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"content": "\u003cp>One thing the drought has brought to wider attention is the role of so-called atmospheric rivers in the state’s weather and water supply.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An \u003ca href=\"http://www.esrl.noaa.gov/psd/atmrivers/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">atmospheric river\u003c/a> is a narrow band of high-speed wind that sweeps across the Pacific Ocean, often dragging vast amounts of tropical moisture with it. Sometimes dubbed a “horizontal hurricane,” just a handful of these storms can bring California half of its annual rainfall every year. Indeed, an absence of very wet atmospheric rivers over the past few years is one reason California has experienced such a severe drought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Atmospheric rivers are also responsible for the state’s worst flooding events.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Their influence on water supply and flood risk depends largely on where they make landfall, and for how long. But until recently, very little research has been devoted to understanding atmospheric rivers. These storms can lash around like an uncontrolled fire hose, and the mechanisms responsible for that behavior have been poorly understood.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Marty Ralph is working to change this. For years, he focused his research efforts on atmospheric rivers while chief of the Water Cycle Branch at the NOAA’s Earth System Research Laboratory in Boulder, Colorado. Last year, he moved to the Scripps Institution of Oceanography at U.C. San Diego, where he helped launch the \u003ca href=\"http://cw3e.ucsd.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">Center for Western Weather and Water Extremes\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new center focuses largely on understanding and predicting atmospheric rivers. A few weeks ago, it received a $3 million allocation in the new state budget to take this work further. Water Deeply recently spoke with Ralph about this program.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: What’s the idea behind this research program?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s2\">Marty Ralph: The idea behind the program emerged when I moved from NOAA to the Scripps Institution of Oceanography. I set out to create a center of excellence on storms that are important to the Western U.S. And we’ve created this Center for Western Weather and Water Extremes, \u003cspan class=\"s3\">CW3E\u003c/span>. What we’re doing is bringing a focus to meteorological science and applications that are really focused on Western U.S. issues, and we’re starting with atmospheric rivers in California as the key player.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cspan class=\"s2\">Water Deeply: Why is this so important to California?\u003c/span>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s2\">Ralph: The really fundamental idea is that California has unique information needs to support its decision-making on water, whether it’s for flood control or water supply. The type of weather that is key to those decisions is these atmospheric river type storms. These provide about 30–50 percent of the state’s water supply each year, in Northern California especially. And that happens in just a handful of days \u003c/span>– maybe 10 days on average – each storm being on the order of one day long. They produce the lion’s share of the water supply, and really the variability on the annual water supply really hinges on the number of atmospheric river events, rather than how strong they are.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s2\">An analysis showed 85 percent of the variability from year to year in annual precipitation in the Sacramento River basin was due to variations in the top 5 percent wettest days of the year. Those top 5 percent wettest days are mostly atmospheric river events. So there’s a seasonal role. There’s also a hazard, too. Somewhere between 80 and 90 percent of the major river flood events happen as a result of landfalling atmospheric rivers.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cspan class=\"s2\">Water Deeply: How will this new $3 million in funding from the state of California be useful?\u003c/span>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s2\">Ralph: It will help us establish a weather prediction model that’s tailored to the atmospheric river problem and the extreme precipitation that’s associated with it. For example, national models, like those used by the National Weather Service and the like, they have to serve the nation 24-7, 365 days a year. A single model that does really well at, say, hurricanes or thunderstorms may not do so well at atmospheric rivers. Similarly, a national model that really did the atmospheric river problem well may not do so well on those other problems.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s2\">This is how meteorology is evolving. There’s no one perfect prediction model and we are establishing what we call \u003ca href=\"http://cw3e.ucsd.edu/?page_id=4206\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan class=\"s3\">West-WRF\u003c/span>\u003c/a>, the Western Weather Research and Forecasting model. It is a very versatile model, and we are tailoring it to the western U.S. and, in particular, California precipitation events, so we can predict those as best as possible.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s2\">We’re also developing tools for diagnosing atmospheric river conditions as they are occurring, and helping show what the prediction of them looks like. So in other words, we’re doing a bit for atmospheric rivers in California what meteorology has done for hurricanes elsewhere in the country \u003c/span>– developing specialized tools that really represent that phenomenon and the uncertainty and predictability of it so we can help inform people who are making decisions based on forecasts, whether they are emergency managers or water managers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cspan class=\"s2\">Water Deeply: How far along is this new forecasting tool?\u003c/span>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s2\">Ralph: We have some prototypes running right now on our website. In the summer it’s not very exciting, because there’s not a hell of a lot going on. We used them in winter to try them out in real time, then used the summer to diagnose how they did and try to improve on them. We’ve got a running start. We’ve had some seed funding and gotten things rolling a little bit from that.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cspan class=\"s2\">Water Deeply: What are your goals for the forecasting model?\u003c/span>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s2\">Ralph: The goal is for it to have long-term capability to support the region. One of the key applications we’re supporting is called \u003ca href=\"http://cw3e.ucsd.edu/FIRO/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan class=\"s3\">forecast-informed reservoir operations\u003c/span>\u003c/a> (FIRO). We have a collaboration going on with the Sonoma County Water Agency, at Lake Mendocino on the Russian River, which provides water to 600,000 people, the wine grape industry and to help recover endangered fish populations. They do a lot of water management. The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers is the other operator of that dam for flood control.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s2\">We have a steering committee that’s looking at assessing the viability of using atmospheric river forecasts to help operate Lake Mendocino. It’s a several-year effort. We’ve just gotten a work plan completed for a five-year program to look at the viability of using this method. It has the potential to increase water supply available for the state.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s2\">Use of FIRO in reservoir operations is \u003ca href=\"http://ensia.com/features/how-better-weather-forecasting-can-help-stretch-water-supplies/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan class=\"s3\">relatively tough to do\u003c/span>\u003c/a> given that, when dams were built, it wasn’t really allowable. This atmospheric river program will help us ensure those tools are available, with the best skill possible, to support FIRO. And that we can explore its potential for use on other reservoirs.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cspan class=\"s2\">Water Deeply: When will you have a working atmospheric river model ready to use in regular weather forecasting?\u003c/span>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s2\">Ralph: In a way, it’s already doing that. It’s being used in ensemble predictions\u003c/span>– in which we use many different forecast models joined together and we get an average answer. We’re contributing our West-WRF model to that approach. So it’s actually happening in a small way already.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s2\">But our goal is to have it be also available to produce its own forecast, without the ensemble, and be valuable in its own right. Our initial estimations are that it performed pretty well relative to other national models last winter. And now we’re just in the process of starting to refine it. That’s a tough science problem to do it right. It takes quite a lot of effort and time and people.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s2\">\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: How does the El Niño (ENSO) condition influence atmospheric rivers?\u003c/strong>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s2\">Ralph: ENSO modulates the position and structure of the Pacific storm track, which in turn affects the preferred locations of the atmospheric river events.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s2\">In cases where ENSO also creates a warm coastal sea surface temperature anomaly, that extra warmth can cause added evaporation and heating of atmospheric rivers as they cross over that warm water, thereby enhancing the potential for precipitation upon landfall.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cspan class=\"s2\">Water Deeply: Does your atmospheric river forecast model take into account the ENSO condition? If so, how is that integrated?\u003c/span>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s2\">Ralph: ENSO conditions are accounted for through their influence on sea surface temperatures, which are part of the boundary conditions used in weather forecast models, including our version focused on atmospheric rivers.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cspan class=\"s2\">Water Deeply: A couple of years ago, you set up a network of ground-based sensors in the American River watershed to track atmospheric rivers as they came onshore. What’s the status of that sensor network now?\u003c/span>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s2\">Ralph: The ground-based networks have expanded across California, including a roughly 100-station network spread across the state. Those include four different sensor types. There are also extra new observations on the Russian River watershed.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s2\">And last winter I led the first-ever operational atmospheric river\u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/capital-weather-gang/wp/2016/02/18/hurricane-hunters-fly-into-atmospheric-rivers-for-first-time-key-to-weather-extremes-in-the-west/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan class=\"s4\">airborne reconnaissance\u003c/span>\u003c/a> effort. It learned from our past research efforts and made use of two Air Force C-130 aircraft normally deployed for hurricane recon for the eastern part of the nation.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cspan class=\"s2\">Water Deeply: Do atmospheric rivers affect states other than California? And does your research and modeling include atmospheric river forecasting in those states?\u003c/span>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s2\">Ralph: Atmospheric rivers do affect other states, especially the West Coast states, but also the next set of states inland (Ariz., Nev., Utah, Idaho, Mont., Colo.).\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s2\">There is also emerging recognition that atmospheric rivers can be key sources of extreme precipitation in the Eastern U.S. Although other phenomena, such as landfalling hurricanes and big thunderstorm systems, are also important there.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This article originally appeared on \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://mail.kqed.org/owa/redir.aspx?C=9e4bb0e1a7d74f24ba4684ef2533053d&URL=https%3a%2f%2fwww.newsdeeply.com%2fwater\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Water Deeply\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, and you can find it \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/articles/2016/07/18/unlocking-the-wests-weather-maker\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">here\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. For important news about the California drought, you can \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://mail.kqed.org/owa/redir.aspx?C=9e4bb0e1a7d74f24ba4684ef2533053d&URL=http%3a%2f%2fwaterdeeply.us5.list-manage.com%2fsubscribe%3fu%3d8b78e9a34ff7443ec1e8c62c6%26id%3d2947becb78\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">sign up\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> to the Water Deeply email list.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Atmospheric rivers are responsible for a huge share of California's precipitation. Weather expert Marty Ralph explains new efforts that aim to forecast these storms for the first time.",
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"description": "Atmospheric rivers are responsible for a huge share of California's precipitation. Weather expert Marty Ralph explains new efforts that aim to forecast these storms for the first time.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>One thing the drought has brought to wider attention is the role of so-called atmospheric rivers in the state’s weather and water supply.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An \u003ca href=\"http://www.esrl.noaa.gov/psd/atmrivers/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">atmospheric river\u003c/a> is a narrow band of high-speed wind that sweeps across the Pacific Ocean, often dragging vast amounts of tropical moisture with it. Sometimes dubbed a “horizontal hurricane,” just a handful of these storms can bring California half of its annual rainfall every year. Indeed, an absence of very wet atmospheric rivers over the past few years is one reason California has experienced such a severe drought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Atmospheric rivers are also responsible for the state’s worst flooding events.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Their influence on water supply and flood risk depends largely on where they make landfall, and for how long. But until recently, very little research has been devoted to understanding atmospheric rivers. These storms can lash around like an uncontrolled fire hose, and the mechanisms responsible for that behavior have been poorly understood.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Marty Ralph is working to change this. For years, he focused his research efforts on atmospheric rivers while chief of the Water Cycle Branch at the NOAA’s Earth System Research Laboratory in Boulder, Colorado. Last year, he moved to the Scripps Institution of Oceanography at U.C. San Diego, where he helped launch the \u003ca href=\"http://cw3e.ucsd.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">Center for Western Weather and Water Extremes\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new center focuses largely on understanding and predicting atmospheric rivers. A few weeks ago, it received a $3 million allocation in the new state budget to take this work further. Water Deeply recently spoke with Ralph about this program.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: What’s the idea behind this research program?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s2\">Marty Ralph: The idea behind the program emerged when I moved from NOAA to the Scripps Institution of Oceanography. I set out to create a center of excellence on storms that are important to the Western U.S. And we’ve created this Center for Western Weather and Water Extremes, \u003cspan class=\"s3\">CW3E\u003c/span>. What we’re doing is bringing a focus to meteorological science and applications that are really focused on Western U.S. issues, and we’re starting with atmospheric rivers in California as the key player.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cspan class=\"s2\">Water Deeply: Why is this so important to California?\u003c/span>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s2\">Ralph: The really fundamental idea is that California has unique information needs to support its decision-making on water, whether it’s for flood control or water supply. The type of weather that is key to those decisions is these atmospheric river type storms. These provide about 30–50 percent of the state’s water supply each year, in Northern California especially. And that happens in just a handful of days \u003c/span>– maybe 10 days on average – each storm being on the order of one day long. They produce the lion’s share of the water supply, and really the variability on the annual water supply really hinges on the number of atmospheric river events, rather than how strong they are.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s2\">An analysis showed 85 percent of the variability from year to year in annual precipitation in the Sacramento River basin was due to variations in the top 5 percent wettest days of the year. Those top 5 percent wettest days are mostly atmospheric river events. So there’s a seasonal role. There’s also a hazard, too. Somewhere between 80 and 90 percent of the major river flood events happen as a result of landfalling atmospheric rivers.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cspan class=\"s2\">Water Deeply: How will this new $3 million in funding from the state of California be useful?\u003c/span>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s2\">Ralph: It will help us establish a weather prediction model that’s tailored to the atmospheric river problem and the extreme precipitation that’s associated with it. For example, national models, like those used by the National Weather Service and the like, they have to serve the nation 24-7, 365 days a year. A single model that does really well at, say, hurricanes or thunderstorms may not do so well at atmospheric rivers. Similarly, a national model that really did the atmospheric river problem well may not do so well on those other problems.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s2\">This is how meteorology is evolving. There’s no one perfect prediction model and we are establishing what we call \u003ca href=\"http://cw3e.ucsd.edu/?page_id=4206\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan class=\"s3\">West-WRF\u003c/span>\u003c/a>, the Western Weather Research and Forecasting model. It is a very versatile model, and we are tailoring it to the western U.S. and, in particular, California precipitation events, so we can predict those as best as possible.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s2\">We’re also developing tools for diagnosing atmospheric river conditions as they are occurring, and helping show what the prediction of them looks like. So in other words, we’re doing a bit for atmospheric rivers in California what meteorology has done for hurricanes elsewhere in the country \u003c/span>– developing specialized tools that really represent that phenomenon and the uncertainty and predictability of it so we can help inform people who are making decisions based on forecasts, whether they are emergency managers or water managers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cspan class=\"s2\">Water Deeply: How far along is this new forecasting tool?\u003c/span>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s2\">Ralph: We have some prototypes running right now on our website. In the summer it’s not very exciting, because there’s not a hell of a lot going on. We used them in winter to try them out in real time, then used the summer to diagnose how they did and try to improve on them. We’ve got a running start. We’ve had some seed funding and gotten things rolling a little bit from that.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cspan class=\"s2\">Water Deeply: What are your goals for the forecasting model?\u003c/span>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s2\">Ralph: The goal is for it to have long-term capability to support the region. One of the key applications we’re supporting is called \u003ca href=\"http://cw3e.ucsd.edu/FIRO/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan class=\"s3\">forecast-informed reservoir operations\u003c/span>\u003c/a> (FIRO). We have a collaboration going on with the Sonoma County Water Agency, at Lake Mendocino on the Russian River, which provides water to 600,000 people, the wine grape industry and to help recover endangered fish populations. They do a lot of water management. The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers is the other operator of that dam for flood control.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s2\">We have a steering committee that’s looking at assessing the viability of using atmospheric river forecasts to help operate Lake Mendocino. It’s a several-year effort. We’ve just gotten a work plan completed for a five-year program to look at the viability of using this method. It has the potential to increase water supply available for the state.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s2\">Use of FIRO in reservoir operations is \u003ca href=\"http://ensia.com/features/how-better-weather-forecasting-can-help-stretch-water-supplies/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan class=\"s3\">relatively tough to do\u003c/span>\u003c/a> given that, when dams were built, it wasn’t really allowable. This atmospheric river program will help us ensure those tools are available, with the best skill possible, to support FIRO. And that we can explore its potential for use on other reservoirs.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cspan class=\"s2\">Water Deeply: When will you have a working atmospheric river model ready to use in regular weather forecasting?\u003c/span>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s2\">Ralph: In a way, it’s already doing that. It’s being used in ensemble predictions\u003c/span>– in which we use many different forecast models joined together and we get an average answer. We’re contributing our West-WRF model to that approach. So it’s actually happening in a small way already.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s2\">But our goal is to have it be also available to produce its own forecast, without the ensemble, and be valuable in its own right. Our initial estimations are that it performed pretty well relative to other national models last winter. And now we’re just in the process of starting to refine it. That’s a tough science problem to do it right. It takes quite a lot of effort and time and people.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s2\">\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: How does the El Niño (ENSO) condition influence atmospheric rivers?\u003c/strong>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s2\">Ralph: ENSO modulates the position and structure of the Pacific storm track, which in turn affects the preferred locations of the atmospheric river events.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s2\">In cases where ENSO also creates a warm coastal sea surface temperature anomaly, that extra warmth can cause added evaporation and heating of atmospheric rivers as they cross over that warm water, thereby enhancing the potential for precipitation upon landfall.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cspan class=\"s2\">Water Deeply: Does your atmospheric river forecast model take into account the ENSO condition? If so, how is that integrated?\u003c/span>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s2\">Ralph: ENSO conditions are accounted for through their influence on sea surface temperatures, which are part of the boundary conditions used in weather forecast models, including our version focused on atmospheric rivers.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cspan class=\"s2\">Water Deeply: A couple of years ago, you set up a network of ground-based sensors in the American River watershed to track atmospheric rivers as they came onshore. What’s the status of that sensor network now?\u003c/span>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s2\">Ralph: The ground-based networks have expanded across California, including a roughly 100-station network spread across the state. Those include four different sensor types. There are also extra new observations on the Russian River watershed.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s2\">And last winter I led the first-ever operational atmospheric river\u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/capital-weather-gang/wp/2016/02/18/hurricane-hunters-fly-into-atmospheric-rivers-for-first-time-key-to-weather-extremes-in-the-west/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan class=\"s4\">airborne reconnaissance\u003c/span>\u003c/a> effort. It learned from our past research efforts and made use of two Air Force C-130 aircraft normally deployed for hurricane recon for the eastern part of the nation.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cspan class=\"s2\">Water Deeply: Do atmospheric rivers affect states other than California? And does your research and modeling include atmospheric river forecasting in those states?\u003c/span>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s2\">Ralph: Atmospheric rivers do affect other states, especially the West Coast states, but also the next set of states inland (Ariz., Nev., Utah, Idaho, Mont., Colo.).\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s2\">There is also emerging recognition that atmospheric rivers can be key sources of extreme precipitation in the Eastern U.S. Although other phenomena, such as landfalling hurricanes and big thunderstorm systems, are also important there.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This article originally appeared on \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://mail.kqed.org/owa/redir.aspx?C=9e4bb0e1a7d74f24ba4684ef2533053d&URL=https%3a%2f%2fwww.newsdeeply.com%2fwater\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Water Deeply\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, and you can find it \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/articles/2016/07/18/unlocking-the-wests-weather-maker\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">here\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. For important news about the California drought, you can \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://mail.kqed.org/owa/redir.aspx?C=9e4bb0e1a7d74f24ba4684ef2533053d&URL=http%3a%2f%2fwaterdeeply.us5.list-manage.com%2fsubscribe%3fu%3d8b78e9a34ff7443ec1e8c62c6%26id%3d2947becb78\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">sign up\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> to the Water Deeply email list.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Oceans Eating Away at Yet Another Part of Antarctica",
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"content": "\u003cp>The Antarctic Peninsula is one of the fastest warming spots on the planet, and it was thought that the rising air temperature was driving the melt of the glaciers along its fringes. But it is actually warm ocean waters that are \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/look-out-below-antarctic-melting-from-underneath-16128\">eating away at the ice\u003c/a> along part of its western side, a group of scientists reported Thursday in the \u003ca href=\"http://science.sciencemag.org/cgi/doi/10.1126/science.aae0017\">journal Science\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘Ice losses from around Antarctica owe as much to warmer ocean temperatures … as to rises in air temperature.’\u003ccite>Robert Bingham, University of Edinburgh\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The study adds to a spate of research in the last few years that have pointed the finger at warm ocean currents as the key culprit in undercutting the glaciers that serve as doorstops to Antarctica’s massive ice sheets. As those glaciers wilt away, the land-bound ice behind them can \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/antarctic-ice-shelves-shrinking-19015\">flow faster to the sea\u003c/a>, with the potential to significantly raise global sea levels. Coastal areas around the world will be swamped, putting millions of people and billions of dollars of infrastructure in peril.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Now we know that ocean warming is not only affecting the large ice streams and ice shelves of West Antarctica, but also the small glaciers of the separate Antarctic Peninsula ice sheet,” study co-author \u003ca href=\"https://www.dur.ac.uk/geography/staff/geogstaffhidden/?id=14129\">Alison Cook\u003c/a> said in an email. “Understanding this link will improve predictions of sea level rise.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>‘Striking Similarity’\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the rest of the continent’s coastline features vast rivers of ice that flow to the sea, the west side of the Antarctic Peninsula is made up of “over 600 small glaciers of varying shapes and sizes,” Cook, a glaciologist at Durham University in England, said, few of which had been studied in any detail.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The peninsula — an arm of land that stretches up from the rest of Antarctica toward the southern tip of South America — has warmed\u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/soaring-temperatures-in-west-antarctica-could-destabilize-ice-15409\"> about 5°F (2.8°C) in the past 50 years\u003c/a>. Unsurprisingly, the region has seen considerable ice melt, and that melt was blamed on the \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/antarctica-record-high-temp-bodes-ill-for-ice-18840\">surging air temperatures\u003c/a> driven by \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/antarctica-record-high-temp-bodes-ill-for-ice-18840\">the broader warming\u003c/a> of the planet’s atmosphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was clear that there was a distinct pattern of melt from north to south, though. In the northwest, the region of the largest air temperature increase, the glaciers paradoxically seemed fairly stable, while in the cooler southwest there had been considerable retreat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cook and her colleagues looked at ocean temperatures along the west coast of the peninsula and found a pattern of temperatures at mid-ocean depths that mirrored what was happening to the glaciers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The more we studied this, the more it became apparent that this followed a striking similarity to the glacier retreat rates,” Cook said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the southern end of the western side of the peninsula, warm Circumpolar Deep Water that has welled up meets the glaciers and wears away at their fronts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the northern end of the peninsula, the glaciers terminate in colder waters that come from a different source, keeping the fronts of those glaciers much more stable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is a great study with convincing evidence that the northern and southern west coast of AP (Antarctic Peninsula) have very different oceanic regimes and the correspondence with the pattern of glacier retreat is undeniably strong,” Eric Rignot, a NASA glaciologist said in an email.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>More Measurements Needed\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The same Circumpolar Deep Water implicated in the new study is thought to be eroding glaciers elsewhere along the West Antarctic coast, including an adjacent area of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/overlooked-area-antarctica-major-ice-loss-20408\">Bellingshausen Sea coast\u003c/a> where a recent study suggested melt had been happening for much longer than previously thought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This study underscores what many of us in the scientific community have been suggesting for some time, namely that ice losses from around Antarctica owe as much to warmer ocean temperatures reaching parts of Antarctica’s coastline as to rises in air temperature,” \u003ca href=\"http://www.geos.ed.ac.uk/homes/rbingha2/\">Robert Bingham\u003c/a>, a glaciologist at the University of Edinburgh, said in an email. Bingham, who led the Bellingshausen Sea study, was not part of the new research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the glaciers along the Antarctic Peninsula are much smaller than those in the Bellingshausen Area, or the Amundsen Sea Embayment, where some of the fastest-slowing and retreating glaciers are found, their potential to contribute to sea level rise cannot be discounted. While they make up only 4 percent of Antarctica’s total ice sheet area, they have accounted for about 25 percent of its mass loss.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The AP ice sheet is one of the largest current contributors to sea level rise and as the glaciers here are highly sensitive to changes in the environment they are key indicators of how the ice will respond to future changes,” Cook said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study’s findings lay bare the need for better understanding and monitoring of both Antarctica’s glaciers and the oceans lapping at them, Bingham and Rignot said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our ultimate aim must be to predict how ocean-driven ice losses from Antarctica will impact upon global sea level rise,” Bingham said. “To provide such predictions, it’s clear that we need a far better understanding of ice-ocean interactions all around the fringes of Antarctica, and in particular to monitor changes occurring in the ice at the same time as changes in the ocean.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Climate Central\u003c/span>\u003c/a> \u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">is an independent organization that researches and reports on climate change.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The Antarctic Peninsula is one of the fastest warming spots on the planet, and it was thought that the rising air temperature was driving the melt of the glaciers along its fringes. But it is actually warm ocean waters that are \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/look-out-below-antarctic-melting-from-underneath-16128\">eating away at the ice\u003c/a> along part of its western side, a group of scientists reported Thursday in the \u003ca href=\"http://science.sciencemag.org/cgi/doi/10.1126/science.aae0017\">journal Science\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘Ice losses from around Antarctica owe as much to warmer ocean temperatures … as to rises in air temperature.’\u003ccite>Robert Bingham, University of Edinburgh\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The study adds to a spate of research in the last few years that have pointed the finger at warm ocean currents as the key culprit in undercutting the glaciers that serve as doorstops to Antarctica’s massive ice sheets. As those glaciers wilt away, the land-bound ice behind them can \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/antarctic-ice-shelves-shrinking-19015\">flow faster to the sea\u003c/a>, with the potential to significantly raise global sea levels. Coastal areas around the world will be swamped, putting millions of people and billions of dollars of infrastructure in peril.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Now we know that ocean warming is not only affecting the large ice streams and ice shelves of West Antarctica, but also the small glaciers of the separate Antarctic Peninsula ice sheet,” study co-author \u003ca href=\"https://www.dur.ac.uk/geography/staff/geogstaffhidden/?id=14129\">Alison Cook\u003c/a> said in an email. “Understanding this link will improve predictions of sea level rise.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>‘Striking Similarity’\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the rest of the continent’s coastline features vast rivers of ice that flow to the sea, the west side of the Antarctic Peninsula is made up of “over 600 small glaciers of varying shapes and sizes,” Cook, a glaciologist at Durham University in England, said, few of which had been studied in any detail.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The peninsula — an arm of land that stretches up from the rest of Antarctica toward the southern tip of South America — has warmed\u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/soaring-temperatures-in-west-antarctica-could-destabilize-ice-15409\"> about 5°F (2.8°C) in the past 50 years\u003c/a>. Unsurprisingly, the region has seen considerable ice melt, and that melt was blamed on the \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/antarctica-record-high-temp-bodes-ill-for-ice-18840\">surging air temperatures\u003c/a> driven by \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/antarctica-record-high-temp-bodes-ill-for-ice-18840\">the broader warming\u003c/a> of the planet’s atmosphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was clear that there was a distinct pattern of melt from north to south, though. In the northwest, the region of the largest air temperature increase, the glaciers paradoxically seemed fairly stable, while in the cooler southwest there had been considerable retreat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cook and her colleagues looked at ocean temperatures along the west coast of the peninsula and found a pattern of temperatures at mid-ocean depths that mirrored what was happening to the glaciers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The more we studied this, the more it became apparent that this followed a striking similarity to the glacier retreat rates,” Cook said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the southern end of the western side of the peninsula, warm Circumpolar Deep Water that has welled up meets the glaciers and wears away at their fronts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the northern end of the peninsula, the glaciers terminate in colder waters that come from a different source, keeping the fronts of those glaciers much more stable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is a great study with convincing evidence that the northern and southern west coast of AP (Antarctic Peninsula) have very different oceanic regimes and the correspondence with the pattern of glacier retreat is undeniably strong,” Eric Rignot, a NASA glaciologist said in an email.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>More Measurements Needed\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The same Circumpolar Deep Water implicated in the new study is thought to be eroding glaciers elsewhere along the West Antarctic coast, including an adjacent area of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/overlooked-area-antarctica-major-ice-loss-20408\">Bellingshausen Sea coast\u003c/a> where a recent study suggested melt had been happening for much longer than previously thought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This study underscores what many of us in the scientific community have been suggesting for some time, namely that ice losses from around Antarctica owe as much to warmer ocean temperatures reaching parts of Antarctica’s coastline as to rises in air temperature,” \u003ca href=\"http://www.geos.ed.ac.uk/homes/rbingha2/\">Robert Bingham\u003c/a>, a glaciologist at the University of Edinburgh, said in an email. Bingham, who led the Bellingshausen Sea study, was not part of the new research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the glaciers along the Antarctic Peninsula are much smaller than those in the Bellingshausen Area, or the Amundsen Sea Embayment, where some of the fastest-slowing and retreating glaciers are found, their potential to contribute to sea level rise cannot be discounted. While they make up only 4 percent of Antarctica’s total ice sheet area, they have accounted for about 25 percent of its mass loss.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The AP ice sheet is one of the largest current contributors to sea level rise and as the glaciers here are highly sensitive to changes in the environment they are key indicators of how the ice will respond to future changes,” Cook said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study’s findings lay bare the need for better understanding and monitoring of both Antarctica’s glaciers and the oceans lapping at them, Bingham and Rignot said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our ultimate aim must be to predict how ocean-driven ice losses from Antarctica will impact upon global sea level rise,” Bingham said. “To provide such predictions, it’s clear that we need a far better understanding of ice-ocean interactions all around the fringes of Antarctica, and in particular to monitor changes occurring in the ice at the same time as changes in the ocean.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Climate Central\u003c/span>\u003c/a> \u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">is an independent organization that researches and reports on climate change.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "California Eyes Recycling Wastewater for Drinking",
"headTitle": "California Eyes Recycling Wastewater for Drinking | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>California’s drought has spurred interest in treating wastewater for drinking. For decades, some areas of the state, notably Orange County, have resorted to indirect potable reuse – treating wastewater to drinking water standards, but then filtering it back underground to mix with groundwater before pumping it back out for drinking.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But now the State Water Resources Control Board, prompted by the legislature, has tasked a panel of experts with determining whether it is feasible to develop criteria for direct potable reuse (DPR) – where wastewater is treated for drinking and then piped directly to customers without first being mixed in a reservoir or groundwater aquifer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The panel is set to deliver its report later this month, as is a group of stakeholders. Then staff from the Water Board’s Division of Drinking Water will use those two reports to develop their own recommendations on the feasibility of DPR criteria by September 1. After a 45-day comment period a finalized report will be submitted before the end of the year. If, as is most likely, the final report does find that the criteria are feasible, the Division of Drinking Water will begin work on developing the appropriate regulations for direct potable reuse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To better understand the factors at play in the report and the possible future of potable reuse in California, Water Deeply spoke to Jeffrey Mosher, executive director of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nwri-usa.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">National Water Research Institute\u003c/a>, who is the expert panel’s administrator.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: You are part of the expert panel that has been convened. Who else participates in that and what are you tasked with doing?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jeffrey Mosher: The expert panel weighs in on the idea of if it is feasible to develop DPR criteria in California. What we mean by that is, can we develop regulations that are protective of public health?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So the expert panel is made up of a lot of researchers and PhDs and academics, and the idea is that they are on the cutting edge of a lot of the research and understanding in the field. There are also particular backgrounds represented – epidemiology, toxicology, chemistry, microbiology, risk assessment – and a lot of those are public health related.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: Why is there a push now to look more closely at DPR?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mosher: We’ve done a lot of indirect potable reuse (IPR) but in order to do IPR you need an environmental buffer – a groundwater basin or a large surface water reservoir. Many communities don’t have that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>DPR provides some additional operational flexibility. For example, your wastewater comes out of a treatment plant, but your groundwater basin or reservoir may be far away or it may be already full. Or it may not be large. So having DPR gives you a lot of more flexibility for potable uses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: Are there places already doing DPR that we can look at for best practices?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mosher: It’s practiced in \u003ca href=\"http://www.wabag.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/Water-management-in-Windhoek-2007.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Windhoek, Namibia\u003c/a>, in Africa. And there is a DPR facility in \u003ca href=\"http://www.wateronline.com/doc/texas-leads-the-way-with-first-direct-potable-reuse-facilities-in-u-s-0001\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Big Spring, Texas\u003c/a>. These communities hit a wall – they literally ran out of water and it was the only water supply they had left.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In California the drought has put pressure on our traditional or existing supplies, whether it’s surface water or groundwater. Potable reuse, including DPR, provides a lot of advantages in the sense that it’s local – you don’t have to bring it in through a long pipeline or aqueduct.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Typically it’s water you control. You already have it so you don’t have to pay a lot of money to obtain water rights or to buy water on the market. Frankly, the other reason it is so attractive is that it’s so reliable; it’s going to be there every day, year to year. Regarding our imported water, whether it’s from the Colorado River or the State Water Project, there have been some issues on its availability, so that means it is not as reliable as it has been.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We have the technology to do DPR. What we are missing are the criteria or the regulatory approach on how it would be permitted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: What are the risks or concerns in doing DPR?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mosher: There are the same risks that are associated with IPR as well as traditional drinking water. It’s just that because the source is wastewater, we have a lot more pathogens in there and potentially we have a lot more chemicals from things like cleaning products or anything that goes down a drain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We still have pathogens in surface water, but with DPR they will be a lot higher, so we have to have appropriate treatment to address higher levels of pathogens, which we know how to do. And we need to be able to treat for the chemicals that are harmful – it’s just something we have to manage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We have treatments to remove them but they can occur at very, very low concentrations and we just need to be able to continue to study those to see if there is ever an issue with them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: What have been some of the findings of the expert panel so far?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mosher: Because we want to look at things like DPR there are some things we need to chase down, such as what are the best procedures from a treatment point of view, what are the technologies we need to consider, what are the appropriate water-quality standards. Monitoring is also a big part of it. We need to identify if there is off-spec [below standard] water and then have procedures to address that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The technology is in place in some of the IPR plants, like the \u003ca href=\"http://purewater4u.org/advanced-water-treatment-facility\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Silicon Valley Advanced Water Purification Center\u003c/a> – reverse osmosis, ultraviolet, advanced oxidation – those are the advanced treatments that have the capability of removing chemicals and pathogens. We are learning a lot from those facilities that are already in place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This article originally appeared on \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://mail.kqed.org/owa/redir.aspx?C=9e4bb0e1a7d74f24ba4684ef2533053d&URL=https%3a%2f%2fwww.newsdeeply.com%2fwater\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Water Deeply\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, and you can find it \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/articles/2016/07/15/california-eyes-recycling-wastewater-for-drinking\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">here\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. For important news about the California drought, you can \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://mail.kqed.org/owa/redir.aspx?C=9e4bb0e1a7d74f24ba4684ef2533053d&URL=http%3a%2f%2fwaterdeeply.us5.list-manage.com%2fsubscribe%3fu%3d8b78e9a34ff7443ec1e8c62c6%26id%3d2947becb78\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">sign up\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> to the Water Deeply email list.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"title": "California Eyes Recycling Wastewater for Drinking | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>California’s drought has spurred interest in treating wastewater for drinking. For decades, some areas of the state, notably Orange County, have resorted to indirect potable reuse – treating wastewater to drinking water standards, but then filtering it back underground to mix with groundwater before pumping it back out for drinking.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But now the State Water Resources Control Board, prompted by the legislature, has tasked a panel of experts with determining whether it is feasible to develop criteria for direct potable reuse (DPR) – where wastewater is treated for drinking and then piped directly to customers without first being mixed in a reservoir or groundwater aquifer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The panel is set to deliver its report later this month, as is a group of stakeholders. Then staff from the Water Board’s Division of Drinking Water will use those two reports to develop their own recommendations on the feasibility of DPR criteria by September 1. After a 45-day comment period a finalized report will be submitted before the end of the year. If, as is most likely, the final report does find that the criteria are feasible, the Division of Drinking Water will begin work on developing the appropriate regulations for direct potable reuse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To better understand the factors at play in the report and the possible future of potable reuse in California, Water Deeply spoke to Jeffrey Mosher, executive director of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nwri-usa.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">National Water Research Institute\u003c/a>, who is the expert panel’s administrator.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: You are part of the expert panel that has been convened. Who else participates in that and what are you tasked with doing?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jeffrey Mosher: The expert panel weighs in on the idea of if it is feasible to develop DPR criteria in California. What we mean by that is, can we develop regulations that are protective of public health?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So the expert panel is made up of a lot of researchers and PhDs and academics, and the idea is that they are on the cutting edge of a lot of the research and understanding in the field. There are also particular backgrounds represented – epidemiology, toxicology, chemistry, microbiology, risk assessment – and a lot of those are public health related.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: Why is there a push now to look more closely at DPR?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mosher: We’ve done a lot of indirect potable reuse (IPR) but in order to do IPR you need an environmental buffer – a groundwater basin or a large surface water reservoir. Many communities don’t have that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>DPR provides some additional operational flexibility. For example, your wastewater comes out of a treatment plant, but your groundwater basin or reservoir may be far away or it may be already full. Or it may not be large. So having DPR gives you a lot of more flexibility for potable uses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: Are there places already doing DPR that we can look at for best practices?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mosher: It’s practiced in \u003ca href=\"http://www.wabag.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/Water-management-in-Windhoek-2007.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Windhoek, Namibia\u003c/a>, in Africa. And there is a DPR facility in \u003ca href=\"http://www.wateronline.com/doc/texas-leads-the-way-with-first-direct-potable-reuse-facilities-in-u-s-0001\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Big Spring, Texas\u003c/a>. These communities hit a wall – they literally ran out of water and it was the only water supply they had left.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In California the drought has put pressure on our traditional or existing supplies, whether it’s surface water or groundwater. Potable reuse, including DPR, provides a lot of advantages in the sense that it’s local – you don’t have to bring it in through a long pipeline or aqueduct.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Typically it’s water you control. You already have it so you don’t have to pay a lot of money to obtain water rights or to buy water on the market. Frankly, the other reason it is so attractive is that it’s so reliable; it’s going to be there every day, year to year. Regarding our imported water, whether it’s from the Colorado River or the State Water Project, there have been some issues on its availability, so that means it is not as reliable as it has been.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We have the technology to do DPR. What we are missing are the criteria or the regulatory approach on how it would be permitted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: What are the risks or concerns in doing DPR?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mosher: There are the same risks that are associated with IPR as well as traditional drinking water. It’s just that because the source is wastewater, we have a lot more pathogens in there and potentially we have a lot more chemicals from things like cleaning products or anything that goes down a drain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We still have pathogens in surface water, but with DPR they will be a lot higher, so we have to have appropriate treatment to address higher levels of pathogens, which we know how to do. And we need to be able to treat for the chemicals that are harmful – it’s just something we have to manage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We have treatments to remove them but they can occur at very, very low concentrations and we just need to be able to continue to study those to see if there is ever an issue with them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: What have been some of the findings of the expert panel so far?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mosher: Because we want to look at things like DPR there are some things we need to chase down, such as what are the best procedures from a treatment point of view, what are the technologies we need to consider, what are the appropriate water-quality standards. Monitoring is also a big part of it. We need to identify if there is off-spec [below standard] water and then have procedures to address that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The technology is in place in some of the IPR plants, like the \u003ca href=\"http://purewater4u.org/advanced-water-treatment-facility\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Silicon Valley Advanced Water Purification Center\u003c/a> – reverse osmosis, ultraviolet, advanced oxidation – those are the advanced treatments that have the capability of removing chemicals and pathogens. We are learning a lot from those facilities that are already in place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This article originally appeared on \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://mail.kqed.org/owa/redir.aspx?C=9e4bb0e1a7d74f24ba4684ef2533053d&URL=https%3a%2f%2fwww.newsdeeply.com%2fwater\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Water Deeply\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, and you can find it \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/articles/2016/07/15/california-eyes-recycling-wastewater-for-drinking\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">here\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. For important news about the California drought, you can \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://mail.kqed.org/owa/redir.aspx?C=9e4bb0e1a7d74f24ba4684ef2533053d&URL=http%3a%2f%2fwaterdeeply.us5.list-manage.com%2fsubscribe%3fu%3d8b78e9a34ff7443ec1e8c62c6%26id%3d2947becb78\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">sign up\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> to the Water Deeply email list.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Where Did Agriculture Begin? Oh Boy, It's Complicated",
"headTitle": "Where Did Agriculture Begin? Oh Boy, It’s Complicated | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Sometime around 12,000 years ago, our hunter-gatherer ancestors began trying their hand at farming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>First, they grew wild varieties of crops like pea, lentil and barley, and herded wild animals like goat and wild ox. Centuries later, they switched to farming full-time, breeding both animals and plants, creating new varieties and breeds. Eventually, they migrated outward, spreading farming to parts of Europe and Asia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The earliest farmers lived in the Fertile Crescent, a region in the Middle East including modern-day Iraq, Jordan, Syria, Israel, Palestine, southeastern Turkey and western Iran. And scientists had long assumed these early farmers were a homogenous group that traded and intermingled, swapping farming tools and tricks — as well as their genes. In other words, farming was long believed to have been started by one group of ancestral humans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But \u003ca href=\"http://science.sciencemag.org/content/early/2016/07/13/science.aaf7943\">a new study\u003c/a> suggests something different – that multiple groups of people in the Fertile Crescent started agriculture, and these groups were genetically distinct from one another. That is, they didn’t intermingle at the time, at least not for a few thousand years. “They lived more or less in a similar area, but they stay highly isolated from each other,” says Joachim Burger, an anthropologist at the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, in Germany and co-author of the new study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Burger and an international team of scientists analyzed ancient DNA from the remains of four individuals that lived about 10,000 years ago on the eastern edges of the Fertile Crescent – the Zagros Mountains on the border between Iraq and Iran. They compared the DNA of these individuals with that of skeletons that were a couple of thousand years younger and had been found way on the other end of the Fertile Crescent, a region that includes modern-day Turkey.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the two groups couldn’t have been more genetically different, says Burger.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We would not necessarily expect big genetic differences from one of end of Fertile Crescent to another,” says evolutionary biologist Mark Thomas of the University College, London, also an author on the new study. But in fact, the genetic signatures suggest that the Anatolians and the Zagros populations diverged from a common ancestor some 46,000 to 77,000 years ago — long before the advent of farming. “That’s a surprise. That’s the real big surprise of the study,” Thomas says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_850881\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2000px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-850881\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/lab2_enl-4fc8023e51bad41dd9a6c43638b6003863a2924d.jpg\" alt=\"Scientists in a lab in Mainz, Germany, analyze ancient bone samples from the Zagros Mountains in Iran.\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1332\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/lab2_enl-4fc8023e51bad41dd9a6c43638b6003863a2924d.jpg 2000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/lab2_enl-4fc8023e51bad41dd9a6c43638b6003863a2924d-400x266.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/lab2_enl-4fc8023e51bad41dd9a6c43638b6003863a2924d-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/lab2_enl-4fc8023e51bad41dd9a6c43638b6003863a2924d-768x511.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/lab2_enl-4fc8023e51bad41dd9a6c43638b6003863a2924d-1440x959.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/lab2_enl-4fc8023e51bad41dd9a6c43638b6003863a2924d-1920x1279.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/lab2_enl-4fc8023e51bad41dd9a6c43638b6003863a2924d-1180x786.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/lab2_enl-4fc8023e51bad41dd9a6c43638b6003863a2924d-960x639.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2000px) 100vw, 2000px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Scientists in a lab in Mainz, Germany, analyze ancient bone samples from the Zagros Mountains in Iran. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of Joachim Burger/JGU Mainz)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Perhaps no one was more surprised than Burger. Just last month, he published a study that found that late Stone Age farmers from the Turkey region had migrated north into Europe and introduced farming there. So understandably, he had expected to be able to trace European agriculture all the way back to the eastern Fertile Crescent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But that’s not what the DNA said. The new study makes it clear that these earliest farmers of the eastern Fertile Crescent did not migrate westward — and so they were not responsible for spreading agriculture to Western Europe. No wonder, then, that the team also failed to find any genetic similarity between these ancient farmers and modern-day Europeans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the other hand, the early farmers of Zagros seem to have a striking genetic resemblance to present-day humans in South Asia, especially Pakistan and Afghanistan. That suggests that the descendants of the early farmers from Zagros probably migrated east, taking their farming techniques to that part of the world. That makes sense, says Thomas, because previous work by other researchers has shown “clear evidence of movement of crops and animals into Iran and northwestern parts of the (Indian) subcontinent.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/news/farming-invented-twice-in-middle-east-genomes-study-reveals-1.20119\">An unpublished study\u003c/a> by a team at Harvard Medical School confirms the genetic closeness of the early Zagros farmers with South Asians, and also shows that the early farmers of the Southern Levant (modern day Syria and Palestine) moved to Africa, taking their farming traditions south with them. Clearly, the different populations in different parts of the Middle East migrated in different directions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The idea that farming began in a single population came from initial archaeological discoveries in one part of the Mideast – the Southern Levant, says Melinda Zeder, an archaeologist at the Smithsonian Museum of Natural History, who wasn’t involved in the study. But more recent excavations have shown that there was an “explosion of people” tinkering with farming all over the Fertile Crescent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These findings and the latest study are painting a complicated picture of the early days of agriculture, says Zeder. “There are now clear signs of trade across the entire Fertile Crescent,” she says. For instance, there’s evidence that people traded tools. “We are seeing that people are in communication with one another. … But it is not one melting pot.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Where+Did+Agriculture+Begin%3F+Oh+Boy%2C+It%27s+Complicated&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Sometime around 12,000 years ago, our hunter-gatherer ancestors began trying their hand at farming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>First, they grew wild varieties of crops like pea, lentil and barley, and herded wild animals like goat and wild ox. Centuries later, they switched to farming full-time, breeding both animals and plants, creating new varieties and breeds. Eventually, they migrated outward, spreading farming to parts of Europe and Asia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The earliest farmers lived in the Fertile Crescent, a region in the Middle East including modern-day Iraq, Jordan, Syria, Israel, Palestine, southeastern Turkey and western Iran. And scientists had long assumed these early farmers were a homogenous group that traded and intermingled, swapping farming tools and tricks — as well as their genes. In other words, farming was long believed to have been started by one group of ancestral humans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But \u003ca href=\"http://science.sciencemag.org/content/early/2016/07/13/science.aaf7943\">a new study\u003c/a> suggests something different – that multiple groups of people in the Fertile Crescent started agriculture, and these groups were genetically distinct from one another. That is, they didn’t intermingle at the time, at least not for a few thousand years. “They lived more or less in a similar area, but they stay highly isolated from each other,” says Joachim Burger, an anthropologist at the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, in Germany and co-author of the new study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Burger and an international team of scientists analyzed ancient DNA from the remains of four individuals that lived about 10,000 years ago on the eastern edges of the Fertile Crescent – the Zagros Mountains on the border between Iraq and Iran. They compared the DNA of these individuals with that of skeletons that were a couple of thousand years younger and had been found way on the other end of the Fertile Crescent, a region that includes modern-day Turkey.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the two groups couldn’t have been more genetically different, says Burger.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We would not necessarily expect big genetic differences from one of end of Fertile Crescent to another,” says evolutionary biologist Mark Thomas of the University College, London, also an author on the new study. But in fact, the genetic signatures suggest that the Anatolians and the Zagros populations diverged from a common ancestor some 46,000 to 77,000 years ago — long before the advent of farming. “That’s a surprise. That’s the real big surprise of the study,” Thomas says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_850881\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2000px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-850881\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/lab2_enl-4fc8023e51bad41dd9a6c43638b6003863a2924d.jpg\" alt=\"Scientists in a lab in Mainz, Germany, analyze ancient bone samples from the Zagros Mountains in Iran.\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1332\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/lab2_enl-4fc8023e51bad41dd9a6c43638b6003863a2924d.jpg 2000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/lab2_enl-4fc8023e51bad41dd9a6c43638b6003863a2924d-400x266.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/lab2_enl-4fc8023e51bad41dd9a6c43638b6003863a2924d-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/lab2_enl-4fc8023e51bad41dd9a6c43638b6003863a2924d-768x511.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/lab2_enl-4fc8023e51bad41dd9a6c43638b6003863a2924d-1440x959.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/lab2_enl-4fc8023e51bad41dd9a6c43638b6003863a2924d-1920x1279.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/lab2_enl-4fc8023e51bad41dd9a6c43638b6003863a2924d-1180x786.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/lab2_enl-4fc8023e51bad41dd9a6c43638b6003863a2924d-960x639.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2000px) 100vw, 2000px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Scientists in a lab in Mainz, Germany, analyze ancient bone samples from the Zagros Mountains in Iran. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of Joachim Burger/JGU Mainz)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Perhaps no one was more surprised than Burger. Just last month, he published a study that found that late Stone Age farmers from the Turkey region had migrated north into Europe and introduced farming there. So understandably, he had expected to be able to trace European agriculture all the way back to the eastern Fertile Crescent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But that’s not what the DNA said. The new study makes it clear that these earliest farmers of the eastern Fertile Crescent did not migrate westward — and so they were not responsible for spreading agriculture to Western Europe. No wonder, then, that the team also failed to find any genetic similarity between these ancient farmers and modern-day Europeans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the other hand, the early farmers of Zagros seem to have a striking genetic resemblance to present-day humans in South Asia, especially Pakistan and Afghanistan. That suggests that the descendants of the early farmers from Zagros probably migrated east, taking their farming techniques to that part of the world. That makes sense, says Thomas, because previous work by other researchers has shown “clear evidence of movement of crops and animals into Iran and northwestern parts of the (Indian) subcontinent.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/news/farming-invented-twice-in-middle-east-genomes-study-reveals-1.20119\">An unpublished study\u003c/a> by a team at Harvard Medical School confirms the genetic closeness of the early Zagros farmers with South Asians, and also shows that the early farmers of the Southern Levant (modern day Syria and Palestine) moved to Africa, taking their farming traditions south with them. Clearly, the different populations in different parts of the Middle East migrated in different directions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The idea that farming began in a single population came from initial archaeological discoveries in one part of the Mideast – the Southern Levant, says Melinda Zeder, an archaeologist at the Smithsonian Museum of Natural History, who wasn’t involved in the study. But more recent excavations have shown that there was an “explosion of people” tinkering with farming all over the Fertile Crescent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These findings and the latest study are painting a complicated picture of the early days of agriculture, says Zeder. “There are now clear signs of trade across the entire Fertile Crescent,” she says. For instance, there’s evidence that people traded tools. “We are seeing that people are in communication with one another. … But it is not one melting pot.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Where+Did+Agriculture+Begin%3F+Oh+Boy%2C+It%27s+Complicated&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "A Marine Ecologist on Swimming With Sharks and What 'Jaws' Got Wrong",
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"content": "\u003cp>The first time he encountered a tiger shark in the water, marine ecologist Neil Hammerschlag was in the Bahamas conducting research. His team was on a boat and they hadn’t seen many sharks, so when someone yelled, “Tiger shark!” he grabbed his snorkel gear and camera and jumped into the water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“One [tiger shark] moved right in toward me and came close,” Hammerschlag tells \u003cem>Fresh Air\u003c/em>‘s Dave Davies. “It opened its mouth, and I was looking through its mouth down its gut and seeing its gills from the inside.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The tiger shark passed by several times before swimming off. Hammerschlag says that tiger sharks, which can grow to more than 15 feet in length, have an inquisitive nature that sometimes leads to exploratory biting, and for most sharks, their interest ends there. “Humans are not on the shark’s menu,” the ecologist explains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Contrary to what popular movies like \u003cem>Jaws\u003c/em> would have audiences believe, Hammerschlag says that sharks pose only a very small risk to humans. In fact, we’re much more of a threat to sharks than they are to us. Hammerschlag estimates that \u003ca href=\"http://voices.nationalgeographic.com/2013/03/01/100-million-sharks-killed-every-year-study-shows-on-eve-of-international-conference-on-shark-protection/\">100 million sharks are killed every year\u003c/a>, which, he says, is “not good for the functioning of marine ecosystems.”\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Interview Highlights\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>On tiger sharks and exploratory biting\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These sharks are not afraid of anything, and they will come right in close. These individuals are built like tanks. They’re 10-plus feet. Some of them were easily over 14, 15 feet. They’ve got this impressive weaponry in terms of teeth, and they just don’t have this kind of self-awareness of being afraid. They’re very curious and inquisitive, and they’ll come right in. Sometimes they’ll bite you as exploration. They have a variety of senses including touch, and they don’t have fingertips like we do to feel things around — often they use their teeth to feel things. If they’re coming in to give you even an exploratory bite, that’s game over in the case of a tiger shark, so you have to be … totally aware and making sure that doesn’t happen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>On what to do if you encounter a shark in the water\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sharks are ambush predators, so if you happen to see a shark, there’s a good chance that they’ve already seen you for a little while. And so, [in] most cases, they are going to not come very close. … In most instances, in order to get sharks close up, you have to bait them or kind of attract them in with minced fish. If that’s the case, they’re interested in finding that fish and eating that fish. So you just don’t want to get in the way of it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I don’t think most people are going find a situation where they have to push away a shark, but if you do find yourself in a situation where you don’t feel comfortable with the shark, the best thing to do is \u003cem>not\u003c/em> to run away or swim away. That’s what their food does; their food runs away from them. The best thing to do is actually just approach them, maintain eye contact, and I wouldn’t try to touch them or push them unless they came within so close that that’s what they’re going to do to you. If they came to open their mouth, that might be a situation where it would probably be good to push them away. But probably the most important thing is just to maintain very strong eye contact with them and kind of follow them around. Usually they’re going to find that uncomfortable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>On the chances of being attacked by a shark \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Where the [shark] movies get it wrong is that sharks don’t have any interest in humans as a food source. … There would be nothing easier for a shark than to kind of patrol the beaches during the summers and eat people if we were on the menu, because it would be a pretty easy thing to do. But the fact that [a] shark bite is so rare, and there are so many people in the water, just shows that we’re not on the menu.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>On shark personalities\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the really neat things is, even within a species, to see how much individual differences there are in personality. There are sharks that are really shy, and there are others that are really bold, and it has nothing to do with their length. …\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are sharks that, for example — in Tiger Beach [in the Bahamas] — that I first dove with in 2003. And [I] have almost on an annual basis seen this shark over the years and have been diving with her up until today, and seen her put on 1,000 pounds in the process. You can see these really strong personalities where they come in really calm but very curious, and have an absolute, pretty strong personality. You can almost identify the individual just based on the way they’re moving in the water and the way they approach you. …\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s pretty cool to be able to jump in the water and say, “Hey look, there’s Emma the tiger shark!”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>On threats to the shark population, including shark-fin soup\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sharks are faced [with] a number of threats. They’re being faced [with] targeted fishing, in which sharks are being directly targeted and captured, mostly for their fins to actually make shark-fin soup, which is an Asian delicacy, particularly consumed in China and in the diaspora.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[Shark-fin soup] is mainly consumed as a cultural sign of wealth. It’s a long-held tradition. It has no color, no taste, no smell, in itself. In fact, to the soup itself has to be added chicken broth, beef or pork broth just to give it a taste. So it’s not consumed because of any nutritional value or any taste or anything like that; it’s consumed as a cultural sign of wealth. It’s tradition, and many people who consume shark-fin soup have no idea that it actually comes from sharks, or that sharks are in any trouble or are declining as a result.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>On how he feels about the movie \u003cem>Jaws \u003c/em>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s really unfortunate that that movie was made, because it demonized sharks. You know, people didn’t really care about sharks, it wasn’t on people’s consciousness, and now after that movie came out, there are a lot of people who kind of wanted to rid the ocean of sharks and thought that any good shark was a dead shark. And that couldn’t be further from the truth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 Fresh Air. To see more, visit \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/programs/fresh-air/\">Fresh Air\u003c/a>.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=A+Marine+Ecologist+On+Swimming+With+Sharks+And+What+%27Jaws%27+Got+Wrong&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The first time he encountered a tiger shark in the water, marine ecologist Neil Hammerschlag was in the Bahamas conducting research. His team was on a boat and they hadn’t seen many sharks, so when someone yelled, “Tiger shark!” he grabbed his snorkel gear and camera and jumped into the water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“One [tiger shark] moved right in toward me and came close,” Hammerschlag tells \u003cem>Fresh Air\u003c/em>‘s Dave Davies. “It opened its mouth, and I was looking through its mouth down its gut and seeing its gills from the inside.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The tiger shark passed by several times before swimming off. Hammerschlag says that tiger sharks, which can grow to more than 15 feet in length, have an inquisitive nature that sometimes leads to exploratory biting, and for most sharks, their interest ends there. “Humans are not on the shark’s menu,” the ecologist explains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Contrary to what popular movies like \u003cem>Jaws\u003c/em> would have audiences believe, Hammerschlag says that sharks pose only a very small risk to humans. In fact, we’re much more of a threat to sharks than they are to us. Hammerschlag estimates that \u003ca href=\"http://voices.nationalgeographic.com/2013/03/01/100-million-sharks-killed-every-year-study-shows-on-eve-of-international-conference-on-shark-protection/\">100 million sharks are killed every year\u003c/a>, which, he says, is “not good for the functioning of marine ecosystems.”\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Interview Highlights\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>On tiger sharks and exploratory biting\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These sharks are not afraid of anything, and they will come right in close. These individuals are built like tanks. They’re 10-plus feet. Some of them were easily over 14, 15 feet. They’ve got this impressive weaponry in terms of teeth, and they just don’t have this kind of self-awareness of being afraid. They’re very curious and inquisitive, and they’ll come right in. Sometimes they’ll bite you as exploration. They have a variety of senses including touch, and they don’t have fingertips like we do to feel things around — often they use their teeth to feel things. If they’re coming in to give you even an exploratory bite, that’s game over in the case of a tiger shark, so you have to be … totally aware and making sure that doesn’t happen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>On what to do if you encounter a shark in the water\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sharks are ambush predators, so if you happen to see a shark, there’s a good chance that they’ve already seen you for a little while. And so, [in] most cases, they are going to not come very close. … In most instances, in order to get sharks close up, you have to bait them or kind of attract them in with minced fish. If that’s the case, they’re interested in finding that fish and eating that fish. So you just don’t want to get in the way of it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I don’t think most people are going find a situation where they have to push away a shark, but if you do find yourself in a situation where you don’t feel comfortable with the shark, the best thing to do is \u003cem>not\u003c/em> to run away or swim away. That’s what their food does; their food runs away from them. The best thing to do is actually just approach them, maintain eye contact, and I wouldn’t try to touch them or push them unless they came within so close that that’s what they’re going to do to you. If they came to open their mouth, that might be a situation where it would probably be good to push them away. But probably the most important thing is just to maintain very strong eye contact with them and kind of follow them around. Usually they’re going to find that uncomfortable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>On the chances of being attacked by a shark \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Where the [shark] movies get it wrong is that sharks don’t have any interest in humans as a food source. … There would be nothing easier for a shark than to kind of patrol the beaches during the summers and eat people if we were on the menu, because it would be a pretty easy thing to do. But the fact that [a] shark bite is so rare, and there are so many people in the water, just shows that we’re not on the menu.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>On shark personalities\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the really neat things is, even within a species, to see how much individual differences there are in personality. There are sharks that are really shy, and there are others that are really bold, and it has nothing to do with their length. …\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are sharks that, for example — in Tiger Beach [in the Bahamas] — that I first dove with in 2003. And [I] have almost on an annual basis seen this shark over the years and have been diving with her up until today, and seen her put on 1,000 pounds in the process. You can see these really strong personalities where they come in really calm but very curious, and have an absolute, pretty strong personality. You can almost identify the individual just based on the way they’re moving in the water and the way they approach you. …\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s pretty cool to be able to jump in the water and say, “Hey look, there’s Emma the tiger shark!”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>On threats to the shark population, including shark-fin soup\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sharks are faced [with] a number of threats. They’re being faced [with] targeted fishing, in which sharks are being directly targeted and captured, mostly for their fins to actually make shark-fin soup, which is an Asian delicacy, particularly consumed in China and in the diaspora.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[Shark-fin soup] is mainly consumed as a cultural sign of wealth. It’s a long-held tradition. It has no color, no taste, no smell, in itself. In fact, to the soup itself has to be added chicken broth, beef or pork broth just to give it a taste. So it’s not consumed because of any nutritional value or any taste or anything like that; it’s consumed as a cultural sign of wealth. It’s tradition, and many people who consume shark-fin soup have no idea that it actually comes from sharks, or that sharks are in any trouble or are declining as a result.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>On how he feels about the movie \u003cem>Jaws \u003c/em>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s really unfortunate that that movie was made, because it demonized sharks. You know, people didn’t really care about sharks, it wasn’t on people’s consciousness, and now after that movie came out, there are a lot of people who kind of wanted to rid the ocean of sharks and thought that any good shark was a dead shark. And that couldn’t be further from the truth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 Fresh Air. To see more, visit \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/programs/fresh-air/\">Fresh Air\u003c/a>.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=A+Marine+Ecologist+On+Swimming+With+Sharks+And+What+%27Jaws%27+Got+Wrong&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "NASA's Jupiter Probe Sends First Pics of Planet From Orbit",
"headTitle": "NASA’s Jupiter Probe Sends First Pics of Planet From Orbit | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>NASA has released the first picture of Jupiter taken since the Juno spacecraft went into orbit around the planet on July 4.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The picture was taken on July 10. Juno was 2.7 million miles from Jupiter at the time. The color image shows some of the atmospheric features of the planet, including the giant red spot. You can also see three of Jupiter’s moons in the picture: Io, Europa and Ganymede.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.missionjuno.swri.edu/junocam\">[contextly_sidebar id=”VEGTAjOLa6ff0EVbRaEsvpF97Oe9e6ag”]JunoCam\u003c/a> is the only color camera on the mission. Strictly speaking, it’s not part of the spacecraft’s scientific instrument payload. Juno’s mission is to make measurements of Jupiter’s magnetic and gravitational fields, as well as its internal composition, radiation belts and auroras. None of these measurements require a color camera. But NASA knows that it would have been hard to explain to the public why a spacecraft that will fly closer to Jupiter than any other in history didn’t take any close-up pictures, so JunoCam was added to Juno’s payload.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Right now Juno is in an elongated orbit around Jupiter that takes 53.5 days to make a single revolution. “JunoCam will continue to take images as we go around in this first orbit,” said Candy Hansen, Juno co-investigator from the Planetary Science Institute, in a \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/feature/jpl/nasa-s-juno-spacecraft-sends-first-in-orbit-view\">NASA news release\u003c/a>. “The first high-resolution images of the planet will be taken on August 27 when Juno makes its next close pass to Jupiter.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like all the other instruments aboard Juno, JunoCam was switched off in the days immediately preceding a critical engine burn required to place Juno into orbit. Engineers wanted to minimize the risk that one of the instruments could cause a computer reset and shut off the engine prematurely.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=NASA%27s+Jupiter+Probe+Sends+First+Pics+Of+Planet+From+Orbit&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>NASA has released the first picture of Jupiter taken since the Juno spacecraft went into orbit around the planet on July 4.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The picture was taken on July 10. Juno was 2.7 million miles from Jupiter at the time. The color image shows some of the atmospheric features of the planet, including the giant red spot. You can also see three of Jupiter’s moons in the picture: Io, Europa and Ganymede.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.missionjuno.swri.edu/junocam\">\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>JunoCam\u003c/a> is the only color camera on the mission. Strictly speaking, it’s not part of the spacecraft’s scientific instrument payload. Juno’s mission is to make measurements of Jupiter’s magnetic and gravitational fields, as well as its internal composition, radiation belts and auroras. None of these measurements require a color camera. But NASA knows that it would have been hard to explain to the public why a spacecraft that will fly closer to Jupiter than any other in history didn’t take any close-up pictures, so JunoCam was added to Juno’s payload.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Right now Juno is in an elongated orbit around Jupiter that takes 53.5 days to make a single revolution. “JunoCam will continue to take images as we go around in this first orbit,” said Candy Hansen, Juno co-investigator from the Planetary Science Institute, in a \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/feature/jpl/nasa-s-juno-spacecraft-sends-first-in-orbit-view\">NASA news release\u003c/a>. “The first high-resolution images of the planet will be taken on August 27 when Juno makes its next close pass to Jupiter.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like all the other instruments aboard Juno, JunoCam was switched off in the days immediately preceding a critical engine burn required to place Juno into orbit. Engineers wanted to minimize the risk that one of the instruments could cause a computer reset and shut off the engine prematurely.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=NASA%27s+Jupiter+Probe+Sends+First+Pics+Of+Planet+From+Orbit&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "Clean Energy Puts a Dent in Carbon Dioxide Emissions",
"headTitle": "Clean Energy Puts a Dent in Carbon Dioxide Emissions | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Americans are using less electricity as buildings become more energy-efficient and industrial power demand weakens, and \u003ca href=\"http://mjbradley.com/benchmarking-air-emissions\">a new report\u003c/a> says that is leading to three trends: Declining carbon dioxide emissions, low electric power prices and the decline of coal, which has until recently been the primary fuel used to produce electricity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some of the nation’s largest electric utilities have been slow to cut carbon dioxide emissions in recent years, but as coal-fired power plants are shut down and states develop more wind and solar, carbon emissions are falling more quickly, according to the report published Wednesday by Bank of America, the Natural Resources Defense Council, climate think tank \u003ca href=\"http://ceres.org/press/press-releases/air-emissions-report\">Ceres\u003c/a> and three major utilities — \u003ca href=\"http://www.exeloncorp.com/\">Exelon\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://entergy.com/\">Entergy\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.calpine.com/\">Calpine\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>U.S. power plants’ carbon dioxide emissions were 14 percent higher in 2014 than they were in 1990. But the good news for the climate is that emissions fell about 15 percent between 2005 and 2014, and early data suggest that they fell another 6 percent between 2014 and 2015, reducing emissions to just above 1990 levels, the report says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By contrast, spurred by environmental regulations under the Clean Air Act, utilities have cut their nitrogen oxide and sulfur dioxide emissions — major air pollutants — by more than 75 percent since 1990, and mercury emissions were cut 55 percent since 2000.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Less progress has been made in terms of reducing CO2 emissions,” the report says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Generating electricity is the primary source of greenhouse gas emissions causing climate change both in the U.S. and across the globe and the target of the Obama administration’s most sweeping climate policy — the \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/the-suit-against-the-clean-power-plan-explained-20234\">Clean Power Plan\u003c/a>. But the way Americans produce and use electricity is changing, and the climate may benefit, according to the report.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More zero-carbon energy is being produced from wind and solar, and low natural gas prices and mercury pollution regulations are encouraging utilities to shutter coal-fired-power plants and open new ones that run on natural gas, which emits less carbon dioxide, the report says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Renewable energy is widely expected to continue its strong growth, which will put the electricity sector in an excellent position to help the U.S. meet its international commitments,” said \u003ca href=\"https://www.nrdc.org/experts/starla-yeh\">Starla Yeh\u003c/a>, senior policy analyst in the Climate and Clean Air Program at NRDC. “We must reach this milestone to avoid the worst impacts of climate change.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The most progress in reducing carbon emissions from electric power plants has been made in New England and the South, where many states have cut their carbon emissions rate by greater than 20 percent since 2008.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The South \u003ca href=\"http://www.ceres.org/industry-initiatives/electric-power/benchmarking-air-emissions-of-the-100-largest-electric-power-producers/benchmarking-air-emissions-of-the-100-largest-electric-power-producers\">stands out\u003c/a> because the region has been traditionally resistant to renewables, but with a greater focus on shutting down coal-fired power plants, six states have cut the rate of their carbon emissions by more than 20 percent between 2008 and 2014. Those states include North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi and Tennessee.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The primary factor is a shift away from coal and toward natural gas,” said \u003ca href=\"http://www.ceres.org/about-us/who-we-are/ceres-staff/dan-bakal\">Dan Bakal\u003c/a>, director of electric power for Ceres.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some Southern states have added renewables and use some nuclear power, but those were not major factors in their emissions reductions, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The states with the highest power plant carbon emissions rates are Kentucky, Wyoming, West Virginia, Indiana and Missouri — all states heavily dependent on coal, according to the report. States with the lowest emissions rates are Vermont, Idaho, Washington, Oregon and Maine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Climate Central\u003c/span>\u003c/a> \u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">is an independent organization that researches and reports on climate change.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Americans are using less electricity as buildings become more energy-efficient and industrial power demand weakens, and \u003ca href=\"http://mjbradley.com/benchmarking-air-emissions\">a new report\u003c/a> says that is leading to three trends: Declining carbon dioxide emissions, low electric power prices and the decline of coal, which has until recently been the primary fuel used to produce electricity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some of the nation’s largest electric utilities have been slow to cut carbon dioxide emissions in recent years, but as coal-fired power plants are shut down and states develop more wind and solar, carbon emissions are falling more quickly, according to the report published Wednesday by Bank of America, the Natural Resources Defense Council, climate think tank \u003ca href=\"http://ceres.org/press/press-releases/air-emissions-report\">Ceres\u003c/a> and three major utilities — \u003ca href=\"http://www.exeloncorp.com/\">Exelon\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://entergy.com/\">Entergy\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.calpine.com/\">Calpine\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>U.S. power plants’ carbon dioxide emissions were 14 percent higher in 2014 than they were in 1990. But the good news for the climate is that emissions fell about 15 percent between 2005 and 2014, and early data suggest that they fell another 6 percent between 2014 and 2015, reducing emissions to just above 1990 levels, the report says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By contrast, spurred by environmental regulations under the Clean Air Act, utilities have cut their nitrogen oxide and sulfur dioxide emissions — major air pollutants — by more than 75 percent since 1990, and mercury emissions were cut 55 percent since 2000.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Less progress has been made in terms of reducing CO2 emissions,” the report says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Generating electricity is the primary source of greenhouse gas emissions causing climate change both in the U.S. and across the globe and the target of the Obama administration’s most sweeping climate policy — the \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/the-suit-against-the-clean-power-plan-explained-20234\">Clean Power Plan\u003c/a>. But the way Americans produce and use electricity is changing, and the climate may benefit, according to the report.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More zero-carbon energy is being produced from wind and solar, and low natural gas prices and mercury pollution regulations are encouraging utilities to shutter coal-fired-power plants and open new ones that run on natural gas, which emits less carbon dioxide, the report says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Renewable energy is widely expected to continue its strong growth, which will put the electricity sector in an excellent position to help the U.S. meet its international commitments,” said \u003ca href=\"https://www.nrdc.org/experts/starla-yeh\">Starla Yeh\u003c/a>, senior policy analyst in the Climate and Clean Air Program at NRDC. “We must reach this milestone to avoid the worst impacts of climate change.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The most progress in reducing carbon emissions from electric power plants has been made in New England and the South, where many states have cut their carbon emissions rate by greater than 20 percent since 2008.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The South \u003ca href=\"http://www.ceres.org/industry-initiatives/electric-power/benchmarking-air-emissions-of-the-100-largest-electric-power-producers/benchmarking-air-emissions-of-the-100-largest-electric-power-producers\">stands out\u003c/a> because the region has been traditionally resistant to renewables, but with a greater focus on shutting down coal-fired power plants, six states have cut the rate of their carbon emissions by more than 20 percent between 2008 and 2014. Those states include North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi and Tennessee.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The primary factor is a shift away from coal and toward natural gas,” said \u003ca href=\"http://www.ceres.org/about-us/who-we-are/ceres-staff/dan-bakal\">Dan Bakal\u003c/a>, director of electric power for Ceres.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some Southern states have added renewables and use some nuclear power, but those were not major factors in their emissions reductions, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The states with the highest power plant carbon emissions rates are Kentucky, Wyoming, West Virginia, Indiana and Missouri — all states heavily dependent on coal, according to the report. States with the lowest emissions rates are Vermont, Idaho, Washington, Oregon and Maine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Climate Central\u003c/span>\u003c/a> \u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">is an independent organization that researches and reports on climate change.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "U.S. Faces Dramatic Rise in Extreme Heat, Humidity",
"headTitle": "U.S. Faces Dramatic Rise in Extreme Heat, Humidity | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Across the U.S., we’ve hit the dog days of summer. Most regions are now seeing their hottest temperatures of the year, and the combination of heat and high humidity sends most people running for a cold drink, some shade, or an air conditioner.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Heat is the No.1 weather related killer, and as carbon pollution continues, global temperatures will keep climbing, bringing hotter summers and more extreme and dangerous heat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Climate Central’s \u003cem>\u003ca href=\"http://impact.statesatrisk.org/\">States at Risk\u003c/a> \u003c/em>project analyzed historic trends in summer temperatures since 1970 as well as projections for future extreme heat for hundreds of metro areas across the lower 48 states. Using several measures, our findings show that most U.S. cities have already experienced large increases in extreme summer heat and absolute humidity, which together can cause serious heat-related health problems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We found that scores of U.S. cities home to tens of millions of people will face dramatic increases in dangerous and extreme heat days by the middle of this century if current greenhouse gas emissions trends continue.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The hottest parts of the country, including Texas, the Southwest, and Florida have already experienced large increases in extreme heat days, including days over 90°F, 95°F, and 100°F, as well as rising levels of humidity that make hot days feel miserable and extremely hot days downright dangerous. Cities in those same states are facing the biggest projected increases in dangerous heat over the next several decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Florida\u003c/strong> faces by far the greatest increase in the dangerous combination of heat and humidity over the next several decades. The 13 metro areas in the U.S. projected to see the greatest increase in danger days by 2050, are all in Florida. Every one of these cities is projected to see an increase of more than 100 dangerous heat days — when the heat index, a combination of heat and humidity, is more than 104°F — by that time. This will only accelerate changes already seen in Florida, where Miami tops the nation with the greatest increase in annual average 90\u003csup>o\u003c/sup>F days per year since 1970 with 46 more such days. McAllen, Texas is second, with 26, followed by Tucson with 25.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Texas\u003c/strong> tops the nation in extreme heat, with 6 of the top 7 cities with the greatest increase in 95°F days, including Austin, San Antonio, and Corpus Christi. In addition, three Texas cities lead the nation in projected danger days by 2050. Nearly half the year, between 168 and 179 days, will be what the National Weather Service considers dangerous heat days by 2050 in McAllen, Laredo, and Brownsville-Harlingen.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Arizona\u003c/strong> is also hard hit, with Phoenix projected to see 146 danger days by 2050, Tucson expected to see 135, and Yuma projected to have 159. As a harbinger of these changes, Tucson now has 24 more days above 100°F on average per year than in the 1970s, the second largest increase in the nation.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-846073\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Summer-Sizzle_CC.jpg\" alt=\"Summer Sizzle_CC\" width=\"720\" height=\"405\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Summer-Sizzle_CC.jpg 720w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Summer-Sizzle_CC-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 720px) 100vw, 720px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-846074\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Impacts-of-extreme-heat.png\" alt=\"Impacts of extreme heat\" width=\"720\" height=\"40\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Impacts-of-extreme-heat.png 720w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Impacts-of-extreme-heat-400x22.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 720px) 100vw, 720px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Extreme heat and the combination of high heat and humidity pose serious risks for human health. According to the National Weather Service, heat is the No.1 weather-related killer in the U.S. — more than tornados, floods, and hurricanes — and it is estimated that between 600 and 1,500 heat-related deaths occur in an average summer in the U.S.\u003csup>1,2\u003c/sup> Individual heat waves can be even more deadly. The 1995 heat wave in Chicago is estimated to have led to more than 700 deaths and in excess of 1000 more hospital admissions than normal.\u003csup>3,4\u003c/sup>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This deadly risk is not likely to go away. By the end of the century, heat-related deaths are projected to increase by thousands to tens-of-thousands each year in the U.S.\u003csup>5\u003c/sup> Those most at risk of heat-related health impacts are infants and young children, elderly over 65, those already ill, athletes, and outdoor workers\u003csup>2\u003c/sup>. But everyone is potentially at risk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Elevated heat, especially along with high humidity, makes it difficult for the body to cool itself. In addition to increasing the risk of mortality, heat can cause problems throughout the body. It can range from dehydration, cramps, exhaustion, dizziness, vomiting and heat rash to more serious issues involving kidney failure, heart issues, and exacerbation of respiratory issues\u003csup>6,7\u003c/sup>. These heat impacts also provide a challenge to the healthcare industry with increased hospitalizations and doctors’ visits and insurance claims.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>High heat also impacts other sectors and infrastructure. Stagnant air often occurs during periods of elevated heat and allows dangerous levels of air pollutants to build up. High temperatures also directly provide conditions conducive for producing harmful ground-level ozone. Periods of extreme heat can wither crops and exacerbate drought conditions greatly impacting agriculture. Blackouts often accompany heat-waves as the need for cooling puts a heavy strain on the power grid. Heat waves can also lead to harmful algal blooms and promote other bacterial growth in bodies of water and lead to degraded fish habitat, such as for species that require cooler streams and rivers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-846076\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/More-danger-days-coming.png\" alt=\"More danger days coming\" width=\"720\" height=\"40\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/More-danger-days-coming.png 720w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/More-danger-days-coming-400x22.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 720px) 100vw, 720px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The combination of hot temperatures and high humidity create dangerous conditions for humans. The National Weather Service defines as dangerous any day when the heat index (the combination of heat and humidity, commonly known as the “feels like temperature”) exceeds 104°F. Under these conditions, sunstroke and heat exhaustion are likely, and physical activity or being outside for long periods is risky, potentially leading to heat stroke. These dangerous heat days pose the greatest threat to kids and the elderly, and to people who don’t have easy access to air conditioning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-846078\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/DangerDays_sanfrancisco_en_title_lg.jpg\" alt=\"DangerDays_sanfrancisco_en_title_lg\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/DangerDays_sanfrancisco_en_title_lg.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/DangerDays_sanfrancisco_en_title_lg-400x225.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/DangerDays_sanfrancisco_en_title_lg-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/DangerDays_sanfrancisco_en_title_lg-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/DangerDays_sanfrancisco_en_title_lg-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/DangerDays_sanfrancisco_en_title_lg-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/DangerDays_sanfrancisco_en_title_lg-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We analyzed 360 of the biggest U.S. cities to see how the average number of danger days is projected to increase in the coming decades. The projections draw on 29 global climate models that have been downscaled across the continental U.S. to represent local climate conditions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The top 25 U.S. cities expected to see the most danger days by 2050 are:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-846081\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/DangerDaysrank_heat_500_497_s_c1_c_c.png\" alt=\"DangerDaysrank_heat_500_497_s_c1_c_c\" width=\"500\" height=\"497\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/DangerDaysrank_heat_500_497_s_c1_c_c.png 500w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/DangerDaysrank_heat_500_497_s_c1_c_c-400x398.png 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/DangerDaysrank_heat_500_497_s_c1_c_c-32x32.png 32w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/DangerDaysrank_heat_500_497_s_c1_c_c-50x50.png 50w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/DangerDaysrank_heat_500_497_s_c1_c_c-64x64.png 64w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/DangerDaysrank_heat_500_497_s_c1_c_c-96x96.png 96w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/DangerDaysrank_heat_500_497_s_c1_c_c-128x128.png 128w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/DangerDaysrank_heat_500_497_s_c1_c_c-150x150.png 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The 25 U.S. cities projected to see the biggest increase in danger days over current conditions are:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-846083\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/DangerDaysgrowth_heat_500_484_s_c1_c_c.png\" alt=\"DangerDaysgrowth_heat_500_484_s_c1_c_c\" width=\"500\" height=\"484\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/DangerDaysgrowth_heat_500_484_s_c1_c_c.png 500w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/DangerDaysgrowth_heat_500_484_s_c1_c_c-400x387.png 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/DangerDaysgrowth_heat_500_484_s_c1_c_c-32x32.png 32w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-846084\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/heatBanner_dayssince1970_720_40_s_c1_c_c.png\" alt=\"heatBanner_dayssince1970_720_40_s_c1_c_c\" width=\"720\" height=\"40\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/heatBanner_dayssince1970_720_40_s_c1_c_c.png 720w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/heatBanner_dayssince1970_720_40_s_c1_c_c-400x22.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 720px) 100vw, 720px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even in the absence of high humidity, extremely hot days pose a considerable health threat, particularly under prolonged exposure. Across most of the U.S. temperatures have increasingly been exceeding 90°F, 95°F, and 100°F since 1970.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Our analysis of trends in extreme heat days is based on annual counts of 90°F, 95°F, and 100°F exceedances in the country’s largest 200 cities. The hottest cities are seeing the biggest average increases in extreme heat days, in general.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The top 25 cities that have seen the biggest increase in annual average days above 90°F since 1970:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-846085\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/HeatReport_90days_rank_500_485_s_c1_c_c.png\" alt=\"HeatReport_90days_rank_500_485_s_c1_c_c\" width=\"500\" height=\"485\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/HeatReport_90days_rank_500_485_s_c1_c_c.png 500w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/HeatReport_90days_rank_500_485_s_c1_c_c-400x388.png 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/HeatReport_90days_rank_500_485_s_c1_c_c-32x32.png 32w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/HeatReport_90days_rank_500_485_s_c1_c_c-50x50.png 50w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The top 10 cities that have seen the biggest increase in 100°F days are:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-846086\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/HeatReport_100days_rank_500_525_s_c1_c_c.png\" alt=\"HeatReport_100days_rank_500_525_s_c1_c_c\" width=\"500\" height=\"525\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/HeatReport_100days_rank_500_525_s_c1_c_c.png 500w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/HeatReport_100days_rank_500_525_s_c1_c_c-400x420.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-846087\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/heatBanner_warmingsummers_720_40_s_c1_c_c.png\" alt=\"heatBanner_warmingsummers_720_40_s_c1_c_c\" width=\"720\" height=\"40\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/heatBanner_warmingsummers_720_40_s_c1_c_c.png 720w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/heatBanner_warmingsummers_720_40_s_c1_c_c-400x22.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 720px) 100vw, 720px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since 1970, summers have been warming in 45 of the lower 48 states. In many of these states, this warming is driven largely by nighttime temperatures getting hotter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-846088\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Fastest-warming-summers.png\" alt=\"Fastest warming summers\" width=\"500\" height=\"499\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Fastest-warming-summers.png 500w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Fastest-warming-summers-400x399.png 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Fastest-warming-summers-32x32.png 32w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Fastest-warming-summers-50x50.png 50w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Fastest-warming-summers-64x64.png 64w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Fastest-warming-summers-96x96.png 96w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Fastest-warming-summers-128x128.png 128w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Fastest-warming-summers-150x150.png 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-846089\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Steamier-summers.png\" alt=\"Steamier summers\" width=\"720\" height=\"40\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Steamier-summers.png 720w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Steamier-summers-400x22.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 720px) 100vw, 720px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As temperatures rise, evaporation increases, causing increased water vapor in the air. That extra moisture makes the air feel muggier, and can make it a lot more difficult to tolerate the heat because our bodies have a harder time keeping cool through perspiration. As summers warm across the country from increasing greenhouse gases, cities are also getting sticker.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Climate Central analyzed how the average summer dew point has changed in 200 major U.S. cities since 1970 (the \u003ca href=\"http://wxshift.com/videos/ask-a-met-dew-point\">dew point\u003c/a> is a measure of how much moisture is in the air). We found that 87 percent of those cities have experienced an overall increase in their average summer dew point over the past 46 years, indicating that there is typically more moisture in the air on hot summer days now than there used to be.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The top 25 cities seeing the largest increase in summer air moisture since the 1970s are (several of which are among the fastest warming cities in the country):\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-846090\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/HeatReport_Dewpoints_500_495_s_c1_c_c.png\" alt=\"HeatReport_Dewpoints_500_495_s_c1_c_c\" width=\"500\" height=\"495\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/HeatReport_Dewpoints_500_495_s_c1_c_c.png 500w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/HeatReport_Dewpoints_500_495_s_c1_c_c-400x396.png 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/HeatReport_Dewpoints_500_495_s_c1_c_c-32x32.png 32w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/HeatReport_Dewpoints_500_495_s_c1_c_c-50x50.png 50w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/HeatReport_Dewpoints_500_495_s_c1_c_c-64x64.png 64w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/HeatReport_Dewpoints_500_495_s_c1_c_c-96x96.png 96w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/HeatReport_Dewpoints_500_495_s_c1_c_c-128x128.png 128w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/HeatReport_Dewpoints_500_495_s_c1_c_c-150x150.png 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/\">Climate Central\u003c/a> \u003cem>is an independent organization that researches and reports on climate change.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Analysis by Alyson Kenward, PhD, Jennifer Brady, James Bronzan and Todd Sanford. Read full \u003ca href=\"http://assets.climatecentral.org/pdfs/Heat_methodology.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">methodology\u003c/a>. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Footnotes:\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>1. Harvard Medical School (2005), \u003ca href=\"http://ccsl.iccip.net/ccf_report_oct_06.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Climate Change Futures: Health, Ecological and Economic Dimensions\u003c/a>, Cambridge, MA: The Center for Health and the Global Environment, Harvard Medical School.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>2. Centers for Disease Control, \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/extremeheat/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Extreme Heat and Your Health\u003c/a>, 2011\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>3. Palecki et al. (2001), Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. T\u003ca href=\"http://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/pdf/10.1175/1520-0477%282001%29082%3C1353%3ATNAIOT%3E2.3.CO%3B2\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">he Nature and Impacts of the July 1999 Heat Wave in the Midwestern United States: Learning From the Lessons of 1995\u003c/a>. 82:7, 1353. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>4. Semenza et al. (1999), Am. J. Preventive Med. \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0749379799000252\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Excessive Hospitalizations During the July 1995 Heat Wave in Chicago\u003c/a>. 16:4, 269. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>5. U.S. Global Change Research Program (2016), T\u003ca href=\"https://health2016.globalchange.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">he Impacts of Climate Change on Human Health in the United States: A Scientific Assessment\u003c/a>. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>6. Becker, J.A. and L.K. Stewart (2011), American Family Physician. \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21661715\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Heat-related illness\u003c/a>. 83:11, 1325.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>7. Glazer, J.L. (2005), American Family Physician. \u003ca href=\"http://www.aafp.org/afp/2005/0601/p2133.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Management of Heatstroke and Heat Exhaustion\u003c/a>. 71:11, 2133.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "As carbon pollution continues, global temperatures will keep climbing, bringing hotter summers and more extreme and dangerous heat.",
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"title": "U.S. Faces Dramatic Rise in Extreme Heat, Humidity | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Across the U.S., we’ve hit the dog days of summer. Most regions are now seeing their hottest temperatures of the year, and the combination of heat and high humidity sends most people running for a cold drink, some shade, or an air conditioner.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Heat is the No.1 weather related killer, and as carbon pollution continues, global temperatures will keep climbing, bringing hotter summers and more extreme and dangerous heat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Climate Central’s \u003cem>\u003ca href=\"http://impact.statesatrisk.org/\">States at Risk\u003c/a> \u003c/em>project analyzed historic trends in summer temperatures since 1970 as well as projections for future extreme heat for hundreds of metro areas across the lower 48 states. Using several measures, our findings show that most U.S. cities have already experienced large increases in extreme summer heat and absolute humidity, which together can cause serious heat-related health problems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We found that scores of U.S. cities home to tens of millions of people will face dramatic increases in dangerous and extreme heat days by the middle of this century if current greenhouse gas emissions trends continue.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The hottest parts of the country, including Texas, the Southwest, and Florida have already experienced large increases in extreme heat days, including days over 90°F, 95°F, and 100°F, as well as rising levels of humidity that make hot days feel miserable and extremely hot days downright dangerous. Cities in those same states are facing the biggest projected increases in dangerous heat over the next several decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Florida\u003c/strong> faces by far the greatest increase in the dangerous combination of heat and humidity over the next several decades. The 13 metro areas in the U.S. projected to see the greatest increase in danger days by 2050, are all in Florida. Every one of these cities is projected to see an increase of more than 100 dangerous heat days — when the heat index, a combination of heat and humidity, is more than 104°F — by that time. This will only accelerate changes already seen in Florida, where Miami tops the nation with the greatest increase in annual average 90\u003csup>o\u003c/sup>F days per year since 1970 with 46 more such days. McAllen, Texas is second, with 26, followed by Tucson with 25.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Texas\u003c/strong> tops the nation in extreme heat, with 6 of the top 7 cities with the greatest increase in 95°F days, including Austin, San Antonio, and Corpus Christi. In addition, three Texas cities lead the nation in projected danger days by 2050. Nearly half the year, between 168 and 179 days, will be what the National Weather Service considers dangerous heat days by 2050 in McAllen, Laredo, and Brownsville-Harlingen.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Arizona\u003c/strong> is also hard hit, with Phoenix projected to see 146 danger days by 2050, Tucson expected to see 135, and Yuma projected to have 159. As a harbinger of these changes, Tucson now has 24 more days above 100°F on average per year than in the 1970s, the second largest increase in the nation.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-846073\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Summer-Sizzle_CC.jpg\" alt=\"Summer Sizzle_CC\" width=\"720\" height=\"405\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Summer-Sizzle_CC.jpg 720w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Summer-Sizzle_CC-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 720px) 100vw, 720px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-846074\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Impacts-of-extreme-heat.png\" alt=\"Impacts of extreme heat\" width=\"720\" height=\"40\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Impacts-of-extreme-heat.png 720w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Impacts-of-extreme-heat-400x22.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 720px) 100vw, 720px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Extreme heat and the combination of high heat and humidity pose serious risks for human health. According to the National Weather Service, heat is the No.1 weather-related killer in the U.S. — more than tornados, floods, and hurricanes — and it is estimated that between 600 and 1,500 heat-related deaths occur in an average summer in the U.S.\u003csup>1,2\u003c/sup> Individual heat waves can be even more deadly. The 1995 heat wave in Chicago is estimated to have led to more than 700 deaths and in excess of 1000 more hospital admissions than normal.\u003csup>3,4\u003c/sup>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This deadly risk is not likely to go away. By the end of the century, heat-related deaths are projected to increase by thousands to tens-of-thousands each year in the U.S.\u003csup>5\u003c/sup> Those most at risk of heat-related health impacts are infants and young children, elderly over 65, those already ill, athletes, and outdoor workers\u003csup>2\u003c/sup>. But everyone is potentially at risk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Elevated heat, especially along with high humidity, makes it difficult for the body to cool itself. In addition to increasing the risk of mortality, heat can cause problems throughout the body. It can range from dehydration, cramps, exhaustion, dizziness, vomiting and heat rash to more serious issues involving kidney failure, heart issues, and exacerbation of respiratory issues\u003csup>6,7\u003c/sup>. These heat impacts also provide a challenge to the healthcare industry with increased hospitalizations and doctors’ visits and insurance claims.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>High heat also impacts other sectors and infrastructure. Stagnant air often occurs during periods of elevated heat and allows dangerous levels of air pollutants to build up. High temperatures also directly provide conditions conducive for producing harmful ground-level ozone. Periods of extreme heat can wither crops and exacerbate drought conditions greatly impacting agriculture. Blackouts often accompany heat-waves as the need for cooling puts a heavy strain on the power grid. Heat waves can also lead to harmful algal blooms and promote other bacterial growth in bodies of water and lead to degraded fish habitat, such as for species that require cooler streams and rivers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-846076\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/More-danger-days-coming.png\" alt=\"More danger days coming\" width=\"720\" height=\"40\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/More-danger-days-coming.png 720w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/More-danger-days-coming-400x22.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 720px) 100vw, 720px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The combination of hot temperatures and high humidity create dangerous conditions for humans. The National Weather Service defines as dangerous any day when the heat index (the combination of heat and humidity, commonly known as the “feels like temperature”) exceeds 104°F. Under these conditions, sunstroke and heat exhaustion are likely, and physical activity or being outside for long periods is risky, potentially leading to heat stroke. These dangerous heat days pose the greatest threat to kids and the elderly, and to people who don’t have easy access to air conditioning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-846078\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/DangerDays_sanfrancisco_en_title_lg.jpg\" alt=\"DangerDays_sanfrancisco_en_title_lg\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/DangerDays_sanfrancisco_en_title_lg.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/DangerDays_sanfrancisco_en_title_lg-400x225.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/DangerDays_sanfrancisco_en_title_lg-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/DangerDays_sanfrancisco_en_title_lg-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/DangerDays_sanfrancisco_en_title_lg-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/DangerDays_sanfrancisco_en_title_lg-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/DangerDays_sanfrancisco_en_title_lg-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We analyzed 360 of the biggest U.S. cities to see how the average number of danger days is projected to increase in the coming decades. The projections draw on 29 global climate models that have been downscaled across the continental U.S. to represent local climate conditions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The top 25 U.S. cities expected to see the most danger days by 2050 are:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-846081\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/DangerDaysrank_heat_500_497_s_c1_c_c.png\" alt=\"DangerDaysrank_heat_500_497_s_c1_c_c\" width=\"500\" height=\"497\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/DangerDaysrank_heat_500_497_s_c1_c_c.png 500w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/DangerDaysrank_heat_500_497_s_c1_c_c-400x398.png 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/DangerDaysrank_heat_500_497_s_c1_c_c-32x32.png 32w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/DangerDaysrank_heat_500_497_s_c1_c_c-50x50.png 50w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/DangerDaysrank_heat_500_497_s_c1_c_c-64x64.png 64w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/DangerDaysrank_heat_500_497_s_c1_c_c-96x96.png 96w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/DangerDaysrank_heat_500_497_s_c1_c_c-128x128.png 128w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/DangerDaysrank_heat_500_497_s_c1_c_c-150x150.png 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The 25 U.S. cities projected to see the biggest increase in danger days over current conditions are:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-846083\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/DangerDaysgrowth_heat_500_484_s_c1_c_c.png\" alt=\"DangerDaysgrowth_heat_500_484_s_c1_c_c\" width=\"500\" height=\"484\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/DangerDaysgrowth_heat_500_484_s_c1_c_c.png 500w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/DangerDaysgrowth_heat_500_484_s_c1_c_c-400x387.png 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/DangerDaysgrowth_heat_500_484_s_c1_c_c-32x32.png 32w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-846084\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/heatBanner_dayssince1970_720_40_s_c1_c_c.png\" alt=\"heatBanner_dayssince1970_720_40_s_c1_c_c\" width=\"720\" height=\"40\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/heatBanner_dayssince1970_720_40_s_c1_c_c.png 720w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/heatBanner_dayssince1970_720_40_s_c1_c_c-400x22.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 720px) 100vw, 720px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even in the absence of high humidity, extremely hot days pose a considerable health threat, particularly under prolonged exposure. Across most of the U.S. temperatures have increasingly been exceeding 90°F, 95°F, and 100°F since 1970.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Our analysis of trends in extreme heat days is based on annual counts of 90°F, 95°F, and 100°F exceedances in the country’s largest 200 cities. The hottest cities are seeing the biggest average increases in extreme heat days, in general.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The top 25 cities that have seen the biggest increase in annual average days above 90°F since 1970:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-846085\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/HeatReport_90days_rank_500_485_s_c1_c_c.png\" alt=\"HeatReport_90days_rank_500_485_s_c1_c_c\" width=\"500\" height=\"485\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/HeatReport_90days_rank_500_485_s_c1_c_c.png 500w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/HeatReport_90days_rank_500_485_s_c1_c_c-400x388.png 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/HeatReport_90days_rank_500_485_s_c1_c_c-32x32.png 32w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/HeatReport_90days_rank_500_485_s_c1_c_c-50x50.png 50w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The top 10 cities that have seen the biggest increase in 100°F days are:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-846086\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/HeatReport_100days_rank_500_525_s_c1_c_c.png\" alt=\"HeatReport_100days_rank_500_525_s_c1_c_c\" width=\"500\" height=\"525\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/HeatReport_100days_rank_500_525_s_c1_c_c.png 500w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/HeatReport_100days_rank_500_525_s_c1_c_c-400x420.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-846087\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/heatBanner_warmingsummers_720_40_s_c1_c_c.png\" alt=\"heatBanner_warmingsummers_720_40_s_c1_c_c\" width=\"720\" height=\"40\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/heatBanner_warmingsummers_720_40_s_c1_c_c.png 720w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/heatBanner_warmingsummers_720_40_s_c1_c_c-400x22.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 720px) 100vw, 720px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since 1970, summers have been warming in 45 of the lower 48 states. In many of these states, this warming is driven largely by nighttime temperatures getting hotter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-846088\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Fastest-warming-summers.png\" alt=\"Fastest warming summers\" width=\"500\" height=\"499\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Fastest-warming-summers.png 500w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Fastest-warming-summers-400x399.png 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Fastest-warming-summers-32x32.png 32w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Fastest-warming-summers-50x50.png 50w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Fastest-warming-summers-64x64.png 64w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Fastest-warming-summers-96x96.png 96w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Fastest-warming-summers-128x128.png 128w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Fastest-warming-summers-150x150.png 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-846089\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Steamier-summers.png\" alt=\"Steamier summers\" width=\"720\" height=\"40\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Steamier-summers.png 720w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Steamier-summers-400x22.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 720px) 100vw, 720px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As temperatures rise, evaporation increases, causing increased water vapor in the air. That extra moisture makes the air feel muggier, and can make it a lot more difficult to tolerate the heat because our bodies have a harder time keeping cool through perspiration. As summers warm across the country from increasing greenhouse gases, cities are also getting sticker.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Climate Central analyzed how the average summer dew point has changed in 200 major U.S. cities since 1970 (the \u003ca href=\"http://wxshift.com/videos/ask-a-met-dew-point\">dew point\u003c/a> is a measure of how much moisture is in the air). We found that 87 percent of those cities have experienced an overall increase in their average summer dew point over the past 46 years, indicating that there is typically more moisture in the air on hot summer days now than there used to be.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The top 25 cities seeing the largest increase in summer air moisture since the 1970s are (several of which are among the fastest warming cities in the country):\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-846090\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/HeatReport_Dewpoints_500_495_s_c1_c_c.png\" alt=\"HeatReport_Dewpoints_500_495_s_c1_c_c\" width=\"500\" height=\"495\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/HeatReport_Dewpoints_500_495_s_c1_c_c.png 500w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/HeatReport_Dewpoints_500_495_s_c1_c_c-400x396.png 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/HeatReport_Dewpoints_500_495_s_c1_c_c-32x32.png 32w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/HeatReport_Dewpoints_500_495_s_c1_c_c-50x50.png 50w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/HeatReport_Dewpoints_500_495_s_c1_c_c-64x64.png 64w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/HeatReport_Dewpoints_500_495_s_c1_c_c-96x96.png 96w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/HeatReport_Dewpoints_500_495_s_c1_c_c-128x128.png 128w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/HeatReport_Dewpoints_500_495_s_c1_c_c-150x150.png 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/\">Climate Central\u003c/a> \u003cem>is an independent organization that researches and reports on climate change.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Analysis by Alyson Kenward, PhD, Jennifer Brady, James Bronzan and Todd Sanford. Read full \u003ca href=\"http://assets.climatecentral.org/pdfs/Heat_methodology.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">methodology\u003c/a>. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Footnotes:\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>1. Harvard Medical School (2005), \u003ca href=\"http://ccsl.iccip.net/ccf_report_oct_06.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Climate Change Futures: Health, Ecological and Economic Dimensions\u003c/a>, Cambridge, MA: The Center for Health and the Global Environment, Harvard Medical School.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>2. Centers for Disease Control, \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/extremeheat/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Extreme Heat and Your Health\u003c/a>, 2011\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>3. Palecki et al. (2001), Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. T\u003ca href=\"http://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/pdf/10.1175/1520-0477%282001%29082%3C1353%3ATNAIOT%3E2.3.CO%3B2\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">he Nature and Impacts of the July 1999 Heat Wave in the Midwestern United States: Learning From the Lessons of 1995\u003c/a>. 82:7, 1353. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>4. Semenza et al. (1999), Am. J. Preventive Med. \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0749379799000252\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Excessive Hospitalizations During the July 1995 Heat Wave in Chicago\u003c/a>. 16:4, 269. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>5. U.S. Global Change Research Program (2016), T\u003ca href=\"https://health2016.globalchange.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">he Impacts of Climate Change on Human Health in the United States: A Scientific Assessment\u003c/a>. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>6. Becker, J.A. and L.K. Stewart (2011), American Family Physician. \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21661715\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Heat-related illness\u003c/a>. 83:11, 1325.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>7. Glazer, J.L. (2005), American Family Physician. \u003ca href=\"http://www.aafp.org/afp/2005/0601/p2133.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Management of Heatstroke and Heat Exhaustion\u003c/a>. 71:11, 2133.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Study: Opiate Addiction More Likely After Certain Surgeries",
"headTitle": "Study: Opiate Addiction More Likely After Certain Surgeries | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>The chance that you’ll get hooked on painkillers after surgery is low — only about five in a thousand people do, according to a new Stanford \u003ca href=\"http://archinte.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=2532789\">study\u003c/a>. But researchers found that the type of surgery can make a difference.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The surgeries that were at high risk were knee replacements, breast surgeries, hip replacements and open gallbladder surgeries.” says \u003ca href=\"https://med.stanford.edu/profiles/eric-sun\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Dr. Eric Sun\u003c/a>, anesthesiologist and lead author on the study, published Monday in the journal JAMA Internal Medicine. He says these procedures, which can involve particularly painful post-operative recovery, were about twice as likely to lead to chronic opioid use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers also noted that males, the elderly and people taking Valium or antidepressants before surgery were also more likely to progress to chronic opioid use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Defining ‘Chronic Use’\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists reviewed nearly 642,000 health insurance claims filed between 2001 and 2013 for 11 common types of surgery. The authors tracked whether procedures led to chronic opioid use, defined as 10 or more prescriptions or receiving more than a 120-day supply of an opioid like fentanyl or oxycodone in the first year after a surgical procedure, excluding the first three months after surgery.\u003ci>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unlike in previous studies, Stanford researchers examined patients who did not have an opioid prescription for at least one year prior to surgery.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Alternative Treatments\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sun says patients shouldn’t be deterred from having surgery because they fear an addiction to fentanyl or oxycodone. But he does recommend surgeons consider alternative options like Tylenol, Advil or regional anesthesia like nerve blocks. There are also psychological approaches to relieve pain and calm the nervous system, like \u003ca href=\"http://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases_conditions/hic_Understanding_COPD/hic_Pulmonary_Rehabilitation_Is_it_for_You/hic_Diaphragmatic_Breathing\">diaphragmatic breathing\u003c/a> or meditation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We hope that by optimizing patients’ psychology — and giving them skills to calm their own nervous system,” notes study co-author and pain psychologist \u003ca href=\"https://med.stanford.edu/profiles/beth-darnall\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Beth Darnell\u003c/a> “they will have less pain after surgery, need fewer opioids and recover quicker.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Opioids on the Rise\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Every day 78 Americans die from an opioid overdose, according to the \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/drugoverdose/epidemic/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.\u003c/a> Since the late 1990’s the number of deaths from prescription opioids like oxycodone, hydrocodone and methadone has quadrupled. In 2014 more people died from drug overdoses than ever before.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The chance that you’ll get hooked on painkillers after surgery is low — only about five in a thousand people do, according to a new Stanford \u003ca href=\"http://archinte.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=2532789\">study\u003c/a>. But researchers found that the type of surgery can make a difference.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The surgeries that were at high risk were knee replacements, breast surgeries, hip replacements and open gallbladder surgeries.” says \u003ca href=\"https://med.stanford.edu/profiles/eric-sun\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Dr. Eric Sun\u003c/a>, anesthesiologist and lead author on the study, published Monday in the journal JAMA Internal Medicine. He says these procedures, which can involve particularly painful post-operative recovery, were about twice as likely to lead to chronic opioid use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers also noted that males, the elderly and people taking Valium or antidepressants before surgery were also more likely to progress to chronic opioid use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Defining ‘Chronic Use’\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists reviewed nearly 642,000 health insurance claims filed between 2001 and 2013 for 11 common types of surgery. The authors tracked whether procedures led to chronic opioid use, defined as 10 or more prescriptions or receiving more than a 120-day supply of an opioid like fentanyl or oxycodone in the first year after a surgical procedure, excluding the first three months after surgery.\u003ci>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unlike in previous studies, Stanford researchers examined patients who did not have an opioid prescription for at least one year prior to surgery.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Alternative Treatments\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sun says patients shouldn’t be deterred from having surgery because they fear an addiction to fentanyl or oxycodone. But he does recommend surgeons consider alternative options like Tylenol, Advil or regional anesthesia like nerve blocks. There are also psychological approaches to relieve pain and calm the nervous system, like \u003ca href=\"http://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases_conditions/hic_Understanding_COPD/hic_Pulmonary_Rehabilitation_Is_it_for_You/hic_Diaphragmatic_Breathing\">diaphragmatic breathing\u003c/a> or meditation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We hope that by optimizing patients’ psychology — and giving them skills to calm their own nervous system,” notes study co-author and pain psychologist \u003ca href=\"https://med.stanford.edu/profiles/beth-darnall\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Beth Darnell\u003c/a> “they will have less pain after surgery, need fewer opioids and recover quicker.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Opioids on the Rise\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Every day 78 Americans die from an opioid overdose, according to the \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/drugoverdose/epidemic/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.\u003c/a> Since the late 1990’s the number of deaths from prescription opioids like oxycodone, hydrocodone and methadone has quadrupled. In 2014 more people died from drug overdoses than ever before.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Governor Brown Looks to Extend Climate-Change Efforts",
"headTitle": "Governor Brown Looks to Extend Climate-Change Efforts | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Gov. Jerry Brown has launched a campaign to extend some of the most ambitious climate-change programs in the country and ensure his environmental legacy when he leaves office in two years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The centerpiece of the push is a cap-and-trade program that aims to reduce the use of fossil fuels by forcing manufacturers and other companies to meet tougher emissions limits or pay up to exceed them. The program has been one of the most-watched efforts in the world aimed at the climate-changing fuels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”mucZabSoq9pMwf5Ev8R1JTwKRNTFHUFM”]The four-year-old program, however, is only authorized to operate until 2020 and faces a litany of challenges, including a lawsuit questioning its legality, poor sales of credits, and lukewarm support among Democratic legislators to extend it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Tuesday, the California Air Resources Board will release a proposed blueprint for continuing the cap-and-trade program until 2030, with a vote expected next year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Supporters credit the strategy — born under previous Gov. Arnold Schwarzenegger, a Republican, and stemming from other climate change programs initiated under Brown — with helping to cut California’s overall output of emissions by 1.5 percent in its first two years, despite the massive energy demands of the state’s thriving economy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With Brown set to leave office in 2018, a state appeals court is considering a challenge from the California Chamber of Commerce contending the pollution-credit program is an illegal tax, not a fee.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Environmental groups say the lawsuit and overall uncertainty about the survival of the program are undermining the market for pollution credits. A May auction saw companies buy only one-tenth of the available credits, leaving the state billions of dollars short in projected revenue from the sales.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, groups representing oil interests confirmed last week that they are in direct talks with the Brown administration over cap-and-trade.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California oil companies have long sought to alter or repeal the state’s low-carbon fuel standard. By 2020, those companies would be required to reduce the carbon content of gasoline and other fuels by 10 percent, a significant jump from the current 2 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Any deal-making on climate change would reflect a pragmatic approach to the oil industry by Brown, who took office encouraging immediate boosts in oil and gas drilling to spur California’s economy, even as he promoted incentives that would reduce long-term reliance on fossil fuels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What you’re seeing now is an all-hands-on-deck effort to formulate the most responsible way forward.” said Derek Walker, an associate vice president of the Environmental Defense Fund. “They’re talking to the oil industry, talking to environmental groups, to organized labor — they’re talking to everybody.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brown has leveraged his position as governor to help draw attention to the battle against climate change. He has set non-binding mandates for increased use of solar, wind and other renewable energy sources in California in the decades to come while signing accords and global support statements aimed at easing climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At home, though, Brown has encountered trouble from moderate Democrats in the state Assembly who last year blocked his plan to slash statewide petroleum use in half within 15 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The same lawmakers refused to endorse legislation by Sen. Fran Pavley, D-Agoura Hills, seeking to dramatically cut greenhouse gas emissions through 2050. Pavley was forced to scale back her proposal that now would extend only to 2030. She has since compromised even further, agreeing last month to merge parts of her plan with legislation mandating that revenues from such programs be spent in low-income communities affected by pollution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Winning legislative support could be key for Brown in ensuring the survival of the cap-and-trade program, said Jessica Levinson, a political science professor at Loyola Law School.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“His ability to solidify cap and trade is a big part of being able to say to other governors, to other countries, ‘We’re doing something big and specific and real and it works,'” Levinson said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Should the program succumb to legal challenges, market weakness or legislative ambivalence: “Jerry Brown’s fingerprints will be on whatever we ultimately decide to do,” Levinson said.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Gov. Jerry Brown has launched a campaign to extend some of the most ambitious climate-change programs in the country and ensure his environmental legacy when he leaves office in two years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The centerpiece of the push is a cap-and-trade program that aims to reduce the use of fossil fuels by forcing manufacturers and other companies to meet tougher emissions limits or pay up to exceed them. The program has been one of the most-watched efforts in the world aimed at the climate-changing fuels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>The four-year-old program, however, is only authorized to operate until 2020 and faces a litany of challenges, including a lawsuit questioning its legality, poor sales of credits, and lukewarm support among Democratic legislators to extend it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Tuesday, the California Air Resources Board will release a proposed blueprint for continuing the cap-and-trade program until 2030, with a vote expected next year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Supporters credit the strategy — born under previous Gov. Arnold Schwarzenegger, a Republican, and stemming from other climate change programs initiated under Brown — with helping to cut California’s overall output of emissions by 1.5 percent in its first two years, despite the massive energy demands of the state’s thriving economy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With Brown set to leave office in 2018, a state appeals court is considering a challenge from the California Chamber of Commerce contending the pollution-credit program is an illegal tax, not a fee.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Environmental groups say the lawsuit and overall uncertainty about the survival of the program are undermining the market for pollution credits. A May auction saw companies buy only one-tenth of the available credits, leaving the state billions of dollars short in projected revenue from the sales.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, groups representing oil interests confirmed last week that they are in direct talks with the Brown administration over cap-and-trade.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California oil companies have long sought to alter or repeal the state’s low-carbon fuel standard. By 2020, those companies would be required to reduce the carbon content of gasoline and other fuels by 10 percent, a significant jump from the current 2 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Any deal-making on climate change would reflect a pragmatic approach to the oil industry by Brown, who took office encouraging immediate boosts in oil and gas drilling to spur California’s economy, even as he promoted incentives that would reduce long-term reliance on fossil fuels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What you’re seeing now is an all-hands-on-deck effort to formulate the most responsible way forward.” said Derek Walker, an associate vice president of the Environmental Defense Fund. “They’re talking to the oil industry, talking to environmental groups, to organized labor — they’re talking to everybody.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brown has leveraged his position as governor to help draw attention to the battle against climate change. He has set non-binding mandates for increased use of solar, wind and other renewable energy sources in California in the decades to come while signing accords and global support statements aimed at easing climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At home, though, Brown has encountered trouble from moderate Democrats in the state Assembly who last year blocked his plan to slash statewide petroleum use in half within 15 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The same lawmakers refused to endorse legislation by Sen. Fran Pavley, D-Agoura Hills, seeking to dramatically cut greenhouse gas emissions through 2050. Pavley was forced to scale back her proposal that now would extend only to 2030. She has since compromised even further, agreeing last month to merge parts of her plan with legislation mandating that revenues from such programs be spent in low-income communities affected by pollution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Winning legislative support could be key for Brown in ensuring the survival of the cap-and-trade program, said Jessica Levinson, a political science professor at Loyola Law School.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“His ability to solidify cap and trade is a big part of being able to say to other governors, to other countries, ‘We’re doing something big and specific and real and it works,'” Levinson said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Should the program succumb to legal challenges, market weakness or legislative ambivalence: “Jerry Brown’s fingerprints will be on whatever we ultimately decide to do,” Levinson said.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Growing Marijuana? State Will Now Regulate Water Use for Pot Cultivation",
"headTitle": "Growing Marijuana? State Will Now Regulate Water Use for Pot Cultivation | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Within less than a year, as many as 50,000 marijuana growers in California could be required to obtain state permits for the irrigation water they consume. It is an unprecedented step aimed at preventing harm to the environment and other water users resulting from the rapid growth of marijuana cultivation in the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">“Most of them are operating below the radar,” said Cris Carrigan, chief of enforcement at the State Water Resources Control Board. “As a result, we’ve gotten ourselves into an acute problem with streamflow and pollution associated with these activities.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">This new ability to regulate water for marijuana growing is a result of \u003ca href=\"http://www.leginfo.ca.gov/pub/15-16/bill/sen/sb_0801-0850/sb_837_bill_20160627_chaptered.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">SB 837\u003c/span>\u003c/a>, a state law signed by Gov. Jerry Brown on June 27. It’s a budget trailer bill, which specifies numerous operating details of the \u003ca title=\"Link: http://www.canorml.org/news/A_SUMMARY_OF_THE_MEDICAL_MARIJUANA_REGULATION_AND_SAFETY_ACT\" href=\"http://www.canorml.org/news/A_SUMMARY_OF_THE_MEDICAL_MARIJUANA_REGULATION_AND_SAFETY_ACT\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">Medical Marijuana Regulation and Safety Act\u003c/span>\u003c/a>, signed into law on Ocober 9, 2015. This law establishes a comprehensive system to regulate cannabis growing in California, for the first time.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">It’s a huge new water management effort that has never been attempted in the United States, not even among states that are already regulating marijuana cultivation.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Perhaps most remarkable of all, marijuana grower groups support the regulations.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">“This community is ready to be part of the mainstream,” said Hezekiah Allen, executive director of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.calgrowersassociation.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">California Growers Association\u003c/span>\u003c/a>, a group that represents cannabis cultivators and helped draft the new legislation last year. “What we are trying to do is move people into the regulated class. Lots absolutely want that legitimacy.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">The ongoing California drought brought new attention to the environmental damages caused by \u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/articles/2015/07/24/massive-marijuana-busts-hint-at-big-water-problems\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">unregulated marijuana growing\u003c/span>\u003c/a>. And while the amount of water it consumes is still the subject of some uncertainty and debate, there is little question that it has\u003ca href=\"http://www.csmonitor.com/Environment/2015/0806/How-marijuana-is-making-California-drought-worse\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">compromised aquatic habitat\u003c/span>\u003c/a> in many locations and reduced water access for some property owners with legitimate water rights.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">But Carrigan says the rules do not necessarily target marijuana growers. Instead, they’re meant for small agricultural irrigators growing any sort of crop. The intent, however, is to get control of unregulated marijuana irrigation, which has dried up some streams, starved endangered fish of water and contributed to water quality problems caused by erosion, pesticides and herbicides.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">“It’s a really significant breakthrough,” said Jay Ziegler, director of external affairs and policy for \u003ca href=\"http://www.conserveca.org/our-stories/all/2-blog/211-marijuana-farming-and-california-drought\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">The Nature Conservancy\u003c/span>\u003c/a> in California, which worked with CalTrout and Trout Unlimited to help shape the rule package. “I don’t think it’s lost on anybody that this is our largest value agricultural crop. So we’re long overdue to acknowledge what are becoming increasingly overwhelming impacts of marijuana on the landscape.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">The regulations are a statewide followup to \u003ca href=\"http://www.latimes.com/business/la-fi-marijuana-cultivation-water-20151002-story.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">pilot programs\u003c/span>\u003c/a> that began last year in the water board’s North Coast and Central Valley regulatory regions.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">The new program starts by directing the State Water Resources Control Board and Department of Fish and Wildlife to set up a task force to assess environmental damages from marijuana growing. This task force is also empowered to collect fees and penalties from growers to pay for programs to correct the damage.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Fish and Wildlife will also assess streamflow needs to sustain the environment in watersheds where marijuana is cultivated. This level of baseline flow must then be sustained at all times, and will be used to guide the issuance of water diversion permits to growers.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Some growers will be able to successfully prove that they have “riparian” water rights, meaning a right to divert water from a creek that flows on or adjacent to their land. But they will not be allowed to cut into the baseline flow that sustains wildlife.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">One problem with marijuana growing is that the crop often needs water when it is least abundant: in the summer. Thus, historically, many have taken water from streams when it is most needed to sustain sensitive fish and other species that are struggling to survive long, hot summer months.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">So under the new regulations, even if a grower has a verified riparian water right, they will not be allowed to divert water whenever they want. Instead, they will be directed to build water storage, such as ponds or tanks, and collect what they need for a full year when streams are flush in the winter.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">For example, a relatively large grower might need 30 acre-feet (37,000 cubic meters) of water annually for his crop – enough to sustain 60 average California households for a year. Under the new rules, the water board – guided by the streamflow baseline – will likely require them to build storage for 15 acre-feet, and only draw water from that storage during the summer months.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">“It’s a very unique condition specifically aimed at this industry, as a new entrant, in exercising what may be historic water rights,” Ziegler said. “What’s really unique about this is, the (water) board and DFW have the leverage of a permit that the growers need and want to separate themselves and demonstrate they are good-faith producers and stewards of the environment out there. In effect, this process applies that leverage.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">The new rules require a grower to obtain a growing permit from a new Bureau of Medical Marijuana Regulation. And they can’t get that permit unless they first certify where their water is coming from.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">The state Department of Finance is authorized to provide a $10 million loan to get the regulatory program started. This money, among other things, will allow the water board and Fish and Wildlife to hire about two dozen new employees to launch the program, conduct inspections and oversee the new permits.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">The seed money will be paid back from licensing fees paid by marijuana growers. These fees will also become the source of funds to sustain the program into the future.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The water permitting process could be adopted by the water board within a year as an emergency regulation. The legislation gives the board the power to do so without the usual lengthy analysis required under the California Environmental Quality Act. But the board hasn’t yet decided, Carrigan said, whether to take that route.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">It’s possible there won’t be enough water for all growers in a particular region. Some may have to try their luck with drilling a well, buying water in tanker trucks or some other means.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">“Once we set the flow requirements for fish safety in the streams,” Carrigan said, “we may very well be issuing curtailment notices to riparians in those streams in the drier months. And if you don’t have a permit for storage, your straw is going to be cut off.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">This isn’t all there is to the regulatory program. A range of other state agencies will be involved in overseeing water quality, pesticide use, licensing, fee collection – even certifying regional marijuana “appellations.\u003c/span>”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">The rules don’t apply to individual patients growing medical marijuana for their own use on 100 square feet (10 sq meters) or less; or to caregivers growing for five patients or less on no more than 500 square feet.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">All parties agree there may be as many as 50,000 growers who could be subject to licensing under the program. A subset of these – perhaps half – will be required to prove their water rights and possibly install water storage systems.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">It’s a massive regulatory effort. For example, in the entire state of California the water board currently regulates about 40,000 water rights that have come into the system over a century. So the new program could add to that by more than half in just a year or two.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Carrigan said there’s nothing else like it in the U.S., even in Washington and Colorado, where marijuana has been a government-sanctioned crop for several years.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">“What we’re hoping for is more clean water for fish at the right time,” he said. “To me, it’s amazing we have this whole underground economy and industry that’s been unregulated. And now, all of a sudden, there’s this paradigm shift.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Allen said most marijuana growers require only a very small amount of water compared to traditional farming operations. But he acknowledged a lot of cannabis growing does take place in sensitive watersheds, and that there have been “acute” impacts on endangered species, like coastal coho salmon.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">“That is something we need to take very seriously as an industry,” he said. “But it’s not true to say we’re a major factor in the statewide water shortage. I’m pretty sure the rest of the world is going to be surprised just how careful this community is with water, and how many conservation-minded agricultural practices are being used.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This article originally appeared on\u003c/em>\u003cem> \u003cem>\u003ca href=\"https://mail.kqed.org/owa/redir.aspx?C=9e4bb0e1a7d74f24ba4684ef2533053d&URL=https%3a%2f%2fwww.newsdeeply.com%2fwater\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Water Deeply\u003c/a>, and you can find \u003c/em>\u003cem>it \u003ca href=\"https://mail.kqed.org/owa/redir.aspx?C=9e4bb0e1a7d74f24ba4684ef2533053d&URL=https%3a%2f%2fwww.newsdeeply.com%2fwater%2farticles%2f2016%2f07%2f07%2fnine-experts-to-watch-on-california-water-policy\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/em> \u003cem>For important news about the California drought, you can\u003c/em> \u003cem>\u003ca href=\"https://mail.kqed.org/owa/redir.aspx?C=9e4bb0e1a7d74f24ba4684ef2533053d&URL=http%3a%2f%2fwaterdeeply.us5.list-manage.com%2fsubscribe%3fu%3d8b78e9a34ff7443ec1e8c62c6%26id%3d2947becb78\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">sign up\u003c/a>\u003c/em> \u003cem>to the Water Deeply email list.\u003c/em>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "The water consumed by California marijuana growers will now be regulated by state officials under a new program that could be up and running within a year. The goal is to protect wildlife and habitats.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Within less than a year, as many as 50,000 marijuana growers in California could be required to obtain state permits for the irrigation water they consume. It is an unprecedented step aimed at preventing harm to the environment and other water users resulting from the rapid growth of marijuana cultivation in the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">“Most of them are operating below the radar,” said Cris Carrigan, chief of enforcement at the State Water Resources Control Board. “As a result, we’ve gotten ourselves into an acute problem with streamflow and pollution associated with these activities.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">This new ability to regulate water for marijuana growing is a result of \u003ca href=\"http://www.leginfo.ca.gov/pub/15-16/bill/sen/sb_0801-0850/sb_837_bill_20160627_chaptered.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">SB 837\u003c/span>\u003c/a>, a state law signed by Gov. Jerry Brown on June 27. It’s a budget trailer bill, which specifies numerous operating details of the \u003ca title=\"Link: http://www.canorml.org/news/A_SUMMARY_OF_THE_MEDICAL_MARIJUANA_REGULATION_AND_SAFETY_ACT\" href=\"http://www.canorml.org/news/A_SUMMARY_OF_THE_MEDICAL_MARIJUANA_REGULATION_AND_SAFETY_ACT\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">Medical Marijuana Regulation and Safety Act\u003c/span>\u003c/a>, signed into law on Ocober 9, 2015. This law establishes a comprehensive system to regulate cannabis growing in California, for the first time.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">It’s a huge new water management effort that has never been attempted in the United States, not even among states that are already regulating marijuana cultivation.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Perhaps most remarkable of all, marijuana grower groups support the regulations.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">“This community is ready to be part of the mainstream,” said Hezekiah Allen, executive director of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.calgrowersassociation.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">California Growers Association\u003c/span>\u003c/a>, a group that represents cannabis cultivators and helped draft the new legislation last year. “What we are trying to do is move people into the regulated class. Lots absolutely want that legitimacy.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">The ongoing California drought brought new attention to the environmental damages caused by \u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/articles/2015/07/24/massive-marijuana-busts-hint-at-big-water-problems\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">unregulated marijuana growing\u003c/span>\u003c/a>. And while the amount of water it consumes is still the subject of some uncertainty and debate, there is little question that it has\u003ca href=\"http://www.csmonitor.com/Environment/2015/0806/How-marijuana-is-making-California-drought-worse\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">compromised aquatic habitat\u003c/span>\u003c/a> in many locations and reduced water access for some property owners with legitimate water rights.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">But Carrigan says the rules do not necessarily target marijuana growers. Instead, they’re meant for small agricultural irrigators growing any sort of crop. The intent, however, is to get control of unregulated marijuana irrigation, which has dried up some streams, starved endangered fish of water and contributed to water quality problems caused by erosion, pesticides and herbicides.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">“It’s a really significant breakthrough,” said Jay Ziegler, director of external affairs and policy for \u003ca href=\"http://www.conserveca.org/our-stories/all/2-blog/211-marijuana-farming-and-california-drought\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">The Nature Conservancy\u003c/span>\u003c/a> in California, which worked with CalTrout and Trout Unlimited to help shape the rule package. “I don’t think it’s lost on anybody that this is our largest value agricultural crop. So we’re long overdue to acknowledge what are becoming increasingly overwhelming impacts of marijuana on the landscape.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">The regulations are a statewide followup to \u003ca href=\"http://www.latimes.com/business/la-fi-marijuana-cultivation-water-20151002-story.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">pilot programs\u003c/span>\u003c/a> that began last year in the water board’s North Coast and Central Valley regulatory regions.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">The new program starts by directing the State Water Resources Control Board and Department of Fish and Wildlife to set up a task force to assess environmental damages from marijuana growing. This task force is also empowered to collect fees and penalties from growers to pay for programs to correct the damage.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Fish and Wildlife will also assess streamflow needs to sustain the environment in watersheds where marijuana is cultivated. This level of baseline flow must then be sustained at all times, and will be used to guide the issuance of water diversion permits to growers.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Some growers will be able to successfully prove that they have “riparian” water rights, meaning a right to divert water from a creek that flows on or adjacent to their land. But they will not be allowed to cut into the baseline flow that sustains wildlife.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">One problem with marijuana growing is that the crop often needs water when it is least abundant: in the summer. Thus, historically, many have taken water from streams when it is most needed to sustain sensitive fish and other species that are struggling to survive long, hot summer months.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">So under the new regulations, even if a grower has a verified riparian water right, they will not be allowed to divert water whenever they want. Instead, they will be directed to build water storage, such as ponds or tanks, and collect what they need for a full year when streams are flush in the winter.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">For example, a relatively large grower might need 30 acre-feet (37,000 cubic meters) of water annually for his crop – enough to sustain 60 average California households for a year. Under the new rules, the water board – guided by the streamflow baseline – will likely require them to build storage for 15 acre-feet, and only draw water from that storage during the summer months.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">“It’s a very unique condition specifically aimed at this industry, as a new entrant, in exercising what may be historic water rights,” Ziegler said. “What’s really unique about this is, the (water) board and DFW have the leverage of a permit that the growers need and want to separate themselves and demonstrate they are good-faith producers and stewards of the environment out there. In effect, this process applies that leverage.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">The new rules require a grower to obtain a growing permit from a new Bureau of Medical Marijuana Regulation. And they can’t get that permit unless they first certify where their water is coming from.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">The state Department of Finance is authorized to provide a $10 million loan to get the regulatory program started. This money, among other things, will allow the water board and Fish and Wildlife to hire about two dozen new employees to launch the program, conduct inspections and oversee the new permits.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">The seed money will be paid back from licensing fees paid by marijuana growers. These fees will also become the source of funds to sustain the program into the future.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The water permitting process could be adopted by the water board within a year as an emergency regulation. The legislation gives the board the power to do so without the usual lengthy analysis required under the California Environmental Quality Act. But the board hasn’t yet decided, Carrigan said, whether to take that route.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">It’s possible there won’t be enough water for all growers in a particular region. Some may have to try their luck with drilling a well, buying water in tanker trucks or some other means.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">“Once we set the flow requirements for fish safety in the streams,” Carrigan said, “we may very well be issuing curtailment notices to riparians in those streams in the drier months. And if you don’t have a permit for storage, your straw is going to be cut off.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">This isn’t all there is to the regulatory program. A range of other state agencies will be involved in overseeing water quality, pesticide use, licensing, fee collection – even certifying regional marijuana “appellations.\u003c/span>”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">The rules don’t apply to individual patients growing medical marijuana for their own use on 100 square feet (10 sq meters) or less; or to caregivers growing for five patients or less on no more than 500 square feet.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">All parties agree there may be as many as 50,000 growers who could be subject to licensing under the program. A subset of these – perhaps half – will be required to prove their water rights and possibly install water storage systems.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">It’s a massive regulatory effort. For example, in the entire state of California the water board currently regulates about 40,000 water rights that have come into the system over a century. So the new program could add to that by more than half in just a year or two.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Carrigan said there’s nothing else like it in the U.S., even in Washington and Colorado, where marijuana has been a government-sanctioned crop for several years.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">“What we’re hoping for is more clean water for fish at the right time,” he said. “To me, it’s amazing we have this whole underground economy and industry that’s been unregulated. And now, all of a sudden, there’s this paradigm shift.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Allen said most marijuana growers require only a very small amount of water compared to traditional farming operations. But he acknowledged a lot of cannabis growing does take place in sensitive watersheds, and that there have been “acute” impacts on endangered species, like coastal coho salmon.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">“That is something we need to take very seriously as an industry,” he said. “But it’s not true to say we’re a major factor in the statewide water shortage. I’m pretty sure the rest of the world is going to be surprised just how careful this community is with water, and how many conservation-minded agricultural practices are being used.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This article originally appeared on\u003c/em>\u003cem> \u003cem>\u003ca href=\"https://mail.kqed.org/owa/redir.aspx?C=9e4bb0e1a7d74f24ba4684ef2533053d&URL=https%3a%2f%2fwww.newsdeeply.com%2fwater\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Water Deeply\u003c/a>, and you can find \u003c/em>\u003cem>it \u003ca href=\"https://mail.kqed.org/owa/redir.aspx?C=9e4bb0e1a7d74f24ba4684ef2533053d&URL=https%3a%2f%2fwww.newsdeeply.com%2fwater%2farticles%2f2016%2f07%2f07%2fnine-experts-to-watch-on-california-water-policy\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/em> \u003cem>For important news about the California drought, you can\u003c/em> \u003cem>\u003ca href=\"https://mail.kqed.org/owa/redir.aspx?C=9e4bb0e1a7d74f24ba4684ef2533053d&URL=http%3a%2f%2fwaterdeeply.us5.list-manage.com%2fsubscribe%3fu%3d8b78e9a34ff7443ec1e8c62c6%26id%3d2947becb78\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">sign up\u003c/a>\u003c/em> \u003cem>to the Water Deeply email list.\u003c/em>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"info": "The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.",
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"order": 9
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"id": "fresh-air",
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"airtime": "SUN 7:30pm-8pm",
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"tagline": "Where conversation and cultura meet",
"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
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"order": 15
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"title": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown",
"tagline": "Lessons from a lifetime in politics",
"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-Political-Mind-of-Jerry-Brown-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"order": 18
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"info": "Latino USA, the radio journal of news and culture, is the only national, English-language radio program produced from a Latino perspective.",
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"marketplace": {
"id": "marketplace",
"title": "Marketplace",
"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm",
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"source": "American Public Media"
},
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"masters-of-scale": {
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"title": "Masters of Scale",
"info": "Masters of Scale is an original podcast in which LinkedIn co-founder and Greylock Partner Reid Hoffman sets out to describe and prove theories that explain how great entrepreneurs take their companies from zero to a gazillion in ingenious fashion.",
"airtime": "Every other Wednesday June 12 through October 16 at 8pm (repeats Thursdays at 2am)",
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},
"mindshift": {
"id": "mindshift",
"title": "MindShift",
"tagline": "A podcast about the future of learning and how we raise our kids",
"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn",
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"meta": {
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"order": 12
},
"link": "/podcasts/mindshift",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5",
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"morning-edition": {
"id": "morning-edition",
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"info": "\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. Hosts Steve Inskeep, David Greene and Rachel Martin bring you the latest breaking news and features to prepare you for the day.",
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"onourwatch": {
"id": "onourwatch",
"title": "On Our Watch",
"tagline": "Deeply-reported investigative journalism",
"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/On-Our-Watch-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"order": 11
},
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"on-the-media": {
"id": "on-the-media",
"title": "On The Media",
"info": "Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. For one hour a week, the show tries to lift the veil from the process of \"making media,\" especially news media, because it's through that lens that we see the world and the world sees us",
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},
"link": "/radio/program/on-the-media",
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},
"pbs-newshour": {
"id": "pbs-newshour",
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"info": "Analysis, background reports and updates from the PBS NewsHour putting today's news in context.",
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"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/PBS-News-Hour-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/pbs-newshour-full-show/id394432287?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/PBS-NewsHour---Full-Show-p425698/",
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},
"perspectives": {
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"order": 14
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"planet-money": {
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"info": "The economy explained. Imagine you could call up a friend and say, Meet me at the bar and tell me what's going on with the economy. Now imagine that's actually a fun evening.",
"airtime": "SUN 3pm-4pm",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/planetmoney.jpg",
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},
"link": "/radio/program/planet-money",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/planet-money/id290783428?mt=2",
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},
"politicalbreakdown": {
"id": "politicalbreakdown",
"title": "Political Breakdown",
"tagline": "Politics from a personal perspective",
"info": "Political Breakdown is a new series that explores the political intersection of California and the nation. Each week hosts Scott Shafer and Marisa Lagos are joined with a new special guest to unpack politics -- with personality — and offer an insider’s glimpse at how politics happens.",
"airtime": "THU 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Political-Breakdown-2024-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"order": 5
},
"link": "/podcasts/politicalbreakdown",
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"possible": {
"id": "possible",
"title": "Possible",
"info": "Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.",
"airtime": "SUN 2pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Possible-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.possible.fm/",
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"source": "Possible"
},
"link": "/radio/program/possible",
"subscribe": {
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"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/730YpdUSNlMyPQwNnyjp4k"
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},
"pri-the-world": {
"id": "pri-the-world",
"title": "PRI's The World: Latest Edition",
"info": "Each weekday, host Marco Werman and his team of producers bring you the world's most interesting stories in an hour of radio that reminds us just how small our planet really is.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 2pm-3pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-World-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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},
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