\"A humpback whale sighted on May 28.\" width=\"3488\" height=\"2325\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/Keener-humpback-28-May-2016-b-e1464912524727.jpg 3488w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/Keener-humpback-28-May-2016-b-e1464912524727-400x267.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/Keener-humpback-28-May-2016-b-e1464912524727-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/Keener-humpback-28-May-2016-b-e1464912524727-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/Keener-humpback-28-May-2016-b-e1464912524727-1440x960.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/Keener-humpback-28-May-2016-b-e1464912524727-1920x1280.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/Keener-humpback-28-May-2016-b-e1464912524727-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/Keener-humpback-28-May-2016-b-e1464912524727-960x640.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 3488px) 100vw, 3488px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A humpback whale sighted on May 28. \u003ccite>(Bill Keener/Golden Gate Cetacean Research)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>These whales don’t appear lost like “\u003ca href=\"http://www.marinemammalcenter.org/patients/success-stories/delta-dawn-sacremenot.html?referrer=https://www.google.com/\">Delta and Dawn\u003c/a>” — the mother and calf that wandered far up the Sacramento River in 2007, or \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humphrey_the_Whale\">“Humphrey” the whale\u003c/a>, who detoured from his Mexico-to-Alaska migration and swam into the Bay twice — in 1985 and 1990 — becoming a media celebrity and the subject of a \u003ca href=\"http://www.amazon.com/Humphrey-Lost-Whale-True-Story/dp/1611720176?ie=UTF8&*Version*=1&*entries*=0\">children’s book\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those whales have\u003cb> \u003c/b>“entered into pop culture,” says research biologist John Calambokidis from the \u003ca href=\"http://www.cascadiaresearch.org/\">Cascadia Research Collective\u003c/a> in Olympia, Washington.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The collective studies marine mammals and has a catalog of 3,000 individual whales that have been spotted along the west coast since the 1980s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Calambokidis’ team is analyzing Keener’s photos and has matched at least four whales sighted in San Francisco to several in the catalog.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Each whale has distinct markings on the underside of its tail, which scientists use for identification. A combination of black, white or grey patterns and visible scars help researchers identify the marine mammals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_745520\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1573px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-745520\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/Keener-humpback-15-My-2016-feeding-e1464912716143.jpg\" alt=\"A humpback whale surfacing after diving was likely feeding on anchovies that live in the Bay.\" width=\"1573\" height=\"1053\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/Keener-humpback-15-My-2016-feeding-e1464912716143.jpg 1573w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/Keener-humpback-15-My-2016-feeding-e1464912716143-400x268.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/Keener-humpback-15-My-2016-feeding-e1464912716143-800x536.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/Keener-humpback-15-My-2016-feeding-e1464912716143-768x514.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/Keener-humpback-15-My-2016-feeding-e1464912716143-1440x964.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/Keener-humpback-15-My-2016-feeding-e1464912716143-1180x790.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/Keener-humpback-15-My-2016-feeding-e1464912716143-960x643.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1573px) 100vw, 1573px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A humpback whale surfacing after diving was likely feeding on anchovies that live in the Bay. \u003ccite>(Bill Keener/Golden Gate Cetacean Research)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_745517\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-745517\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/W02_white.jpg\" alt=\"Whale 12297, seen on May 21 inside the Golden Gate was matched to a file photo (insert) from Cascadia Research Collective. \" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/W02_white.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/W02_white-400x225.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/W02_white-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/W02_white-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/W02_white-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/W02_white-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/W02_white-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Whale 12297, seen on May 21 inside the Golden Gate was matched to a file photo (insert) from Cascadia Research Collective. \u003ccite>(Cascadia Research Collective)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_745515\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-745515\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/W01_black.jpg\" alt=\"Spotted inside the Golden Gate on May 21, whale 12576 was first identified as a calf in Monterey during 2008. There have been multiple sighting of this whale in Monterey Bay from 2008 through 2014.\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/W01_black.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/W01_black-400x225.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/W01_black-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/W01_black-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/W01_black-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/W01_black-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/W01_black-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Spotted inside the Golden Gate on May 21, whale 12576 was first identified as a calf in Monterey during 2008. There have been multiple sighting of this whale in Monterey Bay from 2008 through 2014. \u003ccite>(Cascadia Research Collective)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“People joke that it’s like a fingerprint,” says Calambokidis. “I look at these markings and you can tell a lot.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Each animal is tracked with a unique identification number. Whales 12297 and 12576 were both spotted inside the Golden Gate on May 21 and have hovered around Monterey Bay before. Whale 12576, which has large white patches on its fluke, was a calf when it was first observed in 2008.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>No one knows how long the animals will linger here but Calambokidis reminds onlookers to keep a safe distance and avoid approaching in boats or on paddle boards — especially since the animals already face an increased risk from vessel strikes while they’re in the bay.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Easing Drought Boosts California Hydropower, For Now",
"headTitle": "Easing Drought Boosts California Hydropower, For Now | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>The easing of California’s drought has boosted the state’s early spring hydropower generation to its highest level since 2011, helping it to recover from a 15-year low reached last year. But hydroelectricity production is not expected to improve much overall this year, according to the U.S. Energy Information Administration.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The West’s four-year drought desiccated many reservoirs in California, the nation’s fourth largest hydropower producer, reducing their ability to generate electricity and forcing the state to rely on other renewables and more fossil fuels for its power supply.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”HB0T7nsf5vRPpi95kXM7xAhuGHgr7GGI”]Prior to the drought, hydropower produced nearly 40 percent of the state’s electricity during wet years, with natural gas producing most of the rest. Today, about 11 percent of the state’s electricity comes from hydropower and 52 percent comes from natural gas, with wind, solar and nuclear producing much of the rest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though hydropower generated at large reservoirs is not included in California’s climate goals, it is a major source of renewable electricity that helps offset the country’s reliance on coal for electricity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California passed a law last year requiring 50 percent of the state’s power to come from wind, solar, biomass, geothermal energy and small hydroelectric sources by 2050.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since the drought began in 2012, Californians burned an additional $2 billion worth of natural gas to make up for lost hydropower, increasing greenhouse gas emissions from the state’s electric power sector by 10 percent, said water and climate analyst Peter Gleick, president of the Oakland-based Pacific Institute, a global water think tank.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California’s hydropower boost follows El Niño-fueled storms, which marched across the state over the winter, helping to fill some reservoirs to above their historical averages, state data show.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tim Shear, an economist at the U.S. Energy Information Administration, said the state’s hydropower production in March — 2.77 million megawatt hours — was the highest of any March since 2011.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hydropower generation usually peaks each summer when reservoirs are swollen with snowmelt and rainfall. The 2015 peak occurred in July at about 1.9 million megawatt hours, the lowest annual peak since 2001.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nearly-full reservoirs point to more hydropower generation for the short term, but it may not continue through through the summer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though the U.S. Climate Prediction Center’s seasonal outlook shows that California is likely to receive average rainfall this summer, warmer-than-normal temperatures are expected, which will help evaporate water stored in hydroelectric reservoirs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gleick said he expects that California’s hydropower generation will recover only marginally this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Northern California received about an average amount of rainfall, but the reservoirs were extremely low and so less than an average amount of water was let go through the turbines,” he said. “I would estimate that 2015-2016 will be below average (for) hydropower again, though certainly better than last year.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The easing of California’s drought has boosted the state’s early spring hydropower generation to its highest level since 2011, helping it to recover from a 15-year low reached last year. But hydroelectricity production is not expected to improve much overall this year, according to the U.S. Energy Information Administration.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The West’s four-year drought desiccated many reservoirs in California, the nation’s fourth largest hydropower producer, reducing their ability to generate electricity and forcing the state to rely on other renewables and more fossil fuels for its power supply.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>Prior to the drought, hydropower produced nearly 40 percent of the state’s electricity during wet years, with natural gas producing most of the rest. Today, about 11 percent of the state’s electricity comes from hydropower and 52 percent comes from natural gas, with wind, solar and nuclear producing much of the rest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though hydropower generated at large reservoirs is not included in California’s climate goals, it is a major source of renewable electricity that helps offset the country’s reliance on coal for electricity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California passed a law last year requiring 50 percent of the state’s power to come from wind, solar, biomass, geothermal energy and small hydroelectric sources by 2050.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since the drought began in 2012, Californians burned an additional $2 billion worth of natural gas to make up for lost hydropower, increasing greenhouse gas emissions from the state’s electric power sector by 10 percent, said water and climate analyst Peter Gleick, president of the Oakland-based Pacific Institute, a global water think tank.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California’s hydropower boost follows El Niño-fueled storms, which marched across the state over the winter, helping to fill some reservoirs to above their historical averages, state data show.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tim Shear, an economist at the U.S. Energy Information Administration, said the state’s hydropower production in March — 2.77 million megawatt hours — was the highest of any March since 2011.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hydropower generation usually peaks each summer when reservoirs are swollen with snowmelt and rainfall. The 2015 peak occurred in July at about 1.9 million megawatt hours, the lowest annual peak since 2001.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nearly-full reservoirs point to more hydropower generation for the short term, but it may not continue through through the summer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though the U.S. Climate Prediction Center’s seasonal outlook shows that California is likely to receive average rainfall this summer, warmer-than-normal temperatures are expected, which will help evaporate water stored in hydroelectric reservoirs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gleick said he expects that California’s hydropower generation will recover only marginally this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Northern California received about an average amount of rainfall, but the reservoirs were extremely low and so less than an average amount of water was let go through the turbines,” he said. “I would estimate that 2015-2016 will be below average (for) hydropower again, though certainly better than last year.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "How Do We Sustainably Manage the Delta’s Fish?",
"headTitle": "How Do We Sustainably Manage the Delta’s Fish? | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>It’s no secret that the ecosystem of the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta is in rough shape, by many metrics. One of the most talked about, and controversial, subjects is the state of the delta’s native fish populations, including endangered salmon runs and delta smelt. Management to protect critical fish populations has meant curbing water exports from the delta, which support farms and cities farther south and west – a policy unpopular with many water users.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But is there a better way to do things?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fisheries expert \u003ca href=\"https://watershed.ucdavis.edu/people/peter-b-moyle\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">Peter Moyle\u003c/a>, a distinguished professor emeritus in the Department of Wildlife, Fish and Conservation Biology and associate director of the \u003ca href=\"https://watershed.ucdavis.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">Center for Watershed Sciences at the University of California, Davis\u003c/a>, has some ideas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Moyle has spent decades studying the ecosystem, gathering data from Suisun Marsh that goes back to 1979 and authoring (or coauthoring) more than 225 publications including the books “\u003ca href=\"http://www.ucpress.edu/book.php?isbn=9780520227545\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">Inland Fishes of California\u003c/a>” and “\u003ca href=\"http://www.ucpress.edu/book.php?isbn=9780520276086\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">Suisun Marsh: Ecological History and Possible Futures\u003c/a>.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_742447\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 384px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-742447\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/DeltaSmelt.jpg\" alt=\"A Delta smelt caught during an annual fish survey. Biologists warn the fish is close to extinction. \" width=\"384\" height=\"324\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/DeltaSmelt.jpg 700w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/DeltaSmelt-400x338.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 384px) 100vw, 384px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A Delta smelt caught during an annual fish survey. Biologists warn the fish is close to extinction. \u003ccite>(Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Moyle spoke recently with Water Deeply about key problems in the delta, ideas for better management and the how native fish populations can be restored through habitat changes in key areas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: When it comes to the delta, we hear a lot about a few endangered species, but how is the delta ecosystem doing as a whole?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Peter Moyle: It’s not an easy question to answer. It’s actually a healthy ecosystem. But it has a lot of undesirable characteristics and by that I mean it’s not a very good place for native fish, like salmon and smelt. But it’s a great place for some of these non-native fish like largemouth bass. It depends on your point of view. If you’re a bass fisherman, the delta is great. If you’re interested in trying to keep native fish species going, like the delta smelt, it’s an ecosystem in pretty bad shape.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s just a matter of what characteristics of the ecosystem you value.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: What is the value of native fish in that ecosystem?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Moyle: The ones that people value the most are the salmon, of course; there are four runs of salmon. And there are steelhead, and those fish all have commercial and sport value. Then we have two species of sturgeon, which also have sport value.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the things our society has done is decide the highest priority for management are endangered species. We have seven endangered fish species in the delta, which take the priority for management. As a society, in a sense, we have made a decision that these native fishes that are in real trouble are what we value most in the system. Even though the ecosystem itself is not doing very well in terms of supporting them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: Does it make sense to manage the ecosystem for the protection of endangered species?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Moyle: It makes sense from the point of view of the Endangered Species Act, but it’s not managing it as an ecosystem. If you focus on just those species you lose track of the bigger picture. If I had my druthers it would be to manage the system for broader ecosystem values that include nonlisted species.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The delta today is what’s called a novel ecosystem: It’s an ecosystem unlike any that has ever existed before. It’s permanently altered by humans and it continues to be altered. It has a mixture of native and non-native species, not only fish but invertebrates, plants, everything out there is a mixture of species from all over the world and they’re all interacting and creating this new ecosystem. There is so much unpredictability about it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: How do we go about taking a more holistic management perspective?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Moyle: My own current thinking is that you have to look at it as not one place, but several places. Specifically, for the native fishes, for salmon and smelt and so forth, we should focus our management on them on the arc of habitat that goes from the Yolo Bypass down to the Cache-Lindsey Slough region, which is essentially the north delta, down the Sacramento River and into Suisun Marsh. That is an arc of habitat tied to the Sacramento River that has the highest-quality water and the most water. There are a lot of tidal marshes that can be restored.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That is a place where you have the greatest opportunity in interlinked regions for native fish restoration. And that’s making the assumption that the native fish and endangered species are what you want to protect.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The contrast to that is over in the south delta, which is the part most influenced by the large export pumps of the Department of Water Resources and the Bureau of Reclamation. That area has just been devastated from a native fish point of view. Instead its value today is for non-native fish, for largemouth bass and similar species. Maybe that is the way you do it – you manage the delta by region rather than thinking of the delta as one ecosystem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: What can you do to improve habitat in those areas for native fish?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Moyle: A lot of it involves improving flows through the system. It’s also a corridor for all the migratory fish – the sturgeon, the salmon, the steelhead, they are all migratory. They go up as adults, come down as juveniles. You have to keep water moving through it and that is really the key – you have to manage this area as an estuary. You have to manage the outflows.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You either have to reduce the amount of exports substantially or you have to do something like Gov. Brown’s tunnel project or something simpler than what he is proposing, because the present way water is diverted through the system makes it very difficult to maintain it as an estuary. The pull from the pumps changes the whole way the system operates and it makes it very confusing for the fish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: There seems to be a shift toward understanding the importance of floodplains for fisheries.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Moyle: There is a growing realization that salmon, especially chinook salmon, were historically floodplain-dependent – no one seemed to recognize that until quite recently because hatcheries basically replaced floodplains for the rearing of salmon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The work started with \u003ca href=\"http://cmsi.ucdavis.edu/events/salmon_symposium_speaker_bios/sommer_ted.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Ted Sommer\u003c/a>, one of my graduate students about 20 years ago. They started looking at salmon on the Yolo Bypass and realized that if the Yolo Bypass is flooded and you’re a baby salmon out there, you would grow three or four times bigger than you would if you were staying in the river. It’s a little bit warmer and there is just lots of food out there. The floodplains are really productive places.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When you think about how we can use floodplains to really grow salmon, the first thing you start noticing is that 95 percent of our natural floodplains are gone, but in the Sacramento Valley, they have been pretty much replaced by rice farming. Rice farmers have been very successful at making rice paddies great places to feed ducks and migratory waterfowl, so the question is in the winter, when they are not growing rice, can you also make them good places for salmon? It turns out you can.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: Some people have suggested trying to lower the number of predator fish such as striped bass, in order to protect endangered species. What has your research found about that?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Moyle: The delta is so complicated, there are so many things going on, but it’s pretty clear that the thing that is driving the basic changes in the delta ecosystem, that has happened since the 1970s, is the water being exported from the south delta as well as the total reduction in inflow. Some water is also exported outside the delta, too – there is a lot of water that never gets there. But the bottom line is that it just doesn’t work very well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you’re a water manager you’re always looking around for something else to blame and the striped bass are an easy target. It’s a non-native fish, it’s a voracious predator – it has a high metabolic rate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There were lawsuits suing the Department of Fish and Wildlife to take all regulations off striped bass with the idea that if you took away all the fishing regulations on striped bass you could fish it down and there would be fewer predators in the system and therefore there would be more salmon and delta smelt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The reasoning behind that is wrong.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: So the science that you found doesn’t support that theory?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Moyle: No it doesn’t and, in fact, one of the things I always tell people is that if you’re looking at this from an ecosystem point of view, you have to recognize that striped bass are not specialized on feeding on endangered fish, because endangered fish are too rare to support a predator. What they are specializing on are all the other fish out there and it’s quite likely that the striped bass are suppressing populations of other predators that could feed on the eggs and larvae of delta smelt, for example.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Any time you mess with an ecosystem and remove one predator, it’s going to be a response in the system and it may or may not be a response that you like. In the case of striped bass, there are so many other predators out there that, if striped bass are diminished, the others will just go up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: One of the biggest critiques of the way the delta is managed now is that pumping is being curtailed to keep more water in the system for endangered fish, but the fish populations are still plummeting. So more water isn’t helping. Is that how you see it?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Moyle: It’s an oversimplification, but it’s the result of the pickle they’ve got themselves in by not doing things right to begin with. You divert so much water now that it is hard for the fish to recover. There is a big shift in the delta ecosystem, especially the south and central delta; in the 1970s and 1980s the amount of water flowing through the delta was really diminished very quickly as the amount of exports rose steadily through that whole period and the ecosystem changed in response to that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So now we have all these endangered species out there that were really caused, in part (there are lots of things going on), by changes in the way water is moving through the system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[Limiting exports] results in some really substantial losses of water to farms south of the delta as a result of orders that come from the Fish and Wildlife Service and the National Marine Fisheries Service. But they are doing it because they have only a few of these fish left and if they get entrained in the pumps, it’s a dead fish and a violation of the Endangered Species Act. So they don’t really have much choice but to shut down the pumps.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s a classic case of closing the barn door after the horses have escaped.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cspan class=\"start\">\u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/about/\">Water Deeply\u003c/a> is\u003c/span> an independent digital media project dedicated to covering California’s water crisis. The project is part of \u003ca href=\"http://www.newsdeeply.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">News Deeply\u003c/a>, a new media startup and social enterprise based in New York.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Native fish populations in the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta are critical. Peter Moyle, associate director of the Center for Watershed Sciences at the University of California, Davis, has some ideas on what we can do differently.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>It’s no secret that the ecosystem of the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta is in rough shape, by many metrics. One of the most talked about, and controversial, subjects is the state of the delta’s native fish populations, including endangered salmon runs and delta smelt. Management to protect critical fish populations has meant curbing water exports from the delta, which support farms and cities farther south and west – a policy unpopular with many water users.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But is there a better way to do things?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fisheries expert \u003ca href=\"https://watershed.ucdavis.edu/people/peter-b-moyle\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">Peter Moyle\u003c/a>, a distinguished professor emeritus in the Department of Wildlife, Fish and Conservation Biology and associate director of the \u003ca href=\"https://watershed.ucdavis.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">Center for Watershed Sciences at the University of California, Davis\u003c/a>, has some ideas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Moyle has spent decades studying the ecosystem, gathering data from Suisun Marsh that goes back to 1979 and authoring (or coauthoring) more than 225 publications including the books “\u003ca href=\"http://www.ucpress.edu/book.php?isbn=9780520227545\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">Inland Fishes of California\u003c/a>” and “\u003ca href=\"http://www.ucpress.edu/book.php?isbn=9780520276086\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">Suisun Marsh: Ecological History and Possible Futures\u003c/a>.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_742447\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 384px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-742447\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/DeltaSmelt.jpg\" alt=\"A Delta smelt caught during an annual fish survey. Biologists warn the fish is close to extinction. \" width=\"384\" height=\"324\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/DeltaSmelt.jpg 700w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/DeltaSmelt-400x338.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 384px) 100vw, 384px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A Delta smelt caught during an annual fish survey. Biologists warn the fish is close to extinction. \u003ccite>(Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Moyle spoke recently with Water Deeply about key problems in the delta, ideas for better management and the how native fish populations can be restored through habitat changes in key areas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: When it comes to the delta, we hear a lot about a few endangered species, but how is the delta ecosystem doing as a whole?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Peter Moyle: It’s not an easy question to answer. It’s actually a healthy ecosystem. But it has a lot of undesirable characteristics and by that I mean it’s not a very good place for native fish, like salmon and smelt. But it’s a great place for some of these non-native fish like largemouth bass. It depends on your point of view. If you’re a bass fisherman, the delta is great. If you’re interested in trying to keep native fish species going, like the delta smelt, it’s an ecosystem in pretty bad shape.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s just a matter of what characteristics of the ecosystem you value.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: What is the value of native fish in that ecosystem?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Moyle: The ones that people value the most are the salmon, of course; there are four runs of salmon. And there are steelhead, and those fish all have commercial and sport value. Then we have two species of sturgeon, which also have sport value.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the things our society has done is decide the highest priority for management are endangered species. We have seven endangered fish species in the delta, which take the priority for management. As a society, in a sense, we have made a decision that these native fishes that are in real trouble are what we value most in the system. Even though the ecosystem itself is not doing very well in terms of supporting them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: Does it make sense to manage the ecosystem for the protection of endangered species?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Moyle: It makes sense from the point of view of the Endangered Species Act, but it’s not managing it as an ecosystem. If you focus on just those species you lose track of the bigger picture. If I had my druthers it would be to manage the system for broader ecosystem values that include nonlisted species.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The delta today is what’s called a novel ecosystem: It’s an ecosystem unlike any that has ever existed before. It’s permanently altered by humans and it continues to be altered. It has a mixture of native and non-native species, not only fish but invertebrates, plants, everything out there is a mixture of species from all over the world and they’re all interacting and creating this new ecosystem. There is so much unpredictability about it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: How do we go about taking a more holistic management perspective?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Moyle: My own current thinking is that you have to look at it as not one place, but several places. Specifically, for the native fishes, for salmon and smelt and so forth, we should focus our management on them on the arc of habitat that goes from the Yolo Bypass down to the Cache-Lindsey Slough region, which is essentially the north delta, down the Sacramento River and into Suisun Marsh. That is an arc of habitat tied to the Sacramento River that has the highest-quality water and the most water. There are a lot of tidal marshes that can be restored.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That is a place where you have the greatest opportunity in interlinked regions for native fish restoration. And that’s making the assumption that the native fish and endangered species are what you want to protect.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The contrast to that is over in the south delta, which is the part most influenced by the large export pumps of the Department of Water Resources and the Bureau of Reclamation. That area has just been devastated from a native fish point of view. Instead its value today is for non-native fish, for largemouth bass and similar species. Maybe that is the way you do it – you manage the delta by region rather than thinking of the delta as one ecosystem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: What can you do to improve habitat in those areas for native fish?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Moyle: A lot of it involves improving flows through the system. It’s also a corridor for all the migratory fish – the sturgeon, the salmon, the steelhead, they are all migratory. They go up as adults, come down as juveniles. You have to keep water moving through it and that is really the key – you have to manage this area as an estuary. You have to manage the outflows.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You either have to reduce the amount of exports substantially or you have to do something like Gov. Brown’s tunnel project or something simpler than what he is proposing, because the present way water is diverted through the system makes it very difficult to maintain it as an estuary. The pull from the pumps changes the whole way the system operates and it makes it very confusing for the fish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: There seems to be a shift toward understanding the importance of floodplains for fisheries.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Moyle: There is a growing realization that salmon, especially chinook salmon, were historically floodplain-dependent – no one seemed to recognize that until quite recently because hatcheries basically replaced floodplains for the rearing of salmon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The work started with \u003ca href=\"http://cmsi.ucdavis.edu/events/salmon_symposium_speaker_bios/sommer_ted.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Ted Sommer\u003c/a>, one of my graduate students about 20 years ago. They started looking at salmon on the Yolo Bypass and realized that if the Yolo Bypass is flooded and you’re a baby salmon out there, you would grow three or four times bigger than you would if you were staying in the river. It’s a little bit warmer and there is just lots of food out there. The floodplains are really productive places.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When you think about how we can use floodplains to really grow salmon, the first thing you start noticing is that 95 percent of our natural floodplains are gone, but in the Sacramento Valley, they have been pretty much replaced by rice farming. Rice farmers have been very successful at making rice paddies great places to feed ducks and migratory waterfowl, so the question is in the winter, when they are not growing rice, can you also make them good places for salmon? It turns out you can.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: Some people have suggested trying to lower the number of predator fish such as striped bass, in order to protect endangered species. What has your research found about that?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Moyle: The delta is so complicated, there are so many things going on, but it’s pretty clear that the thing that is driving the basic changes in the delta ecosystem, that has happened since the 1970s, is the water being exported from the south delta as well as the total reduction in inflow. Some water is also exported outside the delta, too – there is a lot of water that never gets there. But the bottom line is that it just doesn’t work very well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you’re a water manager you’re always looking around for something else to blame and the striped bass are an easy target. It’s a non-native fish, it’s a voracious predator – it has a high metabolic rate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There were lawsuits suing the Department of Fish and Wildlife to take all regulations off striped bass with the idea that if you took away all the fishing regulations on striped bass you could fish it down and there would be fewer predators in the system and therefore there would be more salmon and delta smelt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The reasoning behind that is wrong.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: So the science that you found doesn’t support that theory?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Moyle: No it doesn’t and, in fact, one of the things I always tell people is that if you’re looking at this from an ecosystem point of view, you have to recognize that striped bass are not specialized on feeding on endangered fish, because endangered fish are too rare to support a predator. What they are specializing on are all the other fish out there and it’s quite likely that the striped bass are suppressing populations of other predators that could feed on the eggs and larvae of delta smelt, for example.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Any time you mess with an ecosystem and remove one predator, it’s going to be a response in the system and it may or may not be a response that you like. In the case of striped bass, there are so many other predators out there that, if striped bass are diminished, the others will just go up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: One of the biggest critiques of the way the delta is managed now is that pumping is being curtailed to keep more water in the system for endangered fish, but the fish populations are still plummeting. So more water isn’t helping. Is that how you see it?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Moyle: It’s an oversimplification, but it’s the result of the pickle they’ve got themselves in by not doing things right to begin with. You divert so much water now that it is hard for the fish to recover. There is a big shift in the delta ecosystem, especially the south and central delta; in the 1970s and 1980s the amount of water flowing through the delta was really diminished very quickly as the amount of exports rose steadily through that whole period and the ecosystem changed in response to that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So now we have all these endangered species out there that were really caused, in part (there are lots of things going on), by changes in the way water is moving through the system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[Limiting exports] results in some really substantial losses of water to farms south of the delta as a result of orders that come from the Fish and Wildlife Service and the National Marine Fisheries Service. But they are doing it because they have only a few of these fish left and if they get entrained in the pumps, it’s a dead fish and a violation of the Endangered Species Act. So they don’t really have much choice but to shut down the pumps.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s a classic case of closing the barn door after the horses have escaped.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"info": "Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.",
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