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"content": "\u003cp>Shrouded by smoke from a fire in California’s parched San Bernardino Mountains, schools in the Victor Valley closed their doors last week. The Pilot Fire was contained on Monday — shortly before the \u003ca href=\"http://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-ln-blue-cut-fire-20160819-snap-story.html\">Blue Cut Fire\u003c/a> broke out, billowing soot and ash over the valley afresh, forcing further closures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is a pretty unprecedented situation,” said \u003ca href=\"http://www.mdaqmd.ca.gov/index.aspx?recordid=70&page=38\">Violette Roberts\u003c/a>, a Mojave Desert Air Quality Management District official whose job involves warning residents in the area about air pollution. On Monday, “the sky had turned dark,” she said. “It looked like it was sunset most of the day.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">A “smoke wave” describes the type of multiday impacts from wildfire pollution that were experienced this month in the Victor Valley.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>As the district warned valley residents to “limit time spent outdoors” and to seek medical care for respiratory ailments, school and health clinic closures and canceled sporting events were reminders that health impacts from wildfires carry further than the flames.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the West, where populations living near forests and scrublands are growing, global warming is \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/western-wildfires-climate-change-20475\">projected to fuel worsening wildfires\u003c/a>, mostly by drying out the land. Research published this week showed how those forces will combine to cause wildfire pollution to threaten tens of millions more people during the years ahead than are currently at risk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When you have a wildfire, like a really bad wildfire, you can see that the air quality is reduced,” said \u003ca href=\"http://csu-cvmbs.colostate.edu/academics/erhs/Pages/brooke-anderson.aspx\">Brooke Anderson\u003c/a>, a Colorado State University epidemiologist who worked on the new study, \u003ca href=\"http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs10584-016-1762-6\">published in the journal Climatic Change\u003c/a>. “These ambient air pollutants can reach a lot of people.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers like Anderson have taken to using the term “smoke wave” to describe the type of multiday impacts from wildfire pollution that were experienced this month in the Victor Valley. The valley contains hundreds of thousands of residents as well as the thoroughfare linking Las Vegas with Los Angeles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Anderson and scientists from Yale and Harvard calculated that 82 million residents of the West will experience smoke waves that are two days or longer during a six-year period beginning in the late 2040s. That’s a 44 percent increase from a six-year period last decade.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We discovered that, indeed, fires will become worse in the future, and that the number of people exposed to what we call smoke waves increases by about 35 million,” said \u003ca href=\"https://www.seas.harvard.edu/directory/mickley\">Loretta Mickley\u003c/a>, an atmospheric chemist at Harvard who helped lead the study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers combined population projections with the outputs of models designed to predict fire risks as greenhouse gas pollution continues to build up in the atmosphere. They also used a model to project the spread of plumes of air pollution from the flames.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On a per-county average, the group estimated that the number of smoke waves experienced in the West will increase to about 1.5 each year by the 2050s, up from about one today. The smoke waves are also projected to become more intense — with air pollution during the worst smoke waves expected to worsen more than 400 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not all counties will be equally affected. Some may experience fewer smoke waves as the climate changes, though most were projected to experience worsening conditions. Communities located in or near forests face the worst impacts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Arizona does get much bigger fires in the future, but because it’s so grassy there, there’s not a lot of fuel for those big fires,” Mickley said. “These fires can threaten homes, but you don’t get the same massive smoke events.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The research was lauded by other scientists for its sophisticated and novel approach.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s as good if not better than anyone else is doing,” said \u003ca href=\"https://staff.ucar.edu/users/christin\">Christine Wiedinmyer\u003c/a>, a National Center for Atmospheric Research scientist who was not involved with the study. “They’ve come up with a nice way of predicting fires — both now and into the future.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wiedinmyer said the findings point to a need to better manage Western forests with more prescribed burns, which simulate natural conditions and clear forest floors of potential fuel. “Of course, you’re going to get emissions there,” she said, but risks of smoke waves from wildfires “might be reduced.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The research focused on fine sky-darkening particles called PM2.5 pollution. Such pollution is \u003ca href=\"http://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/releases/2014/air-pollution/en/\">one of the world’s main killers\u003c/a>, posing risks in particular to children, the elderly and the sick. It’s released by fossil fuel-burning power plants, internal combustion engines and wood burning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This type of approach provides a much more expansive and complete view of the potential consequences for humans as we change our climate,” said \u003ca href=\"http://www.u.arizona.edu/~kanchukaitis/people.html\">Kevin Anchukaitis\u003c/a>, a climatologist and geographer at the University of Arizona who wasn’t involved with the study. “It shows the complicated yet robust link between climate change and human health.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The scientists didn’t focus on other kinds of air pollution created by wildfires, such as chemicals that combine in the atmosphere to form ozone pollution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The direct effects on human health would be much greater for PM2.5 than for the ozone,” said \u003ca href=\"http://science.gsfc.nasa.gov/sed/bio/lesley.e.ott\">Lesley Ott\u003c/a>, a scientist at NASA who wasn’t involved with the study. “This is probably the most direct threat to human health.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Shrouded by smoke from a fire in California’s parched San Bernardino Mountains, schools in the Victor Valley closed their doors last week. The Pilot Fire was contained on Monday — shortly before the \u003ca href=\"http://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-ln-blue-cut-fire-20160819-snap-story.html\">Blue Cut Fire\u003c/a> broke out, billowing soot and ash over the valley afresh, forcing further closures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is a pretty unprecedented situation,” said \u003ca href=\"http://www.mdaqmd.ca.gov/index.aspx?recordid=70&page=38\">Violette Roberts\u003c/a>, a Mojave Desert Air Quality Management District official whose job involves warning residents in the area about air pollution. On Monday, “the sky had turned dark,” she said. “It looked like it was sunset most of the day.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">A “smoke wave” describes the type of multiday impacts from wildfire pollution that were experienced this month in the Victor Valley.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>As the district warned valley residents to “limit time spent outdoors” and to seek medical care for respiratory ailments, school and health clinic closures and canceled sporting events were reminders that health impacts from wildfires carry further than the flames.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the West, where populations living near forests and scrublands are growing, global warming is \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/western-wildfires-climate-change-20475\">projected to fuel worsening wildfires\u003c/a>, mostly by drying out the land. Research published this week showed how those forces will combine to cause wildfire pollution to threaten tens of millions more people during the years ahead than are currently at risk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When you have a wildfire, like a really bad wildfire, you can see that the air quality is reduced,” said \u003ca href=\"http://csu-cvmbs.colostate.edu/academics/erhs/Pages/brooke-anderson.aspx\">Brooke Anderson\u003c/a>, a Colorado State University epidemiologist who worked on the new study, \u003ca href=\"http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs10584-016-1762-6\">published in the journal Climatic Change\u003c/a>. “These ambient air pollutants can reach a lot of people.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers like Anderson have taken to using the term “smoke wave” to describe the type of multiday impacts from wildfire pollution that were experienced this month in the Victor Valley. The valley contains hundreds of thousands of residents as well as the thoroughfare linking Las Vegas with Los Angeles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Anderson and scientists from Yale and Harvard calculated that 82 million residents of the West will experience smoke waves that are two days or longer during a six-year period beginning in the late 2040s. That’s a 44 percent increase from a six-year period last decade.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We discovered that, indeed, fires will become worse in the future, and that the number of people exposed to what we call smoke waves increases by about 35 million,” said \u003ca href=\"https://www.seas.harvard.edu/directory/mickley\">Loretta Mickley\u003c/a>, an atmospheric chemist at Harvard who helped lead the study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers combined population projections with the outputs of models designed to predict fire risks as greenhouse gas pollution continues to build up in the atmosphere. They also used a model to project the spread of plumes of air pollution from the flames.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On a per-county average, the group estimated that the number of smoke waves experienced in the West will increase to about 1.5 each year by the 2050s, up from about one today. The smoke waves are also projected to become more intense — with air pollution during the worst smoke waves expected to worsen more than 400 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not all counties will be equally affected. Some may experience fewer smoke waves as the climate changes, though most were projected to experience worsening conditions. Communities located in or near forests face the worst impacts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Arizona does get much bigger fires in the future, but because it’s so grassy there, there’s not a lot of fuel for those big fires,” Mickley said. “These fires can threaten homes, but you don’t get the same massive smoke events.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The research was lauded by other scientists for its sophisticated and novel approach.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s as good if not better than anyone else is doing,” said \u003ca href=\"https://staff.ucar.edu/users/christin\">Christine Wiedinmyer\u003c/a>, a National Center for Atmospheric Research scientist who was not involved with the study. “They’ve come up with a nice way of predicting fires — both now and into the future.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wiedinmyer said the findings point to a need to better manage Western forests with more prescribed burns, which simulate natural conditions and clear forest floors of potential fuel. “Of course, you’re going to get emissions there,” she said, but risks of smoke waves from wildfires “might be reduced.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The research focused on fine sky-darkening particles called PM2.5 pollution. Such pollution is \u003ca href=\"http://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/releases/2014/air-pollution/en/\">one of the world’s main killers\u003c/a>, posing risks in particular to children, the elderly and the sick. It’s released by fossil fuel-burning power plants, internal combustion engines and wood burning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This type of approach provides a much more expansive and complete view of the potential consequences for humans as we change our climate,” said \u003ca href=\"http://www.u.arizona.edu/~kanchukaitis/people.html\">Kevin Anchukaitis\u003c/a>, a climatologist and geographer at the University of Arizona who wasn’t involved with the study. “It shows the complicated yet robust link between climate change and human health.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The scientists didn’t focus on other kinds of air pollution created by wildfires, such as chemicals that combine in the atmosphere to form ozone pollution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The direct effects on human health would be much greater for PM2.5 than for the ozone,” said \u003ca href=\"http://science.gsfc.nasa.gov/sed/bio/lesley.e.ott\">Lesley Ott\u003c/a>, a scientist at NASA who wasn’t involved with the study. “This is probably the most direct threat to human health.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Where Else in the Universe Can You Find Fjords? On This Distant Moon",
"headTitle": "Where Else in the Universe Can You Find Fjords? On This Distant Moon | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Still orbiting Saturn after twelve years, \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/cassini/main/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cassini\u003c/a> continues to surprise and delight us with its discoveries. Findings by the NASA spacecraft suggest that Saturn’s moon Titan contains deep, liquid-flooded canyons that may resemble fjords and alpine lakes on Earth. Titan is arguably one of the most interesting moons in the solar system, the only one with a thick atmosphere, in fact made of nitrogen and thicker than Earth’s!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In May 2013, Cassini made a close flyby of Titan, focusing its attention on \u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/cassini/multimedia/pia16197.html\">Vid Flumina\u003c/a>, a Nile-like river valley, connected to the sea \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/image-feature/jpl/pia20021/mystery-feature-evolves-in-titans-ligeia-mare\">Ligeia Mare\u003c/a>. Apparent drainage networks have been seen in many areas on Titan, mostly in connection with a lake or sea. However, Vid Flumina is a system of narrow, deep and steep-walled canyons. Some sections are 1,870 feet deep with walls sloped at 40 degrees — even steeper than San Francisco’s famous \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lombard_Street_(San_Francisco)\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Lombard Street\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cassini’s radar took \u003ca href=\"http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=6589&utm_source=iContact&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=NASAJPL&utm_content=daily20160809-1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">the measurements\u003c/a>, although normally it creates images of Titan’s surface, pinging the moon with radio pulses and composing pictures based on the signal strength bouncing off the topography. Areas with varying amounts of slope and degrees of smoothness appear different in the radar data.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_923357\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-923357\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/titan_liquid_canyon.jpg\" alt=\"Artist concept of a body of liquid methane and ethane in a canyon on Saturn's moon, Titan.\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/titan_liquid_canyon.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/titan_liquid_canyon-400x225.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/titan_liquid_canyon-768x432.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Artist concept of a body of liquid methane and ethane in a canyon on Saturn’s moon, Titan. \u003ccite>(JPL/NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The radar imaging technique has given us wonderful birds-eye views of Titan’s landscape hidden from Cassini’s visible-light cameras under a thick shroud of hydrocarbon haze. For years we have enjoyed scenes of high and rugged mountainous terrain, vast plains of dunes, dendritic networks of river-like channel systems and the wide, flat, incredibly smooth surfaces of numerous lakes and seas of liquid hydrocarbons.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, during the May 2013 flyby, Cassini’s radar worked as an altimeter, measuring the elevations of terrain in and around the Vid Flumina complex. This “echolocation” method not only revealed the steepness of the canyon walls and the depth of the channels, but in a number of spots it also revealed “flashes” or glints of sharply reflected radar as if the radio waves were reflecting from a very smooth, very flat and level surface — like a body of liquid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This detection is the first direct evidence of pooled liquid in any canyon or drainage channel system on this cold and dynamic moon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still more, the measured altitude of the liquid surfaces in some of these canyons was at sea level, while in other canyons they were hundreds of feet higher. Might the sea-level liquid channels in the deep, steep-walled canyons resemble Norway’s fjords, and the higher-altitude pockets the pooling of alpine lakes in deep river canyons on Earth?\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_923358\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1400px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-923358\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/PIA20021-16.gif\" alt=\"Radar image of the hydrocarbon sea Ligeia Mare (right) and the drainage system complex Vid Flumina (upper left). The white circles show locations where radar reflections indicate surfaces of pooled liquid.\" width=\"1400\" height=\"788\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Radar image of the hydrocarbon sea Ligeia Mare (right) and the drainage system complex Vid Flumina (upper left). The white circles show locations where radar reflections indicate surfaces of pooled liquid. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech/ASI/Cornell)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>What a sight they must be! The only direct images we have from Titan’s surface came from the short-lived \u003ca href=\"http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Space_Science/Highlights/Ten_years_at_Titan\">Huygens probe\u003c/a> in 2005, and tantalizing as that glimpse was, the terrain at the probe’s landing site was flat and dry. I will not say boring, it was anything but!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The depth of these likely liquid-carved canyons tells us that they were either carved by erosion over a long period of time, or were cut quickly by processes we don’t yet fully understand. Scientists are considering several possible means for their formation, including uplifted land or a changing sea level — or possibly both.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Titan is one of the only bodies in the solar system, moon or planet, with an active liquid cycle on its surface. It’s a version of Earth’s water cycle, but at freezing temperatures where water is like solid rock, and hydrocarbons like methane and ethane play the role of liquid. And more and more, it appears that Titan’s topographical features in many cases bear a strong resemblance to terrains found on Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cassini may give us only a few more glimpses of Titan, as well as Saturn and some of its other fascinating moons, before the mission is terminated next year when Cassini will be driven deliberately into Saturn’s atmosphere in an incinerating blaze of glory.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NASA doesn’t want to leave a piece of derelict space junk with decaying plutonium power cells flying around the Saturn system, which for all we know may be home to \u003ca href=\"https://astronomynow.com/2015/03/01/life-not-as-we-know-it-possible-on-saturns-moon-titan/\">some form of life\u003c/a> — especially those moons, like Enceladus, where we have detected the presence of liquid water.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Still orbiting Saturn after twelve years, \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/cassini/main/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cassini\u003c/a> continues to surprise and delight us with its discoveries. Findings by the NASA spacecraft suggest that Saturn’s moon Titan contains deep, liquid-flooded canyons that may resemble fjords and alpine lakes on Earth. Titan is arguably one of the most interesting moons in the solar system, the only one with a thick atmosphere, in fact made of nitrogen and thicker than Earth’s!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In May 2013, Cassini made a close flyby of Titan, focusing its attention on \u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/cassini/multimedia/pia16197.html\">Vid Flumina\u003c/a>, a Nile-like river valley, connected to the sea \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/image-feature/jpl/pia20021/mystery-feature-evolves-in-titans-ligeia-mare\">Ligeia Mare\u003c/a>. Apparent drainage networks have been seen in many areas on Titan, mostly in connection with a lake or sea. However, Vid Flumina is a system of narrow, deep and steep-walled canyons. Some sections are 1,870 feet deep with walls sloped at 40 degrees — even steeper than San Francisco’s famous \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lombard_Street_(San_Francisco)\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Lombard Street\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cassini’s radar took \u003ca href=\"http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=6589&utm_source=iContact&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=NASAJPL&utm_content=daily20160809-1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">the measurements\u003c/a>, although normally it creates images of Titan’s surface, pinging the moon with radio pulses and composing pictures based on the signal strength bouncing off the topography. Areas with varying amounts of slope and degrees of smoothness appear different in the radar data.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_923357\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-923357\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/titan_liquid_canyon.jpg\" alt=\"Artist concept of a body of liquid methane and ethane in a canyon on Saturn's moon, Titan.\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/titan_liquid_canyon.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/titan_liquid_canyon-400x225.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/titan_liquid_canyon-768x432.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Artist concept of a body of liquid methane and ethane in a canyon on Saturn’s moon, Titan. \u003ccite>(JPL/NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The radar imaging technique has given us wonderful birds-eye views of Titan’s landscape hidden from Cassini’s visible-light cameras under a thick shroud of hydrocarbon haze. For years we have enjoyed scenes of high and rugged mountainous terrain, vast plains of dunes, dendritic networks of river-like channel systems and the wide, flat, incredibly smooth surfaces of numerous lakes and seas of liquid hydrocarbons.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, during the May 2013 flyby, Cassini’s radar worked as an altimeter, measuring the elevations of terrain in and around the Vid Flumina complex. This “echolocation” method not only revealed the steepness of the canyon walls and the depth of the channels, but in a number of spots it also revealed “flashes” or glints of sharply reflected radar as if the radio waves were reflecting from a very smooth, very flat and level surface — like a body of liquid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This detection is the first direct evidence of pooled liquid in any canyon or drainage channel system on this cold and dynamic moon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still more, the measured altitude of the liquid surfaces in some of these canyons was at sea level, while in other canyons they were hundreds of feet higher. Might the sea-level liquid channels in the deep, steep-walled canyons resemble Norway’s fjords, and the higher-altitude pockets the pooling of alpine lakes in deep river canyons on Earth?\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_923358\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1400px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-923358\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/PIA20021-16.gif\" alt=\"Radar image of the hydrocarbon sea Ligeia Mare (right) and the drainage system complex Vid Flumina (upper left). The white circles show locations where radar reflections indicate surfaces of pooled liquid.\" width=\"1400\" height=\"788\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Radar image of the hydrocarbon sea Ligeia Mare (right) and the drainage system complex Vid Flumina (upper left). The white circles show locations where radar reflections indicate surfaces of pooled liquid. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech/ASI/Cornell)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>What a sight they must be! The only direct images we have from Titan’s surface came from the short-lived \u003ca href=\"http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Space_Science/Highlights/Ten_years_at_Titan\">Huygens probe\u003c/a> in 2005, and tantalizing as that glimpse was, the terrain at the probe’s landing site was flat and dry. I will not say boring, it was anything but!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The depth of these likely liquid-carved canyons tells us that they were either carved by erosion over a long period of time, or were cut quickly by processes we don’t yet fully understand. Scientists are considering several possible means for their formation, including uplifted land or a changing sea level — or possibly both.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Titan is one of the only bodies in the solar system, moon or planet, with an active liquid cycle on its surface. It’s a version of Earth’s water cycle, but at freezing temperatures where water is like solid rock, and hydrocarbons like methane and ethane play the role of liquid. And more and more, it appears that Titan’s topographical features in many cases bear a strong resemblance to terrains found on Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cassini may give us only a few more glimpses of Titan, as well as Saturn and some of its other fascinating moons, before the mission is terminated next year when Cassini will be driven deliberately into Saturn’s atmosphere in an incinerating blaze of glory.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NASA doesn’t want to leave a piece of derelict space junk with decaying plutonium power cells flying around the Saturn system, which for all we know may be home to \u003ca href=\"https://astronomynow.com/2015/03/01/life-not-as-we-know-it-possible-on-saturns-moon-titan/\">some form of life\u003c/a> — especially those moons, like Enceladus, where we have detected the presence of liquid water.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "The Biggest California Water Decision You’ve Never Heard Of",
"headTitle": "The Biggest California Water Decision You’ve Never Heard Of | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Many of California’s farmers, facing severe water cutbacks yet again this year, are blaming the hand they’ve been dealt on environmental protections for endangered fish. The protections limit how much water can be taken up by the huge pumps that serve much of the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But there’s another root of the problem, often overlooked, that controls both the state’s water supply and the fate of endangered fish: the San Joaquin River.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Soon, state officials will make a pivotal decision about how much water should flow down that river each year and the decision will stick for years to come.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some say it could be the most revolutionary change in decades for the West’s largest estuary and the site of California’s fiercest water battles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The San Joaquin is arguably the most heavily tapped river in the state, sometimes going completely dry before it reaches the hub of the state’s water supply, the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a few weeks, the State Water Resources Control Board will release a draft of \u003ca href=\"http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/waterrights/water_issues/programs/bay_delta/bay_delta_plan/water_quality_control_planning/index.shtml\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">an obscure water quality plan\u003c/a> that could dramatically increase the flow of the river.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘It’s a once-in-a-generation chance to manage the Delta ecosystem.’\u003ccite> Jon Rosenfield, The Bay Institute\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>In the process, the board will have to answer a fundamental question: how much water do Californians need and how much should be left for endangered fish?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The board’s decision could have cascading effects across the water system, even for farmers and water suppliers with some of the oldest and most secure water rights in the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Players\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With salmon and Delta smelt populations driven to the brink of extinction during the drought, the water quality plan comes at a vital moment for some because the water board has the authority to restore freshwater flows that scientists say are sorely lacking.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a once-in-a-generation chance to manage the Delta ecosystem,” says Jon Rosenfield, biologist at The Bay Institute.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To boost the flow of the San Joaquin River, state officials could reallocate water from upstream agricultural water districts with “senior” rights, long-considered untouchable. San Francisco and other parts of the Bay Area, which tap into a water source more than 100 miles away, could also be facing cutbacks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But in an odd and unintended twist, cutbacks in one place could benefit farms and cities elsewhere in the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_914708\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-914708 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/SanLuis.jpg\" alt=\"San Luis Reservoir, which serves the Central Valley and Bay Area, is filled entirely by water from the Delta pumping plants.\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/SanLuis.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/SanLuis-400x225.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/SanLuis-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/SanLuis-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/SanLuis-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/SanLuis-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/SanLuis-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">San Luis Reservoir, which serves the Central Valley and Bay Area, is filled entirely by water from the Delta pumping plants. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Many Central Valley farms and cities from San Jose to San Diego rely on water that’s delivered by huge pumping plants in the Delta. When endangered salmon and steelhead are at risk, those pumps must slow down and pump less water\u003cstrong>.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But a higher flow from the San Joaquin River generally improves the environmental conditions that trigger the pumping limits. With fewer limits, the Delta pumps could run more of the time, providing more water to those cities and to farmers who have fallowed thousands of acres in recent years.\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What’s at Stake\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The San Joaquin River and its tributaries, the Stanislaus, Tuolumne and Merced, were dammed a century ago, turning the southern Central Valley into one of the most productive farming areas in the country. But the dams had a huge impact on California’s second-largest river.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Characterizing it as a river is a misnomer,” says Rosenfield. “It goes dry for many, many miles – a completely dry sand bed. It’s been destroyed as a river.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In some spring months, as much as 90 percent of the water is diverted to Central Valley farms and cities. Salmon and steelhead that depend on the river to reproduce often run into a dry riverbed and lack the cool, winding flows they need for their young to survive.\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The San Joaquin River used to support some of the largest Chinook salmon populations in the world,” Rosenfield says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s something officials at the State Water Resources Control Board have to take into consideration, as they update the Bay-Delta Water Quality Control Plan. Federal law requires the plan, under the the Clean Water Act, to safeguard drinking water quality and protect local ecosystems. Its last substantial revision was in 1995.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_914712\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1006px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-914712 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/UIFSJinflow-web.jpg\" alt=\"This past year, the most of the water from the San Joaquin River has been diverted.\" width=\"1006\" height=\"657\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/UIFSJinflow-web.jpg 1006w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/UIFSJinflow-web-400x261.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/UIFSJinflow-web-800x522.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/UIFSJinflow-web-768x502.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/UIFSJinflow-web-960x627.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1006px) 100vw, 1006px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This past year, most of the water from the San Joaquin River has been diverted. \u003ccite>(Source: The Bay Institute)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Now, as part of that update, the water board must decide how much freshwater should flow down the San Joaquin River tributaries. In a later step, the water board will write another plan for the Sacramento River and the rest of the Delta\u003cstrong>.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2010, a state report found that restoring native fish like salmon and steelhead would \u003ca href=\"http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/waterrights/water_issues/programs/bay_delta/deltaflow/docs/draft_report072010.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">require 60 percent\u003c/a> of the San Joaquin River’s unimpaired flow, or the flow that would come down the river in the absence of human use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, the water board says it’s required to consider human needs for water, in addition to the needs of the ecosystem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you’re interested in protecting the agricultural economy, you come up with a different number than 60 percent,” says Les Grober, Assistant Deputy Director for Water Rights at the water board. “This is when the board revisits that fundamental question about how we balance these uses of water.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2012, the water board released its first draft of the water quality control plan update, recommending 35 percent unimpaired flow on the San Joaquin River between February and June.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Reaction was swift from both environmental groups and agricultural water districts.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘It’s a contrived plan to get at the senior water rights holders of the state.’\u003cbr>\n\u003ccite> Steve Knell, Oakdale Irrigation District\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“The 35 percent number was pathetic,” says Rosenfield. “By some measures, it was just maintaining the status quo. Nothing less than 50 percent of the flow is going to restore that river.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State wildlife officials \u003ca href=\"http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/waterrights/water_issues/programs/hearings/baydelta_pdsed/docs/comments032913/scott_cantrell.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">found it wouldn’t be enough water\u003c/a> to restore salmon to the river. The federal Environmental Protection Agency \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/documents/sfdelta-epa-comments-swrcb-wqcp-phase1-sed3-28-2013.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">agreed\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Upstream water districts saw the 35 percent proposal as far too high, since they’d likely have to give up some of their water. Many hold “senior” water rights, meaning they have first priority to water because their rights are some of the oldest in the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s really all the point of this is,” says Steve Knell, manager of Oakdale Irrigation District. “It’s a contrived plan to get at the senior water-rights holders of the state.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_914715\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-914715 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/salmonSJR.jpg\" alt=\"California wildlife agencies are slowly returning Chinook salmon to the San Joaquin River.\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/salmonSJR.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/salmonSJR-400x225.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/salmonSJR-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/salmonSJR-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/salmonSJR-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/salmonSJR-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/salmonSJR-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">California wildlife agencies are slowly returning Chinook salmon to the San Joaquin River. \u003ccite>(Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Modesto and Turlock Irrigation Districts estimate that requiring 40 percent unimpaired flow would cost $167 million in lost farm revenue. They speculate it would mean giving up as much as a third of their water. That would be determined by the water board according to the seniority of the water rights of all the districts involved.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“For our communities, we’re looking at major economic impacts,” says Jake Wenger of Modesto Irrigation District.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Another Farmer’s Gain\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Apart from helping struggling fish, a higher flowing San Joaquin River could actually help other farmers and cities, a side effect of the water board’s plan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The reason has to do with geography: the San Joaquin flows right past the gaping mouths of the Delta water pumps.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two huge pumping plants draw millions of gallons of water per minute from the Delta and send it into aqueducts that reach all the way to the Bay Area, Central Valley and cities in Southern California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The pumps have long been the focus of the fiercest battles over water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_929467\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-929467\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/KQED_Delta.gif\" alt=\"text\" width=\"800\" height=\"590\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Massive water pumps create huge changes in the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta’s water flow.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>When they were built, there was little understanding of their effect on the ecosystem. But their sheer power reverses the flow of water in the Delta, drawing endangered salmon and Delta smelt towards the pumps, interfering with their migration and even sucking them in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As a result, federal wildlife officials have put limits on water pumping. During the spring, if the pull is too strong, pumping is limited or shut down to protect the fish. But that reduces the amount of water that reaches the water districts where people depend on it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The meager flow of the San Joaquin River makes the backward pull of the pumps worse. If the river ran more fully, it would push against the backward flows, potentially allowing the pumps to run more of the time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That could help some water district fill their reservoirs, says Jeffrey Kightlinger, general manager of the Metropolitan Water District, the water wholesaler for major Southern California cities like Los Angeles. “The fact that there isn’t much flow there definitely limits our ability to move water.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other districts that rely on the water pumps are more skeptical of a potential water windfall.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You would think that the response would be ‘that’s great for us’,” says Johnny Amaral of Westlands Water District. “But just because there would be increased flow doesn’t mean they would pump more.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Westlands and other water districts, who usually watch the San Joaquin River with a hawk’s eye, aren’t likely to advocate publicly for higher flows on the river, even though they could benefit. In dry years, many buy water from the “senior” districts upstream and, politically, can’t afford to strain those relationships.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The senior water districts facing cutbacks would likely try to ensure that their water wasn’t just handed out to water districts with junior rights, which would be contrary to the state’s water rights system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Environmental groups might say the same. They’d like to see any extra water coming down the San Joaquin earmarked for endangered species in the Delta itself, instead of being diverted away.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s huge for not just the San Joaquin River, but for the entire Delta,” says Doug Obegi of the Natural Resources Defense Council.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_914718\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-914718\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/Banks2.jpg\" alt=\"The Banks Pumping plant draws water out of the Delta and sends it hundreds of miles south.\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1066\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/Banks2.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/Banks2-400x222.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/Banks2-800x444.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/Banks2-768x426.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/Banks2-1440x800.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/Banks2-1180x655.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/Banks2-960x533.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/Banks2-672x372.jpg 672w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/Banks2-1038x576.jpg 1038w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Banks Pumping Plant draws water out of the Delta and sends it hundreds of miles south. \u003ccite>(California Department of Water Resources)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What About San Francisco?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though it’s far from city limits, the Hetch Hetchy reservoir high in the Sierra Nevada supplies water to San Francisco and more than a million people in the Bay Area. The Hetch Hetchy water system taps into the Tuolumne River, which joins with the San Joaquin River.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Four years ago, the water board decided that the San Francisco Public Utilities Commission (SFPUC) would be excluded from its plan for San Joaquin River flows, even though the other water users on the same tributary, Modesto and Turlock Irrigation Districts, are included.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, it’s looking like that decision has reversed and the city could be told to share its water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s a risk,” says Steve Ritchie, Assistant General Manager at SFPUC. “There’s no doubt about that. Hopefully we would minimize the effect on San Francisco.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>SFPUC has more junior water rights than Modesto and Turlock Irrigation Districts, which means it would be first in line to give up water. Ritchie says the city would make the case that the water is necessary for health and human safety.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Other Appeals for Leeway\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other San Joaquin River water districts with senior rights, on the three tributaries that feed the river, are hoping to escape water cutbacks through habitat restoration for salmon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We should be making more habitat that breeds more fish,” says Knell of Oakdale Irrigation District. “We should focus on habitat improvement and widening our rivers out.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Several districts are arguing that they deserve more time to bring salmon populations back.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The goal is to see the salmon numbers come up,” says Wenger of Modesto Irrigation District. “If we’re not hitting them, then we’ll deal with flow.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_914724\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-914724\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/SJR2.jpg\" alt=\"A dry channel of the San Joaquin River.\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/SJR2.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/SJR2-400x225.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/SJR2-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/SJR2-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/SJR2-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/SJR2-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/SJR2-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A dry channel of the San Joaquin River. \u003ccite>(Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>No matter what the water board ultimately decides, its likely go the way that most controversial water decisions in the state go: to a judge.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You can bet it’s going to end up in court, if it’s a one-size-fits-all solution,” says Wenger.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Fate of the Tunnels \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If that wasn’t enough, the water board’s decision on water Delta flow could also determine the fate of Governor Jerry Brown’s headline water project: the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2016/07/25/about-that-17-billion-water-project-delta-tunnels-101/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">$17 billion Delta water tunnels\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Brown Administration says the tunnels, dubbed California WaterFix, would relieve some of the problems at the Delta water pumps. The idea is that the tunnels would draw water from elsewhere in the Delta, so the pumps would be used less.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Districts from the Bay Area to Los Angeles that receive that water would be responsible for the tunnels’ hefty price tag. But many want guarantees that they’ll receive more water than they do today. Otherwise, the project is too expensive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If the water board requires more water to flow out of the San Joaquin and Sacramento Rivers in order to restore the ecosystem, the Delta tunnels would have to follow those rules, likely meaning that less water would be delivered to the water districts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If that’s the case, the water board could deliver a lethal blow to the Delta tunnels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a few weeks, water board staff will release a new recommendation for unimpaired flow on the San Joaquin River. The board expects to vote on it later this year or early next year.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Why an obscure plan for one California river could be a game changer for farmers, fish and millions of Californians.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Many of California’s farmers, facing severe water cutbacks yet again this year, are blaming the hand they’ve been dealt on environmental protections for endangered fish. The protections limit how much water can be taken up by the huge pumps that serve much of the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But there’s another root of the problem, often overlooked, that controls both the state’s water supply and the fate of endangered fish: the San Joaquin River.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Soon, state officials will make a pivotal decision about how much water should flow down that river each year and the decision will stick for years to come.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some say it could be the most revolutionary change in decades for the West’s largest estuary and the site of California’s fiercest water battles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The San Joaquin is arguably the most heavily tapped river in the state, sometimes going completely dry before it reaches the hub of the state’s water supply, the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a few weeks, the State Water Resources Control Board will release a draft of \u003ca href=\"http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/waterrights/water_issues/programs/bay_delta/bay_delta_plan/water_quality_control_planning/index.shtml\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">an obscure water quality plan\u003c/a> that could dramatically increase the flow of the river.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘It’s a once-in-a-generation chance to manage the Delta ecosystem.’\u003ccite> Jon Rosenfield, The Bay Institute\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>In the process, the board will have to answer a fundamental question: how much water do Californians need and how much should be left for endangered fish?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The board’s decision could have cascading effects across the water system, even for farmers and water suppliers with some of the oldest and most secure water rights in the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Players\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With salmon and Delta smelt populations driven to the brink of extinction during the drought, the water quality plan comes at a vital moment for some because the water board has the authority to restore freshwater flows that scientists say are sorely lacking.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a once-in-a-generation chance to manage the Delta ecosystem,” says Jon Rosenfield, biologist at The Bay Institute.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To boost the flow of the San Joaquin River, state officials could reallocate water from upstream agricultural water districts with “senior” rights, long-considered untouchable. San Francisco and other parts of the Bay Area, which tap into a water source more than 100 miles away, could also be facing cutbacks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But in an odd and unintended twist, cutbacks in one place could benefit farms and cities elsewhere in the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_914708\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-914708 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/SanLuis.jpg\" alt=\"San Luis Reservoir, which serves the Central Valley and Bay Area, is filled entirely by water from the Delta pumping plants.\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/SanLuis.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/SanLuis-400x225.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/SanLuis-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/SanLuis-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/SanLuis-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/SanLuis-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/SanLuis-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">San Luis Reservoir, which serves the Central Valley and Bay Area, is filled entirely by water from the Delta pumping plants. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Many Central Valley farms and cities from San Jose to San Diego rely on water that’s delivered by huge pumping plants in the Delta. When endangered salmon and steelhead are at risk, those pumps must slow down and pump less water\u003cstrong>.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But a higher flow from the San Joaquin River generally improves the environmental conditions that trigger the pumping limits. With fewer limits, the Delta pumps could run more of the time, providing more water to those cities and to farmers who have fallowed thousands of acres in recent years.\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What’s at Stake\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The San Joaquin River and its tributaries, the Stanislaus, Tuolumne and Merced, were dammed a century ago, turning the southern Central Valley into one of the most productive farming areas in the country. But the dams had a huge impact on California’s second-largest river.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Characterizing it as a river is a misnomer,” says Rosenfield. “It goes dry for many, many miles – a completely dry sand bed. It’s been destroyed as a river.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In some spring months, as much as 90 percent of the water is diverted to Central Valley farms and cities. Salmon and steelhead that depend on the river to reproduce often run into a dry riverbed and lack the cool, winding flows they need for their young to survive.\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The San Joaquin River used to support some of the largest Chinook salmon populations in the world,” Rosenfield says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s something officials at the State Water Resources Control Board have to take into consideration, as they update the Bay-Delta Water Quality Control Plan. Federal law requires the plan, under the the Clean Water Act, to safeguard drinking water quality and protect local ecosystems. Its last substantial revision was in 1995.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_914712\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1006px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-914712 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/UIFSJinflow-web.jpg\" alt=\"This past year, the most of the water from the San Joaquin River has been diverted.\" width=\"1006\" height=\"657\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/UIFSJinflow-web.jpg 1006w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/UIFSJinflow-web-400x261.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/UIFSJinflow-web-800x522.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/UIFSJinflow-web-768x502.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/UIFSJinflow-web-960x627.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1006px) 100vw, 1006px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This past year, most of the water from the San Joaquin River has been diverted. \u003ccite>(Source: The Bay Institute)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Now, as part of that update, the water board must decide how much freshwater should flow down the San Joaquin River tributaries. In a later step, the water board will write another plan for the Sacramento River and the rest of the Delta\u003cstrong>.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2010, a state report found that restoring native fish like salmon and steelhead would \u003ca href=\"http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/waterrights/water_issues/programs/bay_delta/deltaflow/docs/draft_report072010.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">require 60 percent\u003c/a> of the San Joaquin River’s unimpaired flow, or the flow that would come down the river in the absence of human use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, the water board says it’s required to consider human needs for water, in addition to the needs of the ecosystem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you’re interested in protecting the agricultural economy, you come up with a different number than 60 percent,” says Les Grober, Assistant Deputy Director for Water Rights at the water board. “This is when the board revisits that fundamental question about how we balance these uses of water.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2012, the water board released its first draft of the water quality control plan update, recommending 35 percent unimpaired flow on the San Joaquin River between February and June.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Reaction was swift from both environmental groups and agricultural water districts.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘It’s a contrived plan to get at the senior water rights holders of the state.’\u003cbr>\n\u003ccite> Steve Knell, Oakdale Irrigation District\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“The 35 percent number was pathetic,” says Rosenfield. “By some measures, it was just maintaining the status quo. Nothing less than 50 percent of the flow is going to restore that river.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State wildlife officials \u003ca href=\"http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/waterrights/water_issues/programs/hearings/baydelta_pdsed/docs/comments032913/scott_cantrell.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">found it wouldn’t be enough water\u003c/a> to restore salmon to the river. The federal Environmental Protection Agency \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/documents/sfdelta-epa-comments-swrcb-wqcp-phase1-sed3-28-2013.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">agreed\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Upstream water districts saw the 35 percent proposal as far too high, since they’d likely have to give up some of their water. Many hold “senior” water rights, meaning they have first priority to water because their rights are some of the oldest in the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s really all the point of this is,” says Steve Knell, manager of Oakdale Irrigation District. “It’s a contrived plan to get at the senior water-rights holders of the state.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_914715\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-914715 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/salmonSJR.jpg\" alt=\"California wildlife agencies are slowly returning Chinook salmon to the San Joaquin River.\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/salmonSJR.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/salmonSJR-400x225.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/salmonSJR-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/salmonSJR-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/salmonSJR-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/salmonSJR-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/salmonSJR-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">California wildlife agencies are slowly returning Chinook salmon to the San Joaquin River. \u003ccite>(Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Modesto and Turlock Irrigation Districts estimate that requiring 40 percent unimpaired flow would cost $167 million in lost farm revenue. They speculate it would mean giving up as much as a third of their water. That would be determined by the water board according to the seniority of the water rights of all the districts involved.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“For our communities, we’re looking at major economic impacts,” says Jake Wenger of Modesto Irrigation District.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Another Farmer’s Gain\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Apart from helping struggling fish, a higher flowing San Joaquin River could actually help other farmers and cities, a side effect of the water board’s plan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The reason has to do with geography: the San Joaquin flows right past the gaping mouths of the Delta water pumps.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two huge pumping plants draw millions of gallons of water per minute from the Delta and send it into aqueducts that reach all the way to the Bay Area, Central Valley and cities in Southern California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The pumps have long been the focus of the fiercest battles over water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_929467\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-929467\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/KQED_Delta.gif\" alt=\"text\" width=\"800\" height=\"590\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Massive water pumps create huge changes in the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta’s water flow.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>When they were built, there was little understanding of their effect on the ecosystem. But their sheer power reverses the flow of water in the Delta, drawing endangered salmon and Delta smelt towards the pumps, interfering with their migration and even sucking them in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As a result, federal wildlife officials have put limits on water pumping. During the spring, if the pull is too strong, pumping is limited or shut down to protect the fish. But that reduces the amount of water that reaches the water districts where people depend on it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The meager flow of the San Joaquin River makes the backward pull of the pumps worse. If the river ran more fully, it would push against the backward flows, potentially allowing the pumps to run more of the time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That could help some water district fill their reservoirs, says Jeffrey Kightlinger, general manager of the Metropolitan Water District, the water wholesaler for major Southern California cities like Los Angeles. “The fact that there isn’t much flow there definitely limits our ability to move water.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other districts that rely on the water pumps are more skeptical of a potential water windfall.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You would think that the response would be ‘that’s great for us’,” says Johnny Amaral of Westlands Water District. “But just because there would be increased flow doesn’t mean they would pump more.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Westlands and other water districts, who usually watch the San Joaquin River with a hawk’s eye, aren’t likely to advocate publicly for higher flows on the river, even though they could benefit. In dry years, many buy water from the “senior” districts upstream and, politically, can’t afford to strain those relationships.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The senior water districts facing cutbacks would likely try to ensure that their water wasn’t just handed out to water districts with junior rights, which would be contrary to the state’s water rights system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Environmental groups might say the same. They’d like to see any extra water coming down the San Joaquin earmarked for endangered species in the Delta itself, instead of being diverted away.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s huge for not just the San Joaquin River, but for the entire Delta,” says Doug Obegi of the Natural Resources Defense Council.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_914718\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-914718\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/Banks2.jpg\" alt=\"The Banks Pumping plant draws water out of the Delta and sends it hundreds of miles south.\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1066\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/Banks2.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/Banks2-400x222.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/Banks2-800x444.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/Banks2-768x426.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/Banks2-1440x800.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/Banks2-1180x655.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/Banks2-960x533.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/Banks2-672x372.jpg 672w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/Banks2-1038x576.jpg 1038w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Banks Pumping Plant draws water out of the Delta and sends it hundreds of miles south. \u003ccite>(California Department of Water Resources)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What About San Francisco?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though it’s far from city limits, the Hetch Hetchy reservoir high in the Sierra Nevada supplies water to San Francisco and more than a million people in the Bay Area. The Hetch Hetchy water system taps into the Tuolumne River, which joins with the San Joaquin River.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Four years ago, the water board decided that the San Francisco Public Utilities Commission (SFPUC) would be excluded from its plan for San Joaquin River flows, even though the other water users on the same tributary, Modesto and Turlock Irrigation Districts, are included.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, it’s looking like that decision has reversed and the city could be told to share its water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s a risk,” says Steve Ritchie, Assistant General Manager at SFPUC. “There’s no doubt about that. Hopefully we would minimize the effect on San Francisco.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>SFPUC has more junior water rights than Modesto and Turlock Irrigation Districts, which means it would be first in line to give up water. Ritchie says the city would make the case that the water is necessary for health and human safety.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Other Appeals for Leeway\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other San Joaquin River water districts with senior rights, on the three tributaries that feed the river, are hoping to escape water cutbacks through habitat restoration for salmon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We should be making more habitat that breeds more fish,” says Knell of Oakdale Irrigation District. “We should focus on habitat improvement and widening our rivers out.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Several districts are arguing that they deserve more time to bring salmon populations back.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The goal is to see the salmon numbers come up,” says Wenger of Modesto Irrigation District. “If we’re not hitting them, then we’ll deal with flow.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_914724\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-914724\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/SJR2.jpg\" alt=\"A dry channel of the San Joaquin River.\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/SJR2.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/SJR2-400x225.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/SJR2-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/SJR2-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/SJR2-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/SJR2-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/SJR2-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A dry channel of the San Joaquin River. \u003ccite>(Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>No matter what the water board ultimately decides, its likely go the way that most controversial water decisions in the state go: to a judge.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You can bet it’s going to end up in court, if it’s a one-size-fits-all solution,” says Wenger.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Fate of the Tunnels \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If that wasn’t enough, the water board’s decision on water Delta flow could also determine the fate of Governor Jerry Brown’s headline water project: the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2016/07/25/about-that-17-billion-water-project-delta-tunnels-101/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">$17 billion Delta water tunnels\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Brown Administration says the tunnels, dubbed California WaterFix, would relieve some of the problems at the Delta water pumps. The idea is that the tunnels would draw water from elsewhere in the Delta, so the pumps would be used less.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Districts from the Bay Area to Los Angeles that receive that water would be responsible for the tunnels’ hefty price tag. But many want guarantees that they’ll receive more water than they do today. Otherwise, the project is too expensive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If the water board requires more water to flow out of the San Joaquin and Sacramento Rivers in order to restore the ecosystem, the Delta tunnels would have to follow those rules, likely meaning that less water would be delivered to the water districts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If that’s the case, the water board could deliver a lethal blow to the Delta tunnels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a few weeks, water board staff will release a new recommendation for unimpaired flow on the San Joaquin River. The board expects to vote on it later this year or early next year.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "California Climate Program Faces Uncertain Future Beyond 2020",
"headTitle": "California Climate Program Faces Uncertain Future Beyond 2020 | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>The opinion of lawyers working for California’s lawmakers became clear in the spring. Without new laws, the state’s prominent cap-and-trade program would be dead after 2020.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Such a legal reality could put an end to the pollution reduction program, and with it billions in anticipated revenues and some of the Golden State’s vaunted global leadership on climate action.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”GcfCjQQ8BZLuU22X1BlTnXqsfQx2AtKu”]Four months after the legislators’ law office \u003ca href=\"http://assets.climatecentral.org/pdfs/August2016_Upton_CapAndTradeLaw.pdf\">concluded\u003c/a> “the plain language” of state law dictates that the state’s cap-and-trade program “may not be applied or used” after 2020, officials in Gov. Jerry Brown’s administration are publicly ignoring the vexing legal questions affecting the flagship program’s future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under a \u003ca href=\"http://www.arb.ca.gov/regact/2016/capandtrade16/isor.pdf\">proposal prepared this month\u003c/a> by the California Air Resources Board, the cap-and-trade program that it oversees would simply continue operating beyond 2020 — without lawmaker blessing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They will absolutely be sued,” said \u003ca href=\"http://www.ghgpolicy.org/about/\">Danny Cullenward\u003c/a>, an energy economist and lawyer who researches climate policies at the Carnegie Institution for Science in Silicon Valley. “This is not a secret what they’re doing. The opponents of the system are well aware.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California’s cap-and-trade program was launched in late 2012, immediately becoming one of the world’s highest-profile efforts to cap the amount of climate pollution released by an economy. Permits to release some of the allowed pollution are called allowances, and they’re auctioned off, then traded among large polluters and speculators, raising funds for state programs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The results of California’s biggest cap-and-trade auction yet, which was held electronically Tuesday following the flop of a May auction that fell hundreds of millions of dollars short of expectations, may provide clues as to whether polluters expect the program to survive into 2021.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even as California officials are outwardly nonchalant about the profound legal challenges, behind the scenes they are scrambling to find solutions, quietly consulting outside experts as they attempt to unearth a regulatory fix that could bypass lawmakers without falling afoul of existing law.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.sacbee.com/news/politics-government/capitol-alert/article95752577.html\">Sacramento Bee reported Monday\u003c/a> that Brown’s office may amend high-profile climate legislation to extend cap-and-trade. For now, though, state officials are simply denying to the public that a legal problem even exists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The cap-and-trade program was created by a 2006 climate law, \u003ca href=\"http://www.leginfo.ca.gov/pub/05-06/bill/asm/ab_0001-0050/ab_32_bill_20060927_chaptered.pdf\">AB32\u003c/a>, which stated that the “market-based” system for achieving pollution cuts was “applicable” until the end of 2020. The law requires that state officials “make recommendations” to lawmakers for reducing greenhouse gas emissions after that time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because of a \u003ca href=\"http://www.lao.ca.gov/ballot/2010/26_11_2010.aspx\">proposition passed\u003c/a> by state voters in 2010 regarding fees and taxes, lawmaker approval of a new or extended cap-and-trade program may require a two-thirds majority.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The legal crisis is, ‘How do we fix that problem?’” Cullenward said. “The Air Resources Board is saying, ‘Oh, we don’t need any new authority, because we’ve got it — we just won’t really tell you what it is.’ ”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The board published a \u003ca href=\"http://www.arb.ca.gov/regact/2016/capandtrade16/appa.pdf\">334-page proposal\u003c/a> this month to extend cap-and-trade beyond 2020. It will be debated by the board’s directors next month.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The proposal doesn’t provide anything resembling a detailed legal defense. Instead, it notes that “the intent” of the legislature was stated in AB32 as being to “maintain and continue reductions” in climate pollution after 2020.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We believe that under AB32 we have the legal authority to move forward,” Stanley Young, a spokesman for the board, said. “Climate change will not end in 2020, and AB32 explicitly states the intent to ‘maintain and continue reductions in emissions of greenhouse gases beyond 2020.’”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Young said the board’s legal position was “developed following a thorough review of the law by our lawyers.” Requests to interview lawyers or review detailed legal briefs were declined.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Doubts over cap-and-trade’s future are coinciding with \u003ca href=\"http://www.eenews.net/climatewire/2016/08/15/stories/1060041591\">long-running legislative battles\u003c/a> in Sacramento over efforts to enact California climate laws affecting the period after 2020.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some lawmakers are pushing to require greenhouse gas emissions in the state be reduced to 40 percent below 1990 levels by 2030 — similar to plans adopted last year in the European Union. The legislation is strongly supported by Brown.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The battle over cap-and-trade, though, is more confounding than the battle over California’s climate targets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While California’s climate targets would require simple majority support from lawmakers, extending cap-and-trade may require supermajority support. That’s because the cap-and-trade program charges fees, meaning it may be subject to the requirements of an anti-tax proposition endorsed by state voters in 2010.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another shortfall during Tuesday’s allowance auction could indicate that the entities that are regulated by cap-and-trade in California — fuel refineries, factories, power plants and the like — have little confidence that the program will survive into 2021.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you have another very poor auction, I think what it tells you is that compliance entities lack certainty about what’s going on,” said Dan McGraw, an expert on U.S. carbon markets at \u003ca href=\"http://www.icis.com/\">ICIS Tschach Solutions\u003c/a>, which provides market intelligence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Various theories explain why most of the pollution allowances went unsold during the last auction, which was held in May.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There may be many more allowances on the market than industry needs. Key legal victories in the spring by opponents of cap-and-trade and by opponents of EPA climate change rules could have given bidders the jitters. The poor results may have reflected profound uncertainty about the future of cap-and-trade in California after 2020.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It may be a week before the results of Tuesday’s online auction are known. “The results from this week are going to be very important,” said \u003ca href=\"https://law.stanford.edu/directory/michael-wara/\">Michael Wara\u003c/a>, a law expert at Stanford whose research focuses on climate and electricity policy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wara said that California could continue to pursue aggressive reductions in greenhouse gas pollution even without cap-and-trade. That would make such accomplishments harder, though — at a time of rapidly escalating ambitions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like others, Wara has been calling on the Air Resource Board to lay out its legal rationale for extending cap-and-trade without the support of lawmakers. He believes a public conversation could help, such as by restoring confidence in the allowance market.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“ARB is effectively the market regulator, and credibility with the market is incredibly important for it being effective,” Wara said. “It needs to more clearly explain itself.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Climate Central\u003c/span>\u003c/a> \u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">is an independent organization that researches and reports on climate change.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The opinion of lawyers working for California’s lawmakers became clear in the spring. Without new laws, the state’s prominent cap-and-trade program would be dead after 2020.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Such a legal reality could put an end to the pollution reduction program, and with it billions in anticipated revenues and some of the Golden State’s vaunted global leadership on climate action.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>Four months after the legislators’ law office \u003ca href=\"http://assets.climatecentral.org/pdfs/August2016_Upton_CapAndTradeLaw.pdf\">concluded\u003c/a> “the plain language” of state law dictates that the state’s cap-and-trade program “may not be applied or used” after 2020, officials in Gov. Jerry Brown’s administration are publicly ignoring the vexing legal questions affecting the flagship program’s future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under a \u003ca href=\"http://www.arb.ca.gov/regact/2016/capandtrade16/isor.pdf\">proposal prepared this month\u003c/a> by the California Air Resources Board, the cap-and-trade program that it oversees would simply continue operating beyond 2020 — without lawmaker blessing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They will absolutely be sued,” said \u003ca href=\"http://www.ghgpolicy.org/about/\">Danny Cullenward\u003c/a>, an energy economist and lawyer who researches climate policies at the Carnegie Institution for Science in Silicon Valley. “This is not a secret what they’re doing. The opponents of the system are well aware.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California’s cap-and-trade program was launched in late 2012, immediately becoming one of the world’s highest-profile efforts to cap the amount of climate pollution released by an economy. Permits to release some of the allowed pollution are called allowances, and they’re auctioned off, then traded among large polluters and speculators, raising funds for state programs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The results of California’s biggest cap-and-trade auction yet, which was held electronically Tuesday following the flop of a May auction that fell hundreds of millions of dollars short of expectations, may provide clues as to whether polluters expect the program to survive into 2021.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even as California officials are outwardly nonchalant about the profound legal challenges, behind the scenes they are scrambling to find solutions, quietly consulting outside experts as they attempt to unearth a regulatory fix that could bypass lawmakers without falling afoul of existing law.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.sacbee.com/news/politics-government/capitol-alert/article95752577.html\">Sacramento Bee reported Monday\u003c/a> that Brown’s office may amend high-profile climate legislation to extend cap-and-trade. For now, though, state officials are simply denying to the public that a legal problem even exists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The cap-and-trade program was created by a 2006 climate law, \u003ca href=\"http://www.leginfo.ca.gov/pub/05-06/bill/asm/ab_0001-0050/ab_32_bill_20060927_chaptered.pdf\">AB32\u003c/a>, which stated that the “market-based” system for achieving pollution cuts was “applicable” until the end of 2020. The law requires that state officials “make recommendations” to lawmakers for reducing greenhouse gas emissions after that time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because of a \u003ca href=\"http://www.lao.ca.gov/ballot/2010/26_11_2010.aspx\">proposition passed\u003c/a> by state voters in 2010 regarding fees and taxes, lawmaker approval of a new or extended cap-and-trade program may require a two-thirds majority.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The legal crisis is, ‘How do we fix that problem?’” Cullenward said. “The Air Resources Board is saying, ‘Oh, we don’t need any new authority, because we’ve got it — we just won’t really tell you what it is.’ ”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The board published a \u003ca href=\"http://www.arb.ca.gov/regact/2016/capandtrade16/appa.pdf\">334-page proposal\u003c/a> this month to extend cap-and-trade beyond 2020. It will be debated by the board’s directors next month.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The proposal doesn’t provide anything resembling a detailed legal defense. Instead, it notes that “the intent” of the legislature was stated in AB32 as being to “maintain and continue reductions” in climate pollution after 2020.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We believe that under AB32 we have the legal authority to move forward,” Stanley Young, a spokesman for the board, said. “Climate change will not end in 2020, and AB32 explicitly states the intent to ‘maintain and continue reductions in emissions of greenhouse gases beyond 2020.’”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Young said the board’s legal position was “developed following a thorough review of the law by our lawyers.” Requests to interview lawyers or review detailed legal briefs were declined.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Doubts over cap-and-trade’s future are coinciding with \u003ca href=\"http://www.eenews.net/climatewire/2016/08/15/stories/1060041591\">long-running legislative battles\u003c/a> in Sacramento over efforts to enact California climate laws affecting the period after 2020.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some lawmakers are pushing to require greenhouse gas emissions in the state be reduced to 40 percent below 1990 levels by 2030 — similar to plans adopted last year in the European Union. The legislation is strongly supported by Brown.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The battle over cap-and-trade, though, is more confounding than the battle over California’s climate targets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While California’s climate targets would require simple majority support from lawmakers, extending cap-and-trade may require supermajority support. That’s because the cap-and-trade program charges fees, meaning it may be subject to the requirements of an anti-tax proposition endorsed by state voters in 2010.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another shortfall during Tuesday’s allowance auction could indicate that the entities that are regulated by cap-and-trade in California — fuel refineries, factories, power plants and the like — have little confidence that the program will survive into 2021.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you have another very poor auction, I think what it tells you is that compliance entities lack certainty about what’s going on,” said Dan McGraw, an expert on U.S. carbon markets at \u003ca href=\"http://www.icis.com/\">ICIS Tschach Solutions\u003c/a>, which provides market intelligence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Various theories explain why most of the pollution allowances went unsold during the last auction, which was held in May.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There may be many more allowances on the market than industry needs. Key legal victories in the spring by opponents of cap-and-trade and by opponents of EPA climate change rules could have given bidders the jitters. The poor results may have reflected profound uncertainty about the future of cap-and-trade in California after 2020.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It may be a week before the results of Tuesday’s online auction are known. “The results from this week are going to be very important,” said \u003ca href=\"https://law.stanford.edu/directory/michael-wara/\">Michael Wara\u003c/a>, a law expert at Stanford whose research focuses on climate and electricity policy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wara said that California could continue to pursue aggressive reductions in greenhouse gas pollution even without cap-and-trade. That would make such accomplishments harder, though — at a time of rapidly escalating ambitions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like others, Wara has been calling on the Air Resource Board to lay out its legal rationale for extending cap-and-trade without the support of lawmakers. He believes a public conversation could help, such as by restoring confidence in the allowance market.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“ARB is effectively the market regulator, and credibility with the market is incredibly important for it being effective,” Wara said. “It needs to more clearly explain itself.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>The race for who will come to the market with an auto-piloted car is heating up again. Ford has announced that it will have a fleet of autonomous cars on the road by 2021. The driverless vehicles will be available for ride sharing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s an ambitious goal. The company said it will more than double its team devoted to developing autonomous driving, and invest even more money in its Silicon Valley campus. Ford’s CEO Mark Fields has said that the company will triple its investment in the technology which includes currently available help with parking and avoiding traffic jams.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘The time frame for privately owned, fully autonomous vehicles, capable of operating anywhere and anytime, remains at least seven to 10 years away.’\u003ccite>Karl Brauer, Kelly Blue Book\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The program that Ford announced is not quite a self-driving car in every garage. The announcement is for vehicles that have Society of Automotive Engineers Level-Four driving automation. \u003ca href=\"http://cyberlaw.stanford.edu/blog/2013/12/sae-levels-driving-automation\">SAE Level Four\u003c/a> is when the car is self-controlled in all but a few environments such as severe weather. These Level-Four cars would likely be in closed systems or fixed routes. Karl Brauer with \u003cem>Kelly Blue Book\u003c/em> says, “The time frame for privately owned, fully autonomous vehicles, capable of operating anywhere and anytime, remains at least seven to 10 years away.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fields says he’s not closing the door on potential partnerships. Ford and Baidu Inc., the Chinese Internet behemoth, announced that both companies jointly invested $150 million in Velodyne, a Silicon Valley company that specializes in sensors. Already Silicon Valley and the auto industry have been in a dating frenzy looking for long-term partners to help develop the technology behind a self-driving car. Volkswagen spent $300 million to get a piece of ride-hailing company Uber’s European rival Gett. General Motors spent $1 billion to purchase Cruise Automation, as well as investing in ride-hire service Lyft. Meanwhile, Toyota invested in Uber.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Randy Visintainer, the head of Ford’s autonomous vehicle program, says the company is ready to meet the challenge of putting a driverless car on the road. “Our mission is to make transportation affordable, efficient and safe,” Visintainer said in an interview with NPR. “The Model T delivered in its time and autonomous vehicles have the potential to do that in the 21st Century.” Visintainer shrugged at the idea that Ford is in a space race of sorts to put an autonomous vehicle on the road. He says that the team had “enough confidence in our development of the technology, the understanding of how to make the vehicles in volume that we would make this claim.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ford’s engineers may be confident, but are riders? The announced plan would have cars without not only drivers but obvious vehicle controls. Visintainer says he understands \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/06/30/484258419/nhtsa-will-look-at-tesla-s-autopilot-mode-after-deadly-car-crash\">the public’s uneasiness about autonomy\u003c/a>. He says the company is looking for ways to convince the public that self-driving cars can be safe. “It’s going to be an education and a journey, being transparent and open about the progress we’re making, and how we’re doing is a key part of that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Analysts say discussing the technology is a move to placate the concerns of Wall Street. General Motors, Google and some of Ford’s other competitors have spent the year making announcements and investments in advanced technology. Michelle Krebs with autotrader.com says GM has been grabbing all the headlines recently “and Ford can’t be happy about that, especially as some Wall Street analysts have wondered if Ford is falling behind in future mobility.” Ford’s Mark Fields has said Ford has been setting the pace.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Ford+Looks+To+A+Fleet+Of+Driverless+Cars&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The race for who will come to the market with an auto-piloted car is heating up again. Ford has announced that it will have a fleet of autonomous cars on the road by 2021. The driverless vehicles will be available for ride sharing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s an ambitious goal. The company said it will more than double its team devoted to developing autonomous driving, and invest even more money in its Silicon Valley campus. Ford’s CEO Mark Fields has said that the company will triple its investment in the technology which includes currently available help with parking and avoiding traffic jams.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘The time frame for privately owned, fully autonomous vehicles, capable of operating anywhere and anytime, remains at least seven to 10 years away.’\u003ccite>Karl Brauer, Kelly Blue Book\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The program that Ford announced is not quite a self-driving car in every garage. The announcement is for vehicles that have Society of Automotive Engineers Level-Four driving automation. \u003ca href=\"http://cyberlaw.stanford.edu/blog/2013/12/sae-levels-driving-automation\">SAE Level Four\u003c/a> is when the car is self-controlled in all but a few environments such as severe weather. These Level-Four cars would likely be in closed systems or fixed routes. Karl Brauer with \u003cem>Kelly Blue Book\u003c/em> says, “The time frame for privately owned, fully autonomous vehicles, capable of operating anywhere and anytime, remains at least seven to 10 years away.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fields says he’s not closing the door on potential partnerships. Ford and Baidu Inc., the Chinese Internet behemoth, announced that both companies jointly invested $150 million in Velodyne, a Silicon Valley company that specializes in sensors. Already Silicon Valley and the auto industry have been in a dating frenzy looking for long-term partners to help develop the technology behind a self-driving car. Volkswagen spent $300 million to get a piece of ride-hailing company Uber’s European rival Gett. General Motors spent $1 billion to purchase Cruise Automation, as well as investing in ride-hire service Lyft. Meanwhile, Toyota invested in Uber.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Randy Visintainer, the head of Ford’s autonomous vehicle program, says the company is ready to meet the challenge of putting a driverless car on the road. “Our mission is to make transportation affordable, efficient and safe,” Visintainer said in an interview with NPR. “The Model T delivered in its time and autonomous vehicles have the potential to do that in the 21st Century.” Visintainer shrugged at the idea that Ford is in a space race of sorts to put an autonomous vehicle on the road. He says that the team had “enough confidence in our development of the technology, the understanding of how to make the vehicles in volume that we would make this claim.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ford’s engineers may be confident, but are riders? The announced plan would have cars without not only drivers but obvious vehicle controls. Visintainer says he understands \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/06/30/484258419/nhtsa-will-look-at-tesla-s-autopilot-mode-after-deadly-car-crash\">the public’s uneasiness about autonomy\u003c/a>. He says the company is looking for ways to convince the public that self-driving cars can be safe. “It’s going to be an education and a journey, being transparent and open about the progress we’re making, and how we’re doing is a key part of that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Analysts say discussing the technology is a move to placate the concerns of Wall Street. General Motors, Google and some of Ford’s other competitors have spent the year making announcements and investments in advanced technology. Michelle Krebs with autotrader.com says GM has been grabbing all the headlines recently “and Ford can’t be happy about that, especially as some Wall Street analysts have wondered if Ford is falling behind in future mobility.” Ford’s Mark Fields has said Ford has been setting the pace.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Ford+Looks+To+A+Fleet+Of+Driverless+Cars&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Should We Be Having Kids in the Age of Climate Change?",
"headTitle": "Should We Be Having Kids in the Age of Climate Change? | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Standing before several dozen students in a college classroom, Travis Rieder tries to convince them not to have children. Or at least not too many.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He’s at James Madison University in southwest Virginia to talk about a “small-family ethic” — to question the assumptions of a society that sees having children as good, throws parties for expecting parents, and in which parents then pressure their kids to “give them grandchildren.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘Maybe we should protect our kids by not having them.’\u003ccite>philosopher Travis Rieder\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Why question such assumptions? The prospect of climate catastrophe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For years, people have lamented how bad things might get “for our grandchildren,” but Rieder tells the students that future isn’t so far off anymore.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He asks how old they will be in 2036, and, if they are thinking of having kids, how old their kids will be.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Dangerous climate change \u003ca href=\"http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/earth-will-cross-the-climate-danger-threshold-by-2036/\">is going to be happening by then\u003c/a>,” he says. “Very, very soon.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rieder wears a tweedy jacket and tennis shoes, and he limps because of a motorcycle accident. He’s a philosopher with the \u003ca href=\"http://www.bioethicsinstitute.org/\">Berman Institute of Bioethics\u003c/a> at Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore, and his arguments against having children are moral.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Americans and other rich nations produce the most carbon emissions per capita, he says. Yet people in the world’s poorest nations are most likely to suffer severe climate impacts, “and that seems unfair,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s also a moral duty to future generations that will live amid the climate devastation being created now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Here’s a provocative thought: Maybe we should protect our kids by not having them,” Rieder says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His arguments sound pretty persuasive in the classroom. At home, it was a different matter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Philosopher’s Personal Dilemma\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I have been one of those women who actually craved to have a baby,” says Sadiye Rieder, smiling as she sits next to her husband in the sunroom of their Maryland home. “To go through pregnancy and everything, that mattered to me a lot.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sadiye also wanted a big family. She grew up among extended relatives in the Turkish part of Cyprus and says she enjoyed having people around all the time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This was not a problem early in their marriage, as each focused on their studies. But by the time Sadiye began feeling ready for motherhood, Travis’ research had delved into the morality of adoption, which led to the ethics of procreation and to its impact on the climate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They knew they had to talk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s not easy to convince a philosopher!” Sadiye says with a laugh.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_929168\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 3000px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-929168\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/2016-04-10-family-ethicist-rieder-0029-edit_custom-1a10f9a95f1400982ae78ee8b5d9b5cf0ecf1ec5-1.jpg\" alt=\"Travis and Sadiye Rieder read a book with their 2-year-old daughter, Sinem, in their Maryland home. Travis is a philosopher and ethicist who argues against having too many children, for moral and environmental reasons. His wife always wanted to have a big family.\" width=\"3000\" height=\"1998\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/2016-04-10-family-ethicist-rieder-0029-edit_custom-1a10f9a95f1400982ae78ee8b5d9b5cf0ecf1ec5-1.jpg 3000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/2016-04-10-family-ethicist-rieder-0029-edit_custom-1a10f9a95f1400982ae78ee8b5d9b5cf0ecf1ec5-1-400x266.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/2016-04-10-family-ethicist-rieder-0029-edit_custom-1a10f9a95f1400982ae78ee8b5d9b5cf0ecf1ec5-1-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/2016-04-10-family-ethicist-rieder-0029-edit_custom-1a10f9a95f1400982ae78ee8b5d9b5cf0ecf1ec5-1-768x511.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/2016-04-10-family-ethicist-rieder-0029-edit_custom-1a10f9a95f1400982ae78ee8b5d9b5cf0ecf1ec5-1-1440x959.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/2016-04-10-family-ethicist-rieder-0029-edit_custom-1a10f9a95f1400982ae78ee8b5d9b5cf0ecf1ec5-1-1920x1279.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/2016-04-10-family-ethicist-rieder-0029-edit_custom-1a10f9a95f1400982ae78ee8b5d9b5cf0ecf1ec5-1-1180x786.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/2016-04-10-family-ethicist-rieder-0029-edit_custom-1a10f9a95f1400982ae78ee8b5d9b5cf0ecf1ec5-1-960x639.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 3000px) 100vw, 3000px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Travis and Sadiye Rieder read a book with their 2-year-old daughter, Sinem, in their Maryland home. Travis is a philosopher and ethicist who argues against having too many children, for moral and environmental reasons. His wife always wanted to have a big family. \u003ccite>(Ariel Zambelich/NPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Scientists warn that a catastrophic tipping point is possible in the next few decades. By midcentury, possibly before, the average global temperature is projected to rise by more than \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2015/12/12/459502597/2-degrees-100-billion-the-world-climate-agreement-by-the-numbers\">2 degrees Celsius\u003c/a>, the point scientists and world leaders agree would trigger cataclysmic consequences. Last year’s historic \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2015/12/12/459464621/final-draft-of-world-climate-agreement-goes-to-a-vote-in-paris-saturday\">Paris climate agreement\u003c/a> falls short of preventing that, so more drastic cuts in carbon emissions are needed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Adding to that challenge, the world is expected to add several billion people in the next few decades, each one producing more emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, without dramatic action, climatologists say, the world is on track to hit 4 degrees Celsius of warming by the end of the century, and worse beyond that. A \u003ca href=\"http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2013/03/26/000445729_20130326120429/Rendered/PDF/632190WP0Turn000Box374367B00PUBLIC0.pdf\">World Bank report\u003c/a> says this must be avoided, and warns of unprecedented heat waves, severe drought and serious impacts on ecosystems and “human systems.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Back in the classroom, Rieder puts this in less technical terms: 4 degrees of warming would be “largely uninhabitable for humans.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s gonna be post-apocalyptic movie time,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The room is quiet. No one fidgets. Later, a few students say they had no idea the situation was so bad. One says he appreciated the talk but found it terrifying, and hadn’t planned on being so shaken before heading off to start the weekend.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still. Even given the apocalyptic scenarios: Can you actually expect people to forgo something as deeply personal as having children? To deny the biological imperative that’s driven civilization?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rieder and two colleagues, Colin Hickey and Jake Earl of Georgetown University, have \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/documents/2016/jun/population_engineering.pdf\">a strategy for trying to do just that\u003c/a>. Rieder is \u003ca href=\"http://www.springer.com/us/book/9783319338699\">publishing a book\u003c/a> on the subject later this year, and expects to take plenty of heat. But he’s hardly alone in thinking the climate crisis has come to this.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>“The Climate Crisis Is a Reproductive Crisis”\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meghan Hoskins is among a dozen people gathered in the spare office of an environmental group in Keene, N.H., earlier this year. They sit on folding chairs in a circle, the room humming with multiple conversations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If I had told my boyfriend at the time, ‘I’m not ready to have children because I don’t know what the climate’s gonna be like in 50 years,’ he wouldn’t have understood. There’s no way,” says Hoskins, a 23-year-old whose red hair is twisted in a long braid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_929169\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 3262px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-929169\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/img_3377-edit-178c9ad1462417f07c63451fb15142318a874939-1.jpg\" alt='Josephine Ferorelli (left) and Meghan Kallman are the co-founders of Conceivable Future, a nonprofit founded on the notion that \"the climate crisis is a reproductive crisis.\"' width=\"3262\" height=\"2446\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/img_3377-edit-178c9ad1462417f07c63451fb15142318a874939-1.jpg 3262w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/img_3377-edit-178c9ad1462417f07c63451fb15142318a874939-1-400x300.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/img_3377-edit-178c9ad1462417f07c63451fb15142318a874939-1-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/img_3377-edit-178c9ad1462417f07c63451fb15142318a874939-1-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/img_3377-edit-178c9ad1462417f07c63451fb15142318a874939-1-1440x1080.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/img_3377-edit-178c9ad1462417f07c63451fb15142318a874939-1-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/img_3377-edit-178c9ad1462417f07c63451fb15142318a874939-1-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/img_3377-edit-178c9ad1462417f07c63451fb15142318a874939-1-960x720.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 3262px) 100vw, 3262px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Josephine Ferorelli (left) and Meghan Kallman are the co-founders of Conceivable Future, a nonprofit founded on the notion that “the climate crisis is a reproductive crisis.” \u003ccite>(Jennifer Ludden/NPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>This is one of 16 meetings over the past year and a half organized by \u003ca href=\"http://conceivablefuture.org/\">Conceivable Future\u003c/a>, a nonprofit founded on the notion that “the climate crisis is a reproductive crisis.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hoskins says she’s always wanted “little redheaded babies” — as do her parents, the sooner the better.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But she’s a grad student in environmental studies, and the more she learns, the more she questions what kind of life those babies would have.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a country where even the idea of climate change can be polarizing and political, Hoskins has never shared that fear until now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meghan Kallman is a co-founder of Conceivable Future. “I can’t count the number of times people have said, ‘Oh, my God, it’s so nice to know I’m not the only person that worries about this,’ ” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In November 2014, Kallman and Josephine Ferorelli created Conceivable Future to make these personal struggles public. The group’s ultimate goal is ending U.S. fossil fuel subsidies, though its immediate role seems one of commiseration.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Conceivable Future targets climate activists immersed in scary data. \u003ca href=\"https://www.newsecuritybeat.org/2015/09/droughts-floods-die-offs-proliferate-climate-trauma-growing-phenomenon/\">There’s already a term for how some feel: climate trauma\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Kallman and Ferorelli say the focus on numbers fails to capture the emotion that drives many to work on the issue in the first place. For activists of childbearing age, Ferorelli says, climate change isn’t just an intellectual problem but “a heart problem.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ferorelli, 33, and Kallman, 32, are both in committed relationships, and in the throes of this problem. Ferorelli recently helped her widowed mother pack up her house, saving cherished items with the unspoken assumption that they are for a next generation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And yet, when she imagines raising a child, Ferorelli says she can’t help but envision the nightmare scenarios that have dogged her since she first heard the term “global warming” in elementary school.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Knowing that I gave that future to somebody is something that just doesn’t sit very well,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_929165\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 3000px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-929165\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/2016-04-10-family-ethicist-rieder-0157-edit_custom-a9acc0f91efa6293ac35199118d66c92120c742e-1.jpg\" alt=\"Travis and Sadiye Rieder play with Sinem in their home. They've agreed that if they want more children, they'll adopt.\" width=\"3000\" height=\"1998\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/2016-04-10-family-ethicist-rieder-0157-edit_custom-a9acc0f91efa6293ac35199118d66c92120c742e-1.jpg 3000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/2016-04-10-family-ethicist-rieder-0157-edit_custom-a9acc0f91efa6293ac35199118d66c92120c742e-1-400x266.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/2016-04-10-family-ethicist-rieder-0157-edit_custom-a9acc0f91efa6293ac35199118d66c92120c742e-1-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/2016-04-10-family-ethicist-rieder-0157-edit_custom-a9acc0f91efa6293ac35199118d66c92120c742e-1-768x511.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/2016-04-10-family-ethicist-rieder-0157-edit_custom-a9acc0f91efa6293ac35199118d66c92120c742e-1-1440x959.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/2016-04-10-family-ethicist-rieder-0157-edit_custom-a9acc0f91efa6293ac35199118d66c92120c742e-1-1920x1279.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/2016-04-10-family-ethicist-rieder-0157-edit_custom-a9acc0f91efa6293ac35199118d66c92120c742e-1-1180x786.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/2016-04-10-family-ethicist-rieder-0157-edit_custom-a9acc0f91efa6293ac35199118d66c92120c742e-1-960x639.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 3000px) 100vw, 3000px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Travis and Sadiye Rieder play with Sinem in their home. They’ve agreed that if they want more children, they’ll adopt. \u003ccite>(Ariel Zambelich/NPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>At the New Hampshire meeting, 67-year-old Nancy Nolan tells two younger women that people didn’t know about climate change in the 1980s when she had her kids. Once her children were grown, “I said to them, ‘I hope you never have children,’ which is an awful thing to say,” Nolan says, her voice wavering. “It can bring me to tears easily.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She adds that of course people are driven to procreate, and you can’t really tell them not to.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One woman looks a little stunned. She’s not a climate activist — just tagged along with a friend — and says she had no idea that deciding not to have kids because of the climate was even a thing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These aren’t the first would-be parents to ask whether it’s fair to bring a child into the world. U.S. birth rates plummeted during the Great Depression. Many also must have thought twice amid warnings of overpopulation in the 1960s and ’70s, and under the threat of nuclear holocaust.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kallman says she’s heard from women who remember that; their reaction surprised her.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Things like, ‘Oh, I thought we were gonna blow ourselves up in nuclear war, but it didn’t happen. And therefore, just be quiet and have some babies, and, see, everything will be all right,’ ” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The comments may be well-intentioned, but as Kallman and Ferorelli see it, the threat from climate change is worse. It’s not a possibility. It’s happening.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not everyone at the New Hampshire meeting is as pessimistic about the future. Becky Whitley still plans to have a second child. She’s with the advocacy group \u003ca href=\"http://www.momscleanairforce.org/\">Moms Clean Air Force\u003c/a> and says becoming a parent is precisely what motivated her to care about the climate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think I really do come from a place of hope because I am a mother,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kallman and Ferorelli say they don’t want to tell anyone what to do. In fact, neither is ready to rule out children herself.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’m not ready to get rid of the fantasy,” says Ferorelli. “In certain versions of the future, I would love to have a kid.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>An Easier Way?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Back at James Madison University, Travis Rieder explains a PowerPoint graph that seems to offer hope. Bringing down global fertility by just half a child per woman “could be the thing that saves us,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He cites a \u003ca href=\"http://www.pnas.org/content/107/41/17521.full\">study from 2010\u003c/a> that looked at the impact of demographic change on global carbon emissions. It found that slowing population growth could eliminate one-fifth to one-quarter of all the carbon emissions that need to be cut by midcentury to avoid that potentially catastrophic tipping point.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rieder’s audience seems to want an easier way. A student asks about the carbon savings from not eating meat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Excellent idea, Rieder says. But no amount of conservation gives you a pass. Oregon State University researchers \u003ca href=\"http://blog.oregonlive.com/environment_impact/2009/07/carbon%20legacy.pdf\">have calculated the savings\u003c/a> from all kinds of conservation measures: driving a hybrid, driving less, recycling, using energy-efficient appliances, windows and light bulbs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For an American, the total metric tons of carbon dioxide saved by all of those measures over an entire lifetime of 80 years: 488. By contrast, the metric tons saved when a person chooses to have one fewer child: 9,441.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another student asks: “What happens if that kid you decided not to have would have been the person who grew up and essentially cured this?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Again, great question, says Rieder, but the answer is still no. First, the chances are slim. More to the point, he says, valuing children as a means to an end — be it to cure climate change or, say, provide soldiers for the state — is ethically problematic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With all that’s at stake, he says, we need to shift our cultural attitudes. “It’s not the childless who must justify their lifestyle. It’s the rest of us.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And that includes Rieder.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>“One and Done”\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At home, Travis Rieder’s face lights up when his 2-year-old daughter, Sinem, sings a favorite song. She stands at her mother’s knee, bouncing up and down on her toes, giggling as her parents clap.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After many conversations, he and Sadiye ended up convincing each other. Travis decided you can’t deny someone the hard-wired human fulfillment of creating a child.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Sadiye agreed that the moral bar for a second child is much higher. The couple is “one and done.” Any more children will come through adoption.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Travis also argues that someone who doesn’t feel that deep longing to procreate is morally compelled to think twice before having any children at all.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When he writes online, Rieder often gets nasty comments, and inevitably people will say he must not have children. He believes it’s important that he understand viscerally what he’s asking of people. His daughter, he says, is “the most amazing thing we’ve ever done with our lives.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So how do you persuade millions or billions of people around the world to sacrifice that? To avert climate disaster, the fertility rate would have to fall much faster than it has been. It would require more than educating women and expanding access to contraception, as aid agencies have been doing for decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Carrots for the Poor, Sticks for the Rich\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rieder and his Georgetown collaborators have a proposal, and the first thing they stress is that it’s not like China’s abusive \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/parallels/2013/11/29/247782924/chinese-welcome-two-child-policy-but-can-they-afford-it\">one-child policy\u003c/a>. It aims to persuade people to choose fewer children with a strategy that boils down to \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/documents/2016/jun/population_engineering.pdf\">carrots for the poor, sticks for the rich.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ethically, Rieder says poor nations get some slack because they’re still developing, and because their per capita emissions are a sliver of the developed world’s. Plus, it just doesn’t look good for rich, Western nations to tell people in poor ones not to have kids. He suggests things like paying poor women to refill their birth control and — something that’s had proven success — widespread media campaigns.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the 1970s and ’80s, a wave of educational soap operas in Latin America, Asia and Africa wove family planning into their plot lines. Some countries did this when they faced economic crisis. The shows are credited with actually \u003ca href=\"http://www.apa.org/monitor/oct02/theory.aspx\">changing people’s opinions\u003c/a> about family size.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the sticks part of the plan, Rieder proposes that richer nations do away with tax breaks for having children and actually penalize new parents. He says the penalty should be progressive, based on income, and could increase with each additional child.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Think of it like a carbon tax, on kids. He knows that sounds crazy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“But children, in a kind of cold way of looking at it, are an externality,” he says. “We as parents, we as family members, we get the good. And the world, the community, pays the cost.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course, there are ethical concerns. \u003ca href=\"https://kennedyinstitute.georgetown.edu/people/rebecca-kukla/\">Rebecca Kukla\u003c/a> of Georgetown University worries about stigma, especially against poor and minority women. If cultural norms do change, she says, there could be a backlash against families with more children than is deemed socially appropriate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kukla appreciates that Rieder’s penalty on procreation would be progressive. But since it could not be so high as to be coercive, she says \u003ca href=\"https://www.academia.edu/27846638/Whose_Job_Is_It_to_Fight_Climate_Change_A_Response_to_Hickey_Rieder_and_Earl\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">it would inevitably be unfair\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What that will actually translate into is it becoming much easier for wealthy people to have children than for other people to have children,” Kukla says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An even bigger hurdle is the sheer unlikelihood of it all. Rieder has no illusions. In fact, he says, some countries that have successfully reduced fertility rates have since reversed course, afraid that falling population will hurt their economies. (He has an answer — just as controversial — to that, too. He would have nations open up immigration to allow in the expected tens of millions of climate refugees.) Rieder’s real hope is to change people’s way of thinking about childbearing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But if his idea seems like a last-ditch Hail Mary play, he wouldn’t disagree.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The situation is bleak, it’s just dark,” he says. “Population engineering, maybe it’s an extreme move. But it gives us a chance.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, Rieder wonders: Is it really so crazy? Scientists have proposed incredibly risky schemes to \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2013/10/20/238548240/turning-to-scientists-to-engineer-a-cooler-climate\">geoengineer the clouds and oceans\u003c/a>. They’re researching ways to suck carbon out of the air on a mass scale. Some have even called for overhauling the global system of \u003ca href=\"http://www.nybooks.com/articles/2014/12/04/can-climate-change-cure-capitalism/\">free-market capitalism\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Compared to all that, Rieder says, bringing down the fertility rate seems downright easy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We know exactly how to make fewer babies,” he says. And it’s something people can start doing today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Should+We+Be+Having+Kids+In+The+Age+Of+Climate+Change%3F+&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "For some climate activists, the personal decision to have a child is also fraught with moral consequences: the negative impact on the environment, and on the quality of life for those children.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Standing before several dozen students in a college classroom, Travis Rieder tries to convince them not to have children. Or at least not too many.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He’s at James Madison University in southwest Virginia to talk about a “small-family ethic” — to question the assumptions of a society that sees having children as good, throws parties for expecting parents, and in which parents then pressure their kids to “give them grandchildren.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘Maybe we should protect our kids by not having them.’\u003ccite>philosopher Travis Rieder\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Why question such assumptions? The prospect of climate catastrophe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For years, people have lamented how bad things might get “for our grandchildren,” but Rieder tells the students that future isn’t so far off anymore.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He asks how old they will be in 2036, and, if they are thinking of having kids, how old their kids will be.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Dangerous climate change \u003ca href=\"http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/earth-will-cross-the-climate-danger-threshold-by-2036/\">is going to be happening by then\u003c/a>,” he says. “Very, very soon.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rieder wears a tweedy jacket and tennis shoes, and he limps because of a motorcycle accident. He’s a philosopher with the \u003ca href=\"http://www.bioethicsinstitute.org/\">Berman Institute of Bioethics\u003c/a> at Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore, and his arguments against having children are moral.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Americans and other rich nations produce the most carbon emissions per capita, he says. Yet people in the world’s poorest nations are most likely to suffer severe climate impacts, “and that seems unfair,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s also a moral duty to future generations that will live amid the climate devastation being created now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Here’s a provocative thought: Maybe we should protect our kids by not having them,” Rieder says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His arguments sound pretty persuasive in the classroom. At home, it was a different matter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Philosopher’s Personal Dilemma\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I have been one of those women who actually craved to have a baby,” says Sadiye Rieder, smiling as she sits next to her husband in the sunroom of their Maryland home. “To go through pregnancy and everything, that mattered to me a lot.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sadiye also wanted a big family. She grew up among extended relatives in the Turkish part of Cyprus and says she enjoyed having people around all the time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This was not a problem early in their marriage, as each focused on their studies. But by the time Sadiye began feeling ready for motherhood, Travis’ research had delved into the morality of adoption, which led to the ethics of procreation and to its impact on the climate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They knew they had to talk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s not easy to convince a philosopher!” Sadiye says with a laugh.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_929168\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 3000px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-929168\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/2016-04-10-family-ethicist-rieder-0029-edit_custom-1a10f9a95f1400982ae78ee8b5d9b5cf0ecf1ec5-1.jpg\" alt=\"Travis and Sadiye Rieder read a book with their 2-year-old daughter, Sinem, in their Maryland home. Travis is a philosopher and ethicist who argues against having too many children, for moral and environmental reasons. His wife always wanted to have a big family.\" width=\"3000\" height=\"1998\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/2016-04-10-family-ethicist-rieder-0029-edit_custom-1a10f9a95f1400982ae78ee8b5d9b5cf0ecf1ec5-1.jpg 3000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/2016-04-10-family-ethicist-rieder-0029-edit_custom-1a10f9a95f1400982ae78ee8b5d9b5cf0ecf1ec5-1-400x266.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/2016-04-10-family-ethicist-rieder-0029-edit_custom-1a10f9a95f1400982ae78ee8b5d9b5cf0ecf1ec5-1-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/2016-04-10-family-ethicist-rieder-0029-edit_custom-1a10f9a95f1400982ae78ee8b5d9b5cf0ecf1ec5-1-768x511.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/2016-04-10-family-ethicist-rieder-0029-edit_custom-1a10f9a95f1400982ae78ee8b5d9b5cf0ecf1ec5-1-1440x959.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/2016-04-10-family-ethicist-rieder-0029-edit_custom-1a10f9a95f1400982ae78ee8b5d9b5cf0ecf1ec5-1-1920x1279.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/2016-04-10-family-ethicist-rieder-0029-edit_custom-1a10f9a95f1400982ae78ee8b5d9b5cf0ecf1ec5-1-1180x786.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/2016-04-10-family-ethicist-rieder-0029-edit_custom-1a10f9a95f1400982ae78ee8b5d9b5cf0ecf1ec5-1-960x639.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 3000px) 100vw, 3000px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Travis and Sadiye Rieder read a book with their 2-year-old daughter, Sinem, in their Maryland home. Travis is a philosopher and ethicist who argues against having too many children, for moral and environmental reasons. His wife always wanted to have a big family. \u003ccite>(Ariel Zambelich/NPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Scientists warn that a catastrophic tipping point is possible in the next few decades. By midcentury, possibly before, the average global temperature is projected to rise by more than \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2015/12/12/459502597/2-degrees-100-billion-the-world-climate-agreement-by-the-numbers\">2 degrees Celsius\u003c/a>, the point scientists and world leaders agree would trigger cataclysmic consequences. Last year’s historic \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2015/12/12/459464621/final-draft-of-world-climate-agreement-goes-to-a-vote-in-paris-saturday\">Paris climate agreement\u003c/a> falls short of preventing that, so more drastic cuts in carbon emissions are needed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Adding to that challenge, the world is expected to add several billion people in the next few decades, each one producing more emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, without dramatic action, climatologists say, the world is on track to hit 4 degrees Celsius of warming by the end of the century, and worse beyond that. A \u003ca href=\"http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2013/03/26/000445729_20130326120429/Rendered/PDF/632190WP0Turn000Box374367B00PUBLIC0.pdf\">World Bank report\u003c/a> says this must be avoided, and warns of unprecedented heat waves, severe drought and serious impacts on ecosystems and “human systems.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Back in the classroom, Rieder puts this in less technical terms: 4 degrees of warming would be “largely uninhabitable for humans.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s gonna be post-apocalyptic movie time,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The room is quiet. No one fidgets. Later, a few students say they had no idea the situation was so bad. One says he appreciated the talk but found it terrifying, and hadn’t planned on being so shaken before heading off to start the weekend.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still. Even given the apocalyptic scenarios: Can you actually expect people to forgo something as deeply personal as having children? To deny the biological imperative that’s driven civilization?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rieder and two colleagues, Colin Hickey and Jake Earl of Georgetown University, have \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/documents/2016/jun/population_engineering.pdf\">a strategy for trying to do just that\u003c/a>. Rieder is \u003ca href=\"http://www.springer.com/us/book/9783319338699\">publishing a book\u003c/a> on the subject later this year, and expects to take plenty of heat. But he’s hardly alone in thinking the climate crisis has come to this.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>“The Climate Crisis Is a Reproductive Crisis”\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meghan Hoskins is among a dozen people gathered in the spare office of an environmental group in Keene, N.H., earlier this year. They sit on folding chairs in a circle, the room humming with multiple conversations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If I had told my boyfriend at the time, ‘I’m not ready to have children because I don’t know what the climate’s gonna be like in 50 years,’ he wouldn’t have understood. There’s no way,” says Hoskins, a 23-year-old whose red hair is twisted in a long braid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_929169\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 3262px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-929169\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/img_3377-edit-178c9ad1462417f07c63451fb15142318a874939-1.jpg\" alt='Josephine Ferorelli (left) and Meghan Kallman are the co-founders of Conceivable Future, a nonprofit founded on the notion that \"the climate crisis is a reproductive crisis.\"' width=\"3262\" height=\"2446\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/img_3377-edit-178c9ad1462417f07c63451fb15142318a874939-1.jpg 3262w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/img_3377-edit-178c9ad1462417f07c63451fb15142318a874939-1-400x300.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/img_3377-edit-178c9ad1462417f07c63451fb15142318a874939-1-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/img_3377-edit-178c9ad1462417f07c63451fb15142318a874939-1-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/img_3377-edit-178c9ad1462417f07c63451fb15142318a874939-1-1440x1080.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/img_3377-edit-178c9ad1462417f07c63451fb15142318a874939-1-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/img_3377-edit-178c9ad1462417f07c63451fb15142318a874939-1-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/img_3377-edit-178c9ad1462417f07c63451fb15142318a874939-1-960x720.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 3262px) 100vw, 3262px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Josephine Ferorelli (left) and Meghan Kallman are the co-founders of Conceivable Future, a nonprofit founded on the notion that “the climate crisis is a reproductive crisis.” \u003ccite>(Jennifer Ludden/NPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>This is one of 16 meetings over the past year and a half organized by \u003ca href=\"http://conceivablefuture.org/\">Conceivable Future\u003c/a>, a nonprofit founded on the notion that “the climate crisis is a reproductive crisis.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hoskins says she’s always wanted “little redheaded babies” — as do her parents, the sooner the better.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But she’s a grad student in environmental studies, and the more she learns, the more she questions what kind of life those babies would have.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a country where even the idea of climate change can be polarizing and political, Hoskins has never shared that fear until now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meghan Kallman is a co-founder of Conceivable Future. “I can’t count the number of times people have said, ‘Oh, my God, it’s so nice to know I’m not the only person that worries about this,’ ” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In November 2014, Kallman and Josephine Ferorelli created Conceivable Future to make these personal struggles public. The group’s ultimate goal is ending U.S. fossil fuel subsidies, though its immediate role seems one of commiseration.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Conceivable Future targets climate activists immersed in scary data. \u003ca href=\"https://www.newsecuritybeat.org/2015/09/droughts-floods-die-offs-proliferate-climate-trauma-growing-phenomenon/\">There’s already a term for how some feel: climate trauma\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Kallman and Ferorelli say the focus on numbers fails to capture the emotion that drives many to work on the issue in the first place. For activists of childbearing age, Ferorelli says, climate change isn’t just an intellectual problem but “a heart problem.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ferorelli, 33, and Kallman, 32, are both in committed relationships, and in the throes of this problem. Ferorelli recently helped her widowed mother pack up her house, saving cherished items with the unspoken assumption that they are for a next generation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And yet, when she imagines raising a child, Ferorelli says she can’t help but envision the nightmare scenarios that have dogged her since she first heard the term “global warming” in elementary school.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Knowing that I gave that future to somebody is something that just doesn’t sit very well,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_929165\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 3000px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-929165\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/2016-04-10-family-ethicist-rieder-0157-edit_custom-a9acc0f91efa6293ac35199118d66c92120c742e-1.jpg\" alt=\"Travis and Sadiye Rieder play with Sinem in their home. They've agreed that if they want more children, they'll adopt.\" width=\"3000\" height=\"1998\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/2016-04-10-family-ethicist-rieder-0157-edit_custom-a9acc0f91efa6293ac35199118d66c92120c742e-1.jpg 3000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/2016-04-10-family-ethicist-rieder-0157-edit_custom-a9acc0f91efa6293ac35199118d66c92120c742e-1-400x266.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/2016-04-10-family-ethicist-rieder-0157-edit_custom-a9acc0f91efa6293ac35199118d66c92120c742e-1-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/2016-04-10-family-ethicist-rieder-0157-edit_custom-a9acc0f91efa6293ac35199118d66c92120c742e-1-768x511.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/2016-04-10-family-ethicist-rieder-0157-edit_custom-a9acc0f91efa6293ac35199118d66c92120c742e-1-1440x959.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/2016-04-10-family-ethicist-rieder-0157-edit_custom-a9acc0f91efa6293ac35199118d66c92120c742e-1-1920x1279.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/2016-04-10-family-ethicist-rieder-0157-edit_custom-a9acc0f91efa6293ac35199118d66c92120c742e-1-1180x786.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/2016-04-10-family-ethicist-rieder-0157-edit_custom-a9acc0f91efa6293ac35199118d66c92120c742e-1-960x639.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 3000px) 100vw, 3000px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Travis and Sadiye Rieder play with Sinem in their home. They’ve agreed that if they want more children, they’ll adopt. \u003ccite>(Ariel Zambelich/NPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>At the New Hampshire meeting, 67-year-old Nancy Nolan tells two younger women that people didn’t know about climate change in the 1980s when she had her kids. Once her children were grown, “I said to them, ‘I hope you never have children,’ which is an awful thing to say,” Nolan says, her voice wavering. “It can bring me to tears easily.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She adds that of course people are driven to procreate, and you can’t really tell them not to.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One woman looks a little stunned. She’s not a climate activist — just tagged along with a friend — and says she had no idea that deciding not to have kids because of the climate was even a thing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These aren’t the first would-be parents to ask whether it’s fair to bring a child into the world. U.S. birth rates plummeted during the Great Depression. Many also must have thought twice amid warnings of overpopulation in the 1960s and ’70s, and under the threat of nuclear holocaust.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kallman says she’s heard from women who remember that; their reaction surprised her.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Things like, ‘Oh, I thought we were gonna blow ourselves up in nuclear war, but it didn’t happen. And therefore, just be quiet and have some babies, and, see, everything will be all right,’ ” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The comments may be well-intentioned, but as Kallman and Ferorelli see it, the threat from climate change is worse. It’s not a possibility. It’s happening.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not everyone at the New Hampshire meeting is as pessimistic about the future. Becky Whitley still plans to have a second child. She’s with the advocacy group \u003ca href=\"http://www.momscleanairforce.org/\">Moms Clean Air Force\u003c/a> and says becoming a parent is precisely what motivated her to care about the climate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think I really do come from a place of hope because I am a mother,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kallman and Ferorelli say they don’t want to tell anyone what to do. In fact, neither is ready to rule out children herself.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’m not ready to get rid of the fantasy,” says Ferorelli. “In certain versions of the future, I would love to have a kid.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>An Easier Way?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Back at James Madison University, Travis Rieder explains a PowerPoint graph that seems to offer hope. Bringing down global fertility by just half a child per woman “could be the thing that saves us,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He cites a \u003ca href=\"http://www.pnas.org/content/107/41/17521.full\">study from 2010\u003c/a> that looked at the impact of demographic change on global carbon emissions. It found that slowing population growth could eliminate one-fifth to one-quarter of all the carbon emissions that need to be cut by midcentury to avoid that potentially catastrophic tipping point.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rieder’s audience seems to want an easier way. A student asks about the carbon savings from not eating meat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Excellent idea, Rieder says. But no amount of conservation gives you a pass. Oregon State University researchers \u003ca href=\"http://blog.oregonlive.com/environment_impact/2009/07/carbon%20legacy.pdf\">have calculated the savings\u003c/a> from all kinds of conservation measures: driving a hybrid, driving less, recycling, using energy-efficient appliances, windows and light bulbs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For an American, the total metric tons of carbon dioxide saved by all of those measures over an entire lifetime of 80 years: 488. By contrast, the metric tons saved when a person chooses to have one fewer child: 9,441.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another student asks: “What happens if that kid you decided not to have would have been the person who grew up and essentially cured this?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Again, great question, says Rieder, but the answer is still no. First, the chances are slim. More to the point, he says, valuing children as a means to an end — be it to cure climate change or, say, provide soldiers for the state — is ethically problematic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With all that’s at stake, he says, we need to shift our cultural attitudes. “It’s not the childless who must justify their lifestyle. It’s the rest of us.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And that includes Rieder.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>“One and Done”\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At home, Travis Rieder’s face lights up when his 2-year-old daughter, Sinem, sings a favorite song. She stands at her mother’s knee, bouncing up and down on her toes, giggling as her parents clap.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After many conversations, he and Sadiye ended up convincing each other. Travis decided you can’t deny someone the hard-wired human fulfillment of creating a child.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Sadiye agreed that the moral bar for a second child is much higher. The couple is “one and done.” Any more children will come through adoption.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Travis also argues that someone who doesn’t feel that deep longing to procreate is morally compelled to think twice before having any children at all.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When he writes online, Rieder often gets nasty comments, and inevitably people will say he must not have children. He believes it’s important that he understand viscerally what he’s asking of people. His daughter, he says, is “the most amazing thing we’ve ever done with our lives.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So how do you persuade millions or billions of people around the world to sacrifice that? To avert climate disaster, the fertility rate would have to fall much faster than it has been. It would require more than educating women and expanding access to contraception, as aid agencies have been doing for decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Carrots for the Poor, Sticks for the Rich\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rieder and his Georgetown collaborators have a proposal, and the first thing they stress is that it’s not like China’s abusive \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/parallels/2013/11/29/247782924/chinese-welcome-two-child-policy-but-can-they-afford-it\">one-child policy\u003c/a>. It aims to persuade people to choose fewer children with a strategy that boils down to \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/documents/2016/jun/population_engineering.pdf\">carrots for the poor, sticks for the rich.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ethically, Rieder says poor nations get some slack because they’re still developing, and because their per capita emissions are a sliver of the developed world’s. Plus, it just doesn’t look good for rich, Western nations to tell people in poor ones not to have kids. He suggests things like paying poor women to refill their birth control and — something that’s had proven success — widespread media campaigns.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the 1970s and ’80s, a wave of educational soap operas in Latin America, Asia and Africa wove family planning into their plot lines. Some countries did this when they faced economic crisis. The shows are credited with actually \u003ca href=\"http://www.apa.org/monitor/oct02/theory.aspx\">changing people’s opinions\u003c/a> about family size.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the sticks part of the plan, Rieder proposes that richer nations do away with tax breaks for having children and actually penalize new parents. He says the penalty should be progressive, based on income, and could increase with each additional child.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Think of it like a carbon tax, on kids. He knows that sounds crazy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“But children, in a kind of cold way of looking at it, are an externality,” he says. “We as parents, we as family members, we get the good. And the world, the community, pays the cost.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course, there are ethical concerns. \u003ca href=\"https://kennedyinstitute.georgetown.edu/people/rebecca-kukla/\">Rebecca Kukla\u003c/a> of Georgetown University worries about stigma, especially against poor and minority women. If cultural norms do change, she says, there could be a backlash against families with more children than is deemed socially appropriate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kukla appreciates that Rieder’s penalty on procreation would be progressive. But since it could not be so high as to be coercive, she says \u003ca href=\"https://www.academia.edu/27846638/Whose_Job_Is_It_to_Fight_Climate_Change_A_Response_to_Hickey_Rieder_and_Earl\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">it would inevitably be unfair\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What that will actually translate into is it becoming much easier for wealthy people to have children than for other people to have children,” Kukla says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An even bigger hurdle is the sheer unlikelihood of it all. Rieder has no illusions. In fact, he says, some countries that have successfully reduced fertility rates have since reversed course, afraid that falling population will hurt their economies. (He has an answer — just as controversial — to that, too. He would have nations open up immigration to allow in the expected tens of millions of climate refugees.) Rieder’s real hope is to change people’s way of thinking about childbearing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But if his idea seems like a last-ditch Hail Mary play, he wouldn’t disagree.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The situation is bleak, it’s just dark,” he says. “Population engineering, maybe it’s an extreme move. But it gives us a chance.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, Rieder wonders: Is it really so crazy? Scientists have proposed incredibly risky schemes to \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2013/10/20/238548240/turning-to-scientists-to-engineer-a-cooler-climate\">geoengineer the clouds and oceans\u003c/a>. They’re researching ways to suck carbon out of the air on a mass scale. Some have even called for overhauling the global system of \u003ca href=\"http://www.nybooks.com/articles/2014/12/04/can-climate-change-cure-capitalism/\">free-market capitalism\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Compared to all that, Rieder says, bringing down the fertility rate seems downright easy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We know exactly how to make fewer babies,” he says. And it’s something people can start doing today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Should+We+Be+Having+Kids+In+The+Age+Of+Climate+Change%3F+&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>The race is on to win President Barack Obama’s attention as he puts some final touches on his environmental legacy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Conservation groups, American Indian tribes and federal lawmakers are urging his administration to preserve millions of acres as national monuments. Such a designation often prevents new drilling and mining on public lands, or the construction of new roads and utility lines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The flurry of activity is creating enthusiasm — and tensions — in several parts of the country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”YqGfzB4x5SkHSCnpVuCtBZgaRp0Uj3AS”]Efforts are underway in Utah, Arizona, Nevada, Maine and elsewhere to get Obama to designate new national monuments. Proponents aren’t just focused on land. They’re also looking to greater protections for vast swaths of ocean bottom off the coasts of New England, \u003cspan style=\"color: #000000\">California\u003c/span> and Hawaii.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Obama has created or expanded 24 national monuments during his seven-and-a-half-year tenure, covering more acreage than any other president. Almost nobody thinks he’s done yet. Environmental groups are urging him to go big as he leaves office.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What he’s done in terms of protection has been good, but what he does next is how we measure whether his legacy is great or not,” said Sharon Buccino of the Natural Resources Defense Council.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Proponents of the various monument proposals know that the next administration will have other immediate priorities. Some presidents, including Richard Nixon, Ronald Reagan and George H.W. Bush, never exercised their powers to designate national monuments through the 1906 Antiquities Act. The proponents recognize the window of opportunity could be closing for several years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They’re also aware that Obama’s immediate predecessors, Presidents Bill Clinton and George W. Bush, waited almost exclusively until their final months in office to designate national monuments, so there is a chance Obama will become even more active.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s disconcerting for many members in Congress, particularly Republicans, who say the Antiquities Act wasn’t designed to bolster a president’s legacy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Presidents are starting to abuse this authority as they leave the office. If they actually tried to do this on the first day so that Congress had some ability to respond to it, and the people did, I’d be more comfortable about what their motives are,” said GOP Rep. Rob Bishop of Utah, chairman of the House Natural Resources Committee.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Christy Goldfuss, managing director of the White House Council on Environmental Quality, won’t discuss specific national monument possibilities, but said Obama “certainly feels we have more to do to protect this planet from climate change, so we’ll see how this plays out.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bishop said lawmakers would work with the administration on additional protections for some public lands, but environmental groups and others are less willing to compromise knowing they can go to the president to get a national monument designation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It actually impedes the ability of bringing everyone together knowing the president has this power to create a monument whenever he wants to,” Bishop said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Goldfuss said the administration works to get extensive local feedback before making any monument determination. She and others such as Interior Secretary Sally Jewell and Agriculture Secretary Tom Vilsack feed the president information, but in the end, it’s his decision.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is all about taking the long view here and recognizing there are things of importance to future generations, and the president is in a good spot to make that determination,” Goldfuss said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bishop’s state is home to perhaps the most talked about effort, the proposed Bears Ears National Monument.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Utah’s Republican-dominated Legislature overwhelming voted for a resolution opposing the monument. Republican Gov. Gary Herbert said a monument designation would bring more visitors but not necessarily more resources, leading to an increase in vandalism and environmental degradation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bishop wants instead additional protections for about 1.4 million acres of the Bears Ears area and opening up other lands for gas and oil exploration and recreation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Matt Keller, the national monuments campaign director for the Wilderness Society, said he believes the prospects for a monument designation in Bears Ears are promising. Jewell’s fact-finding trip to the region last month shows the administration is serious about protecting the thousands of artifacts and rock carvings documenting how Native Americans lived through the centuries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A big priority for them is protecting lands that are inclusive of diverse populations and tell the story of the American people a little more broadly,” Keller said.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The race is on to win President Barack Obama’s attention as he puts some final touches on his environmental legacy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Conservation groups, American Indian tribes and federal lawmakers are urging his administration to preserve millions of acres as national monuments. Such a designation often prevents new drilling and mining on public lands, or the construction of new roads and utility lines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The flurry of activity is creating enthusiasm — and tensions — in several parts of the country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>Efforts are underway in Utah, Arizona, Nevada, Maine and elsewhere to get Obama to designate new national monuments. Proponents aren’t just focused on land. They’re also looking to greater protections for vast swaths of ocean bottom off the coasts of New England, \u003cspan style=\"color: #000000\">California\u003c/span> and Hawaii.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Obama has created or expanded 24 national monuments during his seven-and-a-half-year tenure, covering more acreage than any other president. Almost nobody thinks he’s done yet. Environmental groups are urging him to go big as he leaves office.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What he’s done in terms of protection has been good, but what he does next is how we measure whether his legacy is great or not,” said Sharon Buccino of the Natural Resources Defense Council.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Proponents of the various monument proposals know that the next administration will have other immediate priorities. Some presidents, including Richard Nixon, Ronald Reagan and George H.W. Bush, never exercised their powers to designate national monuments through the 1906 Antiquities Act. The proponents recognize the window of opportunity could be closing for several years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They’re also aware that Obama’s immediate predecessors, Presidents Bill Clinton and George W. Bush, waited almost exclusively until their final months in office to designate national monuments, so there is a chance Obama will become even more active.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s disconcerting for many members in Congress, particularly Republicans, who say the Antiquities Act wasn’t designed to bolster a president’s legacy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Presidents are starting to abuse this authority as they leave the office. If they actually tried to do this on the first day so that Congress had some ability to respond to it, and the people did, I’d be more comfortable about what their motives are,” said GOP Rep. Rob Bishop of Utah, chairman of the House Natural Resources Committee.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Christy Goldfuss, managing director of the White House Council on Environmental Quality, won’t discuss specific national monument possibilities, but said Obama “certainly feels we have more to do to protect this planet from climate change, so we’ll see how this plays out.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bishop said lawmakers would work with the administration on additional protections for some public lands, but environmental groups and others are less willing to compromise knowing they can go to the president to get a national monument designation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It actually impedes the ability of bringing everyone together knowing the president has this power to create a monument whenever he wants to,” Bishop said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Goldfuss said the administration works to get extensive local feedback before making any monument determination. She and others such as Interior Secretary Sally Jewell and Agriculture Secretary Tom Vilsack feed the president information, but in the end, it’s his decision.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is all about taking the long view here and recognizing there are things of importance to future generations, and the president is in a good spot to make that determination,” Goldfuss said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bishop’s state is home to perhaps the most talked about effort, the proposed Bears Ears National Monument.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Utah’s Republican-dominated Legislature overwhelming voted for a resolution opposing the monument. Republican Gov. Gary Herbert said a monument designation would bring more visitors but not necessarily more resources, leading to an increase in vandalism and environmental degradation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bishop wants instead additional protections for about 1.4 million acres of the Bears Ears area and opening up other lands for gas and oil exploration and recreation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Matt Keller, the national monuments campaign director for the Wilderness Society, said he believes the prospects for a monument designation in Bears Ears are promising. Jewell’s fact-finding trip to the region last month shows the administration is serious about protecting the thousands of artifacts and rock carvings documenting how Native Americans lived through the centuries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A big priority for them is protecting lands that are inclusive of diverse populations and tell the story of the American people a little more broadly,” Keller said.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "MAP: See Which Parts of California Are Ditching Drought Rules",
"headTitle": "MAP: See Which Parts of California Are Ditching Drought Rules | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Don’t be too surprised if you see greener lawns in California these days.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2016/05/09/california-may-abandon-state-imposed-water-conservation-quotas/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">mandatory drought rules\u003c/a> in effect throughout the state over the last year have largely gone out the window.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Until recently, state officials set conservation standards between 4 to 36 percent for the 411 water districts in the state. Now, water districts are setting their own rules and the vast majority are ditching mandatory cutbacks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Click on the dots to see water districts’ new mandatory conservation rules\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\n\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"100%\" height=\"620\" frameborder=\"0\" src=\"https://kqednews.carto.com/viz/eb439d68-6406-11e6-9b06-0ecd1babdde5/embed_map\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More than 80 percent of the state’s water districts say they can handle a severe drought similar to the past three years. That’s the “stress test” the State Water Resources Control Board required them to do. The board is not vetting the stress test plans individually.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sixty-six water districts said they’d experience a shortfall in another drought and have chosen to keep mandatory cutbacks. More than a third of districts are keeping voluntary cutbacks in place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is appropriate to be able to relax because the situation changed,” says Felicia Marcus of the State Water Board.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Environmental groups are criticizing the state, saying the weaker rules send a mixed message to Californians after three years of conservation outreach.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If water conservation drops off, the water board says it’s prepared go back to mandatory cutbacks starting in January next year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We can’t take water for granted,” says Marcus. “And the next drought may be just around the corner or the one we’re in may get worse again.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Don’t be too surprised if you see greener lawns in California these days.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2016/05/09/california-may-abandon-state-imposed-water-conservation-quotas/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">mandatory drought rules\u003c/a> in effect throughout the state over the last year have largely gone out the window.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Until recently, state officials set conservation standards between 4 to 36 percent for the 411 water districts in the state. Now, water districts are setting their own rules and the vast majority are ditching mandatory cutbacks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Click on the dots to see water districts’ new mandatory conservation rules\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\n\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"100%\" height=\"620\" frameborder=\"0\" src=\"https://kqednews.carto.com/viz/eb439d68-6406-11e6-9b06-0ecd1babdde5/embed_map\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More than 80 percent of the state’s water districts say they can handle a severe drought similar to the past three years. That’s the “stress test” the State Water Resources Control Board required them to do. The board is not vetting the stress test plans individually.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sixty-six water districts said they’d experience a shortfall in another drought and have chosen to keep mandatory cutbacks. More than a third of districts are keeping voluntary cutbacks in place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is appropriate to be able to relax because the situation changed,” says Felicia Marcus of the State Water Board.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Environmental groups are criticizing the state, saying the weaker rules send a mixed message to Californians after three years of conservation outreach.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If water conservation drops off, the water board says it’s prepared go back to mandatory cutbacks starting in January next year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We can’t take water for granted,” says Marcus. “And the next drought may be just around the corner or the one we’re in may get worse again.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "As Drought Continues, Northern California Towns Run Out of Water",
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"content": "\u003cp>Pasenka, population 112, is an out-of-the-way place where rustic ranches grace grass-covered hills rolling west toward Mendocino Pass. Since the lumber mill closed in 1992, the Tehama County community 130 miles (210km) north of Sacramento has been settling into bucolic tranquility.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A water crisis has triggered a rude awakening.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Thomes Creek, the sole source of water for the Paskenta Community Services District, is dropping. A pump that taps the underflow from a pool in the creek is a mere 6ft (1.8m) below the current water level, said Janet Zornig, the district’s manager.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If it keeps up like this – and no rain in sight – we’ll have to haul in water,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the crisis Paskenta is facing is the most critical, more than a dozen communities in northern California are grappling with diminishing water supplies. Most, like Paskenta, are located along the edges of the northern Sacramento Valley, where groundwater diminishes as the elevation rises. Most, like Paskenta, rely on streams that flow into the Sacramento River.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“All of the water systems located in that bathtub ring are struggling,” said Reese Crenshaw, a Redding-based district engineer with the state’s Division of Drinking Water, a part of the California Department of Public Health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Four consecutive winters with little or no snowpack, followed by four dry summers, have upended water systems from Glenn and Colusa counties, on the west side of the Sacramento Valley, to Butte County on the eastern slope. The difficulties go beyond lower levels in the creeks and reservoirs they depend upon. Among them is a drought-caused requirement, issued by the state’s Division of Water Rights, that all systems on tributaries to the Sacramento River find alternative sources of water. These “drastic measures” are designed to protect fish and those who hold senior water rights, Crenshaw said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_924825\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 702px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-924825\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/Google-map.png\" alt=\"Paskenta, Calif. is located 130 miles (210km) north of Sacramento. The town is one of about a dozen in northern California facing water shortages. \" width=\"702\" height=\"507\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/Google-map.png 702w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/Google-map-400x289.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 702px) 100vw, 702px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Paskenta, Calif. is located 130 miles (210km) north of Sacramento. The town is one of about a dozen in northern California facing water shortages. \u003ccite>(Google Maps)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Because it flows into the Sacramento River, Paskenta has been ordered to stop using Thomes Creek. It’s a directive fraught with irony since the stream is already low enough to cause the current emergency.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Paskenta has been facing a water crisis for three consecutive years. In 2014, when Thomes Creek dropped to levels too low to pump, the community hauled water from Corning 20 miles (32km) to the east. The Corning City Council authorized 20,000 gallons (75,000 liters) of water per day for the Paskenta Community Services District. This approval was due to expire on June 30, 2015, but the council renewed it last year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last month Corning officials once again came to the rescue of their neighbors in Paskenta. Recognizing the dearth of water as a health and safety emergency, they reauthorized the Paskenta district to collect and transport up to 20,000 gallons of water daily at the rate of $5 per 1,000 gallons.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The trucking hasn’t started yet but it appears imminent. Last year, when hauled water was the only source after August 26, the 250 people on the community water system were restricted to 100 gallons per household per day, Zornig said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This year? “I can’t tell you. Right now we’re not out of water,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, state officials are planning to drill a test well east of Paskenta to develop a secondary source as an alternative to Thomes Creek. Groundwater in that area is always scarce, said Crenshaw. If they don’t hit a sufficient supply they will install a storage system with a capacity of 3 million gallons. The current storage tank holds around 200,000 gallons, enough for between five and eight days, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The toll that drought has taken on northern California water systems is not limited to communities along the edges of the Sacramento Valley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2014, Willits, in coastal Mendocino County, was down to a 100-day supply in the reservoirs that are the water source for its 4,850 residents. Since then the city has drilled a well as an emergency backup supply, paying most of the $1 million costs out of reserve funds, said Willits Mayor Bruce Burton.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This year the reservoirs are at 80 percent capacity. Optimistic that “days of plenty” have returned, Burton dismissed any worries about diminishing water supplies caused by long-term climate changes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Talking about the weather is an ice-breaker for conversation. It’s another way to say hello,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Officials in nearby Brooktrails Township are not as sanguine. In 2014, when drought lowered the reservoirs that supply the community of 1,550, officials imposed mandatory rationing. The 110 gallons (415 liters) per day for a four-person household was barely over the state minimum of 27 gallons per day per person.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today the Brooktrails reservoirs are full but the rationing continues, now raised to 250 gallons a day. And the community remains under a state-imposed moratorium on new connections until it provides an alternate drinking water source, said a spokesperson for general manager Denise Rose.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To ensure a stable supply of municipal water, the Division of Drinking Water required Brooktrails Township to request a tie-in to the city of Willits water supply. The community can’t afford the backup system costs, estimated at $1 million just for the installation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It really needs to rain,” the Brooktrails spokesperson said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Drought is creating a different set of problems for Del Oro Water Co. in Arbuckle, northwest of Sacramento. Overpumping caused the groundwater level to drop. The subsidence that followed was severe enough to damage the district’s well, said Crenshaw. In Elk Creek near Willows, lowering groundwater allowed manganese to enter the community system. Residents there drank bottled water until treatment brought the manganese to within acceptable standards, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Crenshaw predicted that more communities will experience water supply problems as the drought continues. “Each community has its own set of issues and solutions to deal with,” he said. “We can’t move the towns. They are there.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For Paskenta, a third year of living with the strict rationing imposed by trucked-in water may be approaching. Zornig, the water district secretary, credited residents with rising to the challenge the shortages have created. “They have learned to cope. I’m proud of them,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, she is hoping for rain: “It’s a gamble every year but it has rained in the summer before.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This article originally appeared on \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://mail.kqed.org/owa/redir.aspx?C=9e4bb0e1a7d74f24ba4684ef2533053d&URL=https%3a%2f%2fwww.newsdeeply.com%2fwater\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Water Deeply\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, and you can find it \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/articles/2016/08/16/northern-california-towns-are-running-out-of-water\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">here\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. For important news about the California drought, you can \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://mail.kqed.org/owa/redir.aspx?C=9e4bb0e1a7d74f24ba4684ef2533053d&URL=http%3a%2f%2fwaterdeeply.us5.list-manage.com%2fsubscribe%3fu%3d8b78e9a34ff7443ec1e8c62c6%26id%3d2947becb78\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">sign up\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> to the Water Deeply email list.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Pasenka, population 112, is an out-of-the-way place where rustic ranches grace grass-covered hills rolling west toward Mendocino Pass. Since the lumber mill closed in 1992, the Tehama County community 130 miles (210km) north of Sacramento has been settling into bucolic tranquility.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A water crisis has triggered a rude awakening.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Thomes Creek, the sole source of water for the Paskenta Community Services District, is dropping. A pump that taps the underflow from a pool in the creek is a mere 6ft (1.8m) below the current water level, said Janet Zornig, the district’s manager.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If it keeps up like this – and no rain in sight – we’ll have to haul in water,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the crisis Paskenta is facing is the most critical, more than a dozen communities in northern California are grappling with diminishing water supplies. Most, like Paskenta, are located along the edges of the northern Sacramento Valley, where groundwater diminishes as the elevation rises. Most, like Paskenta, rely on streams that flow into the Sacramento River.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“All of the water systems located in that bathtub ring are struggling,” said Reese Crenshaw, a Redding-based district engineer with the state’s Division of Drinking Water, a part of the California Department of Public Health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Four consecutive winters with little or no snowpack, followed by four dry summers, have upended water systems from Glenn and Colusa counties, on the west side of the Sacramento Valley, to Butte County on the eastern slope. The difficulties go beyond lower levels in the creeks and reservoirs they depend upon. Among them is a drought-caused requirement, issued by the state’s Division of Water Rights, that all systems on tributaries to the Sacramento River find alternative sources of water. These “drastic measures” are designed to protect fish and those who hold senior water rights, Crenshaw said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_924825\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 702px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-924825\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/Google-map.png\" alt=\"Paskenta, Calif. is located 130 miles (210km) north of Sacramento. The town is one of about a dozen in northern California facing water shortages. \" width=\"702\" height=\"507\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/Google-map.png 702w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/Google-map-400x289.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 702px) 100vw, 702px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Paskenta, Calif. is located 130 miles (210km) north of Sacramento. The town is one of about a dozen in northern California facing water shortages. \u003ccite>(Google Maps)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Because it flows into the Sacramento River, Paskenta has been ordered to stop using Thomes Creek. It’s a directive fraught with irony since the stream is already low enough to cause the current emergency.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Paskenta has been facing a water crisis for three consecutive years. In 2014, when Thomes Creek dropped to levels too low to pump, the community hauled water from Corning 20 miles (32km) to the east. The Corning City Council authorized 20,000 gallons (75,000 liters) of water per day for the Paskenta Community Services District. This approval was due to expire on June 30, 2015, but the council renewed it last year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last month Corning officials once again came to the rescue of their neighbors in Paskenta. Recognizing the dearth of water as a health and safety emergency, they reauthorized the Paskenta district to collect and transport up to 20,000 gallons of water daily at the rate of $5 per 1,000 gallons.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The trucking hasn’t started yet but it appears imminent. Last year, when hauled water was the only source after August 26, the 250 people on the community water system were restricted to 100 gallons per household per day, Zornig said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This year? “I can’t tell you. Right now we’re not out of water,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, state officials are planning to drill a test well east of Paskenta to develop a secondary source as an alternative to Thomes Creek. Groundwater in that area is always scarce, said Crenshaw. If they don’t hit a sufficient supply they will install a storage system with a capacity of 3 million gallons. The current storage tank holds around 200,000 gallons, enough for between five and eight days, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The toll that drought has taken on northern California water systems is not limited to communities along the edges of the Sacramento Valley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2014, Willits, in coastal Mendocino County, was down to a 100-day supply in the reservoirs that are the water source for its 4,850 residents. Since then the city has drilled a well as an emergency backup supply, paying most of the $1 million costs out of reserve funds, said Willits Mayor Bruce Burton.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This year the reservoirs are at 80 percent capacity. Optimistic that “days of plenty” have returned, Burton dismissed any worries about diminishing water supplies caused by long-term climate changes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Talking about the weather is an ice-breaker for conversation. It’s another way to say hello,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Officials in nearby Brooktrails Township are not as sanguine. In 2014, when drought lowered the reservoirs that supply the community of 1,550, officials imposed mandatory rationing. The 110 gallons (415 liters) per day for a four-person household was barely over the state minimum of 27 gallons per day per person.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today the Brooktrails reservoirs are full but the rationing continues, now raised to 250 gallons a day. And the community remains under a state-imposed moratorium on new connections until it provides an alternate drinking water source, said a spokesperson for general manager Denise Rose.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To ensure a stable supply of municipal water, the Division of Drinking Water required Brooktrails Township to request a tie-in to the city of Willits water supply. The community can’t afford the backup system costs, estimated at $1 million just for the installation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It really needs to rain,” the Brooktrails spokesperson said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Drought is creating a different set of problems for Del Oro Water Co. in Arbuckle, northwest of Sacramento. Overpumping caused the groundwater level to drop. The subsidence that followed was severe enough to damage the district’s well, said Crenshaw. In Elk Creek near Willows, lowering groundwater allowed manganese to enter the community system. Residents there drank bottled water until treatment brought the manganese to within acceptable standards, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Crenshaw predicted that more communities will experience water supply problems as the drought continues. “Each community has its own set of issues and solutions to deal with,” he said. “We can’t move the towns. They are there.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For Paskenta, a third year of living with the strict rationing imposed by trucked-in water may be approaching. Zornig, the water district secretary, credited residents with rising to the challenge the shortages have created. “They have learned to cope. I’m proud of them,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, she is hoping for rain: “It’s a gamble every year but it has rained in the summer before.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This article originally appeared on \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://mail.kqed.org/owa/redir.aspx?C=9e4bb0e1a7d74f24ba4684ef2533053d&URL=https%3a%2f%2fwww.newsdeeply.com%2fwater\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Water Deeply\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, and you can find it \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/articles/2016/08/16/northern-california-towns-are-running-out-of-water\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">here\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. For important news about the California drought, you can \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://mail.kqed.org/owa/redir.aspx?C=9e4bb0e1a7d74f24ba4684ef2533053d&URL=http%3a%2f%2fwaterdeeply.us5.list-manage.com%2fsubscribe%3fu%3d8b78e9a34ff7443ec1e8c62c6%26id%3d2947becb78\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">sign up\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> to the Water Deeply email list.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Stanford Develops Chiclet-Sized Device That Purifies Water Using Sunlight",
"headTitle": "Stanford Develops Chiclet-Sized Device That Purifies Water Using Sunlight | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>A tiny black tablet could prove to be a very big deal from impoverished countries to the Pacific Crest Trail.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers at SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory and Stanford University have developed a tiny, Chiclet-sized device that uses solar energy to disinfect water.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">During lab experiments, the device killed 99.999 percent of bacteria present after just 20 minutes.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Unlike boiling a pot of water which requires fuel or purifying water with an ultraviolet wand, which requires charging, the tiny tab needs only sunlight, and can be infinitely reused.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s also more efficient. UV rays, commonly used to purify water, carry just 4 percent of the sun’s total energy but the still unnamed device harnesses the the visible spectrum, which contains 50 percent of the sun’s energy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The device looks like smooth black glass to the naked eye, but when its microscopic layers of “nanoflakes” are exposed to sunlight, they trigger chemical reactions that kill bacteria in water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The key compound — molybdenum disulfide — is a lubricant found in industrial grease. Sunlight stirs its electrons to move and the holes they leave behind \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">have activated energy. This means they can participate in chemical reactions with oxygen and water to \u003c/span>produce hydrogen peroxide, which kills the bacteria. After the bacteria died, the chemicals quickly dissipated, leaving pure water behind.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When you see there’s no bacteria growing, it’s really exciting,” says Chong Liu, lead author on the report, which was published in \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/nnano/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/nnano.2016.138.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Nature Nanotechnology\u003c/a> on Monday. “We didn’t expect it to work that well at first.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But during lab experiments, Liu says the device killed 99.999 percent of the bacteria present after just 20 minutes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The tiny purifier could have a big impact. \u003ca href=\"http://www.unwater.org/water-cooperation-2013/water-cooperation/facts-and-figures/en/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">According to the United Nations\u003c/a>, more than 780 million people around the world lack access to clean drinking water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_922630\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1181px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-922630\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/device.jpg\" alt=\"Inside the device, molybdenum disulfide is arranged like a maze and topped with a thin layer of copper. Light falling on the walls triggers the formation of hydrogen peroxide and other disinfecting chemicals that kill bacteria.\" width=\"1181\" height=\"886\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/device.jpg 1181w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/device-400x300.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/device-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/device-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/device-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/device-960x720.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1181px) 100vw, 1181px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Inside the device, molybdenum disulfide is arranged like a maze and topped with a thin layer of copper. Light falling on the walls triggers the formation of hydrogen peroxide and other disinfecting chemicals that kill bacteria. \u003ccite>(SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>It has its limitations, however. The device can’t remove chemical pollutants like lead and hasn’t been tested on viruses yet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers say it was 100 percent effective when tested on two types of E.coli and Enterococcus, a type of lactic acid bacteria.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One can imagine the potential market for wilderness backpackers, but Liu says a prime motivator for her was the chance to improve environmental conditions in developing countries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As a researcher it’s really exciting for us to see that by developing technologies you have the potential to help a lot of people.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The next step will be testing the device in real-world settings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After that, it would take a few years before the purifier is commercially available and will, ideally, cost less than $30.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>A tiny black tablet could prove to be a very big deal from impoverished countries to the Pacific Crest Trail.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers at SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory and Stanford University have developed a tiny, Chiclet-sized device that uses solar energy to disinfect water.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">During lab experiments, the device killed 99.999 percent of bacteria present after just 20 minutes.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Unlike boiling a pot of water which requires fuel or purifying water with an ultraviolet wand, which requires charging, the tiny tab needs only sunlight, and can be infinitely reused.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s also more efficient. UV rays, commonly used to purify water, carry just 4 percent of the sun’s total energy but the still unnamed device harnesses the the visible spectrum, which contains 50 percent of the sun’s energy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The device looks like smooth black glass to the naked eye, but when its microscopic layers of “nanoflakes” are exposed to sunlight, they trigger chemical reactions that kill bacteria in water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The key compound — molybdenum disulfide — is a lubricant found in industrial grease. Sunlight stirs its electrons to move and the holes they leave behind \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">have activated energy. This means they can participate in chemical reactions with oxygen and water to \u003c/span>produce hydrogen peroxide, which kills the bacteria. After the bacteria died, the chemicals quickly dissipated, leaving pure water behind.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When you see there’s no bacteria growing, it’s really exciting,” says Chong Liu, lead author on the report, which was published in \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/nnano/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/nnano.2016.138.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Nature Nanotechnology\u003c/a> on Monday. “We didn’t expect it to work that well at first.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But during lab experiments, Liu says the device killed 99.999 percent of the bacteria present after just 20 minutes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The tiny purifier could have a big impact. \u003ca href=\"http://www.unwater.org/water-cooperation-2013/water-cooperation/facts-and-figures/en/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">According to the United Nations\u003c/a>, more than 780 million people around the world lack access to clean drinking water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_922630\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1181px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-922630\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/device.jpg\" alt=\"Inside the device, molybdenum disulfide is arranged like a maze and topped with a thin layer of copper. Light falling on the walls triggers the formation of hydrogen peroxide and other disinfecting chemicals that kill bacteria.\" width=\"1181\" height=\"886\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/device.jpg 1181w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/device-400x300.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/device-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/device-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/device-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/device-960x720.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1181px) 100vw, 1181px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Inside the device, molybdenum disulfide is arranged like a maze and topped with a thin layer of copper. Light falling on the walls triggers the formation of hydrogen peroxide and other disinfecting chemicals that kill bacteria. \u003ccite>(SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>It has its limitations, however. The device can’t remove chemical pollutants like lead and hasn’t been tested on viruses yet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers say it was 100 percent effective when tested on two types of E.coli and Enterococcus, a type of lactic acid bacteria.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One can imagine the potential market for wilderness backpackers, but Liu says a prime motivator for her was the chance to improve environmental conditions in developing countries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As a researcher it’s really exciting for us to see that by developing technologies you have the potential to help a lot of people.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The next step will be testing the device in real-world settings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After that, it would take a few years before the purifier is commercially available and will, ideally, cost less than $30.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "California Wildfires: No Single Season Tells the Story",
"headTitle": "California Wildfires: No Single Season Tells the Story | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Judging strictly by recent headlines, you might think this is an epic fire season; a “\u003ca href=\"http://www.latimes.com/local/california/la-me-ln-fire-season-20160804-snap-story.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">grim beginning to California fire season\u003c/a>,” with conflagrations “\u003ca href=\"http://www.cnn.com/2016/07/26/us/california-wildfires/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">raining fire from the sky\u003c/a>,” as recent reports have characterized it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, this year is on par with last year and not too far askew from longer-term averages, says fire scientist \u003ca href=\"https://ourenvironment.berkeley.edu/people/scott-stephens\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Scott Stephens\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In some ways this fire season is comparable or even a little less severe,” says Stephens, who runs the Stephens Lab at UC Berkeley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Granted, we haven’t made it through August and September yet, which are normally two of California’s biggest fire months. The Santa Ana winds in Southern California and the Diablos farther north, which can spread fire quickly, also haven’t yet kicked in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Listen to the story:\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nhttp://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2016/08/WEBFireSeasonMiller160815.mp3\u003cbr>\nAnd there have been fewer lightning-caused fires, which could change once the late summer monsoons bring thunderstorms to Southern California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, we’re almost halfway through fire season; 4,446 fires have charred nearly 218,000 acres. By the end of last year 8,745 wildfires had claimed more than 893,000 acres.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re seeing large fires but it hasn’t been record-breaking,” says U.S. Forest Service Fire Information Officer Stanton Florea.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A State Divided\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One big difference between this fire season and the summer of 2015: the El Niño-fueled rainfall we saw in between. It’s meant that the state overall was much drier last year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About 92 percent of the state was classified as being in “severe drought” by mid-August last year and today, that number is below 60 percent, according to the federal Drought Monitor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unfortunately, storms that soaked areas like Eureka and Crescent City near the Oregon border didn’t reach Southern California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“El Niño did not even give them average precipitation down there,” says Stephens. “So they are definitely drier, no doubt they are drier than probably any part of the state.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Florea says that’s reflected in the pattern of fires this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Southern California missed a lot of that moisture so we’ve already begun to see catastrophic fires down there on the Angeles National Forest and the Los Padres National Forest,” says Florea.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two of the largest conflagrations, the Sand Fire and the San Gabriel Complex Fire in the Angeles National Forest, have burned almost 47,000 acres.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, the Soberanes Fire in Monterey County remains the biggest of the season.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In Big Sur, they had the perfect storm of an ignition at a bad time and really inaccessible, steep terrain, on top of a lot of dry fuels,” says University of California fire advisor Lenya Quinn-Davidson.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Changes in the Wind\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The quirks of an individual fire season can easily mask longer-term trends. Even in this years spotty fire pattern, scientists see the fingerprints of long-term climate change. California is heating up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Higher temperatures do really big things like reduce snowpack time on the ground,” says Stephens. “You melt the snow off earlier, that means you have a longer period where you have drier soils.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_914823\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 960px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-914823\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/25827348764_47414a8625_o.jpg\" alt=\"Cal Fire firefighters tending to a controlled pile burn as part of a fuel reduction project that helps reduce wildfire risk.\" width=\"960\" height=\"640\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/25827348764_47414a8625_o.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/25827348764_47414a8625_o-400x267.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/25827348764_47414a8625_o-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/25827348764_47414a8625_o-768x512.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 960px) 100vw, 960px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Cal Fire firefighters tending to a controlled pile burn as part of a fuel reduction project that helps reduce wildfire risk. \u003ccite>(Cal Fire)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>This year’s Sierra snow melt has been running weeks ahead of its normal timing. And compared to 20 years ago, the Berkeley professor says Sierra snows dissipate about 10-15 days earlier.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It doesn’t sound like much,” Stephens notes, “but 15 days more with no precipitation on the ground in terms of snow is just going to compound the dryness of our systems.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California’s changing climate has helped stretch out the fire season, which \u003ca href=\"http://www.fs.fed.us/sites/default/files/2015-Rising-Cost-Wildfire-Operations.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">the U.S. Forest Service\u003c/a> says now averages 78 days longer than in 1970.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What’s changing things is climate change,” says Stephens, “And this is real.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Judging strictly by recent headlines, you might think this is an epic fire season; a “\u003ca href=\"http://www.latimes.com/local/california/la-me-ln-fire-season-20160804-snap-story.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">grim beginning to California fire season\u003c/a>,” with conflagrations “\u003ca href=\"http://www.cnn.com/2016/07/26/us/california-wildfires/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">raining fire from the sky\u003c/a>,” as recent reports have characterized it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, this year is on par with last year and not too far askew from longer-term averages, says fire scientist \u003ca href=\"https://ourenvironment.berkeley.edu/people/scott-stephens\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Scott Stephens\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In some ways this fire season is comparable or even a little less severe,” says Stephens, who runs the Stephens Lab at UC Berkeley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Granted, we haven’t made it through August and September yet, which are normally two of California’s biggest fire months. The Santa Ana winds in Southern California and the Diablos farther north, which can spread fire quickly, also haven’t yet kicked in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Listen to the story:\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nhttp://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2016/08/WEBFireSeasonMiller160815.mp3\u003cbr>\nAnd there have been fewer lightning-caused fires, which could change once the late summer monsoons bring thunderstorms to Southern California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, we’re almost halfway through fire season; 4,446 fires have charred nearly 218,000 acres. By the end of last year 8,745 wildfires had claimed more than 893,000 acres.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re seeing large fires but it hasn’t been record-breaking,” says U.S. Forest Service Fire Information Officer Stanton Florea.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A State Divided\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One big difference between this fire season and the summer of 2015: the El Niño-fueled rainfall we saw in between. It’s meant that the state overall was much drier last year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About 92 percent of the state was classified as being in “severe drought” by mid-August last year and today, that number is below 60 percent, according to the federal Drought Monitor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unfortunately, storms that soaked areas like Eureka and Crescent City near the Oregon border didn’t reach Southern California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“El Niño did not even give them average precipitation down there,” says Stephens. “So they are definitely drier, no doubt they are drier than probably any part of the state.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Florea says that’s reflected in the pattern of fires this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Southern California missed a lot of that moisture so we’ve already begun to see catastrophic fires down there on the Angeles National Forest and the Los Padres National Forest,” says Florea.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two of the largest conflagrations, the Sand Fire and the San Gabriel Complex Fire in the Angeles National Forest, have burned almost 47,000 acres.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, the Soberanes Fire in Monterey County remains the biggest of the season.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In Big Sur, they had the perfect storm of an ignition at a bad time and really inaccessible, steep terrain, on top of a lot of dry fuels,” says University of California fire advisor Lenya Quinn-Davidson.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Changes in the Wind\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The quirks of an individual fire season can easily mask longer-term trends. Even in this years spotty fire pattern, scientists see the fingerprints of long-term climate change. California is heating up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Higher temperatures do really big things like reduce snowpack time on the ground,” says Stephens. “You melt the snow off earlier, that means you have a longer period where you have drier soils.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_914823\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 960px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-914823\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/25827348764_47414a8625_o.jpg\" alt=\"Cal Fire firefighters tending to a controlled pile burn as part of a fuel reduction project that helps reduce wildfire risk.\" width=\"960\" height=\"640\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/25827348764_47414a8625_o.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/25827348764_47414a8625_o-400x267.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/25827348764_47414a8625_o-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/25827348764_47414a8625_o-768x512.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 960px) 100vw, 960px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Cal Fire firefighters tending to a controlled pile burn as part of a fuel reduction project that helps reduce wildfire risk. \u003ccite>(Cal Fire)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>This year’s Sierra snow melt has been running weeks ahead of its normal timing. And compared to 20 years ago, the Berkeley professor says Sierra snows dissipate about 10-15 days earlier.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It doesn’t sound like much,” Stephens notes, “but 15 days more with no precipitation on the ground in terms of snow is just going to compound the dryness of our systems.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California’s changing climate has helped stretch out the fire season, which \u003ca href=\"http://www.fs.fed.us/sites/default/files/2015-Rising-Cost-Wildfire-Operations.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">the U.S. Forest Service\u003c/a> says now averages 78 days longer than in 1970.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What’s changing things is climate change,” says Stephens, “And this is real.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>A diminutive California fox, near the brink of extinction just 12 years ago, is being removed from the endangered species list. It’s the fastest recovery of any mammal on the list, according to federal wildlife officials.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Channel Islands fox is only found on six islands off the Southern California coast, with each island home to its own \u003ca href=\"http://ecos.fws.gov/ecp0/pub/SpeciesReport.do\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">subspecies\u003c/a> of fox.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The island foxes are very cute,” says Christina Boser, an ecologist with the Nature Conservancy who helped with the fox recovery. “They’re only about four pounds and they’ve got these beautiful expressive eyes.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Island fox numbers plummeted after a cascade of human impacts. Early ranchers brought non-native pigs to the island. At the same time, the native bald eagle population crashed because of the pesticide DDT.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_914315\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 764px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-914315\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/Fox2.jpg\" alt=\"Christina Boser examines a Channel Island fox.\" width=\"764\" height=\"762\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/Fox2.jpg 764w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/Fox2-400x399.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/Fox2-32x32.jpg 32w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/Fox2-50x50.jpg 50w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/Fox2-64x64.jpg 64w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/Fox2-96x96.jpg 96w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/Fox2-128x128.jpg 128w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/Fox2-150x150.jpg 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 764px) 100vw, 764px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Christina Boser does a health examination of a Channel Island fox. \u003ccite>(The Nature Conservancy )\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>With no eagle competition, golden eagles began arriving from the California mainland, finding an abundant food source in both piglets and the tiny foxes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Only a few dozen foxes remained on three of the islands, San Miguel, Santa Rosa and Santa Cruz.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ten years ago, a pig eradication effort began (causing a \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfgate.com/green/article/Pig-eradication-plan-out-of-control-2668922.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">minor uproar\u003c/a>). The golden eagles were relocated and bald eagles, which don’t eat foxes, returned to the islands. A captive breeding program for foxes also began.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, the islands are home to several thousand foxes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The recovery has gone tremendously fast and that’s pretty remarkable,” said Boser. “And the removal of the pigs did not just help the island fox, but we have a lot of rare plants on the island that are rebounding.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s the power of the ESA [Endangered Species Act] – not just to protect rare animals and plants on paper, but to drive focused conservation that gets dramatic results,” Dan Ashe, director of the Federal Wildlife Service, said in a statement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The wildlife service is delisting three of the six island fox subspecies (two subspecies were never listed). The foxes on Catalina Island will remain a threatened species due to concerns over canine distemper, a virus spread by dogs and other wildlife that can be fatal to foxes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The fox is the 37th species that has been healthy enough to be removed from the endangered species list. More than 2,000 species are currently listed.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>A diminutive California fox, near the brink of extinction just 12 years ago, is being removed from the endangered species list. It’s the fastest recovery of any mammal on the list, according to federal wildlife officials.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Channel Islands fox is only found on six islands off the Southern California coast, with each island home to its own \u003ca href=\"http://ecos.fws.gov/ecp0/pub/SpeciesReport.do\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">subspecies\u003c/a> of fox.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The island foxes are very cute,” says Christina Boser, an ecologist with the Nature Conservancy who helped with the fox recovery. “They’re only about four pounds and they’ve got these beautiful expressive eyes.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Island fox numbers plummeted after a cascade of human impacts. Early ranchers brought non-native pigs to the island. At the same time, the native bald eagle population crashed because of the pesticide DDT.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_914315\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 764px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-914315\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/Fox2.jpg\" alt=\"Christina Boser examines a Channel Island fox.\" width=\"764\" height=\"762\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/Fox2.jpg 764w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/Fox2-400x399.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/Fox2-32x32.jpg 32w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/Fox2-50x50.jpg 50w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/Fox2-64x64.jpg 64w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/Fox2-96x96.jpg 96w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/Fox2-128x128.jpg 128w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/Fox2-150x150.jpg 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 764px) 100vw, 764px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Christina Boser does a health examination of a Channel Island fox. \u003ccite>(The Nature Conservancy )\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>With no eagle competition, golden eagles began arriving from the California mainland, finding an abundant food source in both piglets and the tiny foxes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
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"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
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"marketplace": {
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"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm",
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"mindshift": {
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"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
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"order": 12
},
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5",
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"info": "\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. Hosts Steve Inskeep, David Greene and Rachel Martin bring you the latest breaking news and features to prepare you for the day.",
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"onourwatch": {
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"tagline": "Deeply-reported investigative journalism",
"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
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"perspectives": {
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"planet-money": {
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"info": "The economy explained. Imagine you could call up a friend and say, Meet me at the bar and tell me what's going on with the economy. Now imagine that's actually a fun evening.",
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"title": "Political Breakdown",
"tagline": "Politics from a personal perspective",
"info": "Political Breakdown is a new series that explores the political intersection of California and the nation. Each week hosts Scott Shafer and Marisa Lagos are joined with a new special guest to unpack politics -- with personality — and offer an insider’s glimpse at how politics happens.",
"airtime": "THU 6:30pm-7pm",
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"possible": {
"id": "possible",
"title": "Possible",
"info": "Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.",
"airtime": "SUN 2pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Possible-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.possible.fm/",
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"source": "Possible"
},
"link": "/radio/program/possible",
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},
"pri-the-world": {
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"title": "PRI's The World: Latest Edition",
"info": "Each weekday, host Marco Werman and his team of producers bring you the world's most interesting stories in an hour of radio that reminds us just how small our planet really is.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 2pm-3pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-World-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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},
"radiolab": {
"id": "radiolab",
"title": "Radiolab",
"info": "A two-time Peabody Award-winner, Radiolab is an investigation told through sounds and stories, and centered around one big idea. In the Radiolab world, information sounds like music and science and culture collide. Hosted by Jad Abumrad and Robert Krulwich, the show is designed for listeners who demand skepticism, but appreciate wonder. WNYC Studios is the producer of other leading podcasts including Freakonomics Radio, Death, Sex & Money, On the Media and many more.",
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},
"reveal": {
"id": "reveal",
"title": "Reveal",
"info": "Created by The Center for Investigative Reporting and PRX, Reveal is public radios first one-hour weekly radio show and podcast dedicated to investigative reporting. Credible, fact based and without a partisan agenda, Reveal combines the power and artistry of driveway moment storytelling with data-rich reporting on critically important issues. The result is stories that inform and inspire, arming our listeners with information to right injustices, hold the powerful accountable and improve lives.Reveal is hosted by Al Letson and showcases the award-winning work of CIR and newsrooms large and small across the nation. In a radio and podcast market crowded with choices, Reveal focuses on important and often surprising stories that illuminate the world for our listeners.",
"airtime": "SAT 4pm-5pm",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.revealnews.org/episodes/",
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},
"link": "/radio/program/reveal",
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"rss": "http://feeds.revealradio.org/revealpodcast"
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