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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The race for who will come to the market with an auto-piloted car is heating up again. Ford has announced that it will have a fleet of autonomous cars on the road by 2021. The driverless vehicles will be available for ride sharing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s an ambitious goal. The company said it will more than double its team devoted to developing autonomous driving, and invest even more money in its Silicon Valley campus. Ford’s CEO Mark Fields has said that the company will triple its investment in the technology which includes currently available help with parking and avoiding traffic jams.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘The time frame for privately owned, fully autonomous vehicles, capable of operating anywhere and anytime, remains at least seven to 10 years away.’\u003ccite>Karl Brauer, Kelly Blue Book\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The program that Ford announced is not quite a self-driving car in every garage. The announcement is for vehicles that have Society of Automotive Engineers Level-Four driving automation. \u003ca href=\"http://cyberlaw.stanford.edu/blog/2013/12/sae-levels-driving-automation\">SAE Level Four\u003c/a> is when the car is self-controlled in all but a few environments such as severe weather. These Level-Four cars would likely be in closed systems or fixed routes. Karl Brauer with \u003cem>Kelly Blue Book\u003c/em> says, “The time frame for privately owned, fully autonomous vehicles, capable of operating anywhere and anytime, remains at least seven to 10 years away.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fields says he’s not closing the door on potential partnerships. Ford and Baidu Inc., the Chinese Internet behemoth, announced that both companies jointly invested $150 million in Velodyne, a Silicon Valley company that specializes in sensors. Already Silicon Valley and the auto industry have been in a dating frenzy looking for long-term partners to help develop the technology behind a self-driving car. Volkswagen spent $300 million to get a piece of ride-hailing company Uber’s European rival Gett. General Motors spent $1 billion to purchase Cruise Automation, as well as investing in ride-hire service Lyft. Meanwhile, Toyota invested in Uber.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Randy Visintainer, the head of Ford’s autonomous vehicle program, says the company is ready to meet the challenge of putting a driverless car on the road. “Our mission is to make transportation affordable, efficient and safe,” Visintainer said in an interview with NPR. “The Model T delivered in its time and autonomous vehicles have the potential to do that in the 21st Century.” Visintainer shrugged at the idea that Ford is in a space race of sorts to put an autonomous vehicle on the road. He says that the team had “enough confidence in our development of the technology, the understanding of how to make the vehicles in volume that we would make this claim.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ford’s engineers may be confident, but are riders? The announced plan would have cars without not only drivers but obvious vehicle controls. Visintainer says he understands \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/06/30/484258419/nhtsa-will-look-at-tesla-s-autopilot-mode-after-deadly-car-crash\">the public’s uneasiness about autonomy\u003c/a>. He says the company is looking for ways to convince the public that self-driving cars can be safe. “It’s going to be an education and a journey, being transparent and open about the progress we’re making, and how we’re doing is a key part of that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Analysts say discussing the technology is a move to placate the concerns of Wall Street. General Motors, Google and some of Ford’s other competitors have spent the year making announcements and investments in advanced technology. Michelle Krebs with autotrader.com says GM has been grabbing all the headlines recently “and Ford can’t be happy about that, especially as some Wall Street analysts have wondered if Ford is falling behind in future mobility.” Ford’s Mark Fields has said Ford has been setting the pace.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Ford+Looks+To+A+Fleet+Of+Driverless+Cars&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Should We Be Having Kids in the Age of Climate Change?",
"headTitle": "Should We Be Having Kids in the Age of Climate Change? | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Standing before several dozen students in a college classroom, Travis Rieder tries to convince them not to have children. Or at least not too many.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He’s at James Madison University in southwest Virginia to talk about a “small-family ethic” — to question the assumptions of a society that sees having children as good, throws parties for expecting parents, and in which parents then pressure their kids to “give them grandchildren.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘Maybe we should protect our kids by not having them.’\u003ccite>philosopher Travis Rieder\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Why question such assumptions? The prospect of climate catastrophe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For years, people have lamented how bad things might get “for our grandchildren,” but Rieder tells the students that future isn’t so far off anymore.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He asks how old they will be in 2036, and, if they are thinking of having kids, how old their kids will be.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Dangerous climate change \u003ca href=\"http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/earth-will-cross-the-climate-danger-threshold-by-2036/\">is going to be happening by then\u003c/a>,” he says. “Very, very soon.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rieder wears a tweedy jacket and tennis shoes, and he limps because of a motorcycle accident. He’s a philosopher with the \u003ca href=\"http://www.bioethicsinstitute.org/\">Berman Institute of Bioethics\u003c/a> at Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore, and his arguments against having children are moral.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Americans and other rich nations produce the most carbon emissions per capita, he says. Yet people in the world’s poorest nations are most likely to suffer severe climate impacts, “and that seems unfair,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s also a moral duty to future generations that will live amid the climate devastation being created now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Here’s a provocative thought: Maybe we should protect our kids by not having them,” Rieder says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His arguments sound pretty persuasive in the classroom. At home, it was a different matter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Philosopher’s Personal Dilemma\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I have been one of those women who actually craved to have a baby,” says Sadiye Rieder, smiling as she sits next to her husband in the sunroom of their Maryland home. “To go through pregnancy and everything, that mattered to me a lot.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sadiye also wanted a big family. She grew up among extended relatives in the Turkish part of Cyprus and says she enjoyed having people around all the time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This was not a problem early in their marriage, as each focused on their studies. But by the time Sadiye began feeling ready for motherhood, Travis’ research had delved into the morality of adoption, which led to the ethics of procreation and to its impact on the climate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They knew they had to talk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s not easy to convince a philosopher!” Sadiye says with a laugh.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_929168\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 3000px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-929168\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/2016-04-10-family-ethicist-rieder-0029-edit_custom-1a10f9a95f1400982ae78ee8b5d9b5cf0ecf1ec5-1.jpg\" alt=\"Travis and Sadiye Rieder read a book with their 2-year-old daughter, Sinem, in their Maryland home. Travis is a philosopher and ethicist who argues against having too many children, for moral and environmental reasons. His wife always wanted to have a big family.\" width=\"3000\" height=\"1998\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/2016-04-10-family-ethicist-rieder-0029-edit_custom-1a10f9a95f1400982ae78ee8b5d9b5cf0ecf1ec5-1.jpg 3000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/2016-04-10-family-ethicist-rieder-0029-edit_custom-1a10f9a95f1400982ae78ee8b5d9b5cf0ecf1ec5-1-400x266.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/2016-04-10-family-ethicist-rieder-0029-edit_custom-1a10f9a95f1400982ae78ee8b5d9b5cf0ecf1ec5-1-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/2016-04-10-family-ethicist-rieder-0029-edit_custom-1a10f9a95f1400982ae78ee8b5d9b5cf0ecf1ec5-1-768x511.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/2016-04-10-family-ethicist-rieder-0029-edit_custom-1a10f9a95f1400982ae78ee8b5d9b5cf0ecf1ec5-1-1440x959.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/2016-04-10-family-ethicist-rieder-0029-edit_custom-1a10f9a95f1400982ae78ee8b5d9b5cf0ecf1ec5-1-1920x1279.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/2016-04-10-family-ethicist-rieder-0029-edit_custom-1a10f9a95f1400982ae78ee8b5d9b5cf0ecf1ec5-1-1180x786.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/2016-04-10-family-ethicist-rieder-0029-edit_custom-1a10f9a95f1400982ae78ee8b5d9b5cf0ecf1ec5-1-960x639.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 3000px) 100vw, 3000px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Travis and Sadiye Rieder read a book with their 2-year-old daughter, Sinem, in their Maryland home. Travis is a philosopher and ethicist who argues against having too many children, for moral and environmental reasons. His wife always wanted to have a big family. \u003ccite>(Ariel Zambelich/NPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Scientists warn that a catastrophic tipping point is possible in the next few decades. By midcentury, possibly before, the average global temperature is projected to rise by more than \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2015/12/12/459502597/2-degrees-100-billion-the-world-climate-agreement-by-the-numbers\">2 degrees Celsius\u003c/a>, the point scientists and world leaders agree would trigger cataclysmic consequences. Last year’s historic \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2015/12/12/459464621/final-draft-of-world-climate-agreement-goes-to-a-vote-in-paris-saturday\">Paris climate agreement\u003c/a> falls short of preventing that, so more drastic cuts in carbon emissions are needed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Adding to that challenge, the world is expected to add several billion people in the next few decades, each one producing more emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, without dramatic action, climatologists say, the world is on track to hit 4 degrees Celsius of warming by the end of the century, and worse beyond that. A \u003ca href=\"http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2013/03/26/000445729_20130326120429/Rendered/PDF/632190WP0Turn000Box374367B00PUBLIC0.pdf\">World Bank report\u003c/a> says this must be avoided, and warns of unprecedented heat waves, severe drought and serious impacts on ecosystems and “human systems.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Back in the classroom, Rieder puts this in less technical terms: 4 degrees of warming would be “largely uninhabitable for humans.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s gonna be post-apocalyptic movie time,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The room is quiet. No one fidgets. Later, a few students say they had no idea the situation was so bad. One says he appreciated the talk but found it terrifying, and hadn’t planned on being so shaken before heading off to start the weekend.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still. Even given the apocalyptic scenarios: Can you actually expect people to forgo something as deeply personal as having children? To deny the biological imperative that’s driven civilization?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rieder and two colleagues, Colin Hickey and Jake Earl of Georgetown University, have \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/documents/2016/jun/population_engineering.pdf\">a strategy for trying to do just that\u003c/a>. Rieder is \u003ca href=\"http://www.springer.com/us/book/9783319338699\">publishing a book\u003c/a> on the subject later this year, and expects to take plenty of heat. But he’s hardly alone in thinking the climate crisis has come to this.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>“The Climate Crisis Is a Reproductive Crisis”\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meghan Hoskins is among a dozen people gathered in the spare office of an environmental group in Keene, N.H., earlier this year. They sit on folding chairs in a circle, the room humming with multiple conversations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If I had told my boyfriend at the time, ‘I’m not ready to have children because I don’t know what the climate’s gonna be like in 50 years,’ he wouldn’t have understood. There’s no way,” says Hoskins, a 23-year-old whose red hair is twisted in a long braid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_929169\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 3262px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-929169\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/img_3377-edit-178c9ad1462417f07c63451fb15142318a874939-1.jpg\" alt='Josephine Ferorelli (left) and Meghan Kallman are the co-founders of Conceivable Future, a nonprofit founded on the notion that \"the climate crisis is a reproductive crisis.\"' width=\"3262\" height=\"2446\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/img_3377-edit-178c9ad1462417f07c63451fb15142318a874939-1.jpg 3262w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/img_3377-edit-178c9ad1462417f07c63451fb15142318a874939-1-400x300.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/img_3377-edit-178c9ad1462417f07c63451fb15142318a874939-1-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/img_3377-edit-178c9ad1462417f07c63451fb15142318a874939-1-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/img_3377-edit-178c9ad1462417f07c63451fb15142318a874939-1-1440x1080.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/img_3377-edit-178c9ad1462417f07c63451fb15142318a874939-1-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/img_3377-edit-178c9ad1462417f07c63451fb15142318a874939-1-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/img_3377-edit-178c9ad1462417f07c63451fb15142318a874939-1-960x720.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 3262px) 100vw, 3262px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Josephine Ferorelli (left) and Meghan Kallman are the co-founders of Conceivable Future, a nonprofit founded on the notion that “the climate crisis is a reproductive crisis.” \u003ccite>(Jennifer Ludden/NPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>This is one of 16 meetings over the past year and a half organized by \u003ca href=\"http://conceivablefuture.org/\">Conceivable Future\u003c/a>, a nonprofit founded on the notion that “the climate crisis is a reproductive crisis.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hoskins says she’s always wanted “little redheaded babies” — as do her parents, the sooner the better.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But she’s a grad student in environmental studies, and the more she learns, the more she questions what kind of life those babies would have.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a country where even the idea of climate change can be polarizing and political, Hoskins has never shared that fear until now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meghan Kallman is a co-founder of Conceivable Future. “I can’t count the number of times people have said, ‘Oh, my God, it’s so nice to know I’m not the only person that worries about this,’ ” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In November 2014, Kallman and Josephine Ferorelli created Conceivable Future to make these personal struggles public. The group’s ultimate goal is ending U.S. fossil fuel subsidies, though its immediate role seems one of commiseration.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Conceivable Future targets climate activists immersed in scary data. \u003ca href=\"https://www.newsecuritybeat.org/2015/09/droughts-floods-die-offs-proliferate-climate-trauma-growing-phenomenon/\">There’s already a term for how some feel: climate trauma\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Kallman and Ferorelli say the focus on numbers fails to capture the emotion that drives many to work on the issue in the first place. For activists of childbearing age, Ferorelli says, climate change isn’t just an intellectual problem but “a heart problem.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ferorelli, 33, and Kallman, 32, are both in committed relationships, and in the throes of this problem. Ferorelli recently helped her widowed mother pack up her house, saving cherished items with the unspoken assumption that they are for a next generation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And yet, when she imagines raising a child, Ferorelli says she can’t help but envision the nightmare scenarios that have dogged her since she first heard the term “global warming” in elementary school.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Knowing that I gave that future to somebody is something that just doesn’t sit very well,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_929165\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 3000px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-929165\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/2016-04-10-family-ethicist-rieder-0157-edit_custom-a9acc0f91efa6293ac35199118d66c92120c742e-1.jpg\" alt=\"Travis and Sadiye Rieder play with Sinem in their home. They've agreed that if they want more children, they'll adopt.\" width=\"3000\" height=\"1998\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/2016-04-10-family-ethicist-rieder-0157-edit_custom-a9acc0f91efa6293ac35199118d66c92120c742e-1.jpg 3000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/2016-04-10-family-ethicist-rieder-0157-edit_custom-a9acc0f91efa6293ac35199118d66c92120c742e-1-400x266.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/2016-04-10-family-ethicist-rieder-0157-edit_custom-a9acc0f91efa6293ac35199118d66c92120c742e-1-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/2016-04-10-family-ethicist-rieder-0157-edit_custom-a9acc0f91efa6293ac35199118d66c92120c742e-1-768x511.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/2016-04-10-family-ethicist-rieder-0157-edit_custom-a9acc0f91efa6293ac35199118d66c92120c742e-1-1440x959.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/2016-04-10-family-ethicist-rieder-0157-edit_custom-a9acc0f91efa6293ac35199118d66c92120c742e-1-1920x1279.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/2016-04-10-family-ethicist-rieder-0157-edit_custom-a9acc0f91efa6293ac35199118d66c92120c742e-1-1180x786.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/2016-04-10-family-ethicist-rieder-0157-edit_custom-a9acc0f91efa6293ac35199118d66c92120c742e-1-960x639.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 3000px) 100vw, 3000px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Travis and Sadiye Rieder play with Sinem in their home. They’ve agreed that if they want more children, they’ll adopt. \u003ccite>(Ariel Zambelich/NPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>At the New Hampshire meeting, 67-year-old Nancy Nolan tells two younger women that people didn’t know about climate change in the 1980s when she had her kids. Once her children were grown, “I said to them, ‘I hope you never have children,’ which is an awful thing to say,” Nolan says, her voice wavering. “It can bring me to tears easily.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She adds that of course people are driven to procreate, and you can’t really tell them not to.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One woman looks a little stunned. She’s not a climate activist — just tagged along with a friend — and says she had no idea that deciding not to have kids because of the climate was even a thing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These aren’t the first would-be parents to ask whether it’s fair to bring a child into the world. U.S. birth rates plummeted during the Great Depression. Many also must have thought twice amid warnings of overpopulation in the 1960s and ’70s, and under the threat of nuclear holocaust.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kallman says she’s heard from women who remember that; their reaction surprised her.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Things like, ‘Oh, I thought we were gonna blow ourselves up in nuclear war, but it didn’t happen. And therefore, just be quiet and have some babies, and, see, everything will be all right,’ ” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The comments may be well-intentioned, but as Kallman and Ferorelli see it, the threat from climate change is worse. It’s not a possibility. It’s happening.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not everyone at the New Hampshire meeting is as pessimistic about the future. Becky Whitley still plans to have a second child. She’s with the advocacy group \u003ca href=\"http://www.momscleanairforce.org/\">Moms Clean Air Force\u003c/a> and says becoming a parent is precisely what motivated her to care about the climate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think I really do come from a place of hope because I am a mother,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kallman and Ferorelli say they don’t want to tell anyone what to do. In fact, neither is ready to rule out children herself.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’m not ready to get rid of the fantasy,” says Ferorelli. “In certain versions of the future, I would love to have a kid.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>An Easier Way?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Back at James Madison University, Travis Rieder explains a PowerPoint graph that seems to offer hope. Bringing down global fertility by just half a child per woman “could be the thing that saves us,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He cites a \u003ca href=\"http://www.pnas.org/content/107/41/17521.full\">study from 2010\u003c/a> that looked at the impact of demographic change on global carbon emissions. It found that slowing population growth could eliminate one-fifth to one-quarter of all the carbon emissions that need to be cut by midcentury to avoid that potentially catastrophic tipping point.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rieder’s audience seems to want an easier way. A student asks about the carbon savings from not eating meat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Excellent idea, Rieder says. But no amount of conservation gives you a pass. Oregon State University researchers \u003ca href=\"http://blog.oregonlive.com/environment_impact/2009/07/carbon%20legacy.pdf\">have calculated the savings\u003c/a> from all kinds of conservation measures: driving a hybrid, driving less, recycling, using energy-efficient appliances, windows and light bulbs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For an American, the total metric tons of carbon dioxide saved by all of those measures over an entire lifetime of 80 years: 488. By contrast, the metric tons saved when a person chooses to have one fewer child: 9,441.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another student asks: “What happens if that kid you decided not to have would have been the person who grew up and essentially cured this?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Again, great question, says Rieder, but the answer is still no. First, the chances are slim. More to the point, he says, valuing children as a means to an end — be it to cure climate change or, say, provide soldiers for the state — is ethically problematic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With all that’s at stake, he says, we need to shift our cultural attitudes. “It’s not the childless who must justify their lifestyle. It’s the rest of us.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And that includes Rieder.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>“One and Done”\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At home, Travis Rieder’s face lights up when his 2-year-old daughter, Sinem, sings a favorite song. She stands at her mother’s knee, bouncing up and down on her toes, giggling as her parents clap.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After many conversations, he and Sadiye ended up convincing each other. Travis decided you can’t deny someone the hard-wired human fulfillment of creating a child.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Sadiye agreed that the moral bar for a second child is much higher. The couple is “one and done.” Any more children will come through adoption.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Travis also argues that someone who doesn’t feel that deep longing to procreate is morally compelled to think twice before having any children at all.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When he writes online, Rieder often gets nasty comments, and inevitably people will say he must not have children. He believes it’s important that he understand viscerally what he’s asking of people. His daughter, he says, is “the most amazing thing we’ve ever done with our lives.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So how do you persuade millions or billions of people around the world to sacrifice that? To avert climate disaster, the fertility rate would have to fall much faster than it has been. It would require more than educating women and expanding access to contraception, as aid agencies have been doing for decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Carrots for the Poor, Sticks for the Rich\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rieder and his Georgetown collaborators have a proposal, and the first thing they stress is that it’s not like China’s abusive \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/parallels/2013/11/29/247782924/chinese-welcome-two-child-policy-but-can-they-afford-it\">one-child policy\u003c/a>. It aims to persuade people to choose fewer children with a strategy that boils down to \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/documents/2016/jun/population_engineering.pdf\">carrots for the poor, sticks for the rich.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ethically, Rieder says poor nations get some slack because they’re still developing, and because their per capita emissions are a sliver of the developed world’s. Plus, it just doesn’t look good for rich, Western nations to tell people in poor ones not to have kids. He suggests things like paying poor women to refill their birth control and — something that’s had proven success — widespread media campaigns.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the 1970s and ’80s, a wave of educational soap operas in Latin America, Asia and Africa wove family planning into their plot lines. Some countries did this when they faced economic crisis. The shows are credited with actually \u003ca href=\"http://www.apa.org/monitor/oct02/theory.aspx\">changing people’s opinions\u003c/a> about family size.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the sticks part of the plan, Rieder proposes that richer nations do away with tax breaks for having children and actually penalize new parents. He says the penalty should be progressive, based on income, and could increase with each additional child.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Think of it like a carbon tax, on kids. He knows that sounds crazy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“But children, in a kind of cold way of looking at it, are an externality,” he says. “We as parents, we as family members, we get the good. And the world, the community, pays the cost.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course, there are ethical concerns. \u003ca href=\"https://kennedyinstitute.georgetown.edu/people/rebecca-kukla/\">Rebecca Kukla\u003c/a> of Georgetown University worries about stigma, especially against poor and minority women. If cultural norms do change, she says, there could be a backlash against families with more children than is deemed socially appropriate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kukla appreciates that Rieder’s penalty on procreation would be progressive. But since it could not be so high as to be coercive, she says \u003ca href=\"https://www.academia.edu/27846638/Whose_Job_Is_It_to_Fight_Climate_Change_A_Response_to_Hickey_Rieder_and_Earl\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">it would inevitably be unfair\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What that will actually translate into is it becoming much easier for wealthy people to have children than for other people to have children,” Kukla says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An even bigger hurdle is the sheer unlikelihood of it all. Rieder has no illusions. In fact, he says, some countries that have successfully reduced fertility rates have since reversed course, afraid that falling population will hurt their economies. (He has an answer — just as controversial — to that, too. He would have nations open up immigration to allow in the expected tens of millions of climate refugees.) Rieder’s real hope is to change people’s way of thinking about childbearing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But if his idea seems like a last-ditch Hail Mary play, he wouldn’t disagree.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The situation is bleak, it’s just dark,” he says. “Population engineering, maybe it’s an extreme move. But it gives us a chance.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, Rieder wonders: Is it really so crazy? Scientists have proposed incredibly risky schemes to \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2013/10/20/238548240/turning-to-scientists-to-engineer-a-cooler-climate\">geoengineer the clouds and oceans\u003c/a>. They’re researching ways to suck carbon out of the air on a mass scale. Some have even called for overhauling the global system of \u003ca href=\"http://www.nybooks.com/articles/2014/12/04/can-climate-change-cure-capitalism/\">free-market capitalism\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Compared to all that, Rieder says, bringing down the fertility rate seems downright easy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We know exactly how to make fewer babies,” he says. And it’s something people can start doing today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Should+We+Be+Having+Kids+In+The+Age+Of+Climate+Change%3F+&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "For some climate activists, the personal decision to have a child is also fraught with moral consequences: the negative impact on the environment, and on the quality of life for those children.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Standing before several dozen students in a college classroom, Travis Rieder tries to convince them not to have children. Or at least not too many.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He’s at James Madison University in southwest Virginia to talk about a “small-family ethic” — to question the assumptions of a society that sees having children as good, throws parties for expecting parents, and in which parents then pressure their kids to “give them grandchildren.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘Maybe we should protect our kids by not having them.’\u003ccite>philosopher Travis Rieder\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Why question such assumptions? The prospect of climate catastrophe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For years, people have lamented how bad things might get “for our grandchildren,” but Rieder tells the students that future isn’t so far off anymore.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He asks how old they will be in 2036, and, if they are thinking of having kids, how old their kids will be.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Dangerous climate change \u003ca href=\"http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/earth-will-cross-the-climate-danger-threshold-by-2036/\">is going to be happening by then\u003c/a>,” he says. “Very, very soon.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rieder wears a tweedy jacket and tennis shoes, and he limps because of a motorcycle accident. He’s a philosopher with the \u003ca href=\"http://www.bioethicsinstitute.org/\">Berman Institute of Bioethics\u003c/a> at Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore, and his arguments against having children are moral.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Americans and other rich nations produce the most carbon emissions per capita, he says. Yet people in the world’s poorest nations are most likely to suffer severe climate impacts, “and that seems unfair,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s also a moral duty to future generations that will live amid the climate devastation being created now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Here’s a provocative thought: Maybe we should protect our kids by not having them,” Rieder says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His arguments sound pretty persuasive in the classroom. At home, it was a different matter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Philosopher’s Personal Dilemma\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I have been one of those women who actually craved to have a baby,” says Sadiye Rieder, smiling as she sits next to her husband in the sunroom of their Maryland home. “To go through pregnancy and everything, that mattered to me a lot.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sadiye also wanted a big family. She grew up among extended relatives in the Turkish part of Cyprus and says she enjoyed having people around all the time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This was not a problem early in their marriage, as each focused on their studies. But by the time Sadiye began feeling ready for motherhood, Travis’ research had delved into the morality of adoption, which led to the ethics of procreation and to its impact on the climate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They knew they had to talk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s not easy to convince a philosopher!” Sadiye says with a laugh.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_929168\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 3000px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-929168\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/2016-04-10-family-ethicist-rieder-0029-edit_custom-1a10f9a95f1400982ae78ee8b5d9b5cf0ecf1ec5-1.jpg\" alt=\"Travis and Sadiye Rieder read a book with their 2-year-old daughter, Sinem, in their Maryland home. Travis is a philosopher and ethicist who argues against having too many children, for moral and environmental reasons. His wife always wanted to have a big family.\" width=\"3000\" height=\"1998\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/2016-04-10-family-ethicist-rieder-0029-edit_custom-1a10f9a95f1400982ae78ee8b5d9b5cf0ecf1ec5-1.jpg 3000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/2016-04-10-family-ethicist-rieder-0029-edit_custom-1a10f9a95f1400982ae78ee8b5d9b5cf0ecf1ec5-1-400x266.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/2016-04-10-family-ethicist-rieder-0029-edit_custom-1a10f9a95f1400982ae78ee8b5d9b5cf0ecf1ec5-1-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/2016-04-10-family-ethicist-rieder-0029-edit_custom-1a10f9a95f1400982ae78ee8b5d9b5cf0ecf1ec5-1-768x511.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/2016-04-10-family-ethicist-rieder-0029-edit_custom-1a10f9a95f1400982ae78ee8b5d9b5cf0ecf1ec5-1-1440x959.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/2016-04-10-family-ethicist-rieder-0029-edit_custom-1a10f9a95f1400982ae78ee8b5d9b5cf0ecf1ec5-1-1920x1279.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/2016-04-10-family-ethicist-rieder-0029-edit_custom-1a10f9a95f1400982ae78ee8b5d9b5cf0ecf1ec5-1-1180x786.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/2016-04-10-family-ethicist-rieder-0029-edit_custom-1a10f9a95f1400982ae78ee8b5d9b5cf0ecf1ec5-1-960x639.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 3000px) 100vw, 3000px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Travis and Sadiye Rieder read a book with their 2-year-old daughter, Sinem, in their Maryland home. Travis is a philosopher and ethicist who argues against having too many children, for moral and environmental reasons. His wife always wanted to have a big family. \u003ccite>(Ariel Zambelich/NPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Scientists warn that a catastrophic tipping point is possible in the next few decades. By midcentury, possibly before, the average global temperature is projected to rise by more than \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2015/12/12/459502597/2-degrees-100-billion-the-world-climate-agreement-by-the-numbers\">2 degrees Celsius\u003c/a>, the point scientists and world leaders agree would trigger cataclysmic consequences. Last year’s historic \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2015/12/12/459464621/final-draft-of-world-climate-agreement-goes-to-a-vote-in-paris-saturday\">Paris climate agreement\u003c/a> falls short of preventing that, so more drastic cuts in carbon emissions are needed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Adding to that challenge, the world is expected to add several billion people in the next few decades, each one producing more emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, without dramatic action, climatologists say, the world is on track to hit 4 degrees Celsius of warming by the end of the century, and worse beyond that. A \u003ca href=\"http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2013/03/26/000445729_20130326120429/Rendered/PDF/632190WP0Turn000Box374367B00PUBLIC0.pdf\">World Bank report\u003c/a> says this must be avoided, and warns of unprecedented heat waves, severe drought and serious impacts on ecosystems and “human systems.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Back in the classroom, Rieder puts this in less technical terms: 4 degrees of warming would be “largely uninhabitable for humans.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s gonna be post-apocalyptic movie time,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The room is quiet. No one fidgets. Later, a few students say they had no idea the situation was so bad. One says he appreciated the talk but found it terrifying, and hadn’t planned on being so shaken before heading off to start the weekend.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still. Even given the apocalyptic scenarios: Can you actually expect people to forgo something as deeply personal as having children? To deny the biological imperative that’s driven civilization?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rieder and two colleagues, Colin Hickey and Jake Earl of Georgetown University, have \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/documents/2016/jun/population_engineering.pdf\">a strategy for trying to do just that\u003c/a>. Rieder is \u003ca href=\"http://www.springer.com/us/book/9783319338699\">publishing a book\u003c/a> on the subject later this year, and expects to take plenty of heat. But he’s hardly alone in thinking the climate crisis has come to this.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>“The Climate Crisis Is a Reproductive Crisis”\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meghan Hoskins is among a dozen people gathered in the spare office of an environmental group in Keene, N.H., earlier this year. They sit on folding chairs in a circle, the room humming with multiple conversations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If I had told my boyfriend at the time, ‘I’m not ready to have children because I don’t know what the climate’s gonna be like in 50 years,’ he wouldn’t have understood. There’s no way,” says Hoskins, a 23-year-old whose red hair is twisted in a long braid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_929169\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 3262px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-929169\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/img_3377-edit-178c9ad1462417f07c63451fb15142318a874939-1.jpg\" alt='Josephine Ferorelli (left) and Meghan Kallman are the co-founders of Conceivable Future, a nonprofit founded on the notion that \"the climate crisis is a reproductive crisis.\"' width=\"3262\" height=\"2446\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/img_3377-edit-178c9ad1462417f07c63451fb15142318a874939-1.jpg 3262w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/img_3377-edit-178c9ad1462417f07c63451fb15142318a874939-1-400x300.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/img_3377-edit-178c9ad1462417f07c63451fb15142318a874939-1-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/img_3377-edit-178c9ad1462417f07c63451fb15142318a874939-1-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/img_3377-edit-178c9ad1462417f07c63451fb15142318a874939-1-1440x1080.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/img_3377-edit-178c9ad1462417f07c63451fb15142318a874939-1-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/img_3377-edit-178c9ad1462417f07c63451fb15142318a874939-1-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/img_3377-edit-178c9ad1462417f07c63451fb15142318a874939-1-960x720.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 3262px) 100vw, 3262px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Josephine Ferorelli (left) and Meghan Kallman are the co-founders of Conceivable Future, a nonprofit founded on the notion that “the climate crisis is a reproductive crisis.” \u003ccite>(Jennifer Ludden/NPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>This is one of 16 meetings over the past year and a half organized by \u003ca href=\"http://conceivablefuture.org/\">Conceivable Future\u003c/a>, a nonprofit founded on the notion that “the climate crisis is a reproductive crisis.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hoskins says she’s always wanted “little redheaded babies” — as do her parents, the sooner the better.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But she’s a grad student in environmental studies, and the more she learns, the more she questions what kind of life those babies would have.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a country where even the idea of climate change can be polarizing and political, Hoskins has never shared that fear until now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meghan Kallman is a co-founder of Conceivable Future. “I can’t count the number of times people have said, ‘Oh, my God, it’s so nice to know I’m not the only person that worries about this,’ ” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In November 2014, Kallman and Josephine Ferorelli created Conceivable Future to make these personal struggles public. The group’s ultimate goal is ending U.S. fossil fuel subsidies, though its immediate role seems one of commiseration.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Conceivable Future targets climate activists immersed in scary data. \u003ca href=\"https://www.newsecuritybeat.org/2015/09/droughts-floods-die-offs-proliferate-climate-trauma-growing-phenomenon/\">There’s already a term for how some feel: climate trauma\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Kallman and Ferorelli say the focus on numbers fails to capture the emotion that drives many to work on the issue in the first place. For activists of childbearing age, Ferorelli says, climate change isn’t just an intellectual problem but “a heart problem.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ferorelli, 33, and Kallman, 32, are both in committed relationships, and in the throes of this problem. Ferorelli recently helped her widowed mother pack up her house, saving cherished items with the unspoken assumption that they are for a next generation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And yet, when she imagines raising a child, Ferorelli says she can’t help but envision the nightmare scenarios that have dogged her since she first heard the term “global warming” in elementary school.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Knowing that I gave that future to somebody is something that just doesn’t sit very well,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_929165\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 3000px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-929165\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/2016-04-10-family-ethicist-rieder-0157-edit_custom-a9acc0f91efa6293ac35199118d66c92120c742e-1.jpg\" alt=\"Travis and Sadiye Rieder play with Sinem in their home. They've agreed that if they want more children, they'll adopt.\" width=\"3000\" height=\"1998\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/2016-04-10-family-ethicist-rieder-0157-edit_custom-a9acc0f91efa6293ac35199118d66c92120c742e-1.jpg 3000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/2016-04-10-family-ethicist-rieder-0157-edit_custom-a9acc0f91efa6293ac35199118d66c92120c742e-1-400x266.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/2016-04-10-family-ethicist-rieder-0157-edit_custom-a9acc0f91efa6293ac35199118d66c92120c742e-1-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/2016-04-10-family-ethicist-rieder-0157-edit_custom-a9acc0f91efa6293ac35199118d66c92120c742e-1-768x511.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/2016-04-10-family-ethicist-rieder-0157-edit_custom-a9acc0f91efa6293ac35199118d66c92120c742e-1-1440x959.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/2016-04-10-family-ethicist-rieder-0157-edit_custom-a9acc0f91efa6293ac35199118d66c92120c742e-1-1920x1279.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/2016-04-10-family-ethicist-rieder-0157-edit_custom-a9acc0f91efa6293ac35199118d66c92120c742e-1-1180x786.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/2016-04-10-family-ethicist-rieder-0157-edit_custom-a9acc0f91efa6293ac35199118d66c92120c742e-1-960x639.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 3000px) 100vw, 3000px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Travis and Sadiye Rieder play with Sinem in their home. They’ve agreed that if they want more children, they’ll adopt. \u003ccite>(Ariel Zambelich/NPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>At the New Hampshire meeting, 67-year-old Nancy Nolan tells two younger women that people didn’t know about climate change in the 1980s when she had her kids. Once her children were grown, “I said to them, ‘I hope you never have children,’ which is an awful thing to say,” Nolan says, her voice wavering. “It can bring me to tears easily.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She adds that of course people are driven to procreate, and you can’t really tell them not to.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One woman looks a little stunned. She’s not a climate activist — just tagged along with a friend — and says she had no idea that deciding not to have kids because of the climate was even a thing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These aren’t the first would-be parents to ask whether it’s fair to bring a child into the world. U.S. birth rates plummeted during the Great Depression. Many also must have thought twice amid warnings of overpopulation in the 1960s and ’70s, and under the threat of nuclear holocaust.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kallman says she’s heard from women who remember that; their reaction surprised her.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Things like, ‘Oh, I thought we were gonna blow ourselves up in nuclear war, but it didn’t happen. And therefore, just be quiet and have some babies, and, see, everything will be all right,’ ” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The comments may be well-intentioned, but as Kallman and Ferorelli see it, the threat from climate change is worse. It’s not a possibility. It’s happening.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not everyone at the New Hampshire meeting is as pessimistic about the future. Becky Whitley still plans to have a second child. She’s with the advocacy group \u003ca href=\"http://www.momscleanairforce.org/\">Moms Clean Air Force\u003c/a> and says becoming a parent is precisely what motivated her to care about the climate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think I really do come from a place of hope because I am a mother,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kallman and Ferorelli say they don’t want to tell anyone what to do. In fact, neither is ready to rule out children herself.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’m not ready to get rid of the fantasy,” says Ferorelli. “In certain versions of the future, I would love to have a kid.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>An Easier Way?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Back at James Madison University, Travis Rieder explains a PowerPoint graph that seems to offer hope. Bringing down global fertility by just half a child per woman “could be the thing that saves us,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He cites a \u003ca href=\"http://www.pnas.org/content/107/41/17521.full\">study from 2010\u003c/a> that looked at the impact of demographic change on global carbon emissions. It found that slowing population growth could eliminate one-fifth to one-quarter of all the carbon emissions that need to be cut by midcentury to avoid that potentially catastrophic tipping point.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rieder’s audience seems to want an easier way. A student asks about the carbon savings from not eating meat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Excellent idea, Rieder says. But no amount of conservation gives you a pass. Oregon State University researchers \u003ca href=\"http://blog.oregonlive.com/environment_impact/2009/07/carbon%20legacy.pdf\">have calculated the savings\u003c/a> from all kinds of conservation measures: driving a hybrid, driving less, recycling, using energy-efficient appliances, windows and light bulbs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For an American, the total metric tons of carbon dioxide saved by all of those measures over an entire lifetime of 80 years: 488. By contrast, the metric tons saved when a person chooses to have one fewer child: 9,441.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another student asks: “What happens if that kid you decided not to have would have been the person who grew up and essentially cured this?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Again, great question, says Rieder, but the answer is still no. First, the chances are slim. More to the point, he says, valuing children as a means to an end — be it to cure climate change or, say, provide soldiers for the state — is ethically problematic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With all that’s at stake, he says, we need to shift our cultural attitudes. “It’s not the childless who must justify their lifestyle. It’s the rest of us.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And that includes Rieder.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>“One and Done”\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At home, Travis Rieder’s face lights up when his 2-year-old daughter, Sinem, sings a favorite song. She stands at her mother’s knee, bouncing up and down on her toes, giggling as her parents clap.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After many conversations, he and Sadiye ended up convincing each other. Travis decided you can’t deny someone the hard-wired human fulfillment of creating a child.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Sadiye agreed that the moral bar for a second child is much higher. The couple is “one and done.” Any more children will come through adoption.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Travis also argues that someone who doesn’t feel that deep longing to procreate is morally compelled to think twice before having any children at all.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When he writes online, Rieder often gets nasty comments, and inevitably people will say he must not have children. He believes it’s important that he understand viscerally what he’s asking of people. His daughter, he says, is “the most amazing thing we’ve ever done with our lives.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So how do you persuade millions or billions of people around the world to sacrifice that? To avert climate disaster, the fertility rate would have to fall much faster than it has been. It would require more than educating women and expanding access to contraception, as aid agencies have been doing for decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Carrots for the Poor, Sticks for the Rich\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rieder and his Georgetown collaborators have a proposal, and the first thing they stress is that it’s not like China’s abusive \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/parallels/2013/11/29/247782924/chinese-welcome-two-child-policy-but-can-they-afford-it\">one-child policy\u003c/a>. It aims to persuade people to choose fewer children with a strategy that boils down to \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/documents/2016/jun/population_engineering.pdf\">carrots for the poor, sticks for the rich.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ethically, Rieder says poor nations get some slack because they’re still developing, and because their per capita emissions are a sliver of the developed world’s. Plus, it just doesn’t look good for rich, Western nations to tell people in poor ones not to have kids. He suggests things like paying poor women to refill their birth control and — something that’s had proven success — widespread media campaigns.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the 1970s and ’80s, a wave of educational soap operas in Latin America, Asia and Africa wove family planning into their plot lines. Some countries did this when they faced economic crisis. The shows are credited with actually \u003ca href=\"http://www.apa.org/monitor/oct02/theory.aspx\">changing people’s opinions\u003c/a> about family size.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the sticks part of the plan, Rieder proposes that richer nations do away with tax breaks for having children and actually penalize new parents. He says the penalty should be progressive, based on income, and could increase with each additional child.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Think of it like a carbon tax, on kids. He knows that sounds crazy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“But children, in a kind of cold way of looking at it, are an externality,” he says. “We as parents, we as family members, we get the good. And the world, the community, pays the cost.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course, there are ethical concerns. \u003ca href=\"https://kennedyinstitute.georgetown.edu/people/rebecca-kukla/\">Rebecca Kukla\u003c/a> of Georgetown University worries about stigma, especially against poor and minority women. If cultural norms do change, she says, there could be a backlash against families with more children than is deemed socially appropriate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kukla appreciates that Rieder’s penalty on procreation would be progressive. But since it could not be so high as to be coercive, she says \u003ca href=\"https://www.academia.edu/27846638/Whose_Job_Is_It_to_Fight_Climate_Change_A_Response_to_Hickey_Rieder_and_Earl\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">it would inevitably be unfair\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What that will actually translate into is it becoming much easier for wealthy people to have children than for other people to have children,” Kukla says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An even bigger hurdle is the sheer unlikelihood of it all. Rieder has no illusions. In fact, he says, some countries that have successfully reduced fertility rates have since reversed course, afraid that falling population will hurt their economies. (He has an answer — just as controversial — to that, too. He would have nations open up immigration to allow in the expected tens of millions of climate refugees.) Rieder’s real hope is to change people’s way of thinking about childbearing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But if his idea seems like a last-ditch Hail Mary play, he wouldn’t disagree.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The situation is bleak, it’s just dark,” he says. “Population engineering, maybe it’s an extreme move. But it gives us a chance.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, Rieder wonders: Is it really so crazy? Scientists have proposed incredibly risky schemes to \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2013/10/20/238548240/turning-to-scientists-to-engineer-a-cooler-climate\">geoengineer the clouds and oceans\u003c/a>. They’re researching ways to suck carbon out of the air on a mass scale. Some have even called for overhauling the global system of \u003ca href=\"http://www.nybooks.com/articles/2014/12/04/can-climate-change-cure-capitalism/\">free-market capitalism\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Compared to all that, Rieder says, bringing down the fertility rate seems downright easy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We know exactly how to make fewer babies,” he says. And it’s something people can start doing today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Should+We+Be+Having+Kids+In+The+Age+Of+Climate+Change%3F+&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Obama's Environmental Legacy Includes 24 National Monuments",
"headTitle": "Obama’s Environmental Legacy Includes 24 National Monuments | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>The race is on to win President Barack Obama’s attention as he puts some final touches on his environmental legacy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Conservation groups, American Indian tribes and federal lawmakers are urging his administration to preserve millions of acres as national monuments. Such a designation often prevents new drilling and mining on public lands, or the construction of new roads and utility lines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The flurry of activity is creating enthusiasm — and tensions — in several parts of the country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”YqGfzB4x5SkHSCnpVuCtBZgaRp0Uj3AS”]Efforts are underway in Utah, Arizona, Nevada, Maine and elsewhere to get Obama to designate new national monuments. Proponents aren’t just focused on land. They’re also looking to greater protections for vast swaths of ocean bottom off the coasts of New England, \u003cspan style=\"color: #000000\">California\u003c/span> and Hawaii.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Obama has created or expanded 24 national monuments during his seven-and-a-half-year tenure, covering more acreage than any other president. Almost nobody thinks he’s done yet. Environmental groups are urging him to go big as he leaves office.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What he’s done in terms of protection has been good, but what he does next is how we measure whether his legacy is great or not,” said Sharon Buccino of the Natural Resources Defense Council.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Proponents of the various monument proposals know that the next administration will have other immediate priorities. Some presidents, including Richard Nixon, Ronald Reagan and George H.W. Bush, never exercised their powers to designate national monuments through the 1906 Antiquities Act. The proponents recognize the window of opportunity could be closing for several years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They’re also aware that Obama’s immediate predecessors, Presidents Bill Clinton and George W. Bush, waited almost exclusively until their final months in office to designate national monuments, so there is a chance Obama will become even more active.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s disconcerting for many members in Congress, particularly Republicans, who say the Antiquities Act wasn’t designed to bolster a president’s legacy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Presidents are starting to abuse this authority as they leave the office. If they actually tried to do this on the first day so that Congress had some ability to respond to it, and the people did, I’d be more comfortable about what their motives are,” said GOP Rep. Rob Bishop of Utah, chairman of the House Natural Resources Committee.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Christy Goldfuss, managing director of the White House Council on Environmental Quality, won’t discuss specific national monument possibilities, but said Obama “certainly feels we have more to do to protect this planet from climate change, so we’ll see how this plays out.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bishop said lawmakers would work with the administration on additional protections for some public lands, but environmental groups and others are less willing to compromise knowing they can go to the president to get a national monument designation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It actually impedes the ability of bringing everyone together knowing the president has this power to create a monument whenever he wants to,” Bishop said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Goldfuss said the administration works to get extensive local feedback before making any monument determination. She and others such as Interior Secretary Sally Jewell and Agriculture Secretary Tom Vilsack feed the president information, but in the end, it’s his decision.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is all about taking the long view here and recognizing there are things of importance to future generations, and the president is in a good spot to make that determination,” Goldfuss said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bishop’s state is home to perhaps the most talked about effort, the proposed Bears Ears National Monument.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Utah’s Republican-dominated Legislature overwhelming voted for a resolution opposing the monument. Republican Gov. Gary Herbert said a monument designation would bring more visitors but not necessarily more resources, leading to an increase in vandalism and environmental degradation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bishop wants instead additional protections for about 1.4 million acres of the Bears Ears area and opening up other lands for gas and oil exploration and recreation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Matt Keller, the national monuments campaign director for the Wilderness Society, said he believes the prospects for a monument designation in Bears Ears are promising. Jewell’s fact-finding trip to the region last month shows the administration is serious about protecting the thousands of artifacts and rock carvings documenting how Native Americans lived through the centuries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A big priority for them is protecting lands that are inclusive of diverse populations and tell the story of the American people a little more broadly,” Keller said.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The race is on to win President Barack Obama’s attention as he puts some final touches on his environmental legacy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Conservation groups, American Indian tribes and federal lawmakers are urging his administration to preserve millions of acres as national monuments. Such a designation often prevents new drilling and mining on public lands, or the construction of new roads and utility lines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The flurry of activity is creating enthusiasm — and tensions — in several parts of the country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>Efforts are underway in Utah, Arizona, Nevada, Maine and elsewhere to get Obama to designate new national monuments. Proponents aren’t just focused on land. They’re also looking to greater protections for vast swaths of ocean bottom off the coasts of New England, \u003cspan style=\"color: #000000\">California\u003c/span> and Hawaii.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Obama has created or expanded 24 national monuments during his seven-and-a-half-year tenure, covering more acreage than any other president. Almost nobody thinks he’s done yet. Environmental groups are urging him to go big as he leaves office.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What he’s done in terms of protection has been good, but what he does next is how we measure whether his legacy is great or not,” said Sharon Buccino of the Natural Resources Defense Council.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Proponents of the various monument proposals know that the next administration will have other immediate priorities. Some presidents, including Richard Nixon, Ronald Reagan and George H.W. Bush, never exercised their powers to designate national monuments through the 1906 Antiquities Act. The proponents recognize the window of opportunity could be closing for several years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They’re also aware that Obama’s immediate predecessors, Presidents Bill Clinton and George W. Bush, waited almost exclusively until their final months in office to designate national monuments, so there is a chance Obama will become even more active.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s disconcerting for many members in Congress, particularly Republicans, who say the Antiquities Act wasn’t designed to bolster a president’s legacy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Presidents are starting to abuse this authority as they leave the office. If they actually tried to do this on the first day so that Congress had some ability to respond to it, and the people did, I’d be more comfortable about what their motives are,” said GOP Rep. Rob Bishop of Utah, chairman of the House Natural Resources Committee.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Christy Goldfuss, managing director of the White House Council on Environmental Quality, won’t discuss specific national monument possibilities, but said Obama “certainly feels we have more to do to protect this planet from climate change, so we’ll see how this plays out.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bishop said lawmakers would work with the administration on additional protections for some public lands, but environmental groups and others are less willing to compromise knowing they can go to the president to get a national monument designation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It actually impedes the ability of bringing everyone together knowing the president has this power to create a monument whenever he wants to,” Bishop said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Goldfuss said the administration works to get extensive local feedback before making any monument determination. She and others such as Interior Secretary Sally Jewell and Agriculture Secretary Tom Vilsack feed the president information, but in the end, it’s his decision.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is all about taking the long view here and recognizing there are things of importance to future generations, and the president is in a good spot to make that determination,” Goldfuss said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bishop’s state is home to perhaps the most talked about effort, the proposed Bears Ears National Monument.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Utah’s Republican-dominated Legislature overwhelming voted for a resolution opposing the monument. Republican Gov. Gary Herbert said a monument designation would bring more visitors but not necessarily more resources, leading to an increase in vandalism and environmental degradation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bishop wants instead additional protections for about 1.4 million acres of the Bears Ears area and opening up other lands for gas and oil exploration and recreation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Matt Keller, the national monuments campaign director for the Wilderness Society, said he believes the prospects for a monument designation in Bears Ears are promising. Jewell’s fact-finding trip to the region last month shows the administration is serious about protecting the thousands of artifacts and rock carvings documenting how Native Americans lived through the centuries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A big priority for them is protecting lands that are inclusive of diverse populations and tell the story of the American people a little more broadly,” Keller said.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "MAP: See Which Parts of California Are Ditching Drought Rules",
"headTitle": "MAP: See Which Parts of California Are Ditching Drought Rules | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Don’t be too surprised if you see greener lawns in California these days.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2016/05/09/california-may-abandon-state-imposed-water-conservation-quotas/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">mandatory drought rules\u003c/a> in effect throughout the state over the last year have largely gone out the window.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Until recently, state officials set conservation standards between 4 to 36 percent for the 411 water districts in the state. Now, water districts are setting their own rules and the vast majority are ditching mandatory cutbacks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Click on the dots to see water districts’ new mandatory conservation rules\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\n\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"100%\" height=\"620\" frameborder=\"0\" src=\"https://kqednews.carto.com/viz/eb439d68-6406-11e6-9b06-0ecd1babdde5/embed_map\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More than 80 percent of the state’s water districts say they can handle a severe drought similar to the past three years. That’s the “stress test” the State Water Resources Control Board required them to do. The board is not vetting the stress test plans individually.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sixty-six water districts said they’d experience a shortfall in another drought and have chosen to keep mandatory cutbacks. More than a third of districts are keeping voluntary cutbacks in place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is appropriate to be able to relax because the situation changed,” says Felicia Marcus of the State Water Board.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Environmental groups are criticizing the state, saying the weaker rules send a mixed message to Californians after three years of conservation outreach.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If water conservation drops off, the water board says it’s prepared go back to mandatory cutbacks starting in January next year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We can’t take water for granted,” says Marcus. “And the next drought may be just around the corner or the one we’re in may get worse again.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Don’t be too surprised if you see greener lawns in California these days.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2016/05/09/california-may-abandon-state-imposed-water-conservation-quotas/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">mandatory drought rules\u003c/a> in effect throughout the state over the last year have largely gone out the window.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Until recently, state officials set conservation standards between 4 to 36 percent for the 411 water districts in the state. Now, water districts are setting their own rules and the vast majority are ditching mandatory cutbacks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Click on the dots to see water districts’ new mandatory conservation rules\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\n\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"100%\" height=\"620\" frameborder=\"0\" src=\"https://kqednews.carto.com/viz/eb439d68-6406-11e6-9b06-0ecd1babdde5/embed_map\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More than 80 percent of the state’s water districts say they can handle a severe drought similar to the past three years. That’s the “stress test” the State Water Resources Control Board required them to do. The board is not vetting the stress test plans individually.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sixty-six water districts said they’d experience a shortfall in another drought and have chosen to keep mandatory cutbacks. More than a third of districts are keeping voluntary cutbacks in place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is appropriate to be able to relax because the situation changed,” says Felicia Marcus of the State Water Board.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Environmental groups are criticizing the state, saying the weaker rules send a mixed message to Californians after three years of conservation outreach.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If water conservation drops off, the water board says it’s prepared go back to mandatory cutbacks starting in January next year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We can’t take water for granted,” says Marcus. “And the next drought may be just around the corner or the one we’re in may get worse again.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "As Drought Continues, Northern California Towns Run Out of Water",
"headTitle": "As Drought Continues, Northern California Towns Run Out of Water | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Pasenka, population 112, is an out-of-the-way place where rustic ranches grace grass-covered hills rolling west toward Mendocino Pass. Since the lumber mill closed in 1992, the Tehama County community 130 miles (210km) north of Sacramento has been settling into bucolic tranquility.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A water crisis has triggered a rude awakening.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Thomes Creek, the sole source of water for the Paskenta Community Services District, is dropping. A pump that taps the underflow from a pool in the creek is a mere 6ft (1.8m) below the current water level, said Janet Zornig, the district’s manager.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If it keeps up like this – and no rain in sight – we’ll have to haul in water,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the crisis Paskenta is facing is the most critical, more than a dozen communities in northern California are grappling with diminishing water supplies. Most, like Paskenta, are located along the edges of the northern Sacramento Valley, where groundwater diminishes as the elevation rises. Most, like Paskenta, rely on streams that flow into the Sacramento River.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“All of the water systems located in that bathtub ring are struggling,” said Reese Crenshaw, a Redding-based district engineer with the state’s Division of Drinking Water, a part of the California Department of Public Health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Four consecutive winters with little or no snowpack, followed by four dry summers, have upended water systems from Glenn and Colusa counties, on the west side of the Sacramento Valley, to Butte County on the eastern slope. The difficulties go beyond lower levels in the creeks and reservoirs they depend upon. Among them is a drought-caused requirement, issued by the state’s Division of Water Rights, that all systems on tributaries to the Sacramento River find alternative sources of water. These “drastic measures” are designed to protect fish and those who hold senior water rights, Crenshaw said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_924825\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 702px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-924825\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/Google-map.png\" alt=\"Paskenta, Calif. is located 130 miles (210km) north of Sacramento. The town is one of about a dozen in northern California facing water shortages. \" width=\"702\" height=\"507\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/Google-map.png 702w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/Google-map-400x289.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 702px) 100vw, 702px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Paskenta, Calif. is located 130 miles (210km) north of Sacramento. The town is one of about a dozen in northern California facing water shortages. \u003ccite>(Google Maps)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Because it flows into the Sacramento River, Paskenta has been ordered to stop using Thomes Creek. It’s a directive fraught with irony since the stream is already low enough to cause the current emergency.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Paskenta has been facing a water crisis for three consecutive years. In 2014, when Thomes Creek dropped to levels too low to pump, the community hauled water from Corning 20 miles (32km) to the east. The Corning City Council authorized 20,000 gallons (75,000 liters) of water per day for the Paskenta Community Services District. This approval was due to expire on June 30, 2015, but the council renewed it last year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last month Corning officials once again came to the rescue of their neighbors in Paskenta. Recognizing the dearth of water as a health and safety emergency, they reauthorized the Paskenta district to collect and transport up to 20,000 gallons of water daily at the rate of $5 per 1,000 gallons.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The trucking hasn’t started yet but it appears imminent. Last year, when hauled water was the only source after August 26, the 250 people on the community water system were restricted to 100 gallons per household per day, Zornig said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This year? “I can’t tell you. Right now we’re not out of water,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, state officials are planning to drill a test well east of Paskenta to develop a secondary source as an alternative to Thomes Creek. Groundwater in that area is always scarce, said Crenshaw. If they don’t hit a sufficient supply they will install a storage system with a capacity of 3 million gallons. The current storage tank holds around 200,000 gallons, enough for between five and eight days, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The toll that drought has taken on northern California water systems is not limited to communities along the edges of the Sacramento Valley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2014, Willits, in coastal Mendocino County, was down to a 100-day supply in the reservoirs that are the water source for its 4,850 residents. Since then the city has drilled a well as an emergency backup supply, paying most of the $1 million costs out of reserve funds, said Willits Mayor Bruce Burton.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This year the reservoirs are at 80 percent capacity. Optimistic that “days of plenty” have returned, Burton dismissed any worries about diminishing water supplies caused by long-term climate changes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Talking about the weather is an ice-breaker for conversation. It’s another way to say hello,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Officials in nearby Brooktrails Township are not as sanguine. In 2014, when drought lowered the reservoirs that supply the community of 1,550, officials imposed mandatory rationing. The 110 gallons (415 liters) per day for a four-person household was barely over the state minimum of 27 gallons per day per person.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today the Brooktrails reservoirs are full but the rationing continues, now raised to 250 gallons a day. And the community remains under a state-imposed moratorium on new connections until it provides an alternate drinking water source, said a spokesperson for general manager Denise Rose.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To ensure a stable supply of municipal water, the Division of Drinking Water required Brooktrails Township to request a tie-in to the city of Willits water supply. The community can’t afford the backup system costs, estimated at $1 million just for the installation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It really needs to rain,” the Brooktrails spokesperson said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Drought is creating a different set of problems for Del Oro Water Co. in Arbuckle, northwest of Sacramento. Overpumping caused the groundwater level to drop. The subsidence that followed was severe enough to damage the district’s well, said Crenshaw. In Elk Creek near Willows, lowering groundwater allowed manganese to enter the community system. Residents there drank bottled water until treatment brought the manganese to within acceptable standards, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Crenshaw predicted that more communities will experience water supply problems as the drought continues. “Each community has its own set of issues and solutions to deal with,” he said. “We can’t move the towns. They are there.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For Paskenta, a third year of living with the strict rationing imposed by trucked-in water may be approaching. Zornig, the water district secretary, credited residents with rising to the challenge the shortages have created. “They have learned to cope. I’m proud of them,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, she is hoping for rain: “It’s a gamble every year but it has rained in the summer before.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This article originally appeared on \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://mail.kqed.org/owa/redir.aspx?C=9e4bb0e1a7d74f24ba4684ef2533053d&URL=https%3a%2f%2fwww.newsdeeply.com%2fwater\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Water Deeply\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, and you can find it \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/articles/2016/08/16/northern-california-towns-are-running-out-of-water\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">here\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. For important news about the California drought, you can \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://mail.kqed.org/owa/redir.aspx?C=9e4bb0e1a7d74f24ba4684ef2533053d&URL=http%3a%2f%2fwaterdeeply.us5.list-manage.com%2fsubscribe%3fu%3d8b78e9a34ff7443ec1e8c62c6%26id%3d2947becb78\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">sign up\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> to the Water Deeply email list.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Paskenta is facing its third year in a row of water shortage because a creek, which is its sole source of water, is dropping. The town is one of more than a dozen in northern California facing water shortages.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Pasenka, population 112, is an out-of-the-way place where rustic ranches grace grass-covered hills rolling west toward Mendocino Pass. Since the lumber mill closed in 1992, the Tehama County community 130 miles (210km) north of Sacramento has been settling into bucolic tranquility.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A water crisis has triggered a rude awakening.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Thomes Creek, the sole source of water for the Paskenta Community Services District, is dropping. A pump that taps the underflow from a pool in the creek is a mere 6ft (1.8m) below the current water level, said Janet Zornig, the district’s manager.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If it keeps up like this – and no rain in sight – we’ll have to haul in water,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the crisis Paskenta is facing is the most critical, more than a dozen communities in northern California are grappling with diminishing water supplies. Most, like Paskenta, are located along the edges of the northern Sacramento Valley, where groundwater diminishes as the elevation rises. Most, like Paskenta, rely on streams that flow into the Sacramento River.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“All of the water systems located in that bathtub ring are struggling,” said Reese Crenshaw, a Redding-based district engineer with the state’s Division of Drinking Water, a part of the California Department of Public Health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Four consecutive winters with little or no snowpack, followed by four dry summers, have upended water systems from Glenn and Colusa counties, on the west side of the Sacramento Valley, to Butte County on the eastern slope. The difficulties go beyond lower levels in the creeks and reservoirs they depend upon. Among them is a drought-caused requirement, issued by the state’s Division of Water Rights, that all systems on tributaries to the Sacramento River find alternative sources of water. These “drastic measures” are designed to protect fish and those who hold senior water rights, Crenshaw said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_924825\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 702px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-924825\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/Google-map.png\" alt=\"Paskenta, Calif. is located 130 miles (210km) north of Sacramento. The town is one of about a dozen in northern California facing water shortages. \" width=\"702\" height=\"507\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/Google-map.png 702w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/Google-map-400x289.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 702px) 100vw, 702px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Paskenta, Calif. is located 130 miles (210km) north of Sacramento. The town is one of about a dozen in northern California facing water shortages. \u003ccite>(Google Maps)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Because it flows into the Sacramento River, Paskenta has been ordered to stop using Thomes Creek. It’s a directive fraught with irony since the stream is already low enough to cause the current emergency.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Paskenta has been facing a water crisis for three consecutive years. In 2014, when Thomes Creek dropped to levels too low to pump, the community hauled water from Corning 20 miles (32km) to the east. The Corning City Council authorized 20,000 gallons (75,000 liters) of water per day for the Paskenta Community Services District. This approval was due to expire on June 30, 2015, but the council renewed it last year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last month Corning officials once again came to the rescue of their neighbors in Paskenta. Recognizing the dearth of water as a health and safety emergency, they reauthorized the Paskenta district to collect and transport up to 20,000 gallons of water daily at the rate of $5 per 1,000 gallons.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The trucking hasn’t started yet but it appears imminent. Last year, when hauled water was the only source after August 26, the 250 people on the community water system were restricted to 100 gallons per household per day, Zornig said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This year? “I can’t tell you. Right now we’re not out of water,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, state officials are planning to drill a test well east of Paskenta to develop a secondary source as an alternative to Thomes Creek. Groundwater in that area is always scarce, said Crenshaw. If they don’t hit a sufficient supply they will install a storage system with a capacity of 3 million gallons. The current storage tank holds around 200,000 gallons, enough for between five and eight days, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The toll that drought has taken on northern California water systems is not limited to communities along the edges of the Sacramento Valley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2014, Willits, in coastal Mendocino County, was down to a 100-day supply in the reservoirs that are the water source for its 4,850 residents. Since then the city has drilled a well as an emergency backup supply, paying most of the $1 million costs out of reserve funds, said Willits Mayor Bruce Burton.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This year the reservoirs are at 80 percent capacity. Optimistic that “days of plenty” have returned, Burton dismissed any worries about diminishing water supplies caused by long-term climate changes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Talking about the weather is an ice-breaker for conversation. It’s another way to say hello,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Officials in nearby Brooktrails Township are not as sanguine. In 2014, when drought lowered the reservoirs that supply the community of 1,550, officials imposed mandatory rationing. The 110 gallons (415 liters) per day for a four-person household was barely over the state minimum of 27 gallons per day per person.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today the Brooktrails reservoirs are full but the rationing continues, now raised to 250 gallons a day. And the community remains under a state-imposed moratorium on new connections until it provides an alternate drinking water source, said a spokesperson for general manager Denise Rose.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To ensure a stable supply of municipal water, the Division of Drinking Water required Brooktrails Township to request a tie-in to the city of Willits water supply. The community can’t afford the backup system costs, estimated at $1 million just for the installation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It really needs to rain,” the Brooktrails spokesperson said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Drought is creating a different set of problems for Del Oro Water Co. in Arbuckle, northwest of Sacramento. Overpumping caused the groundwater level to drop. The subsidence that followed was severe enough to damage the district’s well, said Crenshaw. In Elk Creek near Willows, lowering groundwater allowed manganese to enter the community system. Residents there drank bottled water until treatment brought the manganese to within acceptable standards, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Crenshaw predicted that more communities will experience water supply problems as the drought continues. “Each community has its own set of issues and solutions to deal with,” he said. “We can’t move the towns. They are there.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For Paskenta, a third year of living with the strict rationing imposed by trucked-in water may be approaching. Zornig, the water district secretary, credited residents with rising to the challenge the shortages have created. “They have learned to cope. I’m proud of them,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, she is hoping for rain: “It’s a gamble every year but it has rained in the summer before.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This article originally appeared on \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://mail.kqed.org/owa/redir.aspx?C=9e4bb0e1a7d74f24ba4684ef2533053d&URL=https%3a%2f%2fwww.newsdeeply.com%2fwater\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Water Deeply\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, and you can find it \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/articles/2016/08/16/northern-california-towns-are-running-out-of-water\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">here\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. For important news about the California drought, you can \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://mail.kqed.org/owa/redir.aspx?C=9e4bb0e1a7d74f24ba4684ef2533053d&URL=http%3a%2f%2fwaterdeeply.us5.list-manage.com%2fsubscribe%3fu%3d8b78e9a34ff7443ec1e8c62c6%26id%3d2947becb78\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">sign up\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> to the Water Deeply email list.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Stanford Develops Chiclet-Sized Device That Purifies Water Using Sunlight",
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"content": "\u003cp>A tiny black tablet could prove to be a very big deal from impoverished countries to the Pacific Crest Trail.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers at SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory and Stanford University have developed a tiny, Chiclet-sized device that uses solar energy to disinfect water.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">During lab experiments, the device killed 99.999 percent of bacteria present after just 20 minutes.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Unlike boiling a pot of water which requires fuel or purifying water with an ultraviolet wand, which requires charging, the tiny tab needs only sunlight, and can be infinitely reused.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s also more efficient. UV rays, commonly used to purify water, carry just 4 percent of the sun’s total energy but the still unnamed device harnesses the the visible spectrum, which contains 50 percent of the sun’s energy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The device looks like smooth black glass to the naked eye, but when its microscopic layers of “nanoflakes” are exposed to sunlight, they trigger chemical reactions that kill bacteria in water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The key compound — molybdenum disulfide — is a lubricant found in industrial grease. Sunlight stirs its electrons to move and the holes they leave behind \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">have activated energy. This means they can participate in chemical reactions with oxygen and water to \u003c/span>produce hydrogen peroxide, which kills the bacteria. After the bacteria died, the chemicals quickly dissipated, leaving pure water behind.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When you see there’s no bacteria growing, it’s really exciting,” says Chong Liu, lead author on the report, which was published in \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/nnano/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/nnano.2016.138.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Nature Nanotechnology\u003c/a> on Monday. “We didn’t expect it to work that well at first.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But during lab experiments, Liu says the device killed 99.999 percent of the bacteria present after just 20 minutes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The tiny purifier could have a big impact. \u003ca href=\"http://www.unwater.org/water-cooperation-2013/water-cooperation/facts-and-figures/en/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">According to the United Nations\u003c/a>, more than 780 million people around the world lack access to clean drinking water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_922630\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1181px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-922630\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/device.jpg\" alt=\"Inside the device, molybdenum disulfide is arranged like a maze and topped with a thin layer of copper. Light falling on the walls triggers the formation of hydrogen peroxide and other disinfecting chemicals that kill bacteria.\" width=\"1181\" height=\"886\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/device.jpg 1181w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/device-400x300.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/device-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/device-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/device-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/device-960x720.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1181px) 100vw, 1181px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Inside the device, molybdenum disulfide is arranged like a maze and topped with a thin layer of copper. Light falling on the walls triggers the formation of hydrogen peroxide and other disinfecting chemicals that kill bacteria. \u003ccite>(SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>It has its limitations, however. The device can’t remove chemical pollutants like lead and hasn’t been tested on viruses yet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers say it was 100 percent effective when tested on two types of E.coli and Enterococcus, a type of lactic acid bacteria.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One can imagine the potential market for wilderness backpackers, but Liu says a prime motivator for her was the chance to improve environmental conditions in developing countries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As a researcher it’s really exciting for us to see that by developing technologies you have the potential to help a lot of people.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The next step will be testing the device in real-world settings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After that, it would take a few years before the purifier is commercially available and will, ideally, cost less than $30.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>A tiny black tablet could prove to be a very big deal from impoverished countries to the Pacific Crest Trail.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers at SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory and Stanford University have developed a tiny, Chiclet-sized device that uses solar energy to disinfect water.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">During lab experiments, the device killed 99.999 percent of bacteria present after just 20 minutes.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Unlike boiling a pot of water which requires fuel or purifying water with an ultraviolet wand, which requires charging, the tiny tab needs only sunlight, and can be infinitely reused.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s also more efficient. UV rays, commonly used to purify water, carry just 4 percent of the sun’s total energy but the still unnamed device harnesses the the visible spectrum, which contains 50 percent of the sun’s energy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The device looks like smooth black glass to the naked eye, but when its microscopic layers of “nanoflakes” are exposed to sunlight, they trigger chemical reactions that kill bacteria in water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The key compound — molybdenum disulfide — is a lubricant found in industrial grease. Sunlight stirs its electrons to move and the holes they leave behind \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">have activated energy. This means they can participate in chemical reactions with oxygen and water to \u003c/span>produce hydrogen peroxide, which kills the bacteria. After the bacteria died, the chemicals quickly dissipated, leaving pure water behind.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When you see there’s no bacteria growing, it’s really exciting,” says Chong Liu, lead author on the report, which was published in \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/nnano/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/nnano.2016.138.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Nature Nanotechnology\u003c/a> on Monday. “We didn’t expect it to work that well at first.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But during lab experiments, Liu says the device killed 99.999 percent of the bacteria present after just 20 minutes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The tiny purifier could have a big impact. \u003ca href=\"http://www.unwater.org/water-cooperation-2013/water-cooperation/facts-and-figures/en/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">According to the United Nations\u003c/a>, more than 780 million people around the world lack access to clean drinking water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_922630\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1181px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-922630\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/device.jpg\" alt=\"Inside the device, molybdenum disulfide is arranged like a maze and topped with a thin layer of copper. Light falling on the walls triggers the formation of hydrogen peroxide and other disinfecting chemicals that kill bacteria.\" width=\"1181\" height=\"886\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/device.jpg 1181w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/device-400x300.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/device-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/device-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/device-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/device-960x720.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1181px) 100vw, 1181px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Inside the device, molybdenum disulfide is arranged like a maze and topped with a thin layer of copper. Light falling on the walls triggers the formation of hydrogen peroxide and other disinfecting chemicals that kill bacteria. \u003ccite>(SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>It has its limitations, however. The device can’t remove chemical pollutants like lead and hasn’t been tested on viruses yet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers say it was 100 percent effective when tested on two types of E.coli and Enterococcus, a type of lactic acid bacteria.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One can imagine the potential market for wilderness backpackers, but Liu says a prime motivator for her was the chance to improve environmental conditions in developing countries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As a researcher it’s really exciting for us to see that by developing technologies you have the potential to help a lot of people.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The next step will be testing the device in real-world settings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After that, it would take a few years before the purifier is commercially available and will, ideally, cost less than $30.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "California Wildfires: No Single Season Tells the Story",
"headTitle": "California Wildfires: No Single Season Tells the Story | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Judging strictly by recent headlines, you might think this is an epic fire season; a “\u003ca href=\"http://www.latimes.com/local/california/la-me-ln-fire-season-20160804-snap-story.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">grim beginning to California fire season\u003c/a>,” with conflagrations “\u003ca href=\"http://www.cnn.com/2016/07/26/us/california-wildfires/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">raining fire from the sky\u003c/a>,” as recent reports have characterized it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, this year is on par with last year and not too far askew from longer-term averages, says fire scientist \u003ca href=\"https://ourenvironment.berkeley.edu/people/scott-stephens\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Scott Stephens\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In some ways this fire season is comparable or even a little less severe,” says Stephens, who runs the Stephens Lab at UC Berkeley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Granted, we haven’t made it through August and September yet, which are normally two of California’s biggest fire months. The Santa Ana winds in Southern California and the Diablos farther north, which can spread fire quickly, also haven’t yet kicked in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Listen to the story:\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nhttp://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2016/08/WEBFireSeasonMiller160815.mp3\u003cbr>\nAnd there have been fewer lightning-caused fires, which could change once the late summer monsoons bring thunderstorms to Southern California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, we’re almost halfway through fire season; 4,446 fires have charred nearly 218,000 acres. By the end of last year 8,745 wildfires had claimed more than 893,000 acres.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re seeing large fires but it hasn’t been record-breaking,” says U.S. Forest Service Fire Information Officer Stanton Florea.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A State Divided\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One big difference between this fire season and the summer of 2015: the El Niño-fueled rainfall we saw in between. It’s meant that the state overall was much drier last year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About 92 percent of the state was classified as being in “severe drought” by mid-August last year and today, that number is below 60 percent, according to the federal Drought Monitor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unfortunately, storms that soaked areas like Eureka and Crescent City near the Oregon border didn’t reach Southern California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“El Niño did not even give them average precipitation down there,” says Stephens. “So they are definitely drier, no doubt they are drier than probably any part of the state.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Florea says that’s reflected in the pattern of fires this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Southern California missed a lot of that moisture so we’ve already begun to see catastrophic fires down there on the Angeles National Forest and the Los Padres National Forest,” says Florea.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two of the largest conflagrations, the Sand Fire and the San Gabriel Complex Fire in the Angeles National Forest, have burned almost 47,000 acres.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, the Soberanes Fire in Monterey County remains the biggest of the season.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In Big Sur, they had the perfect storm of an ignition at a bad time and really inaccessible, steep terrain, on top of a lot of dry fuels,” says University of California fire advisor Lenya Quinn-Davidson.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Changes in the Wind\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The quirks of an individual fire season can easily mask longer-term trends. Even in this years spotty fire pattern, scientists see the fingerprints of long-term climate change. California is heating up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Higher temperatures do really big things like reduce snowpack time on the ground,” says Stephens. “You melt the snow off earlier, that means you have a longer period where you have drier soils.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_914823\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 960px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-914823\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/25827348764_47414a8625_o.jpg\" alt=\"Cal Fire firefighters tending to a controlled pile burn as part of a fuel reduction project that helps reduce wildfire risk.\" width=\"960\" height=\"640\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/25827348764_47414a8625_o.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/25827348764_47414a8625_o-400x267.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/25827348764_47414a8625_o-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/25827348764_47414a8625_o-768x512.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 960px) 100vw, 960px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Cal Fire firefighters tending to a controlled pile burn as part of a fuel reduction project that helps reduce wildfire risk. \u003ccite>(Cal Fire)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>This year’s Sierra snow melt has been running weeks ahead of its normal timing. And compared to 20 years ago, the Berkeley professor says Sierra snows dissipate about 10-15 days earlier.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It doesn’t sound like much,” Stephens notes, “but 15 days more with no precipitation on the ground in terms of snow is just going to compound the dryness of our systems.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California’s changing climate has helped stretch out the fire season, which \u003ca href=\"http://www.fs.fed.us/sites/default/files/2015-Rising-Cost-Wildfire-Operations.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">the U.S. Forest Service\u003c/a> says now averages 78 days longer than in 1970.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What’s changing things is climate change,” says Stephens, “And this is real.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Judging strictly by recent headlines, you might think this is an epic fire season; a “\u003ca href=\"http://www.latimes.com/local/california/la-me-ln-fire-season-20160804-snap-story.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">grim beginning to California fire season\u003c/a>,” with conflagrations “\u003ca href=\"http://www.cnn.com/2016/07/26/us/california-wildfires/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">raining fire from the sky\u003c/a>,” as recent reports have characterized it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, this year is on par with last year and not too far askew from longer-term averages, says fire scientist \u003ca href=\"https://ourenvironment.berkeley.edu/people/scott-stephens\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Scott Stephens\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In some ways this fire season is comparable or even a little less severe,” says Stephens, who runs the Stephens Lab at UC Berkeley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Granted, we haven’t made it through August and September yet, which are normally two of California’s biggest fire months. The Santa Ana winds in Southern California and the Diablos farther north, which can spread fire quickly, also haven’t yet kicked in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Listen to the story:\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nhttp://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2016/08/WEBFireSeasonMiller160815.mp3\u003cbr>\nAnd there have been fewer lightning-caused fires, which could change once the late summer monsoons bring thunderstorms to Southern California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, we’re almost halfway through fire season; 4,446 fires have charred nearly 218,000 acres. By the end of last year 8,745 wildfires had claimed more than 893,000 acres.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re seeing large fires but it hasn’t been record-breaking,” says U.S. Forest Service Fire Information Officer Stanton Florea.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A State Divided\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One big difference between this fire season and the summer of 2015: the El Niño-fueled rainfall we saw in between. It’s meant that the state overall was much drier last year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About 92 percent of the state was classified as being in “severe drought” by mid-August last year and today, that number is below 60 percent, according to the federal Drought Monitor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unfortunately, storms that soaked areas like Eureka and Crescent City near the Oregon border didn’t reach Southern California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“El Niño did not even give them average precipitation down there,” says Stephens. “So they are definitely drier, no doubt they are drier than probably any part of the state.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Florea says that’s reflected in the pattern of fires this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Southern California missed a lot of that moisture so we’ve already begun to see catastrophic fires down there on the Angeles National Forest and the Los Padres National Forest,” says Florea.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two of the largest conflagrations, the Sand Fire and the San Gabriel Complex Fire in the Angeles National Forest, have burned almost 47,000 acres.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, the Soberanes Fire in Monterey County remains the biggest of the season.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In Big Sur, they had the perfect storm of an ignition at a bad time and really inaccessible, steep terrain, on top of a lot of dry fuels,” says University of California fire advisor Lenya Quinn-Davidson.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Changes in the Wind\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The quirks of an individual fire season can easily mask longer-term trends. Even in this years spotty fire pattern, scientists see the fingerprints of long-term climate change. California is heating up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Higher temperatures do really big things like reduce snowpack time on the ground,” says Stephens. “You melt the snow off earlier, that means you have a longer period where you have drier soils.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_914823\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 960px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-914823\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/25827348764_47414a8625_o.jpg\" alt=\"Cal Fire firefighters tending to a controlled pile burn as part of a fuel reduction project that helps reduce wildfire risk.\" width=\"960\" height=\"640\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/25827348764_47414a8625_o.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/25827348764_47414a8625_o-400x267.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/25827348764_47414a8625_o-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/25827348764_47414a8625_o-768x512.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 960px) 100vw, 960px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Cal Fire firefighters tending to a controlled pile burn as part of a fuel reduction project that helps reduce wildfire risk. \u003ccite>(Cal Fire)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>This year’s Sierra snow melt has been running weeks ahead of its normal timing. And compared to 20 years ago, the Berkeley professor says Sierra snows dissipate about 10-15 days earlier.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It doesn’t sound like much,” Stephens notes, “but 15 days more with no precipitation on the ground in terms of snow is just going to compound the dryness of our systems.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California’s changing climate has helped stretch out the fire season, which \u003ca href=\"http://www.fs.fed.us/sites/default/files/2015-Rising-Cost-Wildfire-Operations.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">the U.S. Forest Service\u003c/a> says now averages 78 days longer than in 1970.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What’s changing things is climate change,” says Stephens, “And this is real.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "California Fox Makes Fastest Endangered Species Recovery (And It’s Pretty Cute)",
"headTitle": "California Fox Makes Fastest Endangered Species Recovery (And It’s Pretty Cute) | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>A diminutive California fox, near the brink of extinction just 12 years ago, is being removed from the endangered species list. It’s the fastest recovery of any mammal on the list, according to federal wildlife officials.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Channel Islands fox is only found on six islands off the Southern California coast, with each island home to its own \u003ca href=\"http://ecos.fws.gov/ecp0/pub/SpeciesReport.do\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">subspecies\u003c/a> of fox.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The island foxes are very cute,” says Christina Boser, an ecologist with the Nature Conservancy who helped with the fox recovery. “They’re only about four pounds and they’ve got these beautiful expressive eyes.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Island fox numbers plummeted after a cascade of human impacts. Early ranchers brought non-native pigs to the island. At the same time, the native bald eagle population crashed because of the pesticide DDT.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_914315\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 764px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-914315\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/Fox2.jpg\" alt=\"Christina Boser examines a Channel Island fox.\" width=\"764\" height=\"762\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/Fox2.jpg 764w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/Fox2-400x399.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/Fox2-32x32.jpg 32w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/Fox2-50x50.jpg 50w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/Fox2-64x64.jpg 64w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/Fox2-96x96.jpg 96w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/Fox2-128x128.jpg 128w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/Fox2-150x150.jpg 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 764px) 100vw, 764px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Christina Boser does a health examination of a Channel Island fox. \u003ccite>(The Nature Conservancy )\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>With no eagle competition, golden eagles began arriving from the California mainland, finding an abundant food source in both piglets and the tiny foxes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Only a few dozen foxes remained on three of the islands, San Miguel, Santa Rosa and Santa Cruz.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ten years ago, a pig eradication effort began (causing a \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfgate.com/green/article/Pig-eradication-plan-out-of-control-2668922.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">minor uproar\u003c/a>). The golden eagles were relocated and bald eagles, which don’t eat foxes, returned to the islands. A captive breeding program for foxes also began.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, the islands are home to several thousand foxes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The recovery has gone tremendously fast and that’s pretty remarkable,” said Boser. “And the removal of the pigs did not just help the island fox, but we have a lot of rare plants on the island that are rebounding.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s the power of the ESA [Endangered Species Act] – not just to protect rare animals and plants on paper, but to drive focused conservation that gets dramatic results,” Dan Ashe, director of the Federal Wildlife Service, said in a statement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The wildlife service is delisting three of the six island fox subspecies (two subspecies were never listed). The foxes on Catalina Island will remain a threatened species due to concerns over canine distemper, a virus spread by dogs and other wildlife that can be fatal to foxes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The fox is the 37th species that has been healthy enough to be removed from the endangered species list. More than 2,000 species are currently listed.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>A diminutive California fox, near the brink of extinction just 12 years ago, is being removed from the endangered species list. It’s the fastest recovery of any mammal on the list, according to federal wildlife officials.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Channel Islands fox is only found on six islands off the Southern California coast, with each island home to its own \u003ca href=\"http://ecos.fws.gov/ecp0/pub/SpeciesReport.do\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">subspecies\u003c/a> of fox.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The island foxes are very cute,” says Christina Boser, an ecologist with the Nature Conservancy who helped with the fox recovery. “They’re only about four pounds and they’ve got these beautiful expressive eyes.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Island fox numbers plummeted after a cascade of human impacts. Early ranchers brought non-native pigs to the island. At the same time, the native bald eagle population crashed because of the pesticide DDT.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_914315\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 764px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-914315\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/Fox2.jpg\" alt=\"Christina Boser examines a Channel Island fox.\" width=\"764\" height=\"762\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/Fox2.jpg 764w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/Fox2-400x399.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/Fox2-32x32.jpg 32w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/Fox2-50x50.jpg 50w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/Fox2-64x64.jpg 64w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/Fox2-96x96.jpg 96w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/Fox2-128x128.jpg 128w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/Fox2-150x150.jpg 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 764px) 100vw, 764px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Christina Boser does a health examination of a Channel Island fox. \u003ccite>(The Nature Conservancy )\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>With no eagle competition, golden eagles began arriving from the California mainland, finding an abundant food source in both piglets and the tiny foxes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Only a few dozen foxes remained on three of the islands, San Miguel, Santa Rosa and Santa Cruz.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ten years ago, a pig eradication effort began (causing a \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfgate.com/green/article/Pig-eradication-plan-out-of-control-2668922.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">minor uproar\u003c/a>). The golden eagles were relocated and bald eagles, which don’t eat foxes, returned to the islands. A captive breeding program for foxes also began.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, the islands are home to several thousand foxes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The recovery has gone tremendously fast and that’s pretty remarkable,” said Boser. “And the removal of the pigs did not just help the island fox, but we have a lot of rare plants on the island that are rebounding.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s the power of the ESA [Endangered Species Act] – not just to protect rare animals and plants on paper, but to drive focused conservation that gets dramatic results,” Dan Ashe, director of the Federal Wildlife Service, said in a statement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The wildlife service is delisting three of the six island fox subspecies (two subspecies were never listed). The foxes on Catalina Island will remain a threatened species due to concerns over canine distemper, a virus spread by dogs and other wildlife that can be fatal to foxes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The fox is the 37th species that has been healthy enough to be removed from the endangered species list. More than 2,000 species are currently listed.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "When, Where and How to Watch Tonight's Spectacular Perseid Meteor Shower",
"headTitle": "When, Where and How to Watch Tonight’s Spectacular Perseid Meteor Shower | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>The Perseid meteor shower is back. And this year, scientists say we will see more shooting stars than usual.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the annual meteor shower streaks across the night sky late Thursday and early Friday morning, we could see up to 200 flashes an hour. Normally we would see between 60 and 80. This means the display could be 2016’s biggest meteor shower.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s thanks to Jupiter’s gravity, which has moved a clump of comet debris closer to Earth’s path through space.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The flashes of light are a comet’s dust particles that burn up after entering Earth’s atmosphere. Astronomers lovingly refer to the particles as “comet garbage.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How to View the Meteor Shower\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you’re a night owl, you could be rewarded with a spectacular light-show. But as sky-gazers discover each year, the Bay Area’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.lightpollutionmap.info/#zoom=7&lat=4568753&lon=-13377650&layers=B0TFFFF\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">light pollution\u003c/a>, combined with \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/KarlTheFog?ref_src=twsrc%5Egoogle%7Ctwcamp%5Eserp%7Ctwgr%5Eauthor\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Karl the Fog,\u003c/a> can make the celestial silt harder to see. San Francisco and Oakland are expected to be \u003ca href=\"https://weather.com/weather/5day/l/USCA0987:1:US\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">cloudy overnight on Thursday\u003c/a> but San Jose is predicted to have \u003ca href=\"https://weather.com/weather/5day/l/USCA0993:1:US\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">clear skies\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Astronomers recommend getting away from city lights — especially street lights — and finding a place that’s as dark as possible and ensuring you can see the entire night sky. Some promising spots include Mt. Tamapais, Lick Observatory in San Jose, The Santa Cruz Mountain foothills (including along Skyline Boulevard), and the Altamont Pass in Livermore.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You might need to climb Mount Tam or trek up Twin Peaks, however. A dark backyard with a good view may do.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The best time to view the shower is after 1:09 a.m., when the waxing young moon sets. After 11 p.m. also works if you can get into a “moon shadow” — a place where something blocks your view of the moon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Have the moon be blocked by a tree or a chubby neighbor,” advises Foothill College astronomy professor Andrew Fraknoi.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once the moon is out of view, give your eyes 10 to 15 minutes to adjust.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Looking directly up is fine, but views to the northeast, toward the Perseus constellation, should proffer the most meteors. The Perseids are named after this cluster of galaxies because the meteors appear to originate at this spot, which will appear on the horizon at about 10 p.m. local time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-912274\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/Perseids_Vic_HD.jpg\" alt=\"Perseid_Vic_radiants\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/Perseids_Vic_HD.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/Perseids_Vic_HD-400x225.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/Perseids_Vic_HD-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/Perseids_Vic_HD-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/Perseids_Vic_HD-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/Perseids_Vic_HD-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/Perseids_Vic_HD-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Ancient Comet Dust\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The flashes of light you’ll be looking for are dust particles from the Swift-Tuttle comet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Swift-Tuttle orbits the sun every 133 years and leaves an enormous trail in its wake. The Earth passes through this debris field once a year as it completes its rotation around the sun.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Debris has become strewn all along the comet’s orbit. It’s like the Charlie Brown character Pig-Pen — its not just that he’s dirty, but everywhere he’s been is dirty,” says Fraknoi.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hence the term “cosmic garbage,” made up of sand-size dust particles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And because comets contain carbon, sand, ice and amino acids from when our solar system formed 4.6 billion years ago, this trail has \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“primeval material from which our entire solar system is put together,” says Fraknoi. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_912276\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 1435px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-912276\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/perseid-plot-2016.jpg\" alt=\"In this diagram, French astronomer Jeremie Vaubaillon has charted the interaction of the Earth through this year's stream of Perseid meteoroids. Earth's orbit is plotted in orange. Dates are indicated as day/month. \" width=\"1435\" height=\"1400\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/perseid-plot-2016.jpg 1435w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/perseid-plot-2016-400x390.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/perseid-plot-2016-800x780.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/perseid-plot-2016-768x749.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/perseid-plot-2016-1180x1151.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/perseid-plot-2016-960x937.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/perseid-plot-2016-32x32.jpg 32w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/perseid-plot-2016-50x50.jpg 50w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1435px) 100vw, 1435px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">In this diagram, French astronomer Jeremie Vaubaillon has charted the interaction of the Earth through this year’s stream of Perseid meteoroids. Earth’s orbit is plotted in orange. Dates are indicated as day/month. \u003ccite>(Jeremie Vaubaillon)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The meteors slam into the Earth’s atmosphere at 132,000 miles per hour. So the white-hot streaks of superheated air are only visible for a fraction of a second to a few seconds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Some of these are big fireballs, some are small ones,” says UC Davis astrophysicist Patricia\u003cb> \u003c/b>Boeshaar. “They all have their own characteristics,”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is one of the better meteor showers because it’s summer, the weather is nice, and they’re usually nice streaks, whereas with other meteors showers you just get little ones,” says Boeshaar.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you’re planning to stay awake and watch the meteors, make sure you bundle up. If you’d rather stay indoors, NASA will also live stream the event \u003ca href=\"http://www.ustream.tv/channel/nasa-msfc\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Blazes of comet dust will light up the night sky this week and may be bigger and brighter this year thanks to Jupiter.",
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"headline": "When, Where and How to Watch Tonight's Spectacular Perseid Meteor Shower",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The Perseid meteor shower is back. And this year, scientists say we will see more shooting stars than usual.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the annual meteor shower streaks across the night sky late Thursday and early Friday morning, we could see up to 200 flashes an hour. Normally we would see between 60 and 80. This means the display could be 2016’s biggest meteor shower.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s thanks to Jupiter’s gravity, which has moved a clump of comet debris closer to Earth’s path through space.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The flashes of light are a comet’s dust particles that burn up after entering Earth’s atmosphere. Astronomers lovingly refer to the particles as “comet garbage.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How to View the Meteor Shower\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you’re a night owl, you could be rewarded with a spectacular light-show. But as sky-gazers discover each year, the Bay Area’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.lightpollutionmap.info/#zoom=7&lat=4568753&lon=-13377650&layers=B0TFFFF\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">light pollution\u003c/a>, combined with \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/KarlTheFog?ref_src=twsrc%5Egoogle%7Ctwcamp%5Eserp%7Ctwgr%5Eauthor\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Karl the Fog,\u003c/a> can make the celestial silt harder to see. San Francisco and Oakland are expected to be \u003ca href=\"https://weather.com/weather/5day/l/USCA0987:1:US\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">cloudy overnight on Thursday\u003c/a> but San Jose is predicted to have \u003ca href=\"https://weather.com/weather/5day/l/USCA0993:1:US\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">clear skies\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Astronomers recommend getting away from city lights — especially street lights — and finding a place that’s as dark as possible and ensuring you can see the entire night sky. Some promising spots include Mt. Tamapais, Lick Observatory in San Jose, The Santa Cruz Mountain foothills (including along Skyline Boulevard), and the Altamont Pass in Livermore.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You might need to climb Mount Tam or trek up Twin Peaks, however. A dark backyard with a good view may do.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The best time to view the shower is after 1:09 a.m., when the waxing young moon sets. After 11 p.m. also works if you can get into a “moon shadow” — a place where something blocks your view of the moon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Have the moon be blocked by a tree or a chubby neighbor,” advises Foothill College astronomy professor Andrew Fraknoi.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once the moon is out of view, give your eyes 10 to 15 minutes to adjust.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Looking directly up is fine, but views to the northeast, toward the Perseus constellation, should proffer the most meteors. The Perseids are named after this cluster of galaxies because the meteors appear to originate at this spot, which will appear on the horizon at about 10 p.m. local time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-912274\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/Perseids_Vic_HD.jpg\" alt=\"Perseid_Vic_radiants\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/Perseids_Vic_HD.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/Perseids_Vic_HD-400x225.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/Perseids_Vic_HD-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/Perseids_Vic_HD-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/Perseids_Vic_HD-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/Perseids_Vic_HD-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/Perseids_Vic_HD-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Ancient Comet Dust\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The flashes of light you’ll be looking for are dust particles from the Swift-Tuttle comet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Swift-Tuttle orbits the sun every 133 years and leaves an enormous trail in its wake. The Earth passes through this debris field once a year as it completes its rotation around the sun.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Debris has become strewn all along the comet’s orbit. It’s like the Charlie Brown character Pig-Pen — its not just that he’s dirty, but everywhere he’s been is dirty,” says Fraknoi.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hence the term “cosmic garbage,” made up of sand-size dust particles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And because comets contain carbon, sand, ice and amino acids from when our solar system formed 4.6 billion years ago, this trail has \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“primeval material from which our entire solar system is put together,” says Fraknoi. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_912276\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 1435px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-912276\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/perseid-plot-2016.jpg\" alt=\"In this diagram, French astronomer Jeremie Vaubaillon has charted the interaction of the Earth through this year's stream of Perseid meteoroids. Earth's orbit is plotted in orange. Dates are indicated as day/month. \" width=\"1435\" height=\"1400\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/perseid-plot-2016.jpg 1435w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/perseid-plot-2016-400x390.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/perseid-plot-2016-800x780.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/perseid-plot-2016-768x749.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/perseid-plot-2016-1180x1151.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/perseid-plot-2016-960x937.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/perseid-plot-2016-32x32.jpg 32w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/perseid-plot-2016-50x50.jpg 50w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1435px) 100vw, 1435px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">In this diagram, French astronomer Jeremie Vaubaillon has charted the interaction of the Earth through this year’s stream of Perseid meteoroids. Earth’s orbit is plotted in orange. Dates are indicated as day/month. \u003ccite>(Jeremie Vaubaillon)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The meteors slam into the Earth’s atmosphere at 132,000 miles per hour. So the white-hot streaks of superheated air are only visible for a fraction of a second to a few seconds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Some of these are big fireballs, some are small ones,” says UC Davis astrophysicist Patricia\u003cb> \u003c/b>Boeshaar. “They all have their own characteristics,”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is one of the better meteor showers because it’s summer, the weather is nice, and they’re usually nice streaks, whereas with other meteors showers you just get little ones,” says Boeshaar.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you’re planning to stay awake and watch the meteors, make sure you bundle up. If you’d rather stay indoors, NASA will also live stream the event \u003ca href=\"http://www.ustream.tv/channel/nasa-msfc\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "California's 70 Million Dead Trees: A 'Botanical Emergency Room'",
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"content": "\u003cp>Until recently, strolling through a California forest meant walking in dappled light along a path strewn with leaves or pine needles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But across the state, once-towering pines have collapsed, their desiccated limbs sprawled across forest floors. Toppled oak and tanoak trees, their trunks bleeding, decomposing from the inside out, litter the ground.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Choked with the detritus of at least 70 million dead trees, vast tracts of the landscape have become a botanical emergency room, parched by drought, invaded by damaging insects and infected with a deadly organism that may have piggybacked its way to the state on rhododendron leaves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In many communities of the central and southern Sierra Nevada range, “80 percent of trees are dead,” said Ken Pimlott, the state’s top forester as director of Cal Fire, the state forestry and fire-protection agency. “There will be no conifers [there] when this is done.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘We are literally one spark away from catastrophic fire in these tree mortality areas.’\u003ccite>Ken Pimlott, Cal Fire\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The catastrophic tree loss has taken out 66 million pines and other conifers and more than 5 million oak trees and tanoaks, which are relatives in the beech family. Nearly 60 million more water-starved trees are teetering. \u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The dead and distressed woodlands represent a small fraction of the state’s billions of trees. But the problem is acute because large concentrations of trees — hundreds of acres of forest — are being wiped out. And experts expect the situation to worsen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists say that until they learn more about oak disease, or the drought eases, what is now a botanical calamity threatens to become an environmental disaster:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Dead and dying trees are exceptionally flammable, amplifying an already severe wildfire threat after five years of drought.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Treeless slopes foster soil erosion, perilous landslides and a loss of essential watersheds. More than 60 percent of the state’s water originates in the hard-hit Sierra.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Forests absorb carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas, and long-term tree loss could set back the state’s battle against climate change.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>When trees burn and decay, they release “black carbon,” a highly destructive emission many thousand times more polluting than other greenhouse gases. A wildfire around Yosemite National Park in 2013 discharged as much carbon as 2.3 million cars emit in a year, state officials say.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_912265\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-912265\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/Rizzo2-800x515.jpg\" alt=\"Dave Rizzo, a professor at UC Davis, walks through an area of trees dead from the effects of sudden oak death near Inverness, Calif. \" width=\"800\" height=\"515\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/Rizzo2-800x515.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/Rizzo2-400x257.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/Rizzo2-768x494.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/Rizzo2-1440x927.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/Rizzo2-1920x1236.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/Rizzo2-1180x759.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/Rizzo2-960x618.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Dave Rizzo, a professor at UC Davis, walks through an area of trees dead from the effects of sudden oak death near Inverness, Calif. \u003ccite>( Robert Durell/CALmatters)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The problem is playing out mostly along California’s edges. Coast-hugging oaks are dying from Monterey County north to Humboldt County. Pines and other conifers, dried by drought and attacked by bark beetles, are failing along the state’s \u003ca href=\"https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B07BADv7t15JUGl5dVl2a2wtOHc/view\">eastern spine\u003c/a> from northern Los Angeles County to the Oregon border.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve never experienced a change and impact at this scale,” said Pimlott.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State leaders are paying attention. Gov. Jerry Brown has declared a state of emergency. More than 80 federal, state and local agencies, electric utilities and other organizations have formed the \u003ca href=\"http://www.fire.ca.gov/treetaskforce/\">Tree Mortality Task Force\u003c/a>, co-chaired by Pimlott, to combat the problem. Another \u003ca href=\"http://www.suddenoakdeath.org/\">group\u003c/a> is grappling with what has been called “sudden oak death.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some aspects of the problem are not new. Drought has ravaged the state before. Insects have been opportunistically attacking weakened trees for hundreds of years. Disease takes hold. Trees die.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the current convergence of drought, bark beetles and oak disease is changing ecosystems enough that scientists cannot say when the tree population might be restored. In addition to the millions of oaks that have died since the mid-2000s, an unknown number may have the disease, and infected oaks can take two to five years to exhibit signs of trouble. [contextly_sidebar id=”WznzxFbrnM2angWaEyL24Eecd4eB66vj”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So far, the disease is confined to 15 of California’s 58 counties, their nursery products quarantined to help prevent further spread. Scientists believe sudden oak death, or \u003cem>Phytophthora ramorum\u003c/em>, was brought to California on plants from commercial nurseries elsewhere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the die-off of pines and other conifers is occurring on a scale unprecedented in recent times, those trees evolved along with invasive insects, and healthy ones have the capacity to fight off attacks. When the drought eventually ends, pines are likely to come back, experts say, but even that is not fully understood.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Oak trees have no natural defense against the mold destroying them – it was identified in the state only about a decade ago — although not all infected oaks die. The question is whether, and how many, oaks can return.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_912268\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-912268\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/bleeding-bark-800x949.jpg\" alt='\"Bleeding\" bark is one sign of sudden oak death. ' width=\"800\" height=\"949\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/bleeding-bark-800x949.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/bleeding-bark-400x475.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/bleeding-bark-768x911.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/bleeding-bark-1440x1708.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/bleeding-bark-1920x2278.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/bleeding-bark-1180x1400.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/bleeding-bark-960x1139.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">“Bleeding” bark is one sign of sudden oak death. \u003ccite>(Robert Durell/CALmatters)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Already researchers are seeing diseased oak stands replaced by chaparral and other fast-growing flora. Tanoaks, scientists say, bear the brunt of the epidemic and may not come back at all or, like the chestnut trees that once flourished in the United States, may ultimately become shrubs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Diseased oaks were first observed in the state in 1995, in Marin and Santa Cruz counties. Much of the damage didn’t show up until years later, and officials didn’t recognize the potential for the current epidemic. That may have allowed sudden oak death to gain a stranglehold in the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A handful of state agencies, county crews and public utilities are removing dead and diseased trees around power lines, roads, bridges and other infrastructure where they might pose a hazard to public safety. The U.S. Forest Service, which manages much of California’s pine forest, has been cutting down dead trees, clearing debris from recreation sites and roads and taking other measures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cal Fire and other agencies are carting away trees and limbs in places where thousands of dead pines and oaks still stand near homes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are literally one spark away from catastrophic fire in these tree mortality areas,” Pimlott said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Homeowners and pest control specialists are spraying or injecting oaks with a chemical concoction aimed at helping them fight infection, hoping to keep the disease at bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That kind of labor-intensive work is not practical on a forest-wide scale, and aerial spraying of chemicals would likely be unacceptable and ineffective\u003cstrong>.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, the pathogen’s spread is accelerating, despite California’s drought, because many of the affected oaks are in coastal areas with damper climates. Researchers are documenting the advancing destruction and looking for ways to protect still-healthy portions of California’s 32 million forested acres.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>CALmatters is a non-profit journalism venture dedicated to exploring state policies and politics. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Until recently, strolling through a California forest meant walking in dappled light along a path strewn with leaves or pine needles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But across the state, once-towering pines have collapsed, their desiccated limbs sprawled across forest floors. Toppled oak and tanoak trees, their trunks bleeding, decomposing from the inside out, litter the ground.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Choked with the detritus of at least 70 million dead trees, vast tracts of the landscape have become a botanical emergency room, parched by drought, invaded by damaging insects and infected with a deadly organism that may have piggybacked its way to the state on rhododendron leaves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In many communities of the central and southern Sierra Nevada range, “80 percent of trees are dead,” said Ken Pimlott, the state’s top forester as director of Cal Fire, the state forestry and fire-protection agency. “There will be no conifers [there] when this is done.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘We are literally one spark away from catastrophic fire in these tree mortality areas.’\u003ccite>Ken Pimlott, Cal Fire\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The catastrophic tree loss has taken out 66 million pines and other conifers and more than 5 million oak trees and tanoaks, which are relatives in the beech family. Nearly 60 million more water-starved trees are teetering. \u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The dead and distressed woodlands represent a small fraction of the state’s billions of trees. But the problem is acute because large concentrations of trees — hundreds of acres of forest — are being wiped out. And experts expect the situation to worsen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists say that until they learn more about oak disease, or the drought eases, what is now a botanical calamity threatens to become an environmental disaster:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Dead and dying trees are exceptionally flammable, amplifying an already severe wildfire threat after five years of drought.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Treeless slopes foster soil erosion, perilous landslides and a loss of essential watersheds. More than 60 percent of the state’s water originates in the hard-hit Sierra.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Forests absorb carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas, and long-term tree loss could set back the state’s battle against climate change.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>When trees burn and decay, they release “black carbon,” a highly destructive emission many thousand times more polluting than other greenhouse gases. A wildfire around Yosemite National Park in 2013 discharged as much carbon as 2.3 million cars emit in a year, state officials say.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_912265\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-912265\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/Rizzo2-800x515.jpg\" alt=\"Dave Rizzo, a professor at UC Davis, walks through an area of trees dead from the effects of sudden oak death near Inverness, Calif. \" width=\"800\" height=\"515\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/Rizzo2-800x515.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/Rizzo2-400x257.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/Rizzo2-768x494.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/Rizzo2-1440x927.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/Rizzo2-1920x1236.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/Rizzo2-1180x759.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/Rizzo2-960x618.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Dave Rizzo, a professor at UC Davis, walks through an area of trees dead from the effects of sudden oak death near Inverness, Calif. \u003ccite>( Robert Durell/CALmatters)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The problem is playing out mostly along California’s edges. Coast-hugging oaks are dying from Monterey County north to Humboldt County. Pines and other conifers, dried by drought and attacked by bark beetles, are failing along the state’s \u003ca href=\"https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B07BADv7t15JUGl5dVl2a2wtOHc/view\">eastern spine\u003c/a> from northern Los Angeles County to the Oregon border.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve never experienced a change and impact at this scale,” said Pimlott.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State leaders are paying attention. Gov. Jerry Brown has declared a state of emergency. More than 80 federal, state and local agencies, electric utilities and other organizations have formed the \u003ca href=\"http://www.fire.ca.gov/treetaskforce/\">Tree Mortality Task Force\u003c/a>, co-chaired by Pimlott, to combat the problem. Another \u003ca href=\"http://www.suddenoakdeath.org/\">group\u003c/a> is grappling with what has been called “sudden oak death.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some aspects of the problem are not new. Drought has ravaged the state before. Insects have been opportunistically attacking weakened trees for hundreds of years. Disease takes hold. Trees die.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the current convergence of drought, bark beetles and oak disease is changing ecosystems enough that scientists cannot say when the tree population might be restored. In addition to the millions of oaks that have died since the mid-2000s, an unknown number may have the disease, and infected oaks can take two to five years to exhibit signs of trouble. \u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So far, the disease is confined to 15 of California’s 58 counties, their nursery products quarantined to help prevent further spread. Scientists believe sudden oak death, or \u003cem>Phytophthora ramorum\u003c/em>, was brought to California on plants from commercial nurseries elsewhere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the die-off of pines and other conifers is occurring on a scale unprecedented in recent times, those trees evolved along with invasive insects, and healthy ones have the capacity to fight off attacks. When the drought eventually ends, pines are likely to come back, experts say, but even that is not fully understood.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Oak trees have no natural defense against the mold destroying them – it was identified in the state only about a decade ago — although not all infected oaks die. The question is whether, and how many, oaks can return.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_912268\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-912268\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/bleeding-bark-800x949.jpg\" alt='\"Bleeding\" bark is one sign of sudden oak death. ' width=\"800\" height=\"949\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/bleeding-bark-800x949.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/bleeding-bark-400x475.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/bleeding-bark-768x911.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/bleeding-bark-1440x1708.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/bleeding-bark-1920x2278.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/bleeding-bark-1180x1400.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/bleeding-bark-960x1139.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">“Bleeding” bark is one sign of sudden oak death. \u003ccite>(Robert Durell/CALmatters)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Already researchers are seeing diseased oak stands replaced by chaparral and other fast-growing flora. Tanoaks, scientists say, bear the brunt of the epidemic and may not come back at all or, like the chestnut trees that once flourished in the United States, may ultimately become shrubs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Diseased oaks were first observed in the state in 1995, in Marin and Santa Cruz counties. Much of the damage didn’t show up until years later, and officials didn’t recognize the potential for the current epidemic. That may have allowed sudden oak death to gain a stranglehold in the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A handful of state agencies, county crews and public utilities are removing dead and diseased trees around power lines, roads, bridges and other infrastructure where they might pose a hazard to public safety. The U.S. Forest Service, which manages much of California’s pine forest, has been cutting down dead trees, clearing debris from recreation sites and roads and taking other measures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cal Fire and other agencies are carting away trees and limbs in places where thousands of dead pines and oaks still stand near homes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are literally one spark away from catastrophic fire in these tree mortality areas,” Pimlott said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Homeowners and pest control specialists are spraying or injecting oaks with a chemical concoction aimed at helping them fight infection, hoping to keep the disease at bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That kind of labor-intensive work is not practical on a forest-wide scale, and aerial spraying of chemicals would likely be unacceptable and ineffective\u003cstrong>.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, the pathogen’s spread is accelerating, despite California’s drought, because many of the affected oaks are in coastal areas with damper climates. Researchers are documenting the advancing destruction and looking for ways to protect still-healthy portions of California’s 32 million forested acres.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>CALmatters is a non-profit journalism venture dedicated to exploring state policies and politics. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>A study of drinking water supplies throughout the U.S. shows that numerous sources are contaminated with firefighting chemicals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A team of scientists examined government data from thousands of public drinking water supplies. The water samples had been collected by the federal Environmental Protection Agency.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”IBUZE4uCTvjszyvvI2JFO398WFpH8Akq”]The scientists were looking for several types of chemicals from a class of fluorinated substances used commonly in firefighting foam.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They found significant amounts of one chemical in 66 water supplies. Two other versions of the chemicals showed up in nearly 200 supplies. In some cases the level was barely above the maximum allowable limit set by the government. Others were far higher. The researchers say some 6 million people in 14 states are served by these water sources.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The chemicals showed up more often near sites where these firefighting chemicals are common, such as airports or military bases. “During firefighting practice drills,” says Arlene Blum, a study co-author from the University of California Berkeley, “large volumes of these chemicals wash into surface and ground waters and can end up in our drinking water.” They are also found often near sites where the chemicals are manufactured.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These chemicals, called poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances, have been in use for decades and are very persistent once they’re out in the environment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study, published in Environmental Science and Technology Letters, did not determine people’s actual exposure to the chemicals. And the amounts found in most cases were very low. But the chemicals have been linked to cancer, low birth weight in children born to women who are exposed, and hormonal changes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Federal+Data+Shows+Firefighting+Chemicals+In+U.S.+Drinking+Water+Sources&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>A study of drinking water supplies throughout the U.S. shows that numerous sources are contaminated with firefighting chemicals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A team of scientists examined government data from thousands of public drinking water supplies. The water samples had been collected by the federal Environmental Protection Agency.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>The scientists were looking for several types of chemicals from a class of fluorinated substances used commonly in firefighting foam.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They found significant amounts of one chemical in 66 water supplies. Two other versions of the chemicals showed up in nearly 200 supplies. In some cases the level was barely above the maximum allowable limit set by the government. Others were far higher. The researchers say some 6 million people in 14 states are served by these water sources.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The chemicals showed up more often near sites where these firefighting chemicals are common, such as airports or military bases. “During firefighting practice drills,” says Arlene Blum, a study co-author from the University of California Berkeley, “large volumes of these chemicals wash into surface and ground waters and can end up in our drinking water.” They are also found often near sites where the chemicals are manufactured.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These chemicals, called poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances, have been in use for decades and are very persistent once they’re out in the environment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study, published in Environmental Science and Technology Letters, did not determine people’s actual exposure to the chemicals. And the amounts found in most cases were very low. But the chemicals have been linked to cancer, low birth weight in children born to women who are exposed, and hormonal changes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Federal+Data+Shows+Firefighting+Chemicals+In+U.S.+Drinking+Water+Sources&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "How the Microbes Inside Us Went From Enemies to Purported Superhealers",
"headTitle": "How the Microbes Inside Us Went From Enemies to Purported Superhealers | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>“Microbes have always ruled the planet but for the first time in history, they are \u003cem>fashionable\u003c/em>,” writes Ed Yong in his new book, \u003cem>I Contain Multitudes: The Microbes Within Us and a Grander View of Life,\u003c/em> on sale Tuesday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yong, a U.K.-based science writer, describes how humans ignored, feared and then lauded the “microscopic menagerie” living inside us and other animals. He explains how these resident bacteria, fungi, archaea and viruses, known collectively as the \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2013/11/01/242361826/exploring-the-invisible-universe-that-lives-on-us-and-in-us\">microbiome\u003c/a>, form intimate partnerships with their hosts — contributing to everything from the glow of a squid’s light organ to the development of our own immune systems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_909496\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 315px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-909496\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/ed-yong_enl-55e843b9b67543aa574f22023250dbe6c1920420.jpg\" alt=\"Author Ed Yong.\" width=\"315\" height=\"429\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/ed-yong_enl-55e843b9b67543aa574f22023250dbe6c1920420.jpg 1488w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/ed-yong_enl-55e843b9b67543aa574f22023250dbe6c1920420-400x545.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/ed-yong_enl-55e843b9b67543aa574f22023250dbe6c1920420-800x1090.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/ed-yong_enl-55e843b9b67543aa574f22023250dbe6c1920420-768x1047.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/ed-yong_enl-55e843b9b67543aa574f22023250dbe6c1920420-1440x1963.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/ed-yong_enl-55e843b9b67543aa574f22023250dbe6c1920420-1180x1608.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/ed-yong_enl-55e843b9b67543aa574f22023250dbe6c1920420-960x1308.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 315px) 100vw, 315px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Author Ed Yong. \u003ccite>(Urszula Sołtys/Courtesy of Ecco)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Scientists are testing whether microbes (especially bacteria) have the potential to treat \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2015/09/30/444746094/missing-microbes-provide-clues-about-asthma-risk\">asthma\u003c/a>, allergies, \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2013/09/04/218932421/how-a-change-in-gut-microbes-can-affect-weight\">obesity\u003c/a>, and a range of \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2013/09/10/216553408/microbe-transplants-treat-some-diseases-that-drugs-cant-fix\">hard-to-treat infections\u003c/a>. But Yong questions whether our growing enthusiasm for these microbes has outstripped the scientific evidence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We spoke with Yong about what the latest science says about microbes and human health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>The interview has been edited for length and clarity.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Does what we eat influence our microbial residents? \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’ve been many studies showing that when people change their diet, the microbes in their guts also change. And of course they do. If you think of adding a different set of nutrients into an ecosystem, of course it’s going to affect the number and range of species in that place. The critical questions are what kinds of changes are good or bad for health and how can we enact those changes through taking steps in our diet. These are still pretty open questions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It seems that \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2013/11/08/243929866/can-we-eat-our-way-to-a-healthier-microbiome-its-complicated\">dietary fiber\u003c/a> is a really important driver of microbial diversity in our bodies. Fiber consists of large numbers of different carbohydrates — many we can’t digest, but our bacteria in our guts can. If we eat low-fiber diets, we narrow the range of our microbial partners. But the guidance to eat more fiber has been a longstanding part of nutritional advice. The discoveries of the microbiome lend credence to that, but don’t fundamentally change it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What about how food influences a baby’s developing microbiome? \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There is a particular subspecies of bacteria called \u003cem>B. infantis\u003c/em> and it seems to have evolved to feed on sugars [in breast milk] known as human milk oligosaccharides. Babies can’t digest [the sugars] so they are food for the microbes, not for the babies. These sugars are sort of a way of setting up a baby’s first microbiome, ensuring that the right species set up shop rather than those that are likely to cause disease. And it’s fascinating to me to think of this very common act, breastfeeding, through this new microbial lens.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Should we be worried that some of the microbes that have been \u003c/strong>\u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2016/01/07/462286732/stomach-of-ancient-iceman-held-microbes-like-ours\">\u003cstrong>living inside us for thousands of years\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003cstrong> are \u003c/strong>\u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2015/04/21/400393756/how-modern-life-depletes-our-gut-microbes\">\u003cstrong>becoming scarce\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003cstrong>?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many of the trappings of Western civilization have led to a decline in the microbiome — like hand sanitizers, antibiotics, excessive hygiene, changes in diet. A lot of data support this idea, but it’s still not clear whether the fall in diversity is a bad thing. What we know is that the diversity of the gut microbiome is much higher in apes than it is in hunter-gatherers and then much higher in hunter-gatherers than in Westerners. So this decline is part of a trend that has been going on for some time and precedes humans. So does it just reflect changes in evolution and diet? And, if so, to what extent is it actually causing us health problems?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What’s the evidence behind \u003c/strong>\u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2014/10/11/355126926/frozen-poop-pills-fight-life-threatening-infections\">\u003cstrong>fecal transplants\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003cstrong> for treating human illnesses? \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The results are very clear for treating infections of \u003ca href=\"https://vsearch.nlm.nih.gov/vivisimo/cgi-bin/query-meta?v%3Aproject=medlineplus&v%3Asources=medlineplus-bundle&query=Clostridium+difficile+&_ga=1.175818084.770305065.1469127597\">\u003cem>Clostridium difficile\u003c/em>\u003c/a>, a very hardy bacterium that causes recurrent and often intractable cases of diarrhea. Fecal transplants have been used to treat this condition many times over in many countries. It’s been tested in randomized controlled studies, which is the gold standard. The first trial had to be stopped early because [the transplants were so successful that] it seemed unethical to not put all of the patients on this treatment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That said, the results for other conditions like \u003ca href=\"https://vsearch.nlm.nih.gov/vivisimo/cgi-bin/query-meta?v%3Aproject=medlineplus&v%3Asources=medlineplus-bundle&query=irritable+bowel+syndrome\">irritable bowel syndrome\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/ibd/\">inflammatory bowel disease\u003c/a> have been far more inconsistent. That’s because \u003cem>C. diff.\u003c/em> is kind of a special case. It’s a very invasive microbe that has repeatedly been assaulted by antibiotics which have caused a collapse in other microbes. So it’s an easy environment for [microbes in] a donor stool to invade.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It might just be that \u003cem>C. diff. \u003c/em>was the low hanging fruit. That said, fecal transplants are arguably our most successful microbiome-based therapy. They show some important principles that we might like to take heed of like the fact that [the treatment] is a community-based approach. There are lots of questions to be answered. [For example], we don’t know what the long-term risks are, if any.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>It seems like there are a lot of questions remaining about how our microbiomes affect our health. Why don’t we have more answers yet? \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The way I see it, there are many areas in medicine where the math is simple. Say you have a vitamin deficiency, you add a vitamin and then you’re better. With manipulating the microbiome, it is infinitely more complicated because this is an entire world — a community of hundreds if not thousands of microbes interacting with each other and us, their hosts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tweaking that is understandably very hard. It’s why simple measures like probiotics — adding a few strains of microbes in the hope that they will take hold and remedy health problems — have been largely unsuccessful. It will take more. It will take an understanding of how different microbes interact, whether they feed each other or compete with each other. If we want to add microbes to our bodies, we’ll need to think about whether we need to eat certain foods to nourish the microbes we’re taking.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Our microbiomes are constantly changing, day by day, hour by hour. It’s the flexibility that has people so excited because you should be able to change it so easily — certainly easier than genes. But ecosystems have resilience. You can nudge them and they bounce back.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=How+the+Microbes+Inside+Us+Went+From+Enemies+To+Purported+Superhealers&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Science writer Ed Yong talks about his new book, which looks at diet and the microbiome and whether poop transplants and probiotics are all they're cracked up to be.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>“Microbes have always ruled the planet but for the first time in history, they are \u003cem>fashionable\u003c/em>,” writes Ed Yong in his new book, \u003cem>I Contain Multitudes: The Microbes Within Us and a Grander View of Life,\u003c/em> on sale Tuesday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yong, a U.K.-based science writer, describes how humans ignored, feared and then lauded the “microscopic menagerie” living inside us and other animals. He explains how these resident bacteria, fungi, archaea and viruses, known collectively as the \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2013/11/01/242361826/exploring-the-invisible-universe-that-lives-on-us-and-in-us\">microbiome\u003c/a>, form intimate partnerships with their hosts — contributing to everything from the glow of a squid’s light organ to the development of our own immune systems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_909496\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 315px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-909496\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/ed-yong_enl-55e843b9b67543aa574f22023250dbe6c1920420.jpg\" alt=\"Author Ed Yong.\" width=\"315\" height=\"429\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/ed-yong_enl-55e843b9b67543aa574f22023250dbe6c1920420.jpg 1488w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/ed-yong_enl-55e843b9b67543aa574f22023250dbe6c1920420-400x545.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/ed-yong_enl-55e843b9b67543aa574f22023250dbe6c1920420-800x1090.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/ed-yong_enl-55e843b9b67543aa574f22023250dbe6c1920420-768x1047.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/ed-yong_enl-55e843b9b67543aa574f22023250dbe6c1920420-1440x1963.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/ed-yong_enl-55e843b9b67543aa574f22023250dbe6c1920420-1180x1608.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/ed-yong_enl-55e843b9b67543aa574f22023250dbe6c1920420-960x1308.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 315px) 100vw, 315px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Author Ed Yong. \u003ccite>(Urszula Sołtys/Courtesy of Ecco)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Scientists are testing whether microbes (especially bacteria) have the potential to treat \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2015/09/30/444746094/missing-microbes-provide-clues-about-asthma-risk\">asthma\u003c/a>, allergies, \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2013/09/04/218932421/how-a-change-in-gut-microbes-can-affect-weight\">obesity\u003c/a>, and a range of \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2013/09/10/216553408/microbe-transplants-treat-some-diseases-that-drugs-cant-fix\">hard-to-treat infections\u003c/a>. But Yong questions whether our growing enthusiasm for these microbes has outstripped the scientific evidence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We spoke with Yong about what the latest science says about microbes and human health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>The interview has been edited for length and clarity.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Does what we eat influence our microbial residents? \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’ve been many studies showing that when people change their diet, the microbes in their guts also change. And of course they do. If you think of adding a different set of nutrients into an ecosystem, of course it’s going to affect the number and range of species in that place. The critical questions are what kinds of changes are good or bad for health and how can we enact those changes through taking steps in our diet. These are still pretty open questions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It seems that \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2013/11/08/243929866/can-we-eat-our-way-to-a-healthier-microbiome-its-complicated\">dietary fiber\u003c/a> is a really important driver of microbial diversity in our bodies. Fiber consists of large numbers of different carbohydrates — many we can’t digest, but our bacteria in our guts can. If we eat low-fiber diets, we narrow the range of our microbial partners. But the guidance to eat more fiber has been a longstanding part of nutritional advice. The discoveries of the microbiome lend credence to that, but don’t fundamentally change it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What about how food influences a baby’s developing microbiome? \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There is a particular subspecies of bacteria called \u003cem>B. infantis\u003c/em> and it seems to have evolved to feed on sugars [in breast milk] known as human milk oligosaccharides. Babies can’t digest [the sugars] so they are food for the microbes, not for the babies. These sugars are sort of a way of setting up a baby’s first microbiome, ensuring that the right species set up shop rather than those that are likely to cause disease. And it’s fascinating to me to think of this very common act, breastfeeding, through this new microbial lens.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Should we be worried that some of the microbes that have been \u003c/strong>\u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2016/01/07/462286732/stomach-of-ancient-iceman-held-microbes-like-ours\">\u003cstrong>living inside us for thousands of years\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003cstrong> are \u003c/strong>\u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2015/04/21/400393756/how-modern-life-depletes-our-gut-microbes\">\u003cstrong>becoming scarce\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003cstrong>?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many of the trappings of Western civilization have led to a decline in the microbiome — like hand sanitizers, antibiotics, excessive hygiene, changes in diet. A lot of data support this idea, but it’s still not clear whether the fall in diversity is a bad thing. What we know is that the diversity of the gut microbiome is much higher in apes than it is in hunter-gatherers and then much higher in hunter-gatherers than in Westerners. So this decline is part of a trend that has been going on for some time and precedes humans. So does it just reflect changes in evolution and diet? And, if so, to what extent is it actually causing us health problems?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What’s the evidence behind \u003c/strong>\u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2014/10/11/355126926/frozen-poop-pills-fight-life-threatening-infections\">\u003cstrong>fecal transplants\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003cstrong> for treating human illnesses? \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The results are very clear for treating infections of \u003ca href=\"https://vsearch.nlm.nih.gov/vivisimo/cgi-bin/query-meta?v%3Aproject=medlineplus&v%3Asources=medlineplus-bundle&query=Clostridium+difficile+&_ga=1.175818084.770305065.1469127597\">\u003cem>Clostridium difficile\u003c/em>\u003c/a>, a very hardy bacterium that causes recurrent and often intractable cases of diarrhea. Fecal transplants have been used to treat this condition many times over in many countries. It’s been tested in randomized controlled studies, which is the gold standard. The first trial had to be stopped early because [the transplants were so successful that] it seemed unethical to not put all of the patients on this treatment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That said, the results for other conditions like \u003ca href=\"https://vsearch.nlm.nih.gov/vivisimo/cgi-bin/query-meta?v%3Aproject=medlineplus&v%3Asources=medlineplus-bundle&query=irritable+bowel+syndrome\">irritable bowel syndrome\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/ibd/\">inflammatory bowel disease\u003c/a> have been far more inconsistent. That’s because \u003cem>C. diff.\u003c/em> is kind of a special case. It’s a very invasive microbe that has repeatedly been assaulted by antibiotics which have caused a collapse in other microbes. So it’s an easy environment for [microbes in] a donor stool to invade.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It might just be that \u003cem>C. diff. \u003c/em>was the low hanging fruit. That said, fecal transplants are arguably our most successful microbiome-based therapy. They show some important principles that we might like to take heed of like the fact that [the treatment] is a community-based approach. There are lots of questions to be answered. [For example], we don’t know what the long-term risks are, if any.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>It seems like there are a lot of questions remaining about how our microbiomes affect our health. Why don’t we have more answers yet? \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The way I see it, there are many areas in medicine where the math is simple. Say you have a vitamin deficiency, you add a vitamin and then you’re better. With manipulating the microbiome, it is infinitely more complicated because this is an entire world — a community of hundreds if not thousands of microbes interacting with each other and us, their hosts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tweaking that is understandably very hard. It’s why simple measures like probiotics — adding a few strains of microbes in the hope that they will take hold and remedy health problems — have been largely unsuccessful. It will take more. It will take an understanding of how different microbes interact, whether they feed each other or compete with each other. If we want to add microbes to our bodies, we’ll need to think about whether we need to eat certain foods to nourish the microbes we’re taking.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"imageAlt": "KQED The California Report",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/californiareport",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 8
},
"link": "/californiareport",
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"amazon": "https://music.amazon.com/podcasts/26099305-72af-4542-9dde-ac1807fe36d5/kqed-s-the-california-report",
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}
},
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"id": "californiareportmagazine",
"title": "The California Report Magazine",
"tagline": "Your state, your stories",
"info": "Every week, The California Report Magazine takes you on a road trip for the ears: to visit the places and meet the people who make California unique. The in-depth storytelling podcast from the California Report.",
"airtime": "FRI 4:30pm-5pm, 6:30pm-7pm, 11pm-11:30pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-California-Report-Magazine-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/californiareportmagazine",
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"order": 10
},
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM3NjkwNjk1OTAz",
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"rss": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/tag/tcrmag/feed/podcast"
}
},
"city-arts": {
"id": "city-arts",
"title": "City Arts & Lectures",
"info": "A one-hour radio program to hear celebrated writers, artists and thinkers address contemporary ideas and values, often discussing the creative process. Please note: tapes or transcripts are not available",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/05/cityartsandlecture-300x300.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.cityarts.net/",
"airtime": "SUN 1pm-2pm, TUE 10pm, WED 1am",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "City Arts & Lectures"
},
"link": "https://www.cityarts.net",
"subscribe": {
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/City-Arts-and-Lectures-p692/",
"rss": "https://www.cityarts.net/feed/"
}
},
"closealltabs": {
"id": "closealltabs",
"title": "Close All Tabs",
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"info": "Close All Tabs breaks down how digital culture shapes our world through thoughtful insights and irreverent humor.",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/CAT_2_Tile-scaled.jpg",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/closealltabs",
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"order": 1
},
"link": "/podcasts/closealltabs",
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"id": "code-switch-life-kit",
"title": "Code Switch / Life Kit",
"info": "\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />",
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"meta": {
"site": "radio",
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"link": "/radio/program/code-switch-life-kit",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnByLm9yZy9yc3MvcG9kY2FzdC5waHA_aWQ9NTEwMzEy",
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},
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"id": "commonwealth-club",
"title": "Commonwealth Club of California Podcast",
"info": "The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.",
"airtime": "THU 10pm, FRI 1am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Commonwealth-Club-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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"meta": {
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"source": "Commonwealth Club of California"
},
"link": "/radio/program/commonwealth-club",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cDovL3d3dy5jb21tb253ZWFsdGhjbHViLm9yZy9hdWRpby9wb2RjYXN0L3dlZWtseS54bWw",
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}
},
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"id": "forum",
"title": "Forum",
"tagline": "The conversation starts here",
"info": "KQED’s live call-in program discussing local, state, national and international issues, as well as in-depth interviews.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 9am-11am, 10pm-11pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Forum-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Forum with Mina Kim and Alexis Madrigal",
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"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 9
},
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM5NTU3MzgxNjMz",
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},
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"id": "freakonomics-radio",
"title": "Freakonomics Radio",
"info": "Freakonomics Radio is a one-hour award-winning podcast and public-radio project hosted by Stephen Dubner, with co-author Steve Levitt as a regular guest. It is produced in partnership with WNYC.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/05/freakonomicsRadio.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://freakonomics.com/",
"airtime": "SUN 1am-2am, SAT 3pm-4pm",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "WNYC"
},
"link": "/radio/program/freakonomics-radio",
"subscribe": {
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/freakonomics-radio/id354668519",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/podcasts/WNYC-Podcasts/Freakonomics-Radio-p272293/",
"rss": "https://feeds.feedburner.com/freakonomicsradio"
}
},
"fresh-air": {
"id": "fresh-air",
"title": "Fresh Air",
"info": "Hosted by Terry Gross, \u003cem>Fresh Air from WHYY\u003c/em> is the Peabody Award-winning weekday magazine of contemporary arts and issues. One of public radio's most popular programs, Fresh Air features intimate conversations with today's biggest luminaries.",
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"link": "/radio/program/fresh-air",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=214089682&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/381444908/podcast.xml"
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"here-and-now": {
"id": "here-and-now",
"title": "Here & Now",
"info": "A live production of NPR and WBUR Boston, in collaboration with stations across the country, Here & Now reflects the fluid world of news as it's happening in the middle of the day, with timely, in-depth news, interviews and conversation. Hosted by Robin Young, Jeremy Hobson and Tonya Mosley.",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510051/podcast.xml"
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},
"hidden-brain": {
"id": "hidden-brain",
"title": "Hidden Brain",
"info": "Shankar Vedantam uses science and storytelling to reveal the unconscious patterns that drive human behavior, shape our choices and direct our relationships.",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/series/423302056/hidden-brain",
"airtime": "SUN 7pm-8pm",
"meta": {
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"source": "NPR"
},
"link": "/radio/program/hidden-brain",
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},
"how-i-built-this": {
"id": "how-i-built-this",
"title": "How I Built This with Guy Raz",
"info": "Guy Raz dives into the stories behind some of the world's best known companies. How I Built This weaves a narrative journey about innovators, entrepreneurs and idealists—and the movements they built.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/05/howIBuiltThis.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510313/how-i-built-this",
"airtime": "SUN 7:30pm-8pm",
"meta": {
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"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/how-i-built-this",
"subscribe": {
"npr": "https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/3zxy",
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/how-i-built-this-with-guy-raz/id1150510297?mt=2",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510313/podcast.xml"
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},
"hyphenacion": {
"id": "hyphenacion",
"title": "Hyphenación",
"tagline": "Where conversation and cultura meet",
"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/Hyphenacion_FinalAssets_PodcastTile.png",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/hyphenacion",
"meta": {
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"order": 15
},
"link": "/podcasts/hyphenacion",
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"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/2p3Fifq96nw9BPcmFdIq0o?si=39209f7b25774f38",
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"amazon": "https://music.amazon.com/podcasts/6c3dd23c-93fb-4aab-97ba-1725fa6315f1/hyphenaci%C3%B3n",
"rss": "https://feeds.megaphone.fm/KQINC2275451163"
}
},
"jerrybrown": {
"id": "jerrybrown",
"title": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown",
"tagline": "Lessons from a lifetime in politics",
"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-Political-Mind-of-Jerry-Brown-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 18
},
"link": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/id1492194549",
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}
},
"latino-usa": {
"id": "latino-usa",
"title": "Latino USA",
"airtime": "MON 1am-2am, SUN 6pm-7pm",
"info": "Latino USA, the radio journal of news and culture, is the only national, English-language radio program produced from a Latino perspective.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/latinoUsa.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://latinousa.org/",
"meta": {
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"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/latino-usa",
"subscribe": {
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=79681317&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510016/podcast.xml"
}
},
"marketplace": {
"id": "marketplace",
"title": "Marketplace",
"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Marketplace-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.marketplace.org/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "American Public Media"
},
"link": "/radio/program/marketplace",
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"rss": "https://feeds.publicradio.org/public_feeds/marketplace-pm/rss/rss"
}
},
"masters-of-scale": {
"id": "masters-of-scale",
"title": "Masters of Scale",
"info": "Masters of Scale is an original podcast in which LinkedIn co-founder and Greylock Partner Reid Hoffman sets out to describe and prove theories that explain how great entrepreneurs take their companies from zero to a gazillion in ingenious fashion.",
"airtime": "Every other Wednesday June 12 through October 16 at 8pm (repeats Thursdays at 2am)",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Masters-of-Scale-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://mastersofscale.com/",
"meta": {
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"source": "WaitWhat"
},
"link": "/radio/program/masters-of-scale",
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"apple": "http://mastersofscale.app.link/",
"rss": "https://rss.art19.com/masters-of-scale"
}
},
"mindshift": {
"id": "mindshift",
"title": "MindShift",
"tagline": "A podcast about the future of learning and how we raise our kids",
"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/mindshift/",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 12
},
"link": "/podcasts/mindshift",
"subscribe": {
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5",
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"stitcher": "https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/stories-teachers-share",
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}
},
"morning-edition": {
"id": "morning-edition",
"title": "Morning Edition",
"info": "\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. Hosts Steve Inskeep, David Greene and Rachel Martin bring you the latest breaking news and features to prepare you for the day.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 3am-9am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Morning-Edition-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/programs/morning-edition/",
"meta": {
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"link": "/radio/program/morning-edition"
},
"onourwatch": {
"id": "onourwatch",
"title": "On Our Watch",
"tagline": "Deeply-reported investigative journalism",
"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/On-Our-Watch-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "On Our Watch from NPR and KQED",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 11
},
"link": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/id1567098962",
"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5ucHIub3JnLzUxMDM2MC9wb2RjYXN0LnhtbD9zYz1nb29nbGVwb2RjYXN0cw",
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"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/0OLWoyizopu6tY1XiuX70x",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/On-Our-Watch-p1436229/",
"stitcher": "https://www.stitcher.com/show/on-our-watch",
"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510360/podcast.xml"
}
},
"on-the-media": {
"id": "on-the-media",
"title": "On The Media",
"info": "Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. For one hour a week, the show tries to lift the veil from the process of \"making media,\" especially news media, because it's through that lens that we see the world and the world sees us",
"airtime": "SUN 2pm-3pm, MON 12am-1am",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/onTheMedia.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.wnycstudios.org/shows/otm",
"meta": {
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"source": "wnyc"
},
"link": "/radio/program/on-the-media",
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