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"bio": "\u003cstrong>Benjamin Burress\u003c/strong> has been a staff astronomer at Chabot Space & Science Center since July 1999. He graduated from Sonoma State University in 1985 with a bachelor’s degree in physics (and minor in astronomy), after which he signed on for a two-year stint in the Peace Corps, where he taught physics and mathematics in the African nation of Cameroon. From 1989-96 he served on the crew of NASA’s Kuiper Airborne Observatory at Ames Research Center in Mountain View, CA. From 1996-99, he was Head Observer at the Naval Prototype Optical Interferometer program at Lowell Observatory in Flagstaff, AZ.\r\n\r\nRead his \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/author/ben-burress/\">previous contributions\u003c/a> to \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/\">QUEST\u003c/a>, a project dedicated to exploring the Science of Sustainability.",
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"title": "Life in the Park: Finding Meaning in Park Service Work",
"headTitle": "Life in the Park: Finding Meaning in Park Service Work | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>There’s a popular refrain among National Park Service employees, one that doubles as a reminder, of sorts, after a long, wearisome day: “We get paid in sunrises and sunsets.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For many park employees, the pay is seasonal and not great. The hours are long. The question is usually the same (“Where’s the bathroom?”). And no matter how many pamphlets you pass out, instructions you give or “Attention!” signs you put up, people still wander off trails, carve their names in trees and get too close to the bears.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I saw and heard all of this earlier this summer, during a reporting trip to Great Smoky Mountains National Park, the most-visited park in the U.S. For 10 days, I tagged along with the park’s employees and volunteers — releasing \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2016/05/11/477693489/wildlife-biologists-manage-bear-interactions-in-americas-national-parks\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">rescued bear cubs\u003c/a>, welcoming delegations of foreign diplomats, hunting for invasive \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2016/05/26/479584561/on-the-hunt-for-wily-wild-hogs-in-a-national-park\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">feral hogs\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2016/05/19/478643466/budget-shortfalls-affect-national-parks-maintenance-cleaning\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">cleaning bathrooms\u003c/a> — to try to get an idea of just how much work goes on behind-the-scenes in our national parks. (Spoiler alert: It’s a lot.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But what struck me the most were the reasons why — outside of the stunning sunrises and sunsets — people decide to work and dedicate their lives to a place like Great Smoky Mountains National Park.\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003ch3>Bill Gober\u003c/h3>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_889686\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 3000px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/bill-gober_custom-c5c8e66cd6581f59806d7b1c95e9594821b9ddec.jpg\" alt=\"Bill Gober started volunteering as a trail rover at Great Smoky Mountains National Park 4 years ago after he lost his job. He helps monitor visitors and pick up garbage from the trails.\" width=\"3000\" height=\"1998\" class=\"size-full wp-image-889686\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/bill-gober_custom-c5c8e66cd6581f59806d7b1c95e9594821b9ddec.jpg 3000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/bill-gober_custom-c5c8e66cd6581f59806d7b1c95e9594821b9ddec-400x266.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/bill-gober_custom-c5c8e66cd6581f59806d7b1c95e9594821b9ddec-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/bill-gober_custom-c5c8e66cd6581f59806d7b1c95e9594821b9ddec-768x511.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/bill-gober_custom-c5c8e66cd6581f59806d7b1c95e9594821b9ddec-1440x959.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/bill-gober_custom-c5c8e66cd6581f59806d7b1c95e9594821b9ddec-1920x1279.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/bill-gober_custom-c5c8e66cd6581f59806d7b1c95e9594821b9ddec-1180x786.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/bill-gober_custom-c5c8e66cd6581f59806d7b1c95e9594821b9ddec-960x639.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 3000px) 100vw, 3000px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Bill Gober started volunteering as a trail rover at Great Smoky Mountains National Park 4 years ago after he lost his job. He helps monitor visitors and pick up garbage from the trails. \u003ccite>(Nathan Rott/NPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Trail rover volunteer, 4 years with NPS\u003cbr>\n\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It must have been the chicken salad,” Bill Gober thought, hiking down from Laurel Falls on one of the Great Smoky Mountains National Park’s most popular trails. His stomach was all knotted up. He was sweating bullets and short of breath.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He made it down the trail to a creek, where he dipped his handkerchief in the water and sat on a rock. “That’s when I called into dispatch and asked for a carry out,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gober had started volunteering on the Laurel Falls Trail a couple of years after losing his job in the medical supply field. He was spending a lot of his time hiking in the park anyway. “It was therapeutic, an escape from reality,” he says. So he figured he’d help out the park’s staff by working as a trail rover one day a week, monitoring visitors and warning them about stuff like rattlesnakes and bears. “Mostly, I pick up a lot of garbage,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was during one of those shifts, not long after a chicken salad lunch, that he had his heart attack. After calling for help, he was carried out by park employees and airlifted to Knoxville, Tenn., for bypass surgery. The doctors agreed that if it wasn’t for the quick response and professionalism of park staff, Gober would have died on that rock.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s why he came back to volunteer on the trail as soon as he was physically able. You’ll find him there on Wednesdays. “I definitely have some payback to give back to the park,” Gober says. “I’m alive today because of it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003ch3>Will Jaynes\u003c/h3>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_889687\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 3000px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/willjaynes_custom-4d77f099f37d7f222fa9f0f2111aab0c10ebcb61.jpg\" alt=\"Will Jaynes patrols the Appalachian Trail as a law enforcement officer. He has worked with the National Park Service for 15 years.\" width=\"3000\" height=\"2002\" class=\"size-full wp-image-889687\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/willjaynes_custom-4d77f099f37d7f222fa9f0f2111aab0c10ebcb61.jpg 3000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/willjaynes_custom-4d77f099f37d7f222fa9f0f2111aab0c10ebcb61-400x267.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/willjaynes_custom-4d77f099f37d7f222fa9f0f2111aab0c10ebcb61-800x534.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/willjaynes_custom-4d77f099f37d7f222fa9f0f2111aab0c10ebcb61-768x513.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/willjaynes_custom-4d77f099f37d7f222fa9f0f2111aab0c10ebcb61-1440x961.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/willjaynes_custom-4d77f099f37d7f222fa9f0f2111aab0c10ebcb61-1920x1281.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/willjaynes_custom-4d77f099f37d7f222fa9f0f2111aab0c10ebcb61-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/willjaynes_custom-4d77f099f37d7f222fa9f0f2111aab0c10ebcb61-960x641.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 3000px) 100vw, 3000px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Will Jaynes patrols the Appalachian Trail as a law enforcement officer. He has worked with the National Park Service for 15 years. \u003ccite>(Mike Belleme for NPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Park ranger, 15 years with NPS\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Years before patrolling the Appalachian Trail as a law enforcement officer, Will Jaynes walked it under \u003ca href=\"http://www.atmuseum.org/trail-names.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">the trail name\u003c/a> Hayduke, an homage to the law-defying radical environmentalist portrayed in Edward Abbey’s \u003cem>The Monkey Wrench Gang\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I had long nasty hair and dirty clothes,” says a short-haired, clean-clothed Jaynes. “I tell my boss now that if he wants someone to go undercover with thru-hikers I could look the part again pretty quick.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As a park ranger, Jaynes is part of a small police force tasked with policing the roughly 11 million visitors a year who visit the trail, which runs from Georgia to Maine. That includes thru-hikers and drive-thru motorists, RV campers and minimalists, outdoors people and city folk. It’s no small task. And Jaynes says he draws on his experiences in previous jobs and in previous lifestyles to be a more relatable and effective police officer, a skill that he thinks has been made all the more important by recent events and public distrust with law enforcement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If I can relate to someone and provide someone with education as opposed to a citation, that’s what I want to do,” Jaynes says. “The person that gets the ticket is going to angry and not as on board with the mission of the park service five years down the road, whereas the guy who gets the education is going to feel relieved and grateful and be way more likely to buy-in to what we’re trying to do.”\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003ch3>Michael Smith\u003c/h3>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_889688\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 3000px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/michaelsmith_custom-a17ea28c4ba791f710b83778512dae48185b8876.jpg\" alt=\"Michael Smith has worked with the National Park Service for the past 5 years. He's the mountain farm museum coordinator at Great Smoky Mountains National Park.\" width=\"3000\" height=\"1998\" class=\"size-full wp-image-889688\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/michaelsmith_custom-a17ea28c4ba791f710b83778512dae48185b8876.jpg 3000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/michaelsmith_custom-a17ea28c4ba791f710b83778512dae48185b8876-400x266.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/michaelsmith_custom-a17ea28c4ba791f710b83778512dae48185b8876-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/michaelsmith_custom-a17ea28c4ba791f710b83778512dae48185b8876-768x511.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/michaelsmith_custom-a17ea28c4ba791f710b83778512dae48185b8876-1440x959.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/michaelsmith_custom-a17ea28c4ba791f710b83778512dae48185b8876-1920x1279.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/michaelsmith_custom-a17ea28c4ba791f710b83778512dae48185b8876-1180x786.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/michaelsmith_custom-a17ea28c4ba791f710b83778512dae48185b8876-960x639.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 3000px) 100vw, 3000px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Michael Smith has worked with the National Park Service for the past 5 years. He’s the mountain farm museum coordinator at Great Smoky Mountains National Park. \u003ccite>(Nathan Rott/NPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Mountain farm museum coordinator, 5 years with NPS\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What are\u003cem> you\u003c/em> doing in the Appalachian Mountains?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Michael Smith says he got that question a lot when he started working in Great Smoky Mountains National Park and living in the southern Appalachia. People didn’t ask it in a derogatory or demeaning way, he says, but more out of a genuine interest. The Appalachian Mountains \u003ca href=\"http://www.prb.org/pdf12/appalachia-census-chartbook-2011.pdf\">aren’t known for their diversity\u003c/a>. But that can be misleading.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you dive into [the history] of an area like this, there were many different cultures that were in this area — Cherokee Indians, European settlers, even slavery was in this area,” Smith says. “Those stories have to be told for people to know how they relate to these mountains.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The National Park Service is facing larger relevancy issues nationwide. Most of its workforce and visitors are older and white, so engaging with younger and more diverse groups is key to its future. Relatability, Smith says, is crucial to that. And as a Florida-born African-American who interacts with student groups from all across the South, Smith sees himself as being able to help fill that role in the Great Smokies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“People want something out of a visit. They don’t want to come and visit just for the sake of visiting. They want a view or scenery or they want to be able to connect to the area and its history,” Smith says. “To get those individuals you have to have something or someone for them to relate to.”\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>Paul “Doc” Hadala \u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_889689\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 2002px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/doc_custom-a57a4ca6d8e47850947661334849dccc1ce75530.jpg\" alt='Paul \"Doc\" Hadala, a volunteer at Great Smoky Mountains National Park, works to eliminate invasive plant species from a section of forest.' width=\"2002\" height=\"3000\" class=\"size-full wp-image-889689\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/doc_custom-a57a4ca6d8e47850947661334849dccc1ce75530.jpg 2002w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/doc_custom-a57a4ca6d8e47850947661334849dccc1ce75530-400x599.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/doc_custom-a57a4ca6d8e47850947661334849dccc1ce75530-800x1199.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/doc_custom-a57a4ca6d8e47850947661334849dccc1ce75530-768x1151.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/doc_custom-a57a4ca6d8e47850947661334849dccc1ce75530-1440x2158.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/doc_custom-a57a4ca6d8e47850947661334849dccc1ce75530-1920x2877.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/doc_custom-a57a4ca6d8e47850947661334849dccc1ce75530-1180x1768.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/doc_custom-a57a4ca6d8e47850947661334849dccc1ce75530-960x1439.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2002px) 100vw, 2002px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Paul “Doc” Hadala, a volunteer at Great Smoky Mountains National Park, works to eliminate invasive plant species from a section of forest. \u003ccite>(Mike Belleme for NPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Vegetation crew volunteer with more than 15,000 volunteer hours\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Paul Hadala started volunteering at Great Smoky Mountains National Park for a simple reason: “I was single at the time and needed something to do,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He’d spent 32 years with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers as a military engineer, working on missile systems and dams; then another seven years teaching at Louisiana Tech University. He was semi-retired and had time on his hands, so he decided to spend it killing invasive species.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I hate exercising. It’s like pulling teeth,” he says, chopping away at a vine of honeysuckle. “This is a good way to stay in shape.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Hadala’s is a love story. Volunteering with the vegetation crew, he spends a lot of time with the crew’s permanent and seasonal workers. After two summers of working with one of the seasonal employees, he mentioned to her that he was a bit lonesome and that “it would be nice to have someone to go to dinner with,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She introduced Hadala to her mom, and they’ve been happily married for 11 years since.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hadala still volunteers at the park 30 hours a week. Spending that much time at the park is good for their relationship, he says. “The wife said she’d marry me for better or for worse, but not for lunch.”\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>Jessica Tezak \u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_889690\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 3000px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/jessica-tezak_custom-e662932768df480021dd9549d99dba0f0b7aef9c.jpg\" alt=\"Jessica Tezak is a contractor at LeConte Lodge in Great Smoky Mountains National Park.\" width=\"3000\" height=\"2008\" class=\"size-full wp-image-889690\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/jessica-tezak_custom-e662932768df480021dd9549d99dba0f0b7aef9c.jpg 3000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/jessica-tezak_custom-e662932768df480021dd9549d99dba0f0b7aef9c-400x268.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/jessica-tezak_custom-e662932768df480021dd9549d99dba0f0b7aef9c-800x535.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/jessica-tezak_custom-e662932768df480021dd9549d99dba0f0b7aef9c-768x514.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/jessica-tezak_custom-e662932768df480021dd9549d99dba0f0b7aef9c-1440x964.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/jessica-tezak_custom-e662932768df480021dd9549d99dba0f0b7aef9c-1920x1285.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/jessica-tezak_custom-e662932768df480021dd9549d99dba0f0b7aef9c-1180x790.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/jessica-tezak_custom-e662932768df480021dd9549d99dba0f0b7aef9c-960x643.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 3000px) 100vw, 3000px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Jessica Tezak is a contractor at LeConte Lodge in Great Smoky Mountains National Park. \u003ccite>(Nathan Rott/NPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Contractor at LeConte Lodge since 2016\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are two corners of the porch of the main building at LeConte Lodge in Great Smoky Mountains National Park where, if the weather’s just right, you \u003cem>might\u003c/em> get enough cell phone service to make a call. Don’t bother trying to load Facebook or stream a video. Sorry, millennials, it just won’t happen at the highest-elevation guest lodge in the eastern U.S.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That might be my favorite part of living here,” says Jessica Tezak, a millennial herself. “I feel a lot less anxious.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Before working at the lodge, Tezak was connected all of the time. She studied journalism in college and then did photojournalism internships. Neither allowed her to ignore her phone or the stress of always being on-call. “I couldn’t escape it,” she says. “And that’s so not the person that I want to be.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During an internship at the\u003cem> Knoxville News Sentinel, \u003c/em>Tezak was assigned to take photos for a feature called Hike of the Month. Leading the hike that month was a couple, who had met at LeConte Lodge. “They had this beautiful love story,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When her internship ended, she thought back to the lodge and the way the couple described it as an “escape.” She was feeling unsure about daily journalism and wanted a change, so she applied for a job.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Months later, she’s living at the lodge with a handful of other workers, cooking meals, washing dishes and helping out a rotating list of guests. It’s not a dream job, she says. Someday she’d like to go back to full-time photography. But in the interim, she says, it’s a good way to save money, meet nice people and enjoy the simpler things in life.\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>Heidi Brill \u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_889691\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 3000px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/heidi-brill_custom-87c518bcff8e026c56ce3607b155fc0b43f3d10b.jpg\" alt=\"Heidi Brill works with the Trails crew as an animal caretaker. She has been working for the National Park Service for 8 years.\" width=\"3000\" height=\"1998\" class=\"size-full wp-image-889691\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/heidi-brill_custom-87c518bcff8e026c56ce3607b155fc0b43f3d10b.jpg 3000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/heidi-brill_custom-87c518bcff8e026c56ce3607b155fc0b43f3d10b-400x266.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/heidi-brill_custom-87c518bcff8e026c56ce3607b155fc0b43f3d10b-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/heidi-brill_custom-87c518bcff8e026c56ce3607b155fc0b43f3d10b-768x511.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/heidi-brill_custom-87c518bcff8e026c56ce3607b155fc0b43f3d10b-1440x959.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/heidi-brill_custom-87c518bcff8e026c56ce3607b155fc0b43f3d10b-1920x1279.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/heidi-brill_custom-87c518bcff8e026c56ce3607b155fc0b43f3d10b-1180x786.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/heidi-brill_custom-87c518bcff8e026c56ce3607b155fc0b43f3d10b-960x639.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 3000px) 100vw, 3000px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Heidi Brill works with the Trails crew as an animal caretaker. She has been working for the National Park Service for 8 years. \u003ccite>(Ntahan Rott/NPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Trails crew, animal caretaker, 8 years with NPS\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Heidi Brill prefers to start her mornings early. On days she’s going to be on the trails, she’s at the barn by 4:30 a.m. and out on the trail with the horses at daybreak.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Everything’s so quiet,” she says. “As the sun comes down and hits the forest floor, the animals start getting sweated up and steam’s rising off of them.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s those moments that carry her through long days on horseback at the park, leading in teams of pack mules to haul equipment and supplies for maintenance workers in the park. It’s backbreaking work, loading the mules up with crossbuck saddles and keeping gear evenly balanced.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brill’s used to it though. She’s been working on trail maintenance crews for the better part of a decade, mostly back West along the Pacific Crest Trail. In her early jobs, her crew would go out on long self-supported jobs, packing in eight days’ worth of food, tools and personal gear. They’d cut new trails and clear old trails, sawing away fallen trees and sweeping away brush.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s an instant gratification that comes with that type of intense team labor, she says, a feeling of “Yay, we did this!” that comes from seeing a clean trail or new walkway.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Life+In+The+Park%3A+Finding+Meaning+In+Park+Service+Work&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "For many National Park Service employees, the pay is seasonal and not great. The hours can be long and tedious. But for many, there's a big payoff in dedicating their days to nature.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>There’s a popular refrain among National Park Service employees, one that doubles as a reminder, of sorts, after a long, wearisome day: “We get paid in sunrises and sunsets.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For many park employees, the pay is seasonal and not great. The hours are long. The question is usually the same (“Where’s the bathroom?”). And no matter how many pamphlets you pass out, instructions you give or “Attention!” signs you put up, people still wander off trails, carve their names in trees and get too close to the bears.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I saw and heard all of this earlier this summer, during a reporting trip to Great Smoky Mountains National Park, the most-visited park in the U.S. For 10 days, I tagged along with the park’s employees and volunteers — releasing \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2016/05/11/477693489/wildlife-biologists-manage-bear-interactions-in-americas-national-parks\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">rescued bear cubs\u003c/a>, welcoming delegations of foreign diplomats, hunting for invasive \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2016/05/26/479584561/on-the-hunt-for-wily-wild-hogs-in-a-national-park\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">feral hogs\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2016/05/19/478643466/budget-shortfalls-affect-national-parks-maintenance-cleaning\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">cleaning bathrooms\u003c/a> — to try to get an idea of just how much work goes on behind-the-scenes in our national parks. (Spoiler alert: It’s a lot.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But what struck me the most were the reasons why — outside of the stunning sunrises and sunsets — people decide to work and dedicate their lives to a place like Great Smoky Mountains National Park.\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003ch3>Bill Gober\u003c/h3>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_889686\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 3000px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/bill-gober_custom-c5c8e66cd6581f59806d7b1c95e9594821b9ddec.jpg\" alt=\"Bill Gober started volunteering as a trail rover at Great Smoky Mountains National Park 4 years ago after he lost his job. He helps monitor visitors and pick up garbage from the trails.\" width=\"3000\" height=\"1998\" class=\"size-full wp-image-889686\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/bill-gober_custom-c5c8e66cd6581f59806d7b1c95e9594821b9ddec.jpg 3000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/bill-gober_custom-c5c8e66cd6581f59806d7b1c95e9594821b9ddec-400x266.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/bill-gober_custom-c5c8e66cd6581f59806d7b1c95e9594821b9ddec-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/bill-gober_custom-c5c8e66cd6581f59806d7b1c95e9594821b9ddec-768x511.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/bill-gober_custom-c5c8e66cd6581f59806d7b1c95e9594821b9ddec-1440x959.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/bill-gober_custom-c5c8e66cd6581f59806d7b1c95e9594821b9ddec-1920x1279.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/bill-gober_custom-c5c8e66cd6581f59806d7b1c95e9594821b9ddec-1180x786.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/bill-gober_custom-c5c8e66cd6581f59806d7b1c95e9594821b9ddec-960x639.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 3000px) 100vw, 3000px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Bill Gober started volunteering as a trail rover at Great Smoky Mountains National Park 4 years ago after he lost his job. He helps monitor visitors and pick up garbage from the trails. \u003ccite>(Nathan Rott/NPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Trail rover volunteer, 4 years with NPS\u003cbr>\n\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It must have been the chicken salad,” Bill Gober thought, hiking down from Laurel Falls on one of the Great Smoky Mountains National Park’s most popular trails. His stomach was all knotted up. He was sweating bullets and short of breath.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He made it down the trail to a creek, where he dipped his handkerchief in the water and sat on a rock. “That’s when I called into dispatch and asked for a carry out,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gober had started volunteering on the Laurel Falls Trail a couple of years after losing his job in the medical supply field. He was spending a lot of his time hiking in the park anyway. “It was therapeutic, an escape from reality,” he says. So he figured he’d help out the park’s staff by working as a trail rover one day a week, monitoring visitors and warning them about stuff like rattlesnakes and bears. “Mostly, I pick up a lot of garbage,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was during one of those shifts, not long after a chicken salad lunch, that he had his heart attack. After calling for help, he was carried out by park employees and airlifted to Knoxville, Tenn., for bypass surgery. The doctors agreed that if it wasn’t for the quick response and professionalism of park staff, Gober would have died on that rock.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s why he came back to volunteer on the trail as soon as he was physically able. You’ll find him there on Wednesdays. “I definitely have some payback to give back to the park,” Gober says. “I’m alive today because of it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003ch3>Will Jaynes\u003c/h3>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_889687\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 3000px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/willjaynes_custom-4d77f099f37d7f222fa9f0f2111aab0c10ebcb61.jpg\" alt=\"Will Jaynes patrols the Appalachian Trail as a law enforcement officer. He has worked with the National Park Service for 15 years.\" width=\"3000\" height=\"2002\" class=\"size-full wp-image-889687\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/willjaynes_custom-4d77f099f37d7f222fa9f0f2111aab0c10ebcb61.jpg 3000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/willjaynes_custom-4d77f099f37d7f222fa9f0f2111aab0c10ebcb61-400x267.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/willjaynes_custom-4d77f099f37d7f222fa9f0f2111aab0c10ebcb61-800x534.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/willjaynes_custom-4d77f099f37d7f222fa9f0f2111aab0c10ebcb61-768x513.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/willjaynes_custom-4d77f099f37d7f222fa9f0f2111aab0c10ebcb61-1440x961.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/willjaynes_custom-4d77f099f37d7f222fa9f0f2111aab0c10ebcb61-1920x1281.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/willjaynes_custom-4d77f099f37d7f222fa9f0f2111aab0c10ebcb61-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/willjaynes_custom-4d77f099f37d7f222fa9f0f2111aab0c10ebcb61-960x641.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 3000px) 100vw, 3000px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Will Jaynes patrols the Appalachian Trail as a law enforcement officer. He has worked with the National Park Service for 15 years. \u003ccite>(Mike Belleme for NPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Park ranger, 15 years with NPS\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Years before patrolling the Appalachian Trail as a law enforcement officer, Will Jaynes walked it under \u003ca href=\"http://www.atmuseum.org/trail-names.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">the trail name\u003c/a> Hayduke, an homage to the law-defying radical environmentalist portrayed in Edward Abbey’s \u003cem>The Monkey Wrench Gang\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I had long nasty hair and dirty clothes,” says a short-haired, clean-clothed Jaynes. “I tell my boss now that if he wants someone to go undercover with thru-hikers I could look the part again pretty quick.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As a park ranger, Jaynes is part of a small police force tasked with policing the roughly 11 million visitors a year who visit the trail, which runs from Georgia to Maine. That includes thru-hikers and drive-thru motorists, RV campers and minimalists, outdoors people and city folk. It’s no small task. And Jaynes says he draws on his experiences in previous jobs and in previous lifestyles to be a more relatable and effective police officer, a skill that he thinks has been made all the more important by recent events and public distrust with law enforcement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If I can relate to someone and provide someone with education as opposed to a citation, that’s what I want to do,” Jaynes says. “The person that gets the ticket is going to angry and not as on board with the mission of the park service five years down the road, whereas the guy who gets the education is going to feel relieved and grateful and be way more likely to buy-in to what we’re trying to do.”\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003ch3>Michael Smith\u003c/h3>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_889688\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 3000px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/michaelsmith_custom-a17ea28c4ba791f710b83778512dae48185b8876.jpg\" alt=\"Michael Smith has worked with the National Park Service for the past 5 years. He's the mountain farm museum coordinator at Great Smoky Mountains National Park.\" width=\"3000\" height=\"1998\" class=\"size-full wp-image-889688\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/michaelsmith_custom-a17ea28c4ba791f710b83778512dae48185b8876.jpg 3000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/michaelsmith_custom-a17ea28c4ba791f710b83778512dae48185b8876-400x266.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/michaelsmith_custom-a17ea28c4ba791f710b83778512dae48185b8876-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/michaelsmith_custom-a17ea28c4ba791f710b83778512dae48185b8876-768x511.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/michaelsmith_custom-a17ea28c4ba791f710b83778512dae48185b8876-1440x959.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/michaelsmith_custom-a17ea28c4ba791f710b83778512dae48185b8876-1920x1279.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/michaelsmith_custom-a17ea28c4ba791f710b83778512dae48185b8876-1180x786.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/michaelsmith_custom-a17ea28c4ba791f710b83778512dae48185b8876-960x639.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 3000px) 100vw, 3000px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Michael Smith has worked with the National Park Service for the past 5 years. He’s the mountain farm museum coordinator at Great Smoky Mountains National Park. \u003ccite>(Nathan Rott/NPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Mountain farm museum coordinator, 5 years with NPS\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What are\u003cem> you\u003c/em> doing in the Appalachian Mountains?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Michael Smith says he got that question a lot when he started working in Great Smoky Mountains National Park and living in the southern Appalachia. People didn’t ask it in a derogatory or demeaning way, he says, but more out of a genuine interest. The Appalachian Mountains \u003ca href=\"http://www.prb.org/pdf12/appalachia-census-chartbook-2011.pdf\">aren’t known for their diversity\u003c/a>. But that can be misleading.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you dive into [the history] of an area like this, there were many different cultures that were in this area — Cherokee Indians, European settlers, even slavery was in this area,” Smith says. “Those stories have to be told for people to know how they relate to these mountains.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The National Park Service is facing larger relevancy issues nationwide. Most of its workforce and visitors are older and white, so engaging with younger and more diverse groups is key to its future. Relatability, Smith says, is crucial to that. And as a Florida-born African-American who interacts with student groups from all across the South, Smith sees himself as being able to help fill that role in the Great Smokies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“People want something out of a visit. They don’t want to come and visit just for the sake of visiting. They want a view or scenery or they want to be able to connect to the area and its history,” Smith says. “To get those individuals you have to have something or someone for them to relate to.”\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>Paul “Doc” Hadala \u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_889689\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 2002px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/doc_custom-a57a4ca6d8e47850947661334849dccc1ce75530.jpg\" alt='Paul \"Doc\" Hadala, a volunteer at Great Smoky Mountains National Park, works to eliminate invasive plant species from a section of forest.' width=\"2002\" height=\"3000\" class=\"size-full wp-image-889689\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/doc_custom-a57a4ca6d8e47850947661334849dccc1ce75530.jpg 2002w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/doc_custom-a57a4ca6d8e47850947661334849dccc1ce75530-400x599.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/doc_custom-a57a4ca6d8e47850947661334849dccc1ce75530-800x1199.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/doc_custom-a57a4ca6d8e47850947661334849dccc1ce75530-768x1151.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/doc_custom-a57a4ca6d8e47850947661334849dccc1ce75530-1440x2158.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/doc_custom-a57a4ca6d8e47850947661334849dccc1ce75530-1920x2877.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/doc_custom-a57a4ca6d8e47850947661334849dccc1ce75530-1180x1768.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/doc_custom-a57a4ca6d8e47850947661334849dccc1ce75530-960x1439.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2002px) 100vw, 2002px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Paul “Doc” Hadala, a volunteer at Great Smoky Mountains National Park, works to eliminate invasive plant species from a section of forest. \u003ccite>(Mike Belleme for NPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Vegetation crew volunteer with more than 15,000 volunteer hours\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Paul Hadala started volunteering at Great Smoky Mountains National Park for a simple reason: “I was single at the time and needed something to do,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He’d spent 32 years with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers as a military engineer, working on missile systems and dams; then another seven years teaching at Louisiana Tech University. He was semi-retired and had time on his hands, so he decided to spend it killing invasive species.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I hate exercising. It’s like pulling teeth,” he says, chopping away at a vine of honeysuckle. “This is a good way to stay in shape.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Hadala’s is a love story. Volunteering with the vegetation crew, he spends a lot of time with the crew’s permanent and seasonal workers. After two summers of working with one of the seasonal employees, he mentioned to her that he was a bit lonesome and that “it would be nice to have someone to go to dinner with,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She introduced Hadala to her mom, and they’ve been happily married for 11 years since.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hadala still volunteers at the park 30 hours a week. Spending that much time at the park is good for their relationship, he says. “The wife said she’d marry me for better or for worse, but not for lunch.”\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>Jessica Tezak \u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_889690\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 3000px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/jessica-tezak_custom-e662932768df480021dd9549d99dba0f0b7aef9c.jpg\" alt=\"Jessica Tezak is a contractor at LeConte Lodge in Great Smoky Mountains National Park.\" width=\"3000\" height=\"2008\" class=\"size-full wp-image-889690\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/jessica-tezak_custom-e662932768df480021dd9549d99dba0f0b7aef9c.jpg 3000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/jessica-tezak_custom-e662932768df480021dd9549d99dba0f0b7aef9c-400x268.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/jessica-tezak_custom-e662932768df480021dd9549d99dba0f0b7aef9c-800x535.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/jessica-tezak_custom-e662932768df480021dd9549d99dba0f0b7aef9c-768x514.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/jessica-tezak_custom-e662932768df480021dd9549d99dba0f0b7aef9c-1440x964.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/jessica-tezak_custom-e662932768df480021dd9549d99dba0f0b7aef9c-1920x1285.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/jessica-tezak_custom-e662932768df480021dd9549d99dba0f0b7aef9c-1180x790.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/jessica-tezak_custom-e662932768df480021dd9549d99dba0f0b7aef9c-960x643.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 3000px) 100vw, 3000px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Jessica Tezak is a contractor at LeConte Lodge in Great Smoky Mountains National Park. \u003ccite>(Nathan Rott/NPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Contractor at LeConte Lodge since 2016\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are two corners of the porch of the main building at LeConte Lodge in Great Smoky Mountains National Park where, if the weather’s just right, you \u003cem>might\u003c/em> get enough cell phone service to make a call. Don’t bother trying to load Facebook or stream a video. Sorry, millennials, it just won’t happen at the highest-elevation guest lodge in the eastern U.S.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That might be my favorite part of living here,” says Jessica Tezak, a millennial herself. “I feel a lot less anxious.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Before working at the lodge, Tezak was connected all of the time. She studied journalism in college and then did photojournalism internships. Neither allowed her to ignore her phone or the stress of always being on-call. “I couldn’t escape it,” she says. “And that’s so not the person that I want to be.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During an internship at the\u003cem> Knoxville News Sentinel, \u003c/em>Tezak was assigned to take photos for a feature called Hike of the Month. Leading the hike that month was a couple, who had met at LeConte Lodge. “They had this beautiful love story,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When her internship ended, she thought back to the lodge and the way the couple described it as an “escape.” She was feeling unsure about daily journalism and wanted a change, so she applied for a job.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Months later, she’s living at the lodge with a handful of other workers, cooking meals, washing dishes and helping out a rotating list of guests. It’s not a dream job, she says. Someday she’d like to go back to full-time photography. But in the interim, she says, it’s a good way to save money, meet nice people and enjoy the simpler things in life.\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>Heidi Brill \u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_889691\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 3000px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/heidi-brill_custom-87c518bcff8e026c56ce3607b155fc0b43f3d10b.jpg\" alt=\"Heidi Brill works with the Trails crew as an animal caretaker. She has been working for the National Park Service for 8 years.\" width=\"3000\" height=\"1998\" class=\"size-full wp-image-889691\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/heidi-brill_custom-87c518bcff8e026c56ce3607b155fc0b43f3d10b.jpg 3000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/heidi-brill_custom-87c518bcff8e026c56ce3607b155fc0b43f3d10b-400x266.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/heidi-brill_custom-87c518bcff8e026c56ce3607b155fc0b43f3d10b-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/heidi-brill_custom-87c518bcff8e026c56ce3607b155fc0b43f3d10b-768x511.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/heidi-brill_custom-87c518bcff8e026c56ce3607b155fc0b43f3d10b-1440x959.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/heidi-brill_custom-87c518bcff8e026c56ce3607b155fc0b43f3d10b-1920x1279.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/heidi-brill_custom-87c518bcff8e026c56ce3607b155fc0b43f3d10b-1180x786.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/heidi-brill_custom-87c518bcff8e026c56ce3607b155fc0b43f3d10b-960x639.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 3000px) 100vw, 3000px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Heidi Brill works with the Trails crew as an animal caretaker. She has been working for the National Park Service for 8 years. \u003ccite>(Ntahan Rott/NPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Trails crew, animal caretaker, 8 years with NPS\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Heidi Brill prefers to start her mornings early. On days she’s going to be on the trails, she’s at the barn by 4:30 a.m. and out on the trail with the horses at daybreak.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Everything’s so quiet,” she says. “As the sun comes down and hits the forest floor, the animals start getting sweated up and steam’s rising off of them.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s those moments that carry her through long days on horseback at the park, leading in teams of pack mules to haul equipment and supplies for maintenance workers in the park. It’s backbreaking work, loading the mules up with crossbuck saddles and keeping gear evenly balanced.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brill’s used to it though. She’s been working on trail maintenance crews for the better part of a decade, mostly back West along the Pacific Crest Trail. In her early jobs, her crew would go out on long self-supported jobs, packing in eight days’ worth of food, tools and personal gear. They’d cut new trails and clear old trails, sawing away fallen trees and sweeping away brush.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s an instant gratification that comes with that type of intense team labor, she says, a feeling of “Yay, we did this!” that comes from seeing a clean trail or new walkway.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Life+In+The+Park%3A+Finding+Meaning+In+Park+Service+Work&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Climate Change Signs Seen in California Wildfires",
"headTitle": "Climate Change Signs Seen in California Wildfires | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Reports this week from the \u003ca href=\"http://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-ln-sand-fire-santa-clarita-20160725-snap-story.html\">front lines\u003c/a> of the Sand Fire in Southern California painted the scene as apocalyptic. The drought-fueled blaze was explosive, fast-moving and devastating, burning through 38,000 acres in the Santa Clarita Valley and forcing the evacuation of more than 10,000 homes.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘Climate change has exacerbated naturally occurring droughts, and therefore fuel conditions.’\u003ccite>Robert Field, NASA\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>If the state’s wildfire season holds true to forecasts, the \u003ca href=\"http://inciweb.nwcg.gov/incident/4878/\">Sand Fire\u003c/a> will be one of many catastrophic wildfires to scorch drought-stricken forests and shrublands across California this year. So far, only one wildfire has been larger — the 48,019-acre \u003ca href=\"http://inciweb.nwcg.gov/incident/4806/\">Erskine Fire\u003c/a>, which started in June in the Sierra Nevada Mountains and destroyed 250 homes and buildings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>None of the fires have been among the worst or largest wildfires the state has seen in recent years, but they’re part of a dire global warming-fueled trend toward larger, more frequent and intense wildfires. The number of blazes on public lands across the West has increased 500 percent since the late 1970s, said \u003ca href=\"http://www.ucmerced.edu/content/leroy-westerling\">LeRoy Westerling\u003c/a>, a professor studying climate and wildfire at the University of California-Merced.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The outlook this summer is sobering: Wildland fire potential for most of coastal California and the Sierra Nevada Mountains is above normal and is expected to remain that way through October, \u003ca href=\"http://www.predictiveservices.nifc.gov/outlooks/monthly_seasonal_outlook.pdf\">according to\u003c/a> the National Interagency Fire Center.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The wildfire forecast follows a major heat wave in California, where the temperatures soared above 120°F (48.9°C) in some parts of Southern California. The region is seeing a \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/seasonal-temperature-trends-united-states-20040\">significant warming trend\u003c/a>. Each decade since 1970, average summer temperatures \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/seasonal-temperature-trends-united-states-20040\">have warmed\u003c/a> about 0.45°F (0.25°C).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The worst of the fire season in Southern California may be yet to come, said \u003ca href=\"https://saffordlab.wordpress.com/people-2/\">Hugh Safford\u003c/a>, a U.S. Forest Service ecologist based in Vallejo.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The most dangerous fire conditions occur from the end of September to December, when Santa Ana winds from the desert interact with the driest fuels of the season after five to six months of drying,” he said. “I would expect an active fire season, and critical conditions in the fall.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Westerling said 140,000 acres have burned across Southern California this year — a figure that amounts to nearly four times the five-year average for annual acreage burned in an entire wildfire season in the region.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Global warming’s fingerprints can be clearly seen on this year’s fire season in California, where the state’s extreme drought is entering its fifth year and record-breaking heat has baked the region.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Climate change has exacerbated naturally occurring droughts, and therefore fuel conditions,” said Robert Field, a research scientist at NASA’s Goddard Institute for Space Studies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The worse the drought, the more of a tinderbox forests become.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Higher temperatures exacerbate the drought by increasing evaporation and transpiration,” Westerling said. “Drier conditions mean highly flammable (wildfire) fuels. Drier conditions and high temperatures drive more extreme fire behavior.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Southern California fire conditions today are already bad as firefighters attempt to contain the Sand Fire and battle the \u003ca href=\"http://inciweb.nwcg.gov/incident/4888/\">Soberanes Fire\u003c/a>, which has \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2016/07/29/soberanes-fire-containment-update/\">burned more than 31,000 acres\u003c/a> south of Monterey since the fire started on July 22.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Sand Fire, burning in mountainous shrubland known as chaparral, has surprised wildfire scientists because of the speed with which it scorched the slopes north of Los Angeles. It’s an example of how climate change affects the way wildfires burn.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Chaparral always burns at high intensity, but the mean size of chaparral fires has been growing,” Safford said. “We haven’t seen much change in the severity of these fires, but they are getting bigger on average, which may be due to drought-driven shrub mortality.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dead and dry trees do a lot to \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/california-firefighters-wrangling-with-dead-trees-20471\">help fires spread\u003c/a>, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This last factor results in fire embers that are cast far ahead of the flaming front and leads to faster fire growth and more difficult control,” Safford said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Climate Central\u003c/span>\u003c/a> \u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">is an independent organization that researches and reports on climate change.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Reports this week from the \u003ca href=\"http://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-ln-sand-fire-santa-clarita-20160725-snap-story.html\">front lines\u003c/a> of the Sand Fire in Southern California painted the scene as apocalyptic. The drought-fueled blaze was explosive, fast-moving and devastating, burning through 38,000 acres in the Santa Clarita Valley and forcing the evacuation of more than 10,000 homes.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘Climate change has exacerbated naturally occurring droughts, and therefore fuel conditions.’\u003ccite>Robert Field, NASA\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>If the state’s wildfire season holds true to forecasts, the \u003ca href=\"http://inciweb.nwcg.gov/incident/4878/\">Sand Fire\u003c/a> will be one of many catastrophic wildfires to scorch drought-stricken forests and shrublands across California this year. So far, only one wildfire has been larger — the 48,019-acre \u003ca href=\"http://inciweb.nwcg.gov/incident/4806/\">Erskine Fire\u003c/a>, which started in June in the Sierra Nevada Mountains and destroyed 250 homes and buildings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>None of the fires have been among the worst or largest wildfires the state has seen in recent years, but they’re part of a dire global warming-fueled trend toward larger, more frequent and intense wildfires. The number of blazes on public lands across the West has increased 500 percent since the late 1970s, said \u003ca href=\"http://www.ucmerced.edu/content/leroy-westerling\">LeRoy Westerling\u003c/a>, a professor studying climate and wildfire at the University of California-Merced.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The outlook this summer is sobering: Wildland fire potential for most of coastal California and the Sierra Nevada Mountains is above normal and is expected to remain that way through October, \u003ca href=\"http://www.predictiveservices.nifc.gov/outlooks/monthly_seasonal_outlook.pdf\">according to\u003c/a> the National Interagency Fire Center.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The wildfire forecast follows a major heat wave in California, where the temperatures soared above 120°F (48.9°C) in some parts of Southern California. The region is seeing a \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/seasonal-temperature-trends-united-states-20040\">significant warming trend\u003c/a>. Each decade since 1970, average summer temperatures \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/seasonal-temperature-trends-united-states-20040\">have warmed\u003c/a> about 0.45°F (0.25°C).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The worst of the fire season in Southern California may be yet to come, said \u003ca href=\"https://saffordlab.wordpress.com/people-2/\">Hugh Safford\u003c/a>, a U.S. Forest Service ecologist based in Vallejo.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The most dangerous fire conditions occur from the end of September to December, when Santa Ana winds from the desert interact with the driest fuels of the season after five to six months of drying,” he said. “I would expect an active fire season, and critical conditions in the fall.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Westerling said 140,000 acres have burned across Southern California this year — a figure that amounts to nearly four times the five-year average for annual acreage burned in an entire wildfire season in the region.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Global warming’s fingerprints can be clearly seen on this year’s fire season in California, where the state’s extreme drought is entering its fifth year and record-breaking heat has baked the region.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Climate change has exacerbated naturally occurring droughts, and therefore fuel conditions,” said Robert Field, a research scientist at NASA’s Goddard Institute for Space Studies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The worse the drought, the more of a tinderbox forests become.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Higher temperatures exacerbate the drought by increasing evaporation and transpiration,” Westerling said. “Drier conditions mean highly flammable (wildfire) fuels. Drier conditions and high temperatures drive more extreme fire behavior.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Southern California fire conditions today are already bad as firefighters attempt to contain the Sand Fire and battle the \u003ca href=\"http://inciweb.nwcg.gov/incident/4888/\">Soberanes Fire\u003c/a>, which has \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2016/07/29/soberanes-fire-containment-update/\">burned more than 31,000 acres\u003c/a> south of Monterey since the fire started on July 22.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Sand Fire, burning in mountainous shrubland known as chaparral, has surprised wildfire scientists because of the speed with which it scorched the slopes north of Los Angeles. It’s an example of how climate change affects the way wildfires burn.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Chaparral always burns at high intensity, but the mean size of chaparral fires has been growing,” Safford said. “We haven’t seen much change in the severity of these fires, but they are getting bigger on average, which may be due to drought-driven shrub mortality.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dead and dry trees do a lot to \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/california-firefighters-wrangling-with-dead-trees-20471\">help fires spread\u003c/a>, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This last factor results in fire embers that are cast far ahead of the flaming front and leads to faster fire growth and more difficult control,” Safford said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Climate Central\u003c/span>\u003c/a> \u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">is an independent organization that researches and reports on climate change.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Sea Slug? Disco Ball? Beautiful Deep-Sea Purple Blob Puzzles Scientists",
"headTitle": "Sea Slug? Disco Ball? Beautiful Deep-Sea Purple Blob Puzzles Scientists | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Researchers have found a curious purple orb near California’s Channel Islands – and it’s left them stumped.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To our untrained eye, it looks a little like a really dazzling Christmas ornament. Alternatively, \u003ca href=\"http://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/researchers-find-mysterious-purple-orb-channel-islands-180959933/?no-ist\">Smithsonian compared\u003c/a> it to an unhatched Pokemon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During the recent expedition, unnamed scientists from the Nautilus exploration vessel are recording and chatting about what they’re seeing when they come across the mysterious, beautiful blob. Watch their video here: \u003cbr>\n\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" src=\"https://www.youtube.com/embed/pqyKrvk0aZo?rel=0\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What is that?” “‘I’m stumped. I have no idea. I can’t even hazard a guess to phylum,” the team says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What if it’s an egg sac of some sort?” “It looks like a disco ball right now.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The team was able to suction up the 5 cm-wide orb, after a close encounter with a meddling crab. It was found in an underwater canyon 5,301 feet deep, spokesperson Susan Poulton from the E/V Nautilus told The Two-Way in an email.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After a closer look, the team says it is most likely a pleurobranch – a type of sea slug. That’s a nudibranch relative – and as \u003cem>Smithsonian\u003c/em> explains: “Known for their brilliant hues, nudibranchs are a type of sea slug that inhabit a range of environments.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://news.nationalgeographic.com/2016/07/mysterious-purple-blob-nautilus-california/\">National Geographic\u003c/a> adds that these mollusks “live in warm and cold water, on a variety of ocean surfaces. Most of them are about the size of a finger or hand.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However – the brilliant purple color raises some questions. “Currently none of the known species of California deep-sea pleurobranchs are purple, so this could be a new discovery,” \u003ca href=\"http://www.nautiluslive.org/video/2016/07/26/mysterious-purple-orb\">the Nautilus team says\u003c/a>. “Pleurobranchs have rhinophores (ear-like structures) in a particular location and a gill under the mantle on the right side, but we are still determining if this is present on this sample,” Poulton adds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And, the creature put on a bit of a show once it was suctioned onboard the exploration vessel. “After sampling, it began to unfold to reveal two distinct lobes,” the team says. The change is dramatic:\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_882322\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-882322\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/nautilus.jpg\" alt=\"The mysterious blob unfolded once it was on board the exploration vessel. \" width=\"800\" height=\"598\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/nautilus.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/nautilus-400x299.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/nautilus-768x574.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The mysterious blob unfolded once it was on board the exploration vessel. \u003ccite>(Ocean Exploration Trust)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Marine scientist Jeff Goddard of the University of California, Santa Barbara offered a few other guesses about what the blob could be to \u003cem>Smithsonian\u003c/em>:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>” ‘Anytime you see a round structure like that you have to consider the possibility it’s an embryo,’ he tells Smithsonian.com. Even so, ‘the purple orb would be an unusual egg mass, especially if it contained a single large egg/embryo,’ Goddard says. An embryo of what, he’s not sure. But he also says it’s possible that it’s a fibrous sponge. Another option is a sea squirt predator. The video shows that it’s the only purple orb in an area full of gray tunicates, so it could be munching on the critters.”\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Poulton says the team has “sent the samples to the Harvard Museum of Comparative Zoology and consulted with scientists there about a potential identification.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Expedition leader Robert Ballard \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/krulwich/2012/04/14/150581903/the-strange-persistence-of-shoes-at-sea\">has a history of fascinating discoveries\u003c/a> — he’s the explorer who found the wreckage of the Titanic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Two-Way has a love of deep-sea stories — \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/05/06/477085814/secrets-of-the-mariana-trench-caught-on-camera\">let’s call this one\u003c/a> the latest \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/07/27/487665728/mysterious-and-known-as-the-raven-scientists-identify-new-whale-species\">in our ongoing series\u003c/a>, “Mysteries of \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/05/26/479621399/deep-sea-explorers-discover-a-sponge-the-size-of-a-minivan\">the Deep\u003c/a>.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Sea+Slug%3F+Disco+Ball%3F+Beautiful+Deep-Sea+Purple+Blob+Puzzles+Scientists&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Researchers have found a curious purple orb near California’s Channel Islands – and it’s left them stumped.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To our untrained eye, it looks a little like a really dazzling Christmas ornament. Alternatively, \u003ca href=\"http://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/researchers-find-mysterious-purple-orb-channel-islands-180959933/?no-ist\">Smithsonian compared\u003c/a> it to an unhatched Pokemon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During the recent expedition, unnamed scientists from the Nautilus exploration vessel are recording and chatting about what they’re seeing when they come across the mysterious, beautiful blob. Watch their video here: \u003cbr>\n\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" src=\"https://www.youtube.com/embed/pqyKrvk0aZo?rel=0\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What is that?” “‘I’m stumped. I have no idea. I can’t even hazard a guess to phylum,” the team says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What if it’s an egg sac of some sort?” “It looks like a disco ball right now.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The team was able to suction up the 5 cm-wide orb, after a close encounter with a meddling crab. It was found in an underwater canyon 5,301 feet deep, spokesperson Susan Poulton from the E/V Nautilus told The Two-Way in an email.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After a closer look, the team says it is most likely a pleurobranch – a type of sea slug. That’s a nudibranch relative – and as \u003cem>Smithsonian\u003c/em> explains: “Known for their brilliant hues, nudibranchs are a type of sea slug that inhabit a range of environments.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://news.nationalgeographic.com/2016/07/mysterious-purple-blob-nautilus-california/\">National Geographic\u003c/a> adds that these mollusks “live in warm and cold water, on a variety of ocean surfaces. Most of them are about the size of a finger or hand.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However – the brilliant purple color raises some questions. “Currently none of the known species of California deep-sea pleurobranchs are purple, so this could be a new discovery,” \u003ca href=\"http://www.nautiluslive.org/video/2016/07/26/mysterious-purple-orb\">the Nautilus team says\u003c/a>. “Pleurobranchs have rhinophores (ear-like structures) in a particular location and a gill under the mantle on the right side, but we are still determining if this is present on this sample,” Poulton adds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And, the creature put on a bit of a show once it was suctioned onboard the exploration vessel. “After sampling, it began to unfold to reveal two distinct lobes,” the team says. The change is dramatic:\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_882322\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-882322\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/nautilus.jpg\" alt=\"The mysterious blob unfolded once it was on board the exploration vessel. \" width=\"800\" height=\"598\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/nautilus.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/nautilus-400x299.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/nautilus-768x574.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The mysterious blob unfolded once it was on board the exploration vessel. \u003ccite>(Ocean Exploration Trust)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Marine scientist Jeff Goddard of the University of California, Santa Barbara offered a few other guesses about what the blob could be to \u003cem>Smithsonian\u003c/em>:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>” ‘Anytime you see a round structure like that you have to consider the possibility it’s an embryo,’ he tells Smithsonian.com. Even so, ‘the purple orb would be an unusual egg mass, especially if it contained a single large egg/embryo,’ Goddard says. An embryo of what, he’s not sure. But he also says it’s possible that it’s a fibrous sponge. Another option is a sea squirt predator. The video shows that it’s the only purple orb in an area full of gray tunicates, so it could be munching on the critters.”\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Poulton says the team has “sent the samples to the Harvard Museum of Comparative Zoology and consulted with scientists there about a potential identification.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Expedition leader Robert Ballard \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/krulwich/2012/04/14/150581903/the-strange-persistence-of-shoes-at-sea\">has a history of fascinating discoveries\u003c/a> — he’s the explorer who found the wreckage of the Titanic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Two-Way has a love of deep-sea stories — \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/05/06/477085814/secrets-of-the-mariana-trench-caught-on-camera\">let’s call this one\u003c/a> the latest \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/07/27/487665728/mysterious-and-known-as-the-raven-scientists-identify-new-whale-species\">in our ongoing series\u003c/a>, “Mysteries of \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/05/26/479621399/deep-sea-explorers-discover-a-sponge-the-size-of-a-minivan\">the Deep\u003c/a>.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Sea+Slug%3F+Disco+Ball%3F+Beautiful+Deep-Sea+Purple+Blob+Puzzles+Scientists&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Warming at Alarming Rate, Lake Tahoe Reflects Rapid Sierra Climate Change",
"headTitle": "Warming at Alarming Rate, Lake Tahoe Reflects Rapid Sierra Climate Change | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Lake Tahoe is showing some severe impacts from the changing climate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Indicators released Thursday in the annual “\u003ca href=\"http://terc.ucdavis.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">State of the Lake\u003c/a>” report packed a few surprises, even for scientists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For one thing, the lake has been warming faster than ever recorded. In 2015 the lake’s average temperature rose 0.48 degrees Fahrenheit — and over the last four years, the rise was 15 times faster than the lake’s historic warming rate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That came as a surprise to me,” says Geoffrey Schladow, a UC Davis freshwater scientist and lead author of the report.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Given the enormous volume of Lake Tahoe, Schladow is struck by how quickly it warmed. Schladow says if you took the full volume of water in Tahoe and spread it out over California, it would cover the state in 15 inches of water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s a lot of water,” he notes. “We’re not saying that it’s going to keep increasing at that rate, but the fact that it can change so quickly is disturbing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘The fact that it can change so quickly is disturbing.’\u003ccite>Geoffrey Schladow, UC Davis freshwater scientist\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Even more disturbing to scientists is how all this warming has affected the lake’s ability to mix its own waters, a natural process that is thermally driven. The warm winters have stunted that process, meaning that oxygen-rich surface water is not making it to the lake bottom, depriving fish and other life forms of oxygen. Scientists routinely measure how deep the mixing occurs — the deeper, the healthier for the lake — and last year’s level was 262 feet, the most shallow ever recorded. Tahoe’s maximum depth is more than 1600 feet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What we’re seeing now is that the climate and the weather are starting to affect the lake more directly,” says Schladow, who notes that Tahoe is only a mirror held up to the rest of the state; if this critical mixing process is shutting down in Tahoe, it’s doubtless happening in other lakes around the West.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_882001\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 716px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-882001\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/sotl_2016_snow_as_precipitation_ver1605263-716x429.jpg\" alt=\"The long-term trend at Lake Tahoe -- and elsewhere in the Sierra -- is for more rain and less snow, which affects the state's water supply.\" width=\"716\" height=\"429\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/sotl_2016_snow_as_precipitation_ver1605263-716x429.jpg 716w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/sotl_2016_snow_as_precipitation_ver1605263-716x429-400x240.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 716px) 100vw, 716px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The long-term trend at Lake Tahoe — and elsewhere in the Sierra — is for more rain and less snow, which affects the state’s water supply. \u003ccite>(UC Davis)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For years, scientists have warned that the Sierra would gradually see more rain and less snow because of the warming climate, a trend that has potentially dire consequences for California’s water supply. But the trend of the last few years has been stunning. The report’s authors noted that during the winter of 2014-2015, just 6.5 percent of precipitation at the lake level fell in the form of snow. Decades ago it was more like a 50-50 mix.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Lake Tahoe is showing some severe impacts from the changing climate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Indicators released Thursday in the annual “\u003ca href=\"http://terc.ucdavis.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">State of the Lake\u003c/a>” report packed a few surprises, even for scientists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For one thing, the lake has been warming faster than ever recorded. In 2015 the lake’s average temperature rose 0.48 degrees Fahrenheit — and over the last four years, the rise was 15 times faster than the lake’s historic warming rate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That came as a surprise to me,” says Geoffrey Schladow, a UC Davis freshwater scientist and lead author of the report.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Given the enormous volume of Lake Tahoe, Schladow is struck by how quickly it warmed. Schladow says if you took the full volume of water in Tahoe and spread it out over California, it would cover the state in 15 inches of water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s a lot of water,” he notes. “We’re not saying that it’s going to keep increasing at that rate, but the fact that it can change so quickly is disturbing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘The fact that it can change so quickly is disturbing.’\u003ccite>Geoffrey Schladow, UC Davis freshwater scientist\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Even more disturbing to scientists is how all this warming has affected the lake’s ability to mix its own waters, a natural process that is thermally driven. The warm winters have stunted that process, meaning that oxygen-rich surface water is not making it to the lake bottom, depriving fish and other life forms of oxygen. Scientists routinely measure how deep the mixing occurs — the deeper, the healthier for the lake — and last year’s level was 262 feet, the most shallow ever recorded. Tahoe’s maximum depth is more than 1600 feet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What we’re seeing now is that the climate and the weather are starting to affect the lake more directly,” says Schladow, who notes that Tahoe is only a mirror held up to the rest of the state; if this critical mixing process is shutting down in Tahoe, it’s doubtless happening in other lakes around the West.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_882001\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 716px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-882001\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/sotl_2016_snow_as_precipitation_ver1605263-716x429.jpg\" alt=\"The long-term trend at Lake Tahoe -- and elsewhere in the Sierra -- is for more rain and less snow, which affects the state's water supply.\" width=\"716\" height=\"429\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/sotl_2016_snow_as_precipitation_ver1605263-716x429.jpg 716w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/sotl_2016_snow_as_precipitation_ver1605263-716x429-400x240.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 716px) 100vw, 716px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The long-term trend at Lake Tahoe — and elsewhere in the Sierra — is for more rain and less snow, which affects the state’s water supply. \u003ccite>(UC Davis)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For years, scientists have warned that the Sierra would gradually see more rain and less snow because of the warming climate, a trend that has potentially dire consequences for California’s water supply. But the trend of the last few years has been stunning. The report’s authors noted that during the winter of 2014-2015, just 6.5 percent of precipitation at the lake level fell in the form of snow. Decades ago it was more like a 50-50 mix.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Oyster Archaeology: Ancient Trash Holds Clues to Sustainable Harvesting",
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"content": "\u003cp>Times are tough for Chesapeake oysters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For one thing, they used to be bigger. “If you look at what people were saying back in the 1600s and 1700s about oysters, people had to cut them in half before they could even eat them,” says \u003ca href=\"http://www.serc.si.edu/labs/estuarine_ecology/\">Denise Breitburg\u003c/a>, an ecologist with the Smithsonian Environmental Research Center.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What’s more, these oyster behemoths were so plentiful that they formed tall towers stretching up to the water’s surface. But today, after decades of overfishing, oyster populations in Maryland’s waters have dropped to 1 percent of what they were around 1900.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To see how much the population has changed over the years, Breitburg and other biologists and archaeologists undertook the largest survey to date of any shellfishery, chronicling the Chesapeake Bay’s oyster population from almost 800,000 years ago to the present day. The researchers were surprised to find thousands of years during which oyster populations stayed stable – the era of Native Americans. The stability suggests Native Americans figured out how to farm oysters sustainably, and their techniques could help support our oyster habit today, according to a \u003ca href=\"http://www.pnas.org/content/113/23/6568\">study\u003c/a> published earlier this summer in the \u003cem>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The archaeologists began by studying Native American trash pits, which speckle the Chesapeake Bay coast and are full of oyster shells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_882107\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2000px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-882107\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/oyster2_enl-f5b5fffb0cac7dd109c2dd8b1cdb2b41ef1d1144.jpg\" alt=\"Members of the research team, Sean McCanty and Courtney Hofman, excavate an ancient oyster shell midden at the Smithsonian Environmental Research Center in Edgewater, Md.\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1613\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/oyster2_enl-f5b5fffb0cac7dd109c2dd8b1cdb2b41ef1d1144.jpg 2000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/oyster2_enl-f5b5fffb0cac7dd109c2dd8b1cdb2b41ef1d1144-400x323.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/oyster2_enl-f5b5fffb0cac7dd109c2dd8b1cdb2b41ef1d1144-800x645.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/oyster2_enl-f5b5fffb0cac7dd109c2dd8b1cdb2b41ef1d1144-768x619.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/oyster2_enl-f5b5fffb0cac7dd109c2dd8b1cdb2b41ef1d1144-1440x1161.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/oyster2_enl-f5b5fffb0cac7dd109c2dd8b1cdb2b41ef1d1144-1920x1548.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/oyster2_enl-f5b5fffb0cac7dd109c2dd8b1cdb2b41ef1d1144-1180x952.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/oyster2_enl-f5b5fffb0cac7dd109c2dd8b1cdb2b41ef1d1144-960x774.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2000px) 100vw, 2000px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Members of the research team, Sean McCanty and Courtney Hofman, excavate an ancient oyster shell midden at the Smithsonian Environmental Research Center in Edgewater, Md. \u003ccite>(Torben Rick/Smithsonian Institution)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>By using radio carbon dating, researchers found the oldest trash pit surveyed to be 3,200 years old, and the most recent to date no later than 1900. Next they measured the height of each oyster as a proxy for past human pressure on oysters. (Humans tend to harvest bigger oysters first, so if the average oyster size is smaller, it likely means that oysters were being harvested too fast for many of them to reach a large size and produce a lot of baby oysters.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The scientists rounded the survey out by examining oyster size from fossils hundreds of thousands of years old and by analyzing harvest numbers from the 20th and 21st centuries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The scale of the data set is massive. To my knowledge, it’s unparalleled,” says environmental archaeologist \u003ca href=\"http://anthropology.uga.edu/directory/victor-thompson\">Victor Thompson\u003c/a> of the University of Georgia, who was not involved in the study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The team found oysters were bigger hundreds of thousands of years ago than during the time of humans, but no decrease in oyster size happened during the time of prehistoric Native Americans, from roughly 3,200 to 400 years ago. This suggests the oyster population wasn’t under increasing pressure as Native Americans harvested them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_882108\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2000px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-882108\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/oyster3_enl-bf3013f8befd28859bf8e977dd9e44d0c63202cf.jpg\" alt=\"Torben Rick, an anthropologist at the Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History and lead author of the research, examines a 1,500-year-old oyster shell in the museum's collection.\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1589\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/oyster3_enl-bf3013f8befd28859bf8e977dd9e44d0c63202cf.jpg 2000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/oyster3_enl-bf3013f8befd28859bf8e977dd9e44d0c63202cf-400x318.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/oyster3_enl-bf3013f8befd28859bf8e977dd9e44d0c63202cf-800x636.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/oyster3_enl-bf3013f8befd28859bf8e977dd9e44d0c63202cf-768x610.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/oyster3_enl-bf3013f8befd28859bf8e977dd9e44d0c63202cf-1440x1144.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/oyster3_enl-bf3013f8befd28859bf8e977dd9e44d0c63202cf-1920x1525.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/oyster3_enl-bf3013f8befd28859bf8e977dd9e44d0c63202cf-1180x938.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/oyster3_enl-bf3013f8befd28859bf8e977dd9e44d0c63202cf-960x763.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2000px) 100vw, 2000px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Torben Rick, an anthropologist at the Smithsonian’s National Museum of Natural History and lead author of the research, examines a 1,500-year-old oyster shell in the museum’s collection. \u003ccite>(John Gibbons/Smithsonian Institution)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>A relatively low number of humans partially explains the limited pressure on oysters during this period, says lead author \u003ca href=\"http://anthropology.si.edu/archaeobio/rick.html\">Torben Rick\u003c/a> of the Smithsonian Institution. But he said Native Americans also seem to have relied on sustainable fishing techniques. Thanks to technological limitations, Native Americans generally fished close to shore, giving oysters in deep water a safe space to grow and reproduce. Native Americans also may have harvested oysters from different areas seasonally, and the rotation gave sites time to recover.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So what happened since the time of Native American harvesting?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Oyster specialist Stephanie Westby of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s Chesapeake office blames pollution, overfishing and dredging – a fishing practice that rips up the water’s bottom and leaves mud, where oysters can’t attach easily to make homes. Without oysters to filter tiny organisms in the water, the water quality suffers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Native American practices, according to Rick, underscore the importance of sanctuaries today. Establishing refuges can be controversial, since fishers rely on oysters for their livelihood, but Rick says well-placed refuges could boost oyster populations for everyone, including fishers. “Ultimately, it’s about rethinking our oyster strategy so we can have our cake and eat it too,” says Rick. “We don’t want to alienate anyone. This doesn’t need to pit biologists against fishermen.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some areas are already establishing refuges. In 2014, \u003ca href=\"http://www.chesapeakebay.net/documents/FINAL_Ches_Bay_Watershed_Agreement.withsignatures-HIres.pdf\">the Chesapeake Bay Watershed Agreement\u003c/a> set the goal to restore oyster populations in 10 tributaries by 2025. Now there are \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=129037024\">sanctuaries\u003c/a> in Virginia and Maryland especially for oysters, Westby says, and hatcheries are producing \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/thesalt/2013/07/16/202718742/can-oysters-with-no-sex-life-repopulate-the-chesapeake-bay\">young oysters to be transplanted\u003c/a> to wild oyster reefs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s also a new source of oysters that Native Americans didn’t have – farming. Michael Hild owns Anderson’s Neck Oyster Company, which is currently farming 6 million oysters. “Not only are you taking pressure off of the wild stock that remain in the Chesapeake Bay,” says Hild, “but the farmed oysters that you place in the water are making water cleaner.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rick says he hopes archaeology can help uncover more about the history of other fisheries, like blue crab. “The past isn’t something we can recreate or return to,” Rick admits, “but it just gives us much more information to work with.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Oyster+Archaeology%3A+Ancient+Trash+Holds+Clues+To+Sustainable+Harvesting&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Times are tough for Chesapeake oysters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For one thing, they used to be bigger. “If you look at what people were saying back in the 1600s and 1700s about oysters, people had to cut them in half before they could even eat them,” says \u003ca href=\"http://www.serc.si.edu/labs/estuarine_ecology/\">Denise Breitburg\u003c/a>, an ecologist with the Smithsonian Environmental Research Center.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What’s more, these oyster behemoths were so plentiful that they formed tall towers stretching up to the water’s surface. But today, after decades of overfishing, oyster populations in Maryland’s waters have dropped to 1 percent of what they were around 1900.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To see how much the population has changed over the years, Breitburg and other biologists and archaeologists undertook the largest survey to date of any shellfishery, chronicling the Chesapeake Bay’s oyster population from almost 800,000 years ago to the present day. The researchers were surprised to find thousands of years during which oyster populations stayed stable – the era of Native Americans. The stability suggests Native Americans figured out how to farm oysters sustainably, and their techniques could help support our oyster habit today, according to a \u003ca href=\"http://www.pnas.org/content/113/23/6568\">study\u003c/a> published earlier this summer in the \u003cem>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The archaeologists began by studying Native American trash pits, which speckle the Chesapeake Bay coast and are full of oyster shells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_882107\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2000px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-882107\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/oyster2_enl-f5b5fffb0cac7dd109c2dd8b1cdb2b41ef1d1144.jpg\" alt=\"Members of the research team, Sean McCanty and Courtney Hofman, excavate an ancient oyster shell midden at the Smithsonian Environmental Research Center in Edgewater, Md.\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1613\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/oyster2_enl-f5b5fffb0cac7dd109c2dd8b1cdb2b41ef1d1144.jpg 2000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/oyster2_enl-f5b5fffb0cac7dd109c2dd8b1cdb2b41ef1d1144-400x323.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/oyster2_enl-f5b5fffb0cac7dd109c2dd8b1cdb2b41ef1d1144-800x645.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/oyster2_enl-f5b5fffb0cac7dd109c2dd8b1cdb2b41ef1d1144-768x619.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/oyster2_enl-f5b5fffb0cac7dd109c2dd8b1cdb2b41ef1d1144-1440x1161.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/oyster2_enl-f5b5fffb0cac7dd109c2dd8b1cdb2b41ef1d1144-1920x1548.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/oyster2_enl-f5b5fffb0cac7dd109c2dd8b1cdb2b41ef1d1144-1180x952.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/oyster2_enl-f5b5fffb0cac7dd109c2dd8b1cdb2b41ef1d1144-960x774.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2000px) 100vw, 2000px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Members of the research team, Sean McCanty and Courtney Hofman, excavate an ancient oyster shell midden at the Smithsonian Environmental Research Center in Edgewater, Md. \u003ccite>(Torben Rick/Smithsonian Institution)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>By using radio carbon dating, researchers found the oldest trash pit surveyed to be 3,200 years old, and the most recent to date no later than 1900. Next they measured the height of each oyster as a proxy for past human pressure on oysters. (Humans tend to harvest bigger oysters first, so if the average oyster size is smaller, it likely means that oysters were being harvested too fast for many of them to reach a large size and produce a lot of baby oysters.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The scientists rounded the survey out by examining oyster size from fossils hundreds of thousands of years old and by analyzing harvest numbers from the 20th and 21st centuries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The scale of the data set is massive. To my knowledge, it’s unparalleled,” says environmental archaeologist \u003ca href=\"http://anthropology.uga.edu/directory/victor-thompson\">Victor Thompson\u003c/a> of the University of Georgia, who was not involved in the study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The team found oysters were bigger hundreds of thousands of years ago than during the time of humans, but no decrease in oyster size happened during the time of prehistoric Native Americans, from roughly 3,200 to 400 years ago. This suggests the oyster population wasn’t under increasing pressure as Native Americans harvested them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_882108\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2000px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-882108\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/oyster3_enl-bf3013f8befd28859bf8e977dd9e44d0c63202cf.jpg\" alt=\"Torben Rick, an anthropologist at the Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History and lead author of the research, examines a 1,500-year-old oyster shell in the museum's collection.\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1589\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/oyster3_enl-bf3013f8befd28859bf8e977dd9e44d0c63202cf.jpg 2000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/oyster3_enl-bf3013f8befd28859bf8e977dd9e44d0c63202cf-400x318.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/oyster3_enl-bf3013f8befd28859bf8e977dd9e44d0c63202cf-800x636.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/oyster3_enl-bf3013f8befd28859bf8e977dd9e44d0c63202cf-768x610.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/oyster3_enl-bf3013f8befd28859bf8e977dd9e44d0c63202cf-1440x1144.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/oyster3_enl-bf3013f8befd28859bf8e977dd9e44d0c63202cf-1920x1525.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/oyster3_enl-bf3013f8befd28859bf8e977dd9e44d0c63202cf-1180x938.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/oyster3_enl-bf3013f8befd28859bf8e977dd9e44d0c63202cf-960x763.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2000px) 100vw, 2000px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Torben Rick, an anthropologist at the Smithsonian’s National Museum of Natural History and lead author of the research, examines a 1,500-year-old oyster shell in the museum’s collection. \u003ccite>(John Gibbons/Smithsonian Institution)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>A relatively low number of humans partially explains the limited pressure on oysters during this period, says lead author \u003ca href=\"http://anthropology.si.edu/archaeobio/rick.html\">Torben Rick\u003c/a> of the Smithsonian Institution. But he said Native Americans also seem to have relied on sustainable fishing techniques. Thanks to technological limitations, Native Americans generally fished close to shore, giving oysters in deep water a safe space to grow and reproduce. Native Americans also may have harvested oysters from different areas seasonally, and the rotation gave sites time to recover.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So what happened since the time of Native American harvesting?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Oyster specialist Stephanie Westby of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s Chesapeake office blames pollution, overfishing and dredging – a fishing practice that rips up the water’s bottom and leaves mud, where oysters can’t attach easily to make homes. Without oysters to filter tiny organisms in the water, the water quality suffers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Native American practices, according to Rick, underscore the importance of sanctuaries today. Establishing refuges can be controversial, since fishers rely on oysters for their livelihood, but Rick says well-placed refuges could boost oyster populations for everyone, including fishers. “Ultimately, it’s about rethinking our oyster strategy so we can have our cake and eat it too,” says Rick. “We don’t want to alienate anyone. This doesn’t need to pit biologists against fishermen.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some areas are already establishing refuges. In 2014, \u003ca href=\"http://www.chesapeakebay.net/documents/FINAL_Ches_Bay_Watershed_Agreement.withsignatures-HIres.pdf\">the Chesapeake Bay Watershed Agreement\u003c/a> set the goal to restore oyster populations in 10 tributaries by 2025. Now there are \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=129037024\">sanctuaries\u003c/a> in Virginia and Maryland especially for oysters, Westby says, and hatcheries are producing \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/thesalt/2013/07/16/202718742/can-oysters-with-no-sex-life-repopulate-the-chesapeake-bay\">young oysters to be transplanted\u003c/a> to wild oyster reefs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s also a new source of oysters that Native Americans didn’t have – farming. Michael Hild owns Anderson’s Neck Oyster Company, which is currently farming 6 million oysters. “Not only are you taking pressure off of the wild stock that remain in the Chesapeake Bay,” says Hild, “but the farmed oysters that you place in the water are making water cleaner.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rick says he hopes archaeology can help uncover more about the history of other fisheries, like blue crab. “The past isn’t something we can recreate or return to,” Rick admits, “but it just gives us much more information to work with.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Oyster+Archaeology%3A+Ancient+Trash+Holds+Clues+To+Sustainable+Harvesting&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "California Adds Atrazine to List of Toxic Chemicals, But No Ban",
"headTitle": "California Adds Atrazine to List of Toxic Chemicals, But No Ban | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Atrazine has been a dirty word among environmentalists for decades. Now state and federal agencies are coming down on the weed killer, amid troubling evidence that it \u003ca href=\"http://www.pnas.org/content/99/8/5476.full\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">disrupts hormones\u003c/a> and contributes to \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23036484\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">birth defects\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This month, California added atrazine to the Prop 65 list of toxic chemicals since it’s known to cause \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Menstrual_cycle_women_Cragin_20111.pdf\">reproductive harm\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘It’s known to affect animals, wildlife, laboratory animals and the data suggests also affects humans.’\u003ccite>Tyrone Hayes, UC Berkeley biologist\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>And in June, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/EPA-draft-ecological-risk-assessment.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">declared\u003c/a>, “there are risk concerns for mammals, birds, reptiles, plants and plant communities across the country for many atrazine uses.” The agency opened a public comment period for its atrazine draft ecological risk assessment, which is based on new studies. By the end of the year it will issue a separate report on atrazine’s human impact.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s a major about-face for the EPA. Initially, in 2006, the EPA said atrazine \u003ca href=\"https://archive.epa.gov/pesticides/reregistration/web/pdf/atrazine_combined_docs.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">wasn’t a concern\u003c/a>, and that \u003cspan style=\"line-height: 1.5\">“the risks associated with the pesticide residues pose a reasonable certainty of no harm.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ten years later, the agency has changed its tune.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What the EPA is saying now, which I told them 20 years ago, is that this compound is found at levels in the environment where it’s known to affect animals, wildlife, laboratory animals and the data suggests also affects humans,” says biologist \u003ca href=\"https://ib.berkeley.edu/hayest\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Tyrone Hayes\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The UC Berkeley scientist has spent decades researching atrazine’s health implications on amphibians. He discovered that the pesticide chemically castrates male frogs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After Hayes published his findings about the chemical, Syngenta, the Swiss-based company that produces atrazine, attempted to \u003ca href=\"http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2014/02/10/a-valuable-reputation\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">discredit him\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Not a Household Name\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Atrazine is the second most commonly used herbicide in the United States but chances are you’ve never bought it. It’s mainly used on Midwestern corn, sorghum and sugar cane crops.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California uses more than \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdpr.ca.gov/docs/pur/pur14rep/14_pur.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">20,000 pounds a year\u003c/a>, mostly on corn and grass for livestock in San Joaquin and Imperial county, according to Paul Towers from the \u003ca href=\"http://www.panna.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Pesticide Action Network\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s also occasionally sprayed on golf courses and lawns. In home improvement stores like \u003ca href=\"http://www.lowes.com/pd/Sta-Green-5000-Sq-Ft-Ultra-Southern-Phosphorus-Free-Lawn-Fertilizer-and-Atrazine-Weed-Control/3031892\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Lowe’s\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.homedepot.com/p/IMAGE-32-oz-Concentrate-Herbicide-for-St-Augustine-Grass-and-Centipede-Grass-100099401/100598626\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Home Depot\u003c/a> it’s sold as a fertilizer and herbicide for grass, although in California only certified applicators, like farm owners, can purchase it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under Prop 65, the state must publish a \u003ca href=\"http://oehha.ca.gov/proposition-65/chemicals\">list of chemicals\u003c/a> known to cause cancer, birth defects or other reproductive harm. California businesses must also warn the public of exposure to substances on the list, which is why you may have seen signs at gas stations, parking garages and convenience stores.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Starting July 15, 2017, products with atrazine sold in California will require a warning if exposure occurs at high enough levels. The state is \u003ca href=\"http://oehha.ca.gov/proposition-65/crnr/notice-proposed-rulemaking-madls-atrazine-propazine-simazine-24-diamino-6-chloro\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">currently deciding \u003c/a>what that level should be.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since approval is required to purchase atrazine, the new labeling requirements will mainly affect the farming industry. Consumers likely won’t see a change on the products they buy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Towers says there’s little concern about the agricultural chemical contaminating California produce, but tap water is a concern.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It has the ability to persist in water for long periods of time, particularly through drinking water, that’s one of the greatest threats to our health and that of our children,” says Towers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The chemical seeps into soil and enters waterways, where it can contaminate tap water. The EPA requires workers using the pesticide to wear protective gear and doesn’t allow spraying near rivers, lakes or other waterways.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A 2004 Environmental Working Group \u003ca href=\"http://www.ewg.org/tap-water/whatsinyourwater/CA/Rancho-California-Water-District/3310038/\">report\u003c/a> found dangerously high levels of atrazine in drinking water in Riverside, Bakerfield and San Bernardino.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The EPA recently established a new “level of concern” for wildlife exposed to atrazine. Anything above that level likely causes harm. Unfortunately, the agency’s own reporting shows this environmental level was “exceeded by as much as 22, 198 and 62 times for birds, mammals and fish, respectively.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Syngenta criticized the EPA’s draft risk assessment, saying it “contains numerous data and methodological errors and needs to be corrected.” In an email, a company spokesperson said, “atrazine’s safety has been established in nearly 7,000 scientific studies over more than 50 years.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Too Little, Too Late?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hayes says it’s good news that the state added the pesticide to the Prop 65 list, but the federal review feels like too little too late.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s like those stories you hear about the guy that’s been in jail for four years, who was falsely accused of murder,” says Hayes. “Of course you’re happy, now you’re out of jail, but you’ve also been in jail for four years — or in my case twenty years — so it’s sort of mixed feelings.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Reached for comment, EPA spokesperson Cathy Milbourn said, “EPA considers all available science, including studies submitted to the agency in support of registration, as well as scientific open literature, in developing its risk assessments and decisions to register pesticides.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The European Union banned atrazine in 2004, citing ubiquitous water contamination. But the EPA won’t say whether a ban is on the table, despite the mounting evidence. Why? Hayes opines that economic interests play a role — atrazine is big business for Syngenta. Even the Prop 65 designation took over a year because Syngenta sued the EPA and the state of California \u003ca href=\"http://oehha.ca.gov/media/downloads/crnr/listingnoticetriazines070516.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">to delay\u003c/a> the decision.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Atrazine has been a dirty word among environmentalists for decades. Now state and federal agencies are coming down on the weed killer, amid troubling evidence that it \u003ca href=\"http://www.pnas.org/content/99/8/5476.full\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">disrupts hormones\u003c/a> and contributes to \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23036484\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">birth defects\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This month, California added atrazine to the Prop 65 list of toxic chemicals since it’s known to cause \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Menstrual_cycle_women_Cragin_20111.pdf\">reproductive harm\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘It’s known to affect animals, wildlife, laboratory animals and the data suggests also affects humans.’\u003ccite>Tyrone Hayes, UC Berkeley biologist\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>And in June, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/EPA-draft-ecological-risk-assessment.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">declared\u003c/a>, “there are risk concerns for mammals, birds, reptiles, plants and plant communities across the country for many atrazine uses.” The agency opened a public comment period for its atrazine draft ecological risk assessment, which is based on new studies. By the end of the year it will issue a separate report on atrazine’s human impact.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s a major about-face for the EPA. Initially, in 2006, the EPA said atrazine \u003ca href=\"https://archive.epa.gov/pesticides/reregistration/web/pdf/atrazine_combined_docs.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">wasn’t a concern\u003c/a>, and that \u003cspan style=\"line-height: 1.5\">“the risks associated with the pesticide residues pose a reasonable certainty of no harm.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ten years later, the agency has changed its tune.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What the EPA is saying now, which I told them 20 years ago, is that this compound is found at levels in the environment where it’s known to affect animals, wildlife, laboratory animals and the data suggests also affects humans,” says biologist \u003ca href=\"https://ib.berkeley.edu/hayest\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Tyrone Hayes\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The UC Berkeley scientist has spent decades researching atrazine’s health implications on amphibians. He discovered that the pesticide chemically castrates male frogs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After Hayes published his findings about the chemical, Syngenta, the Swiss-based company that produces atrazine, attempted to \u003ca href=\"http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2014/02/10/a-valuable-reputation\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">discredit him\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Not a Household Name\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Atrazine is the second most commonly used herbicide in the United States but chances are you’ve never bought it. It’s mainly used on Midwestern corn, sorghum and sugar cane crops.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California uses more than \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdpr.ca.gov/docs/pur/pur14rep/14_pur.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">20,000 pounds a year\u003c/a>, mostly on corn and grass for livestock in San Joaquin and Imperial county, according to Paul Towers from the \u003ca href=\"http://www.panna.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Pesticide Action Network\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s also occasionally sprayed on golf courses and lawns. In home improvement stores like \u003ca href=\"http://www.lowes.com/pd/Sta-Green-5000-Sq-Ft-Ultra-Southern-Phosphorus-Free-Lawn-Fertilizer-and-Atrazine-Weed-Control/3031892\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Lowe’s\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.homedepot.com/p/IMAGE-32-oz-Concentrate-Herbicide-for-St-Augustine-Grass-and-Centipede-Grass-100099401/100598626\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Home Depot\u003c/a> it’s sold as a fertilizer and herbicide for grass, although in California only certified applicators, like farm owners, can purchase it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under Prop 65, the state must publish a \u003ca href=\"http://oehha.ca.gov/proposition-65/chemicals\">list of chemicals\u003c/a> known to cause cancer, birth defects or other reproductive harm. California businesses must also warn the public of exposure to substances on the list, which is why you may have seen signs at gas stations, parking garages and convenience stores.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Starting July 15, 2017, products with atrazine sold in California will require a warning if exposure occurs at high enough levels. The state is \u003ca href=\"http://oehha.ca.gov/proposition-65/crnr/notice-proposed-rulemaking-madls-atrazine-propazine-simazine-24-diamino-6-chloro\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">currently deciding \u003c/a>what that level should be.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since approval is required to purchase atrazine, the new labeling requirements will mainly affect the farming industry. Consumers likely won’t see a change on the products they buy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Towers says there’s little concern about the agricultural chemical contaminating California produce, but tap water is a concern.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It has the ability to persist in water for long periods of time, particularly through drinking water, that’s one of the greatest threats to our health and that of our children,” says Towers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The chemical seeps into soil and enters waterways, where it can contaminate tap water. The EPA requires workers using the pesticide to wear protective gear and doesn’t allow spraying near rivers, lakes or other waterways.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A 2004 Environmental Working Group \u003ca href=\"http://www.ewg.org/tap-water/whatsinyourwater/CA/Rancho-California-Water-District/3310038/\">report\u003c/a> found dangerously high levels of atrazine in drinking water in Riverside, Bakerfield and San Bernardino.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The EPA recently established a new “level of concern” for wildlife exposed to atrazine. Anything above that level likely causes harm. Unfortunately, the agency’s own reporting shows this environmental level was “exceeded by as much as 22, 198 and 62 times for birds, mammals and fish, respectively.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Syngenta criticized the EPA’s draft risk assessment, saying it “contains numerous data and methodological errors and needs to be corrected.” In an email, a company spokesperson said, “atrazine’s safety has been established in nearly 7,000 scientific studies over more than 50 years.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Too Little, Too Late?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hayes says it’s good news that the state added the pesticide to the Prop 65 list, but the federal review feels like too little too late.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s like those stories you hear about the guy that’s been in jail for four years, who was falsely accused of murder,” says Hayes. “Of course you’re happy, now you’re out of jail, but you’ve also been in jail for four years — or in my case twenty years — so it’s sort of mixed feelings.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Reached for comment, EPA spokesperson Cathy Milbourn said, “EPA considers all available science, including studies submitted to the agency in support of registration, as well as scientific open literature, in developing its risk assessments and decisions to register pesticides.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The European Union banned atrazine in 2004, citing ubiquitous water contamination. But the EPA won’t say whether a ban is on the table, despite the mounting evidence. Why? Hayes opines that economic interests play a role — atrazine is big business for Syngenta. Even the Prop 65 designation took over a year because Syngenta sued the EPA and the state of California \u003ca href=\"http://oehha.ca.gov/media/downloads/crnr/listingnoticetriazines070516.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">to delay\u003c/a> the decision.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>The trip had mechanical setbacks, and the plane’s average speed would be legal on many American streets. But when the Solar Impulse aircraft touched down in Abu Dhabi in the early morning darkness Tuesday, it successfully completed a round-the-world voyage using only solar power.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Swiss pilots Bertrand Piccard and André Borschberg took turns flying the single-seat aircraft that began its trip on March 9 of 2015, flying more than 26,700 miles in a total of 17 stages (23 days) as they soared under the sun’s power and then glided through the night.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is not only a first in the history of aviation; it’s before all a first in the history of energy,” Piccard said. “I’m sure that within 10 years we’ll see electric airplanes transporting 50 passengers on short to medium haul flights.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“But it’s not enough,” Piccard added, saying that the solar technology that powered his plane can also be used on the ground to cut emissions in half.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-876868\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/pilots-celebrate-solar-impulse_custom-5429745d61e214fe4c1eb636a98c559e67b8acb6.jpg\" alt=\"After Solar Impulse's successful landing in Abu Dhabi, the capital of the United Arab Emirates, with Bertrand Piccard at the controls, he posed with fellow pilot Andre Borschberg. The two alternated on 23 days' worth of flights without using any fuel.\" width=\"6016\" height=\"3692\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/pilots-celebrate-solar-impulse_custom-5429745d61e214fe4c1eb636a98c559e67b8acb6.jpg 6016w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/pilots-celebrate-solar-impulse_custom-5429745d61e214fe4c1eb636a98c559e67b8acb6-400x245.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/pilots-celebrate-solar-impulse_custom-5429745d61e214fe4c1eb636a98c559e67b8acb6-800x491.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/pilots-celebrate-solar-impulse_custom-5429745d61e214fe4c1eb636a98c559e67b8acb6-768x471.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/pilots-celebrate-solar-impulse_custom-5429745d61e214fe4c1eb636a98c559e67b8acb6-1440x884.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/pilots-celebrate-solar-impulse_custom-5429745d61e214fe4c1eb636a98c559e67b8acb6-1920x1178.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/pilots-celebrate-solar-impulse_custom-5429745d61e214fe4c1eb636a98c559e67b8acb6-1180x724.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/pilots-celebrate-solar-impulse_custom-5429745d61e214fe4c1eb636a98c559e67b8acb6-960x589.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 6016px) 100vw, 6016px\">\u003cbr>\nThe journey earned numerous records, including the trans-Pacific leg flown by Borschberg that took five days and nights, setting a mark for the longest solo flight in any airplane, according to the team behind Solar Impulse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here are the stats on the flight’s final leg from Cairo to Abu Dhabi:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Pilot: Bertrand Piccard\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Flight time: 48 hours, 37 minutes\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Maximum altitude: 28,000 feet (8,534 m)\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Average speed: 34.5 mph (55.40 km/h)\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Flight distance covered: 2,694 km (1,674 miles)\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>As \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/07/24/487258668/experimental-plane-sets-off-on-final-leg-of-its-round-the-world-journey\">Merrit reported for the Two-Way\u003c/a>, when Solar Impulse embarked on its final leg, organizers called it one of the most complex they’d undertaken, citing high temperatures on the ground, strong thermal currents and no-fly zones.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The plane and its crew also coped with challenging trans-oceanic flights, \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/04/24/475473222/experimental-solar-powered-plane-completes-journey-across-the-pacific\">crossing the Pacific\u003c/a> in two stages (including a stop for repairs in Hawaii) and \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/06/23/483216575/beautiful-flight-across-the-atlantic-is-major-milestone-for-solar-plane\">crossing the Atlantic\u003c/a> in 71 hours.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Sun-Powered+Airplane+Completes+Historic+Trip+Around+The+World&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "\"This is not only a first in the history of aviation; it's before all a first in the history of energy,\" Swiss pilot Bertrand Piccard says. His plane flew more than 26,700 miles without using fuel.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The trip had mechanical setbacks, and the plane’s average speed would be legal on many American streets. But when the Solar Impulse aircraft touched down in Abu Dhabi in the early morning darkness Tuesday, it successfully completed a round-the-world voyage using only solar power.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Swiss pilots Bertrand Piccard and André Borschberg took turns flying the single-seat aircraft that began its trip on March 9 of 2015, flying more than 26,700 miles in a total of 17 stages (23 days) as they soared under the sun’s power and then glided through the night.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is not only a first in the history of aviation; it’s before all a first in the history of energy,” Piccard said. “I’m sure that within 10 years we’ll see electric airplanes transporting 50 passengers on short to medium haul flights.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“But it’s not enough,” Piccard added, saying that the solar technology that powered his plane can also be used on the ground to cut emissions in half.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-876868\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/pilots-celebrate-solar-impulse_custom-5429745d61e214fe4c1eb636a98c559e67b8acb6.jpg\" alt=\"After Solar Impulse's successful landing in Abu Dhabi, the capital of the United Arab Emirates, with Bertrand Piccard at the controls, he posed with fellow pilot Andre Borschberg. The two alternated on 23 days' worth of flights without using any fuel.\" width=\"6016\" height=\"3692\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/pilots-celebrate-solar-impulse_custom-5429745d61e214fe4c1eb636a98c559e67b8acb6.jpg 6016w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/pilots-celebrate-solar-impulse_custom-5429745d61e214fe4c1eb636a98c559e67b8acb6-400x245.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/pilots-celebrate-solar-impulse_custom-5429745d61e214fe4c1eb636a98c559e67b8acb6-800x491.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/pilots-celebrate-solar-impulse_custom-5429745d61e214fe4c1eb636a98c559e67b8acb6-768x471.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/pilots-celebrate-solar-impulse_custom-5429745d61e214fe4c1eb636a98c559e67b8acb6-1440x884.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/pilots-celebrate-solar-impulse_custom-5429745d61e214fe4c1eb636a98c559e67b8acb6-1920x1178.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/pilots-celebrate-solar-impulse_custom-5429745d61e214fe4c1eb636a98c559e67b8acb6-1180x724.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/pilots-celebrate-solar-impulse_custom-5429745d61e214fe4c1eb636a98c559e67b8acb6-960x589.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 6016px) 100vw, 6016px\">\u003cbr>\nThe journey earned numerous records, including the trans-Pacific leg flown by Borschberg that took five days and nights, setting a mark for the longest solo flight in any airplane, according to the team behind Solar Impulse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here are the stats on the flight’s final leg from Cairo to Abu Dhabi:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Pilot: Bertrand Piccard\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Flight time: 48 hours, 37 minutes\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Maximum altitude: 28,000 feet (8,534 m)\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Average speed: 34.5 mph (55.40 km/h)\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Flight distance covered: 2,694 km (1,674 miles)\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>As \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/07/24/487258668/experimental-plane-sets-off-on-final-leg-of-its-round-the-world-journey\">Merrit reported for the Two-Way\u003c/a>, when Solar Impulse embarked on its final leg, organizers called it one of the most complex they’d undertaken, citing high temperatures on the ground, strong thermal currents and no-fly zones.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The plane and its crew also coped with challenging trans-oceanic flights, \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/04/24/475473222/experimental-solar-powered-plane-completes-journey-across-the-pacific\">crossing the Pacific\u003c/a> in two stages (including a stop for repairs in Hawaii) and \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/06/23/483216575/beautiful-flight-across-the-atlantic-is-major-milestone-for-solar-plane\">crossing the Atlantic\u003c/a> in 71 hours.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Sun-Powered+Airplane+Completes+Historic+Trip+Around+The+World&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Grizzlies in California? Ad Campaign Aims to 'Bring Back the Bears'",
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"content": "\u003cp>Advocates for re-establishing grizzly bears in California are taking their case directly to the public.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Having been rebuffed by wildlife agencies, the Arizona-based Center for Biological Diversity is \u003ca href=\"http://bringbackthebears.org/#home\">launching a media campaign\u003c/a> to rally support for the idea.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”CeRF4HGv78F23EabOzmOjr4zqRdZ4Zw0″]”The mission, really, is to create some awareness around this issue,” says Ronny Northrop, executive creative director at Gyro, a San Francisco ad agency that hatched the pro bono campaign on behalf of the center, aimed at “restoring a sense of wild, maintaining a sense of wild.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The centerpiece of the campaign is a visually arresting California “bear flag,” without the bear.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is California and here we have this flag with a bear on it that doesn’t even exist and most people don’t know it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This whole tragic irony around this is something that people are gonna respond to,” Northrup speculates. “Like ‘Whoa, I had no idea that the bear on our flag is extinct; that’s pretty messed up.'”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https://player.vimeo.com/video/176226934?byline=0&portrait=0\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https://player.vimeo.com/video/176226743?byline=0&portrait=0\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gyro has produced a series of videos featuring other “iconic” California figures vying for space on the flag: the “yoga mom,” the real estate developer, the cosmetic surgeon, each making their case for why they should be there instead of the grizzly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They’re all just sort of out there and a little bit arrogant, and they’re Californians, you know, like, ‘Hey, it should be me. Of course it should be me, right?’ A little bit narcissistic maybe.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_846602\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 2945px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-846602\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/IMG_4714-1.jpg\" alt=\"Ronny Northrop's team at Gyro created the bear-less flag concept for a campaign to "bring back the bears."\" width=\"2945\" height=\"2096\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/IMG_4714-1.jpg 2945w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/IMG_4714-1-400x285.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/IMG_4714-1-800x569.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/IMG_4714-1-768x547.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/IMG_4714-1-1440x1025.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/IMG_4714-1-1920x1366.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/IMG_4714-1-1180x840.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/IMG_4714-1-960x683.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2945px) 100vw, 2945px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Ronny Northrop’s team at Gyro created the bear-less flag concept for a campaign to “bring back the bears.” \u003ccite>(Craig Miller/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The CBD has gathered a little more than 12,000 names with an \u003ca href=\"http://action.biologicaldiversity.org/p/dia/action3/common/public/?action_KEY=17314\">online petition\u003c/a> that appears to include many supporters from outside California. Its staff is hoping the petition will help convince wildlife agencies to reconsider, though the drive appears to have lost some momentum.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I do think it’s something that with some education, and with further study, something that people could and would rally around,” says Noah Greenwald, endangered species director for CBD.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Nonstarter?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Among those who are aware of the idea, \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2016/05/02/grizzly-bears-are-everywhere-in-california-but-the-woods/\">opinion seems deeply divided\u003c/a>. While CBD’s appeal thus far has been aimed at federal wildlife officials, state wildlife managers would doubtless need to be on board to make it a reality.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are not entertaining the idea of reintroducing grizzly bears to the state,” wrote CDFW spokesperson Jordan Traverso in declining to participate in a KQED Forum program on the topic. “The idea has been a nonstarter for the California Department of Fish and Wildlife.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_728720\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2415px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-728720 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/IMG_4727_crop.jpg\" alt=\"Kids play on a grizzly bear sculpture at the California Museum in Sacramento.\" width=\"2415\" height=\"1819\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/IMG_4727_crop.jpg 2415w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/IMG_4727_crop-400x301.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/IMG_4727_crop-800x603.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/IMG_4727_crop-768x578.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/IMG_4727_crop-1440x1085.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/IMG_4727_crop-1920x1446.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/IMG_4727_crop-1180x889.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/IMG_4727_crop-960x723.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2415px) 100vw, 2415px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Kids play on a grizzly bear sculpture at the California Museum in Sacramento (the grizzly exhibit closed in June). Northrop says his firm’s informal research suggests that many Californians do not realize that the state’s symbol is extinct. \u003ccite>(Craig Miller/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Although there are anywhere from 30,000 to 60,000 black bears in the state, officials aren’t convinced that California could support a sustainable population of the much larger grizzlies, and are concerned about potential impacts on other indigenous species and, of course, conflicts with people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I asked Northrop if he thinks his campaign can make a dent in the fear or indifference among Californians, which could be obstacles as daunting as any science-based objections.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You know what? I’m a dreamer; I certainly hope so. I’ve got a 4-year-old daughter and man, I hope she’s able to experience all she can when it comes to nature and wildlife and the way it’s meant to be here on Earth.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Advocates for re-establishing grizzly bears in California are taking their case directly to the public.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Having been rebuffed by wildlife agencies, the Arizona-based Center for Biological Diversity is \u003ca href=\"http://bringbackthebears.org/#home\">launching a media campaign\u003c/a> to rally support for the idea.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>”The mission, really, is to create some awareness around this issue,” says Ronny Northrop, executive creative director at Gyro, a San Francisco ad agency that hatched the pro bono campaign on behalf of the center, aimed at “restoring a sense of wild, maintaining a sense of wild.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The centerpiece of the campaign is a visually arresting California “bear flag,” without the bear.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is California and here we have this flag with a bear on it that doesn’t even exist and most people don’t know it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This whole tragic irony around this is something that people are gonna respond to,” Northrup speculates. “Like ‘Whoa, I had no idea that the bear on our flag is extinct; that’s pretty messed up.'”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https://player.vimeo.com/video/176226934?byline=0&portrait=0\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https://player.vimeo.com/video/176226743?byline=0&portrait=0\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gyro has produced a series of videos featuring other “iconic” California figures vying for space on the flag: the “yoga mom,” the real estate developer, the cosmetic surgeon, each making their case for why they should be there instead of the grizzly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They’re all just sort of out there and a little bit arrogant, and they’re Californians, you know, like, ‘Hey, it should be me. Of course it should be me, right?’ A little bit narcissistic maybe.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_846602\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 2945px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-846602\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/IMG_4714-1.jpg\" alt=\"Ronny Northrop's team at Gyro created the bear-less flag concept for a campaign to "bring back the bears."\" width=\"2945\" height=\"2096\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/IMG_4714-1.jpg 2945w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/IMG_4714-1-400x285.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/IMG_4714-1-800x569.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/IMG_4714-1-768x547.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/IMG_4714-1-1440x1025.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/IMG_4714-1-1920x1366.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/IMG_4714-1-1180x840.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/IMG_4714-1-960x683.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2945px) 100vw, 2945px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Ronny Northrop’s team at Gyro created the bear-less flag concept for a campaign to “bring back the bears.” \u003ccite>(Craig Miller/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The CBD has gathered a little more than 12,000 names with an \u003ca href=\"http://action.biologicaldiversity.org/p/dia/action3/common/public/?action_KEY=17314\">online petition\u003c/a> that appears to include many supporters from outside California. Its staff is hoping the petition will help convince wildlife agencies to reconsider, though the drive appears to have lost some momentum.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I do think it’s something that with some education, and with further study, something that people could and would rally around,” says Noah Greenwald, endangered species director for CBD.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Nonstarter?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Among those who are aware of the idea, \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2016/05/02/grizzly-bears-are-everywhere-in-california-but-the-woods/\">opinion seems deeply divided\u003c/a>. While CBD’s appeal thus far has been aimed at federal wildlife officials, state wildlife managers would doubtless need to be on board to make it a reality.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are not entertaining the idea of reintroducing grizzly bears to the state,” wrote CDFW spokesperson Jordan Traverso in declining to participate in a KQED Forum program on the topic. “The idea has been a nonstarter for the California Department of Fish and Wildlife.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_728720\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2415px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-728720 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/IMG_4727_crop.jpg\" alt=\"Kids play on a grizzly bear sculpture at the California Museum in Sacramento.\" width=\"2415\" height=\"1819\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/IMG_4727_crop.jpg 2415w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/IMG_4727_crop-400x301.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/IMG_4727_crop-800x603.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/IMG_4727_crop-768x578.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/IMG_4727_crop-1440x1085.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/IMG_4727_crop-1920x1446.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/IMG_4727_crop-1180x889.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/IMG_4727_crop-960x723.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2415px) 100vw, 2415px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Kids play on a grizzly bear sculpture at the California Museum in Sacramento (the grizzly exhibit closed in June). Northrop says his firm’s informal research suggests that many Californians do not realize that the state’s symbol is extinct. \u003ccite>(Craig Miller/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Although there are anywhere from 30,000 to 60,000 black bears in the state, officials aren’t convinced that California could support a sustainable population of the much larger grizzlies, and are concerned about potential impacts on other indigenous species and, of course, conflicts with people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I asked Northrop if he thinks his campaign can make a dent in the fear or indifference among Californians, which could be obstacles as daunting as any science-based objections.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You know what? I’m a dreamer; I certainly hope so. I’ve got a 4-year-old daughter and man, I hope she’s able to experience all she can when it comes to nature and wildlife and the way it’s meant to be here on Earth.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "'Clone Sisters' of Dolly the Sheep Are Alive and Kicking",
"headTitle": "‘Clone Sisters’ of Dolly the Sheep Are Alive and Kicking | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>About four years ago, Kevin Sinclair inherited an army of clones. Very fluffy clones.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Daisy, Debbie, Denise and Diana,” says \u003ca href=\"https://www.nottingham.ac.uk/biosciences/people/kevin.sinclair\">Sinclair\u003c/a>, a developmental biologist at the University of Nottingham in England.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘It provides another boost to those of us who are hoping this technology might someday be useful for conservation.’\u003ccite>Beth Shapiro,UC Santa Cruz evolutionary biologist\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The sheep are just four of 13 clones Sinclair shepherds, but they’re the most famous because of their relation to Dolly, the sheep that made headlines two decades ago as the first successfully cloned mammal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>” ‘Sister clones’ probably best describes them,” Sinclair says. “They actually come from the exactly the same batch of cells that Dolly came from.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Recently, Sinclair and his colleagues celebrated the sister clones’ ninth birthday, which, he explains, would be like the 70\u003csup>th\u003c/sup> birthday of a human. In an article out Tuesday \u003ca href=\"http://nature.com/articles/doi:10.1038/ncomms12359\">in the journal\u003c/a> \u003cem>Nature Communications\u003c/em>, Sinclair and his colleagues write that the ewes’ age, along with their strapping health, might be a reason for people to start feeling more optimistic about what cloning can do.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dolly’s life did not turn out as scientists in the cloning field hoped it would. She died young — six-and-a-half — with a nasty lung virus. “That was really just bad luck,” Sinclair says, and had “nothing to do” with the fact that Dolly was a clone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But she also bad osteoarthritis in her knees and rear hip at a surprisingly early age and the tips of her chromosomes were short — \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1122035/\">both signs\u003c/a> that she’d aged more quickly than a normal sheep.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That sort of threw fuel to the fire and strengthened concerns that clones might be aging prematurely,” says Sinclair. Because clones like Dolly were derived from the cell of an adult animal, the thinking went, her body might be set to an older clock from the start.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was a daunting concept for those in the cloning field, because, says Sinclair, “If you’re going to create these animals, they should be normal in every respect. They should be just as healthy as any other animal that’s conceived naturally. If that is not the case, then it raises serious ethical and welfare concerns about creating these animals in the first place.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But, the good health of the 13 clones in the Nottingham herd suggest better prospects for the procedure. Sinclair and his colleagues evaluated the animals’ blood pressure, metabolism, heart function, muscles and joints, looking for signs of premature aging. They even fattened them up (since obesity is a risk factor for metabolic problems including diabetes) and gave them the standard tests to gauge how their bodies would handle glucose and insulin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The results? Normal, normal, normal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There is nothing to suggest that these animals were anything other than perfectly normal,” says Sinclair. They had slight signs of arthritis (Debbie in particular), but not enough to cause problems. “If I put them in with a bunch of other sheep, you would never be able to identify them,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The scientists haven’t investigated the length of the animals’ chromosome tips, called telomeres. That will have to wait until the animals die, so scientists can get cells from a variety of organs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But \u003ca href=\"http://campusdirectory.ucsc.edu/detail.php?type=people&uid=bashapir\">Beth Shapiro\u003c/a>, an evolutionary biologist at the University of California, Santa Cruz, says the results of this study are already plenty exciting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It provides another boost to those of us who are hoping this technology might someday be useful for conservation,” says Shapiro, who recently \u003ca href=\"http://press.princeton.edu/titles/10415.html\">wrote a book\u003c/a> called \u003cem>How to Clone a Mammoth: The Science of De-Extinction\u003c/em>. She’s one of the scientists interested in cloning endangered animals to keep them from dying off, and also hopes to – maybe — rescue species that have already gone extinct.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, if biologists noticed that the population of an important species was plummeting toward extinction, and that its absence would likely cause a cascade of changes to the ecosystem, the researchers might consider cloning the animals to help boost the population back up to sustainable numbers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This science is showing us [that] if we can get by what we know is the trickiest and least efficient part of this process, then the clones that are born are, in essence, just like anything else that’s alive — perfectly healthy and perfectly capable of living to old age,” says Shapiro.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As for the sheep clones in his care, Sinclair says “they will continue to lead normal sheep lives.” Once they reach the ripe old age of about 10, they’ll be euthanized and the researchers will do a detailed post-mortem analysis of their bodies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=%27Clone+Sisters%27+Of+Dolly+The+Sheep+Are+Alive+And+Kicking&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Dolly, the first cloned mammal, had early arthritis and died young, raising concerns that clones age prematurely. But a study confirms the sheep's four sister clones are healthy and aging well.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>About four years ago, Kevin Sinclair inherited an army of clones. Very fluffy clones.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Daisy, Debbie, Denise and Diana,” says \u003ca href=\"https://www.nottingham.ac.uk/biosciences/people/kevin.sinclair\">Sinclair\u003c/a>, a developmental biologist at the University of Nottingham in England.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘It provides another boost to those of us who are hoping this technology might someday be useful for conservation.’\u003ccite>Beth Shapiro,UC Santa Cruz evolutionary biologist\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The sheep are just four of 13 clones Sinclair shepherds, but they’re the most famous because of their relation to Dolly, the sheep that made headlines two decades ago as the first successfully cloned mammal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>” ‘Sister clones’ probably best describes them,” Sinclair says. “They actually come from the exactly the same batch of cells that Dolly came from.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Recently, Sinclair and his colleagues celebrated the sister clones’ ninth birthday, which, he explains, would be like the 70\u003csup>th\u003c/sup> birthday of a human. In an article out Tuesday \u003ca href=\"http://nature.com/articles/doi:10.1038/ncomms12359\">in the journal\u003c/a> \u003cem>Nature Communications\u003c/em>, Sinclair and his colleagues write that the ewes’ age, along with their strapping health, might be a reason for people to start feeling more optimistic about what cloning can do.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dolly’s life did not turn out as scientists in the cloning field hoped it would. She died young — six-and-a-half — with a nasty lung virus. “That was really just bad luck,” Sinclair says, and had “nothing to do” with the fact that Dolly was a clone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But she also bad osteoarthritis in her knees and rear hip at a surprisingly early age and the tips of her chromosomes were short — \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1122035/\">both signs\u003c/a> that she’d aged more quickly than a normal sheep.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That sort of threw fuel to the fire and strengthened concerns that clones might be aging prematurely,” says Sinclair. Because clones like Dolly were derived from the cell of an adult animal, the thinking went, her body might be set to an older clock from the start.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was a daunting concept for those in the cloning field, because, says Sinclair, “If you’re going to create these animals, they should be normal in every respect. They should be just as healthy as any other animal that’s conceived naturally. If that is not the case, then it raises serious ethical and welfare concerns about creating these animals in the first place.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But, the good health of the 13 clones in the Nottingham herd suggest better prospects for the procedure. Sinclair and his colleagues evaluated the animals’ blood pressure, metabolism, heart function, muscles and joints, looking for signs of premature aging. They even fattened them up (since obesity is a risk factor for metabolic problems including diabetes) and gave them the standard tests to gauge how their bodies would handle glucose and insulin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The results? Normal, normal, normal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There is nothing to suggest that these animals were anything other than perfectly normal,” says Sinclair. They had slight signs of arthritis (Debbie in particular), but not enough to cause problems. “If I put them in with a bunch of other sheep, you would never be able to identify them,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The scientists haven’t investigated the length of the animals’ chromosome tips, called telomeres. That will have to wait until the animals die, so scientists can get cells from a variety of organs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But \u003ca href=\"http://campusdirectory.ucsc.edu/detail.php?type=people&uid=bashapir\">Beth Shapiro\u003c/a>, an evolutionary biologist at the University of California, Santa Cruz, says the results of this study are already plenty exciting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It provides another boost to those of us who are hoping this technology might someday be useful for conservation,” says Shapiro, who recently \u003ca href=\"http://press.princeton.edu/titles/10415.html\">wrote a book\u003c/a> called \u003cem>How to Clone a Mammoth: The Science of De-Extinction\u003c/em>. She’s one of the scientists interested in cloning endangered animals to keep them from dying off, and also hopes to – maybe — rescue species that have already gone extinct.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, if biologists noticed that the population of an important species was plummeting toward extinction, and that its absence would likely cause a cascade of changes to the ecosystem, the researchers might consider cloning the animals to help boost the population back up to sustainable numbers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This science is showing us [that] if we can get by what we know is the trickiest and least efficient part of this process, then the clones that are born are, in essence, just like anything else that’s alive — perfectly healthy and perfectly capable of living to old age,” says Shapiro.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As for the sheep clones in his care, Sinclair says “they will continue to lead normal sheep lives.” Once they reach the ripe old age of about 10, they’ll be euthanized and the researchers will do a detailed post-mortem analysis of their bodies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=%27Clone+Sisters%27+Of+Dolly+The+Sheep+Are+Alive+And+Kicking&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Measuring Californians' Daily Water Footprint",
"headTitle": "Measuring Californians’ Daily Water Footprint | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>In California we commonly debate how much water is used by agriculture, the environment, industry and urban users. We talk about water in terms of acre-feet and entire sectors. But we spend less time thinking about water on the individual level.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California’s water conservation mandate helped bring this back into focus, at least for a time. But the information on water usage provided by water utilities on our monthly bills is only a small part of how much water we really use.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">The average American consumes about 2,220 gallons of water per day.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>If you want to get a better sense of your water usage there is an online tool, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.watercalculator.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Water Footprint Calculator\u003c/a>, developed by \u003ca href=\"http://www.gracelinks.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">GRACE Communications Foundation\u003c/a>. The calculator walks you through how much water you use in your home and yard, but also how much is related to the energy you use, how much you drive, how much you shop, how much you recycle and the food you (and your pets) eat. If you take all those things into consideration, it turns out the average American consumes about 2,220 gallons (over 8,300 liters) of water per day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There has to at least be the first step with education and I think the California drought has really brought that home in terms of how much water goes into producing just about everything,” said Kai Olson-Sawyer, senior research and policy analyst at GRACE Communications Foundation. “We do have to think about these things. It’s the kind of stuff that shifts markets and makes producers take note.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the biggest areas that impacts water usage is the food we eat, and meat tops the list. “It doesn’t matter whether that’s a water footprint or carbon footprint – it just takes a lot of resources [to produce meat],” he said. “There are studies lately, if you look at \u003ca href=\"http://www.meatlessmonday.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Meatless Monday\u003c/a>, just taking one day off of eating meat can have a pretty significant impact. Obviously the less you eat, the greater the reduction in environmental impact.” His organization’s research has found that a pound of beef takes 1,800 gallons of water (over 6,800 liters) – this includes the water needed for the animal’s food (much of it corn and soy) and drinking, as well as cleaning and processing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the past few years there has been a flurry of stories in the media highlighting how much water it takes to grow almonds, with \u003ca href=\"http://www.motherjones.com/environment/2014/02/wheres-californias-water-going\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">one figure\u003c/a> coming in at just over one gallon of water (over 3.5 liters) per almond. Some people were outraged, others surprised, but understanding the water footprint of our food is not common knowledge. GRACE Communications Foundation calculated the amount water in a typical lunch. A cheese sandwich is 56 gallons (210 liters) of water and a bag of potato chips 12 gallons (45 liters). Put turkey on that sandwich and you’re looking at another 160 gallons (600 liters). If you want a soda it’s 46 more gallons (174 liters).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When it comes to meat production, we can either eat less of it or produce it in more efficient ways (or both). Irrigation of feed crops can be improved and better soil health can hold more moisture. Pasture-raised animals can also help with building soil quality, said Olson-Sawyer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And nowhere is this more important than California. “California is critical when it comes to water because it produces so much of our food,” he said. “One of the things we like to say is ‘California’s drought is America’s drought.’ Really, what happens with California agriculture matters to the rest of the U.S.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Farmers can save water through efficiency technology and conservation. “There is the whole notion of more crop per drop and using water as productively as possible,” said Olson-Sawyer. “Most farmers are getting on board with that but they can be encouraged to use more efficient irrigation systems. However, not all high-efficiency irrigation works in every case, so it is going to be a case-by-case basis.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The water footprint of food isn’t just a production issue for farmers, but it extends to consumers as well, and we can all help by reducing food waste. A recent \u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/op-eds/2016/04/07/why-food-waste-means-water-waste\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">report\u003c/a> found that wasted food accounts for 21 percent of our freshwater use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When we think about water conservation, we should also think about energy conservation, too, said Olson-Sawyer. Research from the University of California, Davis found big energy savings from California’s water conservation mandate. By cutting water use between June 2015 and February 2016, Californians saved enough energy to power \u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/articles/2016/06/08/water-conservation-saves-energy-in-california\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">135,000 homes for a year\u003c/a> and the greenhouse gas equivalent of removing 50,000 cars from the road for a year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you conserve water you’re conserving energy,” said Olson-Sawyer. “You have to look at things more comprehensively.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While issues such as drought and climate change are big, there are smaller ways they can be approached. “Focus on what you can do and connect it to a larger movement or bigger collective action,” said Olson-Sawyer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This article originally appeared on \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://mail.kqed.org/owa/redir.aspx?C=9e4bb0e1a7d74f24ba4684ef2533053d&URL=https%3a%2f%2fwww.newsdeeply.com%2fwater\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Water Deeply\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, and you can find it \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/articles/2016/07/25/the-water-footprint-of-our-everyday-lives\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">here\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. For important news about the California drought, you can \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://mail.kqed.org/owa/redir.aspx?C=9e4bb0e1a7d74f24ba4684ef2533053d&URL=http%3a%2f%2fwaterdeeply.us5.list-manage.com%2fsubscribe%3fu%3d8b78e9a34ff7443ec1e8c62c6%26id%3d2947becb78\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">sign up\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> to the Water Deeply email list.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>In California we commonly debate how much water is used by agriculture, the environment, industry and urban users. We talk about water in terms of acre-feet and entire sectors. But we spend less time thinking about water on the individual level.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California’s water conservation mandate helped bring this back into focus, at least for a time. But the information on water usage provided by water utilities on our monthly bills is only a small part of how much water we really use.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">The average American consumes about 2,220 gallons of water per day.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>If you want to get a better sense of your water usage there is an online tool, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.watercalculator.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Water Footprint Calculator\u003c/a>, developed by \u003ca href=\"http://www.gracelinks.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">GRACE Communications Foundation\u003c/a>. The calculator walks you through how much water you use in your home and yard, but also how much is related to the energy you use, how much you drive, how much you shop, how much you recycle and the food you (and your pets) eat. If you take all those things into consideration, it turns out the average American consumes about 2,220 gallons (over 8,300 liters) of water per day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There has to at least be the first step with education and I think the California drought has really brought that home in terms of how much water goes into producing just about everything,” said Kai Olson-Sawyer, senior research and policy analyst at GRACE Communications Foundation. “We do have to think about these things. It’s the kind of stuff that shifts markets and makes producers take note.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the biggest areas that impacts water usage is the food we eat, and meat tops the list. “It doesn’t matter whether that’s a water footprint or carbon footprint – it just takes a lot of resources [to produce meat],” he said. “There are studies lately, if you look at \u003ca href=\"http://www.meatlessmonday.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Meatless Monday\u003c/a>, just taking one day off of eating meat can have a pretty significant impact. Obviously the less you eat, the greater the reduction in environmental impact.” His organization’s research has found that a pound of beef takes 1,800 gallons of water (over 6,800 liters) – this includes the water needed for the animal’s food (much of it corn and soy) and drinking, as well as cleaning and processing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the past few years there has been a flurry of stories in the media highlighting how much water it takes to grow almonds, with \u003ca href=\"http://www.motherjones.com/environment/2014/02/wheres-californias-water-going\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">one figure\u003c/a> coming in at just over one gallon of water (over 3.5 liters) per almond. Some people were outraged, others surprised, but understanding the water footprint of our food is not common knowledge. GRACE Communications Foundation calculated the amount water in a typical lunch. A cheese sandwich is 56 gallons (210 liters) of water and a bag of potato chips 12 gallons (45 liters). Put turkey on that sandwich and you’re looking at another 160 gallons (600 liters). If you want a soda it’s 46 more gallons (174 liters).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When it comes to meat production, we can either eat less of it or produce it in more efficient ways (or both). Irrigation of feed crops can be improved and better soil health can hold more moisture. Pasture-raised animals can also help with building soil quality, said Olson-Sawyer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And nowhere is this more important than California. “California is critical when it comes to water because it produces so much of our food,” he said. “One of the things we like to say is ‘California’s drought is America’s drought.’ Really, what happens with California agriculture matters to the rest of the U.S.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Farmers can save water through efficiency technology and conservation. “There is the whole notion of more crop per drop and using water as productively as possible,” said Olson-Sawyer. “Most farmers are getting on board with that but they can be encouraged to use more efficient irrigation systems. However, not all high-efficiency irrigation works in every case, so it is going to be a case-by-case basis.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The water footprint of food isn’t just a production issue for farmers, but it extends to consumers as well, and we can all help by reducing food waste. A recent \u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/op-eds/2016/04/07/why-food-waste-means-water-waste\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">report\u003c/a> found that wasted food accounts for 21 percent of our freshwater use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When we think about water conservation, we should also think about energy conservation, too, said Olson-Sawyer. Research from the University of California, Davis found big energy savings from California’s water conservation mandate. By cutting water use between June 2015 and February 2016, Californians saved enough energy to power \u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/articles/2016/06/08/water-conservation-saves-energy-in-california\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">135,000 homes for a year\u003c/a> and the greenhouse gas equivalent of removing 50,000 cars from the road for a year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you conserve water you’re conserving energy,” said Olson-Sawyer. “You have to look at things more comprehensively.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While issues such as drought and climate change are big, there are smaller ways they can be approached. “Focus on what you can do and connect it to a larger movement or bigger collective action,” said Olson-Sawyer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This article originally appeared on \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://mail.kqed.org/owa/redir.aspx?C=9e4bb0e1a7d74f24ba4684ef2533053d&URL=https%3a%2f%2fwww.newsdeeply.com%2fwater\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Water Deeply\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, and you can find it \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/articles/2016/07/25/the-water-footprint-of-our-everyday-lives\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">here\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. For important news about the California drought, you can \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://mail.kqed.org/owa/redir.aspx?C=9e4bb0e1a7d74f24ba4684ef2533053d&URL=http%3a%2f%2fwaterdeeply.us5.list-manage.com%2fsubscribe%3fu%3d8b78e9a34ff7443ec1e8c62c6%26id%3d2947becb78\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">sign up\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> to the Water Deeply email list.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "About That $17 Billion Water Project: Delta Tunnels 101",
"headTitle": "About That $17 Billion Water Project: Delta Tunnels 101 | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>This week, Governor Jerry Brown’s controversial water project is back in the public eye. State officials are launching a marathon series of hearings for the “twin tunnels,” as they’re known, that will ultimately decide the fate of the project.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What are the Delta water tunnels?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They’re two, 30-mile water tunnels that would be built in the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta, east of the San Francisco Bay Area. Each tunnel would be 40 feet in diameter, larger than the tunnels that carry BART trains under San Francisco Bay. The project, dubbed “\u003ca href=\"https://www.californiawaterfix.com/\">California WaterFix\u003c/a>,” would be buried 150 feet below ground.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What’s the California Delta, again?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s a \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/delta-map/\">huge, inland estuary\u003c/a> where Northern California’s major rivers converge before the water flows out to San Francisco Bay. It used to be mostly wetlands and marshes, but much of the land was converted to farming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Who would get water from the tunnels?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The tunnels would be part of the state’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.water.ca.gov/swp/\">major water system\u003c/a> that serves about 25 million Californians, from the Bay Area to San Diego. Built more than 50 years ago, the network of reservoirs, canals and aqueducts stretches hundreds of miles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s designed to fix \u003ca href=\"https://californiawaterblog.com/2016/06/19/california-water-made-simple/\">a tricky problem\u003c/a> that state planners ran into a century ago. Most of the rain and snow falls in Northern California, but most of the state’s population (and many farms) reside in Central and Southern California.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>Proposed Route of Delta Water Tunnels\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Huge underground project would divert water from the Sacramento River for export to Central and Southern California.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"sharedaddy show-for-medium-up\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-868011\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Delta_Desktop.png\" alt=\"Delta_Desktop\" width=\"1275\" height=\"1310\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Delta_Desktop.png 1275w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Delta_Desktop-400x411.png 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Delta_Desktop-800x822.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Delta_Desktop-768x789.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Delta_Desktop-1180x1212.png 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Delta_Desktop-960x986.png 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Delta_Desktop-32x32.png 32w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Delta_Desktop-50x50.png 50w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1275px) 100vw, 1275px\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv class=\"show-for-small-only\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-868012\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Delta_Mobile.png\" alt=\"Delta_Mobile\" width=\"750\" height=\"1334\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Delta_Mobile.png 750w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Delta_Mobile-400x711.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 750px) 100vw, 750px\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Why Does the Brown Administration want to build them?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The recent drought may have brought water battles to the forefront, but those battles are a perennial feature of California politics. That’s because the central hub of this water system, the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta, is in bad shape.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water is drawn from the Delta by two massive pumping facilities that can move millions of gallon per minute. They’re so powerful that they’ve been shown to entrap endangered fish, like Chinook salmon and Delta smelt. When those species are at greatest risk, regulations require slowing down the pumps, potentially limiting how much water reaches cities and farms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The twin tunnels would take water from farther north near the Sacramento River, and deliver it to the pumping facilities. State officials say that would make the water system more reliable, because the pumps would be used less, avoiding the impacts on endangered species.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How much would the tunnels cost and who would pay for them?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They aren’t cheap. Construction could cost $14.9 billion. Add in mitigation costs for construction impacts, operations and maintenance and the tab runs to about $17 billion over 50 years — and that doesn’t count paying off the bonds that would finance the project.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ostensibly, it would be paid for by the water agencies that get the water, including urban water districts in the southern Bay Area and Southern California, as well as agricultural water districts in the Central Valley. Those agencies would have to raise water rates or possibly property taxes to cover the cost.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Who is against building the tunnels?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A lot of people. \u003ca href=\"http://restorethedelta.org/\">Residents\u003c/a> that live in the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta don’t want a major construction project in their backyard and are concerned it could affect their water quality.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some \u003ca href=\"https://www.nrdc.org/experts/doug-obegi/why-nrdc-opposes-bay-delta-conservation-plan\">environmental groups\u003c/a> say the tunnels, as they’re designed now, could make things worse for endangered salmon and other fish as too much fresh water is removed from the ecosystem, though there are other issues as well, like habitat loss and invasive species. Environmentalists say that the tunnels would simply continue the trend of removing too much fresh water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>So how much water will the tunnels take out of the Delta?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hmm, good question. State officials have proposed a range of scenarios. At one end of the range, water users could see more water delivered to them. At the other end, they’d get less, but more would be left in the ecosystem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But here’s the hitch: several of the water agencies that would pay to construct the tunnels have said they can’t justify the costs if there’s a chance they’ll end up with less water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>So, why should I care about this?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.ppic.org/content/pubs/rb/RB_211EHRB.pdf\">water problems aren’t going away\u003c/a>. There will be more droughts, more conservation rules and more challenges ahead, especially with climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state’s water system, as ambitious as it was a half-century ago, can’t keep up with current (let alone future) demands. So whether fixing that problem involves massive water tunnels, or simply finding ways to do more with less water, Californians are going to have to do something.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Who will decide if the tunnels get built?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now it’s up to state and federal agencies. The State Water Resources Control Board is beginning hearings to answer two questions: will the tunnels impinge on anyone else’s right to use water and will they harm endangered species? Those hearings could go on for quite a while, maybe until mid-2017.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State and federal wildlife agencies will look at whether the project will harm endangered salmon and Delta smelt, as well as other species. And in their review, they will determine how much water the Delta tunnels can deliver in order to ensure that species don’t go extinct.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That decision could determine whether water agencies are in or out, ultimately deciding the fate of the project. Oh yeah, and the whole thing is likely to end up in court, no matter what the decision.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What about a public vote? There’s a November ballot measure that would require votes for big infrastructure projects.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>True. If passed, Proposition 53 would require a public vote on projects backed by state-issued revenue bonds over $2 billion, including this one.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If the bonds to pay for the tunnels are issued by the water agencies, not the state, then a public vote might not be required under Prop 53. But some analysts say the individual agencies, even banding together, would have a tough time floating bonds for the project on their own.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>This week, Governor Jerry Brown’s controversial water project is back in the public eye. State officials are launching a marathon series of hearings for the “twin tunnels,” as they’re known, that will ultimately decide the fate of the project.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What are the Delta water tunnels?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They’re two, 30-mile water tunnels that would be built in the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta, east of the San Francisco Bay Area. Each tunnel would be 40 feet in diameter, larger than the tunnels that carry BART trains under San Francisco Bay. The project, dubbed “\u003ca href=\"https://www.californiawaterfix.com/\">California WaterFix\u003c/a>,” would be buried 150 feet below ground.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What’s the California Delta, again?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s a \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/delta-map/\">huge, inland estuary\u003c/a> where Northern California’s major rivers converge before the water flows out to San Francisco Bay. It used to be mostly wetlands and marshes, but much of the land was converted to farming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Who would get water from the tunnels?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The tunnels would be part of the state’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.water.ca.gov/swp/\">major water system\u003c/a> that serves about 25 million Californians, from the Bay Area to San Diego. Built more than 50 years ago, the network of reservoirs, canals and aqueducts stretches hundreds of miles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s designed to fix \u003ca href=\"https://californiawaterblog.com/2016/06/19/california-water-made-simple/\">a tricky problem\u003c/a> that state planners ran into a century ago. Most of the rain and snow falls in Northern California, but most of the state’s population (and many farms) reside in Central and Southern California.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>Proposed Route of Delta Water Tunnels\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Huge underground project would divert water from the Sacramento River for export to Central and Southern California.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"sharedaddy show-for-medium-up\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-868011\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Delta_Desktop.png\" alt=\"Delta_Desktop\" width=\"1275\" height=\"1310\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Delta_Desktop.png 1275w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Delta_Desktop-400x411.png 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Delta_Desktop-800x822.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Delta_Desktop-768x789.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Delta_Desktop-1180x1212.png 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Delta_Desktop-960x986.png 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Delta_Desktop-32x32.png 32w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Delta_Desktop-50x50.png 50w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1275px) 100vw, 1275px\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv class=\"show-for-small-only\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-868012\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Delta_Mobile.png\" alt=\"Delta_Mobile\" width=\"750\" height=\"1334\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Delta_Mobile.png 750w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Delta_Mobile-400x711.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 750px) 100vw, 750px\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Why Does the Brown Administration want to build them?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The recent drought may have brought water battles to the forefront, but those battles are a perennial feature of California politics. That’s because the central hub of this water system, the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta, is in bad shape.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water is drawn from the Delta by two massive pumping facilities that can move millions of gallon per minute. They’re so powerful that they’ve been shown to entrap endangered fish, like Chinook salmon and Delta smelt. When those species are at greatest risk, regulations require slowing down the pumps, potentially limiting how much water reaches cities and farms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The twin tunnels would take water from farther north near the Sacramento River, and deliver it to the pumping facilities. State officials say that would make the water system more reliable, because the pumps would be used less, avoiding the impacts on endangered species.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How much would the tunnels cost and who would pay for them?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They aren’t cheap. Construction could cost $14.9 billion. Add in mitigation costs for construction impacts, operations and maintenance and the tab runs to about $17 billion over 50 years — and that doesn’t count paying off the bonds that would finance the project.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ostensibly, it would be paid for by the water agencies that get the water, including urban water districts in the southern Bay Area and Southern California, as well as agricultural water districts in the Central Valley. Those agencies would have to raise water rates or possibly property taxes to cover the cost.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Who is against building the tunnels?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A lot of people. \u003ca href=\"http://restorethedelta.org/\">Residents\u003c/a> that live in the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta don’t want a major construction project in their backyard and are concerned it could affect their water quality.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some \u003ca href=\"https://www.nrdc.org/experts/doug-obegi/why-nrdc-opposes-bay-delta-conservation-plan\">environmental groups\u003c/a> say the tunnels, as they’re designed now, could make things worse for endangered salmon and other fish as too much fresh water is removed from the ecosystem, though there are other issues as well, like habitat loss and invasive species. Environmentalists say that the tunnels would simply continue the trend of removing too much fresh water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>So how much water will the tunnels take out of the Delta?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hmm, good question. State officials have proposed a range of scenarios. At one end of the range, water users could see more water delivered to them. At the other end, they’d get less, but more would be left in the ecosystem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But here’s the hitch: several of the water agencies that would pay to construct the tunnels have said they can’t justify the costs if there’s a chance they’ll end up with less water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>So, why should I care about this?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.ppic.org/content/pubs/rb/RB_211EHRB.pdf\">water problems aren’t going away\u003c/a>. There will be more droughts, more conservation rules and more challenges ahead, especially with climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state’s water system, as ambitious as it was a half-century ago, can’t keep up with current (let alone future) demands. So whether fixing that problem involves massive water tunnels, or simply finding ways to do more with less water, Californians are going to have to do something.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Who will decide if the tunnels get built?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now it’s up to state and federal agencies. The State Water Resources Control Board is beginning hearings to answer two questions: will the tunnels impinge on anyone else’s right to use water and will they harm endangered species? Those hearings could go on for quite a while, maybe until mid-2017.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State and federal wildlife agencies will look at whether the project will harm endangered salmon and Delta smelt, as well as other species. And in their review, they will determine how much water the Delta tunnels can deliver in order to ensure that species don’t go extinct.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That decision could determine whether water agencies are in or out, ultimately deciding the fate of the project. Oh yeah, and the whole thing is likely to end up in court, no matter what the decision.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What about a public vote? There’s a November ballot measure that would require votes for big infrastructure projects.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>True. If passed, Proposition 53 would require a public vote on projects backed by state-issued revenue bonds over $2 billion, including this one.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If the bonds to pay for the tunnels are issued by the water agencies, not the state, then a public vote might not be required under Prop 53. But some analysts say the individual agencies, even banding together, would have a tough time floating bonds for the project on their own.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Finally! NASA’s Mars 2020 Rover Will Look for Life on the Red Planet",
"headTitle": "Finally! NASA’s Mars 2020 Rover Will Look for Life on the Red Planet | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>NASA’s next robot to crawl across the surface of Mars — the Mars 2020 rover — recently crossed a \u003ca href=\"http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=6569&utm_source=iContact&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=NASAJPL&utm_content=daily20160715-2\">major milestone\u003c/a> when it received approval to launch in the summer of 2020, for a February 2021 landing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like its predecessor \u003ca href=\"http://mars.nasa.gov/msl/\">Curiosity\u003c/a>, which is currently exploring the slopes of Mount Sharp in Gale Crater, \u003ca href=\"http://mars.nasa.gov/mars2020/\">Mars 2020\u003c/a> is a six-wheeled nuclear-powered rover that will land on Mars using a rocket-driven “sky crane” system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unlike Curiosity, whose mission is to assess Mars’ past geologic history and the role water played in it, Mars 2020 is focused on a search for that thing we’ve all been waiting to hear news of: actual signs of past Martian life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_860395\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-860395\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/roverinstruments.jpg\" alt=\"Illustration showing the suite of scientific instruments carried by the Mars 2020 rover.\" width=\"1024\" height=\"576\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/roverinstruments.jpg 1024w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/roverinstruments-400x225.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/roverinstruments-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/roverinstruments-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/roverinstruments-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Illustration showing the suite of scientific instruments carried by the Mars 2020 rover. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-CalTech)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>New Chances of Finding Signs of Martian Life?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Searching for evidence of life on Mars is not unlike prospecting for gold: it’s not easy to find, but you improve your chances of success by choosing the right region to explore, and then deciding the best spots to dig in. Just like a skilled prospector using eyes, ears, nose, tongue and all the experience earned on earlier expeditions, Mars 2020 is designed to maximize the chance of hitting pay dirt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though it will be deposited on the Martian surface using the same rocket-powered “sky crane” as Curiosity, improvements in operational technique and equipment will allow Mars 2020 to set down with about twice the precision.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This opens up a much wider variety of terrains where it may land in relative safety. And if there’s one thing that missions to Mars have shown us over the past forty years, it’s that the most interesting places to explore are some of the most challenging to negotiate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_860397\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-860397\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/skycrane.jpg\" alt='Mars 2020 and Curiosity both employ a rocket-driven \"sky crane\" system to land on Mars. ' width=\"1024\" height=\"575\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/skycrane.jpg 1024w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/skycrane-400x225.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/skycrane-800x449.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/skycrane-768x431.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/skycrane-960x539.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mars 2020 and Curiosity both employ a rocket-driven “sky crane” system to land on Mars. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-CalTech)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Once on the ground, Mars 2020 will use a suite of advanced instruments. A high-resolution imager and spectroscopic analyzers will record chemistry and physical structures at a distance. This allows scientists back on Earth to make more educated decisions on where to send the rover for close-up inspection and digging.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like Curiosity, Mars 2020 will be able to collect and analyze rock and soil samples in its small on-board laboratory. However its onboard equipment is designed to look for residues of life activity, not just water action.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition, Mars 2020 carries airtight tubes to store rock and soil samples. Up to thirty of these containers will be deposited at designated locations for future possible missions to collect and return to Earth for full laboratory analysis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mars 2020 also carries weather-measuring instruments, a rock-coring drill, and a feature never before used on another planet: ground-penetrating radar that will let it analyze sub-surface geologic structures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_860396\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-860396\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/laserspec.jpg\" alt=\"Illustration of the Mars 2020 rover using its remote analysis laser/spectroscope system to study rock chemistry. \" width=\"1024\" height=\"687\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/laserspec.jpg 1024w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/laserspec-400x268.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/laserspec-800x537.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/laserspec-768x515.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/laserspec-960x644.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Illustration of the Mars 2020 rover using its remote analysis laser/spectroscope system to study rock chemistry. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-CalTech)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The hopeful child in me envisions an opening scene from Jurassic Park, when ground-penetrating sonic vibrations were used to produce a sonogram of a dinosaur skeleton…though the adult in me says that’s way too much to expect!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mars 2020 will also put an ear to the Martian environment, using a microphone system to record sounds from Mars’ surface, something we’ve never done before. The 2008 \u003ca href=\"http://phoenix.lpl.arizona.edu/index.php\">Phoenix \u003c/a>lander was intended to capture sounds during the probe’s descent, but the microphone was never enabled due to landing safety concerns.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Why Is the Search for Martian Life Taking So Long?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>2021 seems like a long time to wait, especially since the Mars 2020 mission will be focused on looking for life-signs on an alien world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it’s important to keep in mind that exploring a distant world via remote control is not an easy thing to do. Each mission peels off another layer of Martian mystery, and gives us more information to use in deciding where to send the next mission, and what to look for when it gets there. This process takes time, especially considering that launch windows to Mars occur only every two years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Put into perspective, within my own lifetime we’ve gone from knowing practically nothing about Mars to understanding our neighbor as perhaps a previously Earthlike planet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A life-friendly environment means there may have been plenty of opportunities for little Martian microbes to show up and thrive. And, the hopeful child and sober adult in me both expect, within my lifetime we’ll find them.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>NASA’s next robot to crawl across the surface of Mars — the Mars 2020 rover — recently crossed a \u003ca href=\"http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=6569&utm_source=iContact&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=NASAJPL&utm_content=daily20160715-2\">major milestone\u003c/a> when it received approval to launch in the summer of 2020, for a February 2021 landing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like its predecessor \u003ca href=\"http://mars.nasa.gov/msl/\">Curiosity\u003c/a>, which is currently exploring the slopes of Mount Sharp in Gale Crater, \u003ca href=\"http://mars.nasa.gov/mars2020/\">Mars 2020\u003c/a> is a six-wheeled nuclear-powered rover that will land on Mars using a rocket-driven “sky crane” system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unlike Curiosity, whose mission is to assess Mars’ past geologic history and the role water played in it, Mars 2020 is focused on a search for that thing we’ve all been waiting to hear news of: actual signs of past Martian life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_860395\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-860395\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/roverinstruments.jpg\" alt=\"Illustration showing the suite of scientific instruments carried by the Mars 2020 rover.\" width=\"1024\" height=\"576\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/roverinstruments.jpg 1024w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/roverinstruments-400x225.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/roverinstruments-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/roverinstruments-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/roverinstruments-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Illustration showing the suite of scientific instruments carried by the Mars 2020 rover. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-CalTech)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>New Chances of Finding Signs of Martian Life?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Searching for evidence of life on Mars is not unlike prospecting for gold: it’s not easy to find, but you improve your chances of success by choosing the right region to explore, and then deciding the best spots to dig in. Just like a skilled prospector using eyes, ears, nose, tongue and all the experience earned on earlier expeditions, Mars 2020 is designed to maximize the chance of hitting pay dirt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though it will be deposited on the Martian surface using the same rocket-powered “sky crane” as Curiosity, improvements in operational technique and equipment will allow Mars 2020 to set down with about twice the precision.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This opens up a much wider variety of terrains where it may land in relative safety. And if there’s one thing that missions to Mars have shown us over the past forty years, it’s that the most interesting places to explore are some of the most challenging to negotiate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_860397\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-860397\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/skycrane.jpg\" alt='Mars 2020 and Curiosity both employ a rocket-driven \"sky crane\" system to land on Mars. ' width=\"1024\" height=\"575\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/skycrane.jpg 1024w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/skycrane-400x225.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/skycrane-800x449.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/skycrane-768x431.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/skycrane-960x539.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mars 2020 and Curiosity both employ a rocket-driven “sky crane” system to land on Mars. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-CalTech)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Once on the ground, Mars 2020 will use a suite of advanced instruments. A high-resolution imager and spectroscopic analyzers will record chemistry and physical structures at a distance. This allows scientists back on Earth to make more educated decisions on where to send the rover for close-up inspection and digging.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like Curiosity, Mars 2020 will be able to collect and analyze rock and soil samples in its small on-board laboratory. However its onboard equipment is designed to look for residues of life activity, not just water action.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition, Mars 2020 carries airtight tubes to store rock and soil samples. Up to thirty of these containers will be deposited at designated locations for future possible missions to collect and return to Earth for full laboratory analysis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mars 2020 also carries weather-measuring instruments, a rock-coring drill, and a feature never before used on another planet: ground-penetrating radar that will let it analyze sub-surface geologic structures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_860396\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-860396\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/laserspec.jpg\" alt=\"Illustration of the Mars 2020 rover using its remote analysis laser/spectroscope system to study rock chemistry. \" width=\"1024\" height=\"687\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/laserspec.jpg 1024w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/laserspec-400x268.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/laserspec-800x537.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/laserspec-768x515.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/laserspec-960x644.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Illustration of the Mars 2020 rover using its remote analysis laser/spectroscope system to study rock chemistry. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-CalTech)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The hopeful child in me envisions an opening scene from Jurassic Park, when ground-penetrating sonic vibrations were used to produce a sonogram of a dinosaur skeleton…though the adult in me says that’s way too much to expect!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mars 2020 will also put an ear to the Martian environment, using a microphone system to record sounds from Mars’ surface, something we’ve never done before. The 2008 \u003ca href=\"http://phoenix.lpl.arizona.edu/index.php\">Phoenix \u003c/a>lander was intended to capture sounds during the probe’s descent, but the microphone was never enabled due to landing safety concerns.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Why Is the Search for Martian Life Taking So Long?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>2021 seems like a long time to wait, especially since the Mars 2020 mission will be focused on looking for life-signs on an alien world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it’s important to keep in mind that exploring a distant world via remote control is not an easy thing to do. Each mission peels off another layer of Martian mystery, and gives us more information to use in deciding where to send the next mission, and what to look for when it gets there. This process takes time, especially considering that launch windows to Mars occur only every two years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Put into perspective, within my own lifetime we’ve gone from knowing practically nothing about Mars to understanding our neighbor as perhaps a previously Earthlike planet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A life-friendly environment means there may have been plenty of opportunities for little Martian microbes to show up and thrive. And, the hopeful child and sober adult in me both expect, within my lifetime we’ll find them.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"soldout": {
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"title": "SOLD OUT: Rethinking Housing in America",
"tagline": "A new future for housing",
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