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"content": "\u003cp>Now in the fifth year of an epic drought, Californians have explored ways to save water and wring it out of typical and atypical sources. The search has spanned the gamut from funding research, investing in expensive solutions like desalination plants, toying with the idea of recycling wastewater, imposing water-use restrictions, letting lawns go dry and experimenting with irrigation efficiency techniques for the crops that feed the country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”om8ScfHfARgN0Kfg3H2pUfY4qmpPl4je”]Thirsty crops, a burgeoning population and below-average precipitation have also led to seriously \u003cspan class=\"Hyperlink0\">\u003ca title=\"Link: https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/articles/2016/01/13/federal-policies-add-to-groundwater-strain/\" href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/articles/2016/01/13/federal-policies-add-to-groundwater-strain/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">overdrawn groundwater\u003c/a> \u003c/span>sources that took a very long time to fill up. The state’s agricultural industry, which grows more than 250 crops, has also been vilified for its heavy water use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But is the Golden State missing a solution that could offer a high payout — a solution that’s right under its feet?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Healthy soil that’s rich in organic matter has an ability to retain water that surpasses much more expensive solutions to the drought, yet not many people are aware of its potential to reduce farm water use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Name something that doesn’t come from the soil?” asked Tony Rolfe, a California state soil scientist with the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/main/national/about/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan class=\"Hyperlink0\">Natural Resources Conservation Service\u003c/span>\u003c/a> (NRCS), a U.S. Department of Agriculture agency. “It’s not just food, but also your clothes that come from cotton, construction and homes that rely on wood, even oxygen because you need soil to grow the plants that take in carbon dioxide and give out oxygen.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Soil has been overlooked because it’s underfoot, but he and other soil scientists around the world have been trying to bring it into the limelight, and highlight how better soil management can help reduce the water we use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just a spoonful of healthy soil rich in organic carbon will have billions of microbes that help plants thrive. These microorganisms need water, for which the soil forms a dark, rich organic matter called \u003ca href=\"http://nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/humus/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan class=\"Hyperlink0\">humus\u003c/span>\u003c/a> that emerges from decayed plant and animal matter — and \u003ca href=\"http://www.ext.colostate.edu/mg/Gardennotes/212.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan class=\"Hyperlink0\">humus acts as a sponge\u003c/span>\u003c/a>, helping the soil retain moisture.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Why Soil Gets Depleted\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But our soil has been seriously depleted in many areas because we’ve been abusing it knowingly and unknowingly. This has reduced its ability to retain moisture and as a result we’ve been drawing heavily on fast-disappearing ground and surface water resources.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Soil depletion is caused by several factors, but overtilling of the land is a top reason, according to Rolfe. Growing only one crop without crop rotation and crop diversity, not putting in a cover crop during the winter and heavy use of fertilizers and pesticides are other reasons why soil gets depleted of its rich nutrients.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“China uses 400–500lb of fertilizer per acre, India uses 100lb per acre and the U.S uses 150–200lb per acre,” said Rattan Lal, a veteran soil scientist at Ohio State University, Columbus (OSU). [100lb is 45kg; 1 acre is 0.4 hectare.] “Sub-Saharan Africa uses only about 8lb per acre, but most are subsistence farmers. What we need is integrated nutrient management to help combat depletion in soil; fertilizer alone can’t compensate for it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lal explained that healthy soils should have high soil organic carbon in the root zone, in the range of 1.5–2 percent. If the carbon is reduced, the soil’s ability to hold water is also reduced.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To keep the soil healthy, tilling and chemical inputs need to be reduced, and farmers are advised to put in cover crops in the off-season and to leave in root residue after harvesting, to feed the soil. The soil is akin to a machine in that a well-maintained, well-oiled machine runs better than one that is left idle until it’s needed. Soil is similar. It needs to have crops rotating throughout the year to feed it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Conservation agriculture is the term applied to these practices, which help reduce soil disturbance and maximize sustainable, economically viable farming that improves yield and the soil’s ecosystem in the long run.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Know Your Soil, Help Save Water\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Knowing what soil you have is important. Once you know, you can manage it better in a drought,” Rolfe said, explaining that the NRCS maps all the soils across the U.S — something it’s been doing for 100 years – and this information is available online. There’s also a\u003ca href=\"http://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/national/home/?cid=stelprdb1049255\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan class=\"Hyperlink0\">smartphone app\u003c/span>\u003c/a> that anyone can use to get an instant snapshot of the soil they’re standing over anywhere in the country.”\u003cb>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The payoff that healthy soil offers is huge — both in terms of water savings and climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you increase soil organic matter by 1 percent, you can save 25,000 gallons [95,000 liters] of water per acre from being used, so you’re less dependent on other sources of water,” Rolfe said. “And the more you can store organic carbon in the soil, the less carbon dioxide is released, which also helps with climate and carbon sequestration.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Current tillage practices are a legacy practice from the 1950s, but overtilling depletes the organic matter, which hurts the microorganisms and leads to the soil acting as a sieve instead of a sponge.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We thought the best method was to go out and till,” Rolfe said. “We didn’t realize that we were hurting the soil ecosystem.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Similarly, many farmers may not recognize the benefits of leaving in crop residue, which acts as a surface shade for the soil and helps soil microbes thrive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Easier Said Than Done\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>“\u003c/b>It’s not rocket science, right?” laughed Rolfe. “But it’s not easy to put into practice, because in California we have 300-plus crops compared to three or four in the Midwest, so there are barriers for farmers to change the way they do things.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Changing soil management practices is a risk that many may be reluctant to take, given the ramifications, he explained.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I feel for the farmers because while it sounds simple, it’s not,” Rolfe said. “It’s like a diet – you think it’s simple going in but it’s not that easy to stick with it. It’s like a paradigm shift, you have to change your management systems and we’re used to doing things the way we’ve always done it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A big risk that worries growers is yields dropping while they transition to healthier soil practices. Transitions can take three to five years to happen, making it an economic risk. Nonbeneficial pests may increase during this period, and farmers may realize they need to invest in new equipment for minimum tillage and seeding, both of which can add to their financial burden.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Smart Agriculture\u003c/strong>\u003cb>\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In May this year, secretary of agriculture Tom Vilsack released a roadmap for the U.S. Department of Agriculture’s “\u003ca href=\"http://www.usda.gov/wps/portal/usda/usdahome?contentidonly=true&contentid=climate-smart.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan class=\"Hyperlink0\">building blocks for climate smart agriculture and forestry\u003c/span>\u003c/a>” in which he lists soil health as a top priority.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lal cited the example of an OSU experiment that proved soil health does impact water retention and crop production. When Ohio went through a bad drought back in 2012, OSU experimented by leaving in crop residue in one patch of the field and stripping residue from another patch.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They found that soil moisture was nearly one-third more in the patch with residue, because there was no surface runoff or evaporation, and what’s more, the soil temperature was cooler by 5–6 degrees Celsius. This led to a 60 percent hike in production.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is what we’re talking about — a cover crop can keep the soil cooler, more moist and what we call climate smart agriculture,” Lal pointed out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Residue also helps feed earthworms, which then burrow channels up and down in the soil. These worm holes or biopores can be up to 2ft (60cm) deep, and plant roots will follow the holes, which leads them to deeper soil where there’s more water available.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One other advantage of soils with high carbon content and microbial activity is that it helps destroy plant diseases.\u003cb>\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The health of the soil, plants, animals, people and ecosystems are interdependent, interconnected and indivisible,” Lal said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cspan class=\"start\">\u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/about/\">Water Deeply\u003c/a> is\u003c/span> an independent digital media project dedicated to covering California’s water crisis. The project is part of \u003ca href=\"http://www.newsdeeply.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">News Deeply\u003c/a>, a new media startup and social enterprise based in New York.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "When California searches for relief from the drought, and explores different solutions, from conserving water to desalination, one avenue that often gets overlooked is what’s under our feet — soil.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Now in the fifth year of an epic drought, Californians have explored ways to save water and wring it out of typical and atypical sources. The search has spanned the gamut from funding research, investing in expensive solutions like desalination plants, toying with the idea of recycling wastewater, imposing water-use restrictions, letting lawns go dry and experimenting with irrigation efficiency techniques for the crops that feed the country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>Thirsty crops, a burgeoning population and below-average precipitation have also led to seriously \u003cspan class=\"Hyperlink0\">\u003ca title=\"Link: https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/articles/2016/01/13/federal-policies-add-to-groundwater-strain/\" href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/articles/2016/01/13/federal-policies-add-to-groundwater-strain/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">overdrawn groundwater\u003c/a> \u003c/span>sources that took a very long time to fill up. The state’s agricultural industry, which grows more than 250 crops, has also been vilified for its heavy water use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But is the Golden State missing a solution that could offer a high payout — a solution that’s right under its feet?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Healthy soil that’s rich in organic matter has an ability to retain water that surpasses much more expensive solutions to the drought, yet not many people are aware of its potential to reduce farm water use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Name something that doesn’t come from the soil?” asked Tony Rolfe, a California state soil scientist with the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/main/national/about/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan class=\"Hyperlink0\">Natural Resources Conservation Service\u003c/span>\u003c/a> (NRCS), a U.S. Department of Agriculture agency. “It’s not just food, but also your clothes that come from cotton, construction and homes that rely on wood, even oxygen because you need soil to grow the plants that take in carbon dioxide and give out oxygen.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Soil has been overlooked because it’s underfoot, but he and other soil scientists around the world have been trying to bring it into the limelight, and highlight how better soil management can help reduce the water we use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just a spoonful of healthy soil rich in organic carbon will have billions of microbes that help plants thrive. These microorganisms need water, for which the soil forms a dark, rich organic matter called \u003ca href=\"http://nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/humus/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan class=\"Hyperlink0\">humus\u003c/span>\u003c/a> that emerges from decayed plant and animal matter — and \u003ca href=\"http://www.ext.colostate.edu/mg/Gardennotes/212.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan class=\"Hyperlink0\">humus acts as a sponge\u003c/span>\u003c/a>, helping the soil retain moisture.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Why Soil Gets Depleted\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But our soil has been seriously depleted in many areas because we’ve been abusing it knowingly and unknowingly. This has reduced its ability to retain moisture and as a result we’ve been drawing heavily on fast-disappearing ground and surface water resources.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Soil depletion is caused by several factors, but overtilling of the land is a top reason, according to Rolfe. Growing only one crop without crop rotation and crop diversity, not putting in a cover crop during the winter and heavy use of fertilizers and pesticides are other reasons why soil gets depleted of its rich nutrients.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“China uses 400–500lb of fertilizer per acre, India uses 100lb per acre and the U.S uses 150–200lb per acre,” said Rattan Lal, a veteran soil scientist at Ohio State University, Columbus (OSU). [100lb is 45kg; 1 acre is 0.4 hectare.] “Sub-Saharan Africa uses only about 8lb per acre, but most are subsistence farmers. What we need is integrated nutrient management to help combat depletion in soil; fertilizer alone can’t compensate for it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lal explained that healthy soils should have high soil organic carbon in the root zone, in the range of 1.5–2 percent. If the carbon is reduced, the soil’s ability to hold water is also reduced.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To keep the soil healthy, tilling and chemical inputs need to be reduced, and farmers are advised to put in cover crops in the off-season and to leave in root residue after harvesting, to feed the soil. The soil is akin to a machine in that a well-maintained, well-oiled machine runs better than one that is left idle until it’s needed. Soil is similar. It needs to have crops rotating throughout the year to feed it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Conservation agriculture is the term applied to these practices, which help reduce soil disturbance and maximize sustainable, economically viable farming that improves yield and the soil’s ecosystem in the long run.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Know Your Soil, Help Save Water\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Knowing what soil you have is important. Once you know, you can manage it better in a drought,” Rolfe said, explaining that the NRCS maps all the soils across the U.S — something it’s been doing for 100 years – and this information is available online. There’s also a\u003ca href=\"http://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/national/home/?cid=stelprdb1049255\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan class=\"Hyperlink0\">smartphone app\u003c/span>\u003c/a> that anyone can use to get an instant snapshot of the soil they’re standing over anywhere in the country.”\u003cb>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The payoff that healthy soil offers is huge — both in terms of water savings and climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you increase soil organic matter by 1 percent, you can save 25,000 gallons [95,000 liters] of water per acre from being used, so you’re less dependent on other sources of water,” Rolfe said. “And the more you can store organic carbon in the soil, the less carbon dioxide is released, which also helps with climate and carbon sequestration.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Current tillage practices are a legacy practice from the 1950s, but overtilling depletes the organic matter, which hurts the microorganisms and leads to the soil acting as a sieve instead of a sponge.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We thought the best method was to go out and till,” Rolfe said. “We didn’t realize that we were hurting the soil ecosystem.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Similarly, many farmers may not recognize the benefits of leaving in crop residue, which acts as a surface shade for the soil and helps soil microbes thrive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Easier Said Than Done\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>“\u003c/b>It’s not rocket science, right?” laughed Rolfe. “But it’s not easy to put into practice, because in California we have 300-plus crops compared to three or four in the Midwest, so there are barriers for farmers to change the way they do things.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Changing soil management practices is a risk that many may be reluctant to take, given the ramifications, he explained.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I feel for the farmers because while it sounds simple, it’s not,” Rolfe said. “It’s like a diet – you think it’s simple going in but it’s not that easy to stick with it. It’s like a paradigm shift, you have to change your management systems and we’re used to doing things the way we’ve always done it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A big risk that worries growers is yields dropping while they transition to healthier soil practices. Transitions can take three to five years to happen, making it an economic risk. Nonbeneficial pests may increase during this period, and farmers may realize they need to invest in new equipment for minimum tillage and seeding, both of which can add to their financial burden.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Smart Agriculture\u003c/strong>\u003cb>\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In May this year, secretary of agriculture Tom Vilsack released a roadmap for the U.S. Department of Agriculture’s “\u003ca href=\"http://www.usda.gov/wps/portal/usda/usdahome?contentidonly=true&contentid=climate-smart.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan class=\"Hyperlink0\">building blocks for climate smart agriculture and forestry\u003c/span>\u003c/a>” in which he lists soil health as a top priority.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lal cited the example of an OSU experiment that proved soil health does impact water retention and crop production. When Ohio went through a bad drought back in 2012, OSU experimented by leaving in crop residue in one patch of the field and stripping residue from another patch.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They found that soil moisture was nearly one-third more in the patch with residue, because there was no surface runoff or evaporation, and what’s more, the soil temperature was cooler by 5–6 degrees Celsius. This led to a 60 percent hike in production.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is what we’re talking about — a cover crop can keep the soil cooler, more moist and what we call climate smart agriculture,” Lal pointed out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Residue also helps feed earthworms, which then burrow channels up and down in the soil. These worm holes or biopores can be up to 2ft (60cm) deep, and plant roots will follow the holes, which leads them to deeper soil where there’s more water available.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One other advantage of soils with high carbon content and microbial activity is that it helps destroy plant diseases.\u003cb>\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The health of the soil, plants, animals, people and ecosystems are interdependent, interconnected and indivisible,” Lal said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cspan class=\"start\">\u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/about/\">Water Deeply\u003c/a> is\u003c/span> an independent digital media project dedicated to covering California’s water crisis. The project is part of \u003ca href=\"http://www.newsdeeply.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">News Deeply\u003c/a>, a new media startup and social enterprise based in New York.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Seaweed on Your Dinner Plate: The Next Kale Could Be Kelp",
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"content": "\u003cp>You’ve heard that you should eat more kale. Now a small but growing industry wants you to eat more kelp.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Seaweed production has long been a big industry in Asia. But recently, American entrepreneurs have launched new enterprises that grow fresh and frozen seaweed right here in the States.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just off the Maine coast, I caught up with Peter Fischer, Peter Arnold and Seth Barker, whose new venture, Maine Fresh Sea Farms, is yielding its first full harvest. From a small skiff out in the clean waters of Maine’s Damariscotta estuary, they winch up a rope that’s heavy with floppy sheets of glistening kelp.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Back in September, they set tiny starter plants of three varieties of edible seaweed out here: kelp, dulse and alaria. Now they have several wide lines of biomass that extend out for yards, bulging just under the water’s surface.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These have been growing really fast,” Arnold says, marveling at the seaweed’s speedy growth. “Some of them are well over 10 feet.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These men are all older than 65, and they’ve worked various marine endeavors for decades. They’ve watched the decline of some of Maine’s traditional fisheries: sardine, cod, and more recently, shrimp.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For this latest venture, they’re getting some financial help from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, and from a local nonprofit development agency. Arnold says the hope is that seaweed farming can boost and diversify existing infrastructure and expertise in the state’s seafaring communities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“No one was really doing fresh, at least here in this market,” Arnold says. “So we thought, ‘That’s an opening.’ ”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Maybe they’ve found one. The greens are selling for up to $15 a pound at retail; restaurants pay a bit less. Another Maine company, \u003ca href=\"http://www.oceanapproved.com/\">Ocean Approved\u003c/a>, is selling truckloads of frozen Gulf of Maine seaweed to hospitals and schools — including the universities of Iowa and Texas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>People have foraged wild seaweed off the Eastern Seaboard for centuries. And some small businesses have grown up around harvesting wild seaweed for human and animal consumption. But now a much more active effort to grow seaweed in the U.S. is afoot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You know what? Kelp is the new kale,” says \u003ca href=\"http://www.bartonseaver.org/\">Barton Seaver\u003c/a>, who directs Harvard’s Healthy and Sustainable Food Program. A former D.C.-area chef, he’s all-in for seaweed and has even published a \u003ca href=\"http://www.amazon.com/Superfood-Seagreens-Cooking-Power-packed-Superfoods/dp/1454917393\">seaweed cookbook\u003c/a>. “Watch out, ’cause it’s coming, and it’ll be everywhere in the next decade,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The virtues of macro-algae are many, in Seaver’s eyes: They require no fertilizer, no pesticides, no fresh water, no arable land. Their nutritional profile is admirable, he says, providing healthy doses of iodine as well as potassium, calcium and other micro-nutrients, protein, soluble fiber, and Omega-3 fatty acids.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And seaweed’s benefits aren’t just for humans. It’s quick growth means quick carbon dioxide uptake, which can reduce ocean acidification. Seaweed can filter excess nitrogen and phosphorous from the water, too. A National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration-funded \u003ca href=\"http://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/aquaculture/homepage_stories/18_help_from_kelp.html\">project\u003c/a> in Washington State’s Puget Sound is aiming to prove that farmed seaweed can create a “protective halo” around stressed sea habitats.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s not just a sustainable crop: Seaver says it’s restorative.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“And that’s a very real difference and a major evolutionary point in the sustainability dialogue,” he notes. “We’re not at a point where we’re just focused on doing no harm. We’re really beginning to investigate and discover food-production methods that allow us to restore and heal environments.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“And,” Seaver adds, “it’s delicious.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Really?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I grew up in Maine, and this is what you used to abuse your younger sister on the beach — whipping her with kelp,” says Neal Harden, the chef at a soon-to-open \u003ca href=\"http://ny.eater.com/2015/3/11/8189873/jean-georges-vongerichten-abc-home-grown-abcv\">vegetarian version\u003c/a> of New York City’s Michelin-rated ABC Kitchen. He acknowledges that seaweed can seem like a funny choice for haute cuisine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Harden says he loves the stuff. “It brings a sort of brininess and this oceanic flavor,” he says, as he tosses together dressing for a fettuccine dish he’s developing for his new restaurant. “This dish just has so much umami, between the giant hen [of-the-woods] mushrooms I just threw in there and the seaweed.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Harden has been looking for a source of fresh ocean greens for his new menu. He says he’s lucky to have found the Maine product, which he plans to incorporate into several dishes — including the fettuccine and a morel and dulse salad — while it’s in season (seaweed grows best in the colder months).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He’s not the only one getting into kelp. Several chefs in Maine’s vibrant food scene, true to the locavore ethic, are giving Maine sea greens a try.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The collective American palate may still take some time to fully embrace farmed U.S. macro-algae. But if the seaweed revolution hasn’t quite arrived yet, like the kelp in Maine’s Damariscotta River, it’s showing some pretty rapid growth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Seaweed+On+Your+Dinner+Plate%3A+The+Next+Kale+Could+Be+Kelp&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These men are all older than 65, and they’ve worked various marine endeavors for decades. They’ve watched the decline of some of Maine’s traditional fisheries: sardine, cod, and more recently, shrimp.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For this latest venture, they’re getting some financial help from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, and from a local nonprofit development agency. Arnold says the hope is that seaweed farming can boost and diversify existing infrastructure and expertise in the state’s seafaring communities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“No one was really doing fresh, at least here in this market,” Arnold says. “So we thought, ‘That’s an opening.’ ”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Maybe they’ve found one. The greens are selling for up to $15 a pound at retail; restaurants pay a bit less. Another Maine company, \u003ca href=\"http://www.oceanapproved.com/\">Ocean Approved\u003c/a>, is selling truckloads of frozen Gulf of Maine seaweed to hospitals and schools — including the universities of Iowa and Texas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>People have foraged wild seaweed off the Eastern Seaboard for centuries. And some small businesses have grown up around harvesting wild seaweed for human and animal consumption. But now a much more active effort to grow seaweed in the U.S. is afoot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You know what? Kelp is the new kale,” says \u003ca href=\"http://www.bartonseaver.org/\">Barton Seaver\u003c/a>, who directs Harvard’s Healthy and Sustainable Food Program. A former D.C.-area chef, he’s all-in for seaweed and has even published a \u003ca href=\"http://www.amazon.com/Superfood-Seagreens-Cooking-Power-packed-Superfoods/dp/1454917393\">seaweed cookbook\u003c/a>. “Watch out, ’cause it’s coming, and it’ll be everywhere in the next decade,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The virtues of macro-algae are many, in Seaver’s eyes: They require no fertilizer, no pesticides, no fresh water, no arable land. Their nutritional profile is admirable, he says, providing healthy doses of iodine as well as potassium, calcium and other micro-nutrients, protein, soluble fiber, and Omega-3 fatty acids.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And seaweed’s benefits aren’t just for humans. It’s quick growth means quick carbon dioxide uptake, which can reduce ocean acidification. Seaweed can filter excess nitrogen and phosphorous from the water, too. A National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration-funded \u003ca href=\"http://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/aquaculture/homepage_stories/18_help_from_kelp.html\">project\u003c/a> in Washington State’s Puget Sound is aiming to prove that farmed seaweed can create a “protective halo” around stressed sea habitats.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s not just a sustainable crop: Seaver says it’s restorative.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“And that’s a very real difference and a major evolutionary point in the sustainability dialogue,” he notes. “We’re not at a point where we’re just focused on doing no harm. We’re really beginning to investigate and discover food-production methods that allow us to restore and heal environments.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“And,” Seaver adds, “it’s delicious.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Really?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I grew up in Maine, and this is what you used to abuse your younger sister on the beach — whipping her with kelp,” says Neal Harden, the chef at a soon-to-open \u003ca href=\"http://ny.eater.com/2015/3/11/8189873/jean-georges-vongerichten-abc-home-grown-abcv\">vegetarian version\u003c/a> of New York City’s Michelin-rated ABC Kitchen. He acknowledges that seaweed can seem like a funny choice for haute cuisine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Harden says he loves the stuff. “It brings a sort of brininess and this oceanic flavor,” he says, as he tosses together dressing for a fettuccine dish he’s developing for his new restaurant. “This dish just has so much umami, between the giant hen [of-the-woods] mushrooms I just threw in there and the seaweed.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Harden has been looking for a source of fresh ocean greens for his new menu. He says he’s lucky to have found the Maine product, which he plans to incorporate into several dishes — including the fettuccine and a morel and dulse salad — while it’s in season (seaweed grows best in the colder months).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He’s not the only one getting into kelp. Several chefs in Maine’s vibrant food scene, true to the locavore ethic, are giving Maine sea greens a try.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The collective American palate may still take some time to fully embrace farmed U.S. macro-algae. But if the seaweed revolution hasn’t quite arrived yet, like the kelp in Maine’s Damariscotta River, it’s showing some pretty rapid growth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Seaweed+On+Your+Dinner+Plate%3A+The+Next+Kale+Could+Be+Kelp&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Humpback Whales Exploring the Bay in Unprecedented Numbers",
"headTitle": "Humpback Whales Exploring the Bay in Unprecedented Numbers | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Multiple humpback whale sightings inside Golden Gate bridge have surprised and delighted researchers since late April.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though whales have entered the bay before, scientists interpreted most of those incursions as random wanderings. This time it appears that they’ve targeted the bay for foraging.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“It’s pretty exciting,” says Bill Keener of \u003ca href=\"http://www.ggcetacean.org/\">Golden Gate Cetacean Research\u003c/a>. “We’ve never seen this before and we’ve been studying this since the 70s.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Keener’s research focuses on porpoises but he’s been eagerly heading out to the bay to snap photos since his first encounter on April 28.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_731315\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 3107px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-731315\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/Keener-humpback-15-May-2016-e.jpg\" alt=\"A humpback whale spotted inside the bay on May 15 by Bill Keener a project leader from Golden Gate Cetacean Research .\" width=\"3107\" height=\"2405\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/Keener-humpback-15-May-2016-e.jpg 3107w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/Keener-humpback-15-May-2016-e-400x310.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/Keener-humpback-15-May-2016-e-800x619.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/Keener-humpback-15-May-2016-e-768x594.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/Keener-humpback-15-May-2016-e-1440x1115.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/Keener-humpback-15-May-2016-e-1920x1486.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/Keener-humpback-15-May-2016-e-1180x913.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/Keener-humpback-15-May-2016-e-960x743.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 3107px) 100vw, 3107px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A humpback whale spotted inside the bay on May 15 by Bill Keener, a project leader from Golden Gate Cetacean Research . \u003ccite>(Bill Keener/Golden Gate Cetacean Research)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_731317\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 3443px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-731317\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/Keener-Humpbacks-GGB-15-May-2016-a.jpg\" alt=\"Scientists used unique markings on the whales' tails to identify them. \" width=\"3443\" height=\"2229\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/Keener-Humpbacks-GGB-15-May-2016-a.jpg 3443w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/Keener-Humpbacks-GGB-15-May-2016-a-400x259.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/Keener-Humpbacks-GGB-15-May-2016-a-800x518.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/Keener-Humpbacks-GGB-15-May-2016-a-768x497.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/Keener-Humpbacks-GGB-15-May-2016-a-1440x932.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/Keener-Humpbacks-GGB-15-May-2016-a-1920x1243.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/Keener-Humpbacks-GGB-15-May-2016-a-1180x764.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/Keener-Humpbacks-GGB-15-May-2016-a-960x622.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 3443px) 100vw, 3443px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Scientists use unique markings on the whales’ flukes to identify them. \u003ccite>(Bill Keener/Golden Gate Cetacean Research)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Over the weekend Keener watched a whale repeatedly dive and surface as water streamed through its baleen. Whales use the bristly material to trap food inside their mouths, then expel the water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Keener said the prolonged dives and other behavior he’s observed are unmistakable signs of feeding.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If the whales are coming in intentionally, Keener says it could presage regular annual visits, a sign of improving bay health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Humpback whales feed on anchovies and krill and Keener says the whales’ presence suggests the bay has enough resources to support these large animals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_731318\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 3450px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-731318 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/Duke-humpbacks-30-April-2016.jpg\" alt='Two humpback whales spotted by Golden Gate Cetacean Research \"citizen scientist\" Lauri Duke. ' width=\"3450\" height=\"2587\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/Duke-humpbacks-30-April-2016.jpg 3450w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/Duke-humpbacks-30-April-2016-400x300.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/Duke-humpbacks-30-April-2016-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/Duke-humpbacks-30-April-2016-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/Duke-humpbacks-30-April-2016-1440x1080.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/Duke-humpbacks-30-April-2016-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/Duke-humpbacks-30-April-2016-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/Duke-humpbacks-30-April-2016-960x720.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 3450px) 100vw, 3450px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Two humpback whales swim in front of Fort Baker in Marin County. \u003ccite>(Lauri Duke)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_745519\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 3488px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-745519\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/Keener-humpback-28-May-2016-b-e1464912524727.jpg\" alt=\"A humpback whale sighted on May 28.\" width=\"3488\" height=\"2325\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/Keener-humpback-28-May-2016-b-e1464912524727.jpg 3488w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/Keener-humpback-28-May-2016-b-e1464912524727-400x267.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/Keener-humpback-28-May-2016-b-e1464912524727-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/Keener-humpback-28-May-2016-b-e1464912524727-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/Keener-humpback-28-May-2016-b-e1464912524727-1440x960.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/Keener-humpback-28-May-2016-b-e1464912524727-1920x1280.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/Keener-humpback-28-May-2016-b-e1464912524727-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/Keener-humpback-28-May-2016-b-e1464912524727-960x640.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 3488px) 100vw, 3488px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A humpback whale sighted on May 28. \u003ccite>(Bill Keener/Golden Gate Cetacean Research)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>These whales don’t appear lost like “\u003ca href=\"http://www.marinemammalcenter.org/patients/success-stories/delta-dawn-sacremenot.html?referrer=https://www.google.com/\">Delta and Dawn\u003c/a>” — the mother and calf that wandered far up the Sacramento River in 2007, or \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humphrey_the_Whale\">“Humphrey” the whale\u003c/a>, who detoured from his Mexico-to-Alaska migration and swam into the Bay twice — in 1985 and 1990 — becoming a media celebrity and the subject of a \u003ca href=\"http://www.amazon.com/Humphrey-Lost-Whale-True-Story/dp/1611720176?ie=UTF8&*Version*=1&*entries*=0\">children’s book\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those whales have\u003cb> \u003c/b>“entered into pop culture,” says research biologist John Calambokidis from the \u003ca href=\"http://www.cascadiaresearch.org/\">Cascadia Research Collective\u003c/a> in Olympia, Washington.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The collective studies marine mammals and has a catalog of 3,000 individual whales that have been spotted along the west coast since the 1980s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Calambokidis’ team is analyzing Keener’s photos and has matched at least four whales sighted in San Francisco to several in the catalog.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Each whale has distinct markings on the underside of its tail, which scientists use for identification. A combination of black, white or grey patterns and visible scars help researchers identify the marine mammals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_745520\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1573px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-745520\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/Keener-humpback-15-My-2016-feeding-e1464912716143.jpg\" alt=\"A humpback whale surfacing after diving was likely feeding on anchovies that live in the Bay.\" width=\"1573\" height=\"1053\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/Keener-humpback-15-My-2016-feeding-e1464912716143.jpg 1573w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/Keener-humpback-15-My-2016-feeding-e1464912716143-400x268.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/Keener-humpback-15-My-2016-feeding-e1464912716143-800x536.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/Keener-humpback-15-My-2016-feeding-e1464912716143-768x514.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/Keener-humpback-15-My-2016-feeding-e1464912716143-1440x964.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/Keener-humpback-15-My-2016-feeding-e1464912716143-1180x790.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/Keener-humpback-15-My-2016-feeding-e1464912716143-960x643.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1573px) 100vw, 1573px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A humpback whale surfacing after diving was likely feeding on anchovies that live in the Bay. \u003ccite>(Bill Keener/Golden Gate Cetacean Research)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_745517\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-745517\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/W02_white.jpg\" alt=\"Whale 12297, seen on May 21 inside the Golden Gate was matched to a file photo (insert) from Cascadia Research Collective. \" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/W02_white.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/W02_white-400x225.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/W02_white-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/W02_white-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/W02_white-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/W02_white-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/W02_white-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Whale 12297, seen on May 21 inside the Golden Gate was matched to a file photo (insert) from Cascadia Research Collective. \u003ccite>(Cascadia Research Collective)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_745515\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-745515\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/W01_black.jpg\" alt=\"Spotted inside the Golden Gate on May 21, whale 12576 was first identified as a calf in Monterey during 2008. There have been multiple sighting of this whale in Monterey Bay from 2008 through 2014.\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/W01_black.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/W01_black-400x225.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/W01_black-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/W01_black-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/W01_black-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/W01_black-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/W01_black-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Spotted inside the Golden Gate on May 21, whale 12576 was first identified as a calf in Monterey during 2008. There have been multiple sighting of this whale in Monterey Bay from 2008 through 2014. \u003ccite>(Cascadia Research Collective)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“People joke that it’s like a fingerprint,” says Calambokidis. “I look at these markings and you can tell a lot.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Each animal is tracked with a unique identification number. Whales 12297 and 12576 were both spotted inside the Golden Gate on May 21 and have hovered around Monterey Bay before. Whale 12576, which has large white patches on its fluke, was a calf when it was first observed in 2008.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>No one knows how long the animals will linger here but Calambokidis reminds onlookers to keep a safe distance and avoid approaching in boats or on paddle boards — especially since the animals already face an increased risk from vessel strikes while they’re in the bay.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Multiple humpback whale sightings inside Golden Gate bridge have surprised and delighted researchers since late April.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though whales have entered the bay before, scientists interpreted most of those incursions as random wanderings. This time it appears that they’ve targeted the bay for foraging.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“It’s pretty exciting,” says Bill Keener of \u003ca href=\"http://www.ggcetacean.org/\">Golden Gate Cetacean Research\u003c/a>. “We’ve never seen this before and we’ve been studying this since the 70s.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Keener’s research focuses on porpoises but he’s been eagerly heading out to the bay to snap photos since his first encounter on April 28.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_731315\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 3107px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-731315\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/Keener-humpback-15-May-2016-e.jpg\" alt=\"A humpback whale spotted inside the bay on May 15 by Bill Keener a project leader from Golden Gate Cetacean Research .\" width=\"3107\" height=\"2405\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/Keener-humpback-15-May-2016-e.jpg 3107w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/Keener-humpback-15-May-2016-e-400x310.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/Keener-humpback-15-May-2016-e-800x619.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/Keener-humpback-15-May-2016-e-768x594.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/Keener-humpback-15-May-2016-e-1440x1115.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/Keener-humpback-15-May-2016-e-1920x1486.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/Keener-humpback-15-May-2016-e-1180x913.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/Keener-humpback-15-May-2016-e-960x743.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 3107px) 100vw, 3107px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A humpback whale spotted inside the bay on May 15 by Bill Keener, a project leader from Golden Gate Cetacean Research . \u003ccite>(Bill Keener/Golden Gate Cetacean Research)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_731317\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 3443px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-731317\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/Keener-Humpbacks-GGB-15-May-2016-a.jpg\" alt=\"Scientists used unique markings on the whales' tails to identify them. \" width=\"3443\" height=\"2229\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/Keener-Humpbacks-GGB-15-May-2016-a.jpg 3443w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/Keener-Humpbacks-GGB-15-May-2016-a-400x259.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/Keener-Humpbacks-GGB-15-May-2016-a-800x518.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/Keener-Humpbacks-GGB-15-May-2016-a-768x497.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/Keener-Humpbacks-GGB-15-May-2016-a-1440x932.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/Keener-Humpbacks-GGB-15-May-2016-a-1920x1243.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/Keener-Humpbacks-GGB-15-May-2016-a-1180x764.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/Keener-Humpbacks-GGB-15-May-2016-a-960x622.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 3443px) 100vw, 3443px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Scientists use unique markings on the whales’ flukes to identify them. \u003ccite>(Bill Keener/Golden Gate Cetacean Research)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Over the weekend Keener watched a whale repeatedly dive and surface as water streamed through its baleen. Whales use the bristly material to trap food inside their mouths, then expel the water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Keener said the prolonged dives and other behavior he’s observed are unmistakable signs of feeding.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If the whales are coming in intentionally, Keener says it could presage regular annual visits, a sign of improving bay health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Humpback whales feed on anchovies and krill and Keener says the whales’ presence suggests the bay has enough resources to support these large animals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_731318\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 3450px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-731318 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/Duke-humpbacks-30-April-2016.jpg\" alt='Two humpback whales spotted by Golden Gate Cetacean Research \"citizen scientist\" Lauri Duke. ' width=\"3450\" height=\"2587\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/Duke-humpbacks-30-April-2016.jpg 3450w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/Duke-humpbacks-30-April-2016-400x300.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/Duke-humpbacks-30-April-2016-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/Duke-humpbacks-30-April-2016-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/Duke-humpbacks-30-April-2016-1440x1080.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/Duke-humpbacks-30-April-2016-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/Duke-humpbacks-30-April-2016-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/Duke-humpbacks-30-April-2016-960x720.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 3450px) 100vw, 3450px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Two humpback whales swim in front of Fort Baker in Marin County. \u003ccite>(Lauri Duke)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_745519\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 3488px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-745519\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/Keener-humpback-28-May-2016-b-e1464912524727.jpg\" alt=\"A humpback whale sighted on May 28.\" width=\"3488\" height=\"2325\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/Keener-humpback-28-May-2016-b-e1464912524727.jpg 3488w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/Keener-humpback-28-May-2016-b-e1464912524727-400x267.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/Keener-humpback-28-May-2016-b-e1464912524727-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/Keener-humpback-28-May-2016-b-e1464912524727-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/Keener-humpback-28-May-2016-b-e1464912524727-1440x960.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/Keener-humpback-28-May-2016-b-e1464912524727-1920x1280.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/Keener-humpback-28-May-2016-b-e1464912524727-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/Keener-humpback-28-May-2016-b-e1464912524727-960x640.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 3488px) 100vw, 3488px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A humpback whale sighted on May 28. \u003ccite>(Bill Keener/Golden Gate Cetacean Research)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>These whales don’t appear lost like “\u003ca href=\"http://www.marinemammalcenter.org/patients/success-stories/delta-dawn-sacremenot.html?referrer=https://www.google.com/\">Delta and Dawn\u003c/a>” — the mother and calf that wandered far up the Sacramento River in 2007, or \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humphrey_the_Whale\">“Humphrey” the whale\u003c/a>, who detoured from his Mexico-to-Alaska migration and swam into the Bay twice — in 1985 and 1990 — becoming a media celebrity and the subject of a \u003ca href=\"http://www.amazon.com/Humphrey-Lost-Whale-True-Story/dp/1611720176?ie=UTF8&*Version*=1&*entries*=0\">children’s book\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those whales have\u003cb> \u003c/b>“entered into pop culture,” says research biologist John Calambokidis from the \u003ca href=\"http://www.cascadiaresearch.org/\">Cascadia Research Collective\u003c/a> in Olympia, Washington.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The collective studies marine mammals and has a catalog of 3,000 individual whales that have been spotted along the west coast since the 1980s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Calambokidis’ team is analyzing Keener’s photos and has matched at least four whales sighted in San Francisco to several in the catalog.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Each whale has distinct markings on the underside of its tail, which scientists use for identification. A combination of black, white or grey patterns and visible scars help researchers identify the marine mammals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_745520\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1573px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-745520\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/Keener-humpback-15-My-2016-feeding-e1464912716143.jpg\" alt=\"A humpback whale surfacing after diving was likely feeding on anchovies that live in the Bay.\" width=\"1573\" height=\"1053\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/Keener-humpback-15-My-2016-feeding-e1464912716143.jpg 1573w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/Keener-humpback-15-My-2016-feeding-e1464912716143-400x268.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/Keener-humpback-15-My-2016-feeding-e1464912716143-800x536.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/Keener-humpback-15-My-2016-feeding-e1464912716143-768x514.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/Keener-humpback-15-My-2016-feeding-e1464912716143-1440x964.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/Keener-humpback-15-My-2016-feeding-e1464912716143-1180x790.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/Keener-humpback-15-My-2016-feeding-e1464912716143-960x643.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1573px) 100vw, 1573px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A humpback whale surfacing after diving was likely feeding on anchovies that live in the Bay. \u003ccite>(Bill Keener/Golden Gate Cetacean Research)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_745517\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-745517\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/W02_white.jpg\" alt=\"Whale 12297, seen on May 21 inside the Golden Gate was matched to a file photo (insert) from Cascadia Research Collective. \" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/W02_white.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/W02_white-400x225.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/W02_white-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/W02_white-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/W02_white-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/W02_white-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/W02_white-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Whale 12297, seen on May 21 inside the Golden Gate was matched to a file photo (insert) from Cascadia Research Collective. \u003ccite>(Cascadia Research Collective)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_745515\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-745515\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/W01_black.jpg\" alt=\"Spotted inside the Golden Gate on May 21, whale 12576 was first identified as a calf in Monterey during 2008. There have been multiple sighting of this whale in Monterey Bay from 2008 through 2014.\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/W01_black.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/W01_black-400x225.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/W01_black-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/W01_black-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/W01_black-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/W01_black-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/W01_black-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Spotted inside the Golden Gate on May 21, whale 12576 was first identified as a calf in Monterey during 2008. There have been multiple sighting of this whale in Monterey Bay from 2008 through 2014. \u003ccite>(Cascadia Research Collective)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“People joke that it’s like a fingerprint,” says Calambokidis. “I look at these markings and you can tell a lot.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Each animal is tracked with a unique identification number. Whales 12297 and 12576 were both spotted inside the Golden Gate on May 21 and have hovered around Monterey Bay before. Whale 12576, which has large white patches on its fluke, was a calf when it was first observed in 2008.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>No one knows how long the animals will linger here but Calambokidis reminds onlookers to keep a safe distance and avoid approaching in boats or on paddle boards — especially since the animals already face an increased risk from vessel strikes while they’re in the bay.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Easing Drought Boosts California Hydropower, For Now",
"headTitle": "Easing Drought Boosts California Hydropower, For Now | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>The easing of California’s drought has boosted the state’s early spring hydropower generation to its highest level since 2011, helping it to recover from a 15-year low reached last year. But hydroelectricity production is not expected to improve much overall this year, according to the U.S. Energy Information Administration.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The West’s four-year drought desiccated many reservoirs in California, the nation’s fourth largest hydropower producer, reducing their ability to generate electricity and forcing the state to rely on other renewables and more fossil fuels for its power supply.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”HB0T7nsf5vRPpi95kXM7xAhuGHgr7GGI”]Prior to the drought, hydropower produced nearly 40 percent of the state’s electricity during wet years, with natural gas producing most of the rest. Today, about 11 percent of the state’s electricity comes from hydropower and 52 percent comes from natural gas, with wind, solar and nuclear producing much of the rest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though hydropower generated at large reservoirs is not included in California’s climate goals, it is a major source of renewable electricity that helps offset the country’s reliance on coal for electricity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California passed a law last year requiring 50 percent of the state’s power to come from wind, solar, biomass, geothermal energy and small hydroelectric sources by 2050.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since the drought began in 2012, Californians burned an additional $2 billion worth of natural gas to make up for lost hydropower, increasing greenhouse gas emissions from the state’s electric power sector by 10 percent, said water and climate analyst Peter Gleick, president of the Oakland-based Pacific Institute, a global water think tank.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California’s hydropower boost follows El Niño-fueled storms, which marched across the state over the winter, helping to fill some reservoirs to above their historical averages, state data show.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tim Shear, an economist at the U.S. Energy Information Administration, said the state’s hydropower production in March — 2.77 million megawatt hours — was the highest of any March since 2011.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hydropower generation usually peaks each summer when reservoirs are swollen with snowmelt and rainfall. The 2015 peak occurred in July at about 1.9 million megawatt hours, the lowest annual peak since 2001.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nearly-full reservoirs point to more hydropower generation for the short term, but it may not continue through through the summer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though the U.S. Climate Prediction Center’s seasonal outlook shows that California is likely to receive average rainfall this summer, warmer-than-normal temperatures are expected, which will help evaporate water stored in hydroelectric reservoirs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gleick said he expects that California’s hydropower generation will recover only marginally this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Northern California received about an average amount of rainfall, but the reservoirs were extremely low and so less than an average amount of water was let go through the turbines,” he said. “I would estimate that 2015-2016 will be below average (for) hydropower again, though certainly better than last year.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The easing of California’s drought has boosted the state’s early spring hydropower generation to its highest level since 2011, helping it to recover from a 15-year low reached last year. But hydroelectricity production is not expected to improve much overall this year, according to the U.S. Energy Information Administration.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The West’s four-year drought desiccated many reservoirs in California, the nation’s fourth largest hydropower producer, reducing their ability to generate electricity and forcing the state to rely on other renewables and more fossil fuels for its power supply.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>Prior to the drought, hydropower produced nearly 40 percent of the state’s electricity during wet years, with natural gas producing most of the rest. Today, about 11 percent of the state’s electricity comes from hydropower and 52 percent comes from natural gas, with wind, solar and nuclear producing much of the rest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though hydropower generated at large reservoirs is not included in California’s climate goals, it is a major source of renewable electricity that helps offset the country’s reliance on coal for electricity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California passed a law last year requiring 50 percent of the state’s power to come from wind, solar, biomass, geothermal energy and small hydroelectric sources by 2050.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since the drought began in 2012, Californians burned an additional $2 billion worth of natural gas to make up for lost hydropower, increasing greenhouse gas emissions from the state’s electric power sector by 10 percent, said water and climate analyst Peter Gleick, president of the Oakland-based Pacific Institute, a global water think tank.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California’s hydropower boost follows El Niño-fueled storms, which marched across the state over the winter, helping to fill some reservoirs to above their historical averages, state data show.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tim Shear, an economist at the U.S. Energy Information Administration, said the state’s hydropower production in March — 2.77 million megawatt hours — was the highest of any March since 2011.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hydropower generation usually peaks each summer when reservoirs are swollen with snowmelt and rainfall. The 2015 peak occurred in July at about 1.9 million megawatt hours, the lowest annual peak since 2001.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nearly-full reservoirs point to more hydropower generation for the short term, but it may not continue through through the summer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though the U.S. Climate Prediction Center’s seasonal outlook shows that California is likely to receive average rainfall this summer, warmer-than-normal temperatures are expected, which will help evaporate water stored in hydroelectric reservoirs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gleick said he expects that California’s hydropower generation will recover only marginally this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Northern California received about an average amount of rainfall, but the reservoirs were extremely low and so less than an average amount of water was let go through the turbines,” he said. “I would estimate that 2015-2016 will be below average (for) hydropower again, though certainly better than last year.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "How Do We Sustainably Manage the Delta’s Fish?",
"headTitle": "How Do We Sustainably Manage the Delta’s Fish? | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>It’s no secret that the ecosystem of the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta is in rough shape, by many metrics. One of the most talked about, and controversial, subjects is the state of the delta’s native fish populations, including endangered salmon runs and delta smelt. Management to protect critical fish populations has meant curbing water exports from the delta, which support farms and cities farther south and west – a policy unpopular with many water users.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But is there a better way to do things?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fisheries expert \u003ca href=\"https://watershed.ucdavis.edu/people/peter-b-moyle\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">Peter Moyle\u003c/a>, a distinguished professor emeritus in the Department of Wildlife, Fish and Conservation Biology and associate director of the \u003ca href=\"https://watershed.ucdavis.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">Center for Watershed Sciences at the University of California, Davis\u003c/a>, has some ideas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Moyle has spent decades studying the ecosystem, gathering data from Suisun Marsh that goes back to 1979 and authoring (or coauthoring) more than 225 publications including the books “\u003ca href=\"http://www.ucpress.edu/book.php?isbn=9780520227545\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">Inland Fishes of California\u003c/a>” and “\u003ca href=\"http://www.ucpress.edu/book.php?isbn=9780520276086\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">Suisun Marsh: Ecological History and Possible Futures\u003c/a>.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_742447\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 384px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-742447\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/DeltaSmelt.jpg\" alt=\"A Delta smelt caught during an annual fish survey. Biologists warn the fish is close to extinction. \" width=\"384\" height=\"324\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/DeltaSmelt.jpg 700w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/DeltaSmelt-400x338.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 384px) 100vw, 384px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A Delta smelt caught during an annual fish survey. Biologists warn the fish is close to extinction. \u003ccite>(Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Moyle spoke recently with Water Deeply about key problems in the delta, ideas for better management and the how native fish populations can be restored through habitat changes in key areas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: When it comes to the delta, we hear a lot about a few endangered species, but how is the delta ecosystem doing as a whole?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Peter Moyle: It’s not an easy question to answer. It’s actually a healthy ecosystem. But it has a lot of undesirable characteristics and by that I mean it’s not a very good place for native fish, like salmon and smelt. But it’s a great place for some of these non-native fish like largemouth bass. It depends on your point of view. If you’re a bass fisherman, the delta is great. If you’re interested in trying to keep native fish species going, like the delta smelt, it’s an ecosystem in pretty bad shape.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s just a matter of what characteristics of the ecosystem you value.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: What is the value of native fish in that ecosystem?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Moyle: The ones that people value the most are the salmon, of course; there are four runs of salmon. And there are steelhead, and those fish all have commercial and sport value. Then we have two species of sturgeon, which also have sport value.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the things our society has done is decide the highest priority for management are endangered species. We have seven endangered fish species in the delta, which take the priority for management. As a society, in a sense, we have made a decision that these native fishes that are in real trouble are what we value most in the system. Even though the ecosystem itself is not doing very well in terms of supporting them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: Does it make sense to manage the ecosystem for the protection of endangered species?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Moyle: It makes sense from the point of view of the Endangered Species Act, but it’s not managing it as an ecosystem. If you focus on just those species you lose track of the bigger picture. If I had my druthers it would be to manage the system for broader ecosystem values that include nonlisted species.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The delta today is what’s called a novel ecosystem: It’s an ecosystem unlike any that has ever existed before. It’s permanently altered by humans and it continues to be altered. It has a mixture of native and non-native species, not only fish but invertebrates, plants, everything out there is a mixture of species from all over the world and they’re all interacting and creating this new ecosystem. There is so much unpredictability about it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: How do we go about taking a more holistic management perspective?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Moyle: My own current thinking is that you have to look at it as not one place, but several places. Specifically, for the native fishes, for salmon and smelt and so forth, we should focus our management on them on the arc of habitat that goes from the Yolo Bypass down to the Cache-Lindsey Slough region, which is essentially the north delta, down the Sacramento River and into Suisun Marsh. That is an arc of habitat tied to the Sacramento River that has the highest-quality water and the most water. There are a lot of tidal marshes that can be restored.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That is a place where you have the greatest opportunity in interlinked regions for native fish restoration. And that’s making the assumption that the native fish and endangered species are what you want to protect.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The contrast to that is over in the south delta, which is the part most influenced by the large export pumps of the Department of Water Resources and the Bureau of Reclamation. That area has just been devastated from a native fish point of view. Instead its value today is for non-native fish, for largemouth bass and similar species. Maybe that is the way you do it – you manage the delta by region rather than thinking of the delta as one ecosystem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: What can you do to improve habitat in those areas for native fish?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Moyle: A lot of it involves improving flows through the system. It’s also a corridor for all the migratory fish – the sturgeon, the salmon, the steelhead, they are all migratory. They go up as adults, come down as juveniles. You have to keep water moving through it and that is really the key – you have to manage this area as an estuary. You have to manage the outflows.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You either have to reduce the amount of exports substantially or you have to do something like Gov. Brown’s tunnel project or something simpler than what he is proposing, because the present way water is diverted through the system makes it very difficult to maintain it as an estuary. The pull from the pumps changes the whole way the system operates and it makes it very confusing for the fish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: There seems to be a shift toward understanding the importance of floodplains for fisheries.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Moyle: There is a growing realization that salmon, especially chinook salmon, were historically floodplain-dependent – no one seemed to recognize that until quite recently because hatcheries basically replaced floodplains for the rearing of salmon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The work started with \u003ca href=\"http://cmsi.ucdavis.edu/events/salmon_symposium_speaker_bios/sommer_ted.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Ted Sommer\u003c/a>, one of my graduate students about 20 years ago. They started looking at salmon on the Yolo Bypass and realized that if the Yolo Bypass is flooded and you’re a baby salmon out there, you would grow three or four times bigger than you would if you were staying in the river. It’s a little bit warmer and there is just lots of food out there. The floodplains are really productive places.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When you think about how we can use floodplains to really grow salmon, the first thing you start noticing is that 95 percent of our natural floodplains are gone, but in the Sacramento Valley, they have been pretty much replaced by rice farming. Rice farmers have been very successful at making rice paddies great places to feed ducks and migratory waterfowl, so the question is in the winter, when they are not growing rice, can you also make them good places for salmon? It turns out you can.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: Some people have suggested trying to lower the number of predator fish such as striped bass, in order to protect endangered species. What has your research found about that?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Moyle: The delta is so complicated, there are so many things going on, but it’s pretty clear that the thing that is driving the basic changes in the delta ecosystem, that has happened since the 1970s, is the water being exported from the south delta as well as the total reduction in inflow. Some water is also exported outside the delta, too – there is a lot of water that never gets there. But the bottom line is that it just doesn’t work very well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you’re a water manager you’re always looking around for something else to blame and the striped bass are an easy target. It’s a non-native fish, it’s a voracious predator – it has a high metabolic rate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There were lawsuits suing the Department of Fish and Wildlife to take all regulations off striped bass with the idea that if you took away all the fishing regulations on striped bass you could fish it down and there would be fewer predators in the system and therefore there would be more salmon and delta smelt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The reasoning behind that is wrong.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: So the science that you found doesn’t support that theory?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Moyle: No it doesn’t and, in fact, one of the things I always tell people is that if you’re looking at this from an ecosystem point of view, you have to recognize that striped bass are not specialized on feeding on endangered fish, because endangered fish are too rare to support a predator. What they are specializing on are all the other fish out there and it’s quite likely that the striped bass are suppressing populations of other predators that could feed on the eggs and larvae of delta smelt, for example.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Any time you mess with an ecosystem and remove one predator, it’s going to be a response in the system and it may or may not be a response that you like. In the case of striped bass, there are so many other predators out there that, if striped bass are diminished, the others will just go up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: One of the biggest critiques of the way the delta is managed now is that pumping is being curtailed to keep more water in the system for endangered fish, but the fish populations are still plummeting. So more water isn’t helping. Is that how you see it?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Moyle: It’s an oversimplification, but it’s the result of the pickle they’ve got themselves in by not doing things right to begin with. You divert so much water now that it is hard for the fish to recover. There is a big shift in the delta ecosystem, especially the south and central delta; in the 1970s and 1980s the amount of water flowing through the delta was really diminished very quickly as the amount of exports rose steadily through that whole period and the ecosystem changed in response to that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So now we have all these endangered species out there that were really caused, in part (there are lots of things going on), by changes in the way water is moving through the system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[Limiting exports] results in some really substantial losses of water to farms south of the delta as a result of orders that come from the Fish and Wildlife Service and the National Marine Fisheries Service. But they are doing it because they have only a few of these fish left and if they get entrained in the pumps, it’s a dead fish and a violation of the Endangered Species Act. So they don’t really have much choice but to shut down the pumps.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s a classic case of closing the barn door after the horses have escaped.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cspan class=\"start\">\u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/about/\">Water Deeply\u003c/a> is\u003c/span> an independent digital media project dedicated to covering California’s water crisis. The project is part of \u003ca href=\"http://www.newsdeeply.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">News Deeply\u003c/a>, a new media startup and social enterprise based in New York.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Native fish populations in the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta are critical. Peter Moyle, associate director of the Center for Watershed Sciences at the University of California, Davis, has some ideas on what we can do differently.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>It’s no secret that the ecosystem of the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta is in rough shape, by many metrics. One of the most talked about, and controversial, subjects is the state of the delta’s native fish populations, including endangered salmon runs and delta smelt. Management to protect critical fish populations has meant curbing water exports from the delta, which support farms and cities farther south and west – a policy unpopular with many water users.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But is there a better way to do things?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fisheries expert \u003ca href=\"https://watershed.ucdavis.edu/people/peter-b-moyle\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">Peter Moyle\u003c/a>, a distinguished professor emeritus in the Department of Wildlife, Fish and Conservation Biology and associate director of the \u003ca href=\"https://watershed.ucdavis.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">Center for Watershed Sciences at the University of California, Davis\u003c/a>, has some ideas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Moyle has spent decades studying the ecosystem, gathering data from Suisun Marsh that goes back to 1979 and authoring (or coauthoring) more than 225 publications including the books “\u003ca href=\"http://www.ucpress.edu/book.php?isbn=9780520227545\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">Inland Fishes of California\u003c/a>” and “\u003ca href=\"http://www.ucpress.edu/book.php?isbn=9780520276086\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">Suisun Marsh: Ecological History and Possible Futures\u003c/a>.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_742447\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 384px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-742447\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/DeltaSmelt.jpg\" alt=\"A Delta smelt caught during an annual fish survey. Biologists warn the fish is close to extinction. \" width=\"384\" height=\"324\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/DeltaSmelt.jpg 700w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/DeltaSmelt-400x338.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 384px) 100vw, 384px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A Delta smelt caught during an annual fish survey. Biologists warn the fish is close to extinction. \u003ccite>(Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Moyle spoke recently with Water Deeply about key problems in the delta, ideas for better management and the how native fish populations can be restored through habitat changes in key areas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: When it comes to the delta, we hear a lot about a few endangered species, but how is the delta ecosystem doing as a whole?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Peter Moyle: It’s not an easy question to answer. It’s actually a healthy ecosystem. But it has a lot of undesirable characteristics and by that I mean it’s not a very good place for native fish, like salmon and smelt. But it’s a great place for some of these non-native fish like largemouth bass. It depends on your point of view. If you’re a bass fisherman, the delta is great. If you’re interested in trying to keep native fish species going, like the delta smelt, it’s an ecosystem in pretty bad shape.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s just a matter of what characteristics of the ecosystem you value.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: What is the value of native fish in that ecosystem?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Moyle: The ones that people value the most are the salmon, of course; there are four runs of salmon. And there are steelhead, and those fish all have commercial and sport value. Then we have two species of sturgeon, which also have sport value.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the things our society has done is decide the highest priority for management are endangered species. We have seven endangered fish species in the delta, which take the priority for management. As a society, in a sense, we have made a decision that these native fishes that are in real trouble are what we value most in the system. Even though the ecosystem itself is not doing very well in terms of supporting them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: Does it make sense to manage the ecosystem for the protection of endangered species?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Moyle: It makes sense from the point of view of the Endangered Species Act, but it’s not managing it as an ecosystem. If you focus on just those species you lose track of the bigger picture. If I had my druthers it would be to manage the system for broader ecosystem values that include nonlisted species.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The delta today is what’s called a novel ecosystem: It’s an ecosystem unlike any that has ever existed before. It’s permanently altered by humans and it continues to be altered. It has a mixture of native and non-native species, not only fish but invertebrates, plants, everything out there is a mixture of species from all over the world and they’re all interacting and creating this new ecosystem. There is so much unpredictability about it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: How do we go about taking a more holistic management perspective?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Moyle: My own current thinking is that you have to look at it as not one place, but several places. Specifically, for the native fishes, for salmon and smelt and so forth, we should focus our management on them on the arc of habitat that goes from the Yolo Bypass down to the Cache-Lindsey Slough region, which is essentially the north delta, down the Sacramento River and into Suisun Marsh. That is an arc of habitat tied to the Sacramento River that has the highest-quality water and the most water. There are a lot of tidal marshes that can be restored.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That is a place where you have the greatest opportunity in interlinked regions for native fish restoration. And that’s making the assumption that the native fish and endangered species are what you want to protect.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The contrast to that is over in the south delta, which is the part most influenced by the large export pumps of the Department of Water Resources and the Bureau of Reclamation. That area has just been devastated from a native fish point of view. Instead its value today is for non-native fish, for largemouth bass and similar species. Maybe that is the way you do it – you manage the delta by region rather than thinking of the delta as one ecosystem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: What can you do to improve habitat in those areas for native fish?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Moyle: A lot of it involves improving flows through the system. It’s also a corridor for all the migratory fish – the sturgeon, the salmon, the steelhead, they are all migratory. They go up as adults, come down as juveniles. You have to keep water moving through it and that is really the key – you have to manage this area as an estuary. You have to manage the outflows.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You either have to reduce the amount of exports substantially or you have to do something like Gov. Brown’s tunnel project or something simpler than what he is proposing, because the present way water is diverted through the system makes it very difficult to maintain it as an estuary. The pull from the pumps changes the whole way the system operates and it makes it very confusing for the fish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: There seems to be a shift toward understanding the importance of floodplains for fisheries.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Moyle: There is a growing realization that salmon, especially chinook salmon, were historically floodplain-dependent – no one seemed to recognize that until quite recently because hatcheries basically replaced floodplains for the rearing of salmon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The work started with \u003ca href=\"http://cmsi.ucdavis.edu/events/salmon_symposium_speaker_bios/sommer_ted.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Ted Sommer\u003c/a>, one of my graduate students about 20 years ago. They started looking at salmon on the Yolo Bypass and realized that if the Yolo Bypass is flooded and you’re a baby salmon out there, you would grow three or four times bigger than you would if you were staying in the river. It’s a little bit warmer and there is just lots of food out there. The floodplains are really productive places.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When you think about how we can use floodplains to really grow salmon, the first thing you start noticing is that 95 percent of our natural floodplains are gone, but in the Sacramento Valley, they have been pretty much replaced by rice farming. Rice farmers have been very successful at making rice paddies great places to feed ducks and migratory waterfowl, so the question is in the winter, when they are not growing rice, can you also make them good places for salmon? It turns out you can.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: Some people have suggested trying to lower the number of predator fish such as striped bass, in order to protect endangered species. What has your research found about that?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Moyle: The delta is so complicated, there are so many things going on, but it’s pretty clear that the thing that is driving the basic changes in the delta ecosystem, that has happened since the 1970s, is the water being exported from the south delta as well as the total reduction in inflow. Some water is also exported outside the delta, too – there is a lot of water that never gets there. But the bottom line is that it just doesn’t work very well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you’re a water manager you’re always looking around for something else to blame and the striped bass are an easy target. It’s a non-native fish, it’s a voracious predator – it has a high metabolic rate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There were lawsuits suing the Department of Fish and Wildlife to take all regulations off striped bass with the idea that if you took away all the fishing regulations on striped bass you could fish it down and there would be fewer predators in the system and therefore there would be more salmon and delta smelt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The reasoning behind that is wrong.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: So the science that you found doesn’t support that theory?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Moyle: No it doesn’t and, in fact, one of the things I always tell people is that if you’re looking at this from an ecosystem point of view, you have to recognize that striped bass are not specialized on feeding on endangered fish, because endangered fish are too rare to support a predator. What they are specializing on are all the other fish out there and it’s quite likely that the striped bass are suppressing populations of other predators that could feed on the eggs and larvae of delta smelt, for example.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Any time you mess with an ecosystem and remove one predator, it’s going to be a response in the system and it may or may not be a response that you like. In the case of striped bass, there are so many other predators out there that, if striped bass are diminished, the others will just go up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: One of the biggest critiques of the way the delta is managed now is that pumping is being curtailed to keep more water in the system for endangered fish, but the fish populations are still plummeting. So more water isn’t helping. Is that how you see it?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Moyle: It’s an oversimplification, but it’s the result of the pickle they’ve got themselves in by not doing things right to begin with. You divert so much water now that it is hard for the fish to recover. There is a big shift in the delta ecosystem, especially the south and central delta; in the 1970s and 1980s the amount of water flowing through the delta was really diminished very quickly as the amount of exports rose steadily through that whole period and the ecosystem changed in response to that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So now we have all these endangered species out there that were really caused, in part (there are lots of things going on), by changes in the way water is moving through the system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[Limiting exports] results in some really substantial losses of water to farms south of the delta as a result of orders that come from the Fish and Wildlife Service and the National Marine Fisheries Service. But they are doing it because they have only a few of these fish left and if they get entrained in the pumps, it’s a dead fish and a violation of the Endangered Species Act. So they don’t really have much choice but to shut down the pumps.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s a classic case of closing the barn door after the horses have escaped.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>I bet you didn’t know there’s a major controversy sweeping through the world of curling. Yes, that quirky sport that pops up on TV during the Winter Olympics actually spawned a worldwide scandal—not over drugs, not over bribes, but over brooms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s about new fabrics on the brooms that curlers use to sweep the ice in front of the stone, and it’s bad enough that ice experts and top athletes are calling it “broomgate.” They gathered in Kemptville, Canada this week to investigate the contentious brooms that were changing the way this 500-year-old game was played.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘It got to the point where the sweeping was making a greater difference in shot-making than the actual shot-making.’\u003ccite>Jaime Bourassa, Olympic ice technician\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Jamie Bourassa stood among them, an Olympic-level ice technician there to help resolve the controversy. He and the rest of the Sweeping Summit tested the disputed brooms to see which ones had too strong an influence on the stones. The World Curling Federation will use the data to vote in September on new rules for brooms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After the summit, Bourassa flew straight to the Sharks Ice Facility in Fremont to prep for the Bay Area’s annual curling tournament, held the weekend before Memorial Day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the \u003ca href=\"http://www.goldengatebonspiel.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">2016 Golden Gate Bonspiel\u003c/a>, curling teams from the Bay Area and beyond will sweep and glide their way to glory. The \u003ca href=\"http://www.bayareacurling.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">San Francisco Bay Area Curling Club\u003c/a> (SFBACC) is hosting the event, which puts curlers of all skill levels onto the ice. Teams with names such as Game of Stones, and Star Wars: The Frost Awakens will play through Sunday until four champions emerge, to be awarded a bottle of wine and medals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bourassa arrived last night to train local curlers in the science and art of maintaining their ice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“He is a true ice meister,” says Brent Halpenny, former president of the SFBACC who attended the training. “He does amazing things with water. It’s the only way to word it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_730414\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-730414\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/Flooding-the-Ice.jpg\" alt=\"Bay Area curlers flood the ice at the Sharks Ice Facility in Fremont during a course with Jamie Bourassa, one of the world's best curling ice technicians. They need to make the surface as level as possible for the curling tournament. \" width=\"640\" height=\"480\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/Flooding-the-Ice.jpg 640w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/Flooding-the-Ice-400x300.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Bay Area curlers and enthusiasts flood the ice at the Sharks Ice Facility in Fremont during a course with Jamie Bourassa, one of the world’s best curling ice technicians. They need to make the surface as level as possible for the curling tournament. \u003ccite>(Loreen Makishima-Wolf)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Science and Art of Making Ice\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Curling is all about reading the ice. One person glides the 42-pound curling stone toward a bulls-eye at the end of the court. The rock veers in one way or the other—that’s the curl. The frantic brushing melts the surface of the ice to coax the stone a little farther or prevent it from curling too far astray.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The strategy of curling begins long before anyone throws the first stone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The better we make the playing surface, the better the players can play,” Bourassa says. He prepped the ice for the Winter Olympics in Sochi, and does the same for curling championships all over the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The first step is to level the ice. Ice technicians use lasers to map the hills and dips carved out by hockey skates. A Zamboni shaves away the highs and technicians flood low points with water as pure as they can get.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you use the tap water in an ice tray, you’ll feel rough patches on the ice cubes,” Bourassa says. “You don’t with pure water.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Next comes the pebbler. Armed with a water-filled backpack and hose, a technician walks backward, spraying the hose back and forth until the ice sheet is covered in tiny bumps. The brooms melt the tops of the pebbles, creating a rounded, slick pathway to gently nudge the rock in one way or the other.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_730415\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-730415\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/Pebblers-e1464366885905-800x1067.jpg\" alt=\"Armed with water-filled backpacks, pebblers spray water droplets across the entire court in the early hours before the 2016 Golden Gate Bonspiel. The droplets freeze into icy pebbles, over which the curling stones glide. \" width=\"800\" height=\"1067\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/Pebblers-e1464366885905-800x1067.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/Pebblers-e1464366885905-400x533.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/Pebblers-e1464366885905-768x1024.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/Pebblers-e1464366885905-1440x1920.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/Pebblers-e1464366885905-1180x1573.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/Pebblers-e1464366885905-960x1280.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/Pebblers-e1464366885905.jpg 1512w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Armed with water-filled backpacks, pebblers spray water droplets across the entire court in the early hours before the 2016 Golden Gate Bonspiel. The droplets freeze into icy pebbles, over which the curling stones glide. \u003ccite>(Loreen Makishima-Wolf)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Chess on the Ice\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By the end of a curling round a dozen stones may crowd the bulls-eye and only the rock closest to the center takes the point. The team’s last thrower, called the skip, must set up her shot to knock out the opponent’s stones or pull off a tricky curl.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They call it chess on the ice,” says Loreen Makishima-Wolf, 51, who will compete on the team The Dancing Minas. Makishima-Wolf prefers to throw early when the ice is clear, but still feels the pressure if her throws go sour.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It sets the table,” she says. “If I have a lousy game, and don’t put my rocks in play at all, it leaves it open for the other team. If I don’t do my job, I make it harder for everybody else.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The throws called shots get the stone closest to the middle point and are the heart of the game, showcasing the skill of the thrower. The brushes that launched the broomgate controversy compromised that, Bourassa says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.worldcurling.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">World Curling Federation\u003c/a> noticed during competitions last fall that some of the brooms seemed to change the rock’s original trajectory, and they banned them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It got to the point where the sweeping was making a greater difference in shot-making than the actual shot-making,” Bourassa says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the end, curlers are looking for a great shot. The sport has strong rules of etiquette to keep it friendly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If someone has a good shot, they say, ‘Hey, good shot!” says Debbie Doherty, chair of the 2016 Golden Gate Bonspiel. “And the winner buys the first round of drinks.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Curious about curling? You can check out the \u003ca href=\"http://www.goldengatebonspiel.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">2016 Golden Gate Bonspiel\u003c/a> at the Sharks Ice Facility in Fremont or watch the \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/user/bayareacurling?app=desktop\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">live stream\u003c/a> here!\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>I bet you didn’t know there’s a major controversy sweeping through the world of curling. Yes, that quirky sport that pops up on TV during the Winter Olympics actually spawned a worldwide scandal—not over drugs, not over bribes, but over brooms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s about new fabrics on the brooms that curlers use to sweep the ice in front of the stone, and it’s bad enough that ice experts and top athletes are calling it “broomgate.” They gathered in Kemptville, Canada this week to investigate the contentious brooms that were changing the way this 500-year-old game was played.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘It got to the point where the sweeping was making a greater difference in shot-making than the actual shot-making.’\u003ccite>Jaime Bourassa, Olympic ice technician\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Jamie Bourassa stood among them, an Olympic-level ice technician there to help resolve the controversy. He and the rest of the Sweeping Summit tested the disputed brooms to see which ones had too strong an influence on the stones. The World Curling Federation will use the data to vote in September on new rules for brooms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After the summit, Bourassa flew straight to the Sharks Ice Facility in Fremont to prep for the Bay Area’s annual curling tournament, held the weekend before Memorial Day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the \u003ca href=\"http://www.goldengatebonspiel.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">2016 Golden Gate Bonspiel\u003c/a>, curling teams from the Bay Area and beyond will sweep and glide their way to glory. The \u003ca href=\"http://www.bayareacurling.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">San Francisco Bay Area Curling Club\u003c/a> (SFBACC) is hosting the event, which puts curlers of all skill levels onto the ice. Teams with names such as Game of Stones, and Star Wars: The Frost Awakens will play through Sunday until four champions emerge, to be awarded a bottle of wine and medals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bourassa arrived last night to train local curlers in the science and art of maintaining their ice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“He is a true ice meister,” says Brent Halpenny, former president of the SFBACC who attended the training. “He does amazing things with water. It’s the only way to word it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_730414\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-730414\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/Flooding-the-Ice.jpg\" alt=\"Bay Area curlers flood the ice at the Sharks Ice Facility in Fremont during a course with Jamie Bourassa, one of the world's best curling ice technicians. They need to make the surface as level as possible for the curling tournament. \" width=\"640\" height=\"480\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/Flooding-the-Ice.jpg 640w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/Flooding-the-Ice-400x300.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Bay Area curlers and enthusiasts flood the ice at the Sharks Ice Facility in Fremont during a course with Jamie Bourassa, one of the world’s best curling ice technicians. They need to make the surface as level as possible for the curling tournament. \u003ccite>(Loreen Makishima-Wolf)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Science and Art of Making Ice\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Curling is all about reading the ice. One person glides the 42-pound curling stone toward a bulls-eye at the end of the court. The rock veers in one way or the other—that’s the curl. The frantic brushing melts the surface of the ice to coax the stone a little farther or prevent it from curling too far astray.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The strategy of curling begins long before anyone throws the first stone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The better we make the playing surface, the better the players can play,” Bourassa says. He prepped the ice for the Winter Olympics in Sochi, and does the same for curling championships all over the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The first step is to level the ice. Ice technicians use lasers to map the hills and dips carved out by hockey skates. A Zamboni shaves away the highs and technicians flood low points with water as pure as they can get.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you use the tap water in an ice tray, you’ll feel rough patches on the ice cubes,” Bourassa says. “You don’t with pure water.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Next comes the pebbler. Armed with a water-filled backpack and hose, a technician walks backward, spraying the hose back and forth until the ice sheet is covered in tiny bumps. The brooms melt the tops of the pebbles, creating a rounded, slick pathway to gently nudge the rock in one way or the other.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_730415\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-730415\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/Pebblers-e1464366885905-800x1067.jpg\" alt=\"Armed with water-filled backpacks, pebblers spray water droplets across the entire court in the early hours before the 2016 Golden Gate Bonspiel. The droplets freeze into icy pebbles, over which the curling stones glide. \" width=\"800\" height=\"1067\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/Pebblers-e1464366885905-800x1067.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/Pebblers-e1464366885905-400x533.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/Pebblers-e1464366885905-768x1024.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/Pebblers-e1464366885905-1440x1920.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/Pebblers-e1464366885905-1180x1573.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/Pebblers-e1464366885905-960x1280.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/Pebblers-e1464366885905.jpg 1512w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Armed with water-filled backpacks, pebblers spray water droplets across the entire court in the early hours before the 2016 Golden Gate Bonspiel. The droplets freeze into icy pebbles, over which the curling stones glide. \u003ccite>(Loreen Makishima-Wolf)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Chess on the Ice\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By the end of a curling round a dozen stones may crowd the bulls-eye and only the rock closest to the center takes the point. The team’s last thrower, called the skip, must set up her shot to knock out the opponent’s stones or pull off a tricky curl.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They call it chess on the ice,” says Loreen Makishima-Wolf, 51, who will compete on the team The Dancing Minas. Makishima-Wolf prefers to throw early when the ice is clear, but still feels the pressure if her throws go sour.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It sets the table,” she says. “If I have a lousy game, and don’t put my rocks in play at all, it leaves it open for the other team. If I don’t do my job, I make it harder for everybody else.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The throws called shots get the stone closest to the middle point and are the heart of the game, showcasing the skill of the thrower. The brushes that launched the broomgate controversy compromised that, Bourassa says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.worldcurling.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">World Curling Federation\u003c/a> noticed during competitions last fall that some of the brooms seemed to change the rock’s original trajectory, and they banned them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It got to the point where the sweeping was making a greater difference in shot-making than the actual shot-making,” Bourassa says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the end, curlers are looking for a great shot. The sport has strong rules of etiquette to keep it friendly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If someone has a good shot, they say, ‘Hey, good shot!” says Debbie Doherty, chair of the 2016 Golden Gate Bonspiel. “And the winner buys the first round of drinks.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Curious about curling? You can check out the \u003ca href=\"http://www.goldengatebonspiel.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">2016 Golden Gate Bonspiel\u003c/a> at the Sharks Ice Facility in Fremont or watch the \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/user/bayareacurling?app=desktop\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">live stream\u003c/a> here!\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Do People Drive Less on Spare the Air Days?",
"headTitle": "Do People Drive Less on Spare the Air Days? | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>\u003cem>As part of our series, \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/series/baycurious\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Bay Curious\u003c/a>, we are answering questions from KQED listeners and readers.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On some warm summer days, Bay Area resident Sprague Terplan watches a brown haze settle over the bay and wonders about air quality.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I guess because I grew up here, I’ve always cared about the local environment,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Terplan thinks about cars on the roads, hundreds of thousands of them, spurting exhaust into the atmosphere and into his kids’ lungs. This led him to ask \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/series/baycurious\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Bay Curious\u003c/a>:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>On Spare the Air days, is there a reduction in driving/pollution? If so, by how much? Why not automatically raise bridge tolls on such days?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignleft\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/series/baycurious\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" style=\"margin-bottom: 10px\" src=\"http://u.s.kqed.net/2015/04/20/baycurious.png\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\nWhat do you wonder about the Bay Area, its culture or people that you want\u003cbr>\nKQED to investigate? \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/series/baycurious\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Ask Bay\u003cbr>\nCurious.\u003c/a>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>This year marks the 25th anniversary of \u003ca href=\"http://www.sparetheair.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Spare the Air\u003c/a>, a program run by the Bay Area Air Quality Management District. The district calls a Spare the Air alert when weather conditions in any of the nine counties under its jurisdiction indicate there could be unhealthy levels of pollution that day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Summertime alerts warn people sensitive to smog to stay indoors. For kids, older folks and people with respiratory issues, smog can aggravate asthma and allergies or inflame the lungs. (How does the ozone forecast \u003ca href=\"https://airnow.gov/index.cfm?action=airnow.local_state&stateid=5&mapcenter=0&tabs=0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">look today\u003c/a>?)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In winter, the alerts ban wood burning. In summer, they prompt people to reduce air pollution by driving less, taking transit or carpooling. Terplan, our question-asker, doesn’t buy it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I really question—or, quite frankly, doubt—that people are reducing their driving,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So Terplan and I set off to investigate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Do People Cut Back on Driving?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We called Randy Rentschler of the Metropolitan Transportation Commission. The MTC counts the cars that pass over the Bay Area bridges. He was blunt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We generally do not see a meaningful change on Spare the Air days with respect to traffic counts,” Rentschler told us.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Terplan said that on Spare the Air days, anyone can see the air is polluted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a shame that public policy is not effective in altering people’s behavior and, I guess, we all suffer as a result,” he pressed Rentschler.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Yeah, I think you’re on to something important there,” Rentschler responded. “Generally what we find is people have their way to get to work everyday—they have to get to work everyday, or to school, or whatever else their trips are and they tend to just do what people normally do which is to have a routine and just stay with it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_726276\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 983px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/smog.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-726276\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/smog.jpg\" alt=\"Pollution over the South Bay on January 3, 2015.\" width=\"983\" height=\"610\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/smog.jpg 983w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/smog-400x248.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/smog-800x496.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/smog-768x477.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/smog-960x596.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 983px) 100vw, 983px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Pollution over the South Bay on January 3, 2015. \u003ccite>(\u003ca href=\"https://www.flickr.com/photos/au_ears/17442532079/in/photolist-aYvLqF-aYvLtx-gjpkJ-dkPLV6-dkPMNs-ifdyE-dkPQY3-dkPQuJ-szkx6H-ghWpE-i8Xxn-jmi1hQ-idGWSd\" target=\"_blank\">au_ears/Flickr Creative Commons\u003c/a>)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Terplan wasn’t surprised by Rentschler’s response.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“People are so reluctant to change their daily ways despite the filth in the sky at times. We just got to live with it,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So far, we were a little discouraged.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What Spare the Air Does Accomplish\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most people have heard the catchy Spare the Air slogan, mainly because of a campaign that gave people free rides on public transit on Spare the Air days from 2004 and 2008.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">“Personally, I’d like to see more, but that’s just my humble opinion.”\u003ccite>Sprague Terplan\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The Air District no longer has funding for the free rides, says spokeswoman Kristine Roselius, but it did wonders for name recognition. An Air District survey in 2011 found more than 75 percent of responders knew about the program. And less than 4 percent said they cut at least one car trip due to a Spare the Air alert.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That may not sound like a lot but it adds up to a significant amount of cars, Roselius says. Using a formula from the California Air Resources Board, the survey estimated that more than 200,000 drivers reduced one car trip in response to Spare the Air.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>It’s All About the Ozone\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To make ozone, combine three oxygen atoms to form O3. When I read this, I thought, “Wait, isn’t ozone a good thing? Didn’t that hole in the ozone layer increase my chance of skin cancer?” I was right—in the upper atmosphere, O3 is the Earth’s ultimate SPF. It blocks most of the sun’s ultra-violet radiation from getting to the surface and burning your skin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Confused, I called meteorologist Jan Null, who told me the trouble starts when ozone forms on the ground.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the early morning, commuters congest the roadways. Drivers spout curse words while our cars expel exhaust, a ‘precursor’ to ozone. On hot days, the sun cooks all those pollutants, sparking a chemical reaction that creates O3. When inland temperatures get to be about 90 degrees, the Spare the Air folks take notice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_711754\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/WATER-TO-LAND_PHOTO_SHOWS_SMOG_OVER_SAN_FRANCISCO_-_NARA_-_544697-e1464220638653.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-711754\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/WATER-TO-LAND_PHOTO_SHOWS_SMOG_OVER_SAN_FRANCISCO_-_NARA_-_544697-e1464220638653-800x638.jpg\" alt=\"A view of San Francisco through a filter of smog in 1972.\" width=\"800\" height=\"638\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/WATER-TO-LAND_PHOTO_SHOWS_SMOG_OVER_SAN_FRANCISCO_-_NARA_-_544697-e1464220638653-800x638.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/WATER-TO-LAND_PHOTO_SHOWS_SMOG_OVER_SAN_FRANCISCO_-_NARA_-_544697-e1464220638653-400x319.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/WATER-TO-LAND_PHOTO_SHOWS_SMOG_OVER_SAN_FRANCISCO_-_NARA_-_544697-e1464220638653-768x613.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/WATER-TO-LAND_PHOTO_SHOWS_SMOG_OVER_SAN_FRANCISCO_-_NARA_-_544697-e1464220638653-1440x1149.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/WATER-TO-LAND_PHOTO_SHOWS_SMOG_OVER_SAN_FRANCISCO_-_NARA_-_544697-e1464220638653-1920x1531.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/WATER-TO-LAND_PHOTO_SHOWS_SMOG_OVER_SAN_FRANCISCO_-_NARA_-_544697-e1464220638653-1180x941.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/WATER-TO-LAND_PHOTO_SHOWS_SMOG_OVER_SAN_FRANCISCO_-_NARA_-_544697-e1464220638653-960x766.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/WATER-TO-LAND_PHOTO_SHOWS_SMOG_OVER_SAN_FRANCISCO_-_NARA_-_544697-e1464220638653.jpg 1927w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A view of San Francisco through a filter of smog in 1972. \u003ccite>(Belinda Rain/U.S. National Archives and Records Administration)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“The number of Spare the Air days is going to be very dependent on how hot the summer is,” Null told me. They’re also dependent on days with low wind. “Now, fortunately the ozone season is during the sea breeze season.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We have a natural ventilator in the Pacific Ocean. When inland parts of the Bay Area heat up, the hot air rises and makes room for a cool sea breeze to fill the gap. The pollutant-ridden ground air gets mixed up and out before it can cook into ozone. On days with low wind, the Bay Area terrain blocks the weak breezes, Null says. If air district meteorologists see the heat combined with low wind, they’re likely to call a Spare the Air alert.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Why Not Raise Bridge Tolls on Spare the Air Days?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The MTC doesn’t have the authority to raise bridge tolls on Spare the Air Days, Rentschler told us. Even if they did, they probably wouldn’t do it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“On the food chain of things, putting our effort on intermittent Spare the Air Days is something we did do in the past,” he says. “I can’t see us focusing on it as a primary item in the future. I just can’t see it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The main reason, he says, is because Bay Area air quality is pretty good. The American Lung Association’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.lung.org/local-content/california/documents/state-of-the-air/2016/sota-2016_ca_greater-bay-fact.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">State of the Air 2016\u003c/a> found that since 2000, Bay Area counties had a 73 percent fewer unhealthy ozone days. Their analysis includes San Joaquin County.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/8100629626_3c5a4ce578_k.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-726278\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/8100629626_3c5a4ce578_k.jpg\" alt=\"spare the air\" width=\"2048\" height=\"2048\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/8100629626_3c5a4ce578_k.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/8100629626_3c5a4ce578_k-400x400.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/8100629626_3c5a4ce578_k-800x800.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/8100629626_3c5a4ce578_k-768x768.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/8100629626_3c5a4ce578_k-1440x1440.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/8100629626_3c5a4ce578_k-1920x1920.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/8100629626_3c5a4ce578_k-1180x1180.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/8100629626_3c5a4ce578_k-960x960.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/8100629626_3c5a4ce578_k-32x32.jpg 32w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/8100629626_3c5a4ce578_k-50x50.jpg 50w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/8100629626_3c5a4ce578_k-64x64.jpg 64w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/8100629626_3c5a4ce578_k-96x96.jpg 96w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/8100629626_3c5a4ce578_k-128x128.jpg 128w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/8100629626_3c5a4ce578_k-150x150.jpg 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2048px) 100vw, 2048px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Terplan says there are still reasons to strengthen Spare the Air day efforts. Remember that sea breeze that carries pollutants up and out of the Bay Area? Sometimes that air ends up in the San Joaquin Valley, which has some of the worst air quality in the United States.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to the San Joaquin Valley Pollution Control District, \u003ca href=\"http://www.valleyair.org/general_info/frequently_asked_questions.htm\">about 27 percent\u003c/a> of the air pollution in the valley’s northern counties blows in from the Bay Area and Sacramento.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Maybe I’m just being an idealist here,” he says, “but just the idea that, on the days that they’ve got really bad air quality, if the Bay Area would do that much more to reduce their emissions, ideally, that could have a tangible benefit, as well, for San Joaquin Valley.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I asked Rentschler what he would tell someone like Sprague Terplan, who says, if we can do more, why not do it?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I would try to look at him,” Rentschler says, “and say, ‘Sprague, look, we’ve had this incredible win. Now, it ain’t over yet, but let’s just talk about the kind of win we’ve had because we’ve had a good one.’”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I put this answer to Terplan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Personally, I’d like to see more, but that’s just my humble opinion,” he says, laughing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Got a question you want the Bay Area team to tackle? \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/series/baycurious\">Submit it\u003c/a>!\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cem>As part of our series, \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/series/baycurious\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Bay Curious\u003c/a>, we are answering questions from KQED listeners and readers.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On some warm summer days, Bay Area resident Sprague Terplan watches a brown haze settle over the bay and wonders about air quality.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I guess because I grew up here, I’ve always cared about the local environment,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Terplan thinks about cars on the roads, hundreds of thousands of them, spurting exhaust into the atmosphere and into his kids’ lungs. This led him to ask \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/series/baycurious\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Bay Curious\u003c/a>:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>On Spare the Air days, is there a reduction in driving/pollution? If so, by how much? Why not automatically raise bridge tolls on such days?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignleft\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/series/baycurious\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" style=\"margin-bottom: 10px\" src=\"http://u.s.kqed.net/2015/04/20/baycurious.png\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\nWhat do you wonder about the Bay Area, its culture or people that you want\u003cbr>\nKQED to investigate? \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/series/baycurious\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Ask Bay\u003cbr>\nCurious.\u003c/a>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>This year marks the 25th anniversary of \u003ca href=\"http://www.sparetheair.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Spare the Air\u003c/a>, a program run by the Bay Area Air Quality Management District. The district calls a Spare the Air alert when weather conditions in any of the nine counties under its jurisdiction indicate there could be unhealthy levels of pollution that day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Summertime alerts warn people sensitive to smog to stay indoors. For kids, older folks and people with respiratory issues, smog can aggravate asthma and allergies or inflame the lungs. (How does the ozone forecast \u003ca href=\"https://airnow.gov/index.cfm?action=airnow.local_state&stateid=5&mapcenter=0&tabs=0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">look today\u003c/a>?)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In winter, the alerts ban wood burning. In summer, they prompt people to reduce air pollution by driving less, taking transit or carpooling. Terplan, our question-asker, doesn’t buy it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I really question—or, quite frankly, doubt—that people are reducing their driving,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So Terplan and I set off to investigate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Do People Cut Back on Driving?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We called Randy Rentschler of the Metropolitan Transportation Commission. The MTC counts the cars that pass over the Bay Area bridges. He was blunt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We generally do not see a meaningful change on Spare the Air days with respect to traffic counts,” Rentschler told us.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Terplan said that on Spare the Air days, anyone can see the air is polluted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a shame that public policy is not effective in altering people’s behavior and, I guess, we all suffer as a result,” he pressed Rentschler.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Yeah, I think you’re on to something important there,” Rentschler responded. “Generally what we find is people have their way to get to work everyday—they have to get to work everyday, or to school, or whatever else their trips are and they tend to just do what people normally do which is to have a routine and just stay with it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_726276\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 983px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/smog.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-726276\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/smog.jpg\" alt=\"Pollution over the South Bay on January 3, 2015.\" width=\"983\" height=\"610\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/smog.jpg 983w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/smog-400x248.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/smog-800x496.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/smog-768x477.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/smog-960x596.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 983px) 100vw, 983px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Pollution over the South Bay on January 3, 2015. \u003ccite>(\u003ca href=\"https://www.flickr.com/photos/au_ears/17442532079/in/photolist-aYvLqF-aYvLtx-gjpkJ-dkPLV6-dkPMNs-ifdyE-dkPQY3-dkPQuJ-szkx6H-ghWpE-i8Xxn-jmi1hQ-idGWSd\" target=\"_blank\">au_ears/Flickr Creative Commons\u003c/a>)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Terplan wasn’t surprised by Rentschler’s response.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“People are so reluctant to change their daily ways despite the filth in the sky at times. We just got to live with it,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So far, we were a little discouraged.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What Spare the Air Does Accomplish\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most people have heard the catchy Spare the Air slogan, mainly because of a campaign that gave people free rides on public transit on Spare the Air days from 2004 and 2008.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">“Personally, I’d like to see more, but that’s just my humble opinion.”\u003ccite>Sprague Terplan\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The Air District no longer has funding for the free rides, says spokeswoman Kristine Roselius, but it did wonders for name recognition. An Air District survey in 2011 found more than 75 percent of responders knew about the program. And less than 4 percent said they cut at least one car trip due to a Spare the Air alert.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That may not sound like a lot but it adds up to a significant amount of cars, Roselius says. Using a formula from the California Air Resources Board, the survey estimated that more than 200,000 drivers reduced one car trip in response to Spare the Air.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>It’s All About the Ozone\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To make ozone, combine three oxygen atoms to form O3. When I read this, I thought, “Wait, isn’t ozone a good thing? Didn’t that hole in the ozone layer increase my chance of skin cancer?” I was right—in the upper atmosphere, O3 is the Earth’s ultimate SPF. It blocks most of the sun’s ultra-violet radiation from getting to the surface and burning your skin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Confused, I called meteorologist Jan Null, who told me the trouble starts when ozone forms on the ground.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the early morning, commuters congest the roadways. Drivers spout curse words while our cars expel exhaust, a ‘precursor’ to ozone. On hot days, the sun cooks all those pollutants, sparking a chemical reaction that creates O3. When inland temperatures get to be about 90 degrees, the Spare the Air folks take notice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_711754\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/WATER-TO-LAND_PHOTO_SHOWS_SMOG_OVER_SAN_FRANCISCO_-_NARA_-_544697-e1464220638653.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-711754\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/WATER-TO-LAND_PHOTO_SHOWS_SMOG_OVER_SAN_FRANCISCO_-_NARA_-_544697-e1464220638653-800x638.jpg\" alt=\"A view of San Francisco through a filter of smog in 1972.\" width=\"800\" height=\"638\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/WATER-TO-LAND_PHOTO_SHOWS_SMOG_OVER_SAN_FRANCISCO_-_NARA_-_544697-e1464220638653-800x638.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/WATER-TO-LAND_PHOTO_SHOWS_SMOG_OVER_SAN_FRANCISCO_-_NARA_-_544697-e1464220638653-400x319.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/WATER-TO-LAND_PHOTO_SHOWS_SMOG_OVER_SAN_FRANCISCO_-_NARA_-_544697-e1464220638653-768x613.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/WATER-TO-LAND_PHOTO_SHOWS_SMOG_OVER_SAN_FRANCISCO_-_NARA_-_544697-e1464220638653-1440x1149.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/WATER-TO-LAND_PHOTO_SHOWS_SMOG_OVER_SAN_FRANCISCO_-_NARA_-_544697-e1464220638653-1920x1531.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/WATER-TO-LAND_PHOTO_SHOWS_SMOG_OVER_SAN_FRANCISCO_-_NARA_-_544697-e1464220638653-1180x941.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/WATER-TO-LAND_PHOTO_SHOWS_SMOG_OVER_SAN_FRANCISCO_-_NARA_-_544697-e1464220638653-960x766.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/WATER-TO-LAND_PHOTO_SHOWS_SMOG_OVER_SAN_FRANCISCO_-_NARA_-_544697-e1464220638653.jpg 1927w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A view of San Francisco through a filter of smog in 1972. \u003ccite>(Belinda Rain/U.S. National Archives and Records Administration)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“The number of Spare the Air days is going to be very dependent on how hot the summer is,” Null told me. They’re also dependent on days with low wind. “Now, fortunately the ozone season is during the sea breeze season.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We have a natural ventilator in the Pacific Ocean. When inland parts of the Bay Area heat up, the hot air rises and makes room for a cool sea breeze to fill the gap. The pollutant-ridden ground air gets mixed up and out before it can cook into ozone. On days with low wind, the Bay Area terrain blocks the weak breezes, Null says. If air district meteorologists see the heat combined with low wind, they’re likely to call a Spare the Air alert.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Why Not Raise Bridge Tolls on Spare the Air Days?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The MTC doesn’t have the authority to raise bridge tolls on Spare the Air Days, Rentschler told us. Even if they did, they probably wouldn’t do it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“On the food chain of things, putting our effort on intermittent Spare the Air Days is something we did do in the past,” he says. “I can’t see us focusing on it as a primary item in the future. I just can’t see it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The main reason, he says, is because Bay Area air quality is pretty good. The American Lung Association’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.lung.org/local-content/california/documents/state-of-the-air/2016/sota-2016_ca_greater-bay-fact.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">State of the Air 2016\u003c/a> found that since 2000, Bay Area counties had a 73 percent fewer unhealthy ozone days. Their analysis includes San Joaquin County.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/8100629626_3c5a4ce578_k.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-726278\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/8100629626_3c5a4ce578_k.jpg\" alt=\"spare the air\" width=\"2048\" height=\"2048\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/8100629626_3c5a4ce578_k.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/8100629626_3c5a4ce578_k-400x400.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/8100629626_3c5a4ce578_k-800x800.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/8100629626_3c5a4ce578_k-768x768.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/8100629626_3c5a4ce578_k-1440x1440.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/8100629626_3c5a4ce578_k-1920x1920.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/8100629626_3c5a4ce578_k-1180x1180.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/8100629626_3c5a4ce578_k-960x960.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/8100629626_3c5a4ce578_k-32x32.jpg 32w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/8100629626_3c5a4ce578_k-50x50.jpg 50w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/8100629626_3c5a4ce578_k-64x64.jpg 64w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/8100629626_3c5a4ce578_k-96x96.jpg 96w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/8100629626_3c5a4ce578_k-128x128.jpg 128w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/8100629626_3c5a4ce578_k-150x150.jpg 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2048px) 100vw, 2048px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Terplan says there are still reasons to strengthen Spare the Air day efforts. Remember that sea breeze that carries pollutants up and out of the Bay Area? Sometimes that air ends up in the San Joaquin Valley, which has some of the worst air quality in the United States.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to the San Joaquin Valley Pollution Control District, \u003ca href=\"http://www.valleyair.org/general_info/frequently_asked_questions.htm\">about 27 percent\u003c/a> of the air pollution in the valley’s northern counties blows in from the Bay Area and Sacramento.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Maybe I’m just being an idealist here,” he says, “but just the idea that, on the days that they’ve got really bad air quality, if the Bay Area would do that much more to reduce their emissions, ideally, that could have a tangible benefit, as well, for San Joaquin Valley.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I asked Rentschler what he would tell someone like Sprague Terplan, who says, if we can do more, why not do it?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I would try to look at him,” Rentschler says, “and say, ‘Sprague, look, we’ve had this incredible win. Now, it ain’t over yet, but let’s just talk about the kind of win we’ve had because we’ve had a good one.’”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I put this answer to Terplan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Personally, I’d like to see more, but that’s just my humble opinion,” he says, laughing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Got a question you want the Bay Area team to tackle? \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/series/baycurious\">Submit it\u003c/a>!\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "It's Not Your Parents' Solar System Anymore",
"headTitle": "It’s Not Your Parents’ Solar System Anymore | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Ten years ago, Pluto was reclassified as dwarf planet — a result of discovering other solar system objects of comparable size.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Less than a year ago, the New Horizons spacecraft gave us our first up-close look at Pluto and its system of moons. These historic events define a decade in which our understanding of the solar system blossomed as never before.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Advancements in technology have enhanced our ability to detect, observe and analyze outer space. In addition, a wider field of players in solar system exploration has played no small role in the information explosion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not only do multiple countries now conduct space missions — the U.S., Russia, Europe, Japan, China, India and others — private entities like Elon Musk’s SpaceX corporation are also getting into the game, to the extent of \u003ca href=\"http://www.space.com/32719-spacex-red-dragon-mars-missions-2018.html\">pursuing human missions to Mars\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_723135\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-723135\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/plutobeforeandafter-800x400.jpg\" alt=\"Pluto, before and after New Horizons. Artist concept (left), New Horizons (right).\" width=\"800\" height=\"400\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/plutobeforeandafter-800x400.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/plutobeforeandafter-400x200.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/plutobeforeandafter-768x384.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/plutobeforeandafter-960x480.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/plutobeforeandafter.jpg 1000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Pluto, before and after New Horizons. Artist concept (left), New Horizons (right). \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Not very long ago, \u003ca href=\"http://www.schoolphysics.co.uk/age14-16/Astronomy/text/Theories_of_the_solar_system/index.html\">textbooks taught us\u003c/a> that our sun is the center of a system of nine planets, a belt of little understood bodies of rock (asteroids) between Mars and Jupiter and a mostly invisible host of mysterious comets that periodically enter our awareness when one passes close to the sun.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That was then, this is now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here’s a quick headcount of \u003ca href=\"http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/\">what we now know to exist\u003c/a>:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Eight major planets — the four “terrestrial” planets of the inner solar system and four gas giants of the outer solar system.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Five official dwarf planets, including Ceres (the largest object in the Main Asteroid Belt) and Pluto.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>At least 150 “\u003ca href=\"http://www.windows2universe.org/pluto/kuiper_belt/trans_neptune_objects.html\">Trans-Neptunian Objects\u003c/a>” (minor planets whose average distances from the sun are greater than Neptune’s) that may eventually be classified as dwarf planets.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>At least 179 moons orbiting planets and dwarf planets.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>About half a million \u003ca href=\"http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/asteroids/indepth\">asteroids\u003c/a>, most of them in the Main Asteroid Belt.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>And about 4,000 comets.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_723137\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-723137 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/tnos.jpg\" alt=\"The largest Trans-Neptunian Objects of the Kuiper Belt, compared to Earth.\" width=\"800\" height=\"549\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/tnos.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/tnos-400x275.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/tnos-768x527.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The largest Trans-Neptunian Objects of the Kuiper Belt, compared to Earth. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>That’s what we know of. Estimates based on observation and theory suggest this is only the tip of the iceberg, and that there are probably tens of thousands of sizable bodies (larger than 60 miles across) and perhaps hundreds of billions of smaller comet-like objects out there — mostly orbiting beyond Neptune.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Beyond the sheer body-count, the past decade has also turned up fine details of objects that have been real eye-openers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mars, long ago, was partially covered in\u003ca href=\"http://www.space.com/28983-ancient-mars-oceans-big-waves.html\"> seas of liquid water\u003c/a>, likely salty, with an environment that may have been friendly to life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jupiter’s moon \u003ca href=\"http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/europa\">Europa \u003c/a>hides under its icy outer crust an ocean containing more liquid water than all of Earth’s oceans, warmed by energy spewing from its interior generated by tidal forces of Jupiter’s gravity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Saturn’s moon \u003ca href=\"https://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/science/enceladus/\">Enceladus\u003c/a> — which is barely 300 miles in diameter—erupts with jets of water vapor and harbors liquid water beneath its surface, and possibly the chemistry that could support life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_723136\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-723136\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/ancient-mars-seas-800x800.jpg\" alt=\"Artist concept of the ancient, water-covered Mars.\" width=\"800\" height=\"800\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/ancient-mars-seas-800x800.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/ancient-mars-seas-400x400.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/ancient-mars-seas-768x768.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/ancient-mars-seas-960x960.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/ancient-mars-seas-32x32.jpg 32w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/ancient-mars-seas-50x50.jpg 50w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/ancient-mars-seas-64x64.jpg 64w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/ancient-mars-seas-96x96.jpg 96w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/ancient-mars-seas-128x128.jpg 128w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/ancient-mars-seas-150x150.jpg 150w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/ancient-mars-seas.jpg 1000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Artist concept of the ancient, water-covered Mars. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Saturn’s largest moon, \u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/content/ten-years-ago-huygens-probe-lands-on-surface-of-titan\">Titan\u003c/a>, is practically a cryogenic version of Earth, with a thick nitrogen atmosphere that supports a liquid-methane analog of Earth’s water cycle, complete with clouds, rain, river runoff, and lakes and seas of the stuff. (Make no mistake, though, if you took a swim in these seas, you would freeze solid in seconds.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even cold, distant Pluto supports \u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/feature/pluto-on-frozen-pond\">dynamic processes\u003c/a> on its surface: glacier-like flows of nitrogen slush, cryovolcanoes and possibly tectonic activity. And we learned this just within the past year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A smaller dwarf planet than Pluto — \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/subject/6883/ceres/\">Ceres\u003c/a> — has shown signs of activity: water vapor outgassing from its surface, and bright mineral deposits possibly left behind by eruptions from beneath its crust.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The most exciting part of our burgeoning awareness of the solar system’s surprises may be those yet to come.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If the advancement in technology and the enterprises that participated in space exploration over the past decade changed our thinking about the solar system in such profound ways, imagine what the next decade will bring. Further advancements in Earth and \u003ca href=\"http://jwst.nasa.gov/comparison.html\">space-based observatories\u003c/a>, robotic spacecraft and probes, and even human expeditions into space are already in the works.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What might we know by 2026?\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "In the past decade our understanding of the solar system has exploded as never before. This \"springtime\" of discovery is powered both by advancements in technology and a broader field of players participating in space exploration. ",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Ten years ago, Pluto was reclassified as dwarf planet — a result of discovering other solar system objects of comparable size.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Less than a year ago, the New Horizons spacecraft gave us our first up-close look at Pluto and its system of moons. These historic events define a decade in which our understanding of the solar system blossomed as never before.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Advancements in technology have enhanced our ability to detect, observe and analyze outer space. In addition, a wider field of players in solar system exploration has played no small role in the information explosion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not only do multiple countries now conduct space missions — the U.S., Russia, Europe, Japan, China, India and others — private entities like Elon Musk’s SpaceX corporation are also getting into the game, to the extent of \u003ca href=\"http://www.space.com/32719-spacex-red-dragon-mars-missions-2018.html\">pursuing human missions to Mars\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_723135\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-723135\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/plutobeforeandafter-800x400.jpg\" alt=\"Pluto, before and after New Horizons. Artist concept (left), New Horizons (right).\" width=\"800\" height=\"400\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/plutobeforeandafter-800x400.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/plutobeforeandafter-400x200.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/plutobeforeandafter-768x384.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/plutobeforeandafter-960x480.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/plutobeforeandafter.jpg 1000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Pluto, before and after New Horizons. Artist concept (left), New Horizons (right). \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Not very long ago, \u003ca href=\"http://www.schoolphysics.co.uk/age14-16/Astronomy/text/Theories_of_the_solar_system/index.html\">textbooks taught us\u003c/a> that our sun is the center of a system of nine planets, a belt of little understood bodies of rock (asteroids) between Mars and Jupiter and a mostly invisible host of mysterious comets that periodically enter our awareness when one passes close to the sun.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That was then, this is now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here’s a quick headcount of \u003ca href=\"http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/\">what we now know to exist\u003c/a>:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Eight major planets — the four “terrestrial” planets of the inner solar system and four gas giants of the outer solar system.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Five official dwarf planets, including Ceres (the largest object in the Main Asteroid Belt) and Pluto.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>At least 150 “\u003ca href=\"http://www.windows2universe.org/pluto/kuiper_belt/trans_neptune_objects.html\">Trans-Neptunian Objects\u003c/a>” (minor planets whose average distances from the sun are greater than Neptune’s) that may eventually be classified as dwarf planets.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>At least 179 moons orbiting planets and dwarf planets.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>About half a million \u003ca href=\"http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/asteroids/indepth\">asteroids\u003c/a>, most of them in the Main Asteroid Belt.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>And about 4,000 comets.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_723137\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-723137 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/tnos.jpg\" alt=\"The largest Trans-Neptunian Objects of the Kuiper Belt, compared to Earth.\" width=\"800\" height=\"549\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/tnos.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/tnos-400x275.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/tnos-768x527.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The largest Trans-Neptunian Objects of the Kuiper Belt, compared to Earth. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>That’s what we know of. Estimates based on observation and theory suggest this is only the tip of the iceberg, and that there are probably tens of thousands of sizable bodies (larger than 60 miles across) and perhaps hundreds of billions of smaller comet-like objects out there — mostly orbiting beyond Neptune.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Beyond the sheer body-count, the past decade has also turned up fine details of objects that have been real eye-openers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mars, long ago, was partially covered in\u003ca href=\"http://www.space.com/28983-ancient-mars-oceans-big-waves.html\"> seas of liquid water\u003c/a>, likely salty, with an environment that may have been friendly to life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jupiter’s moon \u003ca href=\"http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/europa\">Europa \u003c/a>hides under its icy outer crust an ocean containing more liquid water than all of Earth’s oceans, warmed by energy spewing from its interior generated by tidal forces of Jupiter’s gravity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Saturn’s moon \u003ca href=\"https://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/science/enceladus/\">Enceladus\u003c/a> — which is barely 300 miles in diameter—erupts with jets of water vapor and harbors liquid water beneath its surface, and possibly the chemistry that could support life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_723136\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-723136\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/ancient-mars-seas-800x800.jpg\" alt=\"Artist concept of the ancient, water-covered Mars.\" width=\"800\" height=\"800\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/ancient-mars-seas-800x800.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/ancient-mars-seas-400x400.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/ancient-mars-seas-768x768.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/ancient-mars-seas-960x960.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/ancient-mars-seas-32x32.jpg 32w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/ancient-mars-seas-50x50.jpg 50w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/ancient-mars-seas-64x64.jpg 64w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/ancient-mars-seas-96x96.jpg 96w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/ancient-mars-seas-128x128.jpg 128w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/ancient-mars-seas-150x150.jpg 150w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/ancient-mars-seas.jpg 1000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Artist concept of the ancient, water-covered Mars. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Saturn’s largest moon, \u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/content/ten-years-ago-huygens-probe-lands-on-surface-of-titan\">Titan\u003c/a>, is practically a cryogenic version of Earth, with a thick nitrogen atmosphere that supports a liquid-methane analog of Earth’s water cycle, complete with clouds, rain, river runoff, and lakes and seas of the stuff. (Make no mistake, though, if you took a swim in these seas, you would freeze solid in seconds.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even cold, distant Pluto supports \u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/feature/pluto-on-frozen-pond\">dynamic processes\u003c/a> on its surface: glacier-like flows of nitrogen slush, cryovolcanoes and possibly tectonic activity. And we learned this just within the past year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A smaller dwarf planet than Pluto — \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/subject/6883/ceres/\">Ceres\u003c/a> — has shown signs of activity: water vapor outgassing from its surface, and bright mineral deposits possibly left behind by eruptions from beneath its crust.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The most exciting part of our burgeoning awareness of the solar system’s surprises may be those yet to come.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If the advancement in technology and the enterprises that participated in space exploration over the past decade changed our thinking about the solar system in such profound ways, imagine what the next decade will bring. Further advancements in Earth and \u003ca href=\"http://jwst.nasa.gov/comparison.html\">space-based observatories\u003c/a>, robotic spacecraft and probes, and even human expeditions into space are already in the works.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What might we know by 2026?\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>David Sedlak is an expert in an area many of us take for granted – our drinking water and sewage systems. In his book, Water 4.0: The Past, Present and Future of the World’s Most Vital Resource, Sedlak tracks the history of our water infrastructure from Roman times through today and highlights three key revolutions in our urban water systems. He also offers his thoughts for advancing a fourth revolution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From the plague to cholera to cancer, Sedlak writes about the health crises that drove innovation and the far-reaching impacts of our advances. “I came to appreciate the ways in which the water systems that we are struggling to maintain and improve are an integral part of the success of our great cities,” he wrote in the book.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water Deeply recently spoke to Sedlak about the challenges and opportunities for California’s urban water systems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: How well have urban areas responded to the drought so far in California?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nDavid Sedlak: There is a difference between the response to the drought you take in the middle of the drought and what you do long term to prepare for future droughts. It’s hard to do a lot of meaningful and lasting things when you’re in the middle of a drought emergency.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What we did in the past drought was what one normally does during an emergency – and that is the easy things. The cutting back on lawns. These “cash for grass” projects that encourage people to pull lawns out are great. I think many people took the initiative without a financial incentive and just switched over their landscaping.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That said, it was something that we’ve done in past droughts, so in the drought of ’97, Southern California showed a similar kind of reduction and what happened after the drought ended was the per capita water use bounced right back to where it was. I think we still don’t know how effective the things that we did during this current drought will ultimately be.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The more meaningful aspects of the drought were that it got people thinking about where we are going to be in the future when we have droughts and disappearance of the snowpack and warmer conditions and I think that’s what I’m most excited about – the way that we’ve started on a longer-term project to rethink California’s urban water supply.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: What are the best opportunities for urban water systems right now?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nSedlak: I wouldn’t underplay conservation. It is something that we’ve been doing quite well in California for the past 20 years, but in addition, the most exciting things are water reuse and stormwater harvesting. Both of those things show a great potential to help wean us from our dependence on imported water supplies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: Are there cities now that are making progress in these areas?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sedlak: The place where everyone looks first when they think water recycling is Orange County. It has been in the potable water recycling business for close to 40 years now. They have stepped up their efforts by expanding the groundwater replenishment facility and they are even thinking about continuing to expand their recycled water program.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With respect to stormwater harvesting, I would look at Los Angeles. I think that the City of Los Angeles is putting a lot of effort into capturing urban stormwater in the San Fernando Valley and getting it into the drinking water aquifer, and I think those projects in places like Sun Valley are really interesting because they are turning a problem – that is, the stormwater that was polluting the rivers and causing beach closures – into a drinking water supply. I think that has been challenge both from a management standpoint and an engineering standpoint, but they are making tremendous progress.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: How are they doing it?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sedlak: The problem if you want to capture stormwater in California is that most of the volume of our stormwater comes in a few large storms that happen in the winter. And you can’t use the kind of green infrastructure that works so well in the Pacific Northwest and the Upper Midwest and the East Coast. You need to capture these big storms with retention basins.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What they are doing really well is starting to invest in large stormwater capture facilities, like the Rory M. Shaw Wetlands Park, where they are investing money in capturing the stormwater from an entire neighborhood. And once they have captured it, they have the time to settle out the particles, which have much of the contamination on them, and percolate the water into the aquifer. That has really been a great innovation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: What about the use of permeable pavement to capture stormwater?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nSedlak: Permeable pavement is a nice way to reduce the effects of storms on urban streams. In places where the storm causes these rapid pulses of drainage water to erode the channels, having permeable pavement and rain gardens and bioswales and all these kinds of green infrastructure systems can help eliminate that first flush of water, which can be so damaging to the ecosystem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But they are not that effective with respect to creating a drinking water resource because after that first flush they usually get overwhelmed and you get the normal kind of runoff that makes it to the rivers and streams and out to the ocean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: When Orange County first started its recycled water program there was public pushback and something of an “ick factor.” Have we moved past this? Are people in California finally ready to think more seriously about drinking recycled water?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sedlak: I think the tide has really turned on the public’s willingness to consider recycled water as a drinking water source. I think that not only was it the project in Orange County but it was the potable water recycling projects in Los Angeles at West Basin and in the Inland Empire that showed the Orange County project wasn’t just a one-off occurrence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then, in the middle of this drought, we saw a shift where now we had not only water utility representatives but elected officials behind the idea of potable water recycling and I think we can’t underestimate the impact of having respected figures in the community become advocates for recycled water. For example, in San Jose, the new mayor, Sam Liccardo, has been a big advocate for water recycling and I think having him and then in Los Angeles, Mayor Garcetti, behind the idea of water recycling encouraged the public to take a look at it with a fresh set of eyes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: Do you think decentralized systems for onsite reuse of gray water and black water will be important tools?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sedlak: There is a lot of enthusiasm in California for gray-water recycling and over the past few years we’ve seen more clarity in terms of the permitting and regulations and we have cities such as San Francisco that are encouraging and offering support. I think that’s great.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But I’m not very optimistic about household gray-water recycling making a big difference in California and that’s mainly for two reasons. The first is that it’s unclear exactly how many people would want to go through the effort of having a gray-water system and maintaining it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The larger thing that I’m somewhat concerned about is if gray-water recycling only encourages people to keep lawns and lush gardens instead of transitioning to low-water-use plants, then that’s a waste of resource because what we are learning now in places like Orange County is that this water that you might use for gray-water recycling could be turned back into drinking water. I really wouldn’t want to see gray water become an excuse for people to keep water-consuming landscaping going.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: What about for larger systems?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sedlak: At the building scale, where you might have a distributed or decentralized system that would serve an apartment building or an office park or a new housing complex, I think that is something that we are going to see more of in the future because once you start integrating large numbers of dwellings or buildings together and making distributed treatment systems, you could really treat that water to a point where it is suitable for many, many uses, not just landscaping or toilet flushing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I think that in the long term we will see new housing developments with their own decentralized wastewater treatment plants that will recycle water and we’re going to see more things like what’s going on in San Francisco, where new buildings are building onsite water recycling systems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: Will these replace the need for centralized systems or complement them?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nSedlak: I think that in our most densely populated cities we will always have some sort of centralized system and that’s because the amount of space available to us and the fact that we’ve already invested in this network of pipes to move water around, it’s always going to have some economic benefits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I think the place where we might someday imagine giving up on the centralized treatment system is in the suburbs and the really lower density communities, where it is much more expensive proportionately to maintain sewers and even water supply pipes. If we can find ways to live without the centralized system, we might ultimately save a lot of money.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: In your book, Water 4.0, you write about a lot of innovation in the water world that follows a crisis. Are we at that point of crisis in California or do we still need a few more drought years before we really turn it up a notch on these solutions?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nSedlak: I think that certainly with respect to addressing issues of water rights and allocation of water between agriculture and cities we didn’t have a deep enough crisis to really break some of the deadlock. I think we made good progress in the way that cities think about providing water in the long term, but we would need a few more years of serious drought before people would come to the table and really start negotiating on water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s what happened in Australia with the Millennium Drought. It was more like 10 years of severe drought; that’s what it took to get people to rethink their historic water rights and really come in and negotiate. I don’t think we got close to that in California; we still have this huge issue of what is the future of water allocation between agriculture, cities and the environment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But I think this was a nice wake-up call, because the real crisis is yet to come in the future, when we have either a longer drought or when we try to compensate for the loss of the snowpack, which we know is coming in the next decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cspan class=\"start\">\u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/about/\">Water Deeply\u003c/a> is\u003c/span> an independent digital media project dedicated to covering California’s water crisis. The project is part of \u003ca href=\"http://www.newsdeeply.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">News Deeply\u003c/a>, a new media startup and social enterprise based in New York.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>David Sedlak is an expert in an area many of us take for granted – our drinking water and sewage systems. In his book, Water 4.0: The Past, Present and Future of the World’s Most Vital Resource, Sedlak tracks the history of our water infrastructure from Roman times through today and highlights three key revolutions in our urban water systems. He also offers his thoughts for advancing a fourth revolution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From the plague to cholera to cancer, Sedlak writes about the health crises that drove innovation and the far-reaching impacts of our advances. “I came to appreciate the ways in which the water systems that we are struggling to maintain and improve are an integral part of the success of our great cities,” he wrote in the book.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water Deeply recently spoke to Sedlak about the challenges and opportunities for California’s urban water systems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: How well have urban areas responded to the drought so far in California?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nDavid Sedlak: There is a difference between the response to the drought you take in the middle of the drought and what you do long term to prepare for future droughts. It’s hard to do a lot of meaningful and lasting things when you’re in the middle of a drought emergency.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What we did in the past drought was what one normally does during an emergency – and that is the easy things. The cutting back on lawns. These “cash for grass” projects that encourage people to pull lawns out are great. I think many people took the initiative without a financial incentive and just switched over their landscaping.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That said, it was something that we’ve done in past droughts, so in the drought of ’97, Southern California showed a similar kind of reduction and what happened after the drought ended was the per capita water use bounced right back to where it was. I think we still don’t know how effective the things that we did during this current drought will ultimately be.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The more meaningful aspects of the drought were that it got people thinking about where we are going to be in the future when we have droughts and disappearance of the snowpack and warmer conditions and I think that’s what I’m most excited about – the way that we’ve started on a longer-term project to rethink California’s urban water supply.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: What are the best opportunities for urban water systems right now?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nSedlak: I wouldn’t underplay conservation. It is something that we’ve been doing quite well in California for the past 20 years, but in addition, the most exciting things are water reuse and stormwater harvesting. Both of those things show a great potential to help wean us from our dependence on imported water supplies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: Are there cities now that are making progress in these areas?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sedlak: The place where everyone looks first when they think water recycling is Orange County. It has been in the potable water recycling business for close to 40 years now. They have stepped up their efforts by expanding the groundwater replenishment facility and they are even thinking about continuing to expand their recycled water program.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With respect to stormwater harvesting, I would look at Los Angeles. I think that the City of Los Angeles is putting a lot of effort into capturing urban stormwater in the San Fernando Valley and getting it into the drinking water aquifer, and I think those projects in places like Sun Valley are really interesting because they are turning a problem – that is, the stormwater that was polluting the rivers and causing beach closures – into a drinking water supply. I think that has been challenge both from a management standpoint and an engineering standpoint, but they are making tremendous progress.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: How are they doing it?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sedlak: The problem if you want to capture stormwater in California is that most of the volume of our stormwater comes in a few large storms that happen in the winter. And you can’t use the kind of green infrastructure that works so well in the Pacific Northwest and the Upper Midwest and the East Coast. You need to capture these big storms with retention basins.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What they are doing really well is starting to invest in large stormwater capture facilities, like the Rory M. Shaw Wetlands Park, where they are investing money in capturing the stormwater from an entire neighborhood. And once they have captured it, they have the time to settle out the particles, which have much of the contamination on them, and percolate the water into the aquifer. That has really been a great innovation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: What about the use of permeable pavement to capture stormwater?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nSedlak: Permeable pavement is a nice way to reduce the effects of storms on urban streams. In places where the storm causes these rapid pulses of drainage water to erode the channels, having permeable pavement and rain gardens and bioswales and all these kinds of green infrastructure systems can help eliminate that first flush of water, which can be so damaging to the ecosystem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But they are not that effective with respect to creating a drinking water resource because after that first flush they usually get overwhelmed and you get the normal kind of runoff that makes it to the rivers and streams and out to the ocean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: When Orange County first started its recycled water program there was public pushback and something of an “ick factor.” Have we moved past this? Are people in California finally ready to think more seriously about drinking recycled water?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sedlak: I think the tide has really turned on the public’s willingness to consider recycled water as a drinking water source. I think that not only was it the project in Orange County but it was the potable water recycling projects in Los Angeles at West Basin and in the Inland Empire that showed the Orange County project wasn’t just a one-off occurrence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then, in the middle of this drought, we saw a shift where now we had not only water utility representatives but elected officials behind the idea of potable water recycling and I think we can’t underestimate the impact of having respected figures in the community become advocates for recycled water. For example, in San Jose, the new mayor, Sam Liccardo, has been a big advocate for water recycling and I think having him and then in Los Angeles, Mayor Garcetti, behind the idea of water recycling encouraged the public to take a look at it with a fresh set of eyes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: Do you think decentralized systems for onsite reuse of gray water and black water will be important tools?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sedlak: There is a lot of enthusiasm in California for gray-water recycling and over the past few years we’ve seen more clarity in terms of the permitting and regulations and we have cities such as San Francisco that are encouraging and offering support. I think that’s great.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But I’m not very optimistic about household gray-water recycling making a big difference in California and that’s mainly for two reasons. The first is that it’s unclear exactly how many people would want to go through the effort of having a gray-water system and maintaining it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The larger thing that I’m somewhat concerned about is if gray-water recycling only encourages people to keep lawns and lush gardens instead of transitioning to low-water-use plants, then that’s a waste of resource because what we are learning now in places like Orange County is that this water that you might use for gray-water recycling could be turned back into drinking water. I really wouldn’t want to see gray water become an excuse for people to keep water-consuming landscaping going.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: What about for larger systems?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sedlak: At the building scale, where you might have a distributed or decentralized system that would serve an apartment building or an office park or a new housing complex, I think that is something that we are going to see more of in the future because once you start integrating large numbers of dwellings or buildings together and making distributed treatment systems, you could really treat that water to a point where it is suitable for many, many uses, not just landscaping or toilet flushing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I think that in the long term we will see new housing developments with their own decentralized wastewater treatment plants that will recycle water and we’re going to see more things like what’s going on in San Francisco, where new buildings are building onsite water recycling systems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: Will these replace the need for centralized systems or complement them?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nSedlak: I think that in our most densely populated cities we will always have some sort of centralized system and that’s because the amount of space available to us and the fact that we’ve already invested in this network of pipes to move water around, it’s always going to have some economic benefits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I think the place where we might someday imagine giving up on the centralized treatment system is in the suburbs and the really lower density communities, where it is much more expensive proportionately to maintain sewers and even water supply pipes. If we can find ways to live without the centralized system, we might ultimately save a lot of money.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: In your book, Water 4.0, you write about a lot of innovation in the water world that follows a crisis. Are we at that point of crisis in California or do we still need a few more drought years before we really turn it up a notch on these solutions?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nSedlak: I think that certainly with respect to addressing issues of water rights and allocation of water between agriculture and cities we didn’t have a deep enough crisis to really break some of the deadlock. I think we made good progress in the way that cities think about providing water in the long term, but we would need a few more years of serious drought before people would come to the table and really start negotiating on water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s what happened in Australia with the Millennium Drought. It was more like 10 years of severe drought; that’s what it took to get people to rethink their historic water rights and really come in and negotiate. I don’t think we got close to that in California; we still have this huge issue of what is the future of water allocation between agriculture, cities and the environment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But I think this was a nice wake-up call, because the real crisis is yet to come in the future, when we have either a longer drought or when we try to compensate for the loss of the snowpack, which we know is coming in the next decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>The deep-sea researchers were surveying an ocean ridge off the coast of Hawaii in 2015 and amid ordinary ocean floor fare — a bit of coral, some volcanic rock — they came across something surprising.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Where did this guy come from? Holy cow!” one researcher said to his colleague.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During the moment \u003ca href=\"http://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/okeanos/explorations/ex1504/logs/dive11/dive11.html\">caught on camera\u003c/a>, the brain-like curves of a sponge about the size of a minivan came into view. As one of the scientists exclaimed in the video, “This is the largest thing I’ve seen underwater.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, \u003ca href=\"http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12526-016-0508-z#aboutarticle\">a new study reports\u003c/a> that it is the largest sponge ever documented, at about 11.5 feet long, more than 6.5 feet wide and 4.9 feet high. That’s about the size of a minivan. In the video, the researchers immediately voiced their suspicion that it could be the biggest sponge in the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_728606\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 691px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-728606\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/sponge-a.jpg\" alt=\"The massive sponge photographed at a depth of 2117 meters in the Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument by a the ROV Deep Discoverer and b its companion ROV Seirios. \" width=\"691\" height=\"825\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/sponge-a.jpg 691w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/sponge-a-400x478.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 691px) 100vw, 691px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The massive sponge photographed at a depth of 2117 meters in the Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument by a the ROV Deep Discoverer and b its companion ROV Seirios. \u003ccite>(Marine Biodiversity/Screen Shot by NPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>According to the study published in \u003cem>Marine Biodiversity\u003c/em>, it was discovered in the northwestern Hawaiian Islands during an expedition of the Okeanos Explorer – the “\u003ca href=\"http://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/okeanos/about.html\">only federally funded U.S. ship\u003c/a> assigned to systematically explore our largely unknown ocean for the purpose of discovery and the advancement of knowledge.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study says that massive sponges like this one provide “key ecosystem services such as filtering large amounts of seawater, as well as providing important habitat to a myriad of invertebrate and microbial species.” Here’s more:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>“The finding of such an enormous and presumably old sponge inside the Papahanaumokuakea Marine National Monument underscores the need to protect this area using the highest conservation measures available.”\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>It adds that sponges are difficult to date, but some species in shallow waters could live for more than 2,300 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers also stress that this find highlights how much remains to be discovered in the deep seas: “We’re going to all these places that we’ve never been before, going to depths that we haven’t been before, so we don’t really know what we’re going to find.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Deep+Sea+Explorers+Discover+A+Sponge+The+Size+Of+A+Minivan&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The deep-sea researchers were surveying an ocean ridge off the coast of Hawaii in 2015 and amid ordinary ocean floor fare — a bit of coral, some volcanic rock — they came across something surprising.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Where did this guy come from? Holy cow!” one researcher said to his colleague.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During the moment \u003ca href=\"http://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/okeanos/explorations/ex1504/logs/dive11/dive11.html\">caught on camera\u003c/a>, the brain-like curves of a sponge about the size of a minivan came into view. As one of the scientists exclaimed in the video, “This is the largest thing I’ve seen underwater.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, \u003ca href=\"http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12526-016-0508-z#aboutarticle\">a new study reports\u003c/a> that it is the largest sponge ever documented, at about 11.5 feet long, more than 6.5 feet wide and 4.9 feet high. That’s about the size of a minivan. In the video, the researchers immediately voiced their suspicion that it could be the biggest sponge in the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_728606\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 691px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-728606\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/sponge-a.jpg\" alt=\"The massive sponge photographed at a depth of 2117 meters in the Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument by a the ROV Deep Discoverer and b its companion ROV Seirios. \" width=\"691\" height=\"825\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/sponge-a.jpg 691w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/sponge-a-400x478.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 691px) 100vw, 691px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The massive sponge photographed at a depth of 2117 meters in the Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument by a the ROV Deep Discoverer and b its companion ROV Seirios. \u003ccite>(Marine Biodiversity/Screen Shot by NPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>According to the study published in \u003cem>Marine Biodiversity\u003c/em>, it was discovered in the northwestern Hawaiian Islands during an expedition of the Okeanos Explorer – the “\u003ca href=\"http://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/okeanos/about.html\">only federally funded U.S. ship\u003c/a> assigned to systematically explore our largely unknown ocean for the purpose of discovery and the advancement of knowledge.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>NASA called off today’s effort to inflate an expandable module attached to the International Space Station after its first attempt fell flat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The module is called BEAM, \u003ca href=\"http://bigelowaerospace.com/beam/\">Bigelow Expandable Activity Module\u003c/a>. It’s a prototype of what could be a new kind of living quarters in space. The advantage of an expandable module is that it can be folded so it takes up less room in a cargo rocket, and then expanded once it reaches space.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Folded up, BEAM looks like a partially crushed tin can, about 7 feet long. Inflated, it looks more like a 13-foot-long watermelon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At first, everything seemed to go well, as the restraining straps around BEAM were successfully released. Then, ground controllers told space station astronaut Jeff Williams to open a valve for a few seconds at a time to transfer air from the station into BEAM.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The problem was, nothing happened. BEAM refused to budge. After a couple of hours of injecting brief bursts of air into the module, NASA ground controller Jessica Meir gave Williams the bad news.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Unfortunately, we’re going to have to stand down with the BEAM operations today,” Meir told Williams. “We’ve been assessing all the parameters here from the ground, and due to our set of no-go conditions and not seeing any noticeable movement, we’re going to have to reassess further from here.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This NASA video shows how the inflation was supposed to work:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After they examine what the data tell them about today’s attempt, ground controllers could restart the inflation process as soon as Friday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>BEAM was made by \u003ca href=\"http://bigelowaerospace.com/\">Bigelow Aerospace\u003c/a> based on a design that NASA architects and engineers came up with in the 1990s. The space agency was trying to figure out how to get astronauts to Mars, without the crew going crazy living in a tiny capsule for months on end.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The inflatable is not like a balloon. It’s made of multiple layers of Kevlar and other materials resistant to micrometeorites.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The plan is to leave BEAM attached to the space station for two years. Astronauts will enter a couple of times a year to check on instruments, but there are no plans for them to have a sleepover. After that, it will be detached and allowed to burn up in Earth’s atmosphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=NASA%27s+Attempt+To+Inflate+Its+Expandable+Space+Module+Fizzles&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>NASA called off today’s effort to inflate an expandable module attached to the International Space Station after its first attempt fell flat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The module is called BEAM, \u003ca href=\"http://bigelowaerospace.com/beam/\">Bigelow Expandable Activity Module\u003c/a>. It’s a prototype of what could be a new kind of living quarters in space. The advantage of an expandable module is that it can be folded so it takes up less room in a cargo rocket, and then expanded once it reaches space.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Folded up, BEAM looks like a partially crushed tin can, about 7 feet long. Inflated, it looks more like a 13-foot-long watermelon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At first, everything seemed to go well, as the restraining straps around BEAM were successfully released. Then, ground controllers told space station astronaut Jeff Williams to open a valve for a few seconds at a time to transfer air from the station into BEAM.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The problem was, nothing happened. BEAM refused to budge. After a couple of hours of injecting brief bursts of air into the module, NASA ground controller Jessica Meir gave Williams the bad news.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Unfortunately, we’re going to have to stand down with the BEAM operations today,” Meir told Williams. “We’ve been assessing all the parameters here from the ground, and due to our set of no-go conditions and not seeing any noticeable movement, we’re going to have to reassess further from here.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This NASA video shows how the inflation was supposed to work:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After they examine what the data tell them about today’s attempt, ground controllers could restart the inflation process as soon as Friday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>BEAM was made by \u003ca href=\"http://bigelowaerospace.com/\">Bigelow Aerospace\u003c/a> based on a design that NASA architects and engineers came up with in the 1990s. The space agency was trying to figure out how to get astronauts to Mars, without the crew going crazy living in a tiny capsule for months on end.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The inflatable is not like a balloon. It’s made of multiple layers of Kevlar and other materials resistant to micrometeorites.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The plan is to leave BEAM attached to the space station for two years. Astronauts will enter a couple of times a year to check on instruments, but there are no plans for them to have a sleepover. After that, it will be detached and allowed to burn up in Earth’s atmosphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=NASA%27s+Attempt+To+Inflate+Its+Expandable+Space+Module+Fizzles&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "As National Park Service Turns 100, We Can Celebrate by Not Bothering Wildlife",
"headTitle": "As National Park Service Turns 100, We Can Celebrate by Not Bothering Wildlife | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>The National Park Service \u003ca href=\"https://www.nps.gov/subjects/centennial/index.htm\">turns 100\u003c/a> this summer, and I’ve been thinking about how all of us might celebrate this milestone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To get in the mood, I went with my husband this week to the \u003ca href=\"http://www.vasc.org/\">Virginia Air & Space Center\u003c/a> to see \u003ca href=\"http://nationalparksadventure.com/\">National Parks Adventure\u003c/a>, the new IMAX movie directed by Greg MacGillivray and narrated by Robert Redford. More than \u003ca href=\"https://www.nps.gov/aboutus/upload/Site-Designations-04-13-16.pdf\">400 sites\u003c/a> are located on national park lands, and the movie notes this, but as expected it favors the big famous parks. (See a 2-minute trailer \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0iqF2Tk_1WA\">here\u003c/a>.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>National Parks Adventure\u003c/em> treats us to spectacular sounds as well as sights: in Wyoming, the “molten fury” of Yellowstone’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2015/04/24/402032765/scientists-discover-massive-new-magma-chamber-under-yellowstone\">magma chambers\u003c/a> and the “highly developed vocabulary” of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2011/01/20/132650631/new-language-discovered-prairiedogese\">prairie dogs\u003c/a> at Devils Tower; in Michigan, the cracking crash of ice displaced by climbers at Pictured Rocks National Lakeshore; in Arizona, the roiling foamy rapids encountered by Colorado River rafters in the Grand Canyon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>John Muir’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.nps.gov/yose/learn/historyculture/muir.htm\">role\u003c/a> early on in helping to protect natural lands — along with Theodore Roosevelt’s — is highlighted, and we hear a voiceover quoting Muir as he urges us to “get close to nature’s heart” by visiting them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The best way we can celebrate our parks, of course, is to hike in them or climb or raft or explore history or just sit and soak up nature. I’m counting the weeks until I return in September to Yellowstone and again immerse myself in \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/13.7/2012/05/29/153955803/dreaming-big-how-yellowstones-wonders-can-turn-kids-on-to-science\">science and nature\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But there’s a second way, too. We can realize what Muir \u003cem>didn’t \u003c/em>mean by “get close to nature’s heart.” We can think what narrator Redford \u003cem>does \u003c/em>mean when he says, referring to the wildlife in our parks, “These lands are their lands, too.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We can respect the wildlife in our parks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most of us probably know by now about the \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/05/16/478279342/baby-bison-that-was-placed-in-a-van-by-tourists-in-yellowstone-is-euthanized\">terrible outcome\u003c/a> last week after tourists placed a Yellowstone bison calf in a vehicle, wishing to shelter it from the cold. Once rescued from the tourists, the calf was rejected by the bison herd and began approaching people and cars along the road in ways that the National Park Service considered to be hazardous. The calf was then killed. (“Euthanasia” isn’t the right word; this wasn’t a good death.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But do we know the reasons why the calf wasn’t sent to a wildlife rehabilitator or to a sanctuary? I didn’t. When I contacted the Park Service public-relations team at Yellowstone to ask, I was sent a press release that says, in part:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>“Federal and state regulations prohibit the transport of bison out of Yellowstone unless those bison are going to meat processing or scientific research facilities. We are working to establish quarantine facilities for bison so that they can go through the months-long testing protocols for brucellosis and, if negative, be used to start conservation herds elsewhere. However, the use of quarantine for bison hasn’t been approved, nor would a newborn calf that’s unable to care for itself be a good candidate for quarantine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, why wouldn’t we try to care for the calf on our own? It may be hard to imagine that Yellowstone does not provide direct care for its animals. What we do provide is a space for animals to live their lives with as little human intervention as possible in today’s world. A bison raised by humans in captivity would probably never be returned to the wild…It’s really important to understand that national parks are very different than animal sanctuaries or zoos.”\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>There are lessons for all of us here.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The National Park Service people mean it when they say they’re not a zoo and they’re not a sanctuary.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We see that wild bison are sometimes sent to meat processing plants, but the point I want to make today is that we need to really understand that our \u003cem>own\u003c/em> actions can doom animals to dying.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2015, the main cause of the 61 grizzly bear deaths in the \u003ca href=\"https://www.nps.gov/yell/learn/nature/ecosystem.htm\">Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem\u003c/a> (which includes lands outside the national park) was human interaction, including hunting and being hit by cars. Scarface, a bear beloved \u003cem>inside\u003c/em> Yellowstone National Park, was \u003ca href=\"http://kutv.com/news/local/more-tourists-more-animals-leading-to-more-problems-in-yellowstone\">killed by a hunter\u003c/a> \u003cem>outside\u003c/em> the park.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>OK, most of us don’t go to wilderness areas to hunt. But we do go to hike, and if wild animals feel threatened and attack hikers in the parks, it’s not unusual for them to be killed \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2015/08/13/432146758/female-grizzly-bear-in-yellowstone-euthanized-after-killing-hiker\">in the name of public safety\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just this week the \u003cem>Washington Post\u003c/em> \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/morning-mix/wp/2016/05/24/park-officials-euthanized-a-black-bear-after-a-hiker-was-attacked-then-they-realized-theyd-killed-the-wrong-animal/\">reported\u003c/a> that a black bear was killed after a camper in North Carolina’s Great Smoky Mountains National Park was mauled by a bear. The “wrong” bear was killed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I’d love to argue the ethics of these killing policies with the Park Service (and probably will), but the fact remains, all of us who visit national parks need to know the reality of the situation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I don’t mean to compare hikers’ behavior to that of the tourists who put the bison calf in the car, and obviously I’m not suggesting that it’s wrong or thoughtless to hike in national park lands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But when we venture into nature’s heart, we need to do it with our brains fully engaged.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We can avoid hiking into areas with active bears, especially cubs, and if we do go we can follow \u003ca href=\"https://www.nps.gov/yell/learn/nature/bearspray.htm\">recommendations\u003c/a> for carrying bear spray (while realizing that bear spray isn’t always effective).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We can refuse to succumb to \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2016/05/20/us/when-humans-fueled-by-the-selfie-culture-imperil-wildlife.html\">the “taking selfies” trend\u003c/a> that puts us way too close to wild animals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We can pledge never to crowd close to, feed or touch any wild animal in the parks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Achieving these goals would be a major cause for celebration.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Barbara J. King is an anthropology professor at the College of William and Mary. She often writes about human evolution, primate behavior and the cognition and emotion of animals. Barbara’s most recent book on animals is titled\u003c/em> \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/books/titles/176686699/how-animals-grieve\">How Animals Grieve\u003c/a>.\u003cem> You can keep up with what she is thinking on Twitter: \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/bjkingape\">@bjkingape\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=As+National+Park+Service+Turns+100%2C+We+Can+Celebrate+By+Not+Bothering+Wildlife&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The National Park Service \u003ca href=\"https://www.nps.gov/subjects/centennial/index.htm\">turns 100\u003c/a> this summer, and I’ve been thinking about how all of us might celebrate this milestone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To get in the mood, I went with my husband this week to the \u003ca href=\"http://www.vasc.org/\">Virginia Air & Space Center\u003c/a> to see \u003ca href=\"http://nationalparksadventure.com/\">National Parks Adventure\u003c/a>, the new IMAX movie directed by Greg MacGillivray and narrated by Robert Redford. More than \u003ca href=\"https://www.nps.gov/aboutus/upload/Site-Designations-04-13-16.pdf\">400 sites\u003c/a> are located on national park lands, and the movie notes this, but as expected it favors the big famous parks. (See a 2-minute trailer \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0iqF2Tk_1WA\">here\u003c/a>.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>National Parks Adventure\u003c/em> treats us to spectacular sounds as well as sights: in Wyoming, the “molten fury” of Yellowstone’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2015/04/24/402032765/scientists-discover-massive-new-magma-chamber-under-yellowstone\">magma chambers\u003c/a> and the “highly developed vocabulary” of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2011/01/20/132650631/new-language-discovered-prairiedogese\">prairie dogs\u003c/a> at Devils Tower; in Michigan, the cracking crash of ice displaced by climbers at Pictured Rocks National Lakeshore; in Arizona, the roiling foamy rapids encountered by Colorado River rafters in the Grand Canyon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>John Muir’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.nps.gov/yose/learn/historyculture/muir.htm\">role\u003c/a> early on in helping to protect natural lands — along with Theodore Roosevelt’s — is highlighted, and we hear a voiceover quoting Muir as he urges us to “get close to nature’s heart” by visiting them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The best way we can celebrate our parks, of course, is to hike in them or climb or raft or explore history or just sit and soak up nature. I’m counting the weeks until I return in September to Yellowstone and again immerse myself in \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/13.7/2012/05/29/153955803/dreaming-big-how-yellowstones-wonders-can-turn-kids-on-to-science\">science and nature\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But there’s a second way, too. We can realize what Muir \u003cem>didn’t \u003c/em>mean by “get close to nature’s heart.” We can think what narrator Redford \u003cem>does \u003c/em>mean when he says, referring to the wildlife in our parks, “These lands are their lands, too.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We can respect the wildlife in our parks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most of us probably know by now about the \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/05/16/478279342/baby-bison-that-was-placed-in-a-van-by-tourists-in-yellowstone-is-euthanized\">terrible outcome\u003c/a> last week after tourists placed a Yellowstone bison calf in a vehicle, wishing to shelter it from the cold. Once rescued from the tourists, the calf was rejected by the bison herd and began approaching people and cars along the road in ways that the National Park Service considered to be hazardous. The calf was then killed. (“Euthanasia” isn’t the right word; this wasn’t a good death.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But do we know the reasons why the calf wasn’t sent to a wildlife rehabilitator or to a sanctuary? I didn’t. When I contacted the Park Service public-relations team at Yellowstone to ask, I was sent a press release that says, in part:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>“Federal and state regulations prohibit the transport of bison out of Yellowstone unless those bison are going to meat processing or scientific research facilities. We are working to establish quarantine facilities for bison so that they can go through the months-long testing protocols for brucellosis and, if negative, be used to start conservation herds elsewhere. However, the use of quarantine for bison hasn’t been approved, nor would a newborn calf that’s unable to care for itself be a good candidate for quarantine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, why wouldn’t we try to care for the calf on our own? It may be hard to imagine that Yellowstone does not provide direct care for its animals. What we do provide is a space for animals to live their lives with as little human intervention as possible in today’s world. A bison raised by humans in captivity would probably never be returned to the wild…It’s really important to understand that national parks are very different than animal sanctuaries or zoos.”\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>There are lessons for all of us here.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The National Park Service people mean it when they say they’re not a zoo and they’re not a sanctuary.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We see that wild bison are sometimes sent to meat processing plants, but the point I want to make today is that we need to really understand that our \u003cem>own\u003c/em> actions can doom animals to dying.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2015, the main cause of the 61 grizzly bear deaths in the \u003ca href=\"https://www.nps.gov/yell/learn/nature/ecosystem.htm\">Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem\u003c/a> (which includes lands outside the national park) was human interaction, including hunting and being hit by cars. Scarface, a bear beloved \u003cem>inside\u003c/em> Yellowstone National Park, was \u003ca href=\"http://kutv.com/news/local/more-tourists-more-animals-leading-to-more-problems-in-yellowstone\">killed by a hunter\u003c/a> \u003cem>outside\u003c/em> the park.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>OK, most of us don’t go to wilderness areas to hunt. But we do go to hike, and if wild animals feel threatened and attack hikers in the parks, it’s not unusual for them to be killed \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2015/08/13/432146758/female-grizzly-bear-in-yellowstone-euthanized-after-killing-hiker\">in the name of public safety\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just this week the \u003cem>Washington Post\u003c/em> \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/morning-mix/wp/2016/05/24/park-officials-euthanized-a-black-bear-after-a-hiker-was-attacked-then-they-realized-theyd-killed-the-wrong-animal/\">reported\u003c/a> that a black bear was killed after a camper in North Carolina’s Great Smoky Mountains National Park was mauled by a bear. The “wrong” bear was killed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I’d love to argue the ethics of these killing policies with the Park Service (and probably will), but the fact remains, all of us who visit national parks need to know the reality of the situation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I don’t mean to compare hikers’ behavior to that of the tourists who put the bison calf in the car, and obviously I’m not suggesting that it’s wrong or thoughtless to hike in national park lands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But when we venture into nature’s heart, we need to do it with our brains fully engaged.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We can avoid hiking into areas with active bears, especially cubs, and if we do go we can follow \u003ca href=\"https://www.nps.gov/yell/learn/nature/bearspray.htm\">recommendations\u003c/a> for carrying bear spray (while realizing that bear spray isn’t always effective).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We can refuse to succumb to \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2016/05/20/us/when-humans-fueled-by-the-selfie-culture-imperil-wildlife.html\">the “taking selfies” trend\u003c/a> that puts us way too close to wild animals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We can pledge never to crowd close to, feed or touch any wild animal in the parks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Achieving these goals would be a major cause for celebration.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Barbara J. King is an anthropology professor at the College of William and Mary. She often writes about human evolution, primate behavior and the cognition and emotion of animals. Barbara’s most recent book on animals is titled\u003c/em> \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/books/titles/176686699/how-animals-grieve\">How Animals Grieve\u003c/a>.\u003cem> You can keep up with what she is thinking on Twitter: \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/bjkingape\">@bjkingape\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=As+National+Park+Service+Turns+100%2C+We+Can+Celebrate+By+Not+Bothering+Wildlife&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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