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"content": "\u003cp>NASA’s next robot to crawl across the surface of Mars — the Mars 2020 rover — recently crossed a \u003ca href=\"http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=6569&utm_source=iContact&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=NASAJPL&utm_content=daily20160715-2\">major milestone\u003c/a> when it received approval to launch in the summer of 2020, for a February 2021 landing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like its predecessor \u003ca href=\"http://mars.nasa.gov/msl/\">Curiosity\u003c/a>, which is currently exploring the slopes of Mount Sharp in Gale Crater, \u003ca href=\"http://mars.nasa.gov/mars2020/\">Mars 2020\u003c/a> is a six-wheeled nuclear-powered rover that will land on Mars using a rocket-driven “sky crane” system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unlike Curiosity, whose mission is to assess Mars’ past geologic history and the role water played in it, Mars 2020 is focused on a search for that thing we’ve all been waiting to hear news of: actual signs of past Martian life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_860395\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-860395\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/roverinstruments.jpg\" alt=\"Illustration showing the suite of scientific instruments carried by the Mars 2020 rover.\" width=\"1024\" height=\"576\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/roverinstruments.jpg 1024w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/roverinstruments-400x225.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/roverinstruments-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/roverinstruments-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/roverinstruments-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Illustration showing the suite of scientific instruments carried by the Mars 2020 rover. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-CalTech)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>New Chances of Finding Signs of Martian Life?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Searching for evidence of life on Mars is not unlike prospecting for gold: it’s not easy to find, but you improve your chances of success by choosing the right region to explore, and then deciding the best spots to dig in. 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And if there’s one thing that missions to Mars have shown us over the past forty years, it’s that the most interesting places to explore are some of the most challenging to negotiate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_860397\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-860397\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/skycrane.jpg\" alt='Mars 2020 and Curiosity both employ a rocket-driven \"sky crane\" system to land on Mars. ' width=\"1024\" height=\"575\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/skycrane.jpg 1024w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/skycrane-400x225.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/skycrane-800x449.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/skycrane-768x431.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/skycrane-960x539.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mars 2020 and Curiosity both employ a rocket-driven “sky crane” system to land on Mars. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-CalTech)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Once on the ground, Mars 2020 will use a suite of advanced instruments. A high-resolution imager and spectroscopic analyzers will record chemistry and physical structures at a distance. This allows scientists back on Earth to make more educated decisions on where to send the rover for close-up inspection and digging.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like Curiosity, Mars 2020 will be able to collect and analyze rock and soil samples in its small on-board laboratory. However its onboard equipment is designed to look for residues of life activity, not just water action.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition, Mars 2020 carries airtight tubes to store rock and soil samples. Up to thirty of these containers will be deposited at designated locations for future possible missions to collect and return to Earth for full laboratory analysis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mars 2020 also carries weather-measuring instruments, a rock-coring drill, and a feature never before used on another planet: ground-penetrating radar that will let it analyze sub-surface geologic structures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_860396\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-860396\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/laserspec.jpg\" alt=\"Illustration of the Mars 2020 rover using its remote analysis laser/spectroscope system to study rock chemistry. \" width=\"1024\" height=\"687\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/laserspec.jpg 1024w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/laserspec-400x268.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/laserspec-800x537.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/laserspec-768x515.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/laserspec-960x644.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Illustration of the Mars 2020 rover using its remote analysis laser/spectroscope system to study rock chemistry. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-CalTech)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The hopeful child in me envisions an opening scene from Jurassic Park, when ground-penetrating sonic vibrations were used to produce a sonogram of a dinosaur skeleton…though the adult in me says that’s way too much to expect!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mars 2020 will also put an ear to the Martian environment, using a microphone system to record sounds from Mars’ surface, something we’ve never done before. The 2008 \u003ca href=\"http://phoenix.lpl.arizona.edu/index.php\">Phoenix \u003c/a>lander was intended to capture sounds during the probe’s descent, but the microphone was never enabled due to landing safety concerns.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Why Is the Search for Martian Life Taking So Long?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>2021 seems like a long time to wait, especially since the Mars 2020 mission will be focused on looking for life-signs on an alien world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it’s important to keep in mind that exploring a distant world via remote control is not an easy thing to do. Each mission peels off another layer of Martian mystery, and gives us more information to use in deciding where to send the next mission, and what to look for when it gets there. This process takes time, especially considering that launch windows to Mars occur only every two years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Put into perspective, within my own lifetime we’ve gone from knowing practically nothing about Mars to understanding our neighbor as perhaps a previously Earthlike planet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A life-friendly environment means there may have been plenty of opportunities for little Martian microbes to show up and thrive. And, the hopeful child and sober adult in me both expect, within my lifetime we’ll find them.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "NASA's next robot to crawl across the surface of Mars was recently approved for a 2020 launch.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>NASA’s next robot to crawl across the surface of Mars — the Mars 2020 rover — recently crossed a \u003ca href=\"http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=6569&utm_source=iContact&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=NASAJPL&utm_content=daily20160715-2\">major milestone\u003c/a> when it received approval to launch in the summer of 2020, for a February 2021 landing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like its predecessor \u003ca href=\"http://mars.nasa.gov/msl/\">Curiosity\u003c/a>, which is currently exploring the slopes of Mount Sharp in Gale Crater, \u003ca href=\"http://mars.nasa.gov/mars2020/\">Mars 2020\u003c/a> is a six-wheeled nuclear-powered rover that will land on Mars using a rocket-driven “sky crane” system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unlike Curiosity, whose mission is to assess Mars’ past geologic history and the role water played in it, Mars 2020 is focused on a search for that thing we’ve all been waiting to hear news of: actual signs of past Martian life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_860395\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-860395\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/roverinstruments.jpg\" alt=\"Illustration showing the suite of scientific instruments carried by the Mars 2020 rover.\" width=\"1024\" height=\"576\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/roverinstruments.jpg 1024w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/roverinstruments-400x225.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/roverinstruments-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/roverinstruments-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/roverinstruments-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Illustration showing the suite of scientific instruments carried by the Mars 2020 rover. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-CalTech)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>New Chances of Finding Signs of Martian Life?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Searching for evidence of life on Mars is not unlike prospecting for gold: it’s not easy to find, but you improve your chances of success by choosing the right region to explore, and then deciding the best spots to dig in. Just like a skilled prospector using eyes, ears, nose, tongue and all the experience earned on earlier expeditions, Mars 2020 is designed to maximize the chance of hitting pay dirt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though it will be deposited on the Martian surface using the same rocket-powered “sky crane” as Curiosity, improvements in operational technique and equipment will allow Mars 2020 to set down with about twice the precision.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This opens up a much wider variety of terrains where it may land in relative safety. And if there’s one thing that missions to Mars have shown us over the past forty years, it’s that the most interesting places to explore are some of the most challenging to negotiate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_860397\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-860397\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/skycrane.jpg\" alt='Mars 2020 and Curiosity both employ a rocket-driven \"sky crane\" system to land on Mars. ' width=\"1024\" height=\"575\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/skycrane.jpg 1024w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/skycrane-400x225.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/skycrane-800x449.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/skycrane-768x431.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/skycrane-960x539.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mars 2020 and Curiosity both employ a rocket-driven “sky crane” system to land on Mars. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-CalTech)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Once on the ground, Mars 2020 will use a suite of advanced instruments. A high-resolution imager and spectroscopic analyzers will record chemistry and physical structures at a distance. This allows scientists back on Earth to make more educated decisions on where to send the rover for close-up inspection and digging.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like Curiosity, Mars 2020 will be able to collect and analyze rock and soil samples in its small on-board laboratory. However its onboard equipment is designed to look for residues of life activity, not just water action.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition, Mars 2020 carries airtight tubes to store rock and soil samples. Up to thirty of these containers will be deposited at designated locations for future possible missions to collect and return to Earth for full laboratory analysis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mars 2020 also carries weather-measuring instruments, a rock-coring drill, and a feature never before used on another planet: ground-penetrating radar that will let it analyze sub-surface geologic structures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_860396\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-860396\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/laserspec.jpg\" alt=\"Illustration of the Mars 2020 rover using its remote analysis laser/spectroscope system to study rock chemistry. \" width=\"1024\" height=\"687\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/laserspec.jpg 1024w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/laserspec-400x268.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/laserspec-800x537.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/laserspec-768x515.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/laserspec-960x644.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Illustration of the Mars 2020 rover using its remote analysis laser/spectroscope system to study rock chemistry. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-CalTech)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The hopeful child in me envisions an opening scene from Jurassic Park, when ground-penetrating sonic vibrations were used to produce a sonogram of a dinosaur skeleton…though the adult in me says that’s way too much to expect!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mars 2020 will also put an ear to the Martian environment, using a microphone system to record sounds from Mars’ surface, something we’ve never done before. The 2008 \u003ca href=\"http://phoenix.lpl.arizona.edu/index.php\">Phoenix \u003c/a>lander was intended to capture sounds during the probe’s descent, but the microphone was never enabled due to landing safety concerns.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Why Is the Search for Martian Life Taking So Long?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>2021 seems like a long time to wait, especially since the Mars 2020 mission will be focused on looking for life-signs on an alien world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it’s important to keep in mind that exploring a distant world via remote control is not an easy thing to do. Each mission peels off another layer of Martian mystery, and gives us more information to use in deciding where to send the next mission, and what to look for when it gets there. This process takes time, especially considering that launch windows to Mars occur only every two years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Put into perspective, within my own lifetime we’ve gone from knowing practically nothing about Mars to understanding our neighbor as perhaps a previously Earthlike planet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A life-friendly environment means there may have been plenty of opportunities for little Martian microbes to show up and thrive. And, the hopeful child and sober adult in me both expect, within my lifetime we’ll find them.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Scientists Use Pigeons to Measure Urban Lead Dangers",
"headTitle": "Scientists Use Pigeons to Measure Urban Lead Dangers | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Soon, scientists will be luring in California pigeons with insect larvae and corn to capture, then test the birds for lead exposure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.ucdavis.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">UC Davis\u003c/a> assistant professor \u003ca href=\"http://www.rebeccacalisi.org/Rebecca_Calisi_Research/People.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Rebecca Calisi\u003c/a> has long believed that pigeons, who walk the same streets, breathe the same air and often eat the same food as we do, were ideal indicators for lead poisoning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From 2010 to 2015, Calisi studied data on 825 pigeons in New York City and discovered that elevated lead levels in the birds corresponded with high lead levels for children living in the same areas. The findings are published this week in the journal \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653516308864\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Chemosphere\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘Lead is in our environment, it’s dangerous, and not all places are testing for it in children.’\u003ccite>Rebecca Calisi, UC Davis\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Lead is a concern because it can cause irreversible neurological damage to kids who are still developing and there is no safe blood level in children.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At least four million U.S. households include children who are exposed to high levels of lead, according to the \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/nceh/lead/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention\u003c/a>. And unless kids have government-backed health care, testing \u003ca href=\"https://www.aap.org/en-us/advocacy-and-policy/aap-health-initiatives/lead-exposure/Pages/Detection-of-Lead-Poisoning.aspx?nfstatus=401&nftoken=00000000-0000-0000-0000-000000000000&nfstatusdescription=ERROR:+No+local+token\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">isn’t required\u003c/a> by law.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Lead is in our environment, it’s dangerous, and not all places are testing for it in children,” says Calisi.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She explains that urban pigeons could predict a child’s risk for lead poisoning, not just in New York, but in major cities nationwide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study comes during a time of heightened concern about childhood exposure to lead following the \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flint_water_crisis\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">water crisis in Flint, Michigan \u003c/a>and a recent \u003ca href=\"http://www.reuters.com/investigates/special-report/lead-poisoning-testing-gaps/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Reuters investigation\u003c/a> showing a majority of Medicaid-eligible children weren’t tested for lead exposure in 2014.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Calisi conducted the research with undergraduate student Fayme Cai while Calisi was an assistant professor at Barnard College in New York.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The two analyzed data from sick and injured pigeons treated at the non-profit Wild Bird Fund. The wildlife staff tested the birds for lead exposure and recorded the zip codes where the birds were collected.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Calisi compared the pigeon data with thousands of childhood lead test results from the New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She found that neighborhoods where children had higher blood lead levels — 10 micrograms per deciliter or above — corresponded with the same neighborhoods where the pigeons were collected.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Notably, the results varied by neighborhood. Birds in Soho and Greenwich Village had almost double the levels of lead as pigeons in the Bronx.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Calisi says this could be because Manhattan is more heavily trafficked, and still has lead particulate on roadways from a bygone era of leaded gasoline.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Additionally, some older houses are covered in lead paint, and lead dust can collect on roads, sidewalks and alleys. It can leach into the ground or contaminate nearby waterways.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pesticides, fire retardants and other chemicals are also worth tracking, says Calisi who will now study pollutants in San Francisco, Sacramento and agricultural communities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Her team will set traps with “goodies” like corn and grubs, take blood samples and then release the birds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Calisi said her team is still determining which pesticides and heavy metals are feasible to analyze.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Soon, scientists will be luring in California pigeons with insect larvae and corn to capture, then test the birds for lead exposure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.ucdavis.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">UC Davis\u003c/a> assistant professor \u003ca href=\"http://www.rebeccacalisi.org/Rebecca_Calisi_Research/People.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Rebecca Calisi\u003c/a> has long believed that pigeons, who walk the same streets, breathe the same air and often eat the same food as we do, were ideal indicators for lead poisoning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From 2010 to 2015, Calisi studied data on 825 pigeons in New York City and discovered that elevated lead levels in the birds corresponded with high lead levels for children living in the same areas. The findings are published this week in the journal \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653516308864\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Chemosphere\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘Lead is in our environment, it’s dangerous, and not all places are testing for it in children.’\u003ccite>Rebecca Calisi, UC Davis\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Lead is a concern because it can cause irreversible neurological damage to kids who are still developing and there is no safe blood level in children.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At least four million U.S. households include children who are exposed to high levels of lead, according to the \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/nceh/lead/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention\u003c/a>. And unless kids have government-backed health care, testing \u003ca href=\"https://www.aap.org/en-us/advocacy-and-policy/aap-health-initiatives/lead-exposure/Pages/Detection-of-Lead-Poisoning.aspx?nfstatus=401&nftoken=00000000-0000-0000-0000-000000000000&nfstatusdescription=ERROR:+No+local+token\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">isn’t required\u003c/a> by law.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Lead is in our environment, it’s dangerous, and not all places are testing for it in children,” says Calisi.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She explains that urban pigeons could predict a child’s risk for lead poisoning, not just in New York, but in major cities nationwide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study comes during a time of heightened concern about childhood exposure to lead following the \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flint_water_crisis\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">water crisis in Flint, Michigan \u003c/a>and a recent \u003ca href=\"http://www.reuters.com/investigates/special-report/lead-poisoning-testing-gaps/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Reuters investigation\u003c/a> showing a majority of Medicaid-eligible children weren’t tested for lead exposure in 2014.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Calisi conducted the research with undergraduate student Fayme Cai while Calisi was an assistant professor at Barnard College in New York.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The two analyzed data from sick and injured pigeons treated at the non-profit Wild Bird Fund. The wildlife staff tested the birds for lead exposure and recorded the zip codes where the birds were collected.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Calisi compared the pigeon data with thousands of childhood lead test results from the New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She found that neighborhoods where children had higher blood lead levels — 10 micrograms per deciliter or above — corresponded with the same neighborhoods where the pigeons were collected.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Notably, the results varied by neighborhood. Birds in Soho and Greenwich Village had almost double the levels of lead as pigeons in the Bronx.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Calisi says this could be because Manhattan is more heavily trafficked, and still has lead particulate on roadways from a bygone era of leaded gasoline.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Additionally, some older houses are covered in lead paint, and lead dust can collect on roads, sidewalks and alleys. It can leach into the ground or contaminate nearby waterways.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pesticides, fire retardants and other chemicals are also worth tracking, says Calisi who will now study pollutants in San Francisco, Sacramento and agricultural communities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Her team will set traps with “goodies” like corn and grubs, take blood samples and then release the birds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Calisi said her team is still determining which pesticides and heavy metals are feasible to analyze.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"headTitle": "The Challenges to Saving California’s Delta Smelt | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>When a coalition of California and federal agencies announced a new Delta Smelt Resiliency Strategy last week, the ambitious plan to save the region’s nearly extinct fish grabbed headlines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But whether most, or even parts, of the comprehensive program can realistically put in place the changes needed to rescue this endangered native species is another question.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”4KxQnQMVx5qA1fh2KHGWXBm0pTjZzxgP”]“I understand what they are aiming at doing and why. But how achievable it is, and whether or not it will result in the desired outcome, is a different matter,” said Richard Connon, a toxicologist at UC Davis, who studies the impacts of contaminants on smelt and other fish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From eliminating invasive aquatic weeds and increasing Delta water outflows to adding sediment to create more turbidity, the strategy is long on vision but potentially short on execution, he said. Take, for example, weed control in the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta. It’s what Connon calls a “double-edged sword,” since physical removal of the plants is all but impossible, while the use of herbicides can have dangerous blowback effects such as killing off the phytoplankton that smelt need to feed on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This document was just an outline of what they’re proposing to do, rather than a step-by-step detail on how they’re going to do it,” Connon added. “Keeping up with the growth of these weeds is almost impossible. They haven’t provided sufficient data on how it’s going to be done.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The plan, announced last Tuesday by the California Natural Resources Agency, is to be implemented by California’s Department of Water Resources, Department of Fish and Wildlife, and Division of Boating and Waterways, along with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and Bureau of Reclamation. It addresses what it calls “a variety of methods” to revive smelt, which are currently at their lowest ever levels due to drought, increased water exports, predator fish, pollution and other conditions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Among numerous goals, the plan calls for:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Releasing water from Sacramento Valley farm fields into the Yolo Bypass to increase the production of the zooplankton on which smelt feed.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Increasing outflows from the Delta to generate more brackish water.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Reoperating salinity control gates in Suisun Marsh.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Improving spawning conditions by adding more sand and gravel.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Reducing toxic algae blooms that are harmful to smelt.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Restoring 5,500 acres (2,225 hectares) of tidal wetlands.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Reducing stormwater contaminants polluting the estuary.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>Due to be carried out over the next three years, parts of the strategy could face significant opposition, including potential lawsuits by farmers in the Central Valley demanding that more water, not less, be channeled to them rather than flushed out to sea to help a fish that is largely doomed anyway.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State officials are confident the approach is the right one. “With the best available science as our guide, we’re moving fast to improve conditions so that more young delta smelt survive this year and reproduce,” said California Department of Fish and Wildlife director Charlton H. Bonham in a statement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Connon isn’t the only one who doubts the efficacy of the plan. A spokesman for the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation, Shane Hunt, said the project appeared overly ambitious in scope. “We’re fairly confident we’ll get some water” to release as outflow, he told the Sacramento Bee, “but I don’t think we’ll get anywhere close to the top end of this range that’s in this document this year.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An even harsher critic is Tom Cannon, a retired fisheries consultant and current adviser to the California Sportfishing Protection Alliance, who said the strategy offers too little too late, and is too unrealistic to have any significant impact. Foremost among its problems: “The plan has no way of getting the water.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Right now the agencies can mandate that we need 8,000 instead of 7,000 cubic feet of water per second [225/200 cubic meters] as outflow (into the San Francisco Bay and Suisun Bay), which is critical for smelt survival,” said Cannon. “But the plan says they’re not going to take people’s water and the farmers aren’t going to let them take their water, so they have no way of getting it unless they buy it, and they can’t get the money. You think a Republican Congress will give them money to buy water for the smelt to let it go into the ocean? They’d all laugh, 250 of them.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other individual parts of the strategy also don’t hold up, he said. For one, releasing water from the Sacramento Valley into the Yolo Bypass at this time of year would kill the smelt due to high summer temperatures (smelt can survive only in water in the low 70s F [low 20s C]). Second, the act of pumping turbid, sediment-rich Delta water south and replacing it with clear, warm reservoir water counters the goals of the strategy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They suck all of the larvae out of the Delta, all of the plankton they eat and all of their habitat, and they replace that water with reservoir water” that allows in lots of sunlight, encouraging the explosive growth of weeds that they’re trying to get rid of, said Cannon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some positive points stand out in the plan, such as the return to using salinity control gates to allow freshwater into Suisun Marsh while keeping saltwater out, and managing stormwater discharge to control the contaminant load into tributaries and rivers. “If they can actually control the amount of stormwater, hold it so contaminants can degrade before entering waterways, or divert it to wastewater treatment plants, that will diminish the contaminants that enter the Delta and improve the water quality at spawning sites,” said Connon of U.C. Davis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over the past 20 years, biologists have considered smelt to be the canary in the coal mine: a functionally extinct species that no longer serves any real ecological function other than as a warning for the entire Delta ecosystem. With the drought, their population crashed dramatically, raising the question of whether it is already too late to save them – and whether proposals such as the strategy released last week, without more structural changes to California’s water distribution rules, are convincing any longer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is a public relations piece, a strategy to satisfy the Endangered Species Act,” said Cannon. “They have to do something so they come up with this plan, but it’s not going to help the smelt. If they want to save the smelt, either release more from the reservoirs or cut back the [water allocations to] farmers.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>When a coalition of California and federal agencies announced a new Delta Smelt Resiliency Strategy last week, the ambitious plan to save the region’s nearly extinct fish grabbed headlines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But whether most, or even parts, of the comprehensive program can realistically put in place the changes needed to rescue this endangered native species is another question.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>“I understand what they are aiming at doing and why. But how achievable it is, and whether or not it will result in the desired outcome, is a different matter,” said Richard Connon, a toxicologist at UC Davis, who studies the impacts of contaminants on smelt and other fish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From eliminating invasive aquatic weeds and increasing Delta water outflows to adding sediment to create more turbidity, the strategy is long on vision but potentially short on execution, he said. Take, for example, weed control in the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta. It’s what Connon calls a “double-edged sword,” since physical removal of the plants is all but impossible, while the use of herbicides can have dangerous blowback effects such as killing off the phytoplankton that smelt need to feed on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This document was just an outline of what they’re proposing to do, rather than a step-by-step detail on how they’re going to do it,” Connon added. “Keeping up with the growth of these weeds is almost impossible. They haven’t provided sufficient data on how it’s going to be done.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The plan, announced last Tuesday by the California Natural Resources Agency, is to be implemented by California’s Department of Water Resources, Department of Fish and Wildlife, and Division of Boating and Waterways, along with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and Bureau of Reclamation. It addresses what it calls “a variety of methods” to revive smelt, which are currently at their lowest ever levels due to drought, increased water exports, predator fish, pollution and other conditions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Among numerous goals, the plan calls for:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Releasing water from Sacramento Valley farm fields into the Yolo Bypass to increase the production of the zooplankton on which smelt feed.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Increasing outflows from the Delta to generate more brackish water.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Reoperating salinity control gates in Suisun Marsh.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Improving spawning conditions by adding more sand and gravel.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Reducing toxic algae blooms that are harmful to smelt.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Restoring 5,500 acres (2,225 hectares) of tidal wetlands.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Reducing stormwater contaminants polluting the estuary.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>Due to be carried out over the next three years, parts of the strategy could face significant opposition, including potential lawsuits by farmers in the Central Valley demanding that more water, not less, be channeled to them rather than flushed out to sea to help a fish that is largely doomed anyway.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State officials are confident the approach is the right one. “With the best available science as our guide, we’re moving fast to improve conditions so that more young delta smelt survive this year and reproduce,” said California Department of Fish and Wildlife director Charlton H. Bonham in a statement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Connon isn’t the only one who doubts the efficacy of the plan. A spokesman for the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation, Shane Hunt, said the project appeared overly ambitious in scope. “We’re fairly confident we’ll get some water” to release as outflow, he told the Sacramento Bee, “but I don’t think we’ll get anywhere close to the top end of this range that’s in this document this year.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An even harsher critic is Tom Cannon, a retired fisheries consultant and current adviser to the California Sportfishing Protection Alliance, who said the strategy offers too little too late, and is too unrealistic to have any significant impact. Foremost among its problems: “The plan has no way of getting the water.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Right now the agencies can mandate that we need 8,000 instead of 7,000 cubic feet of water per second [225/200 cubic meters] as outflow (into the San Francisco Bay and Suisun Bay), which is critical for smelt survival,” said Cannon. “But the plan says they’re not going to take people’s water and the farmers aren’t going to let them take their water, so they have no way of getting it unless they buy it, and they can’t get the money. You think a Republican Congress will give them money to buy water for the smelt to let it go into the ocean? They’d all laugh, 250 of them.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other individual parts of the strategy also don’t hold up, he said. For one, releasing water from the Sacramento Valley into the Yolo Bypass at this time of year would kill the smelt due to high summer temperatures (smelt can survive only in water in the low 70s F [low 20s C]). Second, the act of pumping turbid, sediment-rich Delta water south and replacing it with clear, warm reservoir water counters the goals of the strategy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They suck all of the larvae out of the Delta, all of the plankton they eat and all of their habitat, and they replace that water with reservoir water” that allows in lots of sunlight, encouraging the explosive growth of weeds that they’re trying to get rid of, said Cannon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some positive points stand out in the plan, such as the return to using salinity control gates to allow freshwater into Suisun Marsh while keeping saltwater out, and managing stormwater discharge to control the contaminant load into tributaries and rivers. “If they can actually control the amount of stormwater, hold it so contaminants can degrade before entering waterways, or divert it to wastewater treatment plants, that will diminish the contaminants that enter the Delta and improve the water quality at spawning sites,” said Connon of U.C. Davis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over the past 20 years, biologists have considered smelt to be the canary in the coal mine: a functionally extinct species that no longer serves any real ecological function other than as a warning for the entire Delta ecosystem. With the drought, their population crashed dramatically, raising the question of whether it is already too late to save them – and whether proposals such as the strategy released last week, without more structural changes to California’s water distribution rules, are convincing any longer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is a public relations piece, a strategy to satisfy the Endangered Species Act,” said Cannon. “They have to do something so they come up with this plan, but it’s not going to help the smelt. If they want to save the smelt, either release more from the reservoirs or cut back the [water allocations to] farmers.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Two Years On, Napa Quake Still Serving Up Surprises",
"headTitle": "Two Years On, Napa Quake Still Serving Up Surprises | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>It’s been nearly two years since the South Napa Earthquake rocked the North Bay region — but the revelations keep on coming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists say data from earth movements that occurred after the major shaking stopped show helter-skelter patterns unlike anything they’ve seen before.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Field teams \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/09/22/finding-faults-scientists-close-in-on-napa-quake-origins/\">noted early on\u003c/a> that the Napa quake of August 24, 2014 did an \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2014/08/24/south-napa-earthquake-photos/\">unusual amount of damage\u003c/a> for a magnitude-6 temblor — and that the event was followed by significant “afterslip,” when the ground keeps moving (albeit a lot more slowly) after the main event.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_860386\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1124px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-860386 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/NapaAfterslip_DawsonCGS.jpg\" alt=\"Striping along Highway 12 shows initial earthquake movement (left), and additional offset from afterslip -- movement following the quake.\" width=\"1124\" height=\"711\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/NapaAfterslip_DawsonCGS.jpg 1124w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/NapaAfterslip_DawsonCGS-400x253.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/NapaAfterslip_DawsonCGS-800x506.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/NapaAfterslip_DawsonCGS-768x486.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/NapaAfterslip_DawsonCGS-960x607.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1124px) 100vw, 1124px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Striping along Highway 12 shows initial earthquake movement (left), and additional offset from afterslip — about a day after the quake. \u003ccite>(Tim Dawson/Calif. Geological Survey)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>What surprised geologists analyzing data in the months to follow was the variety of afterslip, which was greater in some places than others, and moved faster in some spots.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We found this fault shows multiple slip behaviors at different times,” says Gareth Funning, a geophysicist at UC Riverside and lead author on the study. “We’d not seen anything quite like it before.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Funning’s team had the good luck to be nearby when the quake struck, and had just taken ground measurements in the valley weeks before. It gave him a unique perspective on ground movement before, during and after the major shaking. One notable finding was that in some spots, there was more ground movement after the quake than during it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_861007\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 2000px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-861007\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/RS12082_IMG_2157.jpg\" alt=\"Geophysicist Gareth Funning sets up a GPS marker in the Napa Valley, in August of 2014.\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1500\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/RS12082_IMG_2157.jpg 2000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/RS12082_IMG_2157-400x300.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/RS12082_IMG_2157-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/RS12082_IMG_2157-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/RS12082_IMG_2157-1440x1080.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/RS12082_IMG_2157-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/RS12082_IMG_2157-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/RS12082_IMG_2157-960x720.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2000px) 100vw, 2000px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Geophysicist Gareth Funning sets up a GPS marker in the Napa Valley, in August of 2014. \u003ccite>(Craig Miller/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“It can carry on breaking things after the earthquake is done,” says Funning, which might have implications for responders, as well as property owners.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“People might assume that they’re out of the woods for damage, but not necessarily true.” Adding to the confusion is the complex nature of the Napa Valley geology. The 2014 quake broke along various strands of a fault system, as opposed to a single fault line. Funning’s team identified seven places with different types of slip. The \u003ca href=\"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/2016GL069428/abstract\">complete study\u003c/a> is published online in the journal, American Geophysical Letters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Funning says they also observed a “tentative connection” between the surface geology and the earth movement observed. Areas of bedrock seemed to show more movement during the quake, while places with “softer” geology such as sedimentary material, showed more afterslip.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So perhaps we could start to look for connections between surface geology and fault behavior,” says Funning. “It’s an intriguing thing that we’re going to follow up on.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Funning says the 2014 event revealed the West Napa fault to be a “creeping,” fault, one that keeps moving between earthquakes. The Hayward and Calaveras faults, which run up and down the East Bay, have similar characteristics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Geologists also look for signs that an earthquake has added stress to surrounding faults, or “loaded” them. Funning says the evidence thus far suggests that the the Napa quake added minor loading to the nearby Rogers Creek fault, slightly increasing the odds of an event on that fault, which slashes diagonally across the North Bay.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>It’s been nearly two years since the South Napa Earthquake rocked the North Bay region — but the revelations keep on coming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists say data from earth movements that occurred after the major shaking stopped show helter-skelter patterns unlike anything they’ve seen before.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Field teams \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/09/22/finding-faults-scientists-close-in-on-napa-quake-origins/\">noted early on\u003c/a> that the Napa quake of August 24, 2014 did an \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2014/08/24/south-napa-earthquake-photos/\">unusual amount of damage\u003c/a> for a magnitude-6 temblor — and that the event was followed by significant “afterslip,” when the ground keeps moving (albeit a lot more slowly) after the main event.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_860386\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1124px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-860386 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/NapaAfterslip_DawsonCGS.jpg\" alt=\"Striping along Highway 12 shows initial earthquake movement (left), and additional offset from afterslip -- movement following the quake.\" width=\"1124\" height=\"711\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/NapaAfterslip_DawsonCGS.jpg 1124w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/NapaAfterslip_DawsonCGS-400x253.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/NapaAfterslip_DawsonCGS-800x506.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/NapaAfterslip_DawsonCGS-768x486.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/NapaAfterslip_DawsonCGS-960x607.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1124px) 100vw, 1124px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Striping along Highway 12 shows initial earthquake movement (left), and additional offset from afterslip — about a day after the quake. \u003ccite>(Tim Dawson/Calif. Geological Survey)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>What surprised geologists analyzing data in the months to follow was the variety of afterslip, which was greater in some places than others, and moved faster in some spots.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We found this fault shows multiple slip behaviors at different times,” says Gareth Funning, a geophysicist at UC Riverside and lead author on the study. “We’d not seen anything quite like it before.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Funning’s team had the good luck to be nearby when the quake struck, and had just taken ground measurements in the valley weeks before. It gave him a unique perspective on ground movement before, during and after the major shaking. One notable finding was that in some spots, there was more ground movement after the quake than during it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_861007\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 2000px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-861007\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/RS12082_IMG_2157.jpg\" alt=\"Geophysicist Gareth Funning sets up a GPS marker in the Napa Valley, in August of 2014.\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1500\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/RS12082_IMG_2157.jpg 2000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/RS12082_IMG_2157-400x300.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/RS12082_IMG_2157-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/RS12082_IMG_2157-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/RS12082_IMG_2157-1440x1080.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/RS12082_IMG_2157-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/RS12082_IMG_2157-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/RS12082_IMG_2157-960x720.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2000px) 100vw, 2000px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Geophysicist Gareth Funning sets up a GPS marker in the Napa Valley, in August of 2014. \u003ccite>(Craig Miller/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“It can carry on breaking things after the earthquake is done,” says Funning, which might have implications for responders, as well as property owners.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“People might assume that they’re out of the woods for damage, but not necessarily true.” Adding to the confusion is the complex nature of the Napa Valley geology. The 2014 quake broke along various strands of a fault system, as opposed to a single fault line. Funning’s team identified seven places with different types of slip. The \u003ca href=\"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/2016GL069428/abstract\">complete study\u003c/a> is published online in the journal, American Geophysical Letters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Funning says they also observed a “tentative connection” between the surface geology and the earth movement observed. Areas of bedrock seemed to show more movement during the quake, while places with “softer” geology such as sedimentary material, showed more afterslip.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So perhaps we could start to look for connections between surface geology and fault behavior,” says Funning. “It’s an intriguing thing that we’re going to follow up on.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Funning says the 2014 event revealed the West Napa fault to be a “creeping,” fault, one that keeps moving between earthquakes. The Hayward and Calaveras faults, which run up and down the East Bay, have similar characteristics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Geologists also look for signs that an earthquake has added stress to surrounding faults, or “loaded” them. Funning says the evidence thus far suggests that the the Napa quake added minor loading to the nearby Rogers Creek fault, slightly increasing the odds of an event on that fault, which slashes diagonally across the North Bay.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "First Half of 2016 Blows Away Temp Records",
"headTitle": "First Half of 2016 Blows Away Temp Records | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>The first half of 2016 has blown away temperature records, capped off by a record hot June, once again bumping up the odds that 2016 will be the hottest year on record globally, according to data released Tuesday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The monthly numbers from NASA and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration puts the planet on track to surpass 2015 as the hottest on record.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">Every month this year has been record warm globally.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“2016 has really blown that out of the water,” Gavin Schmidt, the director of NASA’s Goddard Institute for Space Studies, said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While 2016 has gotten a boost from an \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/will-la-nina-follow-one-of-strongest-el-ninos-20223\">exceptionally strong El Niño\u003c/a>, the record temps are \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/2015-global-temp-record\">mostly the result\u003c/a> of the excess heat that has built up in Earth’s atmosphere due to accumulating greenhouse gases. That heat is \u003ca href=\"http://sealevel.climatecentral.org/\">raising global sea levels\u003c/a>, disrupting ecosystems and leading to \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/climate-change-evolving-role-in-extreme-weather-18501\">more extreme weather events\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Every month this year has been record warm globally. Several months early in the year were the first ever recorded to \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/incredible-october-warmth-guarantees-record-hot-2015-19695\">exceed 1°C\u003c/a> (1.8°F) above average.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With the \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/el-nino-is-over-20424\">demise of El Niño\u003c/a>, those temperature departures have dropped slightly, but are still at record-high levels. June was 1.62°F (0.90°C) above the 20th century average \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/sotc/global/201606\">according to NOAA\u003c/a> and 1.42°F (0.79°C) above the 1951-1980 average, \u003ca href=\"http://data.giss.nasa.gov/gistemp/tabledata_v3/GLB.Ts+dSST.txt\">according to NASA\u003c/a>. (June was also \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/june-hottest-on-record-contiguous-us-20502\">record warm for the contiguous U.S.\u003c/a>, in part because of an intense, record-breaking heat wave that swept the Southwest.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-860507\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/2016Global_Jan-Jun_CC.jpg\" alt=\"2016Global_Jan-Jun_CC\" width=\"720\" height=\"492\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/2016Global_Jan-Jun_CC.jpg 720w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/2016Global_Jan-Jun_CC-400x273.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 720px) 100vw, 720px\">In NOAA’s records, that makes an unprecedented 14 consecutive record-hot months. While that streak will eventually end, Deke Arndt, the head of the climate monitoring division at NOAA’s National Centers for Environmental Information, said that the long-term warming trend is stll clear.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s important to keep perspective here. Even if we aren’t setting records, we are in a neighborhood beyond anything we had seen before early 2015,” Arndt said in an email. “We’ve left the 20th century far behind. This is a big deal.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With June’s record heat, the year-to-date is 1.89°F (1.05°C) above the 20th century average, according to NOAA, and 1.96°F (1.09°C) above the 1951-1980 average according to NASA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The temperatures “are so in excess of any first part of a year that we’ve seen,” Schmidt said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-860508\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/2016hottest_yr_so_far_CC.jpg\" alt=\"2016)hottest_yr_so_far_CC\" width=\"720\" height=\"492\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/2016hottest_yr_so_far_CC.jpg 720w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/2016hottest_yr_so_far_CC-400x273.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 720px) 100vw, 720px\">Each agency uses different methods of processing the global temperature data, as well as different baselines for comparing temperatures, leading to slightly different results. Both agree on the long-term warming trend, though.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nations have agreed to a goal of\u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/see-earths-temperature-spiral-toward-2c-20332\"> keeping warming under 2°C\u003c/a> (3.6°F) above temperatures from preindustrial times — before manmade greenhouse gases began building in the atmosphere — by the end of the century. To put current global temperatures into the perspective of that framework, \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/world-flirts-with-1.5C-threshold-20260\">Climate Central has been reanalyzing\u003c/a> the NASA and NOAA data. The two datasets are averaged and then compared to the average from 1881-1910, closer to the preindustrial era.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Through June, 2016 was 2.4°F (1.34°C) above the average for that period.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Arctic has been one of the areas of the world that has seen sky-high temperatures this year, which have led to \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/arctic-sea-ice-record-low-for-june-20508\">record-low sea ice levels\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those roasting Arctic temperatures have extended into Alaska. The state’s average temperature is 9°F above the 1925-2000 average for the year through June. The North Slope town of Deadhorse just recorded a temperature of 85°F (29.4°C), the \u003ca href=\"http://wxshift.com/news/heat-wave-to-blanket-us-next-week\">hottest temperature\u003c/a> ever measured within 50 miles of its Arctic coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The oceans are another area that have seen persistent warmth. According to NOAA, the global average ocean temperature for the first half of the year is 1.42°F (0.79°C) above the 20th century average, the largest such departure in 137 years of records. These elevated temperatures have led to a record third year of a \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/coral-bleaching-record-third-year-20467\">global coral bleaching event\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water changes temperature more slowly than the air or land, which means the global ocean heat is likely to persist for some time. In part because of that, temperatures are likely to stay elevated for the remainder of the year, even if they drop off the record pace.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Whether 2016 ultimately bests 2015 depends on how the second half of year goes. Forecasts have backed off predictions of a La Niña this fall; La Niña tends to cool global temperatures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The significant lead that 2016 has makes the odds good that the year will end up the warmest, though there is no guarantee.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Regardless of where 2016 falls, the long-term trend of warming is clear, and it has tipped the odds in favor of record heat: Of the 15 warmest years on record, 14 have occurred in the 21st century.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“2016 will be one of the warmest on record. Whether it slips to nominally above or nominally below 2015, that may depend on some climate variability factors like the strength of the La Niña,” Arndt said. “But it will share with 2015 the distinction of being, comfortably, the two warmest years on record and warmer, comfortably than any year we’ve measured in modern times.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Climate Central\u003c/span>\u003c/a> \u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">is an independent organization that researches and reports on climate change.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The first half of 2016 has blown away temperature records, capped off by a record hot June, once again bumping up the odds that 2016 will be the hottest year on record globally, according to data released Tuesday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The monthly numbers from NASA and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration puts the planet on track to surpass 2015 as the hottest on record.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">Every month this year has been record warm globally.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“2016 has really blown that out of the water,” Gavin Schmidt, the director of NASA’s Goddard Institute for Space Studies, said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While 2016 has gotten a boost from an \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/will-la-nina-follow-one-of-strongest-el-ninos-20223\">exceptionally strong El Niño\u003c/a>, the record temps are \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/2015-global-temp-record\">mostly the result\u003c/a> of the excess heat that has built up in Earth’s atmosphere due to accumulating greenhouse gases. That heat is \u003ca href=\"http://sealevel.climatecentral.org/\">raising global sea levels\u003c/a>, disrupting ecosystems and leading to \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/climate-change-evolving-role-in-extreme-weather-18501\">more extreme weather events\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Every month this year has been record warm globally. Several months early in the year were the first ever recorded to \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/incredible-october-warmth-guarantees-record-hot-2015-19695\">exceed 1°C\u003c/a> (1.8°F) above average.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With the \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/el-nino-is-over-20424\">demise of El Niño\u003c/a>, those temperature departures have dropped slightly, but are still at record-high levels. June was 1.62°F (0.90°C) above the 20th century average \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/sotc/global/201606\">according to NOAA\u003c/a> and 1.42°F (0.79°C) above the 1951-1980 average, \u003ca href=\"http://data.giss.nasa.gov/gistemp/tabledata_v3/GLB.Ts+dSST.txt\">according to NASA\u003c/a>. (June was also \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/june-hottest-on-record-contiguous-us-20502\">record warm for the contiguous U.S.\u003c/a>, in part because of an intense, record-breaking heat wave that swept the Southwest.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-860507\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/2016Global_Jan-Jun_CC.jpg\" alt=\"2016Global_Jan-Jun_CC\" width=\"720\" height=\"492\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/2016Global_Jan-Jun_CC.jpg 720w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/2016Global_Jan-Jun_CC-400x273.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 720px) 100vw, 720px\">In NOAA’s records, that makes an unprecedented 14 consecutive record-hot months. While that streak will eventually end, Deke Arndt, the head of the climate monitoring division at NOAA’s National Centers for Environmental Information, said that the long-term warming trend is stll clear.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s important to keep perspective here. Even if we aren’t setting records, we are in a neighborhood beyond anything we had seen before early 2015,” Arndt said in an email. “We’ve left the 20th century far behind. This is a big deal.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With June’s record heat, the year-to-date is 1.89°F (1.05°C) above the 20th century average, according to NOAA, and 1.96°F (1.09°C) above the 1951-1980 average according to NASA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The temperatures “are so in excess of any first part of a year that we’ve seen,” Schmidt said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-860508\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/2016hottest_yr_so_far_CC.jpg\" alt=\"2016)hottest_yr_so_far_CC\" width=\"720\" height=\"492\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/2016hottest_yr_so_far_CC.jpg 720w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/2016hottest_yr_so_far_CC-400x273.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 720px) 100vw, 720px\">Each agency uses different methods of processing the global temperature data, as well as different baselines for comparing temperatures, leading to slightly different results. Both agree on the long-term warming trend, though.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nations have agreed to a goal of\u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/see-earths-temperature-spiral-toward-2c-20332\"> keeping warming under 2°C\u003c/a> (3.6°F) above temperatures from preindustrial times — before manmade greenhouse gases began building in the atmosphere — by the end of the century. To put current global temperatures into the perspective of that framework, \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/world-flirts-with-1.5C-threshold-20260\">Climate Central has been reanalyzing\u003c/a> the NASA and NOAA data. The two datasets are averaged and then compared to the average from 1881-1910, closer to the preindustrial era.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Through June, 2016 was 2.4°F (1.34°C) above the average for that period.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Arctic has been one of the areas of the world that has seen sky-high temperatures this year, which have led to \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/arctic-sea-ice-record-low-for-june-20508\">record-low sea ice levels\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those roasting Arctic temperatures have extended into Alaska. The state’s average temperature is 9°F above the 1925-2000 average for the year through June. The North Slope town of Deadhorse just recorded a temperature of 85°F (29.4°C), the \u003ca href=\"http://wxshift.com/news/heat-wave-to-blanket-us-next-week\">hottest temperature\u003c/a> ever measured within 50 miles of its Arctic coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The oceans are another area that have seen persistent warmth. According to NOAA, the global average ocean temperature for the first half of the year is 1.42°F (0.79°C) above the 20th century average, the largest such departure in 137 years of records. These elevated temperatures have led to a record third year of a \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/coral-bleaching-record-third-year-20467\">global coral bleaching event\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water changes temperature more slowly than the air or land, which means the global ocean heat is likely to persist for some time. In part because of that, temperatures are likely to stay elevated for the remainder of the year, even if they drop off the record pace.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Whether 2016 ultimately bests 2015 depends on how the second half of year goes. Forecasts have backed off predictions of a La Niña this fall; La Niña tends to cool global temperatures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The significant lead that 2016 has makes the odds good that the year will end up the warmest, though there is no guarantee.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Regardless of where 2016 falls, the long-term trend of warming is clear, and it has tipped the odds in favor of record heat: Of the 15 warmest years on record, 14 have occurred in the 21st century.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“2016 will be one of the warmest on record. Whether it slips to nominally above or nominally below 2015, that may depend on some climate variability factors like the strength of the La Niña,” Arndt said. “But it will share with 2015 the distinction of being, comfortably, the two warmest years on record and warmer, comfortably than any year we’ve measured in modern times.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Climate Central\u003c/span>\u003c/a> \u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">is an independent organization that researches and reports on climate change.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>The Justice Department and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency on Monday announced a $425 million settlement with two companies to reduce air pollution at six petroleum refineries in the West.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The agreement with Tesoro Corp. and Par Hawaii Refining resolves alleged violations of the federal Clean Air Act at several refineries including one in Martinez, California\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>and requires installment of new equipment to control emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The settlement covers five refineries that Tesoro operates in Kenai, Alaska; Anacortes, Washington; Salt Lake City, Utah; Mandan, North Dakota; and Martinez. It also covers Par Hawaii’s refinery in Kapolei, Hawaii.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under the consent decree, the companies will spend about $403 million to install equipment to control carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide and other emissions at the refineries that process crude oil into gasoline, diesel fuel and other products.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the Martinez Refinery, about $24 million will fund pollution control equipment and $1 million will go toward compressed natural gas school buses to replace old diesel school buses in Contra Costa County.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Federal officials say the settlement will improve air quality for people and the environment because the installed equipment will reduce pollutants, including an estimated 47,000 tons of carbon dioxide annually.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Leaks, flares and excess emissions from the refineries emit dangerous air pollutants known or suspected to cause cancer, birth defects, and seriously harm the environment, the officials said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tesoro will spend about $12 million on three environmental improvement projects, including the school bus replacement in Contra Costa County. The San Antonio, Texas, company will also pay a $10.5 million civil penalty.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The settlement “provides important reductions of harmful air pollution in communities facing environmental and health challenges,” said Assistant Attorney General John C. Cruden of the Justice Department’s Environment and Natural Resources Division.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tesoro said in a statement Monday that it agreed to settle the case by making the investments to reduce emissions but did not admit any violations. The company added that most of the projects to reduce emissions have been completed or are in progress, with about $75 million of work left to do after the end of this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are dedicated to operating in a safe and responsible manner that reduces the impact on the environment,” said Keith Casey, Tesoro’s executive vice president of operations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Phone and email messages left with Par Hawaii Refining were not immediately returned. The company bought the Kapolei refinery from Tesoro in 2013.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The agreement was filed Monday in U.S. District Court for the Western District of Texas, along with the complaint filed by the federal government, the states of Hawaii and Alaska and the Northwest Clean Air Agency that regulates air quality in northwestern Washington state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The states will get $2.4 million of the $10.5 million penalty, with the rest going to the federal government.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition to the new school buses, Tesoro will also install infrared cameras at four refineries to detect leaks and spend about $11 million to install equipment on a furnace at its Salt Lake City refinery to reduce nitrogen oxide emissions.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Federal officials say the settlement will improve air quality for people and the environment because the installed equipment will reduce pollutants, including an estimated 47,000 tons of carbon dioxide annually.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Leaks, flares and excess emissions from the refineries emit dangerous air pollutants known or suspected to cause cancer, birth defects, and seriously harm the environment, the officials said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tesoro will spend about $12 million on three environmental improvement projects, including the school bus replacement in Contra Costa County. The San Antonio, Texas, company will also pay a $10.5 million civil penalty.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The settlement “provides important reductions of harmful air pollution in communities facing environmental and health challenges,” said Assistant Attorney General John C. Cruden of the Justice Department’s Environment and Natural Resources Division.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tesoro said in a statement Monday that it agreed to settle the case by making the investments to reduce emissions but did not admit any violations. The company added that most of the projects to reduce emissions have been completed or are in progress, with about $75 million of work left to do after the end of this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are dedicated to operating in a safe and responsible manner that reduces the impact on the environment,” said Keith Casey, Tesoro’s executive vice president of operations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Phone and email messages left with Par Hawaii Refining were not immediately returned. The company bought the Kapolei refinery from Tesoro in 2013.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The agreement was filed Monday in U.S. District Court for the Western District of Texas, along with the complaint filed by the federal government, the states of Hawaii and Alaska and the Northwest Clean Air Agency that regulates air quality in northwestern Washington state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The states will get $2.4 million of the $10.5 million penalty, with the rest going to the federal government.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition to the new school buses, Tesoro will also install infrared cameras at four refineries to detect leaks and spend about $11 million to install equipment on a furnace at its Salt Lake City refinery to reduce nitrogen oxide emissions.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>One thing the drought has brought to wider attention is the role of so-called atmospheric rivers in the state’s weather and water supply.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An \u003ca href=\"http://www.esrl.noaa.gov/psd/atmrivers/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">atmospheric river\u003c/a> is a narrow band of high-speed wind that sweeps across the Pacific Ocean, often dragging vast amounts of tropical moisture with it. Sometimes dubbed a “horizontal hurricane,” just a handful of these storms can bring California half of its annual rainfall every year. Indeed, an absence of very wet atmospheric rivers over the past few years is one reason California has experienced such a severe drought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Atmospheric rivers are also responsible for the state’s worst flooding events.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Their influence on water supply and flood risk depends largely on where they make landfall, and for how long. But until recently, very little research has been devoted to understanding atmospheric rivers. These storms can lash around like an uncontrolled fire hose, and the mechanisms responsible for that behavior have been poorly understood.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Marty Ralph is working to change this. For years, he focused his research efforts on atmospheric rivers while chief of the Water Cycle Branch at the NOAA’s Earth System Research Laboratory in Boulder, Colorado. Last year, he moved to the Scripps Institution of Oceanography at U.C. San Diego, where he helped launch the \u003ca href=\"http://cw3e.ucsd.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">Center for Western Weather and Water Extremes\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new center focuses largely on understanding and predicting atmospheric rivers. A few weeks ago, it received a $3 million allocation in the new state budget to take this work further. Water Deeply recently spoke with Ralph about this program.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: What’s the idea behind this research program?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s2\">Marty Ralph: The idea behind the program emerged when I moved from NOAA to the Scripps Institution of Oceanography. I set out to create a center of excellence on storms that are important to the Western U.S. And we’ve created this Center for Western Weather and Water Extremes, \u003cspan class=\"s3\">CW3E\u003c/span>. What we’re doing is bringing a focus to meteorological science and applications that are really focused on Western U.S. issues, and we’re starting with atmospheric rivers in California as the key player.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cspan class=\"s2\">Water Deeply: Why is this so important to California?\u003c/span>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s2\">Ralph: The really fundamental idea is that California has unique information needs to support its decision-making on water, whether it’s for flood control or water supply. The type of weather that is key to those decisions is these atmospheric river type storms. These provide about 30–50 percent of the state’s water supply each year, in Northern California especially. And that happens in just a handful of days \u003c/span>– maybe 10 days on average – each storm being on the order of one day long. They produce the lion’s share of the water supply, and really the variability on the annual water supply really hinges on the number of atmospheric river events, rather than how strong they are.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s2\">An analysis showed 85 percent of the variability from year to year in annual precipitation in the Sacramento River basin was due to variations in the top 5 percent wettest days of the year. Those top 5 percent wettest days are mostly atmospheric river events. So there’s a seasonal role. There’s also a hazard, too. Somewhere between 80 and 90 percent of the major river flood events happen as a result of landfalling atmospheric rivers.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cspan class=\"s2\">Water Deeply: How will this new $3 million in funding from the state of California be useful?\u003c/span>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s2\">Ralph: It will help us establish a weather prediction model that’s tailored to the atmospheric river problem and the extreme precipitation that’s associated with it. For example, national models, like those used by the National Weather Service and the like, they have to serve the nation 24-7, 365 days a year. A single model that does really well at, say, hurricanes or thunderstorms may not do so well at atmospheric rivers. Similarly, a national model that really did the atmospheric river problem well may not do so well on those other problems.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s2\">This is how meteorology is evolving. There’s no one perfect prediction model and we are establishing what we call \u003ca href=\"http://cw3e.ucsd.edu/?page_id=4206\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan class=\"s3\">West-WRF\u003c/span>\u003c/a>, the Western Weather Research and Forecasting model. It is a very versatile model, and we are tailoring it to the western U.S. and, in particular, California precipitation events, so we can predict those as best as possible.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s2\">We’re also developing tools for diagnosing atmospheric river conditions as they are occurring, and helping show what the prediction of them looks like. So in other words, we’re doing a bit for atmospheric rivers in California what meteorology has done for hurricanes elsewhere in the country \u003c/span>– developing specialized tools that really represent that phenomenon and the uncertainty and predictability of it so we can help inform people who are making decisions based on forecasts, whether they are emergency managers or water managers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cspan class=\"s2\">Water Deeply: How far along is this new forecasting tool?\u003c/span>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s2\">Ralph: We have some prototypes running right now on our website. In the summer it’s not very exciting, because there’s not a hell of a lot going on. We used them in winter to try them out in real time, then used the summer to diagnose how they did and try to improve on them. We’ve got a running start. We’ve had some seed funding and gotten things rolling a little bit from that.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cspan class=\"s2\">Water Deeply: What are your goals for the forecasting model?\u003c/span>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s2\">Ralph: The goal is for it to have long-term capability to support the region. One of the key applications we’re supporting is called \u003ca href=\"http://cw3e.ucsd.edu/FIRO/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan class=\"s3\">forecast-informed reservoir operations\u003c/span>\u003c/a> (FIRO). We have a collaboration going on with the Sonoma County Water Agency, at Lake Mendocino on the Russian River, which provides water to 600,000 people, the wine grape industry and to help recover endangered fish populations. They do a lot of water management. The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers is the other operator of that dam for flood control.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s2\">We have a steering committee that’s looking at assessing the viability of using atmospheric river forecasts to help operate Lake Mendocino. It’s a several-year effort. We’ve just gotten a work plan completed for a five-year program to look at the viability of using this method. It has the potential to increase water supply available for the state.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s2\">Use of FIRO in reservoir operations is \u003ca href=\"http://ensia.com/features/how-better-weather-forecasting-can-help-stretch-water-supplies/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan class=\"s3\">relatively tough to do\u003c/span>\u003c/a> given that, when dams were built, it wasn’t really allowable. This atmospheric river program will help us ensure those tools are available, with the best skill possible, to support FIRO. And that we can explore its potential for use on other reservoirs.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cspan class=\"s2\">Water Deeply: When will you have a working atmospheric river model ready to use in regular weather forecasting?\u003c/span>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s2\">Ralph: In a way, it’s already doing that. It’s being used in ensemble predictions\u003c/span>– in which we use many different forecast models joined together and we get an average answer. We’re contributing our West-WRF model to that approach. So it’s actually happening in a small way already.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s2\">But our goal is to have it be also available to produce its own forecast, without the ensemble, and be valuable in its own right. Our initial estimations are that it performed pretty well relative to other national models last winter. And now we’re just in the process of starting to refine it. That’s a tough science problem to do it right. It takes quite a lot of effort and time and people.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s2\">\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: How does the El Niño (ENSO) condition influence atmospheric rivers?\u003c/strong>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s2\">Ralph: ENSO modulates the position and structure of the Pacific storm track, which in turn affects the preferred locations of the atmospheric river events.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s2\">In cases where ENSO also creates a warm coastal sea surface temperature anomaly, that extra warmth can cause added evaporation and heating of atmospheric rivers as they cross over that warm water, thereby enhancing the potential for precipitation upon landfall.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cspan class=\"s2\">Water Deeply: Does your atmospheric river forecast model take into account the ENSO condition? If so, how is that integrated?\u003c/span>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s2\">Ralph: ENSO conditions are accounted for through their influence on sea surface temperatures, which are part of the boundary conditions used in weather forecast models, including our version focused on atmospheric rivers.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cspan class=\"s2\">Water Deeply: A couple of years ago, you set up a network of ground-based sensors in the American River watershed to track atmospheric rivers as they came onshore. What’s the status of that sensor network now?\u003c/span>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s2\">Ralph: The ground-based networks have expanded across California, including a roughly 100-station network spread across the state. Those include four different sensor types. There are also extra new observations on the Russian River watershed.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s2\">And last winter I led the first-ever operational atmospheric river\u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/capital-weather-gang/wp/2016/02/18/hurricane-hunters-fly-into-atmospheric-rivers-for-first-time-key-to-weather-extremes-in-the-west/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan class=\"s4\">airborne reconnaissance\u003c/span>\u003c/a> effort. It learned from our past research efforts and made use of two Air Force C-130 aircraft normally deployed for hurricane recon for the eastern part of the nation.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cspan class=\"s2\">Water Deeply: Do atmospheric rivers affect states other than California? And does your research and modeling include atmospheric river forecasting in those states?\u003c/span>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s2\">Ralph: Atmospheric rivers do affect other states, especially the West Coast states, but also the next set of states inland (Ariz., Nev., Utah, Idaho, Mont., Colo.).\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s2\">There is also emerging recognition that atmospheric rivers can be key sources of extreme precipitation in the Eastern U.S. Although other phenomena, such as landfalling hurricanes and big thunderstorm systems, are also important there.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This article originally appeared on \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://mail.kqed.org/owa/redir.aspx?C=9e4bb0e1a7d74f24ba4684ef2533053d&URL=https%3a%2f%2fwww.newsdeeply.com%2fwater\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Water Deeply\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, and you can find it \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/articles/2016/07/18/unlocking-the-wests-weather-maker\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">here\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. For important news about the California drought, you can \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://mail.kqed.org/owa/redir.aspx?C=9e4bb0e1a7d74f24ba4684ef2533053d&URL=http%3a%2f%2fwaterdeeply.us5.list-manage.com%2fsubscribe%3fu%3d8b78e9a34ff7443ec1e8c62c6%26id%3d2947becb78\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">sign up\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> to the Water Deeply email list.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>One thing the drought has brought to wider attention is the role of so-called atmospheric rivers in the state’s weather and water supply.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An \u003ca href=\"http://www.esrl.noaa.gov/psd/atmrivers/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">atmospheric river\u003c/a> is a narrow band of high-speed wind that sweeps across the Pacific Ocean, often dragging vast amounts of tropical moisture with it. Sometimes dubbed a “horizontal hurricane,” just a handful of these storms can bring California half of its annual rainfall every year. Indeed, an absence of very wet atmospheric rivers over the past few years is one reason California has experienced such a severe drought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Atmospheric rivers are also responsible for the state’s worst flooding events.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Their influence on water supply and flood risk depends largely on where they make landfall, and for how long. But until recently, very little research has been devoted to understanding atmospheric rivers. These storms can lash around like an uncontrolled fire hose, and the mechanisms responsible for that behavior have been poorly understood.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Marty Ralph is working to change this. For years, he focused his research efforts on atmospheric rivers while chief of the Water Cycle Branch at the NOAA’s Earth System Research Laboratory in Boulder, Colorado. Last year, he moved to the Scripps Institution of Oceanography at U.C. San Diego, where he helped launch the \u003ca href=\"http://cw3e.ucsd.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">Center for Western Weather and Water Extremes\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new center focuses largely on understanding and predicting atmospheric rivers. A few weeks ago, it received a $3 million allocation in the new state budget to take this work further. Water Deeply recently spoke with Ralph about this program.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: What’s the idea behind this research program?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s2\">Marty Ralph: The idea behind the program emerged when I moved from NOAA to the Scripps Institution of Oceanography. I set out to create a center of excellence on storms that are important to the Western U.S. And we’ve created this Center for Western Weather and Water Extremes, \u003cspan class=\"s3\">CW3E\u003c/span>. What we’re doing is bringing a focus to meteorological science and applications that are really focused on Western U.S. issues, and we’re starting with atmospheric rivers in California as the key player.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cspan class=\"s2\">Water Deeply: Why is this so important to California?\u003c/span>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s2\">Ralph: The really fundamental idea is that California has unique information needs to support its decision-making on water, whether it’s for flood control or water supply. The type of weather that is key to those decisions is these atmospheric river type storms. These provide about 30–50 percent of the state’s water supply each year, in Northern California especially. And that happens in just a handful of days \u003c/span>– maybe 10 days on average – each storm being on the order of one day long. They produce the lion’s share of the water supply, and really the variability on the annual water supply really hinges on the number of atmospheric river events, rather than how strong they are.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s2\">An analysis showed 85 percent of the variability from year to year in annual precipitation in the Sacramento River basin was due to variations in the top 5 percent wettest days of the year. Those top 5 percent wettest days are mostly atmospheric river events. So there’s a seasonal role. There’s also a hazard, too. Somewhere between 80 and 90 percent of the major river flood events happen as a result of landfalling atmospheric rivers.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cspan class=\"s2\">Water Deeply: How will this new $3 million in funding from the state of California be useful?\u003c/span>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s2\">Ralph: It will help us establish a weather prediction model that’s tailored to the atmospheric river problem and the extreme precipitation that’s associated with it. For example, national models, like those used by the National Weather Service and the like, they have to serve the nation 24-7, 365 days a year. A single model that does really well at, say, hurricanes or thunderstorms may not do so well at atmospheric rivers. Similarly, a national model that really did the atmospheric river problem well may not do so well on those other problems.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s2\">This is how meteorology is evolving. There’s no one perfect prediction model and we are establishing what we call \u003ca href=\"http://cw3e.ucsd.edu/?page_id=4206\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan class=\"s3\">West-WRF\u003c/span>\u003c/a>, the Western Weather Research and Forecasting model. It is a very versatile model, and we are tailoring it to the western U.S. and, in particular, California precipitation events, so we can predict those as best as possible.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s2\">We’re also developing tools for diagnosing atmospheric river conditions as they are occurring, and helping show what the prediction of them looks like. So in other words, we’re doing a bit for atmospheric rivers in California what meteorology has done for hurricanes elsewhere in the country \u003c/span>– developing specialized tools that really represent that phenomenon and the uncertainty and predictability of it so we can help inform people who are making decisions based on forecasts, whether they are emergency managers or water managers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cspan class=\"s2\">Water Deeply: How far along is this new forecasting tool?\u003c/span>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s2\">Ralph: We have some prototypes running right now on our website. In the summer it’s not very exciting, because there’s not a hell of a lot going on. We used them in winter to try them out in real time, then used the summer to diagnose how they did and try to improve on them. We’ve got a running start. We’ve had some seed funding and gotten things rolling a little bit from that.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cspan class=\"s2\">Water Deeply: What are your goals for the forecasting model?\u003c/span>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s2\">Ralph: The goal is for it to have long-term capability to support the region. One of the key applications we’re supporting is called \u003ca href=\"http://cw3e.ucsd.edu/FIRO/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan class=\"s3\">forecast-informed reservoir operations\u003c/span>\u003c/a> (FIRO). We have a collaboration going on with the Sonoma County Water Agency, at Lake Mendocino on the Russian River, which provides water to 600,000 people, the wine grape industry and to help recover endangered fish populations. They do a lot of water management. The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers is the other operator of that dam for flood control.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s2\">We have a steering committee that’s looking at assessing the viability of using atmospheric river forecasts to help operate Lake Mendocino. It’s a several-year effort. We’ve just gotten a work plan completed for a five-year program to look at the viability of using this method. It has the potential to increase water supply available for the state.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s2\">Use of FIRO in reservoir operations is \u003ca href=\"http://ensia.com/features/how-better-weather-forecasting-can-help-stretch-water-supplies/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan class=\"s3\">relatively tough to do\u003c/span>\u003c/a> given that, when dams were built, it wasn’t really allowable. This atmospheric river program will help us ensure those tools are available, with the best skill possible, to support FIRO. And that we can explore its potential for use on other reservoirs.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cspan class=\"s2\">Water Deeply: When will you have a working atmospheric river model ready to use in regular weather forecasting?\u003c/span>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s2\">Ralph: In a way, it’s already doing that. It’s being used in ensemble predictions\u003c/span>– in which we use many different forecast models joined together and we get an average answer. We’re contributing our West-WRF model to that approach. So it’s actually happening in a small way already.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s2\">But our goal is to have it be also available to produce its own forecast, without the ensemble, and be valuable in its own right. Our initial estimations are that it performed pretty well relative to other national models last winter. And now we’re just in the process of starting to refine it. That’s a tough science problem to do it right. It takes quite a lot of effort and time and people.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s2\">\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: How does the El Niño (ENSO) condition influence atmospheric rivers?\u003c/strong>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s2\">Ralph: ENSO modulates the position and structure of the Pacific storm track, which in turn affects the preferred locations of the atmospheric river events.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s2\">In cases where ENSO also creates a warm coastal sea surface temperature anomaly, that extra warmth can cause added evaporation and heating of atmospheric rivers as they cross over that warm water, thereby enhancing the potential for precipitation upon landfall.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cspan class=\"s2\">Water Deeply: Does your atmospheric river forecast model take into account the ENSO condition? If so, how is that integrated?\u003c/span>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s2\">Ralph: ENSO conditions are accounted for through their influence on sea surface temperatures, which are part of the boundary conditions used in weather forecast models, including our version focused on atmospheric rivers.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cspan class=\"s2\">Water Deeply: A couple of years ago, you set up a network of ground-based sensors in the American River watershed to track atmospheric rivers as they came onshore. What’s the status of that sensor network now?\u003c/span>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s2\">Ralph: The ground-based networks have expanded across California, including a roughly 100-station network spread across the state. Those include four different sensor types. There are also extra new observations on the Russian River watershed.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s2\">And last winter I led the first-ever operational atmospheric river\u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/capital-weather-gang/wp/2016/02/18/hurricane-hunters-fly-into-atmospheric-rivers-for-first-time-key-to-weather-extremes-in-the-west/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan class=\"s4\">airborne reconnaissance\u003c/span>\u003c/a> effort. It learned from our past research efforts and made use of two Air Force C-130 aircraft normally deployed for hurricane recon for the eastern part of the nation.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cspan class=\"s2\">Water Deeply: Do atmospheric rivers affect states other than California? And does your research and modeling include atmospheric river forecasting in those states?\u003c/span>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s2\">Ralph: Atmospheric rivers do affect other states, especially the West Coast states, but also the next set of states inland (Ariz., Nev., Utah, Idaho, Mont., Colo.).\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s2\">There is also emerging recognition that atmospheric rivers can be key sources of extreme precipitation in the Eastern U.S. Although other phenomena, such as landfalling hurricanes and big thunderstorm systems, are also important there.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This article originally appeared on \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://mail.kqed.org/owa/redir.aspx?C=9e4bb0e1a7d74f24ba4684ef2533053d&URL=https%3a%2f%2fwww.newsdeeply.com%2fwater\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Water Deeply\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, and you can find it \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/articles/2016/07/18/unlocking-the-wests-weather-maker\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">here\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. For important news about the California drought, you can \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://mail.kqed.org/owa/redir.aspx?C=9e4bb0e1a7d74f24ba4684ef2533053d&URL=http%3a%2f%2fwaterdeeply.us5.list-manage.com%2fsubscribe%3fu%3d8b78e9a34ff7443ec1e8c62c6%26id%3d2947becb78\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">sign up\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> to the Water Deeply email list.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Oceans Eating Away at Yet Another Part of Antarctica",
"headTitle": "Oceans Eating Away at Yet Another Part of Antarctica | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>The Antarctic Peninsula is one of the fastest warming spots on the planet, and it was thought that the rising air temperature was driving the melt of the glaciers along its fringes. But it is actually warm ocean waters that are \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/look-out-below-antarctic-melting-from-underneath-16128\">eating away at the ice\u003c/a> along part of its western side, a group of scientists reported Thursday in the \u003ca href=\"http://science.sciencemag.org/cgi/doi/10.1126/science.aae0017\">journal Science\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘Ice losses from around Antarctica owe as much to warmer ocean temperatures … as to rises in air temperature.’\u003ccite>Robert Bingham, University of Edinburgh\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The study adds to a spate of research in the last few years that have pointed the finger at warm ocean currents as the key culprit in undercutting the glaciers that serve as doorstops to Antarctica’s massive ice sheets. As those glaciers wilt away, the land-bound ice behind them can \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/antarctic-ice-shelves-shrinking-19015\">flow faster to the sea\u003c/a>, with the potential to significantly raise global sea levels. Coastal areas around the world will be swamped, putting millions of people and billions of dollars of infrastructure in peril.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Now we know that ocean warming is not only affecting the large ice streams and ice shelves of West Antarctica, but also the small glaciers of the separate Antarctic Peninsula ice sheet,” study co-author \u003ca href=\"https://www.dur.ac.uk/geography/staff/geogstaffhidden/?id=14129\">Alison Cook\u003c/a> said in an email. “Understanding this link will improve predictions of sea level rise.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>‘Striking Similarity’\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the rest of the continent’s coastline features vast rivers of ice that flow to the sea, the west side of the Antarctic Peninsula is made up of “over 600 small glaciers of varying shapes and sizes,” Cook, a glaciologist at Durham University in England, said, few of which had been studied in any detail.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The peninsula — an arm of land that stretches up from the rest of Antarctica toward the southern tip of South America — has warmed\u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/soaring-temperatures-in-west-antarctica-could-destabilize-ice-15409\"> about 5°F (2.8°C) in the past 50 years\u003c/a>. Unsurprisingly, the region has seen considerable ice melt, and that melt was blamed on the \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/antarctica-record-high-temp-bodes-ill-for-ice-18840\">surging air temperatures\u003c/a> driven by \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/antarctica-record-high-temp-bodes-ill-for-ice-18840\">the broader warming\u003c/a> of the planet’s atmosphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was clear that there was a distinct pattern of melt from north to south, though. In the northwest, the region of the largest air temperature increase, the glaciers paradoxically seemed fairly stable, while in the cooler southwest there had been considerable retreat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cook and her colleagues looked at ocean temperatures along the west coast of the peninsula and found a pattern of temperatures at mid-ocean depths that mirrored what was happening to the glaciers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The more we studied this, the more it became apparent that this followed a striking similarity to the glacier retreat rates,” Cook said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the southern end of the western side of the peninsula, warm Circumpolar Deep Water that has welled up meets the glaciers and wears away at their fronts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the northern end of the peninsula, the glaciers terminate in colder waters that come from a different source, keeping the fronts of those glaciers much more stable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is a great study with convincing evidence that the northern and southern west coast of AP (Antarctic Peninsula) have very different oceanic regimes and the correspondence with the pattern of glacier retreat is undeniably strong,” Eric Rignot, a NASA glaciologist said in an email.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>More Measurements Needed\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The same Circumpolar Deep Water implicated in the new study is thought to be eroding glaciers elsewhere along the West Antarctic coast, including an adjacent area of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/overlooked-area-antarctica-major-ice-loss-20408\">Bellingshausen Sea coast\u003c/a> where a recent study suggested melt had been happening for much longer than previously thought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This study underscores what many of us in the scientific community have been suggesting for some time, namely that ice losses from around Antarctica owe as much to warmer ocean temperatures reaching parts of Antarctica’s coastline as to rises in air temperature,” \u003ca href=\"http://www.geos.ed.ac.uk/homes/rbingha2/\">Robert Bingham\u003c/a>, a glaciologist at the University of Edinburgh, said in an email. Bingham, who led the Bellingshausen Sea study, was not part of the new research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the glaciers along the Antarctic Peninsula are much smaller than those in the Bellingshausen Area, or the Amundsen Sea Embayment, where some of the fastest-slowing and retreating glaciers are found, their potential to contribute to sea level rise cannot be discounted. While they make up only 4 percent of Antarctica’s total ice sheet area, they have accounted for about 25 percent of its mass loss.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The AP ice sheet is one of the largest current contributors to sea level rise and as the glaciers here are highly sensitive to changes in the environment they are key indicators of how the ice will respond to future changes,” Cook said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study’s findings lay bare the need for better understanding and monitoring of both Antarctica’s glaciers and the oceans lapping at them, Bingham and Rignot said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our ultimate aim must be to predict how ocean-driven ice losses from Antarctica will impact upon global sea level rise,” Bingham said. “To provide such predictions, it’s clear that we need a far better understanding of ice-ocean interactions all around the fringes of Antarctica, and in particular to monitor changes occurring in the ice at the same time as changes in the ocean.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Climate Central\u003c/span>\u003c/a> \u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">is an independent organization that researches and reports on climate change.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Warm ocean waters, not rising air temperatures, are causing the retreat of glaciers on Antarctica's western edge.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The Antarctic Peninsula is one of the fastest warming spots on the planet, and it was thought that the rising air temperature was driving the melt of the glaciers along its fringes. But it is actually warm ocean waters that are \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/look-out-below-antarctic-melting-from-underneath-16128\">eating away at the ice\u003c/a> along part of its western side, a group of scientists reported Thursday in the \u003ca href=\"http://science.sciencemag.org/cgi/doi/10.1126/science.aae0017\">journal Science\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘Ice losses from around Antarctica owe as much to warmer ocean temperatures … as to rises in air temperature.’\u003ccite>Robert Bingham, University of Edinburgh\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The study adds to a spate of research in the last few years that have pointed the finger at warm ocean currents as the key culprit in undercutting the glaciers that serve as doorstops to Antarctica’s massive ice sheets. As those glaciers wilt away, the land-bound ice behind them can \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/antarctic-ice-shelves-shrinking-19015\">flow faster to the sea\u003c/a>, with the potential to significantly raise global sea levels. Coastal areas around the world will be swamped, putting millions of people and billions of dollars of infrastructure in peril.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Now we know that ocean warming is not only affecting the large ice streams and ice shelves of West Antarctica, but also the small glaciers of the separate Antarctic Peninsula ice sheet,” study co-author \u003ca href=\"https://www.dur.ac.uk/geography/staff/geogstaffhidden/?id=14129\">Alison Cook\u003c/a> said in an email. “Understanding this link will improve predictions of sea level rise.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>‘Striking Similarity’\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the rest of the continent’s coastline features vast rivers of ice that flow to the sea, the west side of the Antarctic Peninsula is made up of “over 600 small glaciers of varying shapes and sizes,” Cook, a glaciologist at Durham University in England, said, few of which had been studied in any detail.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The peninsula — an arm of land that stretches up from the rest of Antarctica toward the southern tip of South America — has warmed\u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/soaring-temperatures-in-west-antarctica-could-destabilize-ice-15409\"> about 5°F (2.8°C) in the past 50 years\u003c/a>. Unsurprisingly, the region has seen considerable ice melt, and that melt was blamed on the \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/antarctica-record-high-temp-bodes-ill-for-ice-18840\">surging air temperatures\u003c/a> driven by \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/antarctica-record-high-temp-bodes-ill-for-ice-18840\">the broader warming\u003c/a> of the planet’s atmosphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was clear that there was a distinct pattern of melt from north to south, though. In the northwest, the region of the largest air temperature increase, the glaciers paradoxically seemed fairly stable, while in the cooler southwest there had been considerable retreat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cook and her colleagues looked at ocean temperatures along the west coast of the peninsula and found a pattern of temperatures at mid-ocean depths that mirrored what was happening to the glaciers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The more we studied this, the more it became apparent that this followed a striking similarity to the glacier retreat rates,” Cook said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the southern end of the western side of the peninsula, warm Circumpolar Deep Water that has welled up meets the glaciers and wears away at their fronts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the northern end of the peninsula, the glaciers terminate in colder waters that come from a different source, keeping the fronts of those glaciers much more stable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is a great study with convincing evidence that the northern and southern west coast of AP (Antarctic Peninsula) have very different oceanic regimes and the correspondence with the pattern of glacier retreat is undeniably strong,” Eric Rignot, a NASA glaciologist said in an email.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>More Measurements Needed\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The same Circumpolar Deep Water implicated in the new study is thought to be eroding glaciers elsewhere along the West Antarctic coast, including an adjacent area of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/overlooked-area-antarctica-major-ice-loss-20408\">Bellingshausen Sea coast\u003c/a> where a recent study suggested melt had been happening for much longer than previously thought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This study underscores what many of us in the scientific community have been suggesting for some time, namely that ice losses from around Antarctica owe as much to warmer ocean temperatures reaching parts of Antarctica’s coastline as to rises in air temperature,” \u003ca href=\"http://www.geos.ed.ac.uk/homes/rbingha2/\">Robert Bingham\u003c/a>, a glaciologist at the University of Edinburgh, said in an email. Bingham, who led the Bellingshausen Sea study, was not part of the new research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the glaciers along the Antarctic Peninsula are much smaller than those in the Bellingshausen Area, or the Amundsen Sea Embayment, where some of the fastest-slowing and retreating glaciers are found, their potential to contribute to sea level rise cannot be discounted. While they make up only 4 percent of Antarctica’s total ice sheet area, they have accounted for about 25 percent of its mass loss.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The AP ice sheet is one of the largest current contributors to sea level rise and as the glaciers here are highly sensitive to changes in the environment they are key indicators of how the ice will respond to future changes,” Cook said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study’s findings lay bare the need for better understanding and monitoring of both Antarctica’s glaciers and the oceans lapping at them, Bingham and Rignot said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our ultimate aim must be to predict how ocean-driven ice losses from Antarctica will impact upon global sea level rise,” Bingham said. “To provide such predictions, it’s clear that we need a far better understanding of ice-ocean interactions all around the fringes of Antarctica, and in particular to monitor changes occurring in the ice at the same time as changes in the ocean.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Climate Central\u003c/span>\u003c/a> \u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">is an independent organization that researches and reports on climate change.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "California Eyes Recycling Wastewater for Drinking",
"headTitle": "California Eyes Recycling Wastewater for Drinking | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>California’s drought has spurred interest in treating wastewater for drinking. For decades, some areas of the state, notably Orange County, have resorted to indirect potable reuse – treating wastewater to drinking water standards, but then filtering it back underground to mix with groundwater before pumping it back out for drinking.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But now the State Water Resources Control Board, prompted by the legislature, has tasked a panel of experts with determining whether it is feasible to develop criteria for direct potable reuse (DPR) – where wastewater is treated for drinking and then piped directly to customers without first being mixed in a reservoir or groundwater aquifer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The panel is set to deliver its report later this month, as is a group of stakeholders. Then staff from the Water Board’s Division of Drinking Water will use those two reports to develop their own recommendations on the feasibility of DPR criteria by September 1. After a 45-day comment period a finalized report will be submitted before the end of the year. If, as is most likely, the final report does find that the criteria are feasible, the Division of Drinking Water will begin work on developing the appropriate regulations for direct potable reuse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To better understand the factors at play in the report and the possible future of potable reuse in California, Water Deeply spoke to Jeffrey Mosher, executive director of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nwri-usa.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">National Water Research Institute\u003c/a>, who is the expert panel’s administrator.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: You are part of the expert panel that has been convened. Who else participates in that and what are you tasked with doing?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jeffrey Mosher: The expert panel weighs in on the idea of if it is feasible to develop DPR criteria in California. What we mean by that is, can we develop regulations that are protective of public health?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So the expert panel is made up of a lot of researchers and PhDs and academics, and the idea is that they are on the cutting edge of a lot of the research and understanding in the field. There are also particular backgrounds represented – epidemiology, toxicology, chemistry, microbiology, risk assessment – and a lot of those are public health related.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: Why is there a push now to look more closely at DPR?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mosher: We’ve done a lot of indirect potable reuse (IPR) but in order to do IPR you need an environmental buffer – a groundwater basin or a large surface water reservoir. Many communities don’t have that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>DPR provides some additional operational flexibility. For example, your wastewater comes out of a treatment plant, but your groundwater basin or reservoir may be far away or it may be already full. Or it may not be large. So having DPR gives you a lot of more flexibility for potable uses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: Are there places already doing DPR that we can look at for best practices?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mosher: It’s practiced in \u003ca href=\"http://www.wabag.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/Water-management-in-Windhoek-2007.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Windhoek, Namibia\u003c/a>, in Africa. And there is a DPR facility in \u003ca href=\"http://www.wateronline.com/doc/texas-leads-the-way-with-first-direct-potable-reuse-facilities-in-u-s-0001\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Big Spring, Texas\u003c/a>. These communities hit a wall – they literally ran out of water and it was the only water supply they had left.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In California the drought has put pressure on our traditional or existing supplies, whether it’s surface water or groundwater. Potable reuse, including DPR, provides a lot of advantages in the sense that it’s local – you don’t have to bring it in through a long pipeline or aqueduct.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Typically it’s water you control. You already have it so you don’t have to pay a lot of money to obtain water rights or to buy water on the market. Frankly, the other reason it is so attractive is that it’s so reliable; it’s going to be there every day, year to year. Regarding our imported water, whether it’s from the Colorado River or the State Water Project, there have been some issues on its availability, so that means it is not as reliable as it has been.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We have the technology to do DPR. What we are missing are the criteria or the regulatory approach on how it would be permitted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: What are the risks or concerns in doing DPR?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mosher: There are the same risks that are associated with IPR as well as traditional drinking water. It’s just that because the source is wastewater, we have a lot more pathogens in there and potentially we have a lot more chemicals from things like cleaning products or anything that goes down a drain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We still have pathogens in surface water, but with DPR they will be a lot higher, so we have to have appropriate treatment to address higher levels of pathogens, which we know how to do. And we need to be able to treat for the chemicals that are harmful – it’s just something we have to manage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We have treatments to remove them but they can occur at very, very low concentrations and we just need to be able to continue to study those to see if there is ever an issue with them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: What have been some of the findings of the expert panel so far?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mosher: Because we want to look at things like DPR there are some things we need to chase down, such as what are the best procedures from a treatment point of view, what are the technologies we need to consider, what are the appropriate water-quality standards. Monitoring is also a big part of it. We need to identify if there is off-spec [below standard] water and then have procedures to address that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The technology is in place in some of the IPR plants, like the \u003ca href=\"http://purewater4u.org/advanced-water-treatment-facility\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Silicon Valley Advanced Water Purification Center\u003c/a> – reverse osmosis, ultraviolet, advanced oxidation – those are the advanced treatments that have the capability of removing chemicals and pathogens. We are learning a lot from those facilities that are already in place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This article originally appeared on \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://mail.kqed.org/owa/redir.aspx?C=9e4bb0e1a7d74f24ba4684ef2533053d&URL=https%3a%2f%2fwww.newsdeeply.com%2fwater\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Water Deeply\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, and you can find it \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/articles/2016/07/15/california-eyes-recycling-wastewater-for-drinking\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">here\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. For important news about the California drought, you can \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://mail.kqed.org/owa/redir.aspx?C=9e4bb0e1a7d74f24ba4684ef2533053d&URL=http%3a%2f%2fwaterdeeply.us5.list-manage.com%2fsubscribe%3fu%3d8b78e9a34ff7443ec1e8c62c6%26id%3d2947becb78\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">sign up\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> to the Water Deeply email list.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>California’s drought has spurred interest in treating wastewater for drinking. For decades, some areas of the state, notably Orange County, have resorted to indirect potable reuse – treating wastewater to drinking water standards, but then filtering it back underground to mix with groundwater before pumping it back out for drinking.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But now the State Water Resources Control Board, prompted by the legislature, has tasked a panel of experts with determining whether it is feasible to develop criteria for direct potable reuse (DPR) – where wastewater is treated for drinking and then piped directly to customers without first being mixed in a reservoir or groundwater aquifer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The panel is set to deliver its report later this month, as is a group of stakeholders. Then staff from the Water Board’s Division of Drinking Water will use those two reports to develop their own recommendations on the feasibility of DPR criteria by September 1. After a 45-day comment period a finalized report will be submitted before the end of the year. If, as is most likely, the final report does find that the criteria are feasible, the Division of Drinking Water will begin work on developing the appropriate regulations for direct potable reuse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To better understand the factors at play in the report and the possible future of potable reuse in California, Water Deeply spoke to Jeffrey Mosher, executive director of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nwri-usa.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">National Water Research Institute\u003c/a>, who is the expert panel’s administrator.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: You are part of the expert panel that has been convened. Who else participates in that and what are you tasked with doing?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jeffrey Mosher: The expert panel weighs in on the idea of if it is feasible to develop DPR criteria in California. What we mean by that is, can we develop regulations that are protective of public health?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So the expert panel is made up of a lot of researchers and PhDs and academics, and the idea is that they are on the cutting edge of a lot of the research and understanding in the field. There are also particular backgrounds represented – epidemiology, toxicology, chemistry, microbiology, risk assessment – and a lot of those are public health related.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: Why is there a push now to look more closely at DPR?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mosher: We’ve done a lot of indirect potable reuse (IPR) but in order to do IPR you need an environmental buffer – a groundwater basin or a large surface water reservoir. Many communities don’t have that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>DPR provides some additional operational flexibility. For example, your wastewater comes out of a treatment plant, but your groundwater basin or reservoir may be far away or it may be already full. Or it may not be large. So having DPR gives you a lot of more flexibility for potable uses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: Are there places already doing DPR that we can look at for best practices?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mosher: It’s practiced in \u003ca href=\"http://www.wabag.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/Water-management-in-Windhoek-2007.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Windhoek, Namibia\u003c/a>, in Africa. And there is a DPR facility in \u003ca href=\"http://www.wateronline.com/doc/texas-leads-the-way-with-first-direct-potable-reuse-facilities-in-u-s-0001\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Big Spring, Texas\u003c/a>. These communities hit a wall – they literally ran out of water and it was the only water supply they had left.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In California the drought has put pressure on our traditional or existing supplies, whether it’s surface water or groundwater. Potable reuse, including DPR, provides a lot of advantages in the sense that it’s local – you don’t have to bring it in through a long pipeline or aqueduct.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Typically it’s water you control. You already have it so you don’t have to pay a lot of money to obtain water rights or to buy water on the market. Frankly, the other reason it is so attractive is that it’s so reliable; it’s going to be there every day, year to year. Regarding our imported water, whether it’s from the Colorado River or the State Water Project, there have been some issues on its availability, so that means it is not as reliable as it has been.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We have the technology to do DPR. What we are missing are the criteria or the regulatory approach on how it would be permitted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: What are the risks or concerns in doing DPR?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mosher: There are the same risks that are associated with IPR as well as traditional drinking water. It’s just that because the source is wastewater, we have a lot more pathogens in there and potentially we have a lot more chemicals from things like cleaning products or anything that goes down a drain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We still have pathogens in surface water, but with DPR they will be a lot higher, so we have to have appropriate treatment to address higher levels of pathogens, which we know how to do. And we need to be able to treat for the chemicals that are harmful – it’s just something we have to manage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We have treatments to remove them but they can occur at very, very low concentrations and we just need to be able to continue to study those to see if there is ever an issue with them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: What have been some of the findings of the expert panel so far?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mosher: Because we want to look at things like DPR there are some things we need to chase down, such as what are the best procedures from a treatment point of view, what are the technologies we need to consider, what are the appropriate water-quality standards. Monitoring is also a big part of it. We need to identify if there is off-spec [below standard] water and then have procedures to address that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The technology is in place in some of the IPR plants, like the \u003ca href=\"http://purewater4u.org/advanced-water-treatment-facility\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Silicon Valley Advanced Water Purification Center\u003c/a> – reverse osmosis, ultraviolet, advanced oxidation – those are the advanced treatments that have the capability of removing chemicals and pathogens. We are learning a lot from those facilities that are already in place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This article originally appeared on \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://mail.kqed.org/owa/redir.aspx?C=9e4bb0e1a7d74f24ba4684ef2533053d&URL=https%3a%2f%2fwww.newsdeeply.com%2fwater\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Water Deeply\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, and you can find it \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/articles/2016/07/15/california-eyes-recycling-wastewater-for-drinking\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">here\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. For important news about the California drought, you can \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://mail.kqed.org/owa/redir.aspx?C=9e4bb0e1a7d74f24ba4684ef2533053d&URL=http%3a%2f%2fwaterdeeply.us5.list-manage.com%2fsubscribe%3fu%3d8b78e9a34ff7443ec1e8c62c6%26id%3d2947becb78\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">sign up\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> to the Water Deeply email list.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Where Did Agriculture Begin? Oh Boy, It's Complicated",
"headTitle": "Where Did Agriculture Begin? Oh Boy, It’s Complicated | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Sometime around 12,000 years ago, our hunter-gatherer ancestors began trying their hand at farming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>First, they grew wild varieties of crops like pea, lentil and barley, and herded wild animals like goat and wild ox. Centuries later, they switched to farming full-time, breeding both animals and plants, creating new varieties and breeds. Eventually, they migrated outward, spreading farming to parts of Europe and Asia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The earliest farmers lived in the Fertile Crescent, a region in the Middle East including modern-day Iraq, Jordan, Syria, Israel, Palestine, southeastern Turkey and western Iran. And scientists had long assumed these early farmers were a homogenous group that traded and intermingled, swapping farming tools and tricks — as well as their genes. In other words, farming was long believed to have been started by one group of ancestral humans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But \u003ca href=\"http://science.sciencemag.org/content/early/2016/07/13/science.aaf7943\">a new study\u003c/a> suggests something different – that multiple groups of people in the Fertile Crescent started agriculture, and these groups were genetically distinct from one another. That is, they didn’t intermingle at the time, at least not for a few thousand years. “They lived more or less in a similar area, but they stay highly isolated from each other,” says Joachim Burger, an anthropologist at the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, in Germany and co-author of the new study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Burger and an international team of scientists analyzed ancient DNA from the remains of four individuals that lived about 10,000 years ago on the eastern edges of the Fertile Crescent – the Zagros Mountains on the border between Iraq and Iran. They compared the DNA of these individuals with that of skeletons that were a couple of thousand years younger and had been found way on the other end of the Fertile Crescent, a region that includes modern-day Turkey.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the two groups couldn’t have been more genetically different, says Burger.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We would not necessarily expect big genetic differences from one of end of Fertile Crescent to another,” says evolutionary biologist Mark Thomas of the University College, London, also an author on the new study. But in fact, the genetic signatures suggest that the Anatolians and the Zagros populations diverged from a common ancestor some 46,000 to 77,000 years ago — long before the advent of farming. “That’s a surprise. That’s the real big surprise of the study,” Thomas says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_850881\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2000px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-850881\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/lab2_enl-4fc8023e51bad41dd9a6c43638b6003863a2924d.jpg\" alt=\"Scientists in a lab in Mainz, Germany, analyze ancient bone samples from the Zagros Mountains in Iran.\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1332\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/lab2_enl-4fc8023e51bad41dd9a6c43638b6003863a2924d.jpg 2000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/lab2_enl-4fc8023e51bad41dd9a6c43638b6003863a2924d-400x266.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/lab2_enl-4fc8023e51bad41dd9a6c43638b6003863a2924d-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/lab2_enl-4fc8023e51bad41dd9a6c43638b6003863a2924d-768x511.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/lab2_enl-4fc8023e51bad41dd9a6c43638b6003863a2924d-1440x959.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/lab2_enl-4fc8023e51bad41dd9a6c43638b6003863a2924d-1920x1279.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/lab2_enl-4fc8023e51bad41dd9a6c43638b6003863a2924d-1180x786.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/lab2_enl-4fc8023e51bad41dd9a6c43638b6003863a2924d-960x639.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2000px) 100vw, 2000px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Scientists in a lab in Mainz, Germany, analyze ancient bone samples from the Zagros Mountains in Iran. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of Joachim Burger/JGU Mainz)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Perhaps no one was more surprised than Burger. Just last month, he published a study that found that late Stone Age farmers from the Turkey region had migrated north into Europe and introduced farming there. So understandably, he had expected to be able to trace European agriculture all the way back to the eastern Fertile Crescent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But that’s not what the DNA said. The new study makes it clear that these earliest farmers of the eastern Fertile Crescent did not migrate westward — and so they were not responsible for spreading agriculture to Western Europe. No wonder, then, that the team also failed to find any genetic similarity between these ancient farmers and modern-day Europeans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the other hand, the early farmers of Zagros seem to have a striking genetic resemblance to present-day humans in South Asia, especially Pakistan and Afghanistan. That suggests that the descendants of the early farmers from Zagros probably migrated east, taking their farming techniques to that part of the world. That makes sense, says Thomas, because previous work by other researchers has shown “clear evidence of movement of crops and animals into Iran and northwestern parts of the (Indian) subcontinent.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/news/farming-invented-twice-in-middle-east-genomes-study-reveals-1.20119\">An unpublished study\u003c/a> by a team at Harvard Medical School confirms the genetic closeness of the early Zagros farmers with South Asians, and also shows that the early farmers of the Southern Levant (modern day Syria and Palestine) moved to Africa, taking their farming traditions south with them. Clearly, the different populations in different parts of the Middle East migrated in different directions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The idea that farming began in a single population came from initial archaeological discoveries in one part of the Mideast – the Southern Levant, says Melinda Zeder, an archaeologist at the Smithsonian Museum of Natural History, who wasn’t involved in the study. But more recent excavations have shown that there was an “explosion of people” tinkering with farming all over the Fertile Crescent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These findings and the latest study are painting a complicated picture of the early days of agriculture, says Zeder. “There are now clear signs of trade across the entire Fertile Crescent,” she says. For instance, there’s evidence that people traded tools. “We are seeing that people are in communication with one another. … But it is not one melting pot.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Where+Did+Agriculture+Begin%3F+Oh+Boy%2C+It%27s+Complicated&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Sometime around 12,000 years ago, our hunter-gatherer ancestors began trying their hand at farming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>First, they grew wild varieties of crops like pea, lentil and barley, and herded wild animals like goat and wild ox. Centuries later, they switched to farming full-time, breeding both animals and plants, creating new varieties and breeds. Eventually, they migrated outward, spreading farming to parts of Europe and Asia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The earliest farmers lived in the Fertile Crescent, a region in the Middle East including modern-day Iraq, Jordan, Syria, Israel, Palestine, southeastern Turkey and western Iran. And scientists had long assumed these early farmers were a homogenous group that traded and intermingled, swapping farming tools and tricks — as well as their genes. In other words, farming was long believed to have been started by one group of ancestral humans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But \u003ca href=\"http://science.sciencemag.org/content/early/2016/07/13/science.aaf7943\">a new study\u003c/a> suggests something different – that multiple groups of people in the Fertile Crescent started agriculture, and these groups were genetically distinct from one another. That is, they didn’t intermingle at the time, at least not for a few thousand years. “They lived more or less in a similar area, but they stay highly isolated from each other,” says Joachim Burger, an anthropologist at the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, in Germany and co-author of the new study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Burger and an international team of scientists analyzed ancient DNA from the remains of four individuals that lived about 10,000 years ago on the eastern edges of the Fertile Crescent – the Zagros Mountains on the border between Iraq and Iran. They compared the DNA of these individuals with that of skeletons that were a couple of thousand years younger and had been found way on the other end of the Fertile Crescent, a region that includes modern-day Turkey.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the two groups couldn’t have been more genetically different, says Burger.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We would not necessarily expect big genetic differences from one of end of Fertile Crescent to another,” says evolutionary biologist Mark Thomas of the University College, London, also an author on the new study. But in fact, the genetic signatures suggest that the Anatolians and the Zagros populations diverged from a common ancestor some 46,000 to 77,000 years ago — long before the advent of farming. “That’s a surprise. That’s the real big surprise of the study,” Thomas says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_850881\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2000px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-850881\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/lab2_enl-4fc8023e51bad41dd9a6c43638b6003863a2924d.jpg\" alt=\"Scientists in a lab in Mainz, Germany, analyze ancient bone samples from the Zagros Mountains in Iran.\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1332\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/lab2_enl-4fc8023e51bad41dd9a6c43638b6003863a2924d.jpg 2000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/lab2_enl-4fc8023e51bad41dd9a6c43638b6003863a2924d-400x266.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/lab2_enl-4fc8023e51bad41dd9a6c43638b6003863a2924d-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/lab2_enl-4fc8023e51bad41dd9a6c43638b6003863a2924d-768x511.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/lab2_enl-4fc8023e51bad41dd9a6c43638b6003863a2924d-1440x959.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/lab2_enl-4fc8023e51bad41dd9a6c43638b6003863a2924d-1920x1279.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/lab2_enl-4fc8023e51bad41dd9a6c43638b6003863a2924d-1180x786.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/lab2_enl-4fc8023e51bad41dd9a6c43638b6003863a2924d-960x639.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2000px) 100vw, 2000px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Scientists in a lab in Mainz, Germany, analyze ancient bone samples from the Zagros Mountains in Iran. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of Joachim Burger/JGU Mainz)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Perhaps no one was more surprised than Burger. Just last month, he published a study that found that late Stone Age farmers from the Turkey region had migrated north into Europe and introduced farming there. So understandably, he had expected to be able to trace European agriculture all the way back to the eastern Fertile Crescent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But that’s not what the DNA said. The new study makes it clear that these earliest farmers of the eastern Fertile Crescent did not migrate westward — and so they were not responsible for spreading agriculture to Western Europe. No wonder, then, that the team also failed to find any genetic similarity between these ancient farmers and modern-day Europeans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the other hand, the early farmers of Zagros seem to have a striking genetic resemblance to present-day humans in South Asia, especially Pakistan and Afghanistan. That suggests that the descendants of the early farmers from Zagros probably migrated east, taking their farming techniques to that part of the world. That makes sense, says Thomas, because previous work by other researchers has shown “clear evidence of movement of crops and animals into Iran and northwestern parts of the (Indian) subcontinent.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/news/farming-invented-twice-in-middle-east-genomes-study-reveals-1.20119\">An unpublished study\u003c/a> by a team at Harvard Medical School confirms the genetic closeness of the early Zagros farmers with South Asians, and also shows that the early farmers of the Southern Levant (modern day Syria and Palestine) moved to Africa, taking their farming traditions south with them. Clearly, the different populations in different parts of the Middle East migrated in different directions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The idea that farming began in a single population came from initial archaeological discoveries in one part of the Mideast – the Southern Levant, says Melinda Zeder, an archaeologist at the Smithsonian Museum of Natural History, who wasn’t involved in the study. But more recent excavations have shown that there was an “explosion of people” tinkering with farming all over the Fertile Crescent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These findings and the latest study are painting a complicated picture of the early days of agriculture, says Zeder. “There are now clear signs of trade across the entire Fertile Crescent,” she says. For instance, there’s evidence that people traded tools. “We are seeing that people are in communication with one another. … But it is not one melting pot.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Where+Did+Agriculture+Begin%3F+Oh+Boy%2C+It%27s+Complicated&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "A Marine Ecologist on Swimming With Sharks and What 'Jaws' Got Wrong",
"headTitle": "A Marine Ecologist on Swimming With Sharks and What ‘Jaws’ Got Wrong | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>The first time he encountered a tiger shark in the water, marine ecologist Neil Hammerschlag was in the Bahamas conducting research. His team was on a boat and they hadn’t seen many sharks, so when someone yelled, “Tiger shark!” he grabbed his snorkel gear and camera and jumped into the water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“One [tiger shark] moved right in toward me and came close,” Hammerschlag tells \u003cem>Fresh Air\u003c/em>‘s Dave Davies. “It opened its mouth, and I was looking through its mouth down its gut and seeing its gills from the inside.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The tiger shark passed by several times before swimming off. Hammerschlag says that tiger sharks, which can grow to more than 15 feet in length, have an inquisitive nature that sometimes leads to exploratory biting, and for most sharks, their interest ends there. “Humans are not on the shark’s menu,” the ecologist explains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Contrary to what popular movies like \u003cem>Jaws\u003c/em> would have audiences believe, Hammerschlag says that sharks pose only a very small risk to humans. In fact, we’re much more of a threat to sharks than they are to us. Hammerschlag estimates that \u003ca href=\"http://voices.nationalgeographic.com/2013/03/01/100-million-sharks-killed-every-year-study-shows-on-eve-of-international-conference-on-shark-protection/\">100 million sharks are killed every year\u003c/a>, which, he says, is “not good for the functioning of marine ecosystems.”\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Interview Highlights\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>On tiger sharks and exploratory biting\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These sharks are not afraid of anything, and they will come right in close. These individuals are built like tanks. They’re 10-plus feet. Some of them were easily over 14, 15 feet. They’ve got this impressive weaponry in terms of teeth, and they just don’t have this kind of self-awareness of being afraid. They’re very curious and inquisitive, and they’ll come right in. Sometimes they’ll bite you as exploration. They have a variety of senses including touch, and they don’t have fingertips like we do to feel things around — often they use their teeth to feel things. If they’re coming in to give you even an exploratory bite, that’s game over in the case of a tiger shark, so you have to be … totally aware and making sure that doesn’t happen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>On what to do if you encounter a shark in the water\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sharks are ambush predators, so if you happen to see a shark, there’s a good chance that they’ve already seen you for a little while. And so, [in] most cases, they are going to not come very close. … In most instances, in order to get sharks close up, you have to bait them or kind of attract them in with minced fish. If that’s the case, they’re interested in finding that fish and eating that fish. So you just don’t want to get in the way of it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I don’t think most people are going find a situation where they have to push away a shark, but if you do find yourself in a situation where you don’t feel comfortable with the shark, the best thing to do is \u003cem>not\u003c/em> to run away or swim away. That’s what their food does; their food runs away from them. The best thing to do is actually just approach them, maintain eye contact, and I wouldn’t try to touch them or push them unless they came within so close that that’s what they’re going to do to you. If they came to open their mouth, that might be a situation where it would probably be good to push them away. But probably the most important thing is just to maintain very strong eye contact with them and kind of follow them around. Usually they’re going to find that uncomfortable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>On the chances of being attacked by a shark \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Where the [shark] movies get it wrong is that sharks don’t have any interest in humans as a food source. … There would be nothing easier for a shark than to kind of patrol the beaches during the summers and eat people if we were on the menu, because it would be a pretty easy thing to do. But the fact that [a] shark bite is so rare, and there are so many people in the water, just shows that we’re not on the menu.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>On shark personalities\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the really neat things is, even within a species, to see how much individual differences there are in personality. There are sharks that are really shy, and there are others that are really bold, and it has nothing to do with their length. …\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are sharks that, for example — in Tiger Beach [in the Bahamas] — that I first dove with in 2003. And [I] have almost on an annual basis seen this shark over the years and have been diving with her up until today, and seen her put on 1,000 pounds in the process. You can see these really strong personalities where they come in really calm but very curious, and have an absolute, pretty strong personality. You can almost identify the individual just based on the way they’re moving in the water and the way they approach you. …\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s pretty cool to be able to jump in the water and say, “Hey look, there’s Emma the tiger shark!”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>On threats to the shark population, including shark-fin soup\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sharks are faced [with] a number of threats. They’re being faced [with] targeted fishing, in which sharks are being directly targeted and captured, mostly for their fins to actually make shark-fin soup, which is an Asian delicacy, particularly consumed in China and in the diaspora.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[Shark-fin soup] is mainly consumed as a cultural sign of wealth. It’s a long-held tradition. It has no color, no taste, no smell, in itself. In fact, to the soup itself has to be added chicken broth, beef or pork broth just to give it a taste. So it’s not consumed because of any nutritional value or any taste or anything like that; it’s consumed as a cultural sign of wealth. It’s tradition, and many people who consume shark-fin soup have no idea that it actually comes from sharks, or that sharks are in any trouble or are declining as a result.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>On how he feels about the movie \u003cem>Jaws \u003c/em>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s really unfortunate that that movie was made, because it demonized sharks. You know, people didn’t really care about sharks, it wasn’t on people’s consciousness, and now after that movie came out, there are a lot of people who kind of wanted to rid the ocean of sharks and thought that any good shark was a dead shark. And that couldn’t be further from the truth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 Fresh Air. To see more, visit \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/programs/fresh-air/\">Fresh Air\u003c/a>.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=A+Marine+Ecologist+On+Swimming+With+Sharks+And+What+%27Jaws%27+Got+Wrong&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The first time he encountered a tiger shark in the water, marine ecologist Neil Hammerschlag was in the Bahamas conducting research. His team was on a boat and they hadn’t seen many sharks, so when someone yelled, “Tiger shark!” he grabbed his snorkel gear and camera and jumped into the water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“One [tiger shark] moved right in toward me and came close,” Hammerschlag tells \u003cem>Fresh Air\u003c/em>‘s Dave Davies. “It opened its mouth, and I was looking through its mouth down its gut and seeing its gills from the inside.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The tiger shark passed by several times before swimming off. Hammerschlag says that tiger sharks, which can grow to more than 15 feet in length, have an inquisitive nature that sometimes leads to exploratory biting, and for most sharks, their interest ends there. “Humans are not on the shark’s menu,” the ecologist explains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Contrary to what popular movies like \u003cem>Jaws\u003c/em> would have audiences believe, Hammerschlag says that sharks pose only a very small risk to humans. In fact, we’re much more of a threat to sharks than they are to us. Hammerschlag estimates that \u003ca href=\"http://voices.nationalgeographic.com/2013/03/01/100-million-sharks-killed-every-year-study-shows-on-eve-of-international-conference-on-shark-protection/\">100 million sharks are killed every year\u003c/a>, which, he says, is “not good for the functioning of marine ecosystems.”\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Interview Highlights\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>On tiger sharks and exploratory biting\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These sharks are not afraid of anything, and they will come right in close. These individuals are built like tanks. They’re 10-plus feet. Some of them were easily over 14, 15 feet. They’ve got this impressive weaponry in terms of teeth, and they just don’t have this kind of self-awareness of being afraid. They’re very curious and inquisitive, and they’ll come right in. Sometimes they’ll bite you as exploration. They have a variety of senses including touch, and they don’t have fingertips like we do to feel things around — often they use their teeth to feel things. If they’re coming in to give you even an exploratory bite, that’s game over in the case of a tiger shark, so you have to be … totally aware and making sure that doesn’t happen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>On what to do if you encounter a shark in the water\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sharks are ambush predators, so if you happen to see a shark, there’s a good chance that they’ve already seen you for a little while. And so, [in] most cases, they are going to not come very close. … In most instances, in order to get sharks close up, you have to bait them or kind of attract them in with minced fish. If that’s the case, they’re interested in finding that fish and eating that fish. So you just don’t want to get in the way of it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I don’t think most people are going find a situation where they have to push away a shark, but if you do find yourself in a situation where you don’t feel comfortable with the shark, the best thing to do is \u003cem>not\u003c/em> to run away or swim away. That’s what their food does; their food runs away from them. The best thing to do is actually just approach them, maintain eye contact, and I wouldn’t try to touch them or push them unless they came within so close that that’s what they’re going to do to you. If they came to open their mouth, that might be a situation where it would probably be good to push them away. But probably the most important thing is just to maintain very strong eye contact with them and kind of follow them around. Usually they’re going to find that uncomfortable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>On the chances of being attacked by a shark \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Where the [shark] movies get it wrong is that sharks don’t have any interest in humans as a food source. … There would be nothing easier for a shark than to kind of patrol the beaches during the summers and eat people if we were on the menu, because it would be a pretty easy thing to do. But the fact that [a] shark bite is so rare, and there are so many people in the water, just shows that we’re not on the menu.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>On shark personalities\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the really neat things is, even within a species, to see how much individual differences there are in personality. There are sharks that are really shy, and there are others that are really bold, and it has nothing to do with their length. …\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are sharks that, for example — in Tiger Beach [in the Bahamas] — that I first dove with in 2003. And [I] have almost on an annual basis seen this shark over the years and have been diving with her up until today, and seen her put on 1,000 pounds in the process. You can see these really strong personalities where they come in really calm but very curious, and have an absolute, pretty strong personality. You can almost identify the individual just based on the way they’re moving in the water and the way they approach you. …\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s pretty cool to be able to jump in the water and say, “Hey look, there’s Emma the tiger shark!”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>On threats to the shark population, including shark-fin soup\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sharks are faced [with] a number of threats. They’re being faced [with] targeted fishing, in which sharks are being directly targeted and captured, mostly for their fins to actually make shark-fin soup, which is an Asian delicacy, particularly consumed in China and in the diaspora.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[Shark-fin soup] is mainly consumed as a cultural sign of wealth. It’s a long-held tradition. It has no color, no taste, no smell, in itself. In fact, to the soup itself has to be added chicken broth, beef or pork broth just to give it a taste. So it’s not consumed because of any nutritional value or any taste or anything like that; it’s consumed as a cultural sign of wealth. It’s tradition, and many people who consume shark-fin soup have no idea that it actually comes from sharks, or that sharks are in any trouble or are declining as a result.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>On how he feels about the movie \u003cem>Jaws \u003c/em>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s really unfortunate that that movie was made, because it demonized sharks. You know, people didn’t really care about sharks, it wasn’t on people’s consciousness, and now after that movie came out, there are a lot of people who kind of wanted to rid the ocean of sharks and thought that any good shark was a dead shark. And that couldn’t be further from the truth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 Fresh Air. To see more, visit \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/programs/fresh-air/\">Fresh Air\u003c/a>.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=A+Marine+Ecologist+On+Swimming+With+Sharks+And+What+%27Jaws%27+Got+Wrong&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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}
},
"city-arts": {
"id": "city-arts",
"title": "City Arts & Lectures",
"info": "A one-hour radio program to hear celebrated writers, artists and thinkers address contemporary ideas and values, often discussing the creative process. Please note: tapes or transcripts are not available",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/05/cityartsandlecture-300x300.jpg",
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"airtime": "SUN 1pm-2pm, TUE 10pm, WED 1am",
"meta": {
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"source": "City Arts & Lectures"
},
"link": "https://www.cityarts.net",
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"rss": "https://www.cityarts.net/feed/"
}
},
"closealltabs": {
"id": "closealltabs",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/closealltabs",
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"order": 1
},
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"id": "code-switch-life-kit",
"title": "Code Switch / Life Kit",
"info": "\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />",
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"meta": {
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"id": "commonwealth-club",
"title": "Commonwealth Club of California Podcast",
"info": "The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.",
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"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Commonwealth-Club-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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"meta": {
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"source": "Commonwealth Club of California"
},
"link": "/radio/program/commonwealth-club",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cDovL3d3dy5jb21tb253ZWFsdGhjbHViLm9yZy9hdWRpby9wb2RjYXN0L3dlZWtseS54bWw",
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"id": "forum",
"title": "Forum",
"tagline": "The conversation starts here",
"info": "KQED’s live call-in program discussing local, state, national and international issues, as well as in-depth interviews.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 9am-11am, 10pm-11pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Forum-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Forum with Mina Kim and Alexis Madrigal",
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 9
},
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM5NTU3MzgxNjMz",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "http://freakonomics.com/",
"airtime": "SUN 1am-2am, SAT 3pm-4pm",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "WNYC"
},
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"subscribe": {
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/freakonomics-radio/id354668519",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/podcasts/WNYC-Podcasts/Freakonomics-Radio-p272293/",
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},
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"id": "fresh-air",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=214089682&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"info": "A live production of NPR and WBUR Boston, in collaboration with stations across the country, Here & Now reflects the fluid world of news as it's happening in the middle of the day, with timely, in-depth news, interviews and conversation. Hosted by Robin Young, Jeremy Hobson and Tonya Mosley.",
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},
"hidden-brain": {
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"info": "Shankar Vedantam uses science and storytelling to reveal the unconscious patterns that drive human behavior, shape our choices and direct our relationships.",
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"airtime": "SUN 7pm-8pm",
"meta": {
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"source": "NPR"
},
"link": "/radio/program/hidden-brain",
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},
"how-i-built-this": {
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"title": "How I Built This with Guy Raz",
"info": "Guy Raz dives into the stories behind some of the world's best known companies. How I Built This weaves a narrative journey about innovators, entrepreneurs and idealists—and the movements they built.",
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"airtime": "SUN 7:30pm-8pm",
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},
"link": "/radio/program/how-i-built-this",
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"npr": "https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/3zxy",
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/how-i-built-this-with-guy-raz/id1150510297?mt=2",
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"hyphenacion": {
"id": "hyphenacion",
"title": "Hyphenación",
"tagline": "Where conversation and cultura meet",
"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/Hyphenacion_FinalAssets_PodcastTile.png",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/hyphenacion",
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"order": 15
},
"link": "/podcasts/hyphenacion",
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"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/2p3Fifq96nw9BPcmFdIq0o?si=39209f7b25774f38",
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},
"jerrybrown": {
"id": "jerrybrown",
"title": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown",
"tagline": "Lessons from a lifetime in politics",
"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-Political-Mind-of-Jerry-Brown-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
"meta": {
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"order": 18
},
"link": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
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}
},
"latino-usa": {
"id": "latino-usa",
"title": "Latino USA",
"airtime": "MON 1am-2am, SUN 6pm-7pm",
"info": "Latino USA, the radio journal of news and culture, is the only national, English-language radio program produced from a Latino perspective.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/latinoUsa.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://latinousa.org/",
"meta": {
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},
"link": "/radio/program/latino-usa",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=79681317&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510016/podcast.xml"
}
},
"marketplace": {
"id": "marketplace",
"title": "Marketplace",
"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Marketplace-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.marketplace.org/",
"meta": {
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"source": "American Public Media"
},
"link": "/radio/program/marketplace",
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},
"masters-of-scale": {
"id": "masters-of-scale",
"title": "Masters of Scale",
"info": "Masters of Scale is an original podcast in which LinkedIn co-founder and Greylock Partner Reid Hoffman sets out to describe and prove theories that explain how great entrepreneurs take their companies from zero to a gazillion in ingenious fashion.",
"airtime": "Every other Wednesday June 12 through October 16 at 8pm (repeats Thursdays at 2am)",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "https://mastersofscale.com/",
"meta": {
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"source": "WaitWhat"
},
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"rss": "https://rss.art19.com/masters-of-scale"
}
},
"mindshift": {
"id": "mindshift",
"title": "MindShift",
"tagline": "A podcast about the future of learning and how we raise our kids",
"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/mindshift/",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 12
},
"link": "/podcasts/mindshift",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5",
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}
},
"morning-edition": {
"id": "morning-edition",
"title": "Morning Edition",
"info": "\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. Hosts Steve Inskeep, David Greene and Rachel Martin bring you the latest breaking news and features to prepare you for the day.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 3am-9am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Morning-Edition-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/programs/morning-edition/",
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"link": "/radio/program/morning-edition"
},
"onourwatch": {
"id": "onourwatch",
"title": "On Our Watch",
"tagline": "Deeply-reported investigative journalism",
"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/On-Our-Watch-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "On Our Watch from NPR and KQED",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 11
},
"link": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/id1567098962",
"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5ucHIub3JnLzUxMDM2MC9wb2RjYXN0LnhtbD9zYz1nb29nbGVwb2RjYXN0cw",
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}
},
"on-the-media": {
"id": "on-the-media",
"title": "On The Media",
"info": "Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. For one hour a week, the show tries to lift the veil from the process of \"making media,\" especially news media, because it's through that lens that we see the world and the world sees us",
"airtime": "SUN 2pm-3pm, MON 12am-1am",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/onTheMedia.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.wnycstudios.org/shows/otm",
"meta": {
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"source": "wnyc"
},
"link": "/radio/program/on-the-media",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/on-the-media/id73330715?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/On-the-Media-p69/",
"rss": "http://feeds.wnyc.org/onthemedia"
}
},
"pbs-newshour": {
"id": "pbs-newshour",
"title": "PBS NewsHour",
"info": "Analysis, background reports and updates from the PBS NewsHour putting today's news in context.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 3pm-4pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/PBS-News-Hour-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.pbs.org/newshour/",
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"source": "pbs"
},
"link": "/radio/program/pbs-newshour",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/pbs-newshour-full-show/id394432287?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/PBS-NewsHour---Full-Show-p425698/",
"rss": "https://www.pbs.org/newshour/feeds/rss/podcasts/show"
}
},
"perspectives": {
"id": "perspectives",
"title": "Perspectives",
"tagline": "KQED's series of daily listener commentaries since 1991",
"info": "KQED's series of daily listener commentaries since 1991.",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/Perspectives_Tile_Final.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Perspectives",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/perspectives/",
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 14
},
"link": "/perspectives",
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