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"content": "\u003cp>I bet you didn’t know there’s a major controversy sweeping through the world of curling. Yes, that quirky sport that pops up on TV during the Winter Olympics actually spawned a worldwide scandal—not over drugs, not over bribes, but over brooms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s about new fabrics on the brooms that curlers use to sweep the ice in front of the stone, and it’s bad enough that ice experts and top athletes are calling it “broomgate.” They gathered in Kemptville, Canada this week to investigate the contentious brooms that were changing the way this 500-year-old game was played.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘It got to the point where the sweeping was making a greater difference in shot-making than the actual shot-making.’\u003ccite>Jaime Bourassa, Olympic ice technician\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Jamie Bourassa stood among them, an Olympic-level ice technician there to help resolve the controversy. He and the rest of the Sweeping Summit tested the disputed brooms to see which ones had too strong an influence on the stones. The World Curling Federation will use the data to vote in September on new rules for brooms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After the summit, Bourassa flew straight to the Sharks Ice Facility in Fremont to prep for the Bay Area’s annual curling tournament, held the weekend before Memorial Day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the \u003ca href=\"http://www.goldengatebonspiel.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">2016 Golden Gate Bonspiel\u003c/a>, curling teams from the Bay Area and beyond will sweep and glide their way to glory. The \u003ca href=\"http://www.bayareacurling.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">San Francisco Bay Area Curling Club\u003c/a> (SFBACC) is hosting the event, which puts curlers of all skill levels onto the ice. Teams with names such as Game of Stones, and Star Wars: The Frost Awakens will play through Sunday until four champions emerge, to be awarded a bottle of wine and medals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bourassa arrived last night to train local curlers in the science and art of maintaining their ice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“He is a true ice meister,” says Brent Halpenny, former president of the SFBACC who attended the training. “He does amazing things with water. It’s the only way to word it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_730414\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-730414\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/Flooding-the-Ice.jpg\" alt=\"Bay Area curlers flood the ice at the Sharks Ice Facility in Fremont during a course with Jamie Bourassa, one of the world's best curling ice technicians. They need to make the surface as level as possible for the curling tournament. \" width=\"640\" height=\"480\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/Flooding-the-Ice.jpg 640w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/Flooding-the-Ice-400x300.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Bay Area curlers and enthusiasts flood the ice at the Sharks Ice Facility in Fremont during a course with Jamie Bourassa, one of the world’s best curling ice technicians. They need to make the surface as level as possible for the curling tournament. \u003ccite>(Loreen Makishima-Wolf)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Science and Art of Making Ice\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Curling is all about reading the ice. One person glides the 42-pound curling stone toward a bulls-eye at the end of the court. The rock veers in one way or the other—that’s the curl. The frantic brushing melts the surface of the ice to coax the stone a little farther or prevent it from curling too far astray.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The strategy of curling begins long before anyone throws the first stone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The better we make the playing surface, the better the players can play,” Bourassa says. He prepped the ice for the Winter Olympics in Sochi, and does the same for curling championships all over the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The first step is to level the ice. Ice technicians use lasers to map the hills and dips carved out by hockey skates. A Zamboni shaves away the highs and technicians flood low points with water as pure as they can get.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you use the tap water in an ice tray, you’ll feel rough patches on the ice cubes,” Bourassa says. “You don’t with pure water.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Next comes the pebbler. Armed with a water-filled backpack and hose, a technician walks backward, spraying the hose back and forth until the ice sheet is covered in tiny bumps. The brooms melt the tops of the pebbles, creating a rounded, slick pathway to gently nudge the rock in one way or the other.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_730415\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-730415\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/Pebblers-e1464366885905-800x1067.jpg\" alt=\"Armed with water-filled backpacks, pebblers spray water droplets across the entire court in the early hours before the 2016 Golden Gate Bonspiel. The droplets freeze into icy pebbles, over which the curling stones glide. \" width=\"800\" height=\"1067\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/Pebblers-e1464366885905-800x1067.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/Pebblers-e1464366885905-400x533.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/Pebblers-e1464366885905-768x1024.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/Pebblers-e1464366885905-1440x1920.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/Pebblers-e1464366885905-1180x1573.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/Pebblers-e1464366885905-960x1280.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/Pebblers-e1464366885905.jpg 1512w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Armed with water-filled backpacks, pebblers spray water droplets across the entire court in the early hours before the 2016 Golden Gate Bonspiel. The droplets freeze into icy pebbles, over which the curling stones glide. \u003ccite>(Loreen Makishima-Wolf)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Chess on the Ice\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By the end of a curling round a dozen stones may crowd the bulls-eye and only the rock closest to the center takes the point. The team’s last thrower, called the skip, must set up her shot to knock out the opponent’s stones or pull off a tricky curl.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They call it chess on the ice,” says Loreen Makishima-Wolf, 51, who will compete on the team The Dancing Minas. Makishima-Wolf prefers to throw early when the ice is clear, but still feels the pressure if her throws go sour.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It sets the table,” she says. “If I have a lousy game, and don’t put my rocks in play at all, it leaves it open for the other team. If I don’t do my job, I make it harder for everybody else.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The throws called shots get the stone closest to the middle point and are the heart of the game, showcasing the skill of the thrower. The brushes that launched the broomgate controversy compromised that, Bourassa says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.worldcurling.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">World Curling Federation\u003c/a> noticed during competitions last fall that some of the brooms seemed to change the rock’s original trajectory, and they banned them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It got to the point where the sweeping was making a greater difference in shot-making than the actual shot-making,” Bourassa says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the end, curlers are looking for a great shot. The sport has strong rules of etiquette to keep it friendly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If someone has a good shot, they say, ‘Hey, good shot!” says Debbie Doherty, chair of the 2016 Golden Gate Bonspiel. “And the winner buys the first round of drinks.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Curious about curling? You can check out the \u003ca href=\"http://www.goldengatebonspiel.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">2016 Golden Gate Bonspiel\u003c/a> at the Sharks Ice Facility in Fremont or watch the \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/user/bayareacurling?app=desktop\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">live stream\u003c/a> here!\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "The 2016 Golden Gate Bonspiel kicks off today, with a solution pending for a major controversy in the sport. ",
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"title": "Curlers Sweep into the Bay Area for Holiday Weekend Competition | KQED",
"description": "The 2016 Golden Gate Bonspiel kicks off today, with a solution pending for a major controversy in the sport. ",
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"headline": "Curlers Sweep into the Bay Area for Holiday Weekend Competition",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>I bet you didn’t know there’s a major controversy sweeping through the world of curling. Yes, that quirky sport that pops up on TV during the Winter Olympics actually spawned a worldwide scandal—not over drugs, not over bribes, but over brooms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s about new fabrics on the brooms that curlers use to sweep the ice in front of the stone, and it’s bad enough that ice experts and top athletes are calling it “broomgate.” They gathered in Kemptville, Canada this week to investigate the contentious brooms that were changing the way this 500-year-old game was played.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘It got to the point where the sweeping was making a greater difference in shot-making than the actual shot-making.’\u003ccite>Jaime Bourassa, Olympic ice technician\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Jamie Bourassa stood among them, an Olympic-level ice technician there to help resolve the controversy. He and the rest of the Sweeping Summit tested the disputed brooms to see which ones had too strong an influence on the stones. The World Curling Federation will use the data to vote in September on new rules for brooms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After the summit, Bourassa flew straight to the Sharks Ice Facility in Fremont to prep for the Bay Area’s annual curling tournament, held the weekend before Memorial Day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the \u003ca href=\"http://www.goldengatebonspiel.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">2016 Golden Gate Bonspiel\u003c/a>, curling teams from the Bay Area and beyond will sweep and glide their way to glory. The \u003ca href=\"http://www.bayareacurling.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">San Francisco Bay Area Curling Club\u003c/a> (SFBACC) is hosting the event, which puts curlers of all skill levels onto the ice. Teams with names such as Game of Stones, and Star Wars: The Frost Awakens will play through Sunday until four champions emerge, to be awarded a bottle of wine and medals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bourassa arrived last night to train local curlers in the science and art of maintaining their ice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“He is a true ice meister,” says Brent Halpenny, former president of the SFBACC who attended the training. “He does amazing things with water. It’s the only way to word it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_730414\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-730414\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/Flooding-the-Ice.jpg\" alt=\"Bay Area curlers flood the ice at the Sharks Ice Facility in Fremont during a course with Jamie Bourassa, one of the world's best curling ice technicians. They need to make the surface as level as possible for the curling tournament. \" width=\"640\" height=\"480\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/Flooding-the-Ice.jpg 640w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/Flooding-the-Ice-400x300.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Bay Area curlers and enthusiasts flood the ice at the Sharks Ice Facility in Fremont during a course with Jamie Bourassa, one of the world’s best curling ice technicians. They need to make the surface as level as possible for the curling tournament. \u003ccite>(Loreen Makishima-Wolf)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Science and Art of Making Ice\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Curling is all about reading the ice. One person glides the 42-pound curling stone toward a bulls-eye at the end of the court. The rock veers in one way or the other—that’s the curl. The frantic brushing melts the surface of the ice to coax the stone a little farther or prevent it from curling too far astray.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The strategy of curling begins long before anyone throws the first stone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The better we make the playing surface, the better the players can play,” Bourassa says. He prepped the ice for the Winter Olympics in Sochi, and does the same for curling championships all over the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The first step is to level the ice. Ice technicians use lasers to map the hills and dips carved out by hockey skates. A Zamboni shaves away the highs and technicians flood low points with water as pure as they can get.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you use the tap water in an ice tray, you’ll feel rough patches on the ice cubes,” Bourassa says. “You don’t with pure water.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Next comes the pebbler. Armed with a water-filled backpack and hose, a technician walks backward, spraying the hose back and forth until the ice sheet is covered in tiny bumps. The brooms melt the tops of the pebbles, creating a rounded, slick pathway to gently nudge the rock in one way or the other.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_730415\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-730415\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/Pebblers-e1464366885905-800x1067.jpg\" alt=\"Armed with water-filled backpacks, pebblers spray water droplets across the entire court in the early hours before the 2016 Golden Gate Bonspiel. The droplets freeze into icy pebbles, over which the curling stones glide. \" width=\"800\" height=\"1067\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/Pebblers-e1464366885905-800x1067.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/Pebblers-e1464366885905-400x533.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/Pebblers-e1464366885905-768x1024.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/Pebblers-e1464366885905-1440x1920.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/Pebblers-e1464366885905-1180x1573.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/Pebblers-e1464366885905-960x1280.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/Pebblers-e1464366885905.jpg 1512w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Armed with water-filled backpacks, pebblers spray water droplets across the entire court in the early hours before the 2016 Golden Gate Bonspiel. The droplets freeze into icy pebbles, over which the curling stones glide. \u003ccite>(Loreen Makishima-Wolf)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Chess on the Ice\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By the end of a curling round a dozen stones may crowd the bulls-eye and only the rock closest to the center takes the point. The team’s last thrower, called the skip, must set up her shot to knock out the opponent’s stones or pull off a tricky curl.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They call it chess on the ice,” says Loreen Makishima-Wolf, 51, who will compete on the team The Dancing Minas. Makishima-Wolf prefers to throw early when the ice is clear, but still feels the pressure if her throws go sour.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It sets the table,” she says. “If I have a lousy game, and don’t put my rocks in play at all, it leaves it open for the other team. If I don’t do my job, I make it harder for everybody else.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The throws called shots get the stone closest to the middle point and are the heart of the game, showcasing the skill of the thrower. The brushes that launched the broomgate controversy compromised that, Bourassa says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.worldcurling.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">World Curling Federation\u003c/a> noticed during competitions last fall that some of the brooms seemed to change the rock’s original trajectory, and they banned them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It got to the point where the sweeping was making a greater difference in shot-making than the actual shot-making,” Bourassa says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the end, curlers are looking for a great shot. The sport has strong rules of etiquette to keep it friendly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If someone has a good shot, they say, ‘Hey, good shot!” says Debbie Doherty, chair of the 2016 Golden Gate Bonspiel. “And the winner buys the first round of drinks.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Curious about curling? You can check out the \u003ca href=\"http://www.goldengatebonspiel.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">2016 Golden Gate Bonspiel\u003c/a> at the Sharks Ice Facility in Fremont or watch the \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/user/bayareacurling?app=desktop\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">live stream\u003c/a> here!\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Do People Drive Less on Spare the Air Days?",
"headTitle": "Do People Drive Less on Spare the Air Days? | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>\u003cem>As part of our series, \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/series/baycurious\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Bay Curious\u003c/a>, we are answering questions from KQED listeners and readers.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On some warm summer days, Bay Area resident Sprague Terplan watches a brown haze settle over the bay and wonders about air quality.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I guess because I grew up here, I’ve always cared about the local environment,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Terplan thinks about cars on the roads, hundreds of thousands of them, spurting exhaust into the atmosphere and into his kids’ lungs. This led him to ask \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/series/baycurious\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Bay Curious\u003c/a>:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>On Spare the Air days, is there a reduction in driving/pollution? If so, by how much? Why not automatically raise bridge tolls on such days?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignleft\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/series/baycurious\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" style=\"margin-bottom: 10px\" src=\"http://u.s.kqed.net/2015/04/20/baycurious.png\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\nWhat do you wonder about the Bay Area, its culture or people that you want\u003cbr>\nKQED to investigate? \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/series/baycurious\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Ask Bay\u003cbr>\nCurious.\u003c/a>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>This year marks the 25th anniversary of \u003ca href=\"http://www.sparetheair.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Spare the Air\u003c/a>, a program run by the Bay Area Air Quality Management District. The district calls a Spare the Air alert when weather conditions in any of the nine counties under its jurisdiction indicate there could be unhealthy levels of pollution that day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Summertime alerts warn people sensitive to smog to stay indoors. For kids, older folks and people with respiratory issues, smog can aggravate asthma and allergies or inflame the lungs. (How does the ozone forecast \u003ca href=\"https://airnow.gov/index.cfm?action=airnow.local_state&stateid=5&mapcenter=0&tabs=0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">look today\u003c/a>?)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In winter, the alerts ban wood burning. In summer, they prompt people to reduce air pollution by driving less, taking transit or carpooling. Terplan, our question-asker, doesn’t buy it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I really question—or, quite frankly, doubt—that people are reducing their driving,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So Terplan and I set off to investigate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Do People Cut Back on Driving?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We called Randy Rentschler of the Metropolitan Transportation Commission. The MTC counts the cars that pass over the Bay Area bridges. He was blunt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We generally do not see a meaningful change on Spare the Air days with respect to traffic counts,” Rentschler told us.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Terplan said that on Spare the Air days, anyone can see the air is polluted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a shame that public policy is not effective in altering people’s behavior and, I guess, we all suffer as a result,” he pressed Rentschler.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Yeah, I think you’re on to something important there,” Rentschler responded. “Generally what we find is people have their way to get to work everyday—they have to get to work everyday, or to school, or whatever else their trips are and they tend to just do what people normally do which is to have a routine and just stay with it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_726276\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 983px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/smog.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-726276\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/smog.jpg\" alt=\"Pollution over the South Bay on January 3, 2015.\" width=\"983\" height=\"610\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/smog.jpg 983w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/smog-400x248.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/smog-800x496.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/smog-768x477.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/smog-960x596.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 983px) 100vw, 983px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Pollution over the South Bay on January 3, 2015. \u003ccite>(\u003ca href=\"https://www.flickr.com/photos/au_ears/17442532079/in/photolist-aYvLqF-aYvLtx-gjpkJ-dkPLV6-dkPMNs-ifdyE-dkPQY3-dkPQuJ-szkx6H-ghWpE-i8Xxn-jmi1hQ-idGWSd\" target=\"_blank\">au_ears/Flickr Creative Commons\u003c/a>)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Terplan wasn’t surprised by Rentschler’s response.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“People are so reluctant to change their daily ways despite the filth in the sky at times. We just got to live with it,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So far, we were a little discouraged.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What Spare the Air Does Accomplish\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most people have heard the catchy Spare the Air slogan, mainly because of a campaign that gave people free rides on public transit on Spare the Air days from 2004 and 2008.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">“Personally, I’d like to see more, but that’s just my humble opinion.”\u003ccite>Sprague Terplan\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The Air District no longer has funding for the free rides, says spokeswoman Kristine Roselius, but it did wonders for name recognition. An Air District survey in 2011 found more than 75 percent of responders knew about the program. And less than 4 percent said they cut at least one car trip due to a Spare the Air alert.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That may not sound like a lot but it adds up to a significant amount of cars, Roselius says. Using a formula from the California Air Resources Board, the survey estimated that more than 200,000 drivers reduced one car trip in response to Spare the Air.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>It’s All About the Ozone\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To make ozone, combine three oxygen atoms to form O3. When I read this, I thought, “Wait, isn’t ozone a good thing? Didn’t that hole in the ozone layer increase my chance of skin cancer?” I was right—in the upper atmosphere, O3 is the Earth’s ultimate SPF. It blocks most of the sun’s ultra-violet radiation from getting to the surface and burning your skin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Confused, I called meteorologist Jan Null, who told me the trouble starts when ozone forms on the ground.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the early morning, commuters congest the roadways. Drivers spout curse words while our cars expel exhaust, a ‘precursor’ to ozone. On hot days, the sun cooks all those pollutants, sparking a chemical reaction that creates O3. When inland temperatures get to be about 90 degrees, the Spare the Air folks take notice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_711754\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/WATER-TO-LAND_PHOTO_SHOWS_SMOG_OVER_SAN_FRANCISCO_-_NARA_-_544697-e1464220638653.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-711754\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/WATER-TO-LAND_PHOTO_SHOWS_SMOG_OVER_SAN_FRANCISCO_-_NARA_-_544697-e1464220638653-800x638.jpg\" alt=\"A view of San Francisco through a filter of smog in 1972.\" width=\"800\" height=\"638\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/WATER-TO-LAND_PHOTO_SHOWS_SMOG_OVER_SAN_FRANCISCO_-_NARA_-_544697-e1464220638653-800x638.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/WATER-TO-LAND_PHOTO_SHOWS_SMOG_OVER_SAN_FRANCISCO_-_NARA_-_544697-e1464220638653-400x319.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/WATER-TO-LAND_PHOTO_SHOWS_SMOG_OVER_SAN_FRANCISCO_-_NARA_-_544697-e1464220638653-768x613.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/WATER-TO-LAND_PHOTO_SHOWS_SMOG_OVER_SAN_FRANCISCO_-_NARA_-_544697-e1464220638653-1440x1149.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/WATER-TO-LAND_PHOTO_SHOWS_SMOG_OVER_SAN_FRANCISCO_-_NARA_-_544697-e1464220638653-1920x1531.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/WATER-TO-LAND_PHOTO_SHOWS_SMOG_OVER_SAN_FRANCISCO_-_NARA_-_544697-e1464220638653-1180x941.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/WATER-TO-LAND_PHOTO_SHOWS_SMOG_OVER_SAN_FRANCISCO_-_NARA_-_544697-e1464220638653-960x766.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/WATER-TO-LAND_PHOTO_SHOWS_SMOG_OVER_SAN_FRANCISCO_-_NARA_-_544697-e1464220638653.jpg 1927w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A view of San Francisco through a filter of smog in 1972. \u003ccite>(Belinda Rain/U.S. National Archives and Records Administration)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“The number of Spare the Air days is going to be very dependent on how hot the summer is,” Null told me. They’re also dependent on days with low wind. “Now, fortunately the ozone season is during the sea breeze season.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We have a natural ventilator in the Pacific Ocean. When inland parts of the Bay Area heat up, the hot air rises and makes room for a cool sea breeze to fill the gap. The pollutant-ridden ground air gets mixed up and out before it can cook into ozone. On days with low wind, the Bay Area terrain blocks the weak breezes, Null says. If air district meteorologists see the heat combined with low wind, they’re likely to call a Spare the Air alert.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Why Not Raise Bridge Tolls on Spare the Air Days?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The MTC doesn’t have the authority to raise bridge tolls on Spare the Air Days, Rentschler told us. Even if they did, they probably wouldn’t do it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“On the food chain of things, putting our effort on intermittent Spare the Air Days is something we did do in the past,” he says. “I can’t see us focusing on it as a primary item in the future. I just can’t see it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The main reason, he says, is because Bay Area air quality is pretty good. The American Lung Association’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.lung.org/local-content/california/documents/state-of-the-air/2016/sota-2016_ca_greater-bay-fact.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">State of the Air 2016\u003c/a> found that since 2000, Bay Area counties had a 73 percent fewer unhealthy ozone days. Their analysis includes San Joaquin County.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/8100629626_3c5a4ce578_k.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-726278\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/8100629626_3c5a4ce578_k.jpg\" alt=\"spare the air\" width=\"2048\" height=\"2048\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/8100629626_3c5a4ce578_k.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/8100629626_3c5a4ce578_k-400x400.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/8100629626_3c5a4ce578_k-800x800.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/8100629626_3c5a4ce578_k-768x768.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/8100629626_3c5a4ce578_k-1440x1440.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/8100629626_3c5a4ce578_k-1920x1920.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/8100629626_3c5a4ce578_k-1180x1180.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/8100629626_3c5a4ce578_k-960x960.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/8100629626_3c5a4ce578_k-32x32.jpg 32w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/8100629626_3c5a4ce578_k-50x50.jpg 50w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/8100629626_3c5a4ce578_k-64x64.jpg 64w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/8100629626_3c5a4ce578_k-96x96.jpg 96w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/8100629626_3c5a4ce578_k-128x128.jpg 128w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/8100629626_3c5a4ce578_k-150x150.jpg 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2048px) 100vw, 2048px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Terplan says there are still reasons to strengthen Spare the Air day efforts. Remember that sea breeze that carries pollutants up and out of the Bay Area? Sometimes that air ends up in the San Joaquin Valley, which has some of the worst air quality in the United States.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to the San Joaquin Valley Pollution Control District, \u003ca href=\"http://www.valleyair.org/general_info/frequently_asked_questions.htm\">about 27 percent\u003c/a> of the air pollution in the valley’s northern counties blows in from the Bay Area and Sacramento.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Maybe I’m just being an idealist here,” he says, “but just the idea that, on the days that they’ve got really bad air quality, if the Bay Area would do that much more to reduce their emissions, ideally, that could have a tangible benefit, as well, for San Joaquin Valley.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I asked Rentschler what he would tell someone like Sprague Terplan, who says, if we can do more, why not do it?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I would try to look at him,” Rentschler says, “and say, ‘Sprague, look, we’ve had this incredible win. Now, it ain’t over yet, but let’s just talk about the kind of win we’ve had because we’ve had a good one.’”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I put this answer to Terplan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Personally, I’d like to see more, but that’s just my humble opinion,” he says, laughing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Got a question you want the Bay Area team to tackle? \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/series/baycurious\">Submit it\u003c/a>!\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cem>As part of our series, \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/series/baycurious\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Bay Curious\u003c/a>, we are answering questions from KQED listeners and readers.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On some warm summer days, Bay Area resident Sprague Terplan watches a brown haze settle over the bay and wonders about air quality.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I guess because I grew up here, I’ve always cared about the local environment,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Terplan thinks about cars on the roads, hundreds of thousands of them, spurting exhaust into the atmosphere and into his kids’ lungs. This led him to ask \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/series/baycurious\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Bay Curious\u003c/a>:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>On Spare the Air days, is there a reduction in driving/pollution? If so, by how much? Why not automatically raise bridge tolls on such days?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignleft\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/series/baycurious\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" style=\"margin-bottom: 10px\" src=\"http://u.s.kqed.net/2015/04/20/baycurious.png\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\nWhat do you wonder about the Bay Area, its culture or people that you want\u003cbr>\nKQED to investigate? \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/series/baycurious\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Ask Bay\u003cbr>\nCurious.\u003c/a>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>This year marks the 25th anniversary of \u003ca href=\"http://www.sparetheair.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Spare the Air\u003c/a>, a program run by the Bay Area Air Quality Management District. The district calls a Spare the Air alert when weather conditions in any of the nine counties under its jurisdiction indicate there could be unhealthy levels of pollution that day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Summertime alerts warn people sensitive to smog to stay indoors. For kids, older folks and people with respiratory issues, smog can aggravate asthma and allergies or inflame the lungs. (How does the ozone forecast \u003ca href=\"https://airnow.gov/index.cfm?action=airnow.local_state&stateid=5&mapcenter=0&tabs=0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">look today\u003c/a>?)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In winter, the alerts ban wood burning. In summer, they prompt people to reduce air pollution by driving less, taking transit or carpooling. Terplan, our question-asker, doesn’t buy it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I really question—or, quite frankly, doubt—that people are reducing their driving,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So Terplan and I set off to investigate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Do People Cut Back on Driving?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We called Randy Rentschler of the Metropolitan Transportation Commission. The MTC counts the cars that pass over the Bay Area bridges. He was blunt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We generally do not see a meaningful change on Spare the Air days with respect to traffic counts,” Rentschler told us.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Terplan said that on Spare the Air days, anyone can see the air is polluted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a shame that public policy is not effective in altering people’s behavior and, I guess, we all suffer as a result,” he pressed Rentschler.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Yeah, I think you’re on to something important there,” Rentschler responded. “Generally what we find is people have their way to get to work everyday—they have to get to work everyday, or to school, or whatever else their trips are and they tend to just do what people normally do which is to have a routine and just stay with it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_726276\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 983px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/smog.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-726276\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/smog.jpg\" alt=\"Pollution over the South Bay on January 3, 2015.\" width=\"983\" height=\"610\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/smog.jpg 983w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/smog-400x248.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/smog-800x496.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/smog-768x477.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/smog-960x596.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 983px) 100vw, 983px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Pollution over the South Bay on January 3, 2015. \u003ccite>(\u003ca href=\"https://www.flickr.com/photos/au_ears/17442532079/in/photolist-aYvLqF-aYvLtx-gjpkJ-dkPLV6-dkPMNs-ifdyE-dkPQY3-dkPQuJ-szkx6H-ghWpE-i8Xxn-jmi1hQ-idGWSd\" target=\"_blank\">au_ears/Flickr Creative Commons\u003c/a>)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Terplan wasn’t surprised by Rentschler’s response.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“People are so reluctant to change their daily ways despite the filth in the sky at times. We just got to live with it,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So far, we were a little discouraged.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What Spare the Air Does Accomplish\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most people have heard the catchy Spare the Air slogan, mainly because of a campaign that gave people free rides on public transit on Spare the Air days from 2004 and 2008.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">“Personally, I’d like to see more, but that’s just my humble opinion.”\u003ccite>Sprague Terplan\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The Air District no longer has funding for the free rides, says spokeswoman Kristine Roselius, but it did wonders for name recognition. An Air District survey in 2011 found more than 75 percent of responders knew about the program. And less than 4 percent said they cut at least one car trip due to a Spare the Air alert.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That may not sound like a lot but it adds up to a significant amount of cars, Roselius says. Using a formula from the California Air Resources Board, the survey estimated that more than 200,000 drivers reduced one car trip in response to Spare the Air.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>It’s All About the Ozone\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To make ozone, combine three oxygen atoms to form O3. When I read this, I thought, “Wait, isn’t ozone a good thing? Didn’t that hole in the ozone layer increase my chance of skin cancer?” I was right—in the upper atmosphere, O3 is the Earth’s ultimate SPF. It blocks most of the sun’s ultra-violet radiation from getting to the surface and burning your skin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Confused, I called meteorologist Jan Null, who told me the trouble starts when ozone forms on the ground.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the early morning, commuters congest the roadways. Drivers spout curse words while our cars expel exhaust, a ‘precursor’ to ozone. On hot days, the sun cooks all those pollutants, sparking a chemical reaction that creates O3. When inland temperatures get to be about 90 degrees, the Spare the Air folks take notice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_711754\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/WATER-TO-LAND_PHOTO_SHOWS_SMOG_OVER_SAN_FRANCISCO_-_NARA_-_544697-e1464220638653.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-711754\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/WATER-TO-LAND_PHOTO_SHOWS_SMOG_OVER_SAN_FRANCISCO_-_NARA_-_544697-e1464220638653-800x638.jpg\" alt=\"A view of San Francisco through a filter of smog in 1972.\" width=\"800\" height=\"638\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/WATER-TO-LAND_PHOTO_SHOWS_SMOG_OVER_SAN_FRANCISCO_-_NARA_-_544697-e1464220638653-800x638.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/WATER-TO-LAND_PHOTO_SHOWS_SMOG_OVER_SAN_FRANCISCO_-_NARA_-_544697-e1464220638653-400x319.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/WATER-TO-LAND_PHOTO_SHOWS_SMOG_OVER_SAN_FRANCISCO_-_NARA_-_544697-e1464220638653-768x613.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/WATER-TO-LAND_PHOTO_SHOWS_SMOG_OVER_SAN_FRANCISCO_-_NARA_-_544697-e1464220638653-1440x1149.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/WATER-TO-LAND_PHOTO_SHOWS_SMOG_OVER_SAN_FRANCISCO_-_NARA_-_544697-e1464220638653-1920x1531.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/WATER-TO-LAND_PHOTO_SHOWS_SMOG_OVER_SAN_FRANCISCO_-_NARA_-_544697-e1464220638653-1180x941.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/WATER-TO-LAND_PHOTO_SHOWS_SMOG_OVER_SAN_FRANCISCO_-_NARA_-_544697-e1464220638653-960x766.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/WATER-TO-LAND_PHOTO_SHOWS_SMOG_OVER_SAN_FRANCISCO_-_NARA_-_544697-e1464220638653.jpg 1927w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A view of San Francisco through a filter of smog in 1972. \u003ccite>(Belinda Rain/U.S. National Archives and Records Administration)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“The number of Spare the Air days is going to be very dependent on how hot the summer is,” Null told me. They’re also dependent on days with low wind. “Now, fortunately the ozone season is during the sea breeze season.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We have a natural ventilator in the Pacific Ocean. When inland parts of the Bay Area heat up, the hot air rises and makes room for a cool sea breeze to fill the gap. The pollutant-ridden ground air gets mixed up and out before it can cook into ozone. On days with low wind, the Bay Area terrain blocks the weak breezes, Null says. If air district meteorologists see the heat combined with low wind, they’re likely to call a Spare the Air alert.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Why Not Raise Bridge Tolls on Spare the Air Days?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The MTC doesn’t have the authority to raise bridge tolls on Spare the Air Days, Rentschler told us. Even if they did, they probably wouldn’t do it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“On the food chain of things, putting our effort on intermittent Spare the Air Days is something we did do in the past,” he says. “I can’t see us focusing on it as a primary item in the future. I just can’t see it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The main reason, he says, is because Bay Area air quality is pretty good. The American Lung Association’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.lung.org/local-content/california/documents/state-of-the-air/2016/sota-2016_ca_greater-bay-fact.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">State of the Air 2016\u003c/a> found that since 2000, Bay Area counties had a 73 percent fewer unhealthy ozone days. Their analysis includes San Joaquin County.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/8100629626_3c5a4ce578_k.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-726278\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/8100629626_3c5a4ce578_k.jpg\" alt=\"spare the air\" width=\"2048\" height=\"2048\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/8100629626_3c5a4ce578_k.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/8100629626_3c5a4ce578_k-400x400.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/8100629626_3c5a4ce578_k-800x800.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/8100629626_3c5a4ce578_k-768x768.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/8100629626_3c5a4ce578_k-1440x1440.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/8100629626_3c5a4ce578_k-1920x1920.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/8100629626_3c5a4ce578_k-1180x1180.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/8100629626_3c5a4ce578_k-960x960.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/8100629626_3c5a4ce578_k-32x32.jpg 32w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/8100629626_3c5a4ce578_k-50x50.jpg 50w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/8100629626_3c5a4ce578_k-64x64.jpg 64w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/8100629626_3c5a4ce578_k-96x96.jpg 96w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/8100629626_3c5a4ce578_k-128x128.jpg 128w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/8100629626_3c5a4ce578_k-150x150.jpg 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2048px) 100vw, 2048px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Terplan says there are still reasons to strengthen Spare the Air day efforts. Remember that sea breeze that carries pollutants up and out of the Bay Area? Sometimes that air ends up in the San Joaquin Valley, which has some of the worst air quality in the United States.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to the San Joaquin Valley Pollution Control District, \u003ca href=\"http://www.valleyair.org/general_info/frequently_asked_questions.htm\">about 27 percent\u003c/a> of the air pollution in the valley’s northern counties blows in from the Bay Area and Sacramento.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Maybe I’m just being an idealist here,” he says, “but just the idea that, on the days that they’ve got really bad air quality, if the Bay Area would do that much more to reduce their emissions, ideally, that could have a tangible benefit, as well, for San Joaquin Valley.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I asked Rentschler what he would tell someone like Sprague Terplan, who says, if we can do more, why not do it?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I would try to look at him,” Rentschler says, “and say, ‘Sprague, look, we’ve had this incredible win. Now, it ain’t over yet, but let’s just talk about the kind of win we’ve had because we’ve had a good one.’”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I put this answer to Terplan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Personally, I’d like to see more, but that’s just my humble opinion,” he says, laughing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Got a question you want the Bay Area team to tackle? \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/series/baycurious\">Submit it\u003c/a>!\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "It's Not Your Parents' Solar System Anymore",
"headTitle": "It’s Not Your Parents’ Solar System Anymore | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Ten years ago, Pluto was reclassified as dwarf planet — a result of discovering other solar system objects of comparable size.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Less than a year ago, the New Horizons spacecraft gave us our first up-close look at Pluto and its system of moons. These historic events define a decade in which our understanding of the solar system blossomed as never before.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Advancements in technology have enhanced our ability to detect, observe and analyze outer space. In addition, a wider field of players in solar system exploration has played no small role in the information explosion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not only do multiple countries now conduct space missions — the U.S., Russia, Europe, Japan, China, India and others — private entities like Elon Musk’s SpaceX corporation are also getting into the game, to the extent of \u003ca href=\"http://www.space.com/32719-spacex-red-dragon-mars-missions-2018.html\">pursuing human missions to Mars\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_723135\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-723135\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/plutobeforeandafter-800x400.jpg\" alt=\"Pluto, before and after New Horizons. Artist concept (left), New Horizons (right).\" width=\"800\" height=\"400\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/plutobeforeandafter-800x400.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/plutobeforeandafter-400x200.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/plutobeforeandafter-768x384.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/plutobeforeandafter-960x480.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/plutobeforeandafter.jpg 1000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Pluto, before and after New Horizons. Artist concept (left), New Horizons (right). \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Not very long ago, \u003ca href=\"http://www.schoolphysics.co.uk/age14-16/Astronomy/text/Theories_of_the_solar_system/index.html\">textbooks taught us\u003c/a> that our sun is the center of a system of nine planets, a belt of little understood bodies of rock (asteroids) between Mars and Jupiter and a mostly invisible host of mysterious comets that periodically enter our awareness when one passes close to the sun.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That was then, this is now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here’s a quick headcount of \u003ca href=\"http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/\">what we now know to exist\u003c/a>:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Eight major planets — the four “terrestrial” planets of the inner solar system and four gas giants of the outer solar system.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Five official dwarf planets, including Ceres (the largest object in the Main Asteroid Belt) and Pluto.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>At least 150 “\u003ca href=\"http://www.windows2universe.org/pluto/kuiper_belt/trans_neptune_objects.html\">Trans-Neptunian Objects\u003c/a>” (minor planets whose average distances from the sun are greater than Neptune’s) that may eventually be classified as dwarf planets.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>At least 179 moons orbiting planets and dwarf planets.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>About half a million \u003ca href=\"http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/asteroids/indepth\">asteroids\u003c/a>, most of them in the Main Asteroid Belt.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>And about 4,000 comets.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_723137\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-723137 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/tnos.jpg\" alt=\"The largest Trans-Neptunian Objects of the Kuiper Belt, compared to Earth.\" width=\"800\" height=\"549\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/tnos.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/tnos-400x275.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/tnos-768x527.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The largest Trans-Neptunian Objects of the Kuiper Belt, compared to Earth. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>That’s what we know of. Estimates based on observation and theory suggest this is only the tip of the iceberg, and that there are probably tens of thousands of sizable bodies (larger than 60 miles across) and perhaps hundreds of billions of smaller comet-like objects out there — mostly orbiting beyond Neptune.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Beyond the sheer body-count, the past decade has also turned up fine details of objects that have been real eye-openers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mars, long ago, was partially covered in\u003ca href=\"http://www.space.com/28983-ancient-mars-oceans-big-waves.html\"> seas of liquid water\u003c/a>, likely salty, with an environment that may have been friendly to life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jupiter’s moon \u003ca href=\"http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/europa\">Europa \u003c/a>hides under its icy outer crust an ocean containing more liquid water than all of Earth’s oceans, warmed by energy spewing from its interior generated by tidal forces of Jupiter’s gravity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Saturn’s moon \u003ca href=\"https://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/science/enceladus/\">Enceladus\u003c/a> — which is barely 300 miles in diameter—erupts with jets of water vapor and harbors liquid water beneath its surface, and possibly the chemistry that could support life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_723136\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-723136\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/ancient-mars-seas-800x800.jpg\" alt=\"Artist concept of the ancient, water-covered Mars.\" width=\"800\" height=\"800\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/ancient-mars-seas-800x800.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/ancient-mars-seas-400x400.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/ancient-mars-seas-768x768.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/ancient-mars-seas-960x960.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/ancient-mars-seas-32x32.jpg 32w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/ancient-mars-seas-50x50.jpg 50w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/ancient-mars-seas-64x64.jpg 64w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/ancient-mars-seas-96x96.jpg 96w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/ancient-mars-seas-128x128.jpg 128w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/ancient-mars-seas-150x150.jpg 150w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/ancient-mars-seas.jpg 1000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Artist concept of the ancient, water-covered Mars. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Saturn’s largest moon, \u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/content/ten-years-ago-huygens-probe-lands-on-surface-of-titan\">Titan\u003c/a>, is practically a cryogenic version of Earth, with a thick nitrogen atmosphere that supports a liquid-methane analog of Earth’s water cycle, complete with clouds, rain, river runoff, and lakes and seas of the stuff. (Make no mistake, though, if you took a swim in these seas, you would freeze solid in seconds.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even cold, distant Pluto supports \u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/feature/pluto-on-frozen-pond\">dynamic processes\u003c/a> on its surface: glacier-like flows of nitrogen slush, cryovolcanoes and possibly tectonic activity. And we learned this just within the past year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A smaller dwarf planet than Pluto — \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/subject/6883/ceres/\">Ceres\u003c/a> — has shown signs of activity: water vapor outgassing from its surface, and bright mineral deposits possibly left behind by eruptions from beneath its crust.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The most exciting part of our burgeoning awareness of the solar system’s surprises may be those yet to come.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If the advancement in technology and the enterprises that participated in space exploration over the past decade changed our thinking about the solar system in such profound ways, imagine what the next decade will bring. Further advancements in Earth and \u003ca href=\"http://jwst.nasa.gov/comparison.html\">space-based observatories\u003c/a>, robotic spacecraft and probes, and even human expeditions into space are already in the works.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What might we know by 2026?\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "In the past decade our understanding of the solar system has exploded as never before. This \"springtime\" of discovery is powered both by advancements in technology and a broader field of players participating in space exploration. ",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Ten years ago, Pluto was reclassified as dwarf planet — a result of discovering other solar system objects of comparable size.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Less than a year ago, the New Horizons spacecraft gave us our first up-close look at Pluto and its system of moons. These historic events define a decade in which our understanding of the solar system blossomed as never before.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Advancements in technology have enhanced our ability to detect, observe and analyze outer space. In addition, a wider field of players in solar system exploration has played no small role in the information explosion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not only do multiple countries now conduct space missions — the U.S., Russia, Europe, Japan, China, India and others — private entities like Elon Musk’s SpaceX corporation are also getting into the game, to the extent of \u003ca href=\"http://www.space.com/32719-spacex-red-dragon-mars-missions-2018.html\">pursuing human missions to Mars\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_723135\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-723135\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/plutobeforeandafter-800x400.jpg\" alt=\"Pluto, before and after New Horizons. Artist concept (left), New Horizons (right).\" width=\"800\" height=\"400\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/plutobeforeandafter-800x400.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/plutobeforeandafter-400x200.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/plutobeforeandafter-768x384.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/plutobeforeandafter-960x480.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/plutobeforeandafter.jpg 1000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Pluto, before and after New Horizons. Artist concept (left), New Horizons (right). \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Not very long ago, \u003ca href=\"http://www.schoolphysics.co.uk/age14-16/Astronomy/text/Theories_of_the_solar_system/index.html\">textbooks taught us\u003c/a> that our sun is the center of a system of nine planets, a belt of little understood bodies of rock (asteroids) between Mars and Jupiter and a mostly invisible host of mysterious comets that periodically enter our awareness when one passes close to the sun.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That was then, this is now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here’s a quick headcount of \u003ca href=\"http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/\">what we now know to exist\u003c/a>:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Eight major planets — the four “terrestrial” planets of the inner solar system and four gas giants of the outer solar system.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Five official dwarf planets, including Ceres (the largest object in the Main Asteroid Belt) and Pluto.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>At least 150 “\u003ca href=\"http://www.windows2universe.org/pluto/kuiper_belt/trans_neptune_objects.html\">Trans-Neptunian Objects\u003c/a>” (minor planets whose average distances from the sun are greater than Neptune’s) that may eventually be classified as dwarf planets.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>At least 179 moons orbiting planets and dwarf planets.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>About half a million \u003ca href=\"http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/asteroids/indepth\">asteroids\u003c/a>, most of them in the Main Asteroid Belt.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>And about 4,000 comets.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_723137\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-723137 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/tnos.jpg\" alt=\"The largest Trans-Neptunian Objects of the Kuiper Belt, compared to Earth.\" width=\"800\" height=\"549\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/tnos.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/tnos-400x275.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/tnos-768x527.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The largest Trans-Neptunian Objects of the Kuiper Belt, compared to Earth. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>That’s what we know of. Estimates based on observation and theory suggest this is only the tip of the iceberg, and that there are probably tens of thousands of sizable bodies (larger than 60 miles across) and perhaps hundreds of billions of smaller comet-like objects out there — mostly orbiting beyond Neptune.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Beyond the sheer body-count, the past decade has also turned up fine details of objects that have been real eye-openers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mars, long ago, was partially covered in\u003ca href=\"http://www.space.com/28983-ancient-mars-oceans-big-waves.html\"> seas of liquid water\u003c/a>, likely salty, with an environment that may have been friendly to life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jupiter’s moon \u003ca href=\"http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/europa\">Europa \u003c/a>hides under its icy outer crust an ocean containing more liquid water than all of Earth’s oceans, warmed by energy spewing from its interior generated by tidal forces of Jupiter’s gravity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Saturn’s moon \u003ca href=\"https://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/science/enceladus/\">Enceladus\u003c/a> — which is barely 300 miles in diameter—erupts with jets of water vapor and harbors liquid water beneath its surface, and possibly the chemistry that could support life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_723136\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-723136\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/ancient-mars-seas-800x800.jpg\" alt=\"Artist concept of the ancient, water-covered Mars.\" width=\"800\" height=\"800\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/ancient-mars-seas-800x800.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/ancient-mars-seas-400x400.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/ancient-mars-seas-768x768.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/ancient-mars-seas-960x960.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/ancient-mars-seas-32x32.jpg 32w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/ancient-mars-seas-50x50.jpg 50w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/ancient-mars-seas-64x64.jpg 64w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/ancient-mars-seas-96x96.jpg 96w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/ancient-mars-seas-128x128.jpg 128w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/ancient-mars-seas-150x150.jpg 150w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/ancient-mars-seas.jpg 1000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Artist concept of the ancient, water-covered Mars. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Saturn’s largest moon, \u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/content/ten-years-ago-huygens-probe-lands-on-surface-of-titan\">Titan\u003c/a>, is practically a cryogenic version of Earth, with a thick nitrogen atmosphere that supports a liquid-methane analog of Earth’s water cycle, complete with clouds, rain, river runoff, and lakes and seas of the stuff. (Make no mistake, though, if you took a swim in these seas, you would freeze solid in seconds.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even cold, distant Pluto supports \u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/feature/pluto-on-frozen-pond\">dynamic processes\u003c/a> on its surface: glacier-like flows of nitrogen slush, cryovolcanoes and possibly tectonic activity. And we learned this just within the past year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A smaller dwarf planet than Pluto — \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/subject/6883/ceres/\">Ceres\u003c/a> — has shown signs of activity: water vapor outgassing from its surface, and bright mineral deposits possibly left behind by eruptions from beneath its crust.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The most exciting part of our burgeoning awareness of the solar system’s surprises may be those yet to come.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If the advancement in technology and the enterprises that participated in space exploration over the past decade changed our thinking about the solar system in such profound ways, imagine what the next decade will bring. Further advancements in Earth and \u003ca href=\"http://jwst.nasa.gov/comparison.html\">space-based observatories\u003c/a>, robotic spacecraft and probes, and even human expeditions into space are already in the works.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What might we know by 2026?\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>David Sedlak is an expert in an area many of us take for granted – our drinking water and sewage systems. In his book, Water 4.0: The Past, Present and Future of the World’s Most Vital Resource, Sedlak tracks the history of our water infrastructure from Roman times through today and highlights three key revolutions in our urban water systems. He also offers his thoughts for advancing a fourth revolution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From the plague to cholera to cancer, Sedlak writes about the health crises that drove innovation and the far-reaching impacts of our advances. “I came to appreciate the ways in which the water systems that we are struggling to maintain and improve are an integral part of the success of our great cities,” he wrote in the book.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water Deeply recently spoke to Sedlak about the challenges and opportunities for California’s urban water systems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: How well have urban areas responded to the drought so far in California?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nDavid Sedlak: There is a difference between the response to the drought you take in the middle of the drought and what you do long term to prepare for future droughts. It’s hard to do a lot of meaningful and lasting things when you’re in the middle of a drought emergency.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What we did in the past drought was what one normally does during an emergency – and that is the easy things. The cutting back on lawns. These “cash for grass” projects that encourage people to pull lawns out are great. I think many people took the initiative without a financial incentive and just switched over their landscaping.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That said, it was something that we’ve done in past droughts, so in the drought of ’97, Southern California showed a similar kind of reduction and what happened after the drought ended was the per capita water use bounced right back to where it was. I think we still don’t know how effective the things that we did during this current drought will ultimately be.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The more meaningful aspects of the drought were that it got people thinking about where we are going to be in the future when we have droughts and disappearance of the snowpack and warmer conditions and I think that’s what I’m most excited about – the way that we’ve started on a longer-term project to rethink California’s urban water supply.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: What are the best opportunities for urban water systems right now?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nSedlak: I wouldn’t underplay conservation. It is something that we’ve been doing quite well in California for the past 20 years, but in addition, the most exciting things are water reuse and stormwater harvesting. Both of those things show a great potential to help wean us from our dependence on imported water supplies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: Are there cities now that are making progress in these areas?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sedlak: The place where everyone looks first when they think water recycling is Orange County. It has been in the potable water recycling business for close to 40 years now. They have stepped up their efforts by expanding the groundwater replenishment facility and they are even thinking about continuing to expand their recycled water program.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With respect to stormwater harvesting, I would look at Los Angeles. I think that the City of Los Angeles is putting a lot of effort into capturing urban stormwater in the San Fernando Valley and getting it into the drinking water aquifer, and I think those projects in places like Sun Valley are really interesting because they are turning a problem – that is, the stormwater that was polluting the rivers and causing beach closures – into a drinking water supply. I think that has been challenge both from a management standpoint and an engineering standpoint, but they are making tremendous progress.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: How are they doing it?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sedlak: The problem if you want to capture stormwater in California is that most of the volume of our stormwater comes in a few large storms that happen in the winter. And you can’t use the kind of green infrastructure that works so well in the Pacific Northwest and the Upper Midwest and the East Coast. You need to capture these big storms with retention basins.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What they are doing really well is starting to invest in large stormwater capture facilities, like the Rory M. Shaw Wetlands Park, where they are investing money in capturing the stormwater from an entire neighborhood. And once they have captured it, they have the time to settle out the particles, which have much of the contamination on them, and percolate the water into the aquifer. That has really been a great innovation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: What about the use of permeable pavement to capture stormwater?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nSedlak: Permeable pavement is a nice way to reduce the effects of storms on urban streams. In places where the storm causes these rapid pulses of drainage water to erode the channels, having permeable pavement and rain gardens and bioswales and all these kinds of green infrastructure systems can help eliminate that first flush of water, which can be so damaging to the ecosystem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But they are not that effective with respect to creating a drinking water resource because after that first flush they usually get overwhelmed and you get the normal kind of runoff that makes it to the rivers and streams and out to the ocean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: When Orange County first started its recycled water program there was public pushback and something of an “ick factor.” Have we moved past this? Are people in California finally ready to think more seriously about drinking recycled water?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sedlak: I think the tide has really turned on the public’s willingness to consider recycled water as a drinking water source. I think that not only was it the project in Orange County but it was the potable water recycling projects in Los Angeles at West Basin and in the Inland Empire that showed the Orange County project wasn’t just a one-off occurrence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then, in the middle of this drought, we saw a shift where now we had not only water utility representatives but elected officials behind the idea of potable water recycling and I think we can’t underestimate the impact of having respected figures in the community become advocates for recycled water. For example, in San Jose, the new mayor, Sam Liccardo, has been a big advocate for water recycling and I think having him and then in Los Angeles, Mayor Garcetti, behind the idea of water recycling encouraged the public to take a look at it with a fresh set of eyes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: Do you think decentralized systems for onsite reuse of gray water and black water will be important tools?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sedlak: There is a lot of enthusiasm in California for gray-water recycling and over the past few years we’ve seen more clarity in terms of the permitting and regulations and we have cities such as San Francisco that are encouraging and offering support. I think that’s great.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But I’m not very optimistic about household gray-water recycling making a big difference in California and that’s mainly for two reasons. The first is that it’s unclear exactly how many people would want to go through the effort of having a gray-water system and maintaining it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The larger thing that I’m somewhat concerned about is if gray-water recycling only encourages people to keep lawns and lush gardens instead of transitioning to low-water-use plants, then that’s a waste of resource because what we are learning now in places like Orange County is that this water that you might use for gray-water recycling could be turned back into drinking water. I really wouldn’t want to see gray water become an excuse for people to keep water-consuming landscaping going.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: What about for larger systems?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sedlak: At the building scale, where you might have a distributed or decentralized system that would serve an apartment building or an office park or a new housing complex, I think that is something that we are going to see more of in the future because once you start integrating large numbers of dwellings or buildings together and making distributed treatment systems, you could really treat that water to a point where it is suitable for many, many uses, not just landscaping or toilet flushing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I think that in the long term we will see new housing developments with their own decentralized wastewater treatment plants that will recycle water and we’re going to see more things like what’s going on in San Francisco, where new buildings are building onsite water recycling systems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: Will these replace the need for centralized systems or complement them?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nSedlak: I think that in our most densely populated cities we will always have some sort of centralized system and that’s because the amount of space available to us and the fact that we’ve already invested in this network of pipes to move water around, it’s always going to have some economic benefits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I think the place where we might someday imagine giving up on the centralized treatment system is in the suburbs and the really lower density communities, where it is much more expensive proportionately to maintain sewers and even water supply pipes. If we can find ways to live without the centralized system, we might ultimately save a lot of money.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: In your book, Water 4.0, you write about a lot of innovation in the water world that follows a crisis. Are we at that point of crisis in California or do we still need a few more drought years before we really turn it up a notch on these solutions?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nSedlak: I think that certainly with respect to addressing issues of water rights and allocation of water between agriculture and cities we didn’t have a deep enough crisis to really break some of the deadlock. I think we made good progress in the way that cities think about providing water in the long term, but we would need a few more years of serious drought before people would come to the table and really start negotiating on water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s what happened in Australia with the Millennium Drought. It was more like 10 years of severe drought; that’s what it took to get people to rethink their historic water rights and really come in and negotiate. I don’t think we got close to that in California; we still have this huge issue of what is the future of water allocation between agriculture, cities and the environment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But I think this was a nice wake-up call, because the real crisis is yet to come in the future, when we have either a longer drought or when we try to compensate for the loss of the snowpack, which we know is coming in the next decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cspan class=\"start\">\u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/about/\">Water Deeply\u003c/a> is\u003c/span> an independent digital media project dedicated to covering California’s water crisis. The project is part of \u003ca href=\"http://www.newsdeeply.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">News Deeply\u003c/a>, a new media startup and social enterprise based in New York.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "The drought has spurred a longer-term initiative to rethink the future of California’s urban water systems. In the first of a two-part interview, Water Deeply talks with urban water expert David Sedlak, a professor at UC Berkeley.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>David Sedlak is an expert in an area many of us take for granted – our drinking water and sewage systems. In his book, Water 4.0: The Past, Present and Future of the World’s Most Vital Resource, Sedlak tracks the history of our water infrastructure from Roman times through today and highlights three key revolutions in our urban water systems. He also offers his thoughts for advancing a fourth revolution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From the plague to cholera to cancer, Sedlak writes about the health crises that drove innovation and the far-reaching impacts of our advances. “I came to appreciate the ways in which the water systems that we are struggling to maintain and improve are an integral part of the success of our great cities,” he wrote in the book.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water Deeply recently spoke to Sedlak about the challenges and opportunities for California’s urban water systems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: How well have urban areas responded to the drought so far in California?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nDavid Sedlak: There is a difference between the response to the drought you take in the middle of the drought and what you do long term to prepare for future droughts. It’s hard to do a lot of meaningful and lasting things when you’re in the middle of a drought emergency.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What we did in the past drought was what one normally does during an emergency – and that is the easy things. The cutting back on lawns. These “cash for grass” projects that encourage people to pull lawns out are great. I think many people took the initiative without a financial incentive and just switched over their landscaping.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That said, it was something that we’ve done in past droughts, so in the drought of ’97, Southern California showed a similar kind of reduction and what happened after the drought ended was the per capita water use bounced right back to where it was. I think we still don’t know how effective the things that we did during this current drought will ultimately be.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The more meaningful aspects of the drought were that it got people thinking about where we are going to be in the future when we have droughts and disappearance of the snowpack and warmer conditions and I think that’s what I’m most excited about – the way that we’ve started on a longer-term project to rethink California’s urban water supply.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: What are the best opportunities for urban water systems right now?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nSedlak: I wouldn’t underplay conservation. It is something that we’ve been doing quite well in California for the past 20 years, but in addition, the most exciting things are water reuse and stormwater harvesting. Both of those things show a great potential to help wean us from our dependence on imported water supplies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: Are there cities now that are making progress in these areas?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sedlak: The place where everyone looks first when they think water recycling is Orange County. It has been in the potable water recycling business for close to 40 years now. They have stepped up their efforts by expanding the groundwater replenishment facility and they are even thinking about continuing to expand their recycled water program.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With respect to stormwater harvesting, I would look at Los Angeles. I think that the City of Los Angeles is putting a lot of effort into capturing urban stormwater in the San Fernando Valley and getting it into the drinking water aquifer, and I think those projects in places like Sun Valley are really interesting because they are turning a problem – that is, the stormwater that was polluting the rivers and causing beach closures – into a drinking water supply. I think that has been challenge both from a management standpoint and an engineering standpoint, but they are making tremendous progress.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: How are they doing it?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sedlak: The problem if you want to capture stormwater in California is that most of the volume of our stormwater comes in a few large storms that happen in the winter. And you can’t use the kind of green infrastructure that works so well in the Pacific Northwest and the Upper Midwest and the East Coast. You need to capture these big storms with retention basins.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What they are doing really well is starting to invest in large stormwater capture facilities, like the Rory M. Shaw Wetlands Park, where they are investing money in capturing the stormwater from an entire neighborhood. And once they have captured it, they have the time to settle out the particles, which have much of the contamination on them, and percolate the water into the aquifer. That has really been a great innovation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: What about the use of permeable pavement to capture stormwater?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nSedlak: Permeable pavement is a nice way to reduce the effects of storms on urban streams. In places where the storm causes these rapid pulses of drainage water to erode the channels, having permeable pavement and rain gardens and bioswales and all these kinds of green infrastructure systems can help eliminate that first flush of water, which can be so damaging to the ecosystem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But they are not that effective with respect to creating a drinking water resource because after that first flush they usually get overwhelmed and you get the normal kind of runoff that makes it to the rivers and streams and out to the ocean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: When Orange County first started its recycled water program there was public pushback and something of an “ick factor.” Have we moved past this? Are people in California finally ready to think more seriously about drinking recycled water?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sedlak: I think the tide has really turned on the public’s willingness to consider recycled water as a drinking water source. I think that not only was it the project in Orange County but it was the potable water recycling projects in Los Angeles at West Basin and in the Inland Empire that showed the Orange County project wasn’t just a one-off occurrence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then, in the middle of this drought, we saw a shift where now we had not only water utility representatives but elected officials behind the idea of potable water recycling and I think we can’t underestimate the impact of having respected figures in the community become advocates for recycled water. For example, in San Jose, the new mayor, Sam Liccardo, has been a big advocate for water recycling and I think having him and then in Los Angeles, Mayor Garcetti, behind the idea of water recycling encouraged the public to take a look at it with a fresh set of eyes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: Do you think decentralized systems for onsite reuse of gray water and black water will be important tools?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sedlak: There is a lot of enthusiasm in California for gray-water recycling and over the past few years we’ve seen more clarity in terms of the permitting and regulations and we have cities such as San Francisco that are encouraging and offering support. I think that’s great.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But I’m not very optimistic about household gray-water recycling making a big difference in California and that’s mainly for two reasons. The first is that it’s unclear exactly how many people would want to go through the effort of having a gray-water system and maintaining it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The larger thing that I’m somewhat concerned about is if gray-water recycling only encourages people to keep lawns and lush gardens instead of transitioning to low-water-use plants, then that’s a waste of resource because what we are learning now in places like Orange County is that this water that you might use for gray-water recycling could be turned back into drinking water. I really wouldn’t want to see gray water become an excuse for people to keep water-consuming landscaping going.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: What about for larger systems?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sedlak: At the building scale, where you might have a distributed or decentralized system that would serve an apartment building or an office park or a new housing complex, I think that is something that we are going to see more of in the future because once you start integrating large numbers of dwellings or buildings together and making distributed treatment systems, you could really treat that water to a point where it is suitable for many, many uses, not just landscaping or toilet flushing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I think that in the long term we will see new housing developments with their own decentralized wastewater treatment plants that will recycle water and we’re going to see more things like what’s going on in San Francisco, where new buildings are building onsite water recycling systems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: Will these replace the need for centralized systems or complement them?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nSedlak: I think that in our most densely populated cities we will always have some sort of centralized system and that’s because the amount of space available to us and the fact that we’ve already invested in this network of pipes to move water around, it’s always going to have some economic benefits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I think the place where we might someday imagine giving up on the centralized treatment system is in the suburbs and the really lower density communities, where it is much more expensive proportionately to maintain sewers and even water supply pipes. If we can find ways to live without the centralized system, we might ultimately save a lot of money.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: In your book, Water 4.0, you write about a lot of innovation in the water world that follows a crisis. Are we at that point of crisis in California or do we still need a few more drought years before we really turn it up a notch on these solutions?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nSedlak: I think that certainly with respect to addressing issues of water rights and allocation of water between agriculture and cities we didn’t have a deep enough crisis to really break some of the deadlock. I think we made good progress in the way that cities think about providing water in the long term, but we would need a few more years of serious drought before people would come to the table and really start negotiating on water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s what happened in Australia with the Millennium Drought. It was more like 10 years of severe drought; that’s what it took to get people to rethink their historic water rights and really come in and negotiate. I don’t think we got close to that in California; we still have this huge issue of what is the future of water allocation between agriculture, cities and the environment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But I think this was a nice wake-up call, because the real crisis is yet to come in the future, when we have either a longer drought or when we try to compensate for the loss of the snowpack, which we know is coming in the next decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>The deep-sea researchers were surveying an ocean ridge off the coast of Hawaii in 2015 and amid ordinary ocean floor fare — a bit of coral, some volcanic rock — they came across something surprising.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Where did this guy come from? Holy cow!” one researcher said to his colleague.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During the moment \u003ca href=\"http://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/okeanos/explorations/ex1504/logs/dive11/dive11.html\">caught on camera\u003c/a>, the brain-like curves of a sponge about the size of a minivan came into view. As one of the scientists exclaimed in the video, “This is the largest thing I’ve seen underwater.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, \u003ca href=\"http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12526-016-0508-z#aboutarticle\">a new study reports\u003c/a> that it is the largest sponge ever documented, at about 11.5 feet long, more than 6.5 feet wide and 4.9 feet high. That’s about the size of a minivan. In the video, the researchers immediately voiced their suspicion that it could be the biggest sponge in the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_728606\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 691px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-728606\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/sponge-a.jpg\" alt=\"The massive sponge photographed at a depth of 2117 meters in the Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument by a the ROV Deep Discoverer and b its companion ROV Seirios. \" width=\"691\" height=\"825\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/sponge-a.jpg 691w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/sponge-a-400x478.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 691px) 100vw, 691px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The massive sponge photographed at a depth of 2117 meters in the Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument by a the ROV Deep Discoverer and b its companion ROV Seirios. \u003ccite>(Marine Biodiversity/Screen Shot by NPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>According to the study published in \u003cem>Marine Biodiversity\u003c/em>, it was discovered in the northwestern Hawaiian Islands during an expedition of the Okeanos Explorer – the “\u003ca href=\"http://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/okeanos/about.html\">only federally funded U.S. ship\u003c/a> assigned to systematically explore our largely unknown ocean for the purpose of discovery and the advancement of knowledge.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study says that massive sponges like this one provide “key ecosystem services such as filtering large amounts of seawater, as well as providing important habitat to a myriad of invertebrate and microbial species.” Here’s more:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>“The finding of such an enormous and presumably old sponge inside the Papahanaumokuakea Marine National Monument underscores the need to protect this area using the highest conservation measures available.”\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>It adds that sponges are difficult to date, but some species in shallow waters could live for more than 2,300 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers also stress that this find highlights how much remains to be discovered in the deep seas: “We’re going to all these places that we’ve never been before, going to depths that we haven’t been before, so we don’t really know what we’re going to find.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Deep+Sea+Explorers+Discover+A+Sponge+The+Size+Of+A+Minivan&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Unfortunately, we’re going to have to stand down with the BEAM operations today,” Meir told Williams. “We’ve been assessing all the parameters here from the ground, and due to our set of no-go conditions and not seeing any noticeable movement, we’re going to have to reassess further from here.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This NASA video shows how the inflation was supposed to work:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After they examine what the data tell them about today’s attempt, ground controllers could restart the inflation process as soon as Friday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>BEAM was made by \u003ca href=\"http://bigelowaerospace.com/\">Bigelow Aerospace\u003c/a> based on a design that NASA architects and engineers came up with in the 1990s. The space agency was trying to figure out how to get astronauts to Mars, without the crew going crazy living in a tiny capsule for months on end.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The inflatable is not like a balloon. It’s made of multiple layers of Kevlar and other materials resistant to micrometeorites.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The plan is to leave BEAM attached to the space station for two years. Astronauts will enter a couple of times a year to check on instruments, but there are no plans for them to have a sleepover. After that, it will be detached and allowed to burn up in Earth’s atmosphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=NASA%27s+Attempt+To+Inflate+Its+Expandable+Space+Module+Fizzles&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>The National Park Service \u003ca href=\"https://www.nps.gov/subjects/centennial/index.htm\">turns 100\u003c/a> this summer, and I’ve been thinking about how all of us might celebrate this milestone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To get in the mood, I went with my husband this week to the \u003ca href=\"http://www.vasc.org/\">Virginia Air & Space Center\u003c/a> to see \u003ca href=\"http://nationalparksadventure.com/\">National Parks Adventure\u003c/a>, the new IMAX movie directed by Greg MacGillivray and narrated by Robert Redford. More than \u003ca href=\"https://www.nps.gov/aboutus/upload/Site-Designations-04-13-16.pdf\">400 sites\u003c/a> are located on national park lands, and the movie notes this, but as expected it favors the big famous parks. (See a 2-minute trailer \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0iqF2Tk_1WA\">here\u003c/a>.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>National Parks Adventure\u003c/em> treats us to spectacular sounds as well as sights: in Wyoming, the “molten fury” of Yellowstone’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2015/04/24/402032765/scientists-discover-massive-new-magma-chamber-under-yellowstone\">magma chambers\u003c/a> and the “highly developed vocabulary” of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2011/01/20/132650631/new-language-discovered-prairiedogese\">prairie dogs\u003c/a> at Devils Tower; in Michigan, the cracking crash of ice displaced by climbers at Pictured Rocks National Lakeshore; in Arizona, the roiling foamy rapids encountered by Colorado River rafters in the Grand Canyon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>John Muir’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.nps.gov/yose/learn/historyculture/muir.htm\">role\u003c/a> early on in helping to protect natural lands — along with Theodore Roosevelt’s — is highlighted, and we hear a voiceover quoting Muir as he urges us to “get close to nature’s heart” by visiting them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The best way we can celebrate our parks, of course, is to hike in them or climb or raft or explore history or just sit and soak up nature. I’m counting the weeks until I return in September to Yellowstone and again immerse myself in \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/13.7/2012/05/29/153955803/dreaming-big-how-yellowstones-wonders-can-turn-kids-on-to-science\">science and nature\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But there’s a second way, too. We can realize what Muir \u003cem>didn’t \u003c/em>mean by “get close to nature’s heart.” We can think what narrator Redford \u003cem>does \u003c/em>mean when he says, referring to the wildlife in our parks, “These lands are their lands, too.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We can respect the wildlife in our parks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most of us probably know by now about the \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/05/16/478279342/baby-bison-that-was-placed-in-a-van-by-tourists-in-yellowstone-is-euthanized\">terrible outcome\u003c/a> last week after tourists placed a Yellowstone bison calf in a vehicle, wishing to shelter it from the cold. Once rescued from the tourists, the calf was rejected by the bison herd and began approaching people and cars along the road in ways that the National Park Service considered to be hazardous. The calf was then killed. (“Euthanasia” isn’t the right word; this wasn’t a good death.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But do we know the reasons why the calf wasn’t sent to a wildlife rehabilitator or to a sanctuary? I didn’t. When I contacted the Park Service public-relations team at Yellowstone to ask, I was sent a press release that says, in part:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>“Federal and state regulations prohibit the transport of bison out of Yellowstone unless those bison are going to meat processing or scientific research facilities. We are working to establish quarantine facilities for bison so that they can go through the months-long testing protocols for brucellosis and, if negative, be used to start conservation herds elsewhere. However, the use of quarantine for bison hasn’t been approved, nor would a newborn calf that’s unable to care for itself be a good candidate for quarantine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, why wouldn’t we try to care for the calf on our own? It may be hard to imagine that Yellowstone does not provide direct care for its animals. What we do provide is a space for animals to live their lives with as little human intervention as possible in today’s world. A bison raised by humans in captivity would probably never be returned to the wild…It’s really important to understand that national parks are very different than animal sanctuaries or zoos.”\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>There are lessons for all of us here.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The National Park Service people mean it when they say they’re not a zoo and they’re not a sanctuary.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We see that wild bison are sometimes sent to meat processing plants, but the point I want to make today is that we need to really understand that our \u003cem>own\u003c/em> actions can doom animals to dying.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2015, the main cause of the 61 grizzly bear deaths in the \u003ca href=\"https://www.nps.gov/yell/learn/nature/ecosystem.htm\">Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem\u003c/a> (which includes lands outside the national park) was human interaction, including hunting and being hit by cars. Scarface, a bear beloved \u003cem>inside\u003c/em> Yellowstone National Park, was \u003ca href=\"http://kutv.com/news/local/more-tourists-more-animals-leading-to-more-problems-in-yellowstone\">killed by a hunter\u003c/a> \u003cem>outside\u003c/em> the park.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>OK, most of us don’t go to wilderness areas to hunt. But we do go to hike, and if wild animals feel threatened and attack hikers in the parks, it’s not unusual for them to be killed \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2015/08/13/432146758/female-grizzly-bear-in-yellowstone-euthanized-after-killing-hiker\">in the name of public safety\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just this week the \u003cem>Washington Post\u003c/em> \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/morning-mix/wp/2016/05/24/park-officials-euthanized-a-black-bear-after-a-hiker-was-attacked-then-they-realized-theyd-killed-the-wrong-animal/\">reported\u003c/a> that a black bear was killed after a camper in North Carolina’s Great Smoky Mountains National Park was mauled by a bear. The “wrong” bear was killed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I’d love to argue the ethics of these killing policies with the Park Service (and probably will), but the fact remains, all of us who visit national parks need to know the reality of the situation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I don’t mean to compare hikers’ behavior to that of the tourists who put the bison calf in the car, and obviously I’m not suggesting that it’s wrong or thoughtless to hike in national park lands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But when we venture into nature’s heart, we need to do it with our brains fully engaged.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We can avoid hiking into areas with active bears, especially cubs, and if we do go we can follow \u003ca href=\"https://www.nps.gov/yell/learn/nature/bearspray.htm\">recommendations\u003c/a> for carrying bear spray (while realizing that bear spray isn’t always effective).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We can refuse to succumb to \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2016/05/20/us/when-humans-fueled-by-the-selfie-culture-imperil-wildlife.html\">the “taking selfies” trend\u003c/a> that puts us way too close to wild animals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We can pledge never to crowd close to, feed or touch any wild animal in the parks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Achieving these goals would be a major cause for celebration.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Barbara J. King is an anthropology professor at the College of William and Mary. She often writes about human evolution, primate behavior and the cognition and emotion of animals. Barbara’s most recent book on animals is titled\u003c/em> \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/books/titles/176686699/how-animals-grieve\">How Animals Grieve\u003c/a>.\u003cem> You can keep up with what she is thinking on Twitter: \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/bjkingape\">@bjkingape\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=As+National+Park+Service+Turns+100%2C+We+Can+Celebrate+By+Not+Bothering+Wildlife&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The National Park Service \u003ca href=\"https://www.nps.gov/subjects/centennial/index.htm\">turns 100\u003c/a> this summer, and I’ve been thinking about how all of us might celebrate this milestone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To get in the mood, I went with my husband this week to the \u003ca href=\"http://www.vasc.org/\">Virginia Air & Space Center\u003c/a> to see \u003ca href=\"http://nationalparksadventure.com/\">National Parks Adventure\u003c/a>, the new IMAX movie directed by Greg MacGillivray and narrated by Robert Redford. More than \u003ca href=\"https://www.nps.gov/aboutus/upload/Site-Designations-04-13-16.pdf\">400 sites\u003c/a> are located on national park lands, and the movie notes this, but as expected it favors the big famous parks. (See a 2-minute trailer \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0iqF2Tk_1WA\">here\u003c/a>.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>National Parks Adventure\u003c/em> treats us to spectacular sounds as well as sights: in Wyoming, the “molten fury” of Yellowstone’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2015/04/24/402032765/scientists-discover-massive-new-magma-chamber-under-yellowstone\">magma chambers\u003c/a> and the “highly developed vocabulary” of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2011/01/20/132650631/new-language-discovered-prairiedogese\">prairie dogs\u003c/a> at Devils Tower; in Michigan, the cracking crash of ice displaced by climbers at Pictured Rocks National Lakeshore; in Arizona, the roiling foamy rapids encountered by Colorado River rafters in the Grand Canyon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>John Muir’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.nps.gov/yose/learn/historyculture/muir.htm\">role\u003c/a> early on in helping to protect natural lands — along with Theodore Roosevelt’s — is highlighted, and we hear a voiceover quoting Muir as he urges us to “get close to nature’s heart” by visiting them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The best way we can celebrate our parks, of course, is to hike in them or climb or raft or explore history or just sit and soak up nature. I’m counting the weeks until I return in September to Yellowstone and again immerse myself in \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/13.7/2012/05/29/153955803/dreaming-big-how-yellowstones-wonders-can-turn-kids-on-to-science\">science and nature\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But there’s a second way, too. We can realize what Muir \u003cem>didn’t \u003c/em>mean by “get close to nature’s heart.” We can think what narrator Redford \u003cem>does \u003c/em>mean when he says, referring to the wildlife in our parks, “These lands are their lands, too.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We can respect the wildlife in our parks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most of us probably know by now about the \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/05/16/478279342/baby-bison-that-was-placed-in-a-van-by-tourists-in-yellowstone-is-euthanized\">terrible outcome\u003c/a> last week after tourists placed a Yellowstone bison calf in a vehicle, wishing to shelter it from the cold. Once rescued from the tourists, the calf was rejected by the bison herd and began approaching people and cars along the road in ways that the National Park Service considered to be hazardous. The calf was then killed. (“Euthanasia” isn’t the right word; this wasn’t a good death.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But do we know the reasons why the calf wasn’t sent to a wildlife rehabilitator or to a sanctuary? I didn’t. When I contacted the Park Service public-relations team at Yellowstone to ask, I was sent a press release that says, in part:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>“Federal and state regulations prohibit the transport of bison out of Yellowstone unless those bison are going to meat processing or scientific research facilities. We are working to establish quarantine facilities for bison so that they can go through the months-long testing protocols for brucellosis and, if negative, be used to start conservation herds elsewhere. However, the use of quarantine for bison hasn’t been approved, nor would a newborn calf that’s unable to care for itself be a good candidate for quarantine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, why wouldn’t we try to care for the calf on our own? It may be hard to imagine that Yellowstone does not provide direct care for its animals. What we do provide is a space for animals to live their lives with as little human intervention as possible in today’s world. A bison raised by humans in captivity would probably never be returned to the wild…It’s really important to understand that national parks are very different than animal sanctuaries or zoos.”\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>There are lessons for all of us here.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The National Park Service people mean it when they say they’re not a zoo and they’re not a sanctuary.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We see that wild bison are sometimes sent to meat processing plants, but the point I want to make today is that we need to really understand that our \u003cem>own\u003c/em> actions can doom animals to dying.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2015, the main cause of the 61 grizzly bear deaths in the \u003ca href=\"https://www.nps.gov/yell/learn/nature/ecosystem.htm\">Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem\u003c/a> (which includes lands outside the national park) was human interaction, including hunting and being hit by cars. Scarface, a bear beloved \u003cem>inside\u003c/em> Yellowstone National Park, was \u003ca href=\"http://kutv.com/news/local/more-tourists-more-animals-leading-to-more-problems-in-yellowstone\">killed by a hunter\u003c/a> \u003cem>outside\u003c/em> the park.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>OK, most of us don’t go to wilderness areas to hunt. But we do go to hike, and if wild animals feel threatened and attack hikers in the parks, it’s not unusual for them to be killed \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2015/08/13/432146758/female-grizzly-bear-in-yellowstone-euthanized-after-killing-hiker\">in the name of public safety\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just this week the \u003cem>Washington Post\u003c/em> \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/morning-mix/wp/2016/05/24/park-officials-euthanized-a-black-bear-after-a-hiker-was-attacked-then-they-realized-theyd-killed-the-wrong-animal/\">reported\u003c/a> that a black bear was killed after a camper in North Carolina’s Great Smoky Mountains National Park was mauled by a bear. The “wrong” bear was killed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I’d love to argue the ethics of these killing policies with the Park Service (and probably will), but the fact remains, all of us who visit national parks need to know the reality of the situation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I don’t mean to compare hikers’ behavior to that of the tourists who put the bison calf in the car, and obviously I’m not suggesting that it’s wrong or thoughtless to hike in national park lands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But when we venture into nature’s heart, we need to do it with our brains fully engaged.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We can avoid hiking into areas with active bears, especially cubs, and if we do go we can follow \u003ca href=\"https://www.nps.gov/yell/learn/nature/bearspray.htm\">recommendations\u003c/a> for carrying bear spray (while realizing that bear spray isn’t always effective).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We can refuse to succumb to \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2016/05/20/us/when-humans-fueled-by-the-selfie-culture-imperil-wildlife.html\">the “taking selfies” trend\u003c/a> that puts us way too close to wild animals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We can pledge never to crowd close to, feed or touch any wild animal in the parks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Achieving these goals would be a major cause for celebration.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Barbara J. King is an anthropology professor at the College of William and Mary. She often writes about human evolution, primate behavior and the cognition and emotion of animals. Barbara’s most recent book on animals is titled\u003c/em> \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/books/titles/176686699/how-animals-grieve\">How Animals Grieve\u003c/a>.\u003cem> You can keep up with what she is thinking on Twitter: \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/bjkingape\">@bjkingape\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=As+National+Park+Service+Turns+100%2C+We+Can+Celebrate+By+Not+Bothering+Wildlife&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Climate Change Is the National Parks’ Biggest Challenge",
"headTitle": "Climate Change Is the National Parks’ Biggest Challenge | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>To say Teddy Roosevelt was a wise man is an understatement. At the turn of the 20th century, in a time of rapidly increasing industrialization and the rapacious plundering of the natural world, Roosevelt got it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The giant sequoias tucked away in the folds of California’s Sierra Nevada mountains could have been a source for millions of wood planks. Instead, they’re the source of millions of memories and a reflection on what it means to be human, thanks to efforts of conservationists, including Roosevelt, more than a century ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The coarse-grained wood encased within the sequoias’ burnt orange trunks tells a history that stretches well beyond our individual lifespans. These trees have lived through the birth of Christ, the Spanish settlement of the U.S., and the California gold rush.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Staring up from their gnarly base to their bushy crowns nearly 300 feet above the forest floor is to share a sense of wonder experienced by generations. It’s impossible not to be awed by their size — after all they’re among the largest living things on the planet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Read \u003ca href=\"http://reports.climatecentral.org/nps/overview/\">the full story\u003c/a> at Climate Central.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>To say Teddy Roosevelt was a wise man is an understatement. At the turn of the 20th century, in a time of rapidly increasing industrialization and the rapacious plundering of the natural world, Roosevelt got it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The giant sequoias tucked away in the folds of California’s Sierra Nevada mountains could have been a source for millions of wood planks. Instead, they’re the source of millions of memories and a reflection on what it means to be human, thanks to efforts of conservationists, including Roosevelt, more than a century ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The coarse-grained wood encased within the sequoias’ burnt orange trunks tells a history that stretches well beyond our individual lifespans. These trees have lived through the birth of Christ, the Spanish settlement of the U.S., and the California gold rush.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Staring up from their gnarly base to their bushy crowns nearly 300 feet above the forest floor is to share a sense of wonder experienced by generations. It’s impossible not to be awed by their size — after all they’re among the largest living things on the planet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Read \u003ca href=\"http://reports.climatecentral.org/nps/overview/\">the full story\u003c/a> at Climate Central.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "Acidifying Waters Put Dungeness Crabs at Risk",
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"content": "\u003cp>When it comes to American culinary institutions, the Dungeness crabs that are hauled ashore from California to Washington state every winter season are the crustacean equivalents of apple pie.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The bountiful crab meat is a holiday staple in the San Francisco Bay Area and beyond. When crabbing was \u003ca href=\"http://kron4.com/2016/05/19/last-dungeness-crab-health-advisory-along-california-coast-lifted/\">suspended in the fall\u003c/a> by an algae outbreak, journalists flocked to docks to produce lead news stories — just as they did when \u003ca href=\"http://www.acgov.org/aceh/governors_press_release_fisheries_opened.pdf\">crabbing was restricted\u003c/a> following a 2007 oil spill.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Research published this month could give a crab connoisseur a case of acid reflux.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”F45KCrLox7dTLRyBml9SMvffRA8tcqIs”]Scientists \u003ca href=\"http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs00227-016-2883-1\">reported in the journal Marine Biology\u003c/a> that \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/gallery/graphics/ocean-acidification-impacts-on-sea-life\">ocean acidification\u003c/a>, which is caused when carbon dioxide pollution dissolves into oceans, can kill and stunt young crabs, potentially jeopardizing whole populations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s something that’s projected into the future, but you don’t want to wait until a crisis,” John Mellor, a Dungeness crab fishermen who docks his boat in San Francisco, said during an interview last week in Washington, D.C., where he was meeting with lawmakers and others. “I’m here to try to convince people to give money for research.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists grew eggs and larvae from Puget Sound crabs in water containing pH resembling current and future conditions. They reported that more acidic seawater slowed the development of embryos and larvae and caused an “appreciable” number of larvae to die.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ocean acidification is caused by carbon dioxide pollution — the same pollutant from fuel burning and deforestation that changes the climate. After carbon dioxide dissolves into seawater, it undergoes chemical reactions that change the pH and remove chemicals needed by corals, shellfish and other creatures to produce rigid body parts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>West Coast waters are more prone to acidification than other regions. As the threat of acidifying waters weighs on the minds of crabbers, those who grow shellfish are already being directly affected. The Pacific Northwest’s oyster growing industry has been experiencing substantial losses of young shellfish \u003ca href=\"http://www.seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/localnews/2009336458_oysters14m.html\">linked to acidification since 2005\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The really tough situation with the shellfish industry on the West Coast was the first major alarm bell,” said Jeff Watters, director of government relations at the nonprofit \u003ca href=\"http://www.oceanconservancy.org/\">Ocean Conservancy\u003c/a>. “That was the first moment where you literally had an industry who said, ‘Holy cow, this could shut us down.’”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=u_8QSSQAAAAJ&hl=en\">Seth Miller\u003c/a>, a Smithsonian Environmental Research Center scientist who wasn’t involved with the new study, said it added Dungeness crabs to the “long list of crustaceans and other invertebrates that will likely be negatively impacted” by ocean acidification during their larval stages.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If Dungeness larvae develop slowly under acidified conditions, they’re likely going to struggle even more when you layer on other climate-related stressors like rising temperatures,” Miller said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Miller said the research provides a “first look” at how acidification could affect crab populations. Scientists don’t know whether acidification is affecting crab populations already — nor do they precisely know how it could affect them in the future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We don’t have any direct evidence that they’re currently being affected, except that in some places we see a decreased survival under conditions that currently exist in some places,” said \u003ca href=\"https://www.nwfsc.noaa.gov/contact/display_staffprofile.cfm?staffid=168\">Paul McElhany\u003c/a>, a NOAA ecologist who participated in the new study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re completely into new territory,” McElhany said. “Carbon dioxide has never changed this rapidly as far as we can tell.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The West Coast’s crab population is a large one, occupying vast territory in the Pacific Ocean, raising hopes that it may harbor enough genetic variety to help it withstand environmental tumult, such as acidification. But how resilient it will actually be remains unknown.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re only able to do experiments on a few life stages for a certain amount of time,” McElhany said. “So the question of the role that diversity might play in potential evolutionary response — that’s something that’s really just unknown at the moment.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The coastal Washington state district of Rep. \u003ca href=\"http://kilmer.house.gov/\">Derek Kilmer\u003c/a>, a Democrat, contains thousands of people whose livelihoods depend on shellfish. He \u003ca href=\"https://www.govtrack.us/congress/bills/114/hr1967/summary\">has introduced legislation\u003c/a> designed to spur more research through federal grants and innovation prizes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think there’s a real concern that, as you see changing ocean chemistry, that that’s a threat to their livelihood,” Kilmer said. “We’re trying to shine a bright light on the problem.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Further research could help determine whether the crabs could evolve quickly enough or learn to adapt to changing pH concentrations. Such research may provide clues as to whether anything could be done to help crabs withstand acidification — apart from drastically curbing fossil fuel burning and deforestation, which is the goal of a new \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/paris-agreement-signed-united-nations-20282\">United Nations climate change treaty\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This bill is not going to solve all the world’s problems,” Kilmer said. “To me, this is one of many things that have to happen.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>When it comes to American culinary institutions, the Dungeness crabs that are hauled ashore from California to Washington state every winter season are the crustacean equivalents of apple pie.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The bountiful crab meat is a holiday staple in the San Francisco Bay Area and beyond. When crabbing was \u003ca href=\"http://kron4.com/2016/05/19/last-dungeness-crab-health-advisory-along-california-coast-lifted/\">suspended in the fall\u003c/a> by an algae outbreak, journalists flocked to docks to produce lead news stories — just as they did when \u003ca href=\"http://www.acgov.org/aceh/governors_press_release_fisheries_opened.pdf\">crabbing was restricted\u003c/a> following a 2007 oil spill.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Research published this month could give a crab connoisseur a case of acid reflux.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>Scientists \u003ca href=\"http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs00227-016-2883-1\">reported in the journal Marine Biology\u003c/a> that \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/gallery/graphics/ocean-acidification-impacts-on-sea-life\">ocean acidification\u003c/a>, which is caused when carbon dioxide pollution dissolves into oceans, can kill and stunt young crabs, potentially jeopardizing whole populations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s something that’s projected into the future, but you don’t want to wait until a crisis,” John Mellor, a Dungeness crab fishermen who docks his boat in San Francisco, said during an interview last week in Washington, D.C., where he was meeting with lawmakers and others. “I’m here to try to convince people to give money for research.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists grew eggs and larvae from Puget Sound crabs in water containing pH resembling current and future conditions. They reported that more acidic seawater slowed the development of embryos and larvae and caused an “appreciable” number of larvae to die.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ocean acidification is caused by carbon dioxide pollution — the same pollutant from fuel burning and deforestation that changes the climate. After carbon dioxide dissolves into seawater, it undergoes chemical reactions that change the pH and remove chemicals needed by corals, shellfish and other creatures to produce rigid body parts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>West Coast waters are more prone to acidification than other regions. As the threat of acidifying waters weighs on the minds of crabbers, those who grow shellfish are already being directly affected. The Pacific Northwest’s oyster growing industry has been experiencing substantial losses of young shellfish \u003ca href=\"http://www.seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/localnews/2009336458_oysters14m.html\">linked to acidification since 2005\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The really tough situation with the shellfish industry on the West Coast was the first major alarm bell,” said Jeff Watters, director of government relations at the nonprofit \u003ca href=\"http://www.oceanconservancy.org/\">Ocean Conservancy\u003c/a>. “That was the first moment where you literally had an industry who said, ‘Holy cow, this could shut us down.’”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=u_8QSSQAAAAJ&hl=en\">Seth Miller\u003c/a>, a Smithsonian Environmental Research Center scientist who wasn’t involved with the new study, said it added Dungeness crabs to the “long list of crustaceans and other invertebrates that will likely be negatively impacted” by ocean acidification during their larval stages.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If Dungeness larvae develop slowly under acidified conditions, they’re likely going to struggle even more when you layer on other climate-related stressors like rising temperatures,” Miller said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Miller said the research provides a “first look” at how acidification could affect crab populations. Scientists don’t know whether acidification is affecting crab populations already — nor do they precisely know how it could affect them in the future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We don’t have any direct evidence that they’re currently being affected, except that in some places we see a decreased survival under conditions that currently exist in some places,” said \u003ca href=\"https://www.nwfsc.noaa.gov/contact/display_staffprofile.cfm?staffid=168\">Paul McElhany\u003c/a>, a NOAA ecologist who participated in the new study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re completely into new territory,” McElhany said. “Carbon dioxide has never changed this rapidly as far as we can tell.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The West Coast’s crab population is a large one, occupying vast territory in the Pacific Ocean, raising hopes that it may harbor enough genetic variety to help it withstand environmental tumult, such as acidification. But how resilient it will actually be remains unknown.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re only able to do experiments on a few life stages for a certain amount of time,” McElhany said. “So the question of the role that diversity might play in potential evolutionary response — that’s something that’s really just unknown at the moment.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The coastal Washington state district of Rep. \u003ca href=\"http://kilmer.house.gov/\">Derek Kilmer\u003c/a>, a Democrat, contains thousands of people whose livelihoods depend on shellfish. He \u003ca href=\"https://www.govtrack.us/congress/bills/114/hr1967/summary\">has introduced legislation\u003c/a> designed to spur more research through federal grants and innovation prizes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think there’s a real concern that, as you see changing ocean chemistry, that that’s a threat to their livelihood,” Kilmer said. “We’re trying to shine a bright light on the problem.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Further research could help determine whether the crabs could evolve quickly enough or learn to adapt to changing pH concentrations. Such research may provide clues as to whether anything could be done to help crabs withstand acidification — apart from drastically curbing fossil fuel burning and deforestation, which is the goal of a new \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/paris-agreement-signed-united-nations-20282\">United Nations climate change treaty\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This bill is not going to solve all the world’s problems,” Kilmer said. “To me, this is one of many things that have to happen.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Utilities Want To Plug In More Electric Drivers",
"headTitle": "Utilities Want To Plug In More Electric Drivers | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>What region leads the nation in electric car sales? Here’s a hint, one of the city mayors drives a plug-in hybrid and Tesla Motors is located there. Well, that was kind of a big hint. Yes, the number one market for electric vehicle adoption is the San Francisco Bay Area (S.F. Mayor Ed Lee drives a Chevy Volt).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although there are more than 100 public charging stations in San Francisco, electric car drivers can’t always find a place to plug in.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘We need more chargers and we need them yesterday.’\u003ccite>Maureen Blanc, Charge Across Town\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Standing in front of city hall near a row of private chargers reserved for the city’s electric fleet, Maureen Blanc shakes her head.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What we don’t see here, which is very frustrating and they are probably buried in the parking garage,” she says, “are the public chargers for everyday people to use.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Blanc says chargers are not always accessible. Many are inside parking garages where drivers have to pay to use them. Beyond that, she says, “There are a lot of broken chargers where you pull into a garage and they are broken or they are old.” Or, Blanc says, they are in use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Aiming to grow the charging network in California, Blanc helped start an advocacy group called \u003ca href=\"http://www.chargeacrosstown.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Charge Across Town\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Even though most of us charge at home,” she says, “you still want to know that when you’re traveling, whether it’s to Marin or the south bay or even up to Lake Tahoe, that you’re going to get there and not have to worry about finding an electric vehicle outlet.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_713858\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-713858\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/IMG_0170-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"Electric Car Driver Maureen Blanc\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/IMG_0170-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/IMG_0170-400x300.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/IMG_0170-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/IMG_0170-1440x1080.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/IMG_0170-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/IMG_0170-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/IMG_0170-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/IMG_0170.jpg 2016w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Electric car driver Maureen Blanc \u003ccite>(Andrea Kissack/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But chargers cost money, says Dan Sperling, a member of the California Air Resources Board. He stresses that building charging stations can be a tough business.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The amount of revenue generated is fifty cents, a dollar per charge,” he says, “and so you are not going to make a lot of money from that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Private companies have relied, in part, on federal and state grants to help build much of California’s public charging network and now some of those grants are running out. That’s tough timing for the state’s efforts to reach its ambitious clean air goals. California has set a goal of building an infrastructure to support a million clean cars by 2020 — that’s five times the number of electric cars on the roads now. So the public charging network is going to need to scale up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are just over 9,000 public charging points, or outlets, in California right now. Those include 120v and 220v stations, plus fast chargers, which juice up a car in less than 20 minutes. But to keep pace with efforts to get more electric cars on the roads, the state needs at least 40,000 more charging points by 2020, according to one estimate by the California Energy Commission.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”7iRpbksr6A4bO4sLtkOgbq30DJPt3ZAJ”]By the way, those numbers don’t include Tesla’s proprietary network, which only Tesla drivers can access.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To give the electric car charging network another jump start, state regulators have invited California’s major utilities into the market.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>PG&E has submitted \u003ca href=\"http://greenlining.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/JtMotiontoAdoptSettlementAll-03-21-16.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">a plan\u003c/a> to roll out thousands of electric car chargers across its service area, in central and northern California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our electric vehicle charging program is really targeted at multi-unit dwellings and workplace charging,” says PG&E vice president Aaron Johnson. “The idea is to deploy about 7500 chargers across that area.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Here’s the Controversial Part\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>PG&E wants to build, own and operate the charging stations itself. To do that, the utility wants to charge ratepayers 22 cents a month. Johnson says the plan is meant to make it easier for customers to communicate with PG&E for all of their charging needs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The actual site host, the customer that is going to install the charging infrastructure, won’t have to work with multiple entities,” he explains. “They will be able to just work with us and then choose from a number of providers who are available, and we’ll also perform the maintenance.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But PG&E’s proposal to own the stations does not sit well with private charging companies or utility reform groups.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_713859\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-713859\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/IMG_0118-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"Scott Mercer and Abdellah Cherkaoui with the electric car charging service, Volta\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/IMG_0118-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/IMG_0118-400x300.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/IMG_0118-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/IMG_0118-1440x1080.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/IMG_0118-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/IMG_0118-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/IMG_0118-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/IMG_0118.jpg 2016w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Scott Mercer and Abdellah Cherkaoui with the electric car charging service, Volta \u003ccite>(Andrea Kissack/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“PG&E is charging rate payers for the capital expenses to build a charging network,” says Scott Mercer, CEO of Volta, a San Francisco start-up that builds free plug-in charging stations and makes its money by selling ads on them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mercer believes PG&E’s plan is akin to a utility wanting to own a gas station.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If PG&E came to me and said I would be required to pay to build the gasoline infrastructure that would give them a monopoly to profit on selling gasoline,” he says, “I’d feel a little weird about that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mercer says utilities can help open up under-served markets like apartment buildings but he thinks PG&E’s current proposal would stifle the growth of companies like his.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“EV charging is still very much in its early days,” he says, “so to hand over to a utility company what is a practical monopoly seems like a very dangerous thing to do.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.cpuc.ca.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">California Public Utilities Commission\u003c/a> will decide on the PG&E plan this summer.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Automakers plan to roll out more electric cars in the next few years. But will there be enough stations to charge them up? ",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>What region leads the nation in electric car sales? Here’s a hint, one of the city mayors drives a plug-in hybrid and Tesla Motors is located there. Well, that was kind of a big hint. Yes, the number one market for electric vehicle adoption is the San Francisco Bay Area (S.F. Mayor Ed Lee drives a Chevy Volt).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although there are more than 100 public charging stations in San Francisco, electric car drivers can’t always find a place to plug in.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘We need more chargers and we need them yesterday.’\u003ccite>Maureen Blanc, Charge Across Town\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Standing in front of city hall near a row of private chargers reserved for the city’s electric fleet, Maureen Blanc shakes her head.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What we don’t see here, which is very frustrating and they are probably buried in the parking garage,” she says, “are the public chargers for everyday people to use.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Blanc says chargers are not always accessible. Many are inside parking garages where drivers have to pay to use them. Beyond that, she says, “There are a lot of broken chargers where you pull into a garage and they are broken or they are old.” Or, Blanc says, they are in use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Aiming to grow the charging network in California, Blanc helped start an advocacy group called \u003ca href=\"http://www.chargeacrosstown.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Charge Across Town\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Even though most of us charge at home,” she says, “you still want to know that when you’re traveling, whether it’s to Marin or the south bay or even up to Lake Tahoe, that you’re going to get there and not have to worry about finding an electric vehicle outlet.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_713858\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-713858\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/IMG_0170-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"Electric Car Driver Maureen Blanc\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/IMG_0170-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/IMG_0170-400x300.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/IMG_0170-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/IMG_0170-1440x1080.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/IMG_0170-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/IMG_0170-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/IMG_0170-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/IMG_0170.jpg 2016w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Electric car driver Maureen Blanc \u003ccite>(Andrea Kissack/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But chargers cost money, says Dan Sperling, a member of the California Air Resources Board. He stresses that building charging stations can be a tough business.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The amount of revenue generated is fifty cents, a dollar per charge,” he says, “and so you are not going to make a lot of money from that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Private companies have relied, in part, on federal and state grants to help build much of California’s public charging network and now some of those grants are running out. That’s tough timing for the state’s efforts to reach its ambitious clean air goals. California has set a goal of building an infrastructure to support a million clean cars by 2020 — that’s five times the number of electric cars on the roads now. So the public charging network is going to need to scale up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are just over 9,000 public charging points, or outlets, in California right now. Those include 120v and 220v stations, plus fast chargers, which juice up a car in less than 20 minutes. But to keep pace with efforts to get more electric cars on the roads, the state needs at least 40,000 more charging points by 2020, according to one estimate by the California Energy Commission.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>By the way, those numbers don’t include Tesla’s proprietary network, which only Tesla drivers can access.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To give the electric car charging network another jump start, state regulators have invited California’s major utilities into the market.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>PG&E has submitted \u003ca href=\"http://greenlining.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/JtMotiontoAdoptSettlementAll-03-21-16.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">a plan\u003c/a> to roll out thousands of electric car chargers across its service area, in central and northern California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our electric vehicle charging program is really targeted at multi-unit dwellings and workplace charging,” says PG&E vice president Aaron Johnson. “The idea is to deploy about 7500 chargers across that area.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Here’s the Controversial Part\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>PG&E wants to build, own and operate the charging stations itself. To do that, the utility wants to charge ratepayers 22 cents a month. Johnson says the plan is meant to make it easier for customers to communicate with PG&E for all of their charging needs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The actual site host, the customer that is going to install the charging infrastructure, won’t have to work with multiple entities,” he explains. “They will be able to just work with us and then choose from a number of providers who are available, and we’ll also perform the maintenance.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But PG&E’s proposal to own the stations does not sit well with private charging companies or utility reform groups.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_713859\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-713859\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/IMG_0118-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"Scott Mercer and Abdellah Cherkaoui with the electric car charging service, Volta\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/IMG_0118-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/IMG_0118-400x300.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/IMG_0118-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/IMG_0118-1440x1080.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/IMG_0118-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/IMG_0118-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/IMG_0118-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/IMG_0118.jpg 2016w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Scott Mercer and Abdellah Cherkaoui with the electric car charging service, Volta \u003ccite>(Andrea Kissack/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“PG&E is charging rate payers for the capital expenses to build a charging network,” says Scott Mercer, CEO of Volta, a San Francisco start-up that builds free plug-in charging stations and makes its money by selling ads on them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mercer believes PG&E’s plan is akin to a utility wanting to own a gas station.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If PG&E came to me and said I would be required to pay to build the gasoline infrastructure that would give them a monopoly to profit on selling gasoline,” he says, “I’d feel a little weird about that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mercer says utilities can help open up under-served markets like apartment buildings but he thinks PG&E’s current proposal would stifle the growth of companies like his.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“EV charging is still very much in its early days,” he says, “so to hand over to a utility company what is a practical monopoly seems like a very dangerous thing to do.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.cpuc.ca.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">California Public Utilities Commission\u003c/a> will decide on the PG&E plan this summer.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "A Warming World Means Less Water, With Economic Consequences",
"headTitle": "A Warming World Means Less Water, With Economic Consequences | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>We often associate climate change with too much water — the melting ice caps triggering a rise in sea levels. Now a new World Bank report says we also need to think about too little water — the potable sort.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/water/publication/high-and-dry-climate-change-water-and-the-economy\">High and Dry: Climate Change, Water, and the Economy\u003c/a> examines the future effects of diminishing water supplies on the world. “Water-related climate risks cascade through food, energy, urban, and environmental systems,” researchers write. “Growing populations, rising incomes, and expanding cities will converge upon a world where the demand for water rises exponentially, while supply becomes more erratic and uncertain.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”UfkPBH7ceMQyx4UIV3DYzmPZwo3IUd0W”]The World Bank says that in areas where water is readily available, like Central Africa and East Asia, it could become harder to find. And in areas like the Middle East, already facing water problems, “scarcity will greatly worsen.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The authors also note the spikes in food prices a water shortage would cause, which in turn would likely lead to conflict.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These are all fairly evident consequences of global warming. The report treads new ground, however, in evaluating the economic impacts of this water scarcity. Researchers say water shortages could cause certain areas to lose as much as 6 percent of their gross domestic product “as a result of water-related losses in agriculture, health, income, and property.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The report emphasizes three ways to mitigate the problems. The first is “better planning and incentives.” This involves things like using water prices and permits wisely to ensure water is used for “higher-value” purposes. The authors say that paradoxically, in societies where water is considered free, the poor end up paying more for it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Second, they advise expanding “water supply and availability,” through more dams, water recycling and even sometimes desalination.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They finally advise ” ‘water proofing’ economies” to economic shocks. They advocate crop insurance for farmers and building walls and levees to protect cities from floods.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Richard Damania led the team that wrote the report. He joined NPR’s Michel Martin from Colombo in Sri Lanka, a country that has recently experienced water problems of its own, in the form of \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/05/19/478679396/photos-rain-hampers-search-for-families-missing-after-sri-lankan-landslides\">torrential rain\u003c/a> and flooding. He talked more about what the report shows, why economies need water and why pricing water may be better for the world’s poor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Interview highlights contain some extended, Web-only answers.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003ch3>Interview Highlights\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>On what the report shows\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I think there are two important things that this report highlights. The first is that … the major impacts of climate change are felt through water — through the hydrological cycle. Through things like more intense rainfall, droughts, cyclones. Indeed, I’m here in Colombo and it’s pouring with rain and there’s a threat of floods. There’s intense bouts of rainfall which are unseasonal and unexpected. That’s one impact of climate change and that’s one of the things that the report highlights.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It also highlights that if you happen to have, in some senses, the misfortune of living in an area that’s dry, most likely you’re going to get even drier because of climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another important point: We all know that we need water to live. But seldom do we recognize that the economy also needs water. So when you have insufficient water, this also acts as a drag on economic performance and therefore a drag on growth as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>On how they determined that climate change could cost some regions up to 6 percent of GDP\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We combined a model of climate change with a hydrological cycle and fed the results of that model into a very standard economic model — the sorts of economic models that are used routinely by economists. And we had water in that economic model. In most economic models water is actually ignored — we introduced water into it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And then we fed through what would be the likely consequences of climate change shrinking, shriveling supplies of water on economic growth. If you don’t have the water and your business needs water, of course this is going to increase your costs. Costs go up, therefore growth tends to be affected by it. So it’s quite logical.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>On why many researchers haven’t studied water access economics before\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I think that’s partly because we tend to take water for granted, because we assume that it’s so abundant. Once upon a time water was very abundant. Today the world in which we live in, water is no longer terribly abundant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So all over the world, you have growing populations, growing demand for water. Combine that with more heat, more evaporation of the water, climate change changing the cycle, and we really are set for a somewhat different world to what we’ve been experiencing in the past and today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>On transferring water from places that have too much to places with too little\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What the report tries to emphasize is the following: That, if you have a shortage of water, there’s really only three things that you can do. You can try to increase the supply of water, but that’s dreadfully expensive, because all of the easy locations for water storage have been used up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Or you could go to really expensive solutions like desalination or water reuse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But a lot more effort needs to be spent on managing demand. And we need to manage the demand for water in two ways. One, to be more efficient in how we use water — in other words, not to waste water. And secondly and related to that, we need to find ways of trying to allocate water from low-value-added wasteful uses to more higher-value-added uses that generate more growth and generate more employment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To put this into context, let me try to give you a list. There’s a couple of examples. Today in a lot of countries that are water-scarce, more water is lost through leaking pipes than is actually delivered to people in their taps and in their faucets. I mean, it’s quite obvious we need to fix those leaks, though they’re quite expensive to fix, but it clearly pays for itself in the long run.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We also observe that in a lot of countries that are awfully dry, we provide them with, say, irrigation, and they tend to grow rice and water-thirsty crops — where really in deserts and arid regions one really shouldn’t be growing those water-thirsty crops. And one reason why that happens is because of the allocation of water. So rather than, say, allocating that water to a higher-value crop or a higher-valued industrial use or the city, it goes to something of lower value with lower yields.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So these are the kinds of shifts that need to actually happen. Some are easier to make than others, but they are long-term shifts and we need to start preparing and making them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>On the report’s finding that “free water” actually costs the poor money\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Let’s step back a little. Water is a human right and there’s a United Nations resolution about it which declares water is a human right, and requires that water is provided at an affordable price for everyone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But in a lot of countries where water is provided free, when water is free it tends to be served to those that have the political clout. And as a consequence … usually the people that have the political clout are the ones that are rich. So the poor are unserved, and they have to go to water vendors. And they typically pay three to four times the price per drop of water than would the person who’s either getting the water free or getting the water subsidized.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So we get these perverse effects that occur when no price is attached — at least to water that’s delivered to rich homes or to industrial users. It’s quite reasonable I think to suggest that as you pay for all inputs when you produce something and make a profit, it’s reasonable to also pay for water if you use that as an input into production and make a profit out of it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the other hand, we need to be extremely cautious and ensure that everyone gets adequate supplies of water, and there’s adequate flows for the environment as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What are some examples of countries where this happens?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can literally pick your country on the map where we have informal settlements — for example, where we have slums. And typically, there are no pipes to the slums — in most cases, nine times out of 10 I don’t have to name any country. And you will find that those people in the poor quarters of the city don’t have pipes and are unserved or underserved. Even if they have pipes, there’s no water being delivered into those pipes. What do they have to do? They have to go to vendors and they have to buy the water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In some countries, in addition, actually selling water is illegal. So this is all done on the black market, which could raise the price even further. So it’s not an uncommon phenomenon; it’s very, very widely observed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=A+Warming+World+Means+Less+Water%2C+With+Economic+Consequences&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>We often associate climate change with too much water — the melting ice caps triggering a rise in sea levels. Now a new World Bank report says we also need to think about too little water — the potable sort.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/water/publication/high-and-dry-climate-change-water-and-the-economy\">High and Dry: Climate Change, Water, and the Economy\u003c/a> examines the future effects of diminishing water supplies on the world. “Water-related climate risks cascade through food, energy, urban, and environmental systems,” researchers write. “Growing populations, rising incomes, and expanding cities will converge upon a world where the demand for water rises exponentially, while supply becomes more erratic and uncertain.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>The World Bank says that in areas where water is readily available, like Central Africa and East Asia, it could become harder to find. And in areas like the Middle East, already facing water problems, “scarcity will greatly worsen.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The authors also note the spikes in food prices a water shortage would cause, which in turn would likely lead to conflict.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These are all fairly evident consequences of global warming. The report treads new ground, however, in evaluating the economic impacts of this water scarcity. Researchers say water shortages could cause certain areas to lose as much as 6 percent of their gross domestic product “as a result of water-related losses in agriculture, health, income, and property.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The report emphasizes three ways to mitigate the problems. The first is “better planning and incentives.” This involves things like using water prices and permits wisely to ensure water is used for “higher-value” purposes. The authors say that paradoxically, in societies where water is considered free, the poor end up paying more for it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Second, they advise expanding “water supply and availability,” through more dams, water recycling and even sometimes desalination.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They finally advise ” ‘water proofing’ economies” to economic shocks. They advocate crop insurance for farmers and building walls and levees to protect cities from floods.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Richard Damania led the team that wrote the report. He joined NPR’s Michel Martin from Colombo in Sri Lanka, a country that has recently experienced water problems of its own, in the form of \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/05/19/478679396/photos-rain-hampers-search-for-families-missing-after-sri-lankan-landslides\">torrential rain\u003c/a> and flooding. He talked more about what the report shows, why economies need water and why pricing water may be better for the world’s poor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Interview highlights contain some extended, Web-only answers.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003ch3>Interview Highlights\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>On what the report shows\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I think there are two important things that this report highlights. The first is that … the major impacts of climate change are felt through water — through the hydrological cycle. Through things like more intense rainfall, droughts, cyclones. Indeed, I’m here in Colombo and it’s pouring with rain and there’s a threat of floods. There’s intense bouts of rainfall which are unseasonal and unexpected. That’s one impact of climate change and that’s one of the things that the report highlights.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It also highlights that if you happen to have, in some senses, the misfortune of living in an area that’s dry, most likely you’re going to get even drier because of climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another important point: We all know that we need water to live. But seldom do we recognize that the economy also needs water. So when you have insufficient water, this also acts as a drag on economic performance and therefore a drag on growth as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>On how they determined that climate change could cost some regions up to 6 percent of GDP\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We combined a model of climate change with a hydrological cycle and fed the results of that model into a very standard economic model — the sorts of economic models that are used routinely by economists. And we had water in that economic model. In most economic models water is actually ignored — we introduced water into it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And then we fed through what would be the likely consequences of climate change shrinking, shriveling supplies of water on economic growth. If you don’t have the water and your business needs water, of course this is going to increase your costs. Costs go up, therefore growth tends to be affected by it. So it’s quite logical.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>On why many researchers haven’t studied water access economics before\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I think that’s partly because we tend to take water for granted, because we assume that it’s so abundant. Once upon a time water was very abundant. Today the world in which we live in, water is no longer terribly abundant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So all over the world, you have growing populations, growing demand for water. Combine that with more heat, more evaporation of the water, climate change changing the cycle, and we really are set for a somewhat different world to what we’ve been experiencing in the past and today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>On transferring water from places that have too much to places with too little\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What the report tries to emphasize is the following: That, if you have a shortage of water, there’s really only three things that you can do. You can try to increase the supply of water, but that’s dreadfully expensive, because all of the easy locations for water storage have been used up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Or you could go to really expensive solutions like desalination or water reuse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But a lot more effort needs to be spent on managing demand. And we need to manage the demand for water in two ways. One, to be more efficient in how we use water — in other words, not to waste water. And secondly and related to that, we need to find ways of trying to allocate water from low-value-added wasteful uses to more higher-value-added uses that generate more growth and generate more employment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To put this into context, let me try to give you a list. There’s a couple of examples. Today in a lot of countries that are water-scarce, more water is lost through leaking pipes than is actually delivered to people in their taps and in their faucets. I mean, it’s quite obvious we need to fix those leaks, though they’re quite expensive to fix, but it clearly pays for itself in the long run.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We also observe that in a lot of countries that are awfully dry, we provide them with, say, irrigation, and they tend to grow rice and water-thirsty crops — where really in deserts and arid regions one really shouldn’t be growing those water-thirsty crops. And one reason why that happens is because of the allocation of water. So rather than, say, allocating that water to a higher-value crop or a higher-valued industrial use or the city, it goes to something of lower value with lower yields.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So these are the kinds of shifts that need to actually happen. Some are easier to make than others, but they are long-term shifts and we need to start preparing and making them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>On the report’s finding that “free water” actually costs the poor money\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Let’s step back a little. Water is a human right and there’s a United Nations resolution about it which declares water is a human right, and requires that water is provided at an affordable price for everyone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But in a lot of countries where water is provided free, when water is free it tends to be served to those that have the political clout. And as a consequence … usually the people that have the political clout are the ones that are rich. So the poor are unserved, and they have to go to water vendors. And they typically pay three to four times the price per drop of water than would the person who’s either getting the water free or getting the water subsidized.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So we get these perverse effects that occur when no price is attached — at least to water that’s delivered to rich homes or to industrial users. It’s quite reasonable I think to suggest that as you pay for all inputs when you produce something and make a profit, it’s reasonable to also pay for water if you use that as an input into production and make a profit out of it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the other hand, we need to be extremely cautious and ensure that everyone gets adequate supplies of water, and there’s adequate flows for the environment as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What are some examples of countries where this happens?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can literally pick your country on the map where we have informal settlements — for example, where we have slums. And typically, there are no pipes to the slums — in most cases, nine times out of 10 I don’t have to name any country. And you will find that those people in the poor quarters of the city don’t have pipes and are unserved or underserved. Even if they have pipes, there’s no water being delivered into those pipes. What do they have to do? They have to go to vendors and they have to buy the water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In some countries, in addition, actually selling water is illegal. So this is all done on the black market, which could raise the price even further. So it’s not an uncommon phenomenon; it’s very, very widely observed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=A+Warming+World+Means+Less+Water%2C+With+Economic+Consequences&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Like 'Em or Hate 'Em, California's State-Mandated Drought Rules Largely Worked",
"headTitle": "Like ‘Em or Hate ‘Em, California’s State-Mandated Drought Rules Largely Worked | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>On Wednesday California revised its drought rules, ending a year of local conservation quotas handed down by the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The State Water Resources Control Board voted to abandon its formula — decried by some local agencies as a “one-size-fits-all” model — which \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2016/02/25/california-water-conservation-misses-governors-mandate-in-january/\">required each water district to curb water use\u003c/a> by a certain state-mandated percentage and instead, let districts determine how much they should save.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some see the switch as premature.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think it’s really important that we make sure to convey a consistent message that we are still in an emergency drought situation,” said Tracy Quinn, a senior policy analyst with the Natural Resources Defense Council. Quinn and a handful of others argued against the change at Wednesday’s State Water Board hearing in Sacramento. Nearly \u003ca href=\"http://droughtmonitor.unl.edu/Home/StateDroughtMonitor.aspx?CA\">two-thirds of the state\u003c/a> is still classified by federal climatologists as being in “severe drought.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘It’s kind of a trust-but-verify situation.’\u003ccite>Felicia Marcus, State Water Board\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>But board chair Felicia Marcus says the state is not giving up its oversight role.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We also get to watch,” Marcus told KQED. “It’s kind of a trust-but-verify situation that I think is worth considering.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It won’t be a free-for-all. Under the new system, local suppliers need to apply prescribed hypothetical “stress tests.” Their savings targets will then be based on anticipated water shortfalls over the next three years — assuming the next three mimic the last three in terms of water demand and drought conditions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re making a shift that recognizes the supply conditions have improved,” said the water board’s Max Gomberg. “We’re setting up something that is going to be in place, really, for the future.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The board says it’s partially reacting to more than \u003ca href=\"http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/waterrights/water_issues/programs/drought/comments120215/index.shtml\">150 comments \u003c/a>it received. In a last-minute reversal, the board did decide to keep the ban on restaurants serving water unless customers ask for it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Top-Down System Saved Water\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As much as local water officials resisted them, the emergency system of state-imposed quotas \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2016/05/03/californians-beat-new-relaxed-target-for-water-savings/\">largely worked\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over Governor Jerry Brown’s declared nine-month drought emergency, from June 2015 to February 2016, urban consumers saved 1.19 million acre-feet of water, compared to 2013. That’s enough to supply nearly 6 million people for a year, and fell just short of the governor’s 25 percent goal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Among the state’s 411 largest water districts, 199 or just under half, met or exceeded their cumulative goals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Standouts included Cambria Community Services District, Menlo Park, Dublin San Ramon Services, Soquel Creek Water District and Santa Barbara — each saved 20 percent more water than state regulators required.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"//datawrapper.dwcdn.net/fPRoR/3/\" frameborder=\"0\" allowtransparency=\"true\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\" webkitallowfullscreen=\"webkitallowfullscreen\" mozallowfullscreen=\"mozallowfullscreen\" oallowfullscreen=\"oallowfullscreen\" msallowfullscreen=\"msallowfullscreen\" width=\"748\" height=\"520\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There were also stories of redemption among local utilities that initially fell short, but eventually saved more than required.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ways in which they turned things around are widely disparate and relied on a combination of deliberate tactics and good fortune.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the agricultural communities served by the Rainbow Municipal Water District in San Diego County, many farmers switched from growing avocados to less water-intensive grapes. They also got lucky. San Diego County saw baseball games rained out by freak downpours last summer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The majority of the rain came from the remnants of Hurricane Dolores and suppressed demands for all of our customers,” says District analyst Cynthia Gray.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For Atwater, a San Joaquin Valley town of about 29,000, the solution came in the form of community volunteers. Two police volunteers and one designated “water cop” issued warnings and notices while they were out on their routes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_704301\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-704301\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/Greg-Olzack.jpg\" alt='Greg Olzack, a former mayor and city council member of Atwater, became a volunteer \"water cop,\" driving around the town to write citations for water wasters.' width=\"640\" height=\"480\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/Greg-Olzack.jpg 640w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/Greg-Olzack-400x300.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Greg Olzack, a former mayor and city council member of Atwater, became a volunteer “water cop,” driving around the town to write citations for water wasters. \u003ccite>(Kathy Thornburg)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The water cop was none other than Atwater’s former mayor Greg Olzack.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘You don’t like to fine people but unfortunately that’s how you get people’s attention’\u003ccite>Greg Olzack, ‘Water Cop’\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The retiree donned a uniform and a city badge while driving around in a police vehicle four to five times a week looking for water wasters, often starting before dawn.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“People ask why I get up so early and I say, ‘it’s like fishing, that’s when they are biting,'” says Olzack. Atwater banned watering altogether on certain days and between 7 a.m. and 7 p.m. on others.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Olzack and his crew issued 850 citations from July to October, for over-watering or watering on the wrong day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“You don’t like to fine people but unfortunately that’s how you get people’s attention.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Larger water agencies such as Santa Cruz and the Oakland-based East Bay Municipal Utilities District used similar strategies, but began lifting water restrictions as soon as \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2016/05/09/california-may-abandon-state-imposed-water-conservation-quotas/\">the state announced its intent\u003c/a> to revise the rules last week. Water agencies face a fundamental conflict in conservation; their revenues are based on how much water they sell. The more their customers conserve, the harder it hits the utilities’ bottom line.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Even State Mandates Didn’t Work Everywhere\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some of the “least improved” water districts — those that met their targets in June and then slipped off the wagon — did so despite issuing thousands of fines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In December, Vacaville issued 1,950 penalties for residents that used more than their assigned residential allocations, and added an extra 25 percent excessive consumption penalty to the customers’ bills.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The city started off on the right foot, exceeding its goal by nearly 4 percent in June, but by February its cumulative savings had dropped to 13 percent below its goal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Vacaville Utilities manager Ramiro Jimenez says limiting lawn watering in the summer was easier for residents than trying to squeeze water use in winter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“By then you’re relying more on indoor savings,” says Jimenez. “When you ask people to use less indoors, like not washing dishes or clothes as often, it becomes tough for people to make that shift — it becomes a lifestyle change.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Calexico, a border town in Imperial County that lost its conservation momentum over time, blames its shortage on reporting inaccuracies. Officials there say it switched to “smart” meters with software that wasn’t fully operational, and so had to estimate water use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Neither of these “least improved” districts used tougher measures like \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2015/10/29/ebmud-excessive-water-users-list-part-2\">public shaming\u003c/a> or \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/06/01/car-washes-and-pools-winners-and-losers-of-californias-drought/\">prohibiting new swimming pools\u003c/a> from using potable water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Questioned by KQED, several districts whose conservation performance declined the most over time cited extenuating circumstances.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite the mixed results, it’s clear that the system of enforceable state-imposed water restrictions resulted in substantial savings over all. It’s equally unclear what lifting these requirements will mean for long-term conservation in drought-prone California.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "City managers may have grumbled, but Gov. Brown's mandate to cut statewide water use by 25 percent largely worked.\r\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>On Wednesday California revised its drought rules, ending a year of local conservation quotas handed down by the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The State Water Resources Control Board voted to abandon its formula — decried by some local agencies as a “one-size-fits-all” model — which \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2016/02/25/california-water-conservation-misses-governors-mandate-in-january/\">required each water district to curb water use\u003c/a> by a certain state-mandated percentage and instead, let districts determine how much they should save.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some see the switch as premature.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think it’s really important that we make sure to convey a consistent message that we are still in an emergency drought situation,” said Tracy Quinn, a senior policy analyst with the Natural Resources Defense Council. Quinn and a handful of others argued against the change at Wednesday’s State Water Board hearing in Sacramento. Nearly \u003ca href=\"http://droughtmonitor.unl.edu/Home/StateDroughtMonitor.aspx?CA\">two-thirds of the state\u003c/a> is still classified by federal climatologists as being in “severe drought.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘It’s kind of a trust-but-verify situation.’\u003ccite>Felicia Marcus, State Water Board\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>But board chair Felicia Marcus says the state is not giving up its oversight role.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We also get to watch,” Marcus told KQED. “It’s kind of a trust-but-verify situation that I think is worth considering.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It won’t be a free-for-all. Under the new system, local suppliers need to apply prescribed hypothetical “stress tests.” Their savings targets will then be based on anticipated water shortfalls over the next three years — assuming the next three mimic the last three in terms of water demand and drought conditions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re making a shift that recognizes the supply conditions have improved,” said the water board’s Max Gomberg. “We’re setting up something that is going to be in place, really, for the future.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The board says it’s partially reacting to more than \u003ca href=\"http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/waterrights/water_issues/programs/drought/comments120215/index.shtml\">150 comments \u003c/a>it received. In a last-minute reversal, the board did decide to keep the ban on restaurants serving water unless customers ask for it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Top-Down System Saved Water\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As much as local water officials resisted them, the emergency system of state-imposed quotas \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2016/05/03/californians-beat-new-relaxed-target-for-water-savings/\">largely worked\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over Governor Jerry Brown’s declared nine-month drought emergency, from June 2015 to February 2016, urban consumers saved 1.19 million acre-feet of water, compared to 2013. That’s enough to supply nearly 6 million people for a year, and fell just short of the governor’s 25 percent goal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Among the state’s 411 largest water districts, 199 or just under half, met or exceeded their cumulative goals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Standouts included Cambria Community Services District, Menlo Park, Dublin San Ramon Services, Soquel Creek Water District and Santa Barbara — each saved 20 percent more water than state regulators required.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"//datawrapper.dwcdn.net/fPRoR/3/\" frameborder=\"0\" allowtransparency=\"true\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\" webkitallowfullscreen=\"webkitallowfullscreen\" mozallowfullscreen=\"mozallowfullscreen\" oallowfullscreen=\"oallowfullscreen\" msallowfullscreen=\"msallowfullscreen\" width=\"748\" height=\"520\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There were also stories of redemption among local utilities that initially fell short, but eventually saved more than required.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ways in which they turned things around are widely disparate and relied on a combination of deliberate tactics and good fortune.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the agricultural communities served by the Rainbow Municipal Water District in San Diego County, many farmers switched from growing avocados to less water-intensive grapes. They also got lucky. San Diego County saw baseball games rained out by freak downpours last summer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The majority of the rain came from the remnants of Hurricane Dolores and suppressed demands for all of our customers,” says District analyst Cynthia Gray.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For Atwater, a San Joaquin Valley town of about 29,000, the solution came in the form of community volunteers. Two police volunteers and one designated “water cop” issued warnings and notices while they were out on their routes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_704301\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-704301\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/Greg-Olzack.jpg\" alt='Greg Olzack, a former mayor and city council member of Atwater, became a volunteer \"water cop,\" driving around the town to write citations for water wasters.' width=\"640\" height=\"480\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/Greg-Olzack.jpg 640w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/Greg-Olzack-400x300.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Greg Olzack, a former mayor and city council member of Atwater, became a volunteer “water cop,” driving around the town to write citations for water wasters. \u003ccite>(Kathy Thornburg)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The water cop was none other than Atwater’s former mayor Greg Olzack.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘You don’t like to fine people but unfortunately that’s how you get people’s attention’\u003ccite>Greg Olzack, ‘Water Cop’\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The retiree donned a uniform and a city badge while driving around in a police vehicle four to five times a week looking for water wasters, often starting before dawn.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“People ask why I get up so early and I say, ‘it’s like fishing, that’s when they are biting,'” says Olzack. Atwater banned watering altogether on certain days and between 7 a.m. and 7 p.m. on others.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Olzack and his crew issued 850 citations from July to October, for over-watering or watering on the wrong day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“You don’t like to fine people but unfortunately that’s how you get people’s attention.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Larger water agencies such as Santa Cruz and the Oakland-based East Bay Municipal Utilities District used similar strategies, but began lifting water restrictions as soon as \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2016/05/09/california-may-abandon-state-imposed-water-conservation-quotas/\">the state announced its intent\u003c/a> to revise the rules last week. Water agencies face a fundamental conflict in conservation; their revenues are based on how much water they sell. The more their customers conserve, the harder it hits the utilities’ bottom line.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Even State Mandates Didn’t Work Everywhere\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some of the “least improved” water districts — those that met their targets in June and then slipped off the wagon — did so despite issuing thousands of fines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In December, Vacaville issued 1,950 penalties for residents that used more than their assigned residential allocations, and added an extra 25 percent excessive consumption penalty to the customers’ bills.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The city started off on the right foot, exceeding its goal by nearly 4 percent in June, but by February its cumulative savings had dropped to 13 percent below its goal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Vacaville Utilities manager Ramiro Jimenez says limiting lawn watering in the summer was easier for residents than trying to squeeze water use in winter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“By then you’re relying more on indoor savings,” says Jimenez. “When you ask people to use less indoors, like not washing dishes or clothes as often, it becomes tough for people to make that shift — it becomes a lifestyle change.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Calexico, a border town in Imperial County that lost its conservation momentum over time, blames its shortage on reporting inaccuracies. Officials there say it switched to “smart” meters with software that wasn’t fully operational, and so had to estimate water use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Neither of these “least improved” districts used tougher measures like \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2015/10/29/ebmud-excessive-water-users-list-part-2\">public shaming\u003c/a> or \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/06/01/car-washes-and-pools-winners-and-losers-of-californias-drought/\">prohibiting new swimming pools\u003c/a> from using potable water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Questioned by KQED, several districts whose conservation performance declined the most over time cited extenuating circumstances.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite the mixed results, it’s clear that the system of enforceable state-imposed water restrictions resulted in substantial savings over all. It’s equally unclear what lifting these requirements will mean for long-term conservation in drought-prone California.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
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"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
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"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
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"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
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"tagline": "Politics from a personal perspective",
"info": "Political Breakdown is a new series that explores the political intersection of California and the nation. Each week hosts Scott Shafer and Marisa Lagos are joined with a new special guest to unpack politics -- with personality — and offer an insider’s glimpse at how politics happens.",
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"possible": {
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"info": "Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.",
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"radiolab": {
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"reveal": {
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"info": "Created by The Center for Investigative Reporting and PRX, Reveal is public radios first one-hour weekly radio show and podcast dedicated to investigative reporting. Credible, fact based and without a partisan agenda, Reveal combines the power and artistry of driveway moment storytelling with data-rich reporting on critically important issues. The result is stories that inform and inspire, arming our listeners with information to right injustices, hold the powerful accountable and improve lives.Reveal is hosted by Al Letson and showcases the award-winning work of CIR and newsrooms large and small across the nation. In a radio and podcast market crowded with choices, Reveal focuses on important and often surprising stories that illuminate the world for our listeners.",
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},
"rightnowish": {
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"title": "Rightnowish",
"tagline": "Art is where you find it",
"info": "Rightnowish digs into life in the Bay Area right now… ish. Journalist Pendarvis Harshaw takes us to galleries painted on the sides of liquor stores in West Oakland. We'll dance in warehouses in the Bayview, make smoothies with kids in South Berkeley, and listen to classical music in a 1984 Cutlass Supreme in Richmond. Every week, Pen talks to movers and shakers about how the Bay Area shapes what they create, and how they shape the place we call home.",
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},
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"info": "Science Friday is a weekly science talk show, broadcast live over public radio stations nationwide. Each week, the show focuses on science topics that are in the news and tries to bring an educated, balanced discussion to bear on the scientific issues at hand. Panels of expert guests join host Ira Flatow, a veteran science journalist, to discuss science and to take questions from listeners during the call-in portion of the program.",
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"snap-judgment": {
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