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"content": "\u003cp>The 2016 \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/us-wildfires-one-map-20447\">wildfire season\u003c/a> has barely begun and dozens of large wildfires have already raged through Western states, with hundreds of thousands of acres burned. This comes on the heels of a 2015 wildfire season that was the worst on record in the U.S., with more than \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/2015-wildfire-season-sets-ominous-record-19879\">10 million acres burned\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These are not just random events. Climate change is producing conditions ripe for wildfires, tipping the scales in favor of the dramatic increases in large wildfires we have seen across the West since the 1970s. Snowpack is melting earlier as \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/seasonal-warming-in-your-state-18608\">winter and spring temperatures rise\u003c/a>, and in most states an increasing percentage of winter precipitation is falling as rain, meaning there is often less snowpack to begin with. Summer temperatures are rising, particularly in Southwestern states, where the number of extremely hot days is steadily increasing, creating more days where forests and grasslands are dried out and ready to burn.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2015, far below-average snowpack in California and the Pacific Northwest created exceptionally dry conditions across the West, and the \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/wildfires-burn-7-million-acres-19363\">region experienced fires\u003c/a> of a size rarely seen. Washington’s Okanogan Complex fire was the largest group of fires on record for the state. And multiple years of searing drought in California contributed to several fires that were among the state’s top 10 \u003ca href=\"http://wxshift.com/news/valley-butte-fires-some-of-the-most-destructive-in-california-history\">most destructive fires on record\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-796273\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/large-fires.jpg\" alt=\"large fires\" width=\"720\" height=\"492\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/large-fires.jpg 720w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/large-fires-400x273.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 720px) 100vw, 720px\">A Climate Central analysis of 45 years of U.S. Forest Service records from the western U.S. show that the number of large fires on Forest Service land is increasing dramatically. The area burned by these fires is also growing at an alarming rate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Across the Western U.S., the average annual number of large fires (larger than 1,000 acres) burning each year has more than tripled between the 1970s and the 2010s.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>The area burned by these fires has shown an even larger increase: in an average year, more than six times as many acres across the West were burned in the 2010s than in the 1970s.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>The fire season is 105 days longer than it was in the 1970, and is approaching the point where the notion of a fire season will be made obsolete by the reality of year-round wildfires across the West.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>The situation in some individual states is more extreme:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>The average number of large fires burning each year on Forest Service land has increased at least 10-fold in the Northern Rocky Mountain states of Wyoming, Idaho, and Montana.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>In the Pacific Northwest, there are now five times as many large fires burning in a typical year in Washington as there were in the 1970s; in Oregon there are nearly seven times as many.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>And the conditions are likely to get worse in the next several decades. Climate Central’s States at Risk project analyzed historical climate data and downscaled climate projections from 29 different global climate models. We found that in most western states, the climate conditions that can stoke summer wildfires are projected to increase substantially in the relatively short period between now and 2050. Arizona is expected to see more than a month of additional high-risk fire days by 2050.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This analysis relies on the Keetch-Byram Drought Index (KBDI), a measure of the dryness of the top 8 inches of the forest floor, which serves as a proxy for the dryness of forest fuels. KBDI is one of a number of indicators of wildfire potential, but is commonly used by the U.S. Forest Service (along with other tools) to predict fire danger. The scale runs from 0 to 800.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Our analysis found that the number of days with KBDI above 600 (a level at which the potential for wildfire is high) would increase significantly between now and 2050 in 10 of the western states if greenhouse gas emissions continue unabated. Across these 10 states, the total number of days with KBDI above 600 is \u003cstrong>projected to increase 46 percent\u003c/strong> between 2000 and 2050.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although many factors influence the ignition and spread of wildfires, our KBDI projections suggest that the conditions suitable for more and larger fires will increase in the near- to midterm. This finding is consistent with other research on wildfire potential and burning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/\">Climate Central\u003c/a> \u003cem>is an independent organization that researches and reports on climate change.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The 2016 \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/us-wildfires-one-map-20447\">wildfire season\u003c/a> has barely begun and dozens of large wildfires have already raged through Western states, with hundreds of thousands of acres burned. This comes on the heels of a 2015 wildfire season that was the worst on record in the U.S., with more than \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/2015-wildfire-season-sets-ominous-record-19879\">10 million acres burned\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These are not just random events. Climate change is producing conditions ripe for wildfires, tipping the scales in favor of the dramatic increases in large wildfires we have seen across the West since the 1970s. Snowpack is melting earlier as \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/seasonal-warming-in-your-state-18608\">winter and spring temperatures rise\u003c/a>, and in most states an increasing percentage of winter precipitation is falling as rain, meaning there is often less snowpack to begin with. Summer temperatures are rising, particularly in Southwestern states, where the number of extremely hot days is steadily increasing, creating more days where forests and grasslands are dried out and ready to burn.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2015, far below-average snowpack in California and the Pacific Northwest created exceptionally dry conditions across the West, and the \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/wildfires-burn-7-million-acres-19363\">region experienced fires\u003c/a> of a size rarely seen. Washington’s Okanogan Complex fire was the largest group of fires on record for the state. And multiple years of searing drought in California contributed to several fires that were among the state’s top 10 \u003ca href=\"http://wxshift.com/news/valley-butte-fires-some-of-the-most-destructive-in-california-history\">most destructive fires on record\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-796273\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/large-fires.jpg\" alt=\"large fires\" width=\"720\" height=\"492\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/large-fires.jpg 720w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/large-fires-400x273.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 720px) 100vw, 720px\">A Climate Central analysis of 45 years of U.S. Forest Service records from the western U.S. show that the number of large fires on Forest Service land is increasing dramatically. The area burned by these fires is also growing at an alarming rate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Across the Western U.S., the average annual number of large fires (larger than 1,000 acres) burning each year has more than tripled between the 1970s and the 2010s.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>The area burned by these fires has shown an even larger increase: in an average year, more than six times as many acres across the West were burned in the 2010s than in the 1970s.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>The fire season is 105 days longer than it was in the 1970, and is approaching the point where the notion of a fire season will be made obsolete by the reality of year-round wildfires across the West.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>The situation in some individual states is more extreme:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>The average number of large fires burning each year on Forest Service land has increased at least 10-fold in the Northern Rocky Mountain states of Wyoming, Idaho, and Montana.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>In the Pacific Northwest, there are now five times as many large fires burning in a typical year in Washington as there were in the 1970s; in Oregon there are nearly seven times as many.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>And the conditions are likely to get worse in the next several decades. Climate Central’s States at Risk project analyzed historical climate data and downscaled climate projections from 29 different global climate models. We found that in most western states, the climate conditions that can stoke summer wildfires are projected to increase substantially in the relatively short period between now and 2050. Arizona is expected to see more than a month of additional high-risk fire days by 2050.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This analysis relies on the Keetch-Byram Drought Index (KBDI), a measure of the dryness of the top 8 inches of the forest floor, which serves as a proxy for the dryness of forest fuels. KBDI is one of a number of indicators of wildfire potential, but is commonly used by the U.S. Forest Service (along with other tools) to predict fire danger. The scale runs from 0 to 800.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Our analysis found that the number of days with KBDI above 600 (a level at which the potential for wildfire is high) would increase significantly between now and 2050 in 10 of the western states if greenhouse gas emissions continue unabated. Across these 10 states, the total number of days with KBDI above 600 is \u003cstrong>projected to increase 46 percent\u003c/strong> between 2000 and 2050.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although many factors influence the ignition and spread of wildfires, our KBDI projections suggest that the conditions suitable for more and larger fires will increase in the near- to midterm. This finding is consistent with other research on wildfire potential and burning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/\">Climate Central\u003c/a> \u003cem>is an independent organization that researches and reports on climate change.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Oil Prices May Prove Costly to Climate Goals",
"headTitle": "Oil Prices May Prove Costly to Climate Goals | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>When oil and gas prices go to extremes, such as when they crashed two years ago, scientists begin to \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/low-oil-prices-may-bode-ill-for-climate-18403\">look for answers\u003c/a>about what those prices mean for climate change — especially when cheap oil encourages people to \u003ca href=\"http://www.eia.gov/dnav/pet/hist/LeafHandler.ashx?n=PET&s=WGFUPUS2&f=4\">guzzle more gasoline\u003c/a> in less fuel-efficient vehicles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/articles/nenergy201677\">new study\u003c/a> shows that if oil and gas prices remain at either extreme — very high or very low — for long periods of time, they are likely to prevent countries from keeping global warming from exceeding 2°C (3.6°F). That’s especially the case if countries do not have climate policies, such as carbon pricing, that try to aggressively cap carbon emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If oil and gas prices remain low — less than $55 per barrel — for decades, it will be a disincentive to develop renewable energy and decarbonize the global economy, according to the research by the World Bank and the International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If oil and gas prices stay high for decades — $110 per barrel or more — oil demand still won’t be knocked down sufficiently to drastically reduce carbon emissions. High oil and gas prices encourage some renewables development, but their climate benefits are partially cancelled out by coal production. Coal gets a boost from high oil prices because it’s a cheaper alternative to natural gas, the research shows.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“High oil prices will not be a climate savior any more than low prices will lead to climate catastrophe,” said study lead author \u003ca href=\"http://www.iiasa.ac.at/staff/staff.php?type=auto&visibility=visible&search=true&login=mccollum\">David McCollum\u003c/a>, an IIASA researcher. “If the world is really serious about meeting the kind of tight carbon budgets that are required for 2°C or lower, then strong climate policy signals that put a sizeable price on carbon will be needed.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Carbon pricing is needed to cut greenhouse gas emissions during long periods of both low and high oil prices, he said. Cheap oil calls for a higher carbon price because there will be higher demand for fossil fuels and less incentive to develop renewables. Expensive oil calls for a lower carbon price because expanded renewables development will offset some of the emissions from increased coal production, the study says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study, published last week in the journal Nature Energy, also underscores the “surprising” importance of natural gas prices in finding a solution to climate change, said \u003ca href=\"http://www.ceres.org/about-us/experts/andrew-logan\">Andrew Logan\u003c/a>, director of the oil and gas program at business and climate think tank Cires, which is unaffiliated with the research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Natural gas prices and oil prices historically rise and fall together — something known as “coupling,” which has significant climate implications. When oil prices are low as they are today, the corresponding low natural gas prices encourage electric utilities to build natural gas power plants and close their coal-fired power plants, which are major contributors to climate change. Natural gas emits about half the carbon as coal when used to generate electricity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study says that the coupling of oil and gas prices in the future is uncertain. But if coupling continues through a decades-long period of very high oil prices, carbon emissions will rise because expensive natural gas will encourage more coal to be used for electricity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Conversely, if coupling continues through decades of low oil prices, the climate will benefit because coal won’t be able compete with cheap natural gas. But cheap oil is likely to slow the expansion of renewables, too, undermining the climate benefit of expanded natural gas production and countries’ ability to help decarbonize the global economy, the study says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“From a climate perspective, a reduction in coal is a good thing, whereas a reduction in renewables is not so good,” McCollum said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Logan said the study adds important nuance to what has been a long-standing debate over how much oil prices affect the transition to a low-carbon economy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“While this is just a single paper, it does suggest that we need to approach climate policy with an eye toward addressing the impacts of oil prices, particularly low oil prices,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://earth.stanford.edu/rob-jackson\">Rob Jackson\u003c/a>, a professor of Earth system science at Stanford University who is unaffiliated with the study, said he questions the study’s assumption that oil and natural gas prices will rise and fall together for the foreseeable future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’m unconvinced that natural gas and oil prices will stay so closely coupled,” he said, adding that more hydraulic fracturing and liquified natural gas terminals should reduce oil and gas prices’ dependence on one another.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We can’t tell how much natural gas might compete with coal and renewables in the future because the paper doesn’t include such a scenario,” Jackson said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Logan said that as oil has become a less important fuel for heating and electric power generation, there is no logical reason for oil and natural gas prices to be coupled.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“With the shale gas revolution of the past decade and significant overcapacity in the global LNG (liquefied natural gas) market, the prices of the fuels have begun to decouple, and I suspect this trend will accelerate going forward,” Logan said. “What this paper underscores is that this change, in the near-term, has potentially significant and positive implications for the climate. Of course, in the longer term such a decoupling could prove damaging as sustained low natural gas prices are likely to hinder investment in clean energy.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/\">Climate Central\u003c/a> \u003cem>is an independent organization that researches and reports on climate change.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>When oil and gas prices go to extremes, such as when they crashed two years ago, scientists begin to \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/low-oil-prices-may-bode-ill-for-climate-18403\">look for answers\u003c/a>about what those prices mean for climate change — especially when cheap oil encourages people to \u003ca href=\"http://www.eia.gov/dnav/pet/hist/LeafHandler.ashx?n=PET&s=WGFUPUS2&f=4\">guzzle more gasoline\u003c/a> in less fuel-efficient vehicles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/articles/nenergy201677\">new study\u003c/a> shows that if oil and gas prices remain at either extreme — very high or very low — for long periods of time, they are likely to prevent countries from keeping global warming from exceeding 2°C (3.6°F). That’s especially the case if countries do not have climate policies, such as carbon pricing, that try to aggressively cap carbon emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If oil and gas prices remain low — less than $55 per barrel — for decades, it will be a disincentive to develop renewable energy and decarbonize the global economy, according to the research by the World Bank and the International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If oil and gas prices stay high for decades — $110 per barrel or more — oil demand still won’t be knocked down sufficiently to drastically reduce carbon emissions. High oil and gas prices encourage some renewables development, but their climate benefits are partially cancelled out by coal production. Coal gets a boost from high oil prices because it’s a cheaper alternative to natural gas, the research shows.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“High oil prices will not be a climate savior any more than low prices will lead to climate catastrophe,” said study lead author \u003ca href=\"http://www.iiasa.ac.at/staff/staff.php?type=auto&visibility=visible&search=true&login=mccollum\">David McCollum\u003c/a>, an IIASA researcher. “If the world is really serious about meeting the kind of tight carbon budgets that are required for 2°C or lower, then strong climate policy signals that put a sizeable price on carbon will be needed.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Carbon pricing is needed to cut greenhouse gas emissions during long periods of both low and high oil prices, he said. Cheap oil calls for a higher carbon price because there will be higher demand for fossil fuels and less incentive to develop renewables. Expensive oil calls for a lower carbon price because expanded renewables development will offset some of the emissions from increased coal production, the study says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study, published last week in the journal Nature Energy, also underscores the “surprising” importance of natural gas prices in finding a solution to climate change, said \u003ca href=\"http://www.ceres.org/about-us/experts/andrew-logan\">Andrew Logan\u003c/a>, director of the oil and gas program at business and climate think tank Cires, which is unaffiliated with the research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Natural gas prices and oil prices historically rise and fall together — something known as “coupling,” which has significant climate implications. When oil prices are low as they are today, the corresponding low natural gas prices encourage electric utilities to build natural gas power plants and close their coal-fired power plants, which are major contributors to climate change. Natural gas emits about half the carbon as coal when used to generate electricity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study says that the coupling of oil and gas prices in the future is uncertain. But if coupling continues through a decades-long period of very high oil prices, carbon emissions will rise because expensive natural gas will encourage more coal to be used for electricity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Conversely, if coupling continues through decades of low oil prices, the climate will benefit because coal won’t be able compete with cheap natural gas. But cheap oil is likely to slow the expansion of renewables, too, undermining the climate benefit of expanded natural gas production and countries’ ability to help decarbonize the global economy, the study says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“From a climate perspective, a reduction in coal is a good thing, whereas a reduction in renewables is not so good,” McCollum said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Logan said the study adds important nuance to what has been a long-standing debate over how much oil prices affect the transition to a low-carbon economy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“While this is just a single paper, it does suggest that we need to approach climate policy with an eye toward addressing the impacts of oil prices, particularly low oil prices,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://earth.stanford.edu/rob-jackson\">Rob Jackson\u003c/a>, a professor of Earth system science at Stanford University who is unaffiliated with the study, said he questions the study’s assumption that oil and natural gas prices will rise and fall together for the foreseeable future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’m unconvinced that natural gas and oil prices will stay so closely coupled,” he said, adding that more hydraulic fracturing and liquified natural gas terminals should reduce oil and gas prices’ dependence on one another.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We can’t tell how much natural gas might compete with coal and renewables in the future because the paper doesn’t include such a scenario,” Jackson said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Logan said that as oil has become a less important fuel for heating and electric power generation, there is no logical reason for oil and natural gas prices to be coupled.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“With the shale gas revolution of the past decade and significant overcapacity in the global LNG (liquefied natural gas) market, the prices of the fuels have begun to decouple, and I suspect this trend will accelerate going forward,” Logan said. “What this paper underscores is that this change, in the near-term, has potentially significant and positive implications for the climate. Of course, in the longer term such a decoupling could prove damaging as sustained low natural gas prices are likely to hinder investment in clean energy.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/\">Climate Central\u003c/a> \u003cem>is an independent organization that researches and reports on climate change.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Firefighters Wrangle With Dead Trees",
"headTitle": "Firefighters Wrangle With Dead Trees | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>With drought and climate change conspiring to push California’s summer wildfire season into premature overdrive, the state’s lead wildfire agency has acquired a multimillion dollar arsenal to help it cope with unprecedented numbers of dying trees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California recently bought $6 million worth of chippers, mobile sawmills, portable incinerators and other equipment to help its firefighters remove some of the nearly 30 million trees that now stand dead across the state, killed by drought and insects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”srl1sitSyRbHBEYZziS1xACfvmC3MvLx”]The equipment is being used as parched southern California landscapes explode in the types of summertime flames that wouldn’t normally be expected until August. Grasses that fattened up following winter storms in central and northern California are expected to fuel major blazes in the weeks ahead.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The more time that goes by, the dryer the fuels are going to become,” said Tom Rolinski, a U.S. Forest Service meteorologist who \u003ca href=\"http://www.predictiveservices.nifc.gov/outlooks/outlooks.htm\">forecasts fire conditions\u003c/a> in southern California. “As this summer unfolds and we get into the August and September timeframes, the fuels are going to be that much dryer, and we’re probably going to see more intense fires.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection, normally called CAL FIRE, which is charged with protecting tens of millions of acres of mostly private land, responded to about 250 fires last week — an unusually large number for mid-June.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Tuesday, CAL FIRE was working with other agencies to try to contain \u003ca href=\"http://abcnews.go.com/US/winds-hot-temps-fuel-fast-moving-fires-southern/story?id=40013024\">two major blazes\u003c/a> in southern California as firefighters in other southwestern states also battled big fires amid \u003ca href=\"http://wxshift.com/news/southwest-plains-to-roast-in-potentially-historic-heat-wave\">record-breaking heat\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The fires are being fueled by droughts exacerbated by warming temperatures, which scientists have \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/climate-change-bully-california-drought-19354\">linked to climate change\u003c/a> and to the natural \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/west-coast-warming-natural-variability-18067\">whims of the weather\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Warming causes fuels to be drier than they would otherwise be,” said \u003ca href=\"http://www.ldeo.columbia.edu/user/williams\">Park Williams\u003c/a>, who researches ecology and climate change at Columbia’s Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory. “Whether that corresponds to a large area burned for California this year will depend on human activities and individual weather events.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even as firefighters in California toil to battle the extraordinary blazes, they’re being forced to deal with another extraordinary phenomenon: the widespread \u003ca href=\"http://abcnews.go.com/US/wireStory/california-fire-burners-battle-dead-tree-epidemic-39970342\">dying of trees\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About 30 million trees across the state are estimated to have died, succumbing to attacks by beetles because of the weakening effects of drought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s the drought that sort of sets it off, and then it lets the beetles get out of hand,” said \u003ca href=\"http://faculty.ucmerced.edu/rbales/\">Roger Bales\u003c/a>, a professor at the University of California, Merced.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gov. Jerry Brown declared an emergency in the fall because of the unprecedented die-offs, helping to free up funds needed to remove and dispose of some of them. CAL FIRE hired hundreds of seasonal workers early this year to help remove dead trees and clear out other potential fuel for fires.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While ecologists value dead trees as natural assets that provide holes and logs needed by wildlife, firefighters view them as safety hazards that can crash down on roads, power lines and homes and that could potentially fuel bigger blazes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The “scale of this tree die-off is unprecedented in modern history,” Brown’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.gov.ca.gov/docs/10.30.15_Tree_Mortality_State_of_Emergency.pdf\">emergency declaration stated\u003c/a>, worsening wildfire risks and erosion threats and creating “life safety risks from falling trees.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A group of ecologists formally objected to the emergency declaration, \u003ca href=\"http://johnmuirproject.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/ScientistLetter2GovBrownRE2015Snags4Feb16.pdf\">arguing in a letter\u003c/a> to Brown that dead trees are natural and necessary parts of Californian landscapes. They pointed to a \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/wildfires-tied-to-drought-heat-topography-not-beetles-18817\">growing body of research\u003c/a> downplaying the wildfire hazards posed by trees killed by beetles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of those ecologists, \u003ca href=\"http://johnmuirproject.org/about-us/\">Chad Hanson\u003c/a>, director of a small California nonprofit, says he agrees that dead trees that pose falling hazards should be removed. But he said trunks should be left on the ground to provide habitat instead of being incinerated or removed. “Once you fell the trees, they’re no longer a hazard,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Summertime fires in California cause less property damage than the fires that are fanned by dry Santa Ana winds in the fall and winter, but they sap more firefighting resources, \u003ca href=\"http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/10/9/094005\">research published last year\u003c/a> showed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We were really trying to figure out how fires will change in southern California in the future,” said \u003ca href=\"http://www.faculty.uci.edu/profile.cfm?faculty_id=4971\">James Randerson\u003c/a>, a University of California, Irvine earth scientist who contributed to the study. “What we realized early on is that there are two distinct fire types.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the effects of climate change on Santa Ana winds fires remain riddled with uncertainty, scientists are generally convinced that the parching effects of global warming will lead to bigger, longer and more damaging summertime blazes in California — if they aren’t already doing so.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That suggests the intense and early summer fire seasons in this and other recent drought-stricken years may have been less an aberration and more a bellwether of something that CAL FIRE officials frequently describe as a “new normal” for firefighters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With more greenhouse gas pollution piling into the atmosphere daily, continuing to warm the planet toward a 2°F increase from preindustrial times, and with warmer weather exacerbating droughts, mass tree die-offs could become routine features of Western landscapes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not only would that eliminate or shrink some forests, driving them northward or uphill toward cooler climates, it could also force increasingly overworked firefighting agencies to juggle the additional routine task of managing dead trees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>CAL FIRE is focusing its tree removal efforts in areas where most trees have died and where the dead trees pose the most immediate dangers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re focused on high hazard areas with the greatest threat to life safety and critical infrastructure,” CAL FIRE spokeswoman Janet Upton said. “There are literally hundreds of thousands of acres, and growing, affected by the unprecedented scope and magnitude of tree mortality.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/\">Climate Central\u003c/a> \u003cem>is an independent organization that researches and reports on climate change.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>With drought and climate change conspiring to push California’s summer wildfire season into premature overdrive, the state’s lead wildfire agency has acquired a multimillion dollar arsenal to help it cope with unprecedented numbers of dying trees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California recently bought $6 million worth of chippers, mobile sawmills, portable incinerators and other equipment to help its firefighters remove some of the nearly 30 million trees that now stand dead across the state, killed by drought and insects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>The equipment is being used as parched southern California landscapes explode in the types of summertime flames that wouldn’t normally be expected until August. Grasses that fattened up following winter storms in central and northern California are expected to fuel major blazes in the weeks ahead.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The more time that goes by, the dryer the fuels are going to become,” said Tom Rolinski, a U.S. Forest Service meteorologist who \u003ca href=\"http://www.predictiveservices.nifc.gov/outlooks/outlooks.htm\">forecasts fire conditions\u003c/a> in southern California. “As this summer unfolds and we get into the August and September timeframes, the fuels are going to be that much dryer, and we’re probably going to see more intense fires.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection, normally called CAL FIRE, which is charged with protecting tens of millions of acres of mostly private land, responded to about 250 fires last week — an unusually large number for mid-June.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Tuesday, CAL FIRE was working with other agencies to try to contain \u003ca href=\"http://abcnews.go.com/US/winds-hot-temps-fuel-fast-moving-fires-southern/story?id=40013024\">two major blazes\u003c/a> in southern California as firefighters in other southwestern states also battled big fires amid \u003ca href=\"http://wxshift.com/news/southwest-plains-to-roast-in-potentially-historic-heat-wave\">record-breaking heat\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The fires are being fueled by droughts exacerbated by warming temperatures, which scientists have \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/climate-change-bully-california-drought-19354\">linked to climate change\u003c/a> and to the natural \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/west-coast-warming-natural-variability-18067\">whims of the weather\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Warming causes fuels to be drier than they would otherwise be,” said \u003ca href=\"http://www.ldeo.columbia.edu/user/williams\">Park Williams\u003c/a>, who researches ecology and climate change at Columbia’s Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory. “Whether that corresponds to a large area burned for California this year will depend on human activities and individual weather events.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even as firefighters in California toil to battle the extraordinary blazes, they’re being forced to deal with another extraordinary phenomenon: the widespread \u003ca href=\"http://abcnews.go.com/US/wireStory/california-fire-burners-battle-dead-tree-epidemic-39970342\">dying of trees\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About 30 million trees across the state are estimated to have died, succumbing to attacks by beetles because of the weakening effects of drought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s the drought that sort of sets it off, and then it lets the beetles get out of hand,” said \u003ca href=\"http://faculty.ucmerced.edu/rbales/\">Roger Bales\u003c/a>, a professor at the University of California, Merced.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gov. Jerry Brown declared an emergency in the fall because of the unprecedented die-offs, helping to free up funds needed to remove and dispose of some of them. CAL FIRE hired hundreds of seasonal workers early this year to help remove dead trees and clear out other potential fuel for fires.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While ecologists value dead trees as natural assets that provide holes and logs needed by wildlife, firefighters view them as safety hazards that can crash down on roads, power lines and homes and that could potentially fuel bigger blazes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The “scale of this tree die-off is unprecedented in modern history,” Brown’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.gov.ca.gov/docs/10.30.15_Tree_Mortality_State_of_Emergency.pdf\">emergency declaration stated\u003c/a>, worsening wildfire risks and erosion threats and creating “life safety risks from falling trees.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A group of ecologists formally objected to the emergency declaration, \u003ca href=\"http://johnmuirproject.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/ScientistLetter2GovBrownRE2015Snags4Feb16.pdf\">arguing in a letter\u003c/a> to Brown that dead trees are natural and necessary parts of Californian landscapes. They pointed to a \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/wildfires-tied-to-drought-heat-topography-not-beetles-18817\">growing body of research\u003c/a> downplaying the wildfire hazards posed by trees killed by beetles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of those ecologists, \u003ca href=\"http://johnmuirproject.org/about-us/\">Chad Hanson\u003c/a>, director of a small California nonprofit, says he agrees that dead trees that pose falling hazards should be removed. But he said trunks should be left on the ground to provide habitat instead of being incinerated or removed. “Once you fell the trees, they’re no longer a hazard,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Summertime fires in California cause less property damage than the fires that are fanned by dry Santa Ana winds in the fall and winter, but they sap more firefighting resources, \u003ca href=\"http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/10/9/094005\">research published last year\u003c/a> showed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We were really trying to figure out how fires will change in southern California in the future,” said \u003ca href=\"http://www.faculty.uci.edu/profile.cfm?faculty_id=4971\">James Randerson\u003c/a>, a University of California, Irvine earth scientist who contributed to the study. “What we realized early on is that there are two distinct fire types.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the effects of climate change on Santa Ana winds fires remain riddled with uncertainty, scientists are generally convinced that the parching effects of global warming will lead to bigger, longer and more damaging summertime blazes in California — if they aren’t already doing so.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That suggests the intense and early summer fire seasons in this and other recent drought-stricken years may have been less an aberration and more a bellwether of something that CAL FIRE officials frequently describe as a “new normal” for firefighters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With more greenhouse gas pollution piling into the atmosphere daily, continuing to warm the planet toward a 2°F increase from preindustrial times, and with warmer weather exacerbating droughts, mass tree die-offs could become routine features of Western landscapes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not only would that eliminate or shrink some forests, driving them northward or uphill toward cooler climates, it could also force increasingly overworked firefighting agencies to juggle the additional routine task of managing dead trees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>CAL FIRE is focusing its tree removal efforts in areas where most trees have died and where the dead trees pose the most immediate dangers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re focused on high hazard areas with the greatest threat to life safety and critical infrastructure,” CAL FIRE spokeswoman Janet Upton said. “There are literally hundreds of thousands of acres, and growing, affected by the unprecedented scope and magnitude of tree mortality.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/\">Climate Central\u003c/a> \u003cem>is an independent organization that researches and reports on climate change.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>California’s last nuclear power plant is scheduled to close. Pacific Gas and Electric announced Tuesday that Diablo Canyon will shut down before the end of its useful life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s a big win for some environmentalists. But others say the utility is giving up on a clean energy source.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”Cx1UQX5U50o9Pn6qohuTAzdJIFLTUaNO”]For Linda Seeley, the end of nuclear power in California is something she’s been championing for 40 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Right out there we’ve got tons of highly radioactive waste, sitting,” says Seeley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Seeley and I are at the front gate of the Diablo Canyon power plant. It’s right on the coast in Central California. Seeley is with a group called \u003ca href=\"https://mothersforpeace.org/data/AboutUs\">Mothers for Peace\u003c/a> and she was one of thousands of protestors here in the early 1980s trying to stop the nuclear plant from opening. Right now, she’s inching her foot across a blue line on the pavement that says no trespassing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When you wanted to commit civil disobedience you would intentionally walk across the blue line,” says Seeley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Which Seeley did and was arrested twice (even Governor Jerry Brown showed up to support the protesters).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She’s been fighting nuclear ever since, because she sees safety risks, like the ones at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.world-nuclear.org/information-library/safety-and-security/safety-of-plants/fukushima-accident.aspx\">Fukushima Daiichi plant \u003c/a>that melted down in Japan five years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It confirmed her worst fears about nuclear safety. Diablo Canyon is sitting next to earthquake faults and the nuclear waste is stored on site.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s the ultimate act of hubris to create some kind of waste that you don’t know what to do with, that is toxic,” says Seeley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But some other environmentalists, like Michael Shellenberger, have changed their mind.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Nuclear is just a huge part of moving towards a cleaner electrical system,” says Shellenberger.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"datawrapper-chart-1FJsz\" src=\"//datawrapper.dwcdn.net/1FJsz/4/\" frameborder=\"0\" allowtransparency=\"true\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\" webkitallowfullscreen=\"webkitallowfullscreen\" mozallowfullscreen=\"mozallowfullscreen\" oallowfullscreen=\"oallowfullscreen\" msallowfullscreen=\"msallowfullscreen\" width=\"100%\" height=\"617\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shellenberger is a long-time environmental activist who started his own organization because he thinks nuclear power can be one solution to climate change. Nuclear doesn’t put out carbon dioxide, like burning coal and natural gas do.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You start to have these questions about who you are. I’m feeling really attracted to nuclear power now and I’m feeling a little shame about it,” says Shellenberger.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He tried to save Diablo Canyon, but \u003ca href=\"http://www.pge.com/\">Pacific Gas and Electric\u003c/a> plans to shut it down in nine years. The utility is switching to renewable energy, like solar and wind, at other sites around California – as state policy requires.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shellenberger has his doubts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You cannot power the world on wind and solar,” says Shellenberger.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wind and solar only work when the sun is shining and the wind is blowing, so California fills in the gaps with power from fossil fuels, like natural gas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another environmentalist — Ralph Cavanagh with the Natural Resources Defense Council — who was involved with the PG&E negotiations said turning to dirtier fuels is not the goal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re determined to avoid that,” says Cavanagh.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re all going to work together to ensure that the fears of our adversaries are not realized — that anytime you lose a nuclear plant you automatically get an uptick in fossil fuels and pollution.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cavanagh says there’s still more to be done — like adding more energy storage to the grid, like big batteries. They would make up for the ups and downs of solar energy, instead of using natural gas power plants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But supporters of Diablo Canyon say their fight is far from over. The plan to close the nuclear plant and install more renewables still has to be approved by state regulators.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>California’s last nuclear power plant is scheduled to close. Pacific Gas and Electric announced Tuesday that Diablo Canyon will shut down before the end of its useful life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s a big win for some environmentalists. But others say the utility is giving up on a clean energy source.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>For Linda Seeley, the end of nuclear power in California is something she’s been championing for 40 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Right out there we’ve got tons of highly radioactive waste, sitting,” says Seeley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Seeley and I are at the front gate of the Diablo Canyon power plant. It’s right on the coast in Central California. Seeley is with a group called \u003ca href=\"https://mothersforpeace.org/data/AboutUs\">Mothers for Peace\u003c/a> and she was one of thousands of protestors here in the early 1980s trying to stop the nuclear plant from opening. Right now, she’s inching her foot across a blue line on the pavement that says no trespassing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When you wanted to commit civil disobedience you would intentionally walk across the blue line,” says Seeley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Which Seeley did and was arrested twice (even Governor Jerry Brown showed up to support the protesters).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She’s been fighting nuclear ever since, because she sees safety risks, like the ones at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.world-nuclear.org/information-library/safety-and-security/safety-of-plants/fukushima-accident.aspx\">Fukushima Daiichi plant \u003c/a>that melted down in Japan five years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It confirmed her worst fears about nuclear safety. Diablo Canyon is sitting next to earthquake faults and the nuclear waste is stored on site.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s the ultimate act of hubris to create some kind of waste that you don’t know what to do with, that is toxic,” says Seeley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But some other environmentalists, like Michael Shellenberger, have changed their mind.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Nuclear is just a huge part of moving towards a cleaner electrical system,” says Shellenberger.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"datawrapper-chart-1FJsz\" src=\"//datawrapper.dwcdn.net/1FJsz/4/\" frameborder=\"0\" allowtransparency=\"true\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\" webkitallowfullscreen=\"webkitallowfullscreen\" mozallowfullscreen=\"mozallowfullscreen\" oallowfullscreen=\"oallowfullscreen\" msallowfullscreen=\"msallowfullscreen\" width=\"100%\" height=\"617\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shellenberger is a long-time environmental activist who started his own organization because he thinks nuclear power can be one solution to climate change. Nuclear doesn’t put out carbon dioxide, like burning coal and natural gas do.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You start to have these questions about who you are. I’m feeling really attracted to nuclear power now and I’m feeling a little shame about it,” says Shellenberger.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He tried to save Diablo Canyon, but \u003ca href=\"http://www.pge.com/\">Pacific Gas and Electric\u003c/a> plans to shut it down in nine years. The utility is switching to renewable energy, like solar and wind, at other sites around California – as state policy requires.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shellenberger has his doubts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You cannot power the world on wind and solar,” says Shellenberger.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wind and solar only work when the sun is shining and the wind is blowing, so California fills in the gaps with power from fossil fuels, like natural gas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another environmentalist — Ralph Cavanagh with the Natural Resources Defense Council — who was involved with the PG&E negotiations said turning to dirtier fuels is not the goal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re determined to avoid that,” says Cavanagh.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re all going to work together to ensure that the fears of our adversaries are not realized — that anytime you lose a nuclear plant you automatically get an uptick in fossil fuels and pollution.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cavanagh says there’s still more to be done — like adding more energy storage to the grid, like big batteries. They would make up for the ups and downs of solar energy, instead of using natural gas power plants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But supporters of Diablo Canyon say their fight is far from over. The plan to close the nuclear plant and install more renewables still has to be approved by state regulators.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Will Water Sector Help or Hurt on Climate Change?",
"headTitle": "Will Water Sector Help or Hurt on Climate Change? | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>California has been diligently trying to reduce use of fossil fuels and cut greenhouse gas emissions. Last year, Gov. Jerry Brown signed Senate Bill 350, which requires 50 percent of the electricity from utilities to come from renewable sources by 2030.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it’s not just energy utilities that can add more renewables to their portfolios – water suppliers can, as well, although they aren’t mandated to do so.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It takes a lot of energy to pump, treat and deliver drinking water, and to treat and dispose of wastewater. Some water travels hundreds of miles from source to tap. Currently, 20 percent of California’s electricity is used by the water sector. And that may increase in the future as more energy will be required to pump groundwater from greater depths and to desalinate or treat recycled water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The water sector is at a crossroads,” said Juliet Christian-Smith, a climate scientist with the Union of Concerned Scientists. “It can become part of the climate problem or part of the solution.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Embracing the Solution\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some water suppliers are already incorporating clean energy into their portfolios. At the top of the list is the Sonoma County Water Agency, which, as of last year, is getting 100 percent of its electricity from \u003ca href=\"http://www.scwa.ca.gov/carbon-free-water/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">carbon-free sources\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They achieved it through power contracting and building a few of their own projects, said Cordel Stillman, the deputy chief engineer of the agency. “We still have emissions from our treatment plants and our vehicle fleets, but as far as electricity is concerned, we have zero greenhouse gas emissions,” said Stillman.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They didn’t achieve the feat on their own. “We belong to a Joint Powers Authority – it’s a group of 13 water agencies and irrigation districts in the state,” he said. “We joined together to pool water resources and power resources so this gives us the ability to contract the power sources that we want – we don’t have to take what PG&E (Pacific Gas and Electric Company) or someone else gives us.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The agency may get to achieve another first in California next year – the country’s largest floating solar project. Flat land in Sonoma County has a high value for growing premium grapes and the rolling hills are valued for their aesthetics, so the water agency decided to greenlight a project to put solar panels on floating docks on four holding ponds used to store recycled water. The ponds are bermed (surrounded by mounds of earth) so the panels are not visible from a distance and the panels help prevent evaporation on the ponds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stillman said the project is likely to be running by next year and supplying 9MW of electricity, most of which is contracted to go to Sonoma Clean Power, the local electricity provider.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>San Diego County Water Authority (SDCWA), which has 24 member agencies, may soon follow suit. It is looking at doing 6MW of floating solar on one of its reservoirs. But the agency is already employing other sources of renewable energy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There is a water-energy nexus,” said Kelly Rodgers, the energy program manager for SDCWA. “We actually formed an energy program about a year ago, just because we realized that a large part of treating and delivering water is the cost of the energy.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>SDCWA has solar panels on three of its facilities – two office buildings and a water treatment plant. The panels are part of a power purchase agreement with \u003ca href=\"http://www.borregosolar.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">Borrego Solar\u003c/a>, which means that the water agency had no upfront costs and there’s no equipment to maintain. “Over 20 years, we are saving about $5.6 million,” said Rodgers. “It was a no-cost capital investment for us.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The agency also employs in-line hydro at the Rancho Penasquitos Pressure Control and Hydroelectric Facility, which is able to produce 2.5MW by harnessing the energy in a pressurized water pipeline that is part of the water delivery network.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Basically it is pure green energy,” said Rodgers. “It just takes excess pressure and spins turbines.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This clean energy is estimated to reduce emissions of sulfur and nitrous oxide each year by 200 tons and reduce 60,000 metric tons of carbon dioxide a year. SDCWA also sells power to San Diego Gas and Electric – enough clean energy for roughly 5,000 homes, which also earns SDCWA $1 million in revenue annually.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The water agency is evaluating three additional sites for in-line hydro and it has plans to install batteries at several facilities that will store power to use when the grid is at peak demand, saving about $100,000 a year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other water suppliers throughout the state have also bumped up their use of clean energy in other ways. East Bay Municipal Utility District utilizes its waste stream – capturing the biogas as microorganisms break down food scraps, and waste from sewage, wineries and poultry farms. The energy captured helps to power the wastewater treatment plant and excess energy is sold back to the grid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Inland Empire Utilities Agency also generates 2.8MW of electricity from biogas fuel cells, as well as 3.5MW from solar and 1MW from wind – accounting for more than half the peak energy demand of the agency. But the ultimate goal is much higher.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By 2020 the agency is “trying to achieve peak power independence – being independent from the grid during peak periods, so during the middle of the day in the summer we can generate enough renewables that we could ease the demand on the grid,” said Jesse Pompa, a senior engineer at the agency.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To help with that, the agency is employing batteries. “What the batteries allow us to do is to optimize the power generated from the renewables,” said Pompa. “We have time-of-use pricing from Southern California Edison, so we can charge the batteries when it’s most economical and we can discharge and use the power to avoid the higher cost of power at different times of the day.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Speed Bumps Ahead\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some water suppliers are on board with using renewables – seeing the environmental and economic value. But, besides a few standouts, is there more widespread adoption across the sector?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s impossible to know.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Right now electric utilities are required to disclose the source of their electricity mix – how much is coal, natural gas, solar, hydro, etc. But there is no such requirement for the electricity used by water or wastewater utilities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That could change, though. California \u003ca href=\"http://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201520160SB1425\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Senate Bill 1425\u003c/a>, introduced by Sen. Fran Pavley, would create a registry to collect data on greenhouse gas emissions from energy use by the water sector. The bill has passed the Senate and moved to the Assembly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It starts voluntary reporting on the energy intensity and greenhouse gas emissions for water suppliers at a utility scale,” said Christian-Smith. “If we want to make informed decisions and find areas that meet our climate and water efficiency goals, we need this kind of information.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Without this data, “it is much more difficult for water utilities themselves to identify clean energy opportunities that may help them save money and protect their ratepayers from uncertainty due to climate change or fossil fuel price volatility,” wrote Christian-Smith and Laura Wisland in a \u003ca href=\"http://www.ucsusa.org/sites/default/files/attach/2015/04/clean-energy-opportunities-in-california-water-sector.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">report\u003c/a> last year from the Union of Concerned Scientists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Right now the only information that’s available on the breakdown of energy use in the water sector are the handful of water utilities that are also electricity providers. And among those, Christian-Smith said, the amount of clean energy used varies greatly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are other reasons it can be hard for water suppliers to add more clean energy. “It’s not really articled as being within the purview of their work,” said Christian-Smith. “So it requires getting new info, new skills, entering into power purchase agreements or partnerships with electricity providers – that can be difficult.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are also physical hurdles. Wastewater treatment plants can produce biogas, but getting interconnections to sell it back to gas companies can be tough.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And, she said, the water sector lacks a clear roadmap of the path to clean energy – while the sector itself is fragmented. California’s energy market is dominated by a handful of large investor-owned utility companies. But for water there are thousands of providers in the state and many are publicly owned. “It’s a really different institutional structure,” she said. “It can be difficult to create a program and have it apply broadly.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Publicly owned utilities often don’t carry large profits from year to year and may not have the cash on hand to meet upfront costs, she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The economics are always very difficult,” said Pompa. “As a public agency our goal is not just to throw as many renewables at the wall, but to do it in a cost-effective manner.” What Inland Empire Utilities Agency and others have found most effective are power purchase agreements with energy companies that don’t require any capital outlay. “That’s what allowed us to get all the renewables in at a competitive price – solar, wind and fuel cells,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If done right, moving to renewables could be an economic boon for water suppliers, in addition to helping the state meet its climate goals. “Renewables lock in a stable energy cost,” said Christian-Smith, which is important because water utilities can’t easily or quickly change water rates if there are fluctuations in the fossil fuel energy market.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And it can even help generate income. “Participating in the clean energy transition can open up new revenue sources for the water sector, including the sale of excess renewable electricity or receipt of renewable energy credits, cap-and-trade proceeds, payments for providing grid services and fees for accepting organic wastes for renewable energy generation,” said the Union of Concerned Scientists’ report. “The water sector is poised to become a greater part of the energy and climate solution.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>“This article originally appeared on \u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Water Deeply\u003c/a>, and you can find it \u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/articles/2016/06/21/will-water-sector-help-or-hurt-on-climate-change\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">here\u003c/a>. For important news about the California drought, you can \u003ca href=\"http://waterdeeply.us5.list-manage.com/subscribe?u=8b78e9a34ff7443ec1e8c62c6&id=2947becb78\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">sign up\u003c/a> to the Water Deeply email list.”\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Water and wastewater suppliers use 20 percent of California’s electricity. If more clean energy is used, this presents a big opportunity for the state to move toward meeting its climate goals and for water utilities to realize new economic benefits.",
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"description": "Water and wastewater suppliers use 20 percent of California’s electricity. If more clean energy is used, this presents a big opportunity for the state to move toward meeting its climate goals and for water utilities to realize new economic benefits.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>California has been diligently trying to reduce use of fossil fuels and cut greenhouse gas emissions. Last year, Gov. Jerry Brown signed Senate Bill 350, which requires 50 percent of the electricity from utilities to come from renewable sources by 2030.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it’s not just energy utilities that can add more renewables to their portfolios – water suppliers can, as well, although they aren’t mandated to do so.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It takes a lot of energy to pump, treat and deliver drinking water, and to treat and dispose of wastewater. Some water travels hundreds of miles from source to tap. Currently, 20 percent of California’s electricity is used by the water sector. And that may increase in the future as more energy will be required to pump groundwater from greater depths and to desalinate or treat recycled water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The water sector is at a crossroads,” said Juliet Christian-Smith, a climate scientist with the Union of Concerned Scientists. “It can become part of the climate problem or part of the solution.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Embracing the Solution\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some water suppliers are already incorporating clean energy into their portfolios. At the top of the list is the Sonoma County Water Agency, which, as of last year, is getting 100 percent of its electricity from \u003ca href=\"http://www.scwa.ca.gov/carbon-free-water/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">carbon-free sources\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They achieved it through power contracting and building a few of their own projects, said Cordel Stillman, the deputy chief engineer of the agency. “We still have emissions from our treatment plants and our vehicle fleets, but as far as electricity is concerned, we have zero greenhouse gas emissions,” said Stillman.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They didn’t achieve the feat on their own. “We belong to a Joint Powers Authority – it’s a group of 13 water agencies and irrigation districts in the state,” he said. “We joined together to pool water resources and power resources so this gives us the ability to contract the power sources that we want – we don’t have to take what PG&E (Pacific Gas and Electric Company) or someone else gives us.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The agency may get to achieve another first in California next year – the country’s largest floating solar project. Flat land in Sonoma County has a high value for growing premium grapes and the rolling hills are valued for their aesthetics, so the water agency decided to greenlight a project to put solar panels on floating docks on four holding ponds used to store recycled water. The ponds are bermed (surrounded by mounds of earth) so the panels are not visible from a distance and the panels help prevent evaporation on the ponds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stillman said the project is likely to be running by next year and supplying 9MW of electricity, most of which is contracted to go to Sonoma Clean Power, the local electricity provider.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>San Diego County Water Authority (SDCWA), which has 24 member agencies, may soon follow suit. It is looking at doing 6MW of floating solar on one of its reservoirs. But the agency is already employing other sources of renewable energy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There is a water-energy nexus,” said Kelly Rodgers, the energy program manager for SDCWA. “We actually formed an energy program about a year ago, just because we realized that a large part of treating and delivering water is the cost of the energy.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>SDCWA has solar panels on three of its facilities – two office buildings and a water treatment plant. The panels are part of a power purchase agreement with \u003ca href=\"http://www.borregosolar.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">Borrego Solar\u003c/a>, which means that the water agency had no upfront costs and there’s no equipment to maintain. “Over 20 years, we are saving about $5.6 million,” said Rodgers. “It was a no-cost capital investment for us.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The agency also employs in-line hydro at the Rancho Penasquitos Pressure Control and Hydroelectric Facility, which is able to produce 2.5MW by harnessing the energy in a pressurized water pipeline that is part of the water delivery network.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Basically it is pure green energy,” said Rodgers. “It just takes excess pressure and spins turbines.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This clean energy is estimated to reduce emissions of sulfur and nitrous oxide each year by 200 tons and reduce 60,000 metric tons of carbon dioxide a year. SDCWA also sells power to San Diego Gas and Electric – enough clean energy for roughly 5,000 homes, which also earns SDCWA $1 million in revenue annually.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The water agency is evaluating three additional sites for in-line hydro and it has plans to install batteries at several facilities that will store power to use when the grid is at peak demand, saving about $100,000 a year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other water suppliers throughout the state have also bumped up their use of clean energy in other ways. East Bay Municipal Utility District utilizes its waste stream – capturing the biogas as microorganisms break down food scraps, and waste from sewage, wineries and poultry farms. The energy captured helps to power the wastewater treatment plant and excess energy is sold back to the grid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Inland Empire Utilities Agency also generates 2.8MW of electricity from biogas fuel cells, as well as 3.5MW from solar and 1MW from wind – accounting for more than half the peak energy demand of the agency. But the ultimate goal is much higher.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By 2020 the agency is “trying to achieve peak power independence – being independent from the grid during peak periods, so during the middle of the day in the summer we can generate enough renewables that we could ease the demand on the grid,” said Jesse Pompa, a senior engineer at the agency.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To help with that, the agency is employing batteries. “What the batteries allow us to do is to optimize the power generated from the renewables,” said Pompa. “We have time-of-use pricing from Southern California Edison, so we can charge the batteries when it’s most economical and we can discharge and use the power to avoid the higher cost of power at different times of the day.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Speed Bumps Ahead\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some water suppliers are on board with using renewables – seeing the environmental and economic value. But, besides a few standouts, is there more widespread adoption across the sector?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s impossible to know.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Right now electric utilities are required to disclose the source of their electricity mix – how much is coal, natural gas, solar, hydro, etc. But there is no such requirement for the electricity used by water or wastewater utilities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That could change, though. California \u003ca href=\"http://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201520160SB1425\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Senate Bill 1425\u003c/a>, introduced by Sen. Fran Pavley, would create a registry to collect data on greenhouse gas emissions from energy use by the water sector. The bill has passed the Senate and moved to the Assembly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It starts voluntary reporting on the energy intensity and greenhouse gas emissions for water suppliers at a utility scale,” said Christian-Smith. “If we want to make informed decisions and find areas that meet our climate and water efficiency goals, we need this kind of information.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Without this data, “it is much more difficult for water utilities themselves to identify clean energy opportunities that may help them save money and protect their ratepayers from uncertainty due to climate change or fossil fuel price volatility,” wrote Christian-Smith and Laura Wisland in a \u003ca href=\"http://www.ucsusa.org/sites/default/files/attach/2015/04/clean-energy-opportunities-in-california-water-sector.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">report\u003c/a> last year from the Union of Concerned Scientists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Right now the only information that’s available on the breakdown of energy use in the water sector are the handful of water utilities that are also electricity providers. And among those, Christian-Smith said, the amount of clean energy used varies greatly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are other reasons it can be hard for water suppliers to add more clean energy. “It’s not really articled as being within the purview of their work,” said Christian-Smith. “So it requires getting new info, new skills, entering into power purchase agreements or partnerships with electricity providers – that can be difficult.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are also physical hurdles. Wastewater treatment plants can produce biogas, but getting interconnections to sell it back to gas companies can be tough.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And, she said, the water sector lacks a clear roadmap of the path to clean energy – while the sector itself is fragmented. California’s energy market is dominated by a handful of large investor-owned utility companies. But for water there are thousands of providers in the state and many are publicly owned. “It’s a really different institutional structure,” she said. “It can be difficult to create a program and have it apply broadly.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Publicly owned utilities often don’t carry large profits from year to year and may not have the cash on hand to meet upfront costs, she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The economics are always very difficult,” said Pompa. “As a public agency our goal is not just to throw as many renewables at the wall, but to do it in a cost-effective manner.” What Inland Empire Utilities Agency and others have found most effective are power purchase agreements with energy companies that don’t require any capital outlay. “That’s what allowed us to get all the renewables in at a competitive price – solar, wind and fuel cells,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If done right, moving to renewables could be an economic boon for water suppliers, in addition to helping the state meet its climate goals. “Renewables lock in a stable energy cost,” said Christian-Smith, which is important because water utilities can’t easily or quickly change water rates if there are fluctuations in the fossil fuel energy market.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And it can even help generate income. “Participating in the clean energy transition can open up new revenue sources for the water sector, including the sale of excess renewable electricity or receipt of renewable energy credits, cap-and-trade proceeds, payments for providing grid services and fees for accepting organic wastes for renewable energy generation,” said the Union of Concerned Scientists’ report. “The water sector is poised to become a greater part of the energy and climate solution.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>“This article originally appeared on \u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Water Deeply\u003c/a>, and you can find it \u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/articles/2016/06/21/will-water-sector-help-or-hurt-on-climate-change\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">here\u003c/a>. For important news about the California drought, you can \u003ca href=\"http://waterdeeply.us5.list-manage.com/subscribe?u=8b78e9a34ff7443ec1e8c62c6&id=2947becb78\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">sign up\u003c/a> to the Water Deeply email list.”\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "What Lake Mead’s Record Low Means for California",
"headTitle": "What Lake Mead’s Record Low Means for California | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>When in the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation announced last month that the country’s largest reservoir, Lake Mead, had fallen to its lowest-ever level at 1,074ft (327m), the question many asked was: How will it affect one of California’s primary drinking sources?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After all, some 19 million Californians, nearly half the state’s population, receive some part of their water from the Colorado River, which flows into the 80-year-old reservoir created by Hoover Dam outside Las Vegas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By inching below the 1,075ft threshold, the lake’s historic low provoked a Level 1 Water Shortage declaration, signaling the start of potential water cuts to Arizona and Nevada. If Lake Mead sinks to 1,025ft (312m), the Department of Interior will seize control of its management and water allocation, and if it falls to 900ft (274m) it will be considered “deadpool,” meaning that water is no longer passing through the turbines. Falling water levels are the result of a drought in the Colorado River Basin that has dragged on for 16 years and counting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For Glen MacDonald, the John Muir memorial chair in geography and former director of the Institute of the Environment and Sustainability at the University of California, Los Angeles, the May pronouncement was “the line in the sand.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“According to the laws, [California] wouldn’t have to take a cut. But they’re worried if this goes down to 1,045ft, and then 1,025ft, it’s going to be really problematic,” said MacDonald. Like most state water experts, he doesn’t think shortages will be triggered next year, but he isn’t ruling out water cuts in 2018 and beyond. The Bureau of Reclamation reports a 64 percent chance that Lake Mead, with its 60 million acre-foot (74 billion cubic-meter) capacity, will fall below the 1,025ft threshold by 2019, requiring an emergency federal response. Given the unknowns, he said, “this is the best over-the-horizon look we can get.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The legislation MacDonald referred to, the Colorado River Compact of 1922, handed California senior rights over the river and stipulated that Nevada and Arizona must be the first to make cuts in times of shortage. But if bad turns to worse in the region’s persistent drought, officials are already discussing the possibility of new negotiations taking shape.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Cuts to California? Not anytime soon,” said Jeffrey Kightlinger, general manager of the Metropolitan Water District of Southern California, which distributes 4 million acre-feet (4.9 billion cubic meters) of water – most of it from Lake Mead – to 19 million customers each year. The crucial period, he said, is between 1,075ft and 1,020ft, because “we have no rules lower than 1,020, so everyone has to talk about next levels of action. The expectation is, at some point, California would likely be sharing the pain as well. [So] while California is not willing to put water on the table, we also agree that we shouldn’t wait until 1,020ft – we should be having the conversation earlier.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unofficial proposals that are being floated include eventual Colorado River cuts to California in the range of 300,000–350,000 acre-feet (370–430 million cubic meters) – a little less than 10 percent of the 4.4 million acre-feet the state currently draws from the river. “Losing 10 percent of your water portfolio would be tough,” said MacDonald, who suggested California negotiators may sit down sooner to hammer out a deal, mitigating to avoid the more precarious political impacts of a water crisis engulfing the West.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the upside, increased rainfall this winter enabled California’s Department of Water Resources to announce in April that it is boosting water delivery to meet 60 percent of requests through the 2016 calendar year – up from 20 percent last year and 5 percent in 2014. (The last time 100 percent of water requests were allocated was 2006.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Heavy rains brought on by El Niño helped fill key reservoirs in northern California, including Lake Oroville (now at 92 percent capacity), Shasta (90 percent capacity) and Folsom (83 percent). More than two-fifths of California still remains in what the U.S. Drought Monitor calls “extreme drought,” but the State Water Resources Control Board responded to the wet winter by loosening restrictions on water use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yet despite the significant relief to the north, that’s not likely to translate into additional water moving south from the Delta to compensate for the eventual shortages caused by a shrinking Lake Mead – not least because of the tenuous recovery and preservation efforts of the Delta’s fragile fisheries. “The allocations are already set from the Delta. There’s not going to be any more allocated,” said Shane Hunt, public affairs officer at the Bureau of Reclamation for the Mid-Pacific region. “We are still dealing with the drought. Just because two of our reservoirs, Shasta and Folsom, are above average doesn’t mean the rest of them are. We’re having a lot of problems delivering to customers.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>MacDonald said it’s physically conceivable, but politically improbable, that more Bay-Delta water will be sent south to offset future demands of Metropolitan. “In a perfect world, if we had cuts in the Colorado River, and we had surplus capacity up in the San Joaquin Valley, you would offset the amount of water needed,” he said. “But nobody here is counting on being able to do that. No rational person is thinking that we’re going to get a lot more water out of the Delta for L.A.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kightlinger of Metropolitan agrees. “We don’t see a Delta impact in the near future. Our game plan is that we’ll be making up [the shortage] with more conservation and more recycling,” a process that currently reuses about 400,000 acre-feet (490 million cubic meters), or 10 percent of the region’s water each year, he said. “We expect to have some losses, but to stem our losses best we can. We don’t expect to get more imported water from either the Colorado or northern California.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, returning to the original question of how Lake Mead’s historic low will impact California’s crucial drinking source, the best answer may be: in the near term not a whole lot, but in the long term, quite a bit. Still, UCLA’s MacDonald strikes a note of optimism. “This is manageable right now by taking strong action in terms of conservation and infrastructure,” he said, suggesting that if Southern California increases stormwater capture to 300,000 acre-feet by 2025, it could offset the potential 10 percent cut from the Colorado River. But time is of the essence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is it. We’ve seen our vulnerabilities,” said MacDonald. “In a sense, we should take advantage of the drought: If we can learn some lessons, we can put into place some strategies that will get us through this century.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>“This article originally appeared on \u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Water Deeply\u003c/a>, and you can find it \u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/articles/2016/06/21/will-water-sector-help-or-hurt-on-climate-change\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">here\u003c/a>. For important news about the California drought, you can \u003ca href=\"http://waterdeeply.us5.list-manage.com/subscribe?u=8b78e9a34ff7443ec1e8c62c6&id=2947becb78\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">sign up\u003c/a> to the Water Deeply email list.”\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "After 16 years of drought in the Colorado River Basin, Lake Mead has hit its lowest point ever. Here’s a look at what impact this will have on the 19 million Californians who depend on the water supply.",
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"description": "After 16 years of drought in the Colorado River Basin, Lake Mead has hit its lowest point ever. Here’s a look at what impact this will have on the 19 million Californians who depend on the water supply.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>When in the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation announced last month that the country’s largest reservoir, Lake Mead, had fallen to its lowest-ever level at 1,074ft (327m), the question many asked was: How will it affect one of California’s primary drinking sources?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After all, some 19 million Californians, nearly half the state’s population, receive some part of their water from the Colorado River, which flows into the 80-year-old reservoir created by Hoover Dam outside Las Vegas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By inching below the 1,075ft threshold, the lake’s historic low provoked a Level 1 Water Shortage declaration, signaling the start of potential water cuts to Arizona and Nevada. If Lake Mead sinks to 1,025ft (312m), the Department of Interior will seize control of its management and water allocation, and if it falls to 900ft (274m) it will be considered “deadpool,” meaning that water is no longer passing through the turbines. Falling water levels are the result of a drought in the Colorado River Basin that has dragged on for 16 years and counting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For Glen MacDonald, the John Muir memorial chair in geography and former director of the Institute of the Environment and Sustainability at the University of California, Los Angeles, the May pronouncement was “the line in the sand.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“According to the laws, [California] wouldn’t have to take a cut. But they’re worried if this goes down to 1,045ft, and then 1,025ft, it’s going to be really problematic,” said MacDonald. Like most state water experts, he doesn’t think shortages will be triggered next year, but he isn’t ruling out water cuts in 2018 and beyond. The Bureau of Reclamation reports a 64 percent chance that Lake Mead, with its 60 million acre-foot (74 billion cubic-meter) capacity, will fall below the 1,025ft threshold by 2019, requiring an emergency federal response. Given the unknowns, he said, “this is the best over-the-horizon look we can get.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The legislation MacDonald referred to, the Colorado River Compact of 1922, handed California senior rights over the river and stipulated that Nevada and Arizona must be the first to make cuts in times of shortage. But if bad turns to worse in the region’s persistent drought, officials are already discussing the possibility of new negotiations taking shape.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Cuts to California? Not anytime soon,” said Jeffrey Kightlinger, general manager of the Metropolitan Water District of Southern California, which distributes 4 million acre-feet (4.9 billion cubic meters) of water – most of it from Lake Mead – to 19 million customers each year. The crucial period, he said, is between 1,075ft and 1,020ft, because “we have no rules lower than 1,020, so everyone has to talk about next levels of action. The expectation is, at some point, California would likely be sharing the pain as well. [So] while California is not willing to put water on the table, we also agree that we shouldn’t wait until 1,020ft – we should be having the conversation earlier.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unofficial proposals that are being floated include eventual Colorado River cuts to California in the range of 300,000–350,000 acre-feet (370–430 million cubic meters) – a little less than 10 percent of the 4.4 million acre-feet the state currently draws from the river. “Losing 10 percent of your water portfolio would be tough,” said MacDonald, who suggested California negotiators may sit down sooner to hammer out a deal, mitigating to avoid the more precarious political impacts of a water crisis engulfing the West.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the upside, increased rainfall this winter enabled California’s Department of Water Resources to announce in April that it is boosting water delivery to meet 60 percent of requests through the 2016 calendar year – up from 20 percent last year and 5 percent in 2014. (The last time 100 percent of water requests were allocated was 2006.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Heavy rains brought on by El Niño helped fill key reservoirs in northern California, including Lake Oroville (now at 92 percent capacity), Shasta (90 percent capacity) and Folsom (83 percent). More than two-fifths of California still remains in what the U.S. Drought Monitor calls “extreme drought,” but the State Water Resources Control Board responded to the wet winter by loosening restrictions on water use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yet despite the significant relief to the north, that’s not likely to translate into additional water moving south from the Delta to compensate for the eventual shortages caused by a shrinking Lake Mead – not least because of the tenuous recovery and preservation efforts of the Delta’s fragile fisheries. “The allocations are already set from the Delta. There’s not going to be any more allocated,” said Shane Hunt, public affairs officer at the Bureau of Reclamation for the Mid-Pacific region. “We are still dealing with the drought. Just because two of our reservoirs, Shasta and Folsom, are above average doesn’t mean the rest of them are. We’re having a lot of problems delivering to customers.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>MacDonald said it’s physically conceivable, but politically improbable, that more Bay-Delta water will be sent south to offset future demands of Metropolitan. “In a perfect world, if we had cuts in the Colorado River, and we had surplus capacity up in the San Joaquin Valley, you would offset the amount of water needed,” he said. “But nobody here is counting on being able to do that. No rational person is thinking that we’re going to get a lot more water out of the Delta for L.A.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kightlinger of Metropolitan agrees. “We don’t see a Delta impact in the near future. Our game plan is that we’ll be making up [the shortage] with more conservation and more recycling,” a process that currently reuses about 400,000 acre-feet (490 million cubic meters), or 10 percent of the region’s water each year, he said. “We expect to have some losses, but to stem our losses best we can. We don’t expect to get more imported water from either the Colorado or northern California.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, returning to the original question of how Lake Mead’s historic low will impact California’s crucial drinking source, the best answer may be: in the near term not a whole lot, but in the long term, quite a bit. Still, UCLA’s MacDonald strikes a note of optimism. “This is manageable right now by taking strong action in terms of conservation and infrastructure,” he said, suggesting that if Southern California increases stormwater capture to 300,000 acre-feet by 2025, it could offset the potential 10 percent cut from the Colorado River. But time is of the essence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is it. We’ve seen our vulnerabilities,” said MacDonald. “In a sense, we should take advantage of the drought: If we can learn some lessons, we can put into place some strategies that will get us through this century.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>“This article originally appeared on \u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Water Deeply\u003c/a>, and you can find it \u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/articles/2016/06/21/will-water-sector-help-or-hurt-on-climate-change\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">here\u003c/a>. For important news about the California drought, you can \u003ca href=\"http://waterdeeply.us5.list-manage.com/subscribe?u=8b78e9a34ff7443ec1e8c62c6&id=2947becb78\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">sign up\u003c/a> to the Water Deeply email list.”\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Crafted in a Silicon Valley Lab, Faux Meat Tastes, Sizzles Like the Real Thing",
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"content": "\u003cp>This summer, diners in New York, San Francisco and Los Angeles will get their hands on a hamburger that has been five years in the making.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The burger looks, tastes and smells like beef — except it’s made entirely from plants. It sizzles on the grill and even browns and oozes fat when it cooks. It’s the brainchild of former Stanford biochemist Patrick Brown and his research team at Northern California-based \u003ca href=\"http://impossiblefoods.com\">Impossible Foods\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The startup’s goal is like many in Silicon Valley — to create a product that will change the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The demand for meat is going through the roof, and the world is not going to be able to satisfy that using animals — there’s just not enough space, not enough water,” says Brown, Impossible Foods’ founder and CEO.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Global meat production is \u003ca href=\"http://1.usa.gov/1W2k9Ug\">expected to increase\u003c/a> by 612,000 tons, or 1 percent, this year, according to the United States Department of Agriculture.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So Impossible Foods has developed a burger that it says is less resource-intensive, healthier and will eventually be cheaper to produce than red meat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s not the only faux meat company selling bloody plant patties. Last month, Los Angeles-based \u003ca href=\"http://beyondmeat.com/\">Beyond Meat\u003c/a> made headlines when it released the \u003ca href=\"http://bit.ly/1rt0dxa\">Beyond Burger\u003c/a>, its pea protein burger that sizzles like real meat and “bleeds” beet juice. The burgers quickly sold out after debuting at a Whole Foods in Boulder, Colo.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Beyond Meat’s investors include Microsoft founder Bill Gates. Gates is also backing Impossible Foods. So is billionaire venture capitalist Vinod Khosla and Google Ventures. All told, the company has raised some $182 million in seed funding. Last year, Impossible Foods turned down Google’s offer to buy the company for $200 million to $300 million.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Impossible Burger is more than just peas and carrots smashed together: It’s the result of some pretty high-tech research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brown’s team analyzes meat at a molecular level to determine what makes a burger taste, smell and cook the way it does. He wants his burgers to be squishy while raw, then firm up and brown on the grill. He believes everything from an animal’s fat tissue to muscle cells can be replicated using plant compounds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Before starting the company, Brown had a hunch that a certain ingredient made meat taste different than other foods. “I had a very strong suspicion early on that heme would be the magic ingredient for flavor,” said Brown.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Heme is an iron-containing molecule in blood that carries oxygen. It’s heme that makes your blood red and makes meat look pink and taste slightly metallic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s highly concentrated in red meat, but it can also be found in plants. And that was the trick to giving Brown’s meat-free burgers that blood-pink look when raw and meaty taste once cooked.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brown could have extracted heme from legumes like soybeans, which contain leghemoglobin in nodules on their roots. Except, that would have been expensive and time consuming, and unearthing the plants would release carbon into the atmosphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, he decided to use yeast instead. By taking the soybean gene that encodes the heme protein and transferring it to yeast, the company has been able to produce vast quantities of the bloodlike compound. Each vat of frothy red liquid in the lab holds enough heme to make about 20,000 quarter-pound Impossible Burgers. “We have to be able to produce this on a gigantic scale,” says Brown.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Ultimately, we want it to be practical to produce enough of our product to match what’s currently consumed in the U.S. or the world. Well, that’s a lot of heme,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because Impossible Foods isn’t targeting vegetarians; it wants to woo carnivores. Brown thinks meat lovers would opt for veggie patties more often if they had an option that really replicated the burger-eating experience. So he’s trying to pin down what accounts for the mouthfeel of beef.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To replicate fat, researchers mix flecks of coconut oil into ground “plant meat” made from textured wheat protein and potato protein. The potato protein provides a firm exterior when the meat is seared. And the coconut oil stays solid until it hits the frying pan, where it begins to melt, just like beef fat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The burger has more protein, less fat and fewer calories than a patty that’s 80 percent lean meat and 20 percent fat. And because it’s plant-based, this “meat” has no cholesterol.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The taste is unreal. When I tried a mini burger slathered in vegan mayo, mashed avocado, caramelized onions and Dijon prepared by San Francisco chef Traci Des Jardin at the company’s headquarters in Redwood City, I was floored. The flavor was slightly less potent than meat, but if I didn’t already know this burger was made from plants, I wouldn’t have guessed it. The texture as I chewed was just like ground beef. I tried to get my hands on Beyond Meat’s Beyond Burger for a comparison, but so far it’s only available in Boulder.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The aroma of Impossible’s sizzling patty is also unmistakably meatlike. As it wafted through the office, the photographer I’d brought along for this story (a self-described cheeseburger enthusiast) cooed, “the smell!”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brown’s team engineered that smell. First, the researchers put cooked meat in a gas chromatography mass spectrometry machine, which separates thousands of compounds. Then, they sniffed the meat via a tube, so they could identify the specific individual components of that meat scent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brown says the researchers encountered smells like butter, maple syrup, a diaper pail, smoke, grass — even a raspberry bug. That last one was from a researcher who grew up on a raspberry farm in Vermont.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The smell of meat is the simultaneous exposure to these hundreds of different smells, and the smell of meat happens up here,” Brown says as he points to his head.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Food analyst \u003ca href=\"http://bit.ly/1tzJ2Mj\">Jeffrey Landsman\u003c/a> says consumers love that sensory experience. “There is a real opportunity for food alternatives that taste, look and sound like the real thing and appeal to all five senses,” says Landsman, a vice president at Specialty Food Sales, a company that markets and sells innovative food products to supermarkets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He says there’s definitely room on the market for both Impossible’s burger and Beyond Meat’s Beast Burger, which he called “a home run.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The market has changed dramatically over the past 35 years and we’ve seen more and more meat substitutes,” says Landsman. “Millennials especially tend to eat healthier, and in five years, they’ll have families and will be the target market.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But he says neither burger-substitute-maker should necessarily count on carnivore customers to drive sales. “I don’t see it as a beef-eater market. I see it as an opportunity for the vegetarian market,” says Landsman.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I don’t think you’re going to get people to convert over” and give up meat completely, he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He adds, “As long as animal proteins are available at a reasonable price, people will not fully replace their meat with a plant-based alternative.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Impossible’s plant burger is still more expensive to produce than beef patties. But Brown says the goal is to increase production so the “meat” becomes less expensive than ground chuck. The company is already leasing a 66,913-square-foot manufacturing facility in Oakland to ramp up production.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It will be several years before the startup makes enough meat to supply grocery stores, so right now it’s focusing on select restaurants. (Beyond Meat, by contrast, is targeting grocery store shoppers with its Beyond Burger.) Impossible Foods wouldn’t disclose which restaurants or say how much it’ll charge for the burger. Brown says they are hoping that skilled chefs can devise complimentary flavors and help redefine what it means to order a hamburger.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If people are going to be eating burgers in 50 years, they’re not going to be made from cows,” said Brown. “We’re saving the burger.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Silicon+Valley%27s+Bloody+Plant+Burger+Smells%2C+Tastes+And+Sizzles+Like+Meat&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>This summer, diners in New York, San Francisco and Los Angeles will get their hands on a hamburger that has been five years in the making.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The burger looks, tastes and smells like beef — except it’s made entirely from plants. It sizzles on the grill and even browns and oozes fat when it cooks. It’s the brainchild of former Stanford biochemist Patrick Brown and his research team at Northern California-based \u003ca href=\"http://impossiblefoods.com\">Impossible Foods\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The startup’s goal is like many in Silicon Valley — to create a product that will change the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The demand for meat is going through the roof, and the world is not going to be able to satisfy that using animals — there’s just not enough space, not enough water,” says Brown, Impossible Foods’ founder and CEO.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Global meat production is \u003ca href=\"http://1.usa.gov/1W2k9Ug\">expected to increase\u003c/a> by 612,000 tons, or 1 percent, this year, according to the United States Department of Agriculture.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So Impossible Foods has developed a burger that it says is less resource-intensive, healthier and will eventually be cheaper to produce than red meat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s not the only faux meat company selling bloody plant patties. Last month, Los Angeles-based \u003ca href=\"http://beyondmeat.com/\">Beyond Meat\u003c/a> made headlines when it released the \u003ca href=\"http://bit.ly/1rt0dxa\">Beyond Burger\u003c/a>, its pea protein burger that sizzles like real meat and “bleeds” beet juice. The burgers quickly sold out after debuting at a Whole Foods in Boulder, Colo.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Beyond Meat’s investors include Microsoft founder Bill Gates. Gates is also backing Impossible Foods. So is billionaire venture capitalist Vinod Khosla and Google Ventures. All told, the company has raised some $182 million in seed funding. Last year, Impossible Foods turned down Google’s offer to buy the company for $200 million to $300 million.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Impossible Burger is more than just peas and carrots smashed together: It’s the result of some pretty high-tech research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brown’s team analyzes meat at a molecular level to determine what makes a burger taste, smell and cook the way it does. He wants his burgers to be squishy while raw, then firm up and brown on the grill. He believes everything from an animal’s fat tissue to muscle cells can be replicated using plant compounds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Before starting the company, Brown had a hunch that a certain ingredient made meat taste different than other foods. “I had a very strong suspicion early on that heme would be the magic ingredient for flavor,” said Brown.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Heme is an iron-containing molecule in blood that carries oxygen. It’s heme that makes your blood red and makes meat look pink and taste slightly metallic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s highly concentrated in red meat, but it can also be found in plants. And that was the trick to giving Brown’s meat-free burgers that blood-pink look when raw and meaty taste once cooked.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brown could have extracted heme from legumes like soybeans, which contain leghemoglobin in nodules on their roots. Except, that would have been expensive and time consuming, and unearthing the plants would release carbon into the atmosphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, he decided to use yeast instead. By taking the soybean gene that encodes the heme protein and transferring it to yeast, the company has been able to produce vast quantities of the bloodlike compound. Each vat of frothy red liquid in the lab holds enough heme to make about 20,000 quarter-pound Impossible Burgers. “We have to be able to produce this on a gigantic scale,” says Brown.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Ultimately, we want it to be practical to produce enough of our product to match what’s currently consumed in the U.S. or the world. Well, that’s a lot of heme,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because Impossible Foods isn’t targeting vegetarians; it wants to woo carnivores. Brown thinks meat lovers would opt for veggie patties more often if they had an option that really replicated the burger-eating experience. So he’s trying to pin down what accounts for the mouthfeel of beef.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To replicate fat, researchers mix flecks of coconut oil into ground “plant meat” made from textured wheat protein and potato protein. The potato protein provides a firm exterior when the meat is seared. And the coconut oil stays solid until it hits the frying pan, where it begins to melt, just like beef fat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The burger has more protein, less fat and fewer calories than a patty that’s 80 percent lean meat and 20 percent fat. And because it’s plant-based, this “meat” has no cholesterol.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The taste is unreal. When I tried a mini burger slathered in vegan mayo, mashed avocado, caramelized onions and Dijon prepared by San Francisco chef Traci Des Jardin at the company’s headquarters in Redwood City, I was floored. The flavor was slightly less potent than meat, but if I didn’t already know this burger was made from plants, I wouldn’t have guessed it. The texture as I chewed was just like ground beef. I tried to get my hands on Beyond Meat’s Beyond Burger for a comparison, but so far it’s only available in Boulder.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The aroma of Impossible’s sizzling patty is also unmistakably meatlike. As it wafted through the office, the photographer I’d brought along for this story (a self-described cheeseburger enthusiast) cooed, “the smell!”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brown’s team engineered that smell. First, the researchers put cooked meat in a gas chromatography mass spectrometry machine, which separates thousands of compounds. Then, they sniffed the meat via a tube, so they could identify the specific individual components of that meat scent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brown says the researchers encountered smells like butter, maple syrup, a diaper pail, smoke, grass — even a raspberry bug. That last one was from a researcher who grew up on a raspberry farm in Vermont.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The smell of meat is the simultaneous exposure to these hundreds of different smells, and the smell of meat happens up here,” Brown says as he points to his head.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Food analyst \u003ca href=\"http://bit.ly/1tzJ2Mj\">Jeffrey Landsman\u003c/a> says consumers love that sensory experience. “There is a real opportunity for food alternatives that taste, look and sound like the real thing and appeal to all five senses,” says Landsman, a vice president at Specialty Food Sales, a company that markets and sells innovative food products to supermarkets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He says there’s definitely room on the market for both Impossible’s burger and Beyond Meat’s Beast Burger, which he called “a home run.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The market has changed dramatically over the past 35 years and we’ve seen more and more meat substitutes,” says Landsman. “Millennials especially tend to eat healthier, and in five years, they’ll have families and will be the target market.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But he says neither burger-substitute-maker should necessarily count on carnivore customers to drive sales. “I don’t see it as a beef-eater market. I see it as an opportunity for the vegetarian market,” says Landsman.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I don’t think you’re going to get people to convert over” and give up meat completely, he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He adds, “As long as animal proteins are available at a reasonable price, people will not fully replace their meat with a plant-based alternative.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Impossible’s plant burger is still more expensive to produce than beef patties. But Brown says the goal is to increase production so the “meat” becomes less expensive than ground chuck. The company is already leasing a 66,913-square-foot manufacturing facility in Oakland to ramp up production.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It will be several years before the startup makes enough meat to supply grocery stores, so right now it’s focusing on select restaurants. (Beyond Meat, by contrast, is targeting grocery store shoppers with its Beyond Burger.) Impossible Foods wouldn’t disclose which restaurants or say how much it’ll charge for the burger. Brown says they are hoping that skilled chefs can devise complimentary flavors and help redefine what it means to order a hamburger.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If people are going to be eating burgers in 50 years, they’re not going to be made from cows,” said Brown. “We’re saving the burger.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Silicon+Valley%27s+Bloody+Plant+Burger+Smells%2C+Tastes+And+Sizzles+Like+Meat&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "California’s Last Nuclear Power Plant to Close",
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"content": "\u003cp>California’s last nuclear power plant will close by 2025 under \u003ca href=\"http://www.pge.com/en/about/newsroom/newsdetails/index.page?title=20160621_in_step_with_californias_evolving_energy_policy_pge_labor_and_environmental_groups_announce_proposal_to_increase_energy_efficiency_renewables_and_storage_while_phasing_out_nuclear_power_over_the_next_decade\">an accord announced Tuesday\u003c/a>, ending three decades of \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/forum/2015/07/10/license-renewal-hearings-spark-debate-over-the-future-of-diablo-canyon-nuclear-plant/\">safety debates \u003c/a>that helped fuel the national anti-nuclear power movement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state’s largest utility, \u003ca href=\"http://www.pge.com/\">Pacific Gas & Electric Co.\u003c/a>, and environmental groups reached an agreement to replace production at Diablo Canyon nuclear plant with solar power and other energy sources that do not produce climate-changing greenhouse gases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”DG5fNMh3gaHmFTznWLrIreweGnMWNkYk”]The facility, which sits along a bluff on California’s central coast, supplies 9 percent of the state’s power.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/10/29/activists-push-for-public-review-of-diablo-canyon-nuclear-power-plant/\">Environmentalists have pressed\u003c/a> the Nuclear Regulatory Commission to close Diablo given its proximity to seismic faults in the earthquake-prone state. One fault runs 650 yards from the plant’s reactors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Worries of earthquakes fracturing the facility have been a dominant theme since PG&E first announced plans for Diablo Canyon in the 1960s. The project helped consolidate opposition to nuclear power within the country’s then-fledgling environmental movement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is an historic agreement,” said Erich Pica, president of the Friends of the Earth environmental group, founded in 1969 in opposition to Diablo Canyon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>PG&E has long said the plant is safe from the largest potential earthquake in the region. But new research has led to more questions about nearby faults, their shaking potential and how the company evaluates them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under the deal, the utility agreed not to renew Diablo Canyon’s license. Closing the plant should be cheaper than operating the facility through 2044 as planned, meaning the utility probably won’t have to increase rates, PG&E said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[soundcloud url=”https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/270255310″ params=”color=ff5500&auto_play=false&hide_related=false&show_comments=true&show_user=true&show_reposts=false” width=”100%” height=”166″ iframe=”true” /]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The important thing is that we ultimately got to a shared point of view about the most appropriate and responsible path forward with respect to Diablo Canyon, and how best to support the state’s energy vision,” PG&E President Tony Earley said in a statement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The move ends a power source once predicted to be necessary to meet the growing energy needs of the nation’s most populous state. The industry also has waned nationally amid the rising costs of building new plants and maintaining old ones.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Plans to build new nuclear facilities in the U.S. South have faced costly delays, while proposals for others elsewhere in the country have been scratched. An abundance of inexpensive natural gas has owners of older nuclear plants wondering if the expensive repairs and maintenance are worthwhile.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Southern California Edison’s San Onofre nuclear plant, between San Diego and Los Angeles, shut down permanently in 2013 after a $670 million equipment swap failed. The same year, Duke Energy announced it would close the Crystal River Nuclear Plant in Florida after a botched repair job left it facing potentially billions of dollars in additional work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The country has 61 nuclear plants, including Diablo Canyon, according to the U.S. Energy Information Administration. California already has banned construction of new facilities until the federal government finds a permanent disposal site for radioactive waste.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "On Tuesday, Pacific Gas and Electric Co. issued a statement saying it plans to close California's last nuclear plant.\r\n\r\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>California’s last nuclear power plant will close by 2025 under \u003ca href=\"http://www.pge.com/en/about/newsroom/newsdetails/index.page?title=20160621_in_step_with_californias_evolving_energy_policy_pge_labor_and_environmental_groups_announce_proposal_to_increase_energy_efficiency_renewables_and_storage_while_phasing_out_nuclear_power_over_the_next_decade\">an accord announced Tuesday\u003c/a>, ending three decades of \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/forum/2015/07/10/license-renewal-hearings-spark-debate-over-the-future-of-diablo-canyon-nuclear-plant/\">safety debates \u003c/a>that helped fuel the national anti-nuclear power movement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state’s largest utility, \u003ca href=\"http://www.pge.com/\">Pacific Gas & Electric Co.\u003c/a>, and environmental groups reached an agreement to replace production at Diablo Canyon nuclear plant with solar power and other energy sources that do not produce climate-changing greenhouse gases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>The facility, which sits along a bluff on California’s central coast, supplies 9 percent of the state’s power.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/10/29/activists-push-for-public-review-of-diablo-canyon-nuclear-power-plant/\">Environmentalists have pressed\u003c/a> the Nuclear Regulatory Commission to close Diablo given its proximity to seismic faults in the earthquake-prone state. One fault runs 650 yards from the plant’s reactors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Worries of earthquakes fracturing the facility have been a dominant theme since PG&E first announced plans for Diablo Canyon in the 1960s. The project helped consolidate opposition to nuclear power within the country’s then-fledgling environmental movement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is an historic agreement,” said Erich Pica, president of the Friends of the Earth environmental group, founded in 1969 in opposition to Diablo Canyon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>PG&E has long said the plant is safe from the largest potential earthquake in the region. But new research has led to more questions about nearby faults, their shaking potential and how the company evaluates them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under the deal, the utility agreed not to renew Diablo Canyon’s license. Closing the plant should be cheaper than operating the facility through 2044 as planned, meaning the utility probably won’t have to increase rates, PG&E said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cdiv class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__shortcodes__shortcodeWrapper'>\n \u003ciframe width='”100%”' height='”166″'\n scrolling='no' frameborder='no'\n src='https://w.soundcloud.com/player/?url=”https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/270255310″&visual=true&”color=ff5500&auto_play=false&hide_related=false&show_comments=true&show_user=true&show_reposts=false”'\n title='”https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/270255310″'>\n \u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/div>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The important thing is that we ultimately got to a shared point of view about the most appropriate and responsible path forward with respect to Diablo Canyon, and how best to support the state’s energy vision,” PG&E President Tony Earley said in a statement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The move ends a power source once predicted to be necessary to meet the growing energy needs of the nation’s most populous state. The industry also has waned nationally amid the rising costs of building new plants and maintaining old ones.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Plans to build new nuclear facilities in the U.S. South have faced costly delays, while proposals for others elsewhere in the country have been scratched. An abundance of inexpensive natural gas has owners of older nuclear plants wondering if the expensive repairs and maintenance are worthwhile.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Southern California Edison’s San Onofre nuclear plant, between San Diego and Los Angeles, shut down permanently in 2013 after a $670 million equipment swap failed. The same year, Duke Energy announced it would close the Crystal River Nuclear Plant in Florida after a botched repair job left it facing potentially billions of dollars in additional work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The country has 61 nuclear plants, including Diablo Canyon, according to the U.S. Energy Information Administration. California already has banned construction of new facilities until the federal government finds a permanent disposal site for radioactive waste.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Fish Have Feelings, Too: The Inner Lives of Our 'Underwater Cousins'",
"headTitle": "Fish Have Feelings, Too: The Inner Lives of Our ‘Underwater Cousins’ | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>When you think about fish, it’s probably at dinner time. Author Jonathan Balcombe, on the other hand, spends a lot of time pondering the emotional lives of fish. Balcombe, who serves as the director of animal sentience for the Humane Society Institute for Science and Policy, tells \u003cem>Fresh Air\u003c/em>‘s Terry Gross that humans are closer to understanding fish than ever before.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Thanks to the breakthroughs in ethology, socio-biology, neuro-biology and ecology, we can now better understand what the world looks like to fish,” Balcombe says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In his new book, \u003cem>What A Fish Knows: The Inner Lives Of Our Underwater Cousins,\u003c/em> Balcombe presents evidence that fish have a conscious awareness — or “sentience” — that allows them to experience pain, recognize individual humans and have memory. He argues that humans should consider the moral implications of how we catch and farm fish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We humans kill between 150 billion and over 2 trillion fishes a year. … And the way they die — certainly in commercial fishing — is really pretty grim, ” Balcombe says. “There’s a lot of change that would be needed to reflect an improvement in our relationship with fishes.”\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003ch3>Interview Highlights\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>On how we can know if fish feel pain \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The most elegant study of fish pain that I’ve ever seen … was done a few years ago by a biologist named Lynne Sneddon … in the U.K. She used zebra fishes, which are very commonly used in research. And what they did was they put a group of zebra fishes — I don’t remember how many, perhaps 30 — in a complex tank that had two chambers. One chamber was enriched, it had rocks and vegetation, and the other chamber was barren. It was open. You can probably guess which chamber these fishes spent all their time in — it was the enriched one. Fishes like places to hide, they like stimulation in their environments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And then they injected the fishes either with one of two things. One was with an acid solution, which is known to be caustic and presumably painful to these fishes, if they can feel pain. And then the other … half of the fishes were randomly selected; [they] were injected with saline, which causes just the pierce of the needle and then the pain is not going to be lasting, because it’s not acidic. And then they watched to see how they behaved, and they all remained swimming in the enriched tank. And then they dissolved a painkiller solution in the barren, undesirable chamber of this complex tank. And lo and behold, some of the fishes then started to migrate across and swim and hang out in that normally undesirable tank, and it was only the ones injected with the acid, and not the ones injected with the saline. I find that a pretty convincing demonstration of pain in fishes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What animal sentience means\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sentience is like pregnancy. You’re either pregnant or you’re not, you’re either sentient or you’re not. And if an animal is sentient, which means some kind of conscious awareness, but particularly the capacity to feel pain, and, I would say, by extension, to feel pleasure, then, to me, that means that animal has moral traction, or it should have moral traction — that the animal is deserving of consideration of others. Because that animal can have a good day and a bad day and can have good or bad things happen to them. And that, as I say, is the bedrock of ethics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>On some reef fish appearing to recognize individual divers \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There was a new study … showing individual recognition of human faces by fishes. So they probably do recognize individual divers. They come up to be stroked. It is almost like a dog. I don’t know if they roll over to have their belly petted, though some sharks will be sent into what looks like a euphoric state when they have their bellies rubbed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>On how fish use a ‘lateral line’ to sense water pressure and navigate at night\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[Fish] have a couple of other pretty neat senses that are worth mentioning. One is a sense of water pressure or movement in the water that’s very acute, thanks to a lateral line.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We’re talking about bony fishes now, not the sharks and rays. … The bony fishes have a lateral line. You may notice a dark row of scales along the center line of a bony fish, and that’s actually the shadow cast by these specialized scales. Because there’s a depression in each one, and in that depression are specialized little cup-like chambers with gel in them and little hairs that stick out and they detect pressure changes. So it’s very useful for navigating at night, for avoiding dangerous things in limited vision conditions and that sort of thing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>On the electrical senses that some fish have\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some fishes, including sharks and I think rays as well, are electro-receptive. They can detect electrical signals from other organisms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s also electro-producing fishes. The knife-fishes of South America and the elephant-nose fishes … they’re both electric-producing, so they have E.O.Ds, which are electric organ discharges, and they use those as communication signals, and they communicate in some pretty cool ways. They will change their own frequency if they’re swimming by another fish with a similar frequency, so they don’t jam and confuse each other. They also show deference by shutting of their E.O.Ds when they’re passing by a territory holder. You don’t want to piss off the territory holder, so it’s probably better to go “silent” during that time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The perceptions and sensory abilities of fish, they’re the product of over 400 million years of evolution, so it might not surprise us that they’ve got some pretty cool ways of sensing their environments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>On fish using flatulence as a means of communication\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There is one really curious example involving herrings that I can’t resist mentioning. I think if you were to come up with a phrase that best captures it, at least a delicate phrase, “flatulent communication” would be perhaps the right phrase. They live in big schools and they omit gasses from the anus in large numbers, and it makes a sound. And they appear to use this as a communication device to maybe signal to others that it’s time we moved up or down in the water column, because it’s that time of day when the predators are coming out and this sort of thing. The researchers who studied it use the more technical term “Frequent Repetitive Ticks.” and I’ll leave it to the listener to make an acronym out of that, which is quite appropriate to the behavior.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>On the \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/13.7/2016/06/03/480556852/please-lets-not-find-dory\">aquarium trade\u003c/a> and the popularity of the b\u003c/strong>\u003cstrong>lue tang, \u003c/strong>\u003cstrong>the fish featured in the movie \u003c/strong>\u003cstrong>\u003cem>Finding Dory\u003c/em>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some of the methods to catch [blue tang] are pretty awful. Cyanide poisoning, which often kills many of the fishes being targeted, or ones not being targeted, and explosive devices are sometimes used. And then you have the vicissitudes of transport, where they’re shipped over continents and the mortality rates are quite high. …\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dory [in the new Pixar film \u003cem>Finding Dory\u003c/em>] is a blue tang. And they are probably going to be very popular in the aquarium trade because of the fact that this film will draw a lot of attention to that species. Well, unfortunately, blue tangs are caught in the wild, and they are subject to some of the ills of the industry. So we are campaigning actively to try to discourage … people from buying these fishes, because … when you purchase a product, you tell the manufacturer to do it again, and we don’t really want that happening.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 Fresh Air. To see more, visit \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/programs/fresh-air/\">Fresh Air\u003c/a>.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Fish+Have+Feelings%2C+Too%3A+The+Inner+Lives+Of+Our+%27Underwater+Cousins%27&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Jonathan Balcombe, author of \u003cem>What A Fish Knows, \u003c/em>says that fish\u003cem> \u003c/em>have a conscious awareness — or \"sentience\" — that allows them to experience pain, recognize individual humans and have memory.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>When you think about fish, it’s probably at dinner time. Author Jonathan Balcombe, on the other hand, spends a lot of time pondering the emotional lives of fish. Balcombe, who serves as the director of animal sentience for the Humane Society Institute for Science and Policy, tells \u003cem>Fresh Air\u003c/em>‘s Terry Gross that humans are closer to understanding fish than ever before.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Thanks to the breakthroughs in ethology, socio-biology, neuro-biology and ecology, we can now better understand what the world looks like to fish,” Balcombe says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In his new book, \u003cem>What A Fish Knows: The Inner Lives Of Our Underwater Cousins,\u003c/em> Balcombe presents evidence that fish have a conscious awareness — or “sentience” — that allows them to experience pain, recognize individual humans and have memory. He argues that humans should consider the moral implications of how we catch and farm fish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We humans kill between 150 billion and over 2 trillion fishes a year. … And the way they die — certainly in commercial fishing — is really pretty grim, ” Balcombe says. “There’s a lot of change that would be needed to reflect an improvement in our relationship with fishes.”\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003ch3>Interview Highlights\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>On how we can know if fish feel pain \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The most elegant study of fish pain that I’ve ever seen … was done a few years ago by a biologist named Lynne Sneddon … in the U.K. She used zebra fishes, which are very commonly used in research. And what they did was they put a group of zebra fishes — I don’t remember how many, perhaps 30 — in a complex tank that had two chambers. One chamber was enriched, it had rocks and vegetation, and the other chamber was barren. It was open. You can probably guess which chamber these fishes spent all their time in — it was the enriched one. Fishes like places to hide, they like stimulation in their environments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And then they injected the fishes either with one of two things. One was with an acid solution, which is known to be caustic and presumably painful to these fishes, if they can feel pain. And then the other … half of the fishes were randomly selected; [they] were injected with saline, which causes just the pierce of the needle and then the pain is not going to be lasting, because it’s not acidic. And then they watched to see how they behaved, and they all remained swimming in the enriched tank. And then they dissolved a painkiller solution in the barren, undesirable chamber of this complex tank. And lo and behold, some of the fishes then started to migrate across and swim and hang out in that normally undesirable tank, and it was only the ones injected with the acid, and not the ones injected with the saline. I find that a pretty convincing demonstration of pain in fishes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What animal sentience means\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sentience is like pregnancy. You’re either pregnant or you’re not, you’re either sentient or you’re not. And if an animal is sentient, which means some kind of conscious awareness, but particularly the capacity to feel pain, and, I would say, by extension, to feel pleasure, then, to me, that means that animal has moral traction, or it should have moral traction — that the animal is deserving of consideration of others. Because that animal can have a good day and a bad day and can have good or bad things happen to them. And that, as I say, is the bedrock of ethics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>On some reef fish appearing to recognize individual divers \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There was a new study … showing individual recognition of human faces by fishes. So they probably do recognize individual divers. They come up to be stroked. It is almost like a dog. I don’t know if they roll over to have their belly petted, though some sharks will be sent into what looks like a euphoric state when they have their bellies rubbed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>On how fish use a ‘lateral line’ to sense water pressure and navigate at night\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[Fish] have a couple of other pretty neat senses that are worth mentioning. One is a sense of water pressure or movement in the water that’s very acute, thanks to a lateral line.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We’re talking about bony fishes now, not the sharks and rays. … The bony fishes have a lateral line. You may notice a dark row of scales along the center line of a bony fish, and that’s actually the shadow cast by these specialized scales. Because there’s a depression in each one, and in that depression are specialized little cup-like chambers with gel in them and little hairs that stick out and they detect pressure changes. So it’s very useful for navigating at night, for avoiding dangerous things in limited vision conditions and that sort of thing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>On the electrical senses that some fish have\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some fishes, including sharks and I think rays as well, are electro-receptive. They can detect electrical signals from other organisms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s also electro-producing fishes. The knife-fishes of South America and the elephant-nose fishes … they’re both electric-producing, so they have E.O.Ds, which are electric organ discharges, and they use those as communication signals, and they communicate in some pretty cool ways. They will change their own frequency if they’re swimming by another fish with a similar frequency, so they don’t jam and confuse each other. They also show deference by shutting of their E.O.Ds when they’re passing by a territory holder. You don’t want to piss off the territory holder, so it’s probably better to go “silent” during that time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The perceptions and sensory abilities of fish, they’re the product of over 400 million years of evolution, so it might not surprise us that they’ve got some pretty cool ways of sensing their environments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>On fish using flatulence as a means of communication\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There is one really curious example involving herrings that I can’t resist mentioning. I think if you were to come up with a phrase that best captures it, at least a delicate phrase, “flatulent communication” would be perhaps the right phrase. They live in big schools and they omit gasses from the anus in large numbers, and it makes a sound. And they appear to use this as a communication device to maybe signal to others that it’s time we moved up or down in the water column, because it’s that time of day when the predators are coming out and this sort of thing. The researchers who studied it use the more technical term “Frequent Repetitive Ticks.” and I’ll leave it to the listener to make an acronym out of that, which is quite appropriate to the behavior.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>On the \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/13.7/2016/06/03/480556852/please-lets-not-find-dory\">aquarium trade\u003c/a> and the popularity of the b\u003c/strong>\u003cstrong>lue tang, \u003c/strong>\u003cstrong>the fish featured in the movie \u003c/strong>\u003cstrong>\u003cem>Finding Dory\u003c/em>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some of the methods to catch [blue tang] are pretty awful. Cyanide poisoning, which often kills many of the fishes being targeted, or ones not being targeted, and explosive devices are sometimes used. And then you have the vicissitudes of transport, where they’re shipped over continents and the mortality rates are quite high. …\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dory [in the new Pixar film \u003cem>Finding Dory\u003c/em>] is a blue tang. And they are probably going to be very popular in the aquarium trade because of the fact that this film will draw a lot of attention to that species. Well, unfortunately, blue tangs are caught in the wild, and they are subject to some of the ills of the industry. So we are campaigning actively to try to discourage … people from buying these fishes, because … when you purchase a product, you tell the manufacturer to do it again, and we don’t really want that happening.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 Fresh Air. To see more, visit \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/programs/fresh-air/\">Fresh Air\u003c/a>.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Fish+Have+Feelings%2C+Too%3A+The+Inner+Lives+Of+Our+%27Underwater+Cousins%27&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Summer’s heat is \u003ca href=\"http://wxshift.com/news/blog/early-season-heat-wave-could-bring-triple-digit-temps-to-sacramento-valley\">settling in early\u003c/a> in parts of the West, and is forecast to arrive in earnest this weekend. With sweltering days ahead, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/large-wildfires-more-common-destructive-19387\">rising specter of wildfires\u003c/a> isn’t far behind.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To get the big-picture, we’ve created a \u003ca href=\"http://wxshift.com/climate-change/climate-indicators/us-wildfires\">brand new wildfire tracker\u003c/a> that shows where every wildfire is burning with a side of climate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"700\" height=\"350\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" src=\"//widgets.climatecentral.org/wildfire-tracker/index.html?utm_source=KQED&utm_medium=embed&utm_campaign=Wildfire-Tracker2-2017\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hover over a red circle to see how much area has been burned. Click on it, and you’ll get more climate context and the number of people at risk. No wildfire happens in a vacuum anymore. \u003ca href=\"http://wxshift.com/climate-change/climate-indicators/us-wildfires\">Large wildfires\u003c/a> — those greater than 1,000 acres — have doubled since 1970 due in part to a warming climate. And with more people living in harm’s way, that’s raising the risk of losing life and property (a risk that became reality in California last year with the \u003ca href=\"http://wxshift.com/news/valley-butte-fires-some-of-the-most-destructive-in-california-history\">Valley and Butte fires\u003c/a>).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are a number of climate factors also upping the odds of a bad wildfire season in the western U.S. Drought-addled California continues to be a huge wildfire risk. Snowpack is at \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/weird-weather-entrenched-californias-drought-20438\">6 percent of normal\u003c/a> for this time of year with the southern and central Sierra Nevada mountains registering a goose egg in terms of snow on the ground.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Southwest is facing red flag warnings through Thursday due to elevated wildfire risk. This weekend will be an absolute scorcher with record-breaking temperatures likely, further drying out the region ahead of the heart of wildfire season.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last year, wildfires charred \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/2015-wildfire-season-sets-ominous-record-19879\">more than 10 million acres\u003c/a> for the first time on record. It remains to be seen if this year will top that, but it’s already off to an above-average start. More than 1.8 million acres have burned so far, about 200,000 acres above the 10-year average for this time of year.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Summer’s heat is \u003ca href=\"http://wxshift.com/news/blog/early-season-heat-wave-could-bring-triple-digit-temps-to-sacramento-valley\">settling in early\u003c/a> in parts of the West, and is forecast to arrive in earnest this weekend. With sweltering days ahead, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/large-wildfires-more-common-destructive-19387\">rising specter of wildfires\u003c/a> isn’t far behind.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To get the big-picture, we’ve created a \u003ca href=\"http://wxshift.com/climate-change/climate-indicators/us-wildfires\">brand new wildfire tracker\u003c/a> that shows where every wildfire is burning with a side of climate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"700\" height=\"350\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" src=\"//widgets.climatecentral.org/wildfire-tracker/index.html?utm_source=KQED&utm_medium=embed&utm_campaign=Wildfire-Tracker2-2017\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hover over a red circle to see how much area has been burned. Click on it, and you’ll get more climate context and the number of people at risk. No wildfire happens in a vacuum anymore. \u003ca href=\"http://wxshift.com/climate-change/climate-indicators/us-wildfires\">Large wildfires\u003c/a> — those greater than 1,000 acres — have doubled since 1970 due in part to a warming climate. And with more people living in harm’s way, that’s raising the risk of losing life and property (a risk that became reality in California last year with the \u003ca href=\"http://wxshift.com/news/valley-butte-fires-some-of-the-most-destructive-in-california-history\">Valley and Butte fires\u003c/a>).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are a number of climate factors also upping the odds of a bad wildfire season in the western U.S. Drought-addled California continues to be a huge wildfire risk. Snowpack is at \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/weird-weather-entrenched-californias-drought-20438\">6 percent of normal\u003c/a> for this time of year with the southern and central Sierra Nevada mountains registering a goose egg in terms of snow on the ground.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"headTitle": "Deader Than Ever: California Forests Head Into Fire Season | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Roger Coigny has lived in the mountain community of Pinehurst for most of his 75 years. He’s seen a lot of changes, but nothing like the millions of Ponderosa pine trees here in the Southern Sierra Nevada that have died over the past two years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“And the ones that die the quickest are the biggest, most beautiful, tallest and strongest,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The trees are stressed and dying after more than four years of unprecedented levels of drought, plus an infestation of bark beetles.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘It’s these dead trees; they’re just like napalm sticks. One spark and they explode.’\u003ccite>Roger Coigny, Pinehurst\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Last summer, the massive Rough Fire tore through stands of dead trees in nearby national forests, burning more than 230 square miles, including part of Kings Canyon National Park.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The fire burned close enough to Pinehurst that people were forced to evacuate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Coigny put his six dogs, 1,200 pounds of tools and his clothes into his Volkswagen bus and headed down to the town of Selma near Fresno. When he returned a couple of days later, his house and property were covered in ashes, but they survived.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This summer the forests are at risk of burning again. Coigny looks up from his burger and fries inside the Pinehurst Lodge and Restaurant and points out the window to a nearby mountain. He sees mostly dead Ponderosa pines in the distance, heavy with brown needles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s these dead trees,” he says, “they’re just like napalm sticks. One spark and they explode.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After lunch, Coigny leaves the pub and walks over to his white Volkswagen bus. He opens the front door and three dogs leap out. He calls one of them over.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_781215\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2448px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/RS19871_alt_439-e1466193635327.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-781215\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/RS19871_alt_439-e1466193635327.jpg\" alt=\"Pinehurst resident Roger Coigny monitors a scanner to keep track of wildfires near the home where he lives with his six dogs.\" width=\"2448\" height=\"1950\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/RS19871_alt_439-e1466193635327.jpg 2448w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/RS19871_alt_439-e1466193635327-400x319.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/RS19871_alt_439-e1466193635327-800x637.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/RS19871_alt_439-e1466193635327-768x612.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/RS19871_alt_439-e1466193635327-1440x1147.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/RS19871_alt_439-e1466193635327-1920x1529.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/RS19871_alt_439-e1466193635327-1180x940.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/RS19871_alt_439-e1466193635327-960x765.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2448px) 100vw, 2448px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Pinehurst resident Roger Coigny monitors a scanner to keep track of wildfires near the home where he lives with his six dogs.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“Chief, come here!” Coigny calls. “Come here, sing me a song.” Coigny offers up a “Wooo Wooo” to lure the dog into joining him. But he’s out of luck. Apparently Chief doesn’t sing on cue.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Coigny and his six rescue dogs live on a good-sized piece of land, and he wants to stay on top of any news about fires.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I listen to scanners all the time, for my paranoia,” Coigny says, “so I can listen to the fire guys. So that’s running all day long.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Fire Crews Prepare\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nOn a steep trail in the Sierra foothills, not far from Pinehurst, a crew from Cal Fire practices cutting a fire line between tall, golden grasses. Steady rain this winter brought a lot of new growth to the foothills.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re seeing grasses 4 and 6 feet tall here,” says Captain Roger Raines. “So combine that with the oak mortality, combine that with the fuels that transition from here into those dead pine trees, it’s a time bomb.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Dead Trees per Acre in California\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Trees dead because of drought, beetles, wildfire, Sudden Oak Death and other causes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"sharedaddy show-for-medium-up\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright size-medium wp-image-781754\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/FireDesktopFinalB-800x1262.jpg\" alt=\"FireDesktopFinalB\" width=\"800\" height=\"1262\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/FireDesktopFinalB-800x1262.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/FireDesktopFinalB-400x631.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/FireDesktopFinalB-768x1212.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/FireDesktopFinalB-960x1515.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/FireDesktopFinalB.jpg 995w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv class=\"show-for-small-only\">\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright size-medium wp-image-781755\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/FireMobileFinalB-800x1528.jpg\" alt=\"FireMobileFinalB\" width=\"800\" height=\"1528\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/FireMobileFinalB-800x1528.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/FireMobileFinalB-400x764.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/FireMobileFinalB-768x1467.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/FireMobileFinalB-960x1833.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/FireMobileFinalB.jpg 995w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>The grasses spread fire quickly, he says. Normally cattle would be up here grazing it down, but ranchers sold off a lot of their herds during the drought. Raines says Cal Fire is prepping early for a tough season, with new equipment that can shred dead trees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Governor Jerry Brown’s state budget includes about $30 million for Cal Fire to take out dead trees near buildings and roads and to provide grants for mountain communities like Pinehurst. A statewide task force is helping to coordinate projects to remove dead trees near power lines, home, and roads — the places where they could cause the most damage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The local Fire Safe Council that serves Pinehurst and surrounding communities just got a grant from this fund to get rid of dead trees along county roads.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_781214\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/RS19869_photo-qut.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-781214\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/RS19869_photo-qut.jpg\" alt=\"Crews clear a fire break in the Sierra foothills, in preparation for this summer's fire season.\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1632\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/RS19869_photo-qut.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/RS19869_photo-qut-400x340.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/RS19869_photo-qut-800x680.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/RS19869_photo-qut-768x653.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/RS19869_photo-qut-1440x1224.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/RS19869_photo-qut-1180x1003.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/RS19869_photo-qut-960x816.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Crews clear a fire break in the Sierra foothills, in preparation for this summer’s fire season. \u003ccite>(Alice Daniel/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Rains: A Small Reprieve\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nThe wet winter dropped a lot of moisture into the forests, says Scott Stephens, a fire scientist at UC Berkeley. That’s delaying the fire season by a couple of weeks, he says, but mostly in the northern part of the state. The chaparral down south didn’t get much rain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Southern California, San Diego, LA counties,” Stephens says, “I think they’re in difficult shape.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And the number of wildfires and acreage already burned this year is about on par with last year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Climate change, drought, stressed and dying trees, forests that are too dense — these are all things that may add up to the new normal, Stephens says. Unless the forests are thinned and repaired, massive fires are inevitable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The forest we know today won’t be the forest our grand-kids know in 30 years unless we start to change trajectory and do higher amounts of restoration,” Stephens says.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Rains may delay fire season a bit, but after years of unprecedented drought, California forests are dense with dead trees. ",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Roger Coigny has lived in the mountain community of Pinehurst for most of his 75 years. He’s seen a lot of changes, but nothing like the millions of Ponderosa pine trees here in the Southern Sierra Nevada that have died over the past two years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“And the ones that die the quickest are the biggest, most beautiful, tallest and strongest,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The trees are stressed and dying after more than four years of unprecedented levels of drought, plus an infestation of bark beetles.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘It’s these dead trees; they’re just like napalm sticks. One spark and they explode.’\u003ccite>Roger Coigny, Pinehurst\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Last summer, the massive Rough Fire tore through stands of dead trees in nearby national forests, burning more than 230 square miles, including part of Kings Canyon National Park.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The fire burned close enough to Pinehurst that people were forced to evacuate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Coigny put his six dogs, 1,200 pounds of tools and his clothes into his Volkswagen bus and headed down to the town of Selma near Fresno. When he returned a couple of days later, his house and property were covered in ashes, but they survived.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This summer the forests are at risk of burning again. Coigny looks up from his burger and fries inside the Pinehurst Lodge and Restaurant and points out the window to a nearby mountain. He sees mostly dead Ponderosa pines in the distance, heavy with brown needles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s these dead trees,” he says, “they’re just like napalm sticks. One spark and they explode.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After lunch, Coigny leaves the pub and walks over to his white Volkswagen bus. He opens the front door and three dogs leap out. He calls one of them over.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_781215\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2448px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/RS19871_alt_439-e1466193635327.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-781215\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/RS19871_alt_439-e1466193635327.jpg\" alt=\"Pinehurst resident Roger Coigny monitors a scanner to keep track of wildfires near the home where he lives with his six dogs.\" width=\"2448\" height=\"1950\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/RS19871_alt_439-e1466193635327.jpg 2448w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/RS19871_alt_439-e1466193635327-400x319.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/RS19871_alt_439-e1466193635327-800x637.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/RS19871_alt_439-e1466193635327-768x612.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/RS19871_alt_439-e1466193635327-1440x1147.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/RS19871_alt_439-e1466193635327-1920x1529.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/RS19871_alt_439-e1466193635327-1180x940.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/RS19871_alt_439-e1466193635327-960x765.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2448px) 100vw, 2448px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Pinehurst resident Roger Coigny monitors a scanner to keep track of wildfires near the home where he lives with his six dogs.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“Chief, come here!” Coigny calls. “Come here, sing me a song.” Coigny offers up a “Wooo Wooo” to lure the dog into joining him. But he’s out of luck. Apparently Chief doesn’t sing on cue.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Coigny and his six rescue dogs live on a good-sized piece of land, and he wants to stay on top of any news about fires.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I listen to scanners all the time, for my paranoia,” Coigny says, “so I can listen to the fire guys. So that’s running all day long.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Fire Crews Prepare\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nOn a steep trail in the Sierra foothills, not far from Pinehurst, a crew from Cal Fire practices cutting a fire line between tall, golden grasses. Steady rain this winter brought a lot of new growth to the foothills.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re seeing grasses 4 and 6 feet tall here,” says Captain Roger Raines. “So combine that with the oak mortality, combine that with the fuels that transition from here into those dead pine trees, it’s a time bomb.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Dead Trees per Acre in California\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Trees dead because of drought, beetles, wildfire, Sudden Oak Death and other causes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"sharedaddy show-for-medium-up\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright size-medium wp-image-781754\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/FireDesktopFinalB-800x1262.jpg\" alt=\"FireDesktopFinalB\" width=\"800\" height=\"1262\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/FireDesktopFinalB-800x1262.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/FireDesktopFinalB-400x631.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/FireDesktopFinalB-768x1212.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/FireDesktopFinalB-960x1515.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/FireDesktopFinalB.jpg 995w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv class=\"show-for-small-only\">\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright size-medium wp-image-781755\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/FireMobileFinalB-800x1528.jpg\" alt=\"FireMobileFinalB\" width=\"800\" height=\"1528\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/FireMobileFinalB-800x1528.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/FireMobileFinalB-400x764.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/FireMobileFinalB-768x1467.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/FireMobileFinalB-960x1833.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/FireMobileFinalB.jpg 995w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>The grasses spread fire quickly, he says. Normally cattle would be up here grazing it down, but ranchers sold off a lot of their herds during the drought. Raines says Cal Fire is prepping early for a tough season, with new equipment that can shred dead trees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Governor Jerry Brown’s state budget includes about $30 million for Cal Fire to take out dead trees near buildings and roads and to provide grants for mountain communities like Pinehurst. A statewide task force is helping to coordinate projects to remove dead trees near power lines, home, and roads — the places where they could cause the most damage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The local Fire Safe Council that serves Pinehurst and surrounding communities just got a grant from this fund to get rid of dead trees along county roads.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_781214\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/RS19869_photo-qut.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-781214\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/RS19869_photo-qut.jpg\" alt=\"Crews clear a fire break in the Sierra foothills, in preparation for this summer's fire season.\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1632\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/RS19869_photo-qut.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/RS19869_photo-qut-400x340.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/RS19869_photo-qut-800x680.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/RS19869_photo-qut-768x653.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/RS19869_photo-qut-1440x1224.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/RS19869_photo-qut-1180x1003.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/RS19869_photo-qut-960x816.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Crews clear a fire break in the Sierra foothills, in preparation for this summer’s fire season. \u003ccite>(Alice Daniel/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Rains: A Small Reprieve\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nThe wet winter dropped a lot of moisture into the forests, says Scott Stephens, a fire scientist at UC Berkeley. That’s delaying the fire season by a couple of weeks, he says, but mostly in the northern part of the state. The chaparral down south didn’t get much rain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Southern California, San Diego, LA counties,” Stephens says, “I think they’re in difficult shape.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And the number of wildfires and acreage already burned this year is about on par with last year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Climate change, drought, stressed and dying trees, forests that are too dense — these are all things that may add up to the new normal, Stephens says. Unless the forests are thinned and repaired, massive fires are inevitable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The forest we know today won’t be the forest our grand-kids know in 30 years unless we start to change trajectory and do higher amounts of restoration,” Stephens says.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Wildfires Threaten Western Communities, Santa Barbara Fire Now Partially Contained",
"headTitle": "Wildfires Threaten Western Communities, Santa Barbara Fire Now Partially Contained | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Fueled by hot and dry weather, wildfires threatened homes in California and other Western states as crews struggled to corral flames that have scorched miles of brush and timber.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About 140 homes and ranches were considered at risk in California, where a 1,400-acre fire was tearing through coastal canyons west of Santa Barbara, scorching an area that hadn’t burned in 60 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The chaparral was “very dry, very dead-on-the-ground fuel for the fire,” said Gina DePinto, communications manager for Santa Barbara County.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About 800 firefighters struggled to reach the narrow, brush-choked coastal canyons to attack the flames. A fleet of aircraft had better luck Thursday but nightfall brought a rise in gusty, erratic “sundowner” winds that had pushed the blaze Wednesday night.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fire official said early Friday that the blaze had calmed a bit after surging Thursday night.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For a second night, a freeway, U.S. 101, was closed in the area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hundreds of people were forced from campgrounds after the fire erupted Wednesday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Charlie and Elizabeth Hatten spent the night at a shelter after a park ranger woke them as they camped at El Capitan State Beach.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The flames looked so close. You couldn’t see the moon anymore,” Charlie Hatten told the Los Angeles Times.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The campgrounds remained closed but fire officials said nobody remained at the shelters Thursday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In central New Mexico, a blaze that began Tuesday, spread across 16,000 acres by Thursday night, forcing evacuations and burning 24 homes along the way. The fire also destroyed 21 minor structures.The fire blackened 25 square miles and blanketed Albuquerque, the state’s largest city, in a thick haze.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The fire was expected to continue moving east and northeast and posed an imminent threat to the small community of Chilili, the Tajique area, and the Ponderosa Pine residential area, according to U.S. Forest Service officials.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>New Mexico Gov. Susana Martinez took to the air in a National Guard helicopter on Thursday to look over the devastation, according to a report in the Albuquerque Journal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is a serious fire,” Martinez said later during a news conference and an Estancia school, where the command center for the firefighters is located. “We want to make sure New Mexicans understand that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Extremely hot and dry weather was forecast to continue into the weekend, although gusty winds should ease, fire officials said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In east-central Arizona, progress was made against a 12-square-mile blaze that broke out Wednesday south of Show Low.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The winds weren’t as bad, and the back-burns did exactly what we wanted them to do,” Navajo County Sheriff KC Clark said at a Thursday afternoon news conference.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, a small community in Navajo County remained evacuated and thousands of other residents were told to be prepared in case they had to leave.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Nevada, a 300-acre Reno brush fire that threatened dozens of homes was 75 percent contained and crews were mostly in mop-up mode Thursday evening.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Blazes also threatened homes in Utah, where a firefighter hurt his head in a fall.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "The West's summer fire season is here as crews in Southern California work to contain a fire in Santa Barbara County.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For a second night, a freeway, U.S. 101, was closed in the area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hundreds of people were forced from campgrounds after the fire erupted Wednesday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Charlie and Elizabeth Hatten spent the night at a shelter after a park ranger woke them as they camped at El Capitan State Beach.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The flames looked so close. You couldn’t see the moon anymore,” Charlie Hatten told the Los Angeles Times.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The campgrounds remained closed but fire officials said nobody remained at the shelters Thursday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In central New Mexico, a blaze that began Tuesday, spread across 16,000 acres by Thursday night, forcing evacuations and burning 24 homes along the way. The fire also destroyed 21 minor structures.The fire blackened 25 square miles and blanketed Albuquerque, the state’s largest city, in a thick haze.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The fire was expected to continue moving east and northeast and posed an imminent threat to the small community of Chilili, the Tajique area, and the Ponderosa Pine residential area, according to U.S. Forest Service officials.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>New Mexico Gov. Susana Martinez took to the air in a National Guard helicopter on Thursday to look over the devastation, according to a report in the Albuquerque Journal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is a serious fire,” Martinez said later during a news conference and an Estancia school, where the command center for the firefighters is located. “We want to make sure New Mexicans understand that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Extremely hot and dry weather was forecast to continue into the weekend, although gusty winds should ease, fire officials said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In east-central Arizona, progress was made against a 12-square-mile blaze that broke out Wednesday south of Show Low.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The winds weren’t as bad, and the back-burns did exactly what we wanted them to do,” Navajo County Sheriff KC Clark said at a Thursday afternoon news conference.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, a small community in Navajo County remained evacuated and thousands of other residents were told to be prepared in case they had to leave.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Nevada, a 300-acre Reno brush fire that threatened dozens of homes was 75 percent contained and crews were mostly in mop-up mode Thursday evening.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Blazes also threatened homes in Utah, where a firefighter hurt his head in a fall.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
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"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
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"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
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"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
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"tagline": "Politics from a personal perspective",
"info": "Political Breakdown is a new series that explores the political intersection of California and the nation. Each week hosts Scott Shafer and Marisa Lagos are joined with a new special guest to unpack politics -- with personality — and offer an insider’s glimpse at how politics happens.",
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"possible": {
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"info": "Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.",
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"info": "Each weekday, host Marco Werman and his team of producers bring you the world's most interesting stories in an hour of radio that reminds us just how small our planet really is.",
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},
"radiolab": {
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"info": "A two-time Peabody Award-winner, Radiolab is an investigation told through sounds and stories, and centered around one big idea. In the Radiolab world, information sounds like music and science and culture collide. Hosted by Jad Abumrad and Robert Krulwich, the show is designed for listeners who demand skepticism, but appreciate wonder. WNYC Studios is the producer of other leading podcasts including Freakonomics Radio, Death, Sex & Money, On the Media and many more.",
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},
"reveal": {
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"info": "Created by The Center for Investigative Reporting and PRX, Reveal is public radios first one-hour weekly radio show and podcast dedicated to investigative reporting. Credible, fact based and without a partisan agenda, Reveal combines the power and artistry of driveway moment storytelling with data-rich reporting on critically important issues. The result is stories that inform and inspire, arming our listeners with information to right injustices, hold the powerful accountable and improve lives.Reveal is hosted by Al Letson and showcases the award-winning work of CIR and newsrooms large and small across the nation. In a radio and podcast market crowded with choices, Reveal focuses on important and often surprising stories that illuminate the world for our listeners.",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.revealnews.org/episodes/",
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},
"rightnowish": {
"id": "rightnowish",
"title": "Rightnowish",
"tagline": "Art is where you find it",
"info": "Rightnowish digs into life in the Bay Area right now… ish. Journalist Pendarvis Harshaw takes us to galleries painted on the sides of liquor stores in West Oakland. We'll dance in warehouses in the Bayview, make smoothies with kids in South Berkeley, and listen to classical music in a 1984 Cutlass Supreme in Richmond. Every week, Pen talks to movers and shakers about how the Bay Area shapes what they create, and how they shape the place we call home.",
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},
"science-friday": {
"id": "science-friday",
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"info": "Science Friday is a weekly science talk show, broadcast live over public radio stations nationwide. Each week, the show focuses on science topics that are in the news and tries to bring an educated, balanced discussion to bear on the scientific issues at hand. Panels of expert guests join host Ira Flatow, a veteran science journalist, to discuss science and to take questions from listeners during the call-in portion of the program.",
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