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"bio": "\u003cstrong>Benjamin Burress\u003c/strong> has been a staff astronomer at Chabot Space & Science Center since July 1999. He graduated from Sonoma State University in 1985 with a bachelor’s degree in physics (and minor in astronomy), after which he signed on for a two-year stint in the Peace Corps, where he taught physics and mathematics in the African nation of Cameroon. From 1989-96 he served on the crew of NASA’s Kuiper Airborne Observatory at Ames Research Center in Mountain View, CA. From 1996-99, he was Head Observer at the Naval Prototype Optical Interferometer program at Lowell Observatory in Flagstaff, AZ.\r\n\r\nRead his \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/author/ben-burress/\">previous contributions\u003c/a> to \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/\">QUEST\u003c/a>, a project dedicated to exploring the Science of Sustainability.",
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"title": "Oyster Archaeology: Ancient Trash Holds Clues to Sustainable Harvesting",
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"content": "\u003cp>Times are tough for Chesapeake oysters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For one thing, they used to be bigger. “If you look at what people were saying back in the 1600s and 1700s about oysters, people had to cut them in half before they could even eat them,” says \u003ca href=\"http://www.serc.si.edu/labs/estuarine_ecology/\">Denise Breitburg\u003c/a>, an ecologist with the Smithsonian Environmental Research Center.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What’s more, these oyster behemoths were so plentiful that they formed tall towers stretching up to the water’s surface. But today, after decades of overfishing, oyster populations in Maryland’s waters have dropped to 1 percent of what they were around 1900.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To see how much the population has changed over the years, Breitburg and other biologists and archaeologists undertook the largest survey to date of any shellfishery, chronicling the Chesapeake Bay’s oyster population from almost 800,000 years ago to the present day. The researchers were surprised to find thousands of years during which oyster populations stayed stable – the era of Native Americans. The stability suggests Native Americans figured out how to farm oysters sustainably, and their techniques could help support our oyster habit today, according to a \u003ca href=\"http://www.pnas.org/content/113/23/6568\">study\u003c/a> published earlier this summer in the \u003cem>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The archaeologists began by studying Native American trash pits, which speckle the Chesapeake Bay coast and are full of oyster shells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_882107\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2000px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-882107\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/oyster2_enl-f5b5fffb0cac7dd109c2dd8b1cdb2b41ef1d1144.jpg\" alt=\"Members of the research team, Sean McCanty and Courtney Hofman, excavate an ancient oyster shell midden at the Smithsonian Environmental Research Center in Edgewater, Md.\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1613\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/oyster2_enl-f5b5fffb0cac7dd109c2dd8b1cdb2b41ef1d1144.jpg 2000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/oyster2_enl-f5b5fffb0cac7dd109c2dd8b1cdb2b41ef1d1144-400x323.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/oyster2_enl-f5b5fffb0cac7dd109c2dd8b1cdb2b41ef1d1144-800x645.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/oyster2_enl-f5b5fffb0cac7dd109c2dd8b1cdb2b41ef1d1144-768x619.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/oyster2_enl-f5b5fffb0cac7dd109c2dd8b1cdb2b41ef1d1144-1440x1161.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/oyster2_enl-f5b5fffb0cac7dd109c2dd8b1cdb2b41ef1d1144-1920x1548.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/oyster2_enl-f5b5fffb0cac7dd109c2dd8b1cdb2b41ef1d1144-1180x952.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/oyster2_enl-f5b5fffb0cac7dd109c2dd8b1cdb2b41ef1d1144-960x774.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2000px) 100vw, 2000px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Members of the research team, Sean McCanty and Courtney Hofman, excavate an ancient oyster shell midden at the Smithsonian Environmental Research Center in Edgewater, Md. \u003ccite>(Torben Rick/Smithsonian Institution)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>By using radio carbon dating, researchers found the oldest trash pit surveyed to be 3,200 years old, and the most recent to date no later than 1900. Next they measured the height of each oyster as a proxy for past human pressure on oysters. (Humans tend to harvest bigger oysters first, so if the average oyster size is smaller, it likely means that oysters were being harvested too fast for many of them to reach a large size and produce a lot of baby oysters.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The scientists rounded the survey out by examining oyster size from fossils hundreds of thousands of years old and by analyzing harvest numbers from the 20th and 21st centuries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The scale of the data set is massive. To my knowledge, it’s unparalleled,” says environmental archaeologist \u003ca href=\"http://anthropology.uga.edu/directory/victor-thompson\">Victor Thompson\u003c/a> of the University of Georgia, who was not involved in the study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The team found oysters were bigger hundreds of thousands of years ago than during the time of humans, but no decrease in oyster size happened during the time of prehistoric Native Americans, from roughly 3,200 to 400 years ago. This suggests the oyster population wasn’t under increasing pressure as Native Americans harvested them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_882108\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2000px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-882108\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/oyster3_enl-bf3013f8befd28859bf8e977dd9e44d0c63202cf.jpg\" alt=\"Torben Rick, an anthropologist at the Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History and lead author of the research, examines a 1,500-year-old oyster shell in the museum's collection.\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1589\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/oyster3_enl-bf3013f8befd28859bf8e977dd9e44d0c63202cf.jpg 2000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/oyster3_enl-bf3013f8befd28859bf8e977dd9e44d0c63202cf-400x318.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/oyster3_enl-bf3013f8befd28859bf8e977dd9e44d0c63202cf-800x636.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/oyster3_enl-bf3013f8befd28859bf8e977dd9e44d0c63202cf-768x610.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/oyster3_enl-bf3013f8befd28859bf8e977dd9e44d0c63202cf-1440x1144.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/oyster3_enl-bf3013f8befd28859bf8e977dd9e44d0c63202cf-1920x1525.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/oyster3_enl-bf3013f8befd28859bf8e977dd9e44d0c63202cf-1180x938.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/oyster3_enl-bf3013f8befd28859bf8e977dd9e44d0c63202cf-960x763.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2000px) 100vw, 2000px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Torben Rick, an anthropologist at the Smithsonian’s National Museum of Natural History and lead author of the research, examines a 1,500-year-old oyster shell in the museum’s collection. \u003ccite>(John Gibbons/Smithsonian Institution)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>A relatively low number of humans partially explains the limited pressure on oysters during this period, says lead author \u003ca href=\"http://anthropology.si.edu/archaeobio/rick.html\">Torben Rick\u003c/a> of the Smithsonian Institution. But he said Native Americans also seem to have relied on sustainable fishing techniques. Thanks to technological limitations, Native Americans generally fished close to shore, giving oysters in deep water a safe space to grow and reproduce. Native Americans also may have harvested oysters from different areas seasonally, and the rotation gave sites time to recover.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So what happened since the time of Native American harvesting?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Oyster specialist Stephanie Westby of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s Chesapeake office blames pollution, overfishing and dredging – a fishing practice that rips up the water’s bottom and leaves mud, where oysters can’t attach easily to make homes. Without oysters to filter tiny organisms in the water, the water quality suffers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Native American practices, according to Rick, underscore the importance of sanctuaries today. Establishing refuges can be controversial, since fishers rely on oysters for their livelihood, but Rick says well-placed refuges could boost oyster populations for everyone, including fishers. “Ultimately, it’s about rethinking our oyster strategy so we can have our cake and eat it too,” says Rick. “We don’t want to alienate anyone. This doesn’t need to pit biologists against fishermen.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some areas are already establishing refuges. In 2014, \u003ca href=\"http://www.chesapeakebay.net/documents/FINAL_Ches_Bay_Watershed_Agreement.withsignatures-HIres.pdf\">the Chesapeake Bay Watershed Agreement\u003c/a> set the goal to restore oyster populations in 10 tributaries by 2025. Now there are \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=129037024\">sanctuaries\u003c/a> in Virginia and Maryland especially for oysters, Westby says, and hatcheries are producing \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/thesalt/2013/07/16/202718742/can-oysters-with-no-sex-life-repopulate-the-chesapeake-bay\">young oysters to be transplanted\u003c/a> to wild oyster reefs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s also a new source of oysters that Native Americans didn’t have – farming. Michael Hild owns Anderson’s Neck Oyster Company, which is currently farming 6 million oysters. “Not only are you taking pressure off of the wild stock that remain in the Chesapeake Bay,” says Hild, “but the farmed oysters that you place in the water are making water cleaner.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rick says he hopes archaeology can help uncover more about the history of other fisheries, like blue crab. “The past isn’t something we can recreate or return to,” Rick admits, “but it just gives us much more information to work with.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Oyster+Archaeology%3A+Ancient+Trash+Holds+Clues+To+Sustainable+Harvesting&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Times are tough for Chesapeake oysters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For one thing, they used to be bigger. “If you look at what people were saying back in the 1600s and 1700s about oysters, people had to cut them in half before they could even eat them,” says \u003ca href=\"http://www.serc.si.edu/labs/estuarine_ecology/\">Denise Breitburg\u003c/a>, an ecologist with the Smithsonian Environmental Research Center.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What’s more, these oyster behemoths were so plentiful that they formed tall towers stretching up to the water’s surface. But today, after decades of overfishing, oyster populations in Maryland’s waters have dropped to 1 percent of what they were around 1900.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To see how much the population has changed over the years, Breitburg and other biologists and archaeologists undertook the largest survey to date of any shellfishery, chronicling the Chesapeake Bay’s oyster population from almost 800,000 years ago to the present day. The researchers were surprised to find thousands of years during which oyster populations stayed stable – the era of Native Americans. The stability suggests Native Americans figured out how to farm oysters sustainably, and their techniques could help support our oyster habit today, according to a \u003ca href=\"http://www.pnas.org/content/113/23/6568\">study\u003c/a> published earlier this summer in the \u003cem>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The archaeologists began by studying Native American trash pits, which speckle the Chesapeake Bay coast and are full of oyster shells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_882107\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2000px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-882107\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/oyster2_enl-f5b5fffb0cac7dd109c2dd8b1cdb2b41ef1d1144.jpg\" alt=\"Members of the research team, Sean McCanty and Courtney Hofman, excavate an ancient oyster shell midden at the Smithsonian Environmental Research Center in Edgewater, Md.\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1613\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/oyster2_enl-f5b5fffb0cac7dd109c2dd8b1cdb2b41ef1d1144.jpg 2000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/oyster2_enl-f5b5fffb0cac7dd109c2dd8b1cdb2b41ef1d1144-400x323.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/oyster2_enl-f5b5fffb0cac7dd109c2dd8b1cdb2b41ef1d1144-800x645.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/oyster2_enl-f5b5fffb0cac7dd109c2dd8b1cdb2b41ef1d1144-768x619.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/oyster2_enl-f5b5fffb0cac7dd109c2dd8b1cdb2b41ef1d1144-1440x1161.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/oyster2_enl-f5b5fffb0cac7dd109c2dd8b1cdb2b41ef1d1144-1920x1548.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/oyster2_enl-f5b5fffb0cac7dd109c2dd8b1cdb2b41ef1d1144-1180x952.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/oyster2_enl-f5b5fffb0cac7dd109c2dd8b1cdb2b41ef1d1144-960x774.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2000px) 100vw, 2000px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Members of the research team, Sean McCanty and Courtney Hofman, excavate an ancient oyster shell midden at the Smithsonian Environmental Research Center in Edgewater, Md. \u003ccite>(Torben Rick/Smithsonian Institution)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>By using radio carbon dating, researchers found the oldest trash pit surveyed to be 3,200 years old, and the most recent to date no later than 1900. Next they measured the height of each oyster as a proxy for past human pressure on oysters. (Humans tend to harvest bigger oysters first, so if the average oyster size is smaller, it likely means that oysters were being harvested too fast for many of them to reach a large size and produce a lot of baby oysters.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The scientists rounded the survey out by examining oyster size from fossils hundreds of thousands of years old and by analyzing harvest numbers from the 20th and 21st centuries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The scale of the data set is massive. To my knowledge, it’s unparalleled,” says environmental archaeologist \u003ca href=\"http://anthropology.uga.edu/directory/victor-thompson\">Victor Thompson\u003c/a> of the University of Georgia, who was not involved in the study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The team found oysters were bigger hundreds of thousands of years ago than during the time of humans, but no decrease in oyster size happened during the time of prehistoric Native Americans, from roughly 3,200 to 400 years ago. This suggests the oyster population wasn’t under increasing pressure as Native Americans harvested them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_882108\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2000px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-882108\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/oyster3_enl-bf3013f8befd28859bf8e977dd9e44d0c63202cf.jpg\" alt=\"Torben Rick, an anthropologist at the Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History and lead author of the research, examines a 1,500-year-old oyster shell in the museum's collection.\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1589\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/oyster3_enl-bf3013f8befd28859bf8e977dd9e44d0c63202cf.jpg 2000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/oyster3_enl-bf3013f8befd28859bf8e977dd9e44d0c63202cf-400x318.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/oyster3_enl-bf3013f8befd28859bf8e977dd9e44d0c63202cf-800x636.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/oyster3_enl-bf3013f8befd28859bf8e977dd9e44d0c63202cf-768x610.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/oyster3_enl-bf3013f8befd28859bf8e977dd9e44d0c63202cf-1440x1144.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/oyster3_enl-bf3013f8befd28859bf8e977dd9e44d0c63202cf-1920x1525.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/oyster3_enl-bf3013f8befd28859bf8e977dd9e44d0c63202cf-1180x938.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/oyster3_enl-bf3013f8befd28859bf8e977dd9e44d0c63202cf-960x763.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2000px) 100vw, 2000px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Torben Rick, an anthropologist at the Smithsonian’s National Museum of Natural History and lead author of the research, examines a 1,500-year-old oyster shell in the museum’s collection. \u003ccite>(John Gibbons/Smithsonian Institution)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>A relatively low number of humans partially explains the limited pressure on oysters during this period, says lead author \u003ca href=\"http://anthropology.si.edu/archaeobio/rick.html\">Torben Rick\u003c/a> of the Smithsonian Institution. But he said Native Americans also seem to have relied on sustainable fishing techniques. Thanks to technological limitations, Native Americans generally fished close to shore, giving oysters in deep water a safe space to grow and reproduce. Native Americans also may have harvested oysters from different areas seasonally, and the rotation gave sites time to recover.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So what happened since the time of Native American harvesting?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Oyster specialist Stephanie Westby of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s Chesapeake office blames pollution, overfishing and dredging – a fishing practice that rips up the water’s bottom and leaves mud, where oysters can’t attach easily to make homes. Without oysters to filter tiny organisms in the water, the water quality suffers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Native American practices, according to Rick, underscore the importance of sanctuaries today. Establishing refuges can be controversial, since fishers rely on oysters for their livelihood, but Rick says well-placed refuges could boost oyster populations for everyone, including fishers. “Ultimately, it’s about rethinking our oyster strategy so we can have our cake and eat it too,” says Rick. “We don’t want to alienate anyone. This doesn’t need to pit biologists against fishermen.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some areas are already establishing refuges. In 2014, \u003ca href=\"http://www.chesapeakebay.net/documents/FINAL_Ches_Bay_Watershed_Agreement.withsignatures-HIres.pdf\">the Chesapeake Bay Watershed Agreement\u003c/a> set the goal to restore oyster populations in 10 tributaries by 2025. Now there are \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=129037024\">sanctuaries\u003c/a> in Virginia and Maryland especially for oysters, Westby says, and hatcheries are producing \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/thesalt/2013/07/16/202718742/can-oysters-with-no-sex-life-repopulate-the-chesapeake-bay\">young oysters to be transplanted\u003c/a> to wild oyster reefs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s also a new source of oysters that Native Americans didn’t have – farming. Michael Hild owns Anderson’s Neck Oyster Company, which is currently farming 6 million oysters. “Not only are you taking pressure off of the wild stock that remain in the Chesapeake Bay,” says Hild, “but the farmed oysters that you place in the water are making water cleaner.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rick says he hopes archaeology can help uncover more about the history of other fisheries, like blue crab. “The past isn’t something we can recreate or return to,” Rick admits, “but it just gives us much more information to work with.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Oyster+Archaeology%3A+Ancient+Trash+Holds+Clues+To+Sustainable+Harvesting&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "California Adds Atrazine to List of Toxic Chemicals, But No Ban",
"headTitle": "California Adds Atrazine to List of Toxic Chemicals, But No Ban | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Atrazine has been a dirty word among environmentalists for decades. Now state and federal agencies are coming down on the weed killer, amid troubling evidence that it \u003ca href=\"http://www.pnas.org/content/99/8/5476.full\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">disrupts hormones\u003c/a> and contributes to \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23036484\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">birth defects\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This month, California added atrazine to the Prop 65 list of toxic chemicals since it’s known to cause \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Menstrual_cycle_women_Cragin_20111.pdf\">reproductive harm\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘It’s known to affect animals, wildlife, laboratory animals and the data suggests also affects humans.’\u003ccite>Tyrone Hayes, UC Berkeley biologist\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>And in June, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/EPA-draft-ecological-risk-assessment.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">declared\u003c/a>, “there are risk concerns for mammals, birds, reptiles, plants and plant communities across the country for many atrazine uses.” The agency opened a public comment period for its atrazine draft ecological risk assessment, which is based on new studies. By the end of the year it will issue a separate report on atrazine’s human impact.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s a major about-face for the EPA. Initially, in 2006, the EPA said atrazine \u003ca href=\"https://archive.epa.gov/pesticides/reregistration/web/pdf/atrazine_combined_docs.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">wasn’t a concern\u003c/a>, and that \u003cspan style=\"line-height: 1.5\">“the risks associated with the pesticide residues pose a reasonable certainty of no harm.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ten years later, the agency has changed its tune.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What the EPA is saying now, which I told them 20 years ago, is that this compound is found at levels in the environment where it’s known to affect animals, wildlife, laboratory animals and the data suggests also affects humans,” says biologist \u003ca href=\"https://ib.berkeley.edu/hayest\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Tyrone Hayes\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The UC Berkeley scientist has spent decades researching atrazine’s health implications on amphibians. He discovered that the pesticide chemically castrates male frogs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After Hayes published his findings about the chemical, Syngenta, the Swiss-based company that produces atrazine, attempted to \u003ca href=\"http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2014/02/10/a-valuable-reputation\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">discredit him\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Not a Household Name\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Atrazine is the second most commonly used herbicide in the United States but chances are you’ve never bought it. It’s mainly used on Midwestern corn, sorghum and sugar cane crops.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California uses more than \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdpr.ca.gov/docs/pur/pur14rep/14_pur.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">20,000 pounds a year\u003c/a>, mostly on corn and grass for livestock in San Joaquin and Imperial county, according to Paul Towers from the \u003ca href=\"http://www.panna.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Pesticide Action Network\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s also occasionally sprayed on golf courses and lawns. In home improvement stores like \u003ca href=\"http://www.lowes.com/pd/Sta-Green-5000-Sq-Ft-Ultra-Southern-Phosphorus-Free-Lawn-Fertilizer-and-Atrazine-Weed-Control/3031892\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Lowe’s\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.homedepot.com/p/IMAGE-32-oz-Concentrate-Herbicide-for-St-Augustine-Grass-and-Centipede-Grass-100099401/100598626\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Home Depot\u003c/a> it’s sold as a fertilizer and herbicide for grass, although in California only certified applicators, like farm owners, can purchase it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under Prop 65, the state must publish a \u003ca href=\"http://oehha.ca.gov/proposition-65/chemicals\">list of chemicals\u003c/a> known to cause cancer, birth defects or other reproductive harm. California businesses must also warn the public of exposure to substances on the list, which is why you may have seen signs at gas stations, parking garages and convenience stores.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Starting July 15, 2017, products with atrazine sold in California will require a warning if exposure occurs at high enough levels. The state is \u003ca href=\"http://oehha.ca.gov/proposition-65/crnr/notice-proposed-rulemaking-madls-atrazine-propazine-simazine-24-diamino-6-chloro\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">currently deciding \u003c/a>what that level should be.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since approval is required to purchase atrazine, the new labeling requirements will mainly affect the farming industry. Consumers likely won’t see a change on the products they buy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Towers says there’s little concern about the agricultural chemical contaminating California produce, but tap water is a concern.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It has the ability to persist in water for long periods of time, particularly through drinking water, that’s one of the greatest threats to our health and that of our children,” says Towers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The chemical seeps into soil and enters waterways, where it can contaminate tap water. The EPA requires workers using the pesticide to wear protective gear and doesn’t allow spraying near rivers, lakes or other waterways.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A 2004 Environmental Working Group \u003ca href=\"http://www.ewg.org/tap-water/whatsinyourwater/CA/Rancho-California-Water-District/3310038/\">report\u003c/a> found dangerously high levels of atrazine in drinking water in Riverside, Bakerfield and San Bernardino.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The EPA recently established a new “level of concern” for wildlife exposed to atrazine. Anything above that level likely causes harm. Unfortunately, the agency’s own reporting shows this environmental level was “exceeded by as much as 22, 198 and 62 times for birds, mammals and fish, respectively.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Syngenta criticized the EPA’s draft risk assessment, saying it “contains numerous data and methodological errors and needs to be corrected.” In an email, a company spokesperson said, “atrazine’s safety has been established in nearly 7,000 scientific studies over more than 50 years.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Too Little, Too Late?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hayes says it’s good news that the state added the pesticide to the Prop 65 list, but the federal review feels like too little too late.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s like those stories you hear about the guy that’s been in jail for four years, who was falsely accused of murder,” says Hayes. “Of course you’re happy, now you’re out of jail, but you’ve also been in jail for four years — or in my case twenty years — so it’s sort of mixed feelings.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Reached for comment, EPA spokesperson Cathy Milbourn said, “EPA considers all available science, including studies submitted to the agency in support of registration, as well as scientific open literature, in developing its risk assessments and decisions to register pesticides.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The European Union banned atrazine in 2004, citing ubiquitous water contamination. But the EPA won’t say whether a ban is on the table, despite the mounting evidence. Why? Hayes opines that economic interests play a role — atrazine is big business for Syngenta. Even the Prop 65 designation took over a year because Syngenta sued the EPA and the state of California \u003ca href=\"http://oehha.ca.gov/media/downloads/crnr/listingnoticetriazines070516.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">to delay\u003c/a> the decision.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Atrazine has been a dirty word among environmentalists for decades. Now state and federal agencies are coming down on the weed killer, amid troubling evidence that it \u003ca href=\"http://www.pnas.org/content/99/8/5476.full\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">disrupts hormones\u003c/a> and contributes to \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23036484\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">birth defects\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This month, California added atrazine to the Prop 65 list of toxic chemicals since it’s known to cause \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Menstrual_cycle_women_Cragin_20111.pdf\">reproductive harm\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘It’s known to affect animals, wildlife, laboratory animals and the data suggests also affects humans.’\u003ccite>Tyrone Hayes, UC Berkeley biologist\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>And in June, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/EPA-draft-ecological-risk-assessment.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">declared\u003c/a>, “there are risk concerns for mammals, birds, reptiles, plants and plant communities across the country for many atrazine uses.” The agency opened a public comment period for its atrazine draft ecological risk assessment, which is based on new studies. By the end of the year it will issue a separate report on atrazine’s human impact.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s a major about-face for the EPA. Initially, in 2006, the EPA said atrazine \u003ca href=\"https://archive.epa.gov/pesticides/reregistration/web/pdf/atrazine_combined_docs.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">wasn’t a concern\u003c/a>, and that \u003cspan style=\"line-height: 1.5\">“the risks associated with the pesticide residues pose a reasonable certainty of no harm.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ten years later, the agency has changed its tune.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What the EPA is saying now, which I told them 20 years ago, is that this compound is found at levels in the environment where it’s known to affect animals, wildlife, laboratory animals and the data suggests also affects humans,” says biologist \u003ca href=\"https://ib.berkeley.edu/hayest\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Tyrone Hayes\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The UC Berkeley scientist has spent decades researching atrazine’s health implications on amphibians. He discovered that the pesticide chemically castrates male frogs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After Hayes published his findings about the chemical, Syngenta, the Swiss-based company that produces atrazine, attempted to \u003ca href=\"http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2014/02/10/a-valuable-reputation\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">discredit him\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Not a Household Name\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Atrazine is the second most commonly used herbicide in the United States but chances are you’ve never bought it. It’s mainly used on Midwestern corn, sorghum and sugar cane crops.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California uses more than \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdpr.ca.gov/docs/pur/pur14rep/14_pur.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">20,000 pounds a year\u003c/a>, mostly on corn and grass for livestock in San Joaquin and Imperial county, according to Paul Towers from the \u003ca href=\"http://www.panna.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Pesticide Action Network\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s also occasionally sprayed on golf courses and lawns. In home improvement stores like \u003ca href=\"http://www.lowes.com/pd/Sta-Green-5000-Sq-Ft-Ultra-Southern-Phosphorus-Free-Lawn-Fertilizer-and-Atrazine-Weed-Control/3031892\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Lowe’s\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.homedepot.com/p/IMAGE-32-oz-Concentrate-Herbicide-for-St-Augustine-Grass-and-Centipede-Grass-100099401/100598626\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Home Depot\u003c/a> it’s sold as a fertilizer and herbicide for grass, although in California only certified applicators, like farm owners, can purchase it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under Prop 65, the state must publish a \u003ca href=\"http://oehha.ca.gov/proposition-65/chemicals\">list of chemicals\u003c/a> known to cause cancer, birth defects or other reproductive harm. California businesses must also warn the public of exposure to substances on the list, which is why you may have seen signs at gas stations, parking garages and convenience stores.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Starting July 15, 2017, products with atrazine sold in California will require a warning if exposure occurs at high enough levels. The state is \u003ca href=\"http://oehha.ca.gov/proposition-65/crnr/notice-proposed-rulemaking-madls-atrazine-propazine-simazine-24-diamino-6-chloro\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">currently deciding \u003c/a>what that level should be.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since approval is required to purchase atrazine, the new labeling requirements will mainly affect the farming industry. Consumers likely won’t see a change on the products they buy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Towers says there’s little concern about the agricultural chemical contaminating California produce, but tap water is a concern.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It has the ability to persist in water for long periods of time, particularly through drinking water, that’s one of the greatest threats to our health and that of our children,” says Towers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The chemical seeps into soil and enters waterways, where it can contaminate tap water. The EPA requires workers using the pesticide to wear protective gear and doesn’t allow spraying near rivers, lakes or other waterways.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A 2004 Environmental Working Group \u003ca href=\"http://www.ewg.org/tap-water/whatsinyourwater/CA/Rancho-California-Water-District/3310038/\">report\u003c/a> found dangerously high levels of atrazine in drinking water in Riverside, Bakerfield and San Bernardino.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The EPA recently established a new “level of concern” for wildlife exposed to atrazine. Anything above that level likely causes harm. Unfortunately, the agency’s own reporting shows this environmental level was “exceeded by as much as 22, 198 and 62 times for birds, mammals and fish, respectively.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Syngenta criticized the EPA’s draft risk assessment, saying it “contains numerous data and methodological errors and needs to be corrected.” In an email, a company spokesperson said, “atrazine’s safety has been established in nearly 7,000 scientific studies over more than 50 years.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Too Little, Too Late?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hayes says it’s good news that the state added the pesticide to the Prop 65 list, but the federal review feels like too little too late.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s like those stories you hear about the guy that’s been in jail for four years, who was falsely accused of murder,” says Hayes. “Of course you’re happy, now you’re out of jail, but you’ve also been in jail for four years — or in my case twenty years — so it’s sort of mixed feelings.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Reached for comment, EPA spokesperson Cathy Milbourn said, “EPA considers all available science, including studies submitted to the agency in support of registration, as well as scientific open literature, in developing its risk assessments and decisions to register pesticides.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The European Union banned atrazine in 2004, citing ubiquitous water contamination. But the EPA won’t say whether a ban is on the table, despite the mounting evidence. Why? Hayes opines that economic interests play a role — atrazine is big business for Syngenta. Even the Prop 65 designation took over a year because Syngenta sued the EPA and the state of California \u003ca href=\"http://oehha.ca.gov/media/downloads/crnr/listingnoticetriazines070516.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">to delay\u003c/a> the decision.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>The trip had mechanical setbacks, and the plane’s average speed would be legal on many American streets. But when the Solar Impulse aircraft touched down in Abu Dhabi in the early morning darkness Tuesday, it successfully completed a round-the-world voyage using only solar power.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Swiss pilots Bertrand Piccard and André Borschberg took turns flying the single-seat aircraft that began its trip on March 9 of 2015, flying more than 26,700 miles in a total of 17 stages (23 days) as they soared under the sun’s power and then glided through the night.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is not only a first in the history of aviation; it’s before all a first in the history of energy,” Piccard said. “I’m sure that within 10 years we’ll see electric airplanes transporting 50 passengers on short to medium haul flights.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“But it’s not enough,” Piccard added, saying that the solar technology that powered his plane can also be used on the ground to cut emissions in half.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-876868\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/pilots-celebrate-solar-impulse_custom-5429745d61e214fe4c1eb636a98c559e67b8acb6.jpg\" alt=\"After Solar Impulse's successful landing in Abu Dhabi, the capital of the United Arab Emirates, with Bertrand Piccard at the controls, he posed with fellow pilot Andre Borschberg. The two alternated on 23 days' worth of flights without using any fuel.\" width=\"6016\" height=\"3692\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/pilots-celebrate-solar-impulse_custom-5429745d61e214fe4c1eb636a98c559e67b8acb6.jpg 6016w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/pilots-celebrate-solar-impulse_custom-5429745d61e214fe4c1eb636a98c559e67b8acb6-400x245.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/pilots-celebrate-solar-impulse_custom-5429745d61e214fe4c1eb636a98c559e67b8acb6-800x491.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/pilots-celebrate-solar-impulse_custom-5429745d61e214fe4c1eb636a98c559e67b8acb6-768x471.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/pilots-celebrate-solar-impulse_custom-5429745d61e214fe4c1eb636a98c559e67b8acb6-1440x884.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/pilots-celebrate-solar-impulse_custom-5429745d61e214fe4c1eb636a98c559e67b8acb6-1920x1178.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/pilots-celebrate-solar-impulse_custom-5429745d61e214fe4c1eb636a98c559e67b8acb6-1180x724.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/pilots-celebrate-solar-impulse_custom-5429745d61e214fe4c1eb636a98c559e67b8acb6-960x589.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 6016px) 100vw, 6016px\">\u003cbr>\nThe journey earned numerous records, including the trans-Pacific leg flown by Borschberg that took five days and nights, setting a mark for the longest solo flight in any airplane, according to the team behind Solar Impulse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here are the stats on the flight’s final leg from Cairo to Abu Dhabi:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Pilot: Bertrand Piccard\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Flight time: 48 hours, 37 minutes\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Maximum altitude: 28,000 feet (8,534 m)\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Average speed: 34.5 mph (55.40 km/h)\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Flight distance covered: 2,694 km (1,674 miles)\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>As \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/07/24/487258668/experimental-plane-sets-off-on-final-leg-of-its-round-the-world-journey\">Merrit reported for the Two-Way\u003c/a>, when Solar Impulse embarked on its final leg, organizers called it one of the most complex they’d undertaken, citing high temperatures on the ground, strong thermal currents and no-fly zones.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The plane and its crew also coped with challenging trans-oceanic flights, \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/04/24/475473222/experimental-solar-powered-plane-completes-journey-across-the-pacific\">crossing the Pacific\u003c/a> in two stages (including a stop for repairs in Hawaii) and \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/06/23/483216575/beautiful-flight-across-the-atlantic-is-major-milestone-for-solar-plane\">crossing the Atlantic\u003c/a> in 71 hours.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Sun-Powered+Airplane+Completes+Historic+Trip+Around+The+World&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "\"This is not only a first in the history of aviation; it's before all a first in the history of energy,\" Swiss pilot Bertrand Piccard says. His plane flew more than 26,700 miles without using fuel.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The trip had mechanical setbacks, and the plane’s average speed would be legal on many American streets. But when the Solar Impulse aircraft touched down in Abu Dhabi in the early morning darkness Tuesday, it successfully completed a round-the-world voyage using only solar power.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Swiss pilots Bertrand Piccard and André Borschberg took turns flying the single-seat aircraft that began its trip on March 9 of 2015, flying more than 26,700 miles in a total of 17 stages (23 days) as they soared under the sun’s power and then glided through the night.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is not only a first in the history of aviation; it’s before all a first in the history of energy,” Piccard said. “I’m sure that within 10 years we’ll see electric airplanes transporting 50 passengers on short to medium haul flights.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“But it’s not enough,” Piccard added, saying that the solar technology that powered his plane can also be used on the ground to cut emissions in half.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-876868\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/pilots-celebrate-solar-impulse_custom-5429745d61e214fe4c1eb636a98c559e67b8acb6.jpg\" alt=\"After Solar Impulse's successful landing in Abu Dhabi, the capital of the United Arab Emirates, with Bertrand Piccard at the controls, he posed with fellow pilot Andre Borschberg. The two alternated on 23 days' worth of flights without using any fuel.\" width=\"6016\" height=\"3692\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/pilots-celebrate-solar-impulse_custom-5429745d61e214fe4c1eb636a98c559e67b8acb6.jpg 6016w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/pilots-celebrate-solar-impulse_custom-5429745d61e214fe4c1eb636a98c559e67b8acb6-400x245.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/pilots-celebrate-solar-impulse_custom-5429745d61e214fe4c1eb636a98c559e67b8acb6-800x491.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/pilots-celebrate-solar-impulse_custom-5429745d61e214fe4c1eb636a98c559e67b8acb6-768x471.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/pilots-celebrate-solar-impulse_custom-5429745d61e214fe4c1eb636a98c559e67b8acb6-1440x884.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/pilots-celebrate-solar-impulse_custom-5429745d61e214fe4c1eb636a98c559e67b8acb6-1920x1178.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/pilots-celebrate-solar-impulse_custom-5429745d61e214fe4c1eb636a98c559e67b8acb6-1180x724.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/pilots-celebrate-solar-impulse_custom-5429745d61e214fe4c1eb636a98c559e67b8acb6-960x589.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 6016px) 100vw, 6016px\">\u003cbr>\nThe journey earned numerous records, including the trans-Pacific leg flown by Borschberg that took five days and nights, setting a mark for the longest solo flight in any airplane, according to the team behind Solar Impulse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here are the stats on the flight’s final leg from Cairo to Abu Dhabi:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Pilot: Bertrand Piccard\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Flight time: 48 hours, 37 minutes\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Maximum altitude: 28,000 feet (8,534 m)\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Average speed: 34.5 mph (55.40 km/h)\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Flight distance covered: 2,694 km (1,674 miles)\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>As \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/07/24/487258668/experimental-plane-sets-off-on-final-leg-of-its-round-the-world-journey\">Merrit reported for the Two-Way\u003c/a>, when Solar Impulse embarked on its final leg, organizers called it one of the most complex they’d undertaken, citing high temperatures on the ground, strong thermal currents and no-fly zones.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The plane and its crew also coped with challenging trans-oceanic flights, \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/04/24/475473222/experimental-solar-powered-plane-completes-journey-across-the-pacific\">crossing the Pacific\u003c/a> in two stages (including a stop for repairs in Hawaii) and \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/06/23/483216575/beautiful-flight-across-the-atlantic-is-major-milestone-for-solar-plane\">crossing the Atlantic\u003c/a> in 71 hours.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Sun-Powered+Airplane+Completes+Historic+Trip+Around+The+World&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Grizzlies in California? Ad Campaign Aims to 'Bring Back the Bears'",
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"content": "\u003cp>Advocates for re-establishing grizzly bears in California are taking their case directly to the public.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Having been rebuffed by wildlife agencies, the Arizona-based Center for Biological Diversity is \u003ca href=\"http://bringbackthebears.org/#home\">launching a media campaign\u003c/a> to rally support for the idea.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”CeRF4HGv78F23EabOzmOjr4zqRdZ4Zw0″]”The mission, really, is to create some awareness around this issue,” says Ronny Northrop, executive creative director at Gyro, a San Francisco ad agency that hatched the pro bono campaign on behalf of the center, aimed at “restoring a sense of wild, maintaining a sense of wild.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The centerpiece of the campaign is a visually arresting California “bear flag,” without the bear.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is California and here we have this flag with a bear on it that doesn’t even exist and most people don’t know it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This whole tragic irony around this is something that people are gonna respond to,” Northrup speculates. “Like ‘Whoa, I had no idea that the bear on our flag is extinct; that’s pretty messed up.'”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https://player.vimeo.com/video/176226934?byline=0&portrait=0\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https://player.vimeo.com/video/176226743?byline=0&portrait=0\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gyro has produced a series of videos featuring other “iconic” California figures vying for space on the flag: the “yoga mom,” the real estate developer, the cosmetic surgeon, each making their case for why they should be there instead of the grizzly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They’re all just sort of out there and a little bit arrogant, and they’re Californians, you know, like, ‘Hey, it should be me. Of course it should be me, right?’ A little bit narcissistic maybe.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_846602\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 2945px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-846602\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/IMG_4714-1.jpg\" alt=\"Ronny Northrop's team at Gyro created the bear-less flag concept for a campaign to "bring back the bears."\" width=\"2945\" height=\"2096\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/IMG_4714-1.jpg 2945w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/IMG_4714-1-400x285.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/IMG_4714-1-800x569.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/IMG_4714-1-768x547.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/IMG_4714-1-1440x1025.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/IMG_4714-1-1920x1366.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/IMG_4714-1-1180x840.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/IMG_4714-1-960x683.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2945px) 100vw, 2945px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Ronny Northrop’s team at Gyro created the bear-less flag concept for a campaign to “bring back the bears.” \u003ccite>(Craig Miller/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The CBD has gathered a little more than 12,000 names with an \u003ca href=\"http://action.biologicaldiversity.org/p/dia/action3/common/public/?action_KEY=17314\">online petition\u003c/a> that appears to include many supporters from outside California. Its staff is hoping the petition will help convince wildlife agencies to reconsider, though the drive appears to have lost some momentum.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I do think it’s something that with some education, and with further study, something that people could and would rally around,” says Noah Greenwald, endangered species director for CBD.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Nonstarter?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Among those who are aware of the idea, \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2016/05/02/grizzly-bears-are-everywhere-in-california-but-the-woods/\">opinion seems deeply divided\u003c/a>. While CBD’s appeal thus far has been aimed at federal wildlife officials, state wildlife managers would doubtless need to be on board to make it a reality.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are not entertaining the idea of reintroducing grizzly bears to the state,” wrote CDFW spokesperson Jordan Traverso in declining to participate in a KQED Forum program on the topic. “The idea has been a nonstarter for the California Department of Fish and Wildlife.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_728720\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2415px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-728720 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/IMG_4727_crop.jpg\" alt=\"Kids play on a grizzly bear sculpture at the California Museum in Sacramento.\" width=\"2415\" height=\"1819\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/IMG_4727_crop.jpg 2415w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/IMG_4727_crop-400x301.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/IMG_4727_crop-800x603.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/IMG_4727_crop-768x578.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/IMG_4727_crop-1440x1085.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/IMG_4727_crop-1920x1446.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/IMG_4727_crop-1180x889.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/IMG_4727_crop-960x723.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2415px) 100vw, 2415px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Kids play on a grizzly bear sculpture at the California Museum in Sacramento (the grizzly exhibit closed in June). Northrop says his firm’s informal research suggests that many Californians do not realize that the state’s symbol is extinct. \u003ccite>(Craig Miller/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Although there are anywhere from 30,000 to 60,000 black bears in the state, officials aren’t convinced that California could support a sustainable population of the much larger grizzlies, and are concerned about potential impacts on other indigenous species and, of course, conflicts with people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I asked Northrop if he thinks his campaign can make a dent in the fear or indifference among Californians, which could be obstacles as daunting as any science-based objections.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You know what? I’m a dreamer; I certainly hope so. I’ve got a 4-year-old daughter and man, I hope she’s able to experience all she can when it comes to nature and wildlife and the way it’s meant to be here on Earth.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Advocates for re-establishing grizzly bears in California are taking their case directly to the public.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Having been rebuffed by wildlife agencies, the Arizona-based Center for Biological Diversity is \u003ca href=\"http://bringbackthebears.org/#home\">launching a media campaign\u003c/a> to rally support for the idea.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>”The mission, really, is to create some awareness around this issue,” says Ronny Northrop, executive creative director at Gyro, a San Francisco ad agency that hatched the pro bono campaign on behalf of the center, aimed at “restoring a sense of wild, maintaining a sense of wild.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The centerpiece of the campaign is a visually arresting California “bear flag,” without the bear.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is California and here we have this flag with a bear on it that doesn’t even exist and most people don’t know it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This whole tragic irony around this is something that people are gonna respond to,” Northrup speculates. “Like ‘Whoa, I had no idea that the bear on our flag is extinct; that’s pretty messed up.'”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https://player.vimeo.com/video/176226934?byline=0&portrait=0\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https://player.vimeo.com/video/176226743?byline=0&portrait=0\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gyro has produced a series of videos featuring other “iconic” California figures vying for space on the flag: the “yoga mom,” the real estate developer, the cosmetic surgeon, each making their case for why they should be there instead of the grizzly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They’re all just sort of out there and a little bit arrogant, and they’re Californians, you know, like, ‘Hey, it should be me. Of course it should be me, right?’ A little bit narcissistic maybe.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_846602\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 2945px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-846602\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/IMG_4714-1.jpg\" alt=\"Ronny Northrop's team at Gyro created the bear-less flag concept for a campaign to "bring back the bears."\" width=\"2945\" height=\"2096\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/IMG_4714-1.jpg 2945w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/IMG_4714-1-400x285.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/IMG_4714-1-800x569.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/IMG_4714-1-768x547.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/IMG_4714-1-1440x1025.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/IMG_4714-1-1920x1366.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/IMG_4714-1-1180x840.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/IMG_4714-1-960x683.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2945px) 100vw, 2945px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Ronny Northrop’s team at Gyro created the bear-less flag concept for a campaign to “bring back the bears.” \u003ccite>(Craig Miller/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The CBD has gathered a little more than 12,000 names with an \u003ca href=\"http://action.biologicaldiversity.org/p/dia/action3/common/public/?action_KEY=17314\">online petition\u003c/a> that appears to include many supporters from outside California. Its staff is hoping the petition will help convince wildlife agencies to reconsider, though the drive appears to have lost some momentum.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I do think it’s something that with some education, and with further study, something that people could and would rally around,” says Noah Greenwald, endangered species director for CBD.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Nonstarter?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Among those who are aware of the idea, \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2016/05/02/grizzly-bears-are-everywhere-in-california-but-the-woods/\">opinion seems deeply divided\u003c/a>. While CBD’s appeal thus far has been aimed at federal wildlife officials, state wildlife managers would doubtless need to be on board to make it a reality.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are not entertaining the idea of reintroducing grizzly bears to the state,” wrote CDFW spokesperson Jordan Traverso in declining to participate in a KQED Forum program on the topic. “The idea has been a nonstarter for the California Department of Fish and Wildlife.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_728720\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2415px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-728720 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/IMG_4727_crop.jpg\" alt=\"Kids play on a grizzly bear sculpture at the California Museum in Sacramento.\" width=\"2415\" height=\"1819\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/IMG_4727_crop.jpg 2415w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/IMG_4727_crop-400x301.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/IMG_4727_crop-800x603.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/IMG_4727_crop-768x578.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/IMG_4727_crop-1440x1085.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/IMG_4727_crop-1920x1446.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/IMG_4727_crop-1180x889.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/IMG_4727_crop-960x723.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2415px) 100vw, 2415px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Kids play on a grizzly bear sculpture at the California Museum in Sacramento (the grizzly exhibit closed in June). Northrop says his firm’s informal research suggests that many Californians do not realize that the state’s symbol is extinct. \u003ccite>(Craig Miller/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Although there are anywhere from 30,000 to 60,000 black bears in the state, officials aren’t convinced that California could support a sustainable population of the much larger grizzlies, and are concerned about potential impacts on other indigenous species and, of course, conflicts with people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I asked Northrop if he thinks his campaign can make a dent in the fear or indifference among Californians, which could be obstacles as daunting as any science-based objections.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You know what? I’m a dreamer; I certainly hope so. I’ve got a 4-year-old daughter and man, I hope she’s able to experience all she can when it comes to nature and wildlife and the way it’s meant to be here on Earth.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "'Clone Sisters' of Dolly the Sheep Are Alive and Kicking",
"headTitle": "‘Clone Sisters’ of Dolly the Sheep Are Alive and Kicking | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>About four years ago, Kevin Sinclair inherited an army of clones. Very fluffy clones.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Daisy, Debbie, Denise and Diana,” says \u003ca href=\"https://www.nottingham.ac.uk/biosciences/people/kevin.sinclair\">Sinclair\u003c/a>, a developmental biologist at the University of Nottingham in England.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘It provides another boost to those of us who are hoping this technology might someday be useful for conservation.’\u003ccite>Beth Shapiro,UC Santa Cruz evolutionary biologist\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The sheep are just four of 13 clones Sinclair shepherds, but they’re the most famous because of their relation to Dolly, the sheep that made headlines two decades ago as the first successfully cloned mammal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>” ‘Sister clones’ probably best describes them,” Sinclair says. “They actually come from the exactly the same batch of cells that Dolly came from.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Recently, Sinclair and his colleagues celebrated the sister clones’ ninth birthday, which, he explains, would be like the 70\u003csup>th\u003c/sup> birthday of a human. In an article out Tuesday \u003ca href=\"http://nature.com/articles/doi:10.1038/ncomms12359\">in the journal\u003c/a> \u003cem>Nature Communications\u003c/em>, Sinclair and his colleagues write that the ewes’ age, along with their strapping health, might be a reason for people to start feeling more optimistic about what cloning can do.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dolly’s life did not turn out as scientists in the cloning field hoped it would. She died young — six-and-a-half — with a nasty lung virus. “That was really just bad luck,” Sinclair says, and had “nothing to do” with the fact that Dolly was a clone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But she also bad osteoarthritis in her knees and rear hip at a surprisingly early age and the tips of her chromosomes were short — \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1122035/\">both signs\u003c/a> that she’d aged more quickly than a normal sheep.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That sort of threw fuel to the fire and strengthened concerns that clones might be aging prematurely,” says Sinclair. Because clones like Dolly were derived from the cell of an adult animal, the thinking went, her body might be set to an older clock from the start.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was a daunting concept for those in the cloning field, because, says Sinclair, “If you’re going to create these animals, they should be normal in every respect. They should be just as healthy as any other animal that’s conceived naturally. If that is not the case, then it raises serious ethical and welfare concerns about creating these animals in the first place.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But, the good health of the 13 clones in the Nottingham herd suggest better prospects for the procedure. Sinclair and his colleagues evaluated the animals’ blood pressure, metabolism, heart function, muscles and joints, looking for signs of premature aging. They even fattened them up (since obesity is a risk factor for metabolic problems including diabetes) and gave them the standard tests to gauge how their bodies would handle glucose and insulin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The results? Normal, normal, normal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There is nothing to suggest that these animals were anything other than perfectly normal,” says Sinclair. They had slight signs of arthritis (Debbie in particular), but not enough to cause problems. “If I put them in with a bunch of other sheep, you would never be able to identify them,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The scientists haven’t investigated the length of the animals’ chromosome tips, called telomeres. That will have to wait until the animals die, so scientists can get cells from a variety of organs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But \u003ca href=\"http://campusdirectory.ucsc.edu/detail.php?type=people&uid=bashapir\">Beth Shapiro\u003c/a>, an evolutionary biologist at the University of California, Santa Cruz, says the results of this study are already plenty exciting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It provides another boost to those of us who are hoping this technology might someday be useful for conservation,” says Shapiro, who recently \u003ca href=\"http://press.princeton.edu/titles/10415.html\">wrote a book\u003c/a> called \u003cem>How to Clone a Mammoth: The Science of De-Extinction\u003c/em>. She’s one of the scientists interested in cloning endangered animals to keep them from dying off, and also hopes to – maybe — rescue species that have already gone extinct.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, if biologists noticed that the population of an important species was plummeting toward extinction, and that its absence would likely cause a cascade of changes to the ecosystem, the researchers might consider cloning the animals to help boost the population back up to sustainable numbers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This science is showing us [that] if we can get by what we know is the trickiest and least efficient part of this process, then the clones that are born are, in essence, just like anything else that’s alive — perfectly healthy and perfectly capable of living to old age,” says Shapiro.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As for the sheep clones in his care, Sinclair says “they will continue to lead normal sheep lives.” Once they reach the ripe old age of about 10, they’ll be euthanized and the researchers will do a detailed post-mortem analysis of their bodies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=%27Clone+Sisters%27+Of+Dolly+The+Sheep+Are+Alive+And+Kicking&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Dolly, the first cloned mammal, had early arthritis and died young, raising concerns that clones age prematurely. But a study confirms the sheep's four sister clones are healthy and aging well.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>About four years ago, Kevin Sinclair inherited an army of clones. Very fluffy clones.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Daisy, Debbie, Denise and Diana,” says \u003ca href=\"https://www.nottingham.ac.uk/biosciences/people/kevin.sinclair\">Sinclair\u003c/a>, a developmental biologist at the University of Nottingham in England.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘It provides another boost to those of us who are hoping this technology might someday be useful for conservation.’\u003ccite>Beth Shapiro,UC Santa Cruz evolutionary biologist\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The sheep are just four of 13 clones Sinclair shepherds, but they’re the most famous because of their relation to Dolly, the sheep that made headlines two decades ago as the first successfully cloned mammal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>” ‘Sister clones’ probably best describes them,” Sinclair says. “They actually come from the exactly the same batch of cells that Dolly came from.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Recently, Sinclair and his colleagues celebrated the sister clones’ ninth birthday, which, he explains, would be like the 70\u003csup>th\u003c/sup> birthday of a human. In an article out Tuesday \u003ca href=\"http://nature.com/articles/doi:10.1038/ncomms12359\">in the journal\u003c/a> \u003cem>Nature Communications\u003c/em>, Sinclair and his colleagues write that the ewes’ age, along with their strapping health, might be a reason for people to start feeling more optimistic about what cloning can do.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dolly’s life did not turn out as scientists in the cloning field hoped it would. She died young — six-and-a-half — with a nasty lung virus. “That was really just bad luck,” Sinclair says, and had “nothing to do” with the fact that Dolly was a clone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But she also bad osteoarthritis in her knees and rear hip at a surprisingly early age and the tips of her chromosomes were short — \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1122035/\">both signs\u003c/a> that she’d aged more quickly than a normal sheep.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That sort of threw fuel to the fire and strengthened concerns that clones might be aging prematurely,” says Sinclair. Because clones like Dolly were derived from the cell of an adult animal, the thinking went, her body might be set to an older clock from the start.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was a daunting concept for those in the cloning field, because, says Sinclair, “If you’re going to create these animals, they should be normal in every respect. They should be just as healthy as any other animal that’s conceived naturally. If that is not the case, then it raises serious ethical and welfare concerns about creating these animals in the first place.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But, the good health of the 13 clones in the Nottingham herd suggest better prospects for the procedure. Sinclair and his colleagues evaluated the animals’ blood pressure, metabolism, heart function, muscles and joints, looking for signs of premature aging. They even fattened them up (since obesity is a risk factor for metabolic problems including diabetes) and gave them the standard tests to gauge how their bodies would handle glucose and insulin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The results? Normal, normal, normal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There is nothing to suggest that these animals were anything other than perfectly normal,” says Sinclair. They had slight signs of arthritis (Debbie in particular), but not enough to cause problems. “If I put them in with a bunch of other sheep, you would never be able to identify them,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The scientists haven’t investigated the length of the animals’ chromosome tips, called telomeres. That will have to wait until the animals die, so scientists can get cells from a variety of organs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But \u003ca href=\"http://campusdirectory.ucsc.edu/detail.php?type=people&uid=bashapir\">Beth Shapiro\u003c/a>, an evolutionary biologist at the University of California, Santa Cruz, says the results of this study are already plenty exciting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It provides another boost to those of us who are hoping this technology might someday be useful for conservation,” says Shapiro, who recently \u003ca href=\"http://press.princeton.edu/titles/10415.html\">wrote a book\u003c/a> called \u003cem>How to Clone a Mammoth: The Science of De-Extinction\u003c/em>. She’s one of the scientists interested in cloning endangered animals to keep them from dying off, and also hopes to – maybe — rescue species that have already gone extinct.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, if biologists noticed that the population of an important species was plummeting toward extinction, and that its absence would likely cause a cascade of changes to the ecosystem, the researchers might consider cloning the animals to help boost the population back up to sustainable numbers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This science is showing us [that] if we can get by what we know is the trickiest and least efficient part of this process, then the clones that are born are, in essence, just like anything else that’s alive — perfectly healthy and perfectly capable of living to old age,” says Shapiro.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As for the sheep clones in his care, Sinclair says “they will continue to lead normal sheep lives.” Once they reach the ripe old age of about 10, they’ll be euthanized and the researchers will do a detailed post-mortem analysis of their bodies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=%27Clone+Sisters%27+Of+Dolly+The+Sheep+Are+Alive+And+Kicking&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Measuring Californians' Daily Water Footprint",
"headTitle": "Measuring Californians’ Daily Water Footprint | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>In California we commonly debate how much water is used by agriculture, the environment, industry and urban users. We talk about water in terms of acre-feet and entire sectors. But we spend less time thinking about water on the individual level.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California’s water conservation mandate helped bring this back into focus, at least for a time. But the information on water usage provided by water utilities on our monthly bills is only a small part of how much water we really use.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">The average American consumes about 2,220 gallons of water per day.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>If you want to get a better sense of your water usage there is an online tool, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.watercalculator.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Water Footprint Calculator\u003c/a>, developed by \u003ca href=\"http://www.gracelinks.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">GRACE Communications Foundation\u003c/a>. The calculator walks you through how much water you use in your home and yard, but also how much is related to the energy you use, how much you drive, how much you shop, how much you recycle and the food you (and your pets) eat. If you take all those things into consideration, it turns out the average American consumes about 2,220 gallons (over 8,300 liters) of water per day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There has to at least be the first step with education and I think the California drought has really brought that home in terms of how much water goes into producing just about everything,” said Kai Olson-Sawyer, senior research and policy analyst at GRACE Communications Foundation. “We do have to think about these things. It’s the kind of stuff that shifts markets and makes producers take note.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the biggest areas that impacts water usage is the food we eat, and meat tops the list. “It doesn’t matter whether that’s a water footprint or carbon footprint – it just takes a lot of resources [to produce meat],” he said. “There are studies lately, if you look at \u003ca href=\"http://www.meatlessmonday.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Meatless Monday\u003c/a>, just taking one day off of eating meat can have a pretty significant impact. Obviously the less you eat, the greater the reduction in environmental impact.” His organization’s research has found that a pound of beef takes 1,800 gallons of water (over 6,800 liters) – this includes the water needed for the animal’s food (much of it corn and soy) and drinking, as well as cleaning and processing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the past few years there has been a flurry of stories in the media highlighting how much water it takes to grow almonds, with \u003ca href=\"http://www.motherjones.com/environment/2014/02/wheres-californias-water-going\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">one figure\u003c/a> coming in at just over one gallon of water (over 3.5 liters) per almond. Some people were outraged, others surprised, but understanding the water footprint of our food is not common knowledge. GRACE Communications Foundation calculated the amount water in a typical lunch. A cheese sandwich is 56 gallons (210 liters) of water and a bag of potato chips 12 gallons (45 liters). Put turkey on that sandwich and you’re looking at another 160 gallons (600 liters). If you want a soda it’s 46 more gallons (174 liters).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When it comes to meat production, we can either eat less of it or produce it in more efficient ways (or both). Irrigation of feed crops can be improved and better soil health can hold more moisture. Pasture-raised animals can also help with building soil quality, said Olson-Sawyer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And nowhere is this more important than California. “California is critical when it comes to water because it produces so much of our food,” he said. “One of the things we like to say is ‘California’s drought is America’s drought.’ Really, what happens with California agriculture matters to the rest of the U.S.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Farmers can save water through efficiency technology and conservation. “There is the whole notion of more crop per drop and using water as productively as possible,” said Olson-Sawyer. “Most farmers are getting on board with that but they can be encouraged to use more efficient irrigation systems. However, not all high-efficiency irrigation works in every case, so it is going to be a case-by-case basis.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The water footprint of food isn’t just a production issue for farmers, but it extends to consumers as well, and we can all help by reducing food waste. A recent \u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/op-eds/2016/04/07/why-food-waste-means-water-waste\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">report\u003c/a> found that wasted food accounts for 21 percent of our freshwater use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When we think about water conservation, we should also think about energy conservation, too, said Olson-Sawyer. Research from the University of California, Davis found big energy savings from California’s water conservation mandate. By cutting water use between June 2015 and February 2016, Californians saved enough energy to power \u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/articles/2016/06/08/water-conservation-saves-energy-in-california\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">135,000 homes for a year\u003c/a> and the greenhouse gas equivalent of removing 50,000 cars from the road for a year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you conserve water you’re conserving energy,” said Olson-Sawyer. “You have to look at things more comprehensively.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While issues such as drought and climate change are big, there are smaller ways they can be approached. “Focus on what you can do and connect it to a larger movement or bigger collective action,” said Olson-Sawyer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This article originally appeared on \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://mail.kqed.org/owa/redir.aspx?C=9e4bb0e1a7d74f24ba4684ef2533053d&URL=https%3a%2f%2fwww.newsdeeply.com%2fwater\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Water Deeply\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, and you can find it \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/articles/2016/07/25/the-water-footprint-of-our-everyday-lives\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">here\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. For important news about the California drought, you can \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://mail.kqed.org/owa/redir.aspx?C=9e4bb0e1a7d74f24ba4684ef2533053d&URL=http%3a%2f%2fwaterdeeply.us5.list-manage.com%2fsubscribe%3fu%3d8b78e9a34ff7443ec1e8c62c6%26id%3d2947becb78\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">sign up\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> to the Water Deeply email list.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>In California we commonly debate how much water is used by agriculture, the environment, industry and urban users. We talk about water in terms of acre-feet and entire sectors. But we spend less time thinking about water on the individual level.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California’s water conservation mandate helped bring this back into focus, at least for a time. But the information on water usage provided by water utilities on our monthly bills is only a small part of how much water we really use.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">The average American consumes about 2,220 gallons of water per day.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>If you want to get a better sense of your water usage there is an online tool, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.watercalculator.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Water Footprint Calculator\u003c/a>, developed by \u003ca href=\"http://www.gracelinks.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">GRACE Communications Foundation\u003c/a>. The calculator walks you through how much water you use in your home and yard, but also how much is related to the energy you use, how much you drive, how much you shop, how much you recycle and the food you (and your pets) eat. If you take all those things into consideration, it turns out the average American consumes about 2,220 gallons (over 8,300 liters) of water per day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There has to at least be the first step with education and I think the California drought has really brought that home in terms of how much water goes into producing just about everything,” said Kai Olson-Sawyer, senior research and policy analyst at GRACE Communications Foundation. “We do have to think about these things. It’s the kind of stuff that shifts markets and makes producers take note.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the biggest areas that impacts water usage is the food we eat, and meat tops the list. “It doesn’t matter whether that’s a water footprint or carbon footprint – it just takes a lot of resources [to produce meat],” he said. “There are studies lately, if you look at \u003ca href=\"http://www.meatlessmonday.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Meatless Monday\u003c/a>, just taking one day off of eating meat can have a pretty significant impact. Obviously the less you eat, the greater the reduction in environmental impact.” His organization’s research has found that a pound of beef takes 1,800 gallons of water (over 6,800 liters) – this includes the water needed for the animal’s food (much of it corn and soy) and drinking, as well as cleaning and processing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the past few years there has been a flurry of stories in the media highlighting how much water it takes to grow almonds, with \u003ca href=\"http://www.motherjones.com/environment/2014/02/wheres-californias-water-going\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">one figure\u003c/a> coming in at just over one gallon of water (over 3.5 liters) per almond. Some people were outraged, others surprised, but understanding the water footprint of our food is not common knowledge. GRACE Communications Foundation calculated the amount water in a typical lunch. A cheese sandwich is 56 gallons (210 liters) of water and a bag of potato chips 12 gallons (45 liters). Put turkey on that sandwich and you’re looking at another 160 gallons (600 liters). If you want a soda it’s 46 more gallons (174 liters).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When it comes to meat production, we can either eat less of it or produce it in more efficient ways (or both). Irrigation of feed crops can be improved and better soil health can hold more moisture. Pasture-raised animals can also help with building soil quality, said Olson-Sawyer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And nowhere is this more important than California. “California is critical when it comes to water because it produces so much of our food,” he said. “One of the things we like to say is ‘California’s drought is America’s drought.’ Really, what happens with California agriculture matters to the rest of the U.S.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Farmers can save water through efficiency technology and conservation. “There is the whole notion of more crop per drop and using water as productively as possible,” said Olson-Sawyer. “Most farmers are getting on board with that but they can be encouraged to use more efficient irrigation systems. However, not all high-efficiency irrigation works in every case, so it is going to be a case-by-case basis.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The water footprint of food isn’t just a production issue for farmers, but it extends to consumers as well, and we can all help by reducing food waste. A recent \u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/op-eds/2016/04/07/why-food-waste-means-water-waste\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">report\u003c/a> found that wasted food accounts for 21 percent of our freshwater use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When we think about water conservation, we should also think about energy conservation, too, said Olson-Sawyer. Research from the University of California, Davis found big energy savings from California’s water conservation mandate. By cutting water use between June 2015 and February 2016, Californians saved enough energy to power \u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/articles/2016/06/08/water-conservation-saves-energy-in-california\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">135,000 homes for a year\u003c/a> and the greenhouse gas equivalent of removing 50,000 cars from the road for a year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you conserve water you’re conserving energy,” said Olson-Sawyer. “You have to look at things more comprehensively.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While issues such as drought and climate change are big, there are smaller ways they can be approached. “Focus on what you can do and connect it to a larger movement or bigger collective action,” said Olson-Sawyer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This article originally appeared on \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://mail.kqed.org/owa/redir.aspx?C=9e4bb0e1a7d74f24ba4684ef2533053d&URL=https%3a%2f%2fwww.newsdeeply.com%2fwater\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Water Deeply\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, and you can find it \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/articles/2016/07/25/the-water-footprint-of-our-everyday-lives\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">here\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. For important news about the California drought, you can \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://mail.kqed.org/owa/redir.aspx?C=9e4bb0e1a7d74f24ba4684ef2533053d&URL=http%3a%2f%2fwaterdeeply.us5.list-manage.com%2fsubscribe%3fu%3d8b78e9a34ff7443ec1e8c62c6%26id%3d2947becb78\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">sign up\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> to the Water Deeply email list.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "About That $17 Billion Water Project: Delta Tunnels 101",
"headTitle": "About That $17 Billion Water Project: Delta Tunnels 101 | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>This week, Governor Jerry Brown’s controversial water project is back in the public eye. State officials are launching a marathon series of hearings for the “twin tunnels,” as they’re known, that will ultimately decide the fate of the project.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What are the Delta water tunnels?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They’re two, 30-mile water tunnels that would be built in the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta, east of the San Francisco Bay Area. Each tunnel would be 40 feet in diameter, larger than the tunnels that carry BART trains under San Francisco Bay. The project, dubbed “\u003ca href=\"https://www.californiawaterfix.com/\">California WaterFix\u003c/a>,” would be buried 150 feet below ground.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What’s the California Delta, again?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s a \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/delta-map/\">huge, inland estuary\u003c/a> where Northern California’s major rivers converge before the water flows out to San Francisco Bay. It used to be mostly wetlands and marshes, but much of the land was converted to farming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Who would get water from the tunnels?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The tunnels would be part of the state’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.water.ca.gov/swp/\">major water system\u003c/a> that serves about 25 million Californians, from the Bay Area to San Diego. Built more than 50 years ago, the network of reservoirs, canals and aqueducts stretches hundreds of miles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s designed to fix \u003ca href=\"https://californiawaterblog.com/2016/06/19/california-water-made-simple/\">a tricky problem\u003c/a> that state planners ran into a century ago. Most of the rain and snow falls in Northern California, but most of the state’s population (and many farms) reside in Central and Southern California.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>Proposed Route of Delta Water Tunnels\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Huge underground project would divert water from the Sacramento River for export to Central and Southern California.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"sharedaddy show-for-medium-up\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-868011\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Delta_Desktop.png\" alt=\"Delta_Desktop\" width=\"1275\" height=\"1310\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Delta_Desktop.png 1275w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Delta_Desktop-400x411.png 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Delta_Desktop-800x822.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Delta_Desktop-768x789.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Delta_Desktop-1180x1212.png 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Delta_Desktop-960x986.png 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Delta_Desktop-32x32.png 32w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Delta_Desktop-50x50.png 50w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1275px) 100vw, 1275px\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv class=\"show-for-small-only\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-868012\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Delta_Mobile.png\" alt=\"Delta_Mobile\" width=\"750\" height=\"1334\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Delta_Mobile.png 750w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Delta_Mobile-400x711.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 750px) 100vw, 750px\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Why Does the Brown Administration want to build them?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The recent drought may have brought water battles to the forefront, but those battles are a perennial feature of California politics. That’s because the central hub of this water system, the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta, is in bad shape.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water is drawn from the Delta by two massive pumping facilities that can move millions of gallon per minute. They’re so powerful that they’ve been shown to entrap endangered fish, like Chinook salmon and Delta smelt. When those species are at greatest risk, regulations require slowing down the pumps, potentially limiting how much water reaches cities and farms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The twin tunnels would take water from farther north near the Sacramento River, and deliver it to the pumping facilities. State officials say that would make the water system more reliable, because the pumps would be used less, avoiding the impacts on endangered species.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How much would the tunnels cost and who would pay for them?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They aren’t cheap. Construction could cost $14.9 billion. Add in mitigation costs for construction impacts, operations and maintenance and the tab runs to about $17 billion over 50 years — and that doesn’t count paying off the bonds that would finance the project.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ostensibly, it would be paid for by the water agencies that get the water, including urban water districts in the southern Bay Area and Southern California, as well as agricultural water districts in the Central Valley. Those agencies would have to raise water rates or possibly property taxes to cover the cost.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Who is against building the tunnels?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A lot of people. \u003ca href=\"http://restorethedelta.org/\">Residents\u003c/a> that live in the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta don’t want a major construction project in their backyard and are concerned it could affect their water quality.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some \u003ca href=\"https://www.nrdc.org/experts/doug-obegi/why-nrdc-opposes-bay-delta-conservation-plan\">environmental groups\u003c/a> say the tunnels, as they’re designed now, could make things worse for endangered salmon and other fish as too much fresh water is removed from the ecosystem, though there are other issues as well, like habitat loss and invasive species. Environmentalists say that the tunnels would simply continue the trend of removing too much fresh water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>So how much water will the tunnels take out of the Delta?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hmm, good question. State officials have proposed a range of scenarios. At one end of the range, water users could see more water delivered to them. At the other end, they’d get less, but more would be left in the ecosystem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But here’s the hitch: several of the water agencies that would pay to construct the tunnels have said they can’t justify the costs if there’s a chance they’ll end up with less water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>So, why should I care about this?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.ppic.org/content/pubs/rb/RB_211EHRB.pdf\">water problems aren’t going away\u003c/a>. There will be more droughts, more conservation rules and more challenges ahead, especially with climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state’s water system, as ambitious as it was a half-century ago, can’t keep up with current (let alone future) demands. So whether fixing that problem involves massive water tunnels, or simply finding ways to do more with less water, Californians are going to have to do something.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Who will decide if the tunnels get built?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now it’s up to state and federal agencies. The State Water Resources Control Board is beginning hearings to answer two questions: will the tunnels impinge on anyone else’s right to use water and will they harm endangered species? Those hearings could go on for quite a while, maybe until mid-2017.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State and federal wildlife agencies will look at whether the project will harm endangered salmon and Delta smelt, as well as other species. And in their review, they will determine how much water the Delta tunnels can deliver in order to ensure that species don’t go extinct.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That decision could determine whether water agencies are in or out, ultimately deciding the fate of the project. Oh yeah, and the whole thing is likely to end up in court, no matter what the decision.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What about a public vote? There’s a November ballot measure that would require votes for big infrastructure projects.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>True. If passed, Proposition 53 would require a public vote on projects backed by state-issued revenue bonds over $2 billion, including this one.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If the bonds to pay for the tunnels are issued by the water agencies, not the state, then a public vote might not be required under Prop 53. But some analysts say the individual agencies, even banding together, would have a tough time floating bonds for the project on their own.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>This week, Governor Jerry Brown’s controversial water project is back in the public eye. State officials are launching a marathon series of hearings for the “twin tunnels,” as they’re known, that will ultimately decide the fate of the project.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What are the Delta water tunnels?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They’re two, 30-mile water tunnels that would be built in the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta, east of the San Francisco Bay Area. Each tunnel would be 40 feet in diameter, larger than the tunnels that carry BART trains under San Francisco Bay. The project, dubbed “\u003ca href=\"https://www.californiawaterfix.com/\">California WaterFix\u003c/a>,” would be buried 150 feet below ground.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What’s the California Delta, again?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s a \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/delta-map/\">huge, inland estuary\u003c/a> where Northern California’s major rivers converge before the water flows out to San Francisco Bay. It used to be mostly wetlands and marshes, but much of the land was converted to farming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Who would get water from the tunnels?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The tunnels would be part of the state’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.water.ca.gov/swp/\">major water system\u003c/a> that serves about 25 million Californians, from the Bay Area to San Diego. Built more than 50 years ago, the network of reservoirs, canals and aqueducts stretches hundreds of miles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s designed to fix \u003ca href=\"https://californiawaterblog.com/2016/06/19/california-water-made-simple/\">a tricky problem\u003c/a> that state planners ran into a century ago. Most of the rain and snow falls in Northern California, but most of the state’s population (and many farms) reside in Central and Southern California.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>Proposed Route of Delta Water Tunnels\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Huge underground project would divert water from the Sacramento River for export to Central and Southern California.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"sharedaddy show-for-medium-up\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-868011\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Delta_Desktop.png\" alt=\"Delta_Desktop\" width=\"1275\" height=\"1310\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Delta_Desktop.png 1275w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Delta_Desktop-400x411.png 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Delta_Desktop-800x822.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Delta_Desktop-768x789.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Delta_Desktop-1180x1212.png 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Delta_Desktop-960x986.png 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Delta_Desktop-32x32.png 32w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Delta_Desktop-50x50.png 50w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1275px) 100vw, 1275px\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv class=\"show-for-small-only\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-868012\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Delta_Mobile.png\" alt=\"Delta_Mobile\" width=\"750\" height=\"1334\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Delta_Mobile.png 750w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Delta_Mobile-400x711.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 750px) 100vw, 750px\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Why Does the Brown Administration want to build them?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The recent drought may have brought water battles to the forefront, but those battles are a perennial feature of California politics. That’s because the central hub of this water system, the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta, is in bad shape.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water is drawn from the Delta by two massive pumping facilities that can move millions of gallon per minute. They’re so powerful that they’ve been shown to entrap endangered fish, like Chinook salmon and Delta smelt. When those species are at greatest risk, regulations require slowing down the pumps, potentially limiting how much water reaches cities and farms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The twin tunnels would take water from farther north near the Sacramento River, and deliver it to the pumping facilities. State officials say that would make the water system more reliable, because the pumps would be used less, avoiding the impacts on endangered species.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How much would the tunnels cost and who would pay for them?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They aren’t cheap. Construction could cost $14.9 billion. Add in mitigation costs for construction impacts, operations and maintenance and the tab runs to about $17 billion over 50 years — and that doesn’t count paying off the bonds that would finance the project.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ostensibly, it would be paid for by the water agencies that get the water, including urban water districts in the southern Bay Area and Southern California, as well as agricultural water districts in the Central Valley. Those agencies would have to raise water rates or possibly property taxes to cover the cost.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Who is against building the tunnels?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A lot of people. \u003ca href=\"http://restorethedelta.org/\">Residents\u003c/a> that live in the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta don’t want a major construction project in their backyard and are concerned it could affect their water quality.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some \u003ca href=\"https://www.nrdc.org/experts/doug-obegi/why-nrdc-opposes-bay-delta-conservation-plan\">environmental groups\u003c/a> say the tunnels, as they’re designed now, could make things worse for endangered salmon and other fish as too much fresh water is removed from the ecosystem, though there are other issues as well, like habitat loss and invasive species. Environmentalists say that the tunnels would simply continue the trend of removing too much fresh water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>So how much water will the tunnels take out of the Delta?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hmm, good question. State officials have proposed a range of scenarios. At one end of the range, water users could see more water delivered to them. At the other end, they’d get less, but more would be left in the ecosystem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But here’s the hitch: several of the water agencies that would pay to construct the tunnels have said they can’t justify the costs if there’s a chance they’ll end up with less water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>So, why should I care about this?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.ppic.org/content/pubs/rb/RB_211EHRB.pdf\">water problems aren’t going away\u003c/a>. There will be more droughts, more conservation rules and more challenges ahead, especially with climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state’s water system, as ambitious as it was a half-century ago, can’t keep up with current (let alone future) demands. So whether fixing that problem involves massive water tunnels, or simply finding ways to do more with less water, Californians are going to have to do something.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Who will decide if the tunnels get built?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now it’s up to state and federal agencies. The State Water Resources Control Board is beginning hearings to answer two questions: will the tunnels impinge on anyone else’s right to use water and will they harm endangered species? Those hearings could go on for quite a while, maybe until mid-2017.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State and federal wildlife agencies will look at whether the project will harm endangered salmon and Delta smelt, as well as other species. And in their review, they will determine how much water the Delta tunnels can deliver in order to ensure that species don’t go extinct.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That decision could determine whether water agencies are in or out, ultimately deciding the fate of the project. Oh yeah, and the whole thing is likely to end up in court, no matter what the decision.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What about a public vote? There’s a November ballot measure that would require votes for big infrastructure projects.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>True. If passed, Proposition 53 would require a public vote on projects backed by state-issued revenue bonds over $2 billion, including this one.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If the bonds to pay for the tunnels are issued by the water agencies, not the state, then a public vote might not be required under Prop 53. But some analysts say the individual agencies, even banding together, would have a tough time floating bonds for the project on their own.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Finally! NASA’s Mars 2020 Rover Will Look for Life on the Red Planet",
"headTitle": "Finally! NASA’s Mars 2020 Rover Will Look for Life on the Red Planet | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>NASA’s next robot to crawl across the surface of Mars — the Mars 2020 rover — recently crossed a \u003ca href=\"http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=6569&utm_source=iContact&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=NASAJPL&utm_content=daily20160715-2\">major milestone\u003c/a> when it received approval to launch in the summer of 2020, for a February 2021 landing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like its predecessor \u003ca href=\"http://mars.nasa.gov/msl/\">Curiosity\u003c/a>, which is currently exploring the slopes of Mount Sharp in Gale Crater, \u003ca href=\"http://mars.nasa.gov/mars2020/\">Mars 2020\u003c/a> is a six-wheeled nuclear-powered rover that will land on Mars using a rocket-driven “sky crane” system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unlike Curiosity, whose mission is to assess Mars’ past geologic history and the role water played in it, Mars 2020 is focused on a search for that thing we’ve all been waiting to hear news of: actual signs of past Martian life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_860395\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-860395\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/roverinstruments.jpg\" alt=\"Illustration showing the suite of scientific instruments carried by the Mars 2020 rover.\" width=\"1024\" height=\"576\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/roverinstruments.jpg 1024w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/roverinstruments-400x225.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/roverinstruments-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/roverinstruments-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/roverinstruments-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Illustration showing the suite of scientific instruments carried by the Mars 2020 rover. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-CalTech)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>New Chances of Finding Signs of Martian Life?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Searching for evidence of life on Mars is not unlike prospecting for gold: it’s not easy to find, but you improve your chances of success by choosing the right region to explore, and then deciding the best spots to dig in. Just like a skilled prospector using eyes, ears, nose, tongue and all the experience earned on earlier expeditions, Mars 2020 is designed to maximize the chance of hitting pay dirt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though it will be deposited on the Martian surface using the same rocket-powered “sky crane” as Curiosity, improvements in operational technique and equipment will allow Mars 2020 to set down with about twice the precision.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This opens up a much wider variety of terrains where it may land in relative safety. And if there’s one thing that missions to Mars have shown us over the past forty years, it’s that the most interesting places to explore are some of the most challenging to negotiate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_860397\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-860397\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/skycrane.jpg\" alt='Mars 2020 and Curiosity both employ a rocket-driven \"sky crane\" system to land on Mars. ' width=\"1024\" height=\"575\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/skycrane.jpg 1024w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/skycrane-400x225.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/skycrane-800x449.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/skycrane-768x431.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/skycrane-960x539.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mars 2020 and Curiosity both employ a rocket-driven “sky crane” system to land on Mars. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-CalTech)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Once on the ground, Mars 2020 will use a suite of advanced instruments. A high-resolution imager and spectroscopic analyzers will record chemistry and physical structures at a distance. This allows scientists back on Earth to make more educated decisions on where to send the rover for close-up inspection and digging.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like Curiosity, Mars 2020 will be able to collect and analyze rock and soil samples in its small on-board laboratory. However its onboard equipment is designed to look for residues of life activity, not just water action.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition, Mars 2020 carries airtight tubes to store rock and soil samples. Up to thirty of these containers will be deposited at designated locations for future possible missions to collect and return to Earth for full laboratory analysis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mars 2020 also carries weather-measuring instruments, a rock-coring drill, and a feature never before used on another planet: ground-penetrating radar that will let it analyze sub-surface geologic structures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_860396\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-860396\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/laserspec.jpg\" alt=\"Illustration of the Mars 2020 rover using its remote analysis laser/spectroscope system to study rock chemistry. \" width=\"1024\" height=\"687\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/laserspec.jpg 1024w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/laserspec-400x268.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/laserspec-800x537.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/laserspec-768x515.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/laserspec-960x644.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Illustration of the Mars 2020 rover using its remote analysis laser/spectroscope system to study rock chemistry. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-CalTech)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The hopeful child in me envisions an opening scene from Jurassic Park, when ground-penetrating sonic vibrations were used to produce a sonogram of a dinosaur skeleton…though the adult in me says that’s way too much to expect!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mars 2020 will also put an ear to the Martian environment, using a microphone system to record sounds from Mars’ surface, something we’ve never done before. The 2008 \u003ca href=\"http://phoenix.lpl.arizona.edu/index.php\">Phoenix \u003c/a>lander was intended to capture sounds during the probe’s descent, but the microphone was never enabled due to landing safety concerns.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Why Is the Search for Martian Life Taking So Long?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>2021 seems like a long time to wait, especially since the Mars 2020 mission will be focused on looking for life-signs on an alien world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it’s important to keep in mind that exploring a distant world via remote control is not an easy thing to do. Each mission peels off another layer of Martian mystery, and gives us more information to use in deciding where to send the next mission, and what to look for when it gets there. This process takes time, especially considering that launch windows to Mars occur only every two years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Put into perspective, within my own lifetime we’ve gone from knowing practically nothing about Mars to understanding our neighbor as perhaps a previously Earthlike planet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A life-friendly environment means there may have been plenty of opportunities for little Martian microbes to show up and thrive. And, the hopeful child and sober adult in me both expect, within my lifetime we’ll find them.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>NASA’s next robot to crawl across the surface of Mars — the Mars 2020 rover — recently crossed a \u003ca href=\"http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=6569&utm_source=iContact&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=NASAJPL&utm_content=daily20160715-2\">major milestone\u003c/a> when it received approval to launch in the summer of 2020, for a February 2021 landing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like its predecessor \u003ca href=\"http://mars.nasa.gov/msl/\">Curiosity\u003c/a>, which is currently exploring the slopes of Mount Sharp in Gale Crater, \u003ca href=\"http://mars.nasa.gov/mars2020/\">Mars 2020\u003c/a> is a six-wheeled nuclear-powered rover that will land on Mars using a rocket-driven “sky crane” system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unlike Curiosity, whose mission is to assess Mars’ past geologic history and the role water played in it, Mars 2020 is focused on a search for that thing we’ve all been waiting to hear news of: actual signs of past Martian life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_860395\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-860395\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/roverinstruments.jpg\" alt=\"Illustration showing the suite of scientific instruments carried by the Mars 2020 rover.\" width=\"1024\" height=\"576\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/roverinstruments.jpg 1024w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/roverinstruments-400x225.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/roverinstruments-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/roverinstruments-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/roverinstruments-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Illustration showing the suite of scientific instruments carried by the Mars 2020 rover. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-CalTech)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>New Chances of Finding Signs of Martian Life?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Searching for evidence of life on Mars is not unlike prospecting for gold: it’s not easy to find, but you improve your chances of success by choosing the right region to explore, and then deciding the best spots to dig in. Just like a skilled prospector using eyes, ears, nose, tongue and all the experience earned on earlier expeditions, Mars 2020 is designed to maximize the chance of hitting pay dirt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though it will be deposited on the Martian surface using the same rocket-powered “sky crane” as Curiosity, improvements in operational technique and equipment will allow Mars 2020 to set down with about twice the precision.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This opens up a much wider variety of terrains where it may land in relative safety. And if there’s one thing that missions to Mars have shown us over the past forty years, it’s that the most interesting places to explore are some of the most challenging to negotiate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_860397\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-860397\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/skycrane.jpg\" alt='Mars 2020 and Curiosity both employ a rocket-driven \"sky crane\" system to land on Mars. ' width=\"1024\" height=\"575\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/skycrane.jpg 1024w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/skycrane-400x225.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/skycrane-800x449.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/skycrane-768x431.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/skycrane-960x539.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mars 2020 and Curiosity both employ a rocket-driven “sky crane” system to land on Mars. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-CalTech)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Once on the ground, Mars 2020 will use a suite of advanced instruments. A high-resolution imager and spectroscopic analyzers will record chemistry and physical structures at a distance. This allows scientists back on Earth to make more educated decisions on where to send the rover for close-up inspection and digging.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like Curiosity, Mars 2020 will be able to collect and analyze rock and soil samples in its small on-board laboratory. However its onboard equipment is designed to look for residues of life activity, not just water action.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition, Mars 2020 carries airtight tubes to store rock and soil samples. Up to thirty of these containers will be deposited at designated locations for future possible missions to collect and return to Earth for full laboratory analysis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mars 2020 also carries weather-measuring instruments, a rock-coring drill, and a feature never before used on another planet: ground-penetrating radar that will let it analyze sub-surface geologic structures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_860396\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-860396\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/laserspec.jpg\" alt=\"Illustration of the Mars 2020 rover using its remote analysis laser/spectroscope system to study rock chemistry. \" width=\"1024\" height=\"687\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/laserspec.jpg 1024w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/laserspec-400x268.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/laserspec-800x537.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/laserspec-768x515.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/laserspec-960x644.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Illustration of the Mars 2020 rover using its remote analysis laser/spectroscope system to study rock chemistry. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-CalTech)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The hopeful child in me envisions an opening scene from Jurassic Park, when ground-penetrating sonic vibrations were used to produce a sonogram of a dinosaur skeleton…though the adult in me says that’s way too much to expect!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mars 2020 will also put an ear to the Martian environment, using a microphone system to record sounds from Mars’ surface, something we’ve never done before. The 2008 \u003ca href=\"http://phoenix.lpl.arizona.edu/index.php\">Phoenix \u003c/a>lander was intended to capture sounds during the probe’s descent, but the microphone was never enabled due to landing safety concerns.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Why Is the Search for Martian Life Taking So Long?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>2021 seems like a long time to wait, especially since the Mars 2020 mission will be focused on looking for life-signs on an alien world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it’s important to keep in mind that exploring a distant world via remote control is not an easy thing to do. Each mission peels off another layer of Martian mystery, and gives us more information to use in deciding where to send the next mission, and what to look for when it gets there. This process takes time, especially considering that launch windows to Mars occur only every two years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Put into perspective, within my own lifetime we’ve gone from knowing practically nothing about Mars to understanding our neighbor as perhaps a previously Earthlike planet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A life-friendly environment means there may have been plenty of opportunities for little Martian microbes to show up and thrive. And, the hopeful child and sober adult in me both expect, within my lifetime we’ll find them.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Soon, scientists will be luring in California pigeons with insect larvae and corn to capture, then test the birds for lead exposure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.ucdavis.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">UC Davis\u003c/a> assistant professor \u003ca href=\"http://www.rebeccacalisi.org/Rebecca_Calisi_Research/People.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Rebecca Calisi\u003c/a> has long believed that pigeons, who walk the same streets, breathe the same air and often eat the same food as we do, were ideal indicators for lead poisoning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From 2010 to 2015, Calisi studied data on 825 pigeons in New York City and discovered that elevated lead levels in the birds corresponded with high lead levels for children living in the same areas. The findings are published this week in the journal \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653516308864\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Chemosphere\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘Lead is in our environment, it’s dangerous, and not all places are testing for it in children.’\u003ccite>Rebecca Calisi, UC Davis\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Lead is a concern because it can cause irreversible neurological damage to kids who are still developing and there is no safe blood level in children.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At least four million U.S. households include children who are exposed to high levels of lead, according to the \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/nceh/lead/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention\u003c/a>. And unless kids have government-backed health care, testing \u003ca href=\"https://www.aap.org/en-us/advocacy-and-policy/aap-health-initiatives/lead-exposure/Pages/Detection-of-Lead-Poisoning.aspx?nfstatus=401&nftoken=00000000-0000-0000-0000-000000000000&nfstatusdescription=ERROR:+No+local+token\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">isn’t required\u003c/a> by law.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Lead is in our environment, it’s dangerous, and not all places are testing for it in children,” says Calisi.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She explains that urban pigeons could predict a child’s risk for lead poisoning, not just in New York, but in major cities nationwide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study comes during a time of heightened concern about childhood exposure to lead following the \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flint_water_crisis\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">water crisis in Flint, Michigan \u003c/a>and a recent \u003ca href=\"http://www.reuters.com/investigates/special-report/lead-poisoning-testing-gaps/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Reuters investigation\u003c/a> showing a majority of Medicaid-eligible children weren’t tested for lead exposure in 2014.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Calisi conducted the research with undergraduate student Fayme Cai while Calisi was an assistant professor at Barnard College in New York.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The two analyzed data from sick and injured pigeons treated at the non-profit Wild Bird Fund. The wildlife staff tested the birds for lead exposure and recorded the zip codes where the birds were collected.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Calisi compared the pigeon data with thousands of childhood lead test results from the New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She found that neighborhoods where children had higher blood lead levels — 10 micrograms per deciliter or above — corresponded with the same neighborhoods where the pigeons were collected.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Notably, the results varied by neighborhood. Birds in Soho and Greenwich Village had almost double the levels of lead as pigeons in the Bronx.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Calisi says this could be because Manhattan is more heavily trafficked, and still has lead particulate on roadways from a bygone era of leaded gasoline.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Additionally, some older houses are covered in lead paint, and lead dust can collect on roads, sidewalks and alleys. It can leach into the ground or contaminate nearby waterways.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pesticides, fire retardants and other chemicals are also worth tracking, says Calisi who will now study pollutants in San Francisco, Sacramento and agricultural communities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Her team will set traps with “goodies” like corn and grubs, take blood samples and then release the birds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Calisi said her team is still determining which pesticides and heavy metals are feasible to analyze.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Soon, scientists will be luring in California pigeons with insect larvae and corn to capture, then test the birds for lead exposure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.ucdavis.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">UC Davis\u003c/a> assistant professor \u003ca href=\"http://www.rebeccacalisi.org/Rebecca_Calisi_Research/People.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Rebecca Calisi\u003c/a> has long believed that pigeons, who walk the same streets, breathe the same air and often eat the same food as we do, were ideal indicators for lead poisoning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From 2010 to 2015, Calisi studied data on 825 pigeons in New York City and discovered that elevated lead levels in the birds corresponded with high lead levels for children living in the same areas. The findings are published this week in the journal \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653516308864\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Chemosphere\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘Lead is in our environment, it’s dangerous, and not all places are testing for it in children.’\u003ccite>Rebecca Calisi, UC Davis\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Lead is a concern because it can cause irreversible neurological damage to kids who are still developing and there is no safe blood level in children.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At least four million U.S. households include children who are exposed to high levels of lead, according to the \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/nceh/lead/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention\u003c/a>. And unless kids have government-backed health care, testing \u003ca href=\"https://www.aap.org/en-us/advocacy-and-policy/aap-health-initiatives/lead-exposure/Pages/Detection-of-Lead-Poisoning.aspx?nfstatus=401&nftoken=00000000-0000-0000-0000-000000000000&nfstatusdescription=ERROR:+No+local+token\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">isn’t required\u003c/a> by law.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Lead is in our environment, it’s dangerous, and not all places are testing for it in children,” says Calisi.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She explains that urban pigeons could predict a child’s risk for lead poisoning, not just in New York, but in major cities nationwide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study comes during a time of heightened concern about childhood exposure to lead following the \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flint_water_crisis\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">water crisis in Flint, Michigan \u003c/a>and a recent \u003ca href=\"http://www.reuters.com/investigates/special-report/lead-poisoning-testing-gaps/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Reuters investigation\u003c/a> showing a majority of Medicaid-eligible children weren’t tested for lead exposure in 2014.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Calisi conducted the research with undergraduate student Fayme Cai while Calisi was an assistant professor at Barnard College in New York.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The two analyzed data from sick and injured pigeons treated at the non-profit Wild Bird Fund. The wildlife staff tested the birds for lead exposure and recorded the zip codes where the birds were collected.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Calisi compared the pigeon data with thousands of childhood lead test results from the New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She found that neighborhoods where children had higher blood lead levels — 10 micrograms per deciliter or above — corresponded with the same neighborhoods where the pigeons were collected.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Notably, the results varied by neighborhood. Birds in Soho and Greenwich Village had almost double the levels of lead as pigeons in the Bronx.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Calisi says this could be because Manhattan is more heavily trafficked, and still has lead particulate on roadways from a bygone era of leaded gasoline.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Additionally, some older houses are covered in lead paint, and lead dust can collect on roads, sidewalks and alleys. It can leach into the ground or contaminate nearby waterways.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pesticides, fire retardants and other chemicals are also worth tracking, says Calisi who will now study pollutants in San Francisco, Sacramento and agricultural communities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Her team will set traps with “goodies” like corn and grubs, take blood samples and then release the birds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Calisi said her team is still determining which pesticides and heavy metals are feasible to analyze.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "The Challenges to Saving California's Delta Smelt",
"headTitle": "The Challenges to Saving California’s Delta Smelt | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>When a coalition of California and federal agencies announced a new Delta Smelt Resiliency Strategy last week, the ambitious plan to save the region’s nearly extinct fish grabbed headlines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But whether most, or even parts, of the comprehensive program can realistically put in place the changes needed to rescue this endangered native species is another question.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”4KxQnQMVx5qA1fh2KHGWXBm0pTjZzxgP”]“I understand what they are aiming at doing and why. But how achievable it is, and whether or not it will result in the desired outcome, is a different matter,” said Richard Connon, a toxicologist at UC Davis, who studies the impacts of contaminants on smelt and other fish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From eliminating invasive aquatic weeds and increasing Delta water outflows to adding sediment to create more turbidity, the strategy is long on vision but potentially short on execution, he said. Take, for example, weed control in the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta. It’s what Connon calls a “double-edged sword,” since physical removal of the plants is all but impossible, while the use of herbicides can have dangerous blowback effects such as killing off the phytoplankton that smelt need to feed on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This document was just an outline of what they’re proposing to do, rather than a step-by-step detail on how they’re going to do it,” Connon added. “Keeping up with the growth of these weeds is almost impossible. They haven’t provided sufficient data on how it’s going to be done.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The plan, announced last Tuesday by the California Natural Resources Agency, is to be implemented by California’s Department of Water Resources, Department of Fish and Wildlife, and Division of Boating and Waterways, along with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and Bureau of Reclamation. It addresses what it calls “a variety of methods” to revive smelt, which are currently at their lowest ever levels due to drought, increased water exports, predator fish, pollution and other conditions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Among numerous goals, the plan calls for:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Releasing water from Sacramento Valley farm fields into the Yolo Bypass to increase the production of the zooplankton on which smelt feed.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Increasing outflows from the Delta to generate more brackish water.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Reoperating salinity control gates in Suisun Marsh.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Improving spawning conditions by adding more sand and gravel.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Reducing toxic algae blooms that are harmful to smelt.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Restoring 5,500 acres (2,225 hectares) of tidal wetlands.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Reducing stormwater contaminants polluting the estuary.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>Due to be carried out over the next three years, parts of the strategy could face significant opposition, including potential lawsuits by farmers in the Central Valley demanding that more water, not less, be channeled to them rather than flushed out to sea to help a fish that is largely doomed anyway.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State officials are confident the approach is the right one. “With the best available science as our guide, we’re moving fast to improve conditions so that more young delta smelt survive this year and reproduce,” said California Department of Fish and Wildlife director Charlton H. Bonham in a statement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Connon isn’t the only one who doubts the efficacy of the plan. A spokesman for the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation, Shane Hunt, said the project appeared overly ambitious in scope. “We’re fairly confident we’ll get some water” to release as outflow, he told the Sacramento Bee, “but I don’t think we’ll get anywhere close to the top end of this range that’s in this document this year.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An even harsher critic is Tom Cannon, a retired fisheries consultant and current adviser to the California Sportfishing Protection Alliance, who said the strategy offers too little too late, and is too unrealistic to have any significant impact. Foremost among its problems: “The plan has no way of getting the water.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Right now the agencies can mandate that we need 8,000 instead of 7,000 cubic feet of water per second [225/200 cubic meters] as outflow (into the San Francisco Bay and Suisun Bay), which is critical for smelt survival,” said Cannon. “But the plan says they’re not going to take people’s water and the farmers aren’t going to let them take their water, so they have no way of getting it unless they buy it, and they can’t get the money. You think a Republican Congress will give them money to buy water for the smelt to let it go into the ocean? They’d all laugh, 250 of them.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other individual parts of the strategy also don’t hold up, he said. For one, releasing water from the Sacramento Valley into the Yolo Bypass at this time of year would kill the smelt due to high summer temperatures (smelt can survive only in water in the low 70s F [low 20s C]). Second, the act of pumping turbid, sediment-rich Delta water south and replacing it with clear, warm reservoir water counters the goals of the strategy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They suck all of the larvae out of the Delta, all of the plankton they eat and all of their habitat, and they replace that water with reservoir water” that allows in lots of sunlight, encouraging the explosive growth of weeds that they’re trying to get rid of, said Cannon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some positive points stand out in the plan, such as the return to using salinity control gates to allow freshwater into Suisun Marsh while keeping saltwater out, and managing stormwater discharge to control the contaminant load into tributaries and rivers. “If they can actually control the amount of stormwater, hold it so contaminants can degrade before entering waterways, or divert it to wastewater treatment plants, that will diminish the contaminants that enter the Delta and improve the water quality at spawning sites,” said Connon of U.C. Davis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over the past 20 years, biologists have considered smelt to be the canary in the coal mine: a functionally extinct species that no longer serves any real ecological function other than as a warning for the entire Delta ecosystem. With the drought, their population crashed dramatically, raising the question of whether it is already too late to save them – and whether proposals such as the strategy released last week, without more structural changes to California’s water distribution rules, are convincing any longer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is a public relations piece, a strategy to satisfy the Endangered Species Act,” said Cannon. “They have to do something so they come up with this plan, but it’s not going to help the smelt. If they want to save the smelt, either release more from the reservoirs or cut back the [water allocations to] farmers.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>When a coalition of California and federal agencies announced a new Delta Smelt Resiliency Strategy last week, the ambitious plan to save the region’s nearly extinct fish grabbed headlines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But whether most, or even parts, of the comprehensive program can realistically put in place the changes needed to rescue this endangered native species is another question.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>“I understand what they are aiming at doing and why. But how achievable it is, and whether or not it will result in the desired outcome, is a different matter,” said Richard Connon, a toxicologist at UC Davis, who studies the impacts of contaminants on smelt and other fish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From eliminating invasive aquatic weeds and increasing Delta water outflows to adding sediment to create more turbidity, the strategy is long on vision but potentially short on execution, he said. Take, for example, weed control in the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta. It’s what Connon calls a “double-edged sword,” since physical removal of the plants is all but impossible, while the use of herbicides can have dangerous blowback effects such as killing off the phytoplankton that smelt need to feed on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This document was just an outline of what they’re proposing to do, rather than a step-by-step detail on how they’re going to do it,” Connon added. “Keeping up with the growth of these weeds is almost impossible. They haven’t provided sufficient data on how it’s going to be done.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The plan, announced last Tuesday by the California Natural Resources Agency, is to be implemented by California’s Department of Water Resources, Department of Fish and Wildlife, and Division of Boating and Waterways, along with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and Bureau of Reclamation. It addresses what it calls “a variety of methods” to revive smelt, which are currently at their lowest ever levels due to drought, increased water exports, predator fish, pollution and other conditions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Among numerous goals, the plan calls for:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Releasing water from Sacramento Valley farm fields into the Yolo Bypass to increase the production of the zooplankton on which smelt feed.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Increasing outflows from the Delta to generate more brackish water.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Reoperating salinity control gates in Suisun Marsh.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Improving spawning conditions by adding more sand and gravel.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Reducing toxic algae blooms that are harmful to smelt.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Restoring 5,500 acres (2,225 hectares) of tidal wetlands.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Reducing stormwater contaminants polluting the estuary.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>Due to be carried out over the next three years, parts of the strategy could face significant opposition, including potential lawsuits by farmers in the Central Valley demanding that more water, not less, be channeled to them rather than flushed out to sea to help a fish that is largely doomed anyway.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State officials are confident the approach is the right one. “With the best available science as our guide, we’re moving fast to improve conditions so that more young delta smelt survive this year and reproduce,” said California Department of Fish and Wildlife director Charlton H. Bonham in a statement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Connon isn’t the only one who doubts the efficacy of the plan. A spokesman for the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation, Shane Hunt, said the project appeared overly ambitious in scope. “We’re fairly confident we’ll get some water” to release as outflow, he told the Sacramento Bee, “but I don’t think we’ll get anywhere close to the top end of this range that’s in this document this year.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An even harsher critic is Tom Cannon, a retired fisheries consultant and current adviser to the California Sportfishing Protection Alliance, who said the strategy offers too little too late, and is too unrealistic to have any significant impact. Foremost among its problems: “The plan has no way of getting the water.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Right now the agencies can mandate that we need 8,000 instead of 7,000 cubic feet of water per second [225/200 cubic meters] as outflow (into the San Francisco Bay and Suisun Bay), which is critical for smelt survival,” said Cannon. “But the plan says they’re not going to take people’s water and the farmers aren’t going to let them take their water, so they have no way of getting it unless they buy it, and they can’t get the money. You think a Republican Congress will give them money to buy water for the smelt to let it go into the ocean? They’d all laugh, 250 of them.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other individual parts of the strategy also don’t hold up, he said. For one, releasing water from the Sacramento Valley into the Yolo Bypass at this time of year would kill the smelt due to high summer temperatures (smelt can survive only in water in the low 70s F [low 20s C]). Second, the act of pumping turbid, sediment-rich Delta water south and replacing it with clear, warm reservoir water counters the goals of the strategy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They suck all of the larvae out of the Delta, all of the plankton they eat and all of their habitat, and they replace that water with reservoir water” that allows in lots of sunlight, encouraging the explosive growth of weeds that they’re trying to get rid of, said Cannon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some positive points stand out in the plan, such as the return to using salinity control gates to allow freshwater into Suisun Marsh while keeping saltwater out, and managing stormwater discharge to control the contaminant load into tributaries and rivers. “If they can actually control the amount of stormwater, hold it so contaminants can degrade before entering waterways, or divert it to wastewater treatment plants, that will diminish the contaminants that enter the Delta and improve the water quality at spawning sites,” said Connon of U.C. Davis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over the past 20 years, biologists have considered smelt to be the canary in the coal mine: a functionally extinct species that no longer serves any real ecological function other than as a warning for the entire Delta ecosystem. With the drought, their population crashed dramatically, raising the question of whether it is already too late to save them – and whether proposals such as the strategy released last week, without more structural changes to California’s water distribution rules, are convincing any longer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is a public relations piece, a strategy to satisfy the Endangered Species Act,” said Cannon. “They have to do something so they come up with this plan, but it’s not going to help the smelt. If they want to save the smelt, either release more from the reservoirs or cut back the [water allocations to] farmers.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"headTitle": "Two Years On, Napa Quake Still Serving Up Surprises | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>It’s been nearly two years since the South Napa Earthquake rocked the North Bay region — but the revelations keep on coming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists say data from earth movements that occurred after the major shaking stopped show helter-skelter patterns unlike anything they’ve seen before.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Field teams \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/09/22/finding-faults-scientists-close-in-on-napa-quake-origins/\">noted early on\u003c/a> that the Napa quake of August 24, 2014 did an \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2014/08/24/south-napa-earthquake-photos/\">unusual amount of damage\u003c/a> for a magnitude-6 temblor — and that the event was followed by significant “afterslip,” when the ground keeps moving (albeit a lot more slowly) after the main event.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_860386\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1124px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-860386 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/NapaAfterslip_DawsonCGS.jpg\" alt=\"Striping along Highway 12 shows initial earthquake movement (left), and additional offset from afterslip -- movement following the quake.\" width=\"1124\" height=\"711\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/NapaAfterslip_DawsonCGS.jpg 1124w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/NapaAfterslip_DawsonCGS-400x253.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/NapaAfterslip_DawsonCGS-800x506.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/NapaAfterslip_DawsonCGS-768x486.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/NapaAfterslip_DawsonCGS-960x607.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1124px) 100vw, 1124px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Striping along Highway 12 shows initial earthquake movement (left), and additional offset from afterslip — about a day after the quake. \u003ccite>(Tim Dawson/Calif. Geological Survey)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>What surprised geologists analyzing data in the months to follow was the variety of afterslip, which was greater in some places than others, and moved faster in some spots.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We found this fault shows multiple slip behaviors at different times,” says Gareth Funning, a geophysicist at UC Riverside and lead author on the study. “We’d not seen anything quite like it before.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Funning’s team had the good luck to be nearby when the quake struck, and had just taken ground measurements in the valley weeks before. It gave him a unique perspective on ground movement before, during and after the major shaking. One notable finding was that in some spots, there was more ground movement after the quake than during it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_861007\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 2000px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-861007\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/RS12082_IMG_2157.jpg\" alt=\"Geophysicist Gareth Funning sets up a GPS marker in the Napa Valley, in August of 2014.\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1500\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/RS12082_IMG_2157.jpg 2000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/RS12082_IMG_2157-400x300.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/RS12082_IMG_2157-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/RS12082_IMG_2157-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/RS12082_IMG_2157-1440x1080.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/RS12082_IMG_2157-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/RS12082_IMG_2157-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/RS12082_IMG_2157-960x720.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2000px) 100vw, 2000px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Geophysicist Gareth Funning sets up a GPS marker in the Napa Valley, in August of 2014. \u003ccite>(Craig Miller/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“It can carry on breaking things after the earthquake is done,” says Funning, which might have implications for responders, as well as property owners.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“People might assume that they’re out of the woods for damage, but not necessarily true.” Adding to the confusion is the complex nature of the Napa Valley geology. The 2014 quake broke along various strands of a fault system, as opposed to a single fault line. Funning’s team identified seven places with different types of slip. The \u003ca href=\"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/2016GL069428/abstract\">complete study\u003c/a> is published online in the journal, American Geophysical Letters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Funning says they also observed a “tentative connection” between the surface geology and the earth movement observed. Areas of bedrock seemed to show more movement during the quake, while places with “softer” geology such as sedimentary material, showed more afterslip.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So perhaps we could start to look for connections between surface geology and fault behavior,” says Funning. “It’s an intriguing thing that we’re going to follow up on.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Funning says the 2014 event revealed the West Napa fault to be a “creeping,” fault, one that keeps moving between earthquakes. The Hayward and Calaveras faults, which run up and down the East Bay, have similar characteristics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Geologists also look for signs that an earthquake has added stress to surrounding faults, or “loaded” them. Funning says the evidence thus far suggests that the the Napa quake added minor loading to the nearby Rogers Creek fault, slightly increasing the odds of an event on that fault, which slashes diagonally across the North Bay.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>It’s been nearly two years since the South Napa Earthquake rocked the North Bay region — but the revelations keep on coming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists say data from earth movements that occurred after the major shaking stopped show helter-skelter patterns unlike anything they’ve seen before.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Field teams \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/09/22/finding-faults-scientists-close-in-on-napa-quake-origins/\">noted early on\u003c/a> that the Napa quake of August 24, 2014 did an \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2014/08/24/south-napa-earthquake-photos/\">unusual amount of damage\u003c/a> for a magnitude-6 temblor — and that the event was followed by significant “afterslip,” when the ground keeps moving (albeit a lot more slowly) after the main event.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_860386\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1124px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-860386 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/NapaAfterslip_DawsonCGS.jpg\" alt=\"Striping along Highway 12 shows initial earthquake movement (left), and additional offset from afterslip -- movement following the quake.\" width=\"1124\" height=\"711\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/NapaAfterslip_DawsonCGS.jpg 1124w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/NapaAfterslip_DawsonCGS-400x253.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/NapaAfterslip_DawsonCGS-800x506.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/NapaAfterslip_DawsonCGS-768x486.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/NapaAfterslip_DawsonCGS-960x607.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1124px) 100vw, 1124px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Striping along Highway 12 shows initial earthquake movement (left), and additional offset from afterslip — about a day after the quake. \u003ccite>(Tim Dawson/Calif. Geological Survey)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>What surprised geologists analyzing data in the months to follow was the variety of afterslip, which was greater in some places than others, and moved faster in some spots.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We found this fault shows multiple slip behaviors at different times,” says Gareth Funning, a geophysicist at UC Riverside and lead author on the study. “We’d not seen anything quite like it before.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Funning’s team had the good luck to be nearby when the quake struck, and had just taken ground measurements in the valley weeks before. It gave him a unique perspective on ground movement before, during and after the major shaking. One notable finding was that in some spots, there was more ground movement after the quake than during it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_861007\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 2000px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-861007\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/RS12082_IMG_2157.jpg\" alt=\"Geophysicist Gareth Funning sets up a GPS marker in the Napa Valley, in August of 2014.\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1500\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/RS12082_IMG_2157.jpg 2000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/RS12082_IMG_2157-400x300.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/RS12082_IMG_2157-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/RS12082_IMG_2157-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/RS12082_IMG_2157-1440x1080.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/RS12082_IMG_2157-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/RS12082_IMG_2157-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/RS12082_IMG_2157-960x720.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2000px) 100vw, 2000px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Geophysicist Gareth Funning sets up a GPS marker in the Napa Valley, in August of 2014. \u003ccite>(Craig Miller/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“It can carry on breaking things after the earthquake is done,” says Funning, which might have implications for responders, as well as property owners.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“People might assume that they’re out of the woods for damage, but not necessarily true.” Adding to the confusion is the complex nature of the Napa Valley geology. The 2014 quake broke along various strands of a fault system, as opposed to a single fault line. Funning’s team identified seven places with different types of slip. The \u003ca href=\"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/2016GL069428/abstract\">complete study\u003c/a> is published online in the journal, American Geophysical Letters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Funning says they also observed a “tentative connection” between the surface geology and the earth movement observed. Areas of bedrock seemed to show more movement during the quake, while places with “softer” geology such as sedimentary material, showed more afterslip.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So perhaps we could start to look for connections between surface geology and fault behavior,” says Funning. “It’s an intriguing thing that we’re going to follow up on.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Funning says the 2014 event revealed the West Napa fault to be a “creeping,” fault, one that keeps moving between earthquakes. The Hayward and Calaveras faults, which run up and down the East Bay, have similar characteristics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Geologists also look for signs that an earthquake has added stress to surrounding faults, or “loaded” them. Funning says the evidence thus far suggests that the the Napa quake added minor loading to the nearby Rogers Creek fault, slightly increasing the odds of an event on that fault, which slashes diagonally across the North Bay.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "First Half of 2016 Blows Away Temp Records",
"headTitle": "First Half of 2016 Blows Away Temp Records | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>The first half of 2016 has blown away temperature records, capped off by a record hot June, once again bumping up the odds that 2016 will be the hottest year on record globally, according to data released Tuesday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The monthly numbers from NASA and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration puts the planet on track to surpass 2015 as the hottest on record.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">Every month this year has been record warm globally.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“2016 has really blown that out of the water,” Gavin Schmidt, the director of NASA’s Goddard Institute for Space Studies, said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While 2016 has gotten a boost from an \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/will-la-nina-follow-one-of-strongest-el-ninos-20223\">exceptionally strong El Niño\u003c/a>, the record temps are \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/2015-global-temp-record\">mostly the result\u003c/a> of the excess heat that has built up in Earth’s atmosphere due to accumulating greenhouse gases. That heat is \u003ca href=\"http://sealevel.climatecentral.org/\">raising global sea levels\u003c/a>, disrupting ecosystems and leading to \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/climate-change-evolving-role-in-extreme-weather-18501\">more extreme weather events\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Every month this year has been record warm globally. Several months early in the year were the first ever recorded to \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/incredible-october-warmth-guarantees-record-hot-2015-19695\">exceed 1°C\u003c/a> (1.8°F) above average.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With the \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/el-nino-is-over-20424\">demise of El Niño\u003c/a>, those temperature departures have dropped slightly, but are still at record-high levels. June was 1.62°F (0.90°C) above the 20th century average \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/sotc/global/201606\">according to NOAA\u003c/a> and 1.42°F (0.79°C) above the 1951-1980 average, \u003ca href=\"http://data.giss.nasa.gov/gistemp/tabledata_v3/GLB.Ts+dSST.txt\">according to NASA\u003c/a>. (June was also \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/june-hottest-on-record-contiguous-us-20502\">record warm for the contiguous U.S.\u003c/a>, in part because of an intense, record-breaking heat wave that swept the Southwest.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-860507\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/2016Global_Jan-Jun_CC.jpg\" alt=\"2016Global_Jan-Jun_CC\" width=\"720\" height=\"492\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/2016Global_Jan-Jun_CC.jpg 720w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/2016Global_Jan-Jun_CC-400x273.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 720px) 100vw, 720px\">In NOAA’s records, that makes an unprecedented 14 consecutive record-hot months. While that streak will eventually end, Deke Arndt, the head of the climate monitoring division at NOAA’s National Centers for Environmental Information, said that the long-term warming trend is stll clear.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s important to keep perspective here. Even if we aren’t setting records, we are in a neighborhood beyond anything we had seen before early 2015,” Arndt said in an email. “We’ve left the 20th century far behind. This is a big deal.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With June’s record heat, the year-to-date is 1.89°F (1.05°C) above the 20th century average, according to NOAA, and 1.96°F (1.09°C) above the 1951-1980 average according to NASA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The temperatures “are so in excess of any first part of a year that we’ve seen,” Schmidt said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-860508\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/2016hottest_yr_so_far_CC.jpg\" alt=\"2016)hottest_yr_so_far_CC\" width=\"720\" height=\"492\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/2016hottest_yr_so_far_CC.jpg 720w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/2016hottest_yr_so_far_CC-400x273.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 720px) 100vw, 720px\">Each agency uses different methods of processing the global temperature data, as well as different baselines for comparing temperatures, leading to slightly different results. Both agree on the long-term warming trend, though.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nations have agreed to a goal of\u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/see-earths-temperature-spiral-toward-2c-20332\"> keeping warming under 2°C\u003c/a> (3.6°F) above temperatures from preindustrial times — before manmade greenhouse gases began building in the atmosphere — by the end of the century. To put current global temperatures into the perspective of that framework, \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/world-flirts-with-1.5C-threshold-20260\">Climate Central has been reanalyzing\u003c/a> the NASA and NOAA data. The two datasets are averaged and then compared to the average from 1881-1910, closer to the preindustrial era.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Through June, 2016 was 2.4°F (1.34°C) above the average for that period.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Arctic has been one of the areas of the world that has seen sky-high temperatures this year, which have led to \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/arctic-sea-ice-record-low-for-june-20508\">record-low sea ice levels\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those roasting Arctic temperatures have extended into Alaska. The state’s average temperature is 9°F above the 1925-2000 average for the year through June. The North Slope town of Deadhorse just recorded a temperature of 85°F (29.4°C), the \u003ca href=\"http://wxshift.com/news/heat-wave-to-blanket-us-next-week\">hottest temperature\u003c/a> ever measured within 50 miles of its Arctic coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The oceans are another area that have seen persistent warmth. According to NOAA, the global average ocean temperature for the first half of the year is 1.42°F (0.79°C) above the 20th century average, the largest such departure in 137 years of records. These elevated temperatures have led to a record third year of a \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/coral-bleaching-record-third-year-20467\">global coral bleaching event\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water changes temperature more slowly than the air or land, which means the global ocean heat is likely to persist for some time. In part because of that, temperatures are likely to stay elevated for the remainder of the year, even if they drop off the record pace.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Whether 2016 ultimately bests 2015 depends on how the second half of year goes. Forecasts have backed off predictions of a La Niña this fall; La Niña tends to cool global temperatures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The significant lead that 2016 has makes the odds good that the year will end up the warmest, though there is no guarantee.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Regardless of where 2016 falls, the long-term trend of warming is clear, and it has tipped the odds in favor of record heat: Of the 15 warmest years on record, 14 have occurred in the 21st century.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“2016 will be one of the warmest on record. Whether it slips to nominally above or nominally below 2015, that may depend on some climate variability factors like the strength of the La Niña,” Arndt said. “But it will share with 2015 the distinction of being, comfortably, the two warmest years on record and warmer, comfortably than any year we’ve measured in modern times.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Climate Central\u003c/span>\u003c/a> \u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">is an independent organization that researches and reports on climate change.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "2016 is looking more and more likely to be the hottest year on record, after a record warm June extended this year's streak.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The first half of 2016 has blown away temperature records, capped off by a record hot June, once again bumping up the odds that 2016 will be the hottest year on record globally, according to data released Tuesday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The monthly numbers from NASA and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration puts the planet on track to surpass 2015 as the hottest on record.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">Every month this year has been record warm globally.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“2016 has really blown that out of the water,” Gavin Schmidt, the director of NASA’s Goddard Institute for Space Studies, said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While 2016 has gotten a boost from an \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/will-la-nina-follow-one-of-strongest-el-ninos-20223\">exceptionally strong El Niño\u003c/a>, the record temps are \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/2015-global-temp-record\">mostly the result\u003c/a> of the excess heat that has built up in Earth’s atmosphere due to accumulating greenhouse gases. That heat is \u003ca href=\"http://sealevel.climatecentral.org/\">raising global sea levels\u003c/a>, disrupting ecosystems and leading to \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/climate-change-evolving-role-in-extreme-weather-18501\">more extreme weather events\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Every month this year has been record warm globally. Several months early in the year were the first ever recorded to \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/incredible-october-warmth-guarantees-record-hot-2015-19695\">exceed 1°C\u003c/a> (1.8°F) above average.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With the \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/el-nino-is-over-20424\">demise of El Niño\u003c/a>, those temperature departures have dropped slightly, but are still at record-high levels. June was 1.62°F (0.90°C) above the 20th century average \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/sotc/global/201606\">according to NOAA\u003c/a> and 1.42°F (0.79°C) above the 1951-1980 average, \u003ca href=\"http://data.giss.nasa.gov/gistemp/tabledata_v3/GLB.Ts+dSST.txt\">according to NASA\u003c/a>. (June was also \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/june-hottest-on-record-contiguous-us-20502\">record warm for the contiguous U.S.\u003c/a>, in part because of an intense, record-breaking heat wave that swept the Southwest.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-860507\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/2016Global_Jan-Jun_CC.jpg\" alt=\"2016Global_Jan-Jun_CC\" width=\"720\" height=\"492\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/2016Global_Jan-Jun_CC.jpg 720w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/2016Global_Jan-Jun_CC-400x273.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 720px) 100vw, 720px\">In NOAA’s records, that makes an unprecedented 14 consecutive record-hot months. While that streak will eventually end, Deke Arndt, the head of the climate monitoring division at NOAA’s National Centers for Environmental Information, said that the long-term warming trend is stll clear.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s important to keep perspective here. Even if we aren’t setting records, we are in a neighborhood beyond anything we had seen before early 2015,” Arndt said in an email. “We’ve left the 20th century far behind. This is a big deal.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With June’s record heat, the year-to-date is 1.89°F (1.05°C) above the 20th century average, according to NOAA, and 1.96°F (1.09°C) above the 1951-1980 average according to NASA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The temperatures “are so in excess of any first part of a year that we’ve seen,” Schmidt said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-860508\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/2016hottest_yr_so_far_CC.jpg\" alt=\"2016)hottest_yr_so_far_CC\" width=\"720\" height=\"492\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/2016hottest_yr_so_far_CC.jpg 720w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/2016hottest_yr_so_far_CC-400x273.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 720px) 100vw, 720px\">Each agency uses different methods of processing the global temperature data, as well as different baselines for comparing temperatures, leading to slightly different results. Both agree on the long-term warming trend, though.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nations have agreed to a goal of\u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/see-earths-temperature-spiral-toward-2c-20332\"> keeping warming under 2°C\u003c/a> (3.6°F) above temperatures from preindustrial times — before manmade greenhouse gases began building in the atmosphere — by the end of the century. To put current global temperatures into the perspective of that framework, \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/world-flirts-with-1.5C-threshold-20260\">Climate Central has been reanalyzing\u003c/a> the NASA and NOAA data. The two datasets are averaged and then compared to the average from 1881-1910, closer to the preindustrial era.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Through June, 2016 was 2.4°F (1.34°C) above the average for that period.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Arctic has been one of the areas of the world that has seen sky-high temperatures this year, which have led to \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/arctic-sea-ice-record-low-for-june-20508\">record-low sea ice levels\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those roasting Arctic temperatures have extended into Alaska. The state’s average temperature is 9°F above the 1925-2000 average for the year through June. The North Slope town of Deadhorse just recorded a temperature of 85°F (29.4°C), the \u003ca href=\"http://wxshift.com/news/heat-wave-to-blanket-us-next-week\">hottest temperature\u003c/a> ever measured within 50 miles of its Arctic coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The oceans are another area that have seen persistent warmth. According to NOAA, the global average ocean temperature for the first half of the year is 1.42°F (0.79°C) above the 20th century average, the largest such departure in 137 years of records. These elevated temperatures have led to a record third year of a \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/coral-bleaching-record-third-year-20467\">global coral bleaching event\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water changes temperature more slowly than the air or land, which means the global ocean heat is likely to persist for some time. In part because of that, temperatures are likely to stay elevated for the remainder of the year, even if they drop off the record pace.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Whether 2016 ultimately bests 2015 depends on how the second half of year goes. Forecasts have backed off predictions of a La Niña this fall; La Niña tends to cool global temperatures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The significant lead that 2016 has makes the odds good that the year will end up the warmest, though there is no guarantee.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Regardless of where 2016 falls, the long-term trend of warming is clear, and it has tipped the odds in favor of record heat: Of the 15 warmest years on record, 14 have occurred in the 21st century.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“2016 will be one of the warmest on record. Whether it slips to nominally above or nominally below 2015, that may depend on some climate variability factors like the strength of the La Niña,” Arndt said. “But it will share with 2015 the distinction of being, comfortably, the two warmest years on record and warmer, comfortably than any year we’ve measured in modern times.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Climate Central\u003c/span>\u003c/a> \u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">is an independent organization that researches and reports on climate change.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"id": "code-switch-life-kit",
"title": "Code Switch / Life Kit",
"info": "\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />",
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"id": "commonwealth-club",
"title": "Commonwealth Club of California Podcast",
"info": "The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.",
"airtime": "THU 10pm, FRI 1am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Commonwealth-Club-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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"meta": {
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"source": "Commonwealth Club of California"
},
"link": "/radio/program/commonwealth-club",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cDovL3d3dy5jb21tb253ZWFsdGhjbHViLm9yZy9hdWRpby9wb2RjYXN0L3dlZWtseS54bWw",
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"id": "forum",
"title": "Forum",
"tagline": "The conversation starts here",
"info": "KQED’s live call-in program discussing local, state, national and international issues, as well as in-depth interviews.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 9am-11am, 10pm-11pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Forum-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Forum with Mina Kim and Alexis Madrigal",
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 9
},
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM5NTU3MzgxNjMz",
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"id": "freakonomics-radio",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "http://freakonomics.com/",
"airtime": "SUN 1am-2am, SAT 3pm-4pm",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "WNYC"
},
"link": "/radio/program/freakonomics-radio",
"subscribe": {
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/freakonomics-radio/id354668519",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/podcasts/WNYC-Podcasts/Freakonomics-Radio-p272293/",
"rss": "https://feeds.feedburner.com/freakonomicsradio"
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},
"fresh-air": {
"id": "fresh-air",
"title": "Fresh Air",
"info": "Hosted by Terry Gross, \u003cem>Fresh Air from WHYY\u003c/em> is the Peabody Award-winning weekday magazine of contemporary arts and issues. One of public radio's most popular programs, Fresh Air features intimate conversations with today's biggest luminaries.",
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"link": "/radio/program/fresh-air",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=214089682&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"info": "A live production of NPR and WBUR Boston, in collaboration with stations across the country, Here & Now reflects the fluid world of news as it's happening in the middle of the day, with timely, in-depth news, interviews and conversation. Hosted by Robin Young, Jeremy Hobson and Tonya Mosley.",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510051/podcast.xml"
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},
"hidden-brain": {
"id": "hidden-brain",
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"info": "Shankar Vedantam uses science and storytelling to reveal the unconscious patterns that drive human behavior, shape our choices and direct our relationships.",
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"airtime": "SUN 7pm-8pm",
"meta": {
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"source": "NPR"
},
"link": "/radio/program/hidden-brain",
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},
"how-i-built-this": {
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"title": "How I Built This with Guy Raz",
"info": "Guy Raz dives into the stories behind some of the world's best known companies. How I Built This weaves a narrative journey about innovators, entrepreneurs and idealists—and the movements they built.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/05/howIBuiltThis.png",
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"airtime": "SUN 7:30pm-8pm",
"meta": {
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},
"link": "/radio/program/how-i-built-this",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/how-i-built-this-with-guy-raz/id1150510297?mt=2",
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"hyphenacion": {
"id": "hyphenacion",
"title": "Hyphenación",
"tagline": "Where conversation and cultura meet",
"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/Hyphenacion_FinalAssets_PodcastTile.png",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/hyphenacion",
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"order": 15
},
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"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/2p3Fifq96nw9BPcmFdIq0o?si=39209f7b25774f38",
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},
"jerrybrown": {
"id": "jerrybrown",
"title": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown",
"tagline": "Lessons from a lifetime in politics",
"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-Political-Mind-of-Jerry-Brown-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
"meta": {
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"order": 18
},
"link": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
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}
},
"latino-usa": {
"id": "latino-usa",
"title": "Latino USA",
"airtime": "MON 1am-2am, SUN 6pm-7pm",
"info": "Latino USA, the radio journal of news and culture, is the only national, English-language radio program produced from a Latino perspective.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/latinoUsa.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://latinousa.org/",
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},
"link": "/radio/program/latino-usa",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=79681317&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510016/podcast.xml"
}
},
"marketplace": {
"id": "marketplace",
"title": "Marketplace",
"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Marketplace-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.marketplace.org/",
"meta": {
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"source": "American Public Media"
},
"link": "/radio/program/marketplace",
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"rss": "https://feeds.publicradio.org/public_feeds/marketplace-pm/rss/rss"
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},
"masters-of-scale": {
"id": "masters-of-scale",
"title": "Masters of Scale",
"info": "Masters of Scale is an original podcast in which LinkedIn co-founder and Greylock Partner Reid Hoffman sets out to describe and prove theories that explain how great entrepreneurs take their companies from zero to a gazillion in ingenious fashion.",
"airtime": "Every other Wednesday June 12 through October 16 at 8pm (repeats Thursdays at 2am)",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "https://mastersofscale.com/",
"meta": {
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},
"link": "/radio/program/masters-of-scale",
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"rss": "https://rss.art19.com/masters-of-scale"
}
},
"mindshift": {
"id": "mindshift",
"title": "MindShift",
"tagline": "A podcast about the future of learning and how we raise our kids",
"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/mindshift/",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 12
},
"link": "/podcasts/mindshift",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5",
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}
},
"morning-edition": {
"id": "morning-edition",
"title": "Morning Edition",
"info": "\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. Hosts Steve Inskeep, David Greene and Rachel Martin bring you the latest breaking news and features to prepare you for the day.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 3am-9am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Morning-Edition-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/programs/morning-edition/",
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"link": "/radio/program/morning-edition"
},
"onourwatch": {
"id": "onourwatch",
"title": "On Our Watch",
"tagline": "Deeply-reported investigative journalism",
"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/On-Our-Watch-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "On Our Watch from NPR and KQED",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 11
},
"link": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/id1567098962",
"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5ucHIub3JnLzUxMDM2MC9wb2RjYXN0LnhtbD9zYz1nb29nbGVwb2RjYXN0cw",
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"stitcher": "https://www.stitcher.com/show/on-our-watch",
"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510360/podcast.xml"
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},
"on-the-media": {
"id": "on-the-media",
"title": "On The Media",
"info": "Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. For one hour a week, the show tries to lift the veil from the process of \"making media,\" especially news media, because it's through that lens that we see the world and the world sees us",
"airtime": "SUN 2pm-3pm, MON 12am-1am",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/onTheMedia.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.wnycstudios.org/shows/otm",
"meta": {
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"source": "wnyc"
},
"link": "/radio/program/on-the-media",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/on-the-media/id73330715?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/On-the-Media-p69/",
"rss": "http://feeds.wnyc.org/onthemedia"
}
},
"pbs-newshour": {
"id": "pbs-newshour",
"title": "PBS NewsHour",
"info": "Analysis, background reports and updates from the PBS NewsHour putting today's news in context.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 3pm-4pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/PBS-News-Hour-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.pbs.org/newshour/",
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"source": "pbs"
},
"link": "/radio/program/pbs-newshour",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/pbs-newshour-full-show/id394432287?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/PBS-NewsHour---Full-Show-p425698/",
"rss": "https://www.pbs.org/newshour/feeds/rss/podcasts/show"
}
},
"perspectives": {
"id": "perspectives",
"title": "Perspectives",
"tagline": "KQED's series of daily listener commentaries since 1991",
"info": "KQED's series of daily listener commentaries since 1991.",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/Perspectives_Tile_Final.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Perspectives",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/perspectives/",
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 14
},
"link": "/perspectives",
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"npr": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/432309616/perspectives",
"rss": "https://ww2.kqed.org/perspectives/category/perspectives/feed/",
"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93dzIua3FlZC5vcmcvcGVyc3BlY3RpdmVzL2NhdGVnb3J5L3BlcnNwZWN0aXZlcy9mZWVkLw"
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},
"planet-money": {
"id": "planet-money",
"title": "Planet Money",
"info": "The economy explained. Imagine you could call up a friend and say, Meet me at the bar and tell me what's going on with the economy. Now imagine that's actually a fun evening.",
"airtime": "SUN 3pm-4pm",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/planetmoney.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/sections/money/",
"meta": {
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"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/planet-money",
"subscribe": {
"npr": "https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/M4f5",
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/planet-money/id290783428?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/podcasts/Business--Economics-Podcasts/Planet-Money-p164680/",
"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510289/podcast.xml"
}
},
"politicalbreakdown": {
"id": "politicalbreakdown",
"title": "Political Breakdown",
"tagline": "Politics from a personal perspective",
"info": "Political Breakdown is a new series that explores the political intersection of California and the nation. Each week hosts Scott Shafer and Marisa Lagos are joined with a new special guest to unpack politics -- with personality — and offer an insider’s glimpse at how politics happens.",
"airtime": "THU 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Political-Breakdown-2024-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Political Breakdown",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/politicalbreakdown",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 5
},
"link": "/podcasts/politicalbreakdown",
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