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"content": "\u003cp>A persistent wash of warm waters off the West Coast, which caused wildlife die-offs and blocked drought-quenching storms from reaching California last year, was caused by the happenstance interplay of natural ocean cycles, research findings published Monday show.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The findings also suggested that while the drought and the blob of warm water were the result of the natural whims of the weather, climate change could make such events more likely and intense in the future. To a small extent, it’s already doing so.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The atmospheric variability that forced the warm blob is the same that forced the drought,” said \u003ca href=\"http://ocean.eas.gatech.edu/manu/\">Emanuele Di Lorenzo\u003c/a>, an ocean and climate dynamics professor at Georgia Tech who coauthored the analysis, \u003ca href=\"http://nature.com/articles/doi:10.1038/nclimate3082\">published in Nature Climate Change\u003c/a>. “This atmospheric variability is increasing under greenhouse gases.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new findings could help scientists predict when similar marine heatwaves and droughts will strike in the future. They also suggest such heatwaves will become more common and intense, which could mean greater drought risks in the West. (By increasing evaporation and reducing snowfall, warmer temperatures are already making Western droughts worse.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This could potentially provide predictability,” said \u003ca href=\"http://www.atmos.washington.edu/~cliff/cliff.php\">Cliff Mass\u003c/a>, a University of Washington atmospheric sciences professor who wasn’t involved with the research. “This is natural variability that we’re dealing with.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A patch of warm water that appeared off the West Coast during the fall of 2013 spread through the Gulf of Alaska into 2014, with winter water temperatures exceeding 5°F above average. The marine heatwave persisted but waned during the year and then burst back to its former devastating glory a winter later, affecting the entire coast, from Mexico to Alaska.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The result was ecological tumult. Alaskan fishermen \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/west-coast-warming-natural-variability-18067\">netted tropical species\u003c/a>. A poisonous algae bloom linked to warm waters kept crabbers from California to Washington off the water. Seabirds and sea lions starved on beaches.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The warm water was the result of an atmospheric accomplice that helped to parch the West: a ridge of high pressure. The timing was unfortunate. Experts had expected \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/monster-el-nino-transforms-worlds-weather-20138\">one of the most powerful El Niños\u003c/a> on record last year to douse California’s drought, but the high pressure system off southern California deflected its hearty storms northward.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With El Niño now over, California is stuck in its \u003ca href=\"http://droughtmonitor.unl.edu/Home/StateDroughtMonitor.aspx?CA\">fifth year of drought\u003c/a>, with the most severe conditions in the south, where the ridge’s effects were strongest. And scientists are left trying to unravel the mystery of what just happened.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Di Lorenzo and \u003ca href=\"http://www.atmos.washington.edu/~mantua/work.html\">Nathan Mantua\u003c/a>, a National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration scientist, wanted to know whether the warm ocean winter of 2015 was linked to the warm ocean winter a year earlier. Understanding any links could boosts scientists’ abilities to forecast the future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_841024\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 720px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-841024\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/climate-central-fire.jpg\" alt=\"California's persistent drough is fueling wildfires. \" width=\"720\" height=\"406\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/climate-central-fire.jpg 720w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/climate-central-fire-400x226.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 720px) 100vw, 720px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">California’s persistent drough is fueling wildfires. \u003ccite>(Russ Allison Loar/Flickr)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The pair analyzed temperature records and model simulations, discovering that they could force models to re-enact the observed conditions in ways that pointed to the influence of well-known ocean cycles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These climate patterns tend to have some influence on each other, and then El Niño is a central player in coordinating the connection,” Mantua said. “Looking at the historical record we see that similar things have happened, but never to the extreme that was observed in the last few years.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mantua said the connections that El Niño helped to forge between warm waters in the Gulf of Alaska in 2014 and along coastlines further south could account for about half of the unusually warm water temperature in 2015 — over and above long-term warming rates. (Scientists call these long-distance connections, the likes of which are common around the planet, ‘teleconnections.’)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That means about half of the extreme we can’t account for,” Mantua said. “One possibility is it’s just bad luck that things lined up in this way.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scripps researcher \u003ca href=\"http://scrippsscholars.ucsd.edu/agershunov/biocv\">Alexander Gershunov\u003c/a> said the new analysis “insightfully synthesizes previous research” in a way that could create a new paradigm for scientists, helping them understand invisible connections between different patterns of natural variation in the Pacific Ocean. And that could help with long-range weather forecasting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If it holds up to scrutiny, the new paradigm may prove instrumental in significantly extending the lead time for forecasting El Niño,” Gershunov said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The conclusion that climate change could exacerbate Western drought risks didn’t surprise Stanford University climate scientist \u003ca href=\"https://earth.stanford.edu/noah-diffenbaugh\">Noah Diffenbaugh\u003c/a>. His own research has linked greenhouse gas pollution from fossil fuels, farming and deforestation with weather patterns that can fuel Californian droughts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re finding the conditions that have been present during the recent drought years, that those are more probable with increasing greenhouse gas forcings,” Diffenbaugh said.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A patch of warm water that appeared off the West Coast during the fall of 2013 spread through the Gulf of Alaska into 2014, with winter water temperatures exceeding 5°F above average. The marine heatwave persisted but waned during the year and then burst back to its former devastating glory a winter later, affecting the entire coast, from Mexico to Alaska.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The result was ecological tumult. Alaskan fishermen \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/west-coast-warming-natural-variability-18067\">netted tropical species\u003c/a>. A poisonous algae bloom linked to warm waters kept crabbers from California to Washington off the water. Seabirds and sea lions starved on beaches.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The warm water was the result of an atmospheric accomplice that helped to parch the West: a ridge of high pressure. The timing was unfortunate. Experts had expected \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/monster-el-nino-transforms-worlds-weather-20138\">one of the most powerful El Niños\u003c/a> on record last year to douse California’s drought, but the high pressure system off southern California deflected its hearty storms northward.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With El Niño now over, California is stuck in its \u003ca href=\"http://droughtmonitor.unl.edu/Home/StateDroughtMonitor.aspx?CA\">fifth year of drought\u003c/a>, with the most severe conditions in the south, where the ridge’s effects were strongest. And scientists are left trying to unravel the mystery of what just happened.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Di Lorenzo and \u003ca href=\"http://www.atmos.washington.edu/~mantua/work.html\">Nathan Mantua\u003c/a>, a National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration scientist, wanted to know whether the warm ocean winter of 2015 was linked to the warm ocean winter a year earlier. Understanding any links could boosts scientists’ abilities to forecast the future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_841024\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 720px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-841024\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/climate-central-fire.jpg\" alt=\"California's persistent drough is fueling wildfires. \" width=\"720\" height=\"406\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/climate-central-fire.jpg 720w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/climate-central-fire-400x226.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 720px) 100vw, 720px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">California’s persistent drough is fueling wildfires. \u003ccite>(Russ Allison Loar/Flickr)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The pair analyzed temperature records and model simulations, discovering that they could force models to re-enact the observed conditions in ways that pointed to the influence of well-known ocean cycles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These climate patterns tend to have some influence on each other, and then El Niño is a central player in coordinating the connection,” Mantua said. “Looking at the historical record we see that similar things have happened, but never to the extreme that was observed in the last few years.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mantua said the connections that El Niño helped to forge between warm waters in the Gulf of Alaska in 2014 and along coastlines further south could account for about half of the unusually warm water temperature in 2015 — over and above long-term warming rates. (Scientists call these long-distance connections, the likes of which are common around the planet, ‘teleconnections.’)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That means about half of the extreme we can’t account for,” Mantua said. “One possibility is it’s just bad luck that things lined up in this way.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scripps researcher \u003ca href=\"http://scrippsscholars.ucsd.edu/agershunov/biocv\">Alexander Gershunov\u003c/a> said the new analysis “insightfully synthesizes previous research” in a way that could create a new paradigm for scientists, helping them understand invisible connections between different patterns of natural variation in the Pacific Ocean. 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"title": "Climate Change May Already Be Shifting Clouds Toward the Poles",
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"content": "\u003cp>The way clouds cover the Earth may be changing because of global warming, according to a study published Monday that used satellite data to track cloud patterns across about two decades, starting in the 1980s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Clouds in the mid-latitudes shifted toward the poles during that period, as the subtropical dry zones expanded and the highest cloud-tops got higher.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These changes are predicted by most climate models of global warming, even though those models disagree on a lot of other things related to clouds, says \u003ca href=\"http://meteora.ucsd.edu/~jnorris/\">Joel Norris\u003c/a>, a climate scientist at the University of California, San Diego.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I guess what was surprising is that a lot of times we think of climate change as something that’s going to occur in the future,” says Norris. “This is happening right now. It’s happened during my lifetime — it was a bit startling.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About 70 percent of our planet is covered by clouds, at any given moment. These constantly moving shape-shifters aren’t exactly easy for scientists to study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Clouds aren’t as simple as their fluffy nature might suggest. To understand them, scientists have to track the behavior of tiny water droplets, as well as huge masses of clouds that might be hundreds of miles wide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And climate modelers also have to take into account the fact that clouds can have two different effects on temperatures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“During daytime, if there are a lot of clouds present, thick clouds, then that will keep the temperature cooler,” says Norris, because clouds reflect incoming sunlight back to space.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But thick clouds can also act like a blanket that keeps the Earth’s warmth in, he says, “which is the reason why a cloudy night won’t be as cold at the surface as a clear night.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Clouds have been called the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nsf.gov/news/special_reports/clouds/\">wild card\u003c/a> of climate science. Researchers argue over how exactly global warming will affect clouds and vice versa.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While weather satellites can give you tons of cloud pictures, Norris says these satellites aren’t that great for trying to figure out long-term trends.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The difficulties we have is that every few years a new satellite is put up with a different instrument, the orbits change, and this all changes how much cloud the satellite measures,” Norris explains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So he and his colleagues recently did a bunch of corrections that would make it possible to compare cloud measurements over a couple of decades, starting in the 1980s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In this week’s issue of the journal \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/articles/doi:10.1038/nature18273\">Nature\u003c/a>, the researchers explain how their findings match what scientists would expect to see, based on climate models.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Norris says it’s probably happening primarily because of two influences — human-produced global warming, and also the recovery from the cooling effect of two volcanic eruptions during that time frame.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So will other climate researchers buy this new history of clouds? \u003ca href=\"http://www.cgd.ucar.edu/staff/trenbert/\">Kevin Trenberth\u003c/a> at the National Center for Atmospheric Research in Colorado isn’t so sure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is a very good attempt to try and get a handle on this, but I don’t think it’s the final answer,” says Trenberth, who notes that the time frame studied was pretty short and included a period often described as the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/news/global-warming-hiatus-debate-flares-up-again-1.19414\">global warming hiatus\u003c/a>, from 1999 to 2013.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Climate researchers still have a lot of work to do when it comes to understanding clouds, says Trenberth, who believes the state of the science is still like that old \u003ca href=\"http://jonimitchell.com/\">Joni Mitchell\u003c/a> song \u003cem>Both Sides Now, \u003c/em>in which she sings, “I really don’t know clouds at all.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Climate+Change+May+Already+Be+Shifting+Clouds+Toward+The+Poles&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Scientists who have been tracking cloud patterns over the past two decades say the shifts they're seeing seem to correlate closely with what's predicted by computer models of Earth's changing climate.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The way clouds cover the Earth may be changing because of global warming, according to a study published Monday that used satellite data to track cloud patterns across about two decades, starting in the 1980s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Clouds in the mid-latitudes shifted toward the poles during that period, as the subtropical dry zones expanded and the highest cloud-tops got higher.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These changes are predicted by most climate models of global warming, even though those models disagree on a lot of other things related to clouds, says \u003ca href=\"http://meteora.ucsd.edu/~jnorris/\">Joel Norris\u003c/a>, a climate scientist at the University of California, San Diego.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I guess what was surprising is that a lot of times we think of climate change as something that’s going to occur in the future,” says Norris. “This is happening right now. It’s happened during my lifetime — it was a bit startling.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About 70 percent of our planet is covered by clouds, at any given moment. These constantly moving shape-shifters aren’t exactly easy for scientists to study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Clouds aren’t as simple as their fluffy nature might suggest. To understand them, scientists have to track the behavior of tiny water droplets, as well as huge masses of clouds that might be hundreds of miles wide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And climate modelers also have to take into account the fact that clouds can have two different effects on temperatures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“During daytime, if there are a lot of clouds present, thick clouds, then that will keep the temperature cooler,” says Norris, because clouds reflect incoming sunlight back to space.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But thick clouds can also act like a blanket that keeps the Earth’s warmth in, he says, “which is the reason why a cloudy night won’t be as cold at the surface as a clear night.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Clouds have been called the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nsf.gov/news/special_reports/clouds/\">wild card\u003c/a> of climate science. Researchers argue over how exactly global warming will affect clouds and vice versa.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While weather satellites can give you tons of cloud pictures, Norris says these satellites aren’t that great for trying to figure out long-term trends.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The difficulties we have is that every few years a new satellite is put up with a different instrument, the orbits change, and this all changes how much cloud the satellite measures,” Norris explains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So he and his colleagues recently did a bunch of corrections that would make it possible to compare cloud measurements over a couple of decades, starting in the 1980s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In this week’s issue of the journal \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/articles/doi:10.1038/nature18273\">Nature\u003c/a>, the researchers explain how their findings match what scientists would expect to see, based on climate models.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Norris says it’s probably happening primarily because of two influences — human-produced global warming, and also the recovery from the cooling effect of two volcanic eruptions during that time frame.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So will other climate researchers buy this new history of clouds? \u003ca href=\"http://www.cgd.ucar.edu/staff/trenbert/\">Kevin Trenberth\u003c/a> at the National Center for Atmospheric Research in Colorado isn’t so sure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is a very good attempt to try and get a handle on this, but I don’t think it’s the final answer,” says Trenberth, who notes that the time frame studied was pretty short and included a period often described as the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/news/global-warming-hiatus-debate-flares-up-again-1.19414\">global warming hiatus\u003c/a>, from 1999 to 2013.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Climate researchers still have a lot of work to do when it comes to understanding clouds, says Trenberth, who believes the state of the science is still like that old \u003ca href=\"http://jonimitchell.com/\">Joni Mitchell\u003c/a> song \u003cem>Both Sides Now, \u003c/em>in which she sings, “I really don’t know clouds at all.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Climate+Change+May+Already+Be+Shifting+Clouds+Toward+The+Poles&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "How a Passing Comet Can Unlock Secrets From Earth’s Past",
"headTitle": "How a Passing Comet Can Unlock Secrets From Earth’s Past | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://rosetta.esa.int/\">Rosetta \u003c/a>spacecraft, which has been tagging along with comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko for almost two years, will conclude its mission in September when it collides with the comet, gathering as much data as it can along the way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The European Space Agency craft arrived at its target in August 2014, and launched a landing probe, \u003ca href=\"http://www.space.com/30100-comet-landing-discoveries-rosetta-philae-lander.html\">Philae\u003c/a>, to the comet’s surface that November.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The pair made headlines since Rosetta is the first spacecraft to orbit a comet and Philae is the first probe to land on a comet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Well, sort of. Philae bounced a couple of times before coming to rest in a shady spot where its solar panels could not generate enough electricity to keep it going — but it did send back some valuable pictures and data before its batteries died.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_826738\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 700px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-826738\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Comet_on_17_June_2016_NavCam_node_full_image_2.jpg\" alt=\"Picture of comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko taken on June 17, 2016 by the Rosetta spacecraft. \" width=\"700\" height=\"700\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Comet_on_17_June_2016_NavCam_node_full_image_2.jpg 700w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Comet_on_17_June_2016_NavCam_node_full_image_2-400x400.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Comet_on_17_June_2016_NavCam_node_full_image_2-32x32.jpg 32w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Comet_on_17_June_2016_NavCam_node_full_image_2-50x50.jpg 50w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Comet_on_17_June_2016_NavCam_node_full_image_2-64x64.jpg 64w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Comet_on_17_June_2016_NavCam_node_full_image_2-96x96.jpg 96w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Comet_on_17_June_2016_NavCam_node_full_image_2-128x128.jpg 128w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Comet_on_17_June_2016_NavCam_node_full_image_2-150x150.jpg 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Picture of comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko taken on June 17, 2016 by the Rosetta spacecraft. \u003ccite>(Rosetta/ESA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Despite Philae’s hiccup, the overall mission has been a remarkable success.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s given us a detailed look into a comet, which is essentially a celestial time capsule frozen in ice. Comets preserve information about the early conditions of our solar system and the formation of the planets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rosetta observed chemicals that may even give us a clearer understanding of the origin of life on Earth. In addition to finding hydrocarbon compounds and molecular oxygen (the stuff we breath), Rosetta \u003ca href=\"http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Space_Science/Rosetta/Rosetta_s_comet_contains_ingredients_for_life\">detected the amino acid glycine,\u003c/a> as well as phosphorus, an element critical to the structure of DNA molecules in life on Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A prevailing theory about life and our oceans is that both may have been supplied with materials delivered by comets and asteroids. We have learned that not only do comets contain large amounts of water ice, but individuals like 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko tell us that there are organic compounds — the chemical building-blocks of life — to be found in the leftover debris of the solar system’s formation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The young Earth was at one time a hot ball of molten lava, but at some point as it cooled it acquired oceans of liquid water, and maybe soon after this, its first life forms. Questions for a long time have been, where did the oceans’ waters come from, and how did life arise? Did water and organic compounds form directly from the cooling materials on Earth, or were those materials added by the impacts of comets and asteroids? Or both?\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_826844\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 615px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-826844 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/rosettaCP.jpg\" alt=\"Artist concept of the Philae lander on the surface of comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko, with the Rosetta spacecraft in the background. \" width=\"615\" height=\"345\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/rosettaCP.jpg 615w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/rosettaCP-400x224.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 615px) 100vw, 615px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Artist concept of the Philae lander on the surface of comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko, with the Rosetta spacecraft in the background. \u003ccite>(Rosetta/ESA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The water in some comets is a nearly perfect chemical match for the water in our oceans today — a very clear “smoking gun” that comets and asteroids may have served as a sort of “bucket brigade” to deliver those waters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It turns out that comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko’s water is not a match to Earth’s, so comets of its type would have contributed less to Earth’s oceans than others. But 67P’s organic compounds, like glycine, support the idea of the cosmic origins of life’s raw materials.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So what about \u003ca href=\"http://www.euronews.com/2016/07/05/spacecraft-rosetta-prepares-to-crash-land-on-comet-67p/\">Rosetta’s planned collision\u003c/a> with the comet? Do its controllers back on Earth just want to see a big crash? Not exactly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Deliberate collisions of spacecraft with natural celestial bodies are done for more than one reason. The fiery burn-up of NASA’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/missions/galileo/\">Galileo \u003c/a>spacecraft in Jupiter’s atmosphere was done simply to prevent a soon-to-be-derelict spacecraft and its radiogenic fuel from flying around uncontrolled. In this case it was done to eliminate the possibility of a future collision with the moon Europa, on which Galileo discovered an ocean of liquid water — a potential home for life. The same fate awaits the \u003ca href=\"https://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/\">Cassini \u003c/a>spacecraft which will crash into Saturn in 2017.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Rosetta’s case, the spacecraft would’ve died a natural death anyway, when the comet moves too far from the sun for Rosetta’s solar panels to maintain power. A final flight straight to the comet’s surface will let scientists collect data on the comet’s surface and coma (the shroud of gas and dust surrounding the nucleus), hopefully right up to the point of contact.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rosetta won’t be plummeting into the comet in a fiery explosion, but easing in slowly. After this, Rosetta, along with Philae, will become permanent fixtures on the comet, a sort of monument and time capsule for the mission.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://rosetta.esa.int/\">Rosetta \u003c/a>spacecraft, which has been tagging along with comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko for almost two years, will conclude its mission in September when it collides with the comet, gathering as much data as it can along the way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The European Space Agency craft arrived at its target in August 2014, and launched a landing probe, \u003ca href=\"http://www.space.com/30100-comet-landing-discoveries-rosetta-philae-lander.html\">Philae\u003c/a>, to the comet’s surface that November.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The pair made headlines since Rosetta is the first spacecraft to orbit a comet and Philae is the first probe to land on a comet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Well, sort of. Philae bounced a couple of times before coming to rest in a shady spot where its solar panels could not generate enough electricity to keep it going — but it did send back some valuable pictures and data before its batteries died.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_826738\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 700px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-826738\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Comet_on_17_June_2016_NavCam_node_full_image_2.jpg\" alt=\"Picture of comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko taken on June 17, 2016 by the Rosetta spacecraft. \" width=\"700\" height=\"700\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Comet_on_17_June_2016_NavCam_node_full_image_2.jpg 700w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Comet_on_17_June_2016_NavCam_node_full_image_2-400x400.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Comet_on_17_June_2016_NavCam_node_full_image_2-32x32.jpg 32w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Comet_on_17_June_2016_NavCam_node_full_image_2-50x50.jpg 50w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Comet_on_17_June_2016_NavCam_node_full_image_2-64x64.jpg 64w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Comet_on_17_June_2016_NavCam_node_full_image_2-96x96.jpg 96w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Comet_on_17_June_2016_NavCam_node_full_image_2-128x128.jpg 128w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Comet_on_17_June_2016_NavCam_node_full_image_2-150x150.jpg 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Picture of comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko taken on June 17, 2016 by the Rosetta spacecraft. \u003ccite>(Rosetta/ESA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Despite Philae’s hiccup, the overall mission has been a remarkable success.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s given us a detailed look into a comet, which is essentially a celestial time capsule frozen in ice. Comets preserve information about the early conditions of our solar system and the formation of the planets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rosetta observed chemicals that may even give us a clearer understanding of the origin of life on Earth. In addition to finding hydrocarbon compounds and molecular oxygen (the stuff we breath), Rosetta \u003ca href=\"http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Space_Science/Rosetta/Rosetta_s_comet_contains_ingredients_for_life\">detected the amino acid glycine,\u003c/a> as well as phosphorus, an element critical to the structure of DNA molecules in life on Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A prevailing theory about life and our oceans is that both may have been supplied with materials delivered by comets and asteroids. We have learned that not only do comets contain large amounts of water ice, but individuals like 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko tell us that there are organic compounds — the chemical building-blocks of life — to be found in the leftover debris of the solar system’s formation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The young Earth was at one time a hot ball of molten lava, but at some point as it cooled it acquired oceans of liquid water, and maybe soon after this, its first life forms. Questions for a long time have been, where did the oceans’ waters come from, and how did life arise? Did water and organic compounds form directly from the cooling materials on Earth, or were those materials added by the impacts of comets and asteroids? Or both?\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_826844\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 615px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-826844 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/rosettaCP.jpg\" alt=\"Artist concept of the Philae lander on the surface of comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko, with the Rosetta spacecraft in the background. \" width=\"615\" height=\"345\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/rosettaCP.jpg 615w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/rosettaCP-400x224.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 615px) 100vw, 615px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Artist concept of the Philae lander on the surface of comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko, with the Rosetta spacecraft in the background. \u003ccite>(Rosetta/ESA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The water in some comets is a nearly perfect chemical match for the water in our oceans today — a very clear “smoking gun” that comets and asteroids may have served as a sort of “bucket brigade” to deliver those waters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It turns out that comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko’s water is not a match to Earth’s, so comets of its type would have contributed less to Earth’s oceans than others. But 67P’s organic compounds, like glycine, support the idea of the cosmic origins of life’s raw materials.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So what about \u003ca href=\"http://www.euronews.com/2016/07/05/spacecraft-rosetta-prepares-to-crash-land-on-comet-67p/\">Rosetta’s planned collision\u003c/a> with the comet? Do its controllers back on Earth just want to see a big crash? Not exactly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Deliberate collisions of spacecraft with natural celestial bodies are done for more than one reason. The fiery burn-up of NASA’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/missions/galileo/\">Galileo \u003c/a>spacecraft in Jupiter’s atmosphere was done simply to prevent a soon-to-be-derelict spacecraft and its radiogenic fuel from flying around uncontrolled. In this case it was done to eliminate the possibility of a future collision with the moon Europa, on which Galileo discovered an ocean of liquid water — a potential home for life. The same fate awaits the \u003ca href=\"https://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/\">Cassini \u003c/a>spacecraft which will crash into Saturn in 2017.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Rosetta’s case, the spacecraft would’ve died a natural death anyway, when the comet moves too far from the sun for Rosetta’s solar panels to maintain power. A final flight straight to the comet’s surface will let scientists collect data on the comet’s surface and coma (the shroud of gas and dust surrounding the nucleus), hopefully right up to the point of contact.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rosetta won’t be plummeting into the comet in a fiery explosion, but easing in slowly. After this, Rosetta, along with Philae, will become permanent fixtures on the comet, a sort of monument and time capsule for the mission.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Nine Experts to Watch on California Water Policy",
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"content": "\u003cp>More than four years of drought in California have made the need for smart and forward-looking water policy initiatives abundantly clear. About 83 percent of the state is currently still in drought, according to the most recent data by the U.S. Drought Monitor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state also faces big policy decisions on how to prepare for long-term water shortages resulting from climate change, growing ecological concerns in the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta, implementation of groundwater law and continued issues with water supply and conveyance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meet nine top experts who are driving the conversation on California’s water policy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Ellen Hanak\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ellen Hanak is the director of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ppic.org/water/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">PPIC Water Policy Center\u003c/a>, a prominent think tank known for reports on California’s water supplies. The center’s recent publications have focused on California’s most pressing water management issues and brought evaluations and recommendations on topics like the state’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.ppic.org/main/publication_show.asp?i=1177\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">water market\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://www.ppic.org/main/publication_show.asp?i=609\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">water quality\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://www.ppic.org/main/publication_show.asp?i=1106\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">groundwater management\u003c/a> and preparations for \u003ca href=\"http://www.ppic.org/main/publication.asp?i=1174\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">droughts\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.ppic.org/main/publication_show.asp?i=707\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">floods\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hanak’s research expertise reaches beyond water policy and includes climate change and infrastructure finance. That openness to approaching research from different angles \u003ca href=\"http://www.eenews.net/stories/1060030797\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">has won her praise\u003c/a>and she has been lauded for bringing technical experts and policy minds together to develop the innovative, long-term management solutions that California needs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hanak’s \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/ellenhanak\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Twitter feed\u003c/a> is an excellent resource for staying on top of PPIC’s publications and recommended reads. She also contributes to PPIC’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.ppic.org/main/bio.asp?i=72\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">blog and reports\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Jeffrey Mount\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The PPIC Water Policy Center is also the base of Jeff Mount, a geomorphologist, emeritus professor at the University of California, Davis, and the founding director of the school’s \u003ca href=\"https://watershed.ucdavis.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Center for Watershed Sciences\u003c/a>. Mount is a veteran researcher in the study of rivers, streams and wetlands, and the mechanics of the Delta. His research has focused on water resource management, aquatic ecosystems and flood control.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mount is well known for having written \u003ca href=\"http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B003AU4G6Q/ref=dp-kindle-redirect?ie=UTF8&btkr=1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">a seminal book\u003c/a> on California’s flood systems and was once described by the New York Times as the “\u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2006/04/18/science/18conv.html?fta=y&_r=0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">maverick member\u003c/a>” of the California State Reclamation Board, the agency overseeing levee safety. Mount was recently \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/CALWATERPOLICY/status/722939937629331457\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">recognized\u003c/a> by the California Water Policy Conference for his efforts on educating people about water problems and solutions, particularly about the risk to Delta levees. He also contributes to PPIC’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.ppic.org/main/bio.asp?i=356\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">blog and reports\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Kirsten James\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kirsten James oversees California Policy and Partnerships at \u003ca href=\"http://ceres.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Ceres\u003c/a>, a nonprofit that mobilizes investors and business leaders to work toward a sustainable global economy. Ceres has been a strong voice pushing for innovative, cross-sector solutions to California’s water management challenges and has emphasized the crucial role that business can play in promoting those solutions. Its \u003ca href=\"http://www.ceres.org/connect-the-drops\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Connect The Drops\u003c/a> campaign has connected environmental groups, legislators and business leaders to develop solutions for the drought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>James has been working on water issues for decades, including for the leading clean water nonprofit \u003ca href=\"http://www.healthebay.org/blogs-news/bidding-adieu-htbs-water-quality-guru\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Heal the Bay\u003c/a>. “The key to California’s water future is investing in the water we already have and valuing every drop,” James wrote in \u003ca href=\"http://www.waterdeeply.org/op-eds/2015/10/8706/leak-last-california/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">an op-ed for Water Deeply\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She contributes regular op-eds to \u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/op-eds/2016/01/28/water-conservation-should-be-a-way-of-life\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Water Deeply\u003c/a> and you can follow her on \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/kirstenjames_ca\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Twitter\u003c/a> for recommended reads and the latest on Ceres’ work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Michael Kiparsky\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Michael Kiparsky works at the intersection of science and policy. Currently, he is director at the \u003ca href=\"https://www.law.berkeley.edu/research/clee/research/wheeler/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Wheeler Water Institute\u003c/a> at the University of California, Berkeley School of Law, which takes an interdisciplinary approach to water solutions in California by addressing water quality concerns, urban water systems and conflicts emerging from the competing demands of human and environmental water use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kiparsky has done extensive work on water policy, but he also focuses on water sector innovation, climate change and water resources planning. His work has earned awards from the National Science Foundation, the Association of California Water Agencies, the CALFED Bay-Delta Science Program and the Udall Foundation. He \u003ca href=\"http://www.fresnobee.com/opinion/opn-columns-blogs/article77910362.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">wrote recently\u003c/a> about the role of good governance and agency structure in implementing California’s 2014 Sustainable Groundwater Management Act.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Anecita Agustinez\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Anecita Agustinez works as tribal policy advisor to the \u003ca href=\"http://www.water.ca.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">California Department of Water Resources\u003c/a>, where her more than three decades of experience on issues pertaining to the state’s Native American tribes help guide water policies, including the governor’s tribal drought task force, groundwater sustainability and the California Water Fix plan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She has also done award-winning work as executive producer and media strategist for \u003ca href=\"http://onnativeground.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">On Native Ground\u003c/a>, a tribal nonprofit film and media company, which works to promote positive visibility for Native American and indigenous filmmakers and community leaders.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Paula Daniels\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Paula Daniels has been a prominent voice on environmental issues in California for more than two decades. She worked with Heal the Bay for 20 years and served on the California Coastal Commission as well as the governing board of the California Bay-Delta Authority.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Daniels is currently a member of the California Water Commission and is the executive director of \u003ca href=\"http://californiacentral.usc.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">California Central\u003c/a>, which helps tackle the issue of water in the age of climate change. Her track record on the Los Angeles Board of Public Works highlights a deep commitment to \u003ca href=\"http://www.lastormwater.org/blog/2011/10/paula-daniels-food-system-for-los-angeles/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">green infrastructure initiatives\u003c/a>, including rainwater conservation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Follow Daniels on \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/PaulaADaniels?ref_src=twsrc%5Egoogle%7Ctwcamp%5Eserp%7Ctwgr%5Eauthor\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Twitter\u003c/a> for her insights on water policy, water conservation and sustainable, healthy food production. Read her blogs on \u003ca href=\"http://www.huffingtonpost.com/paula-daniels/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">the Huffington Post.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Cynthia Koehler\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Environmental attorney and water policy expert Cynthia Koehler cofounded the \u003ca href=\"http://waternowalliance.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">WaterNow Alliance\u003c/a>, a network of water leaders working to spearhead sustainable long-term strategies and make decisions on California’s water policy less crisis-driven. “We started the WaterNow Alliance because we believe that sustainable innovative solutions are the path to resilience in the face of climate change,” Koehler \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vSP_0HkL7_o&feature=youtu.be\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">explains\u003c/a> in a video about the organization. “It’s about disrupting conventional thinking about water and making these solutions – whether it’s reuse or green infrastructure or efficiency technology – the new normal.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Koehler, who’s a board member for Marin’s Municipal Water District and a member of the Water Education Foundation, previously worked for Save San Francisco Bay and the Environmental Defense Fund’s San Francisco office. Now she aims to bridge the disconnect between innovators and the decision-makers who can bring new technologies to help solve California’s water problems to the state’s communities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Dave Puglia\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As executive vice president at \u003ca href=\"https://www.wga.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Western Growers\u003c/a>, Dave Puglia has extensive experience in water policy issues affecting the agriculture industry. He previously headed the government affairs team for Western Growers, working on legislative and regulatory efforts for members in California and Arizona.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He has worked for years on policy issues affecting the agriculture industry and has deep roots in Sacramento, working on political campaigns, as well as holding positions with the state Department of Justice, the California Attorney General’s Office and APCO Worldwide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can follow \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/dave_puglia\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">his thoughts\u003c/a> on water and agricultural policy on Twitter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Peter Drekmeier\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A longtime environmental activist, whitewater rafting guide and the former mayor of Palo Alto, Peter Drekmeier currently works as the policy director for the \u003ca href=\"http://www.tuolumne.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Tuolumne River Trust\u003c/a>. The organization is focused on protecting and restoring the Tuolumne, a source of water for millions of people across the San Francisco Bay Area. In his position, Drekmeier is primarily focused on state and federal water policy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Drekmeier’s firsthand experience with the effects of the drought on the Tuolumne River make him a powerful advocate for the efforts needed to secure a sustainable water future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This article originally appeared on\u003c/em>\u003cem> \u003cem>\u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water\">Water Deeply\u003c/a>, and you can find \u003c/em>\u003cem>it \u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/articles/2016/07/07/nine-experts-to-watch-on-california-water-policy\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/em> \u003cem> For important news about the California drought, you can\u003c/em> \u003cem>\u003ca href=\"http://waterdeeply.us5.list-manage.com/subscribe?u=8b78e9a34ff7443ec1e8c62c6&id=2947becb78\">sign up\u003c/a>\u003c/em> \u003cem>to the Water Deeply email list.\u003c/em>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "California faces a host of water issues, which is why good policy leaders are important. In the first installment of our “Experts to Watch” series, here are nine people who are contributing to policy solutions in the state.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>More than four years of drought in California have made the need for smart and forward-looking water policy initiatives abundantly clear. About 83 percent of the state is currently still in drought, according to the most recent data by the U.S. Drought Monitor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state also faces big policy decisions on how to prepare for long-term water shortages resulting from climate change, growing ecological concerns in the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta, implementation of groundwater law and continued issues with water supply and conveyance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meet nine top experts who are driving the conversation on California’s water policy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Ellen Hanak\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ellen Hanak is the director of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ppic.org/water/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">PPIC Water Policy Center\u003c/a>, a prominent think tank known for reports on California’s water supplies. The center’s recent publications have focused on California’s most pressing water management issues and brought evaluations and recommendations on topics like the state’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.ppic.org/main/publication_show.asp?i=1177\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">water market\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://www.ppic.org/main/publication_show.asp?i=609\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">water quality\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://www.ppic.org/main/publication_show.asp?i=1106\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">groundwater management\u003c/a> and preparations for \u003ca href=\"http://www.ppic.org/main/publication.asp?i=1174\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">droughts\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.ppic.org/main/publication_show.asp?i=707\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">floods\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hanak’s research expertise reaches beyond water policy and includes climate change and infrastructure finance. That openness to approaching research from different angles \u003ca href=\"http://www.eenews.net/stories/1060030797\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">has won her praise\u003c/a>and she has been lauded for bringing technical experts and policy minds together to develop the innovative, long-term management solutions that California needs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hanak’s \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/ellenhanak\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Twitter feed\u003c/a> is an excellent resource for staying on top of PPIC’s publications and recommended reads. She also contributes to PPIC’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.ppic.org/main/bio.asp?i=72\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">blog and reports\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Jeffrey Mount\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The PPIC Water Policy Center is also the base of Jeff Mount, a geomorphologist, emeritus professor at the University of California, Davis, and the founding director of the school’s \u003ca href=\"https://watershed.ucdavis.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Center for Watershed Sciences\u003c/a>. Mount is a veteran researcher in the study of rivers, streams and wetlands, and the mechanics of the Delta. His research has focused on water resource management, aquatic ecosystems and flood control.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mount is well known for having written \u003ca href=\"http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B003AU4G6Q/ref=dp-kindle-redirect?ie=UTF8&btkr=1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">a seminal book\u003c/a> on California’s flood systems and was once described by the New York Times as the “\u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2006/04/18/science/18conv.html?fta=y&_r=0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">maverick member\u003c/a>” of the California State Reclamation Board, the agency overseeing levee safety. Mount was recently \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/CALWATERPOLICY/status/722939937629331457\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">recognized\u003c/a> by the California Water Policy Conference for his efforts on educating people about water problems and solutions, particularly about the risk to Delta levees. He also contributes to PPIC’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.ppic.org/main/bio.asp?i=356\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">blog and reports\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Kirsten James\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kirsten James oversees California Policy and Partnerships at \u003ca href=\"http://ceres.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Ceres\u003c/a>, a nonprofit that mobilizes investors and business leaders to work toward a sustainable global economy. Ceres has been a strong voice pushing for innovative, cross-sector solutions to California’s water management challenges and has emphasized the crucial role that business can play in promoting those solutions. Its \u003ca href=\"http://www.ceres.org/connect-the-drops\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Connect The Drops\u003c/a> campaign has connected environmental groups, legislators and business leaders to develop solutions for the drought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>James has been working on water issues for decades, including for the leading clean water nonprofit \u003ca href=\"http://www.healthebay.org/blogs-news/bidding-adieu-htbs-water-quality-guru\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Heal the Bay\u003c/a>. “The key to California’s water future is investing in the water we already have and valuing every drop,” James wrote in \u003ca href=\"http://www.waterdeeply.org/op-eds/2015/10/8706/leak-last-california/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">an op-ed for Water Deeply\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She contributes regular op-eds to \u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/op-eds/2016/01/28/water-conservation-should-be-a-way-of-life\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Water Deeply\u003c/a> and you can follow her on \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/kirstenjames_ca\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Twitter\u003c/a> for recommended reads and the latest on Ceres’ work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Michael Kiparsky\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Michael Kiparsky works at the intersection of science and policy. Currently, he is director at the \u003ca href=\"https://www.law.berkeley.edu/research/clee/research/wheeler/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Wheeler Water Institute\u003c/a> at the University of California, Berkeley School of Law, which takes an interdisciplinary approach to water solutions in California by addressing water quality concerns, urban water systems and conflicts emerging from the competing demands of human and environmental water use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kiparsky has done extensive work on water policy, but he also focuses on water sector innovation, climate change and water resources planning. His work has earned awards from the National Science Foundation, the Association of California Water Agencies, the CALFED Bay-Delta Science Program and the Udall Foundation. He \u003ca href=\"http://www.fresnobee.com/opinion/opn-columns-blogs/article77910362.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">wrote recently\u003c/a> about the role of good governance and agency structure in implementing California’s 2014 Sustainable Groundwater Management Act.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Anecita Agustinez\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Anecita Agustinez works as tribal policy advisor to the \u003ca href=\"http://www.water.ca.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">California Department of Water Resources\u003c/a>, where her more than three decades of experience on issues pertaining to the state’s Native American tribes help guide water policies, including the governor’s tribal drought task force, groundwater sustainability and the California Water Fix plan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She has also done award-winning work as executive producer and media strategist for \u003ca href=\"http://onnativeground.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">On Native Ground\u003c/a>, a tribal nonprofit film and media company, which works to promote positive visibility for Native American and indigenous filmmakers and community leaders.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Paula Daniels\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Paula Daniels has been a prominent voice on environmental issues in California for more than two decades. She worked with Heal the Bay for 20 years and served on the California Coastal Commission as well as the governing board of the California Bay-Delta Authority.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Daniels is currently a member of the California Water Commission and is the executive director of \u003ca href=\"http://californiacentral.usc.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">California Central\u003c/a>, which helps tackle the issue of water in the age of climate change. Her track record on the Los Angeles Board of Public Works highlights a deep commitment to \u003ca href=\"http://www.lastormwater.org/blog/2011/10/paula-daniels-food-system-for-los-angeles/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">green infrastructure initiatives\u003c/a>, including rainwater conservation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Follow Daniels on \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/PaulaADaniels?ref_src=twsrc%5Egoogle%7Ctwcamp%5Eserp%7Ctwgr%5Eauthor\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Twitter\u003c/a> for her insights on water policy, water conservation and sustainable, healthy food production. Read her blogs on \u003ca href=\"http://www.huffingtonpost.com/paula-daniels/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">the Huffington Post.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Cynthia Koehler\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Environmental attorney and water policy expert Cynthia Koehler cofounded the \u003ca href=\"http://waternowalliance.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">WaterNow Alliance\u003c/a>, a network of water leaders working to spearhead sustainable long-term strategies and make decisions on California’s water policy less crisis-driven. “We started the WaterNow Alliance because we believe that sustainable innovative solutions are the path to resilience in the face of climate change,” Koehler \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vSP_0HkL7_o&feature=youtu.be\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">explains\u003c/a> in a video about the organization. “It’s about disrupting conventional thinking about water and making these solutions – whether it’s reuse or green infrastructure or efficiency technology – the new normal.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Koehler, who’s a board member for Marin’s Municipal Water District and a member of the Water Education Foundation, previously worked for Save San Francisco Bay and the Environmental Defense Fund’s San Francisco office. Now she aims to bridge the disconnect between innovators and the decision-makers who can bring new technologies to help solve California’s water problems to the state’s communities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Dave Puglia\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As executive vice president at \u003ca href=\"https://www.wga.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Western Growers\u003c/a>, Dave Puglia has extensive experience in water policy issues affecting the agriculture industry. He previously headed the government affairs team for Western Growers, working on legislative and regulatory efforts for members in California and Arizona.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He has worked for years on policy issues affecting the agriculture industry and has deep roots in Sacramento, working on political campaigns, as well as holding positions with the state Department of Justice, the California Attorney General’s Office and APCO Worldwide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can follow \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/dave_puglia\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">his thoughts\u003c/a> on water and agricultural policy on Twitter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Peter Drekmeier\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A longtime environmental activist, whitewater rafting guide and the former mayor of Palo Alto, Peter Drekmeier currently works as the policy director for the \u003ca href=\"http://www.tuolumne.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Tuolumne River Trust\u003c/a>. The organization is focused on protecting and restoring the Tuolumne, a source of water for millions of people across the San Francisco Bay Area. In his position, Drekmeier is primarily focused on state and federal water policy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Drekmeier’s firsthand experience with the effects of the drought on the Tuolumne River make him a powerful advocate for the efforts needed to secure a sustainable water future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This article originally appeared on\u003c/em>\u003cem> \u003cem>\u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water\">Water Deeply\u003c/a>, and you can find \u003c/em>\u003cem>it \u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/articles/2016/07/07/nine-experts-to-watch-on-california-water-policy\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/em> \u003cem> For important news about the California drought, you can\u003c/em> \u003cem>\u003ca href=\"http://waterdeeply.us5.list-manage.com/subscribe?u=8b78e9a34ff7443ec1e8c62c6&id=2947becb78\">sign up\u003c/a>\u003c/em> \u003cem>to the Water Deeply email list.\u003c/em>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Hayward Fixes Crooked Curb, Breaks Geologists' Hearts",
"headTitle": "Hayward Fixes Crooked Curb, Breaks Geologists’ Hearts | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>To the average pedestrian, it was just a curb. To an observant one, perhaps, it was an oddly \u003cem>misaligned\u003c/em> curb.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To geologists, it was a snapshot of the earth’s shifting tectonic plates — an accidental experiment, a field trip destination for decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But to the town of Hayward, it was just a bit of subpar infrastructure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-ln-earthquake-curb-destroyed-20160705-snap-htmlstory.html\">Los Angeles Times\u003c/a> sums up what happened next:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Then, one early June day, a city crew decided to fix the faulty curb — pun intended. By doing what cities are supposed to do — fixing streets — the city’s action stunned scientists, who said a wonderful curbside laboratory for studying earthquakes was destroyed.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Geologist David Schwartz of the U.S. Geological Survey \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2016/07/06/484987268/in-california-fixing-a-curb-destroyed-the-holy-grail-of-seismology\">spoke with NPR\u003c/a> on Wednesday. He has been visiting the curb for 30 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He says the fault that broke the curb — the Hayward fault — is “one of the major and most important faults in the San Francisco Bay Area.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In probably the late 1950s, your standard sidewalk curb was built across the fault — and the fault is creeping,” Schwartz explained. “That means it moves a little bit every year, maybe about 4 millimeters. It broke through the curb and started pushing it out. And over the years it has moved it 8 inches.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_831286\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1200px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-831286\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/002_wide-10328617537992800ee8efbe1486628f6ba5f0f8.jpg\" alt=\"Geology enthusiasts gather at a (formerly) noteworthy curb in Hayward, Calif., in May 2012. The curb was once straight; the shifting Hayward fault pulled it apart.\" width=\"1200\" height=\"675\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/002_wide-10328617537992800ee8efbe1486628f6ba5f0f8.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/002_wide-10328617537992800ee8efbe1486628f6ba5f0f8-400x225.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/002_wide-10328617537992800ee8efbe1486628f6ba5f0f8-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/002_wide-10328617537992800ee8efbe1486628f6ba5f0f8-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/002_wide-10328617537992800ee8efbe1486628f6ba5f0f8-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/002_wide-10328617537992800ee8efbe1486628f6ba5f0f8-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1200px) 100vw, 1200px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Geology enthusiasts gather at a (formerly) noteworthy curb in Hayward, Calif., in May 2012. The curb was once straight; the shifting Hayward fault pulled it apart. \u003ccite>(Andrew Alden)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>A website for geology-themed field trips has photos of the curb \u003ca href=\"http://www.geologyfieldtrips.com/haywardresidential.htm\">dating back to the early ’70s\u003c/a>. They show the separating halves of the curb at first disjointed but overlapping, then growing farther apart.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now the curb is gone — making way for a wheelchair-accessible ramp, the \u003cem>LA Times\u003c/em> reports.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our mandate from our council is that we have safe sidewalks and accessible sidewalks for all members of our community,” an assistant city manager \u003ca href=\"http://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-ln-earthquake-curb-destroyed-20160705-snap-htmlstory.html\">told the paper\u003c/a>, while noting that they might have acted differently if they’d known of the curb’s unusually exalted status.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Andrew Alden, a geologist who is also a science contributor \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/author/andrew-alden/\">for member station KQED\u003c/a>, noticed the new construction more than a week ago and documented it \u003ca href=\"https://oaklandgeology.wordpress.com/2016/06/27/loss-of-an-icon-the-hayward-faults-roseprospect-curb/\">on his blog.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He mourned the loss of an “icon,” one worthy of pilgrimages for geologists. He also wrote that the addition of an accessible curb is “a good thing and undoubtedly overdue. Still.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_831288\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1200px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-831288 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/dscn0937_custom-000e8a550d2cd047288fb6a7c0b6afaf2b52a732.jpg\" alt='In late June, Andrew Alden documented the demise of the geologically significant curb. \"It is no more,\" he wrote. \"Come back in 20 years.\"' width=\"1200\" height=\"818\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/dscn0937_custom-000e8a550d2cd047288fb6a7c0b6afaf2b52a732.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/dscn0937_custom-000e8a550d2cd047288fb6a7c0b6afaf2b52a732-400x273.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/dscn0937_custom-000e8a550d2cd047288fb6a7c0b6afaf2b52a732-800x545.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/dscn0937_custom-000e8a550d2cd047288fb6a7c0b6afaf2b52a732-768x524.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/dscn0937_custom-000e8a550d2cd047288fb6a7c0b6afaf2b52a732-1180x804.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/dscn0937_custom-000e8a550d2cd047288fb6a7c0b6afaf2b52a732-960x654.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1200px) 100vw, 1200px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">In late June, Andrew Alden documented the demise of the geologically significant curb. “It is no more,” \u003ca href=\"https://oaklandgeology.wordpress.com/2016/06/27/loss-of-an-icon-the-hayward-faults-roseprospect-curb/\">he wrote\u003c/a>. “Come back in 20 years.” \u003ccite>(Andrew Alden)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Schwartz told NPR it would have been nice if geologists had been able to speak with the city before the curb improvements began.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Maybe what we need to do in the future is give them a list of places that really shouldn’t be touched if they don’t have to be,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the meantime, a newly installed curb won’t be able to resist the pull of the fault for long, Schwartz says, though it may take decades for it to return to its former glory.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I would think that within a couple of years the fault will have cracked it and will have started to make it slide,” he said. “If you wanted to see something really great, I think you’d have to wait about 30 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Unless we have a large earthquake, you know, in the interim.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=California+Town+Fixes+Crooked+Curb%2C+Breaks+Geologists%27+Hearts&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "A misaligned curb in Hayward was a popular destination for geology field trips. For decades it had reflected the shift of a major fault in the San Francisco area. But it has lost its appeal.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>To the average pedestrian, it was just a curb. To an observant one, perhaps, it was an oddly \u003cem>misaligned\u003c/em> curb.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To geologists, it was a snapshot of the earth’s shifting tectonic plates — an accidental experiment, a field trip destination for decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But to the town of Hayward, it was just a bit of subpar infrastructure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-ln-earthquake-curb-destroyed-20160705-snap-htmlstory.html\">Los Angeles Times\u003c/a> sums up what happened next:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Then, one early June day, a city crew decided to fix the faulty curb — pun intended. By doing what cities are supposed to do — fixing streets — the city’s action stunned scientists, who said a wonderful curbside laboratory for studying earthquakes was destroyed.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Geologist David Schwartz of the U.S. Geological Survey \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2016/07/06/484987268/in-california-fixing-a-curb-destroyed-the-holy-grail-of-seismology\">spoke with NPR\u003c/a> on Wednesday. He has been visiting the curb for 30 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He says the fault that broke the curb — the Hayward fault — is “one of the major and most important faults in the San Francisco Bay Area.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In probably the late 1950s, your standard sidewalk curb was built across the fault — and the fault is creeping,” Schwartz explained. “That means it moves a little bit every year, maybe about 4 millimeters. It broke through the curb and started pushing it out. And over the years it has moved it 8 inches.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_831286\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1200px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-831286\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/002_wide-10328617537992800ee8efbe1486628f6ba5f0f8.jpg\" alt=\"Geology enthusiasts gather at a (formerly) noteworthy curb in Hayward, Calif., in May 2012. The curb was once straight; the shifting Hayward fault pulled it apart.\" width=\"1200\" height=\"675\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/002_wide-10328617537992800ee8efbe1486628f6ba5f0f8.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/002_wide-10328617537992800ee8efbe1486628f6ba5f0f8-400x225.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/002_wide-10328617537992800ee8efbe1486628f6ba5f0f8-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/002_wide-10328617537992800ee8efbe1486628f6ba5f0f8-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/002_wide-10328617537992800ee8efbe1486628f6ba5f0f8-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/002_wide-10328617537992800ee8efbe1486628f6ba5f0f8-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1200px) 100vw, 1200px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Geology enthusiasts gather at a (formerly) noteworthy curb in Hayward, Calif., in May 2012. The curb was once straight; the shifting Hayward fault pulled it apart. \u003ccite>(Andrew Alden)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>A website for geology-themed field trips has photos of the curb \u003ca href=\"http://www.geologyfieldtrips.com/haywardresidential.htm\">dating back to the early ’70s\u003c/a>. They show the separating halves of the curb at first disjointed but overlapping, then growing farther apart.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now the curb is gone — making way for a wheelchair-accessible ramp, the \u003cem>LA Times\u003c/em> reports.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our mandate from our council is that we have safe sidewalks and accessible sidewalks for all members of our community,” an assistant city manager \u003ca href=\"http://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-ln-earthquake-curb-destroyed-20160705-snap-htmlstory.html\">told the paper\u003c/a>, while noting that they might have acted differently if they’d known of the curb’s unusually exalted status.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Andrew Alden, a geologist who is also a science contributor \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/author/andrew-alden/\">for member station KQED\u003c/a>, noticed the new construction more than a week ago and documented it \u003ca href=\"https://oaklandgeology.wordpress.com/2016/06/27/loss-of-an-icon-the-hayward-faults-roseprospect-curb/\">on his blog.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He mourned the loss of an “icon,” one worthy of pilgrimages for geologists. He also wrote that the addition of an accessible curb is “a good thing and undoubtedly overdue. Still.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_831288\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1200px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-831288 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/dscn0937_custom-000e8a550d2cd047288fb6a7c0b6afaf2b52a732.jpg\" alt='In late June, Andrew Alden documented the demise of the geologically significant curb. \"It is no more,\" he wrote. \"Come back in 20 years.\"' width=\"1200\" height=\"818\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/dscn0937_custom-000e8a550d2cd047288fb6a7c0b6afaf2b52a732.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/dscn0937_custom-000e8a550d2cd047288fb6a7c0b6afaf2b52a732-400x273.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/dscn0937_custom-000e8a550d2cd047288fb6a7c0b6afaf2b52a732-800x545.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/dscn0937_custom-000e8a550d2cd047288fb6a7c0b6afaf2b52a732-768x524.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/dscn0937_custom-000e8a550d2cd047288fb6a7c0b6afaf2b52a732-1180x804.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/dscn0937_custom-000e8a550d2cd047288fb6a7c0b6afaf2b52a732-960x654.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1200px) 100vw, 1200px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">In late June, Andrew Alden documented the demise of the geologically significant curb. “It is no more,” \u003ca href=\"https://oaklandgeology.wordpress.com/2016/06/27/loss-of-an-icon-the-hayward-faults-roseprospect-curb/\">he wrote\u003c/a>. “Come back in 20 years.” \u003ccite>(Andrew Alden)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Schwartz told NPR it would have been nice if geologists had been able to speak with the city before the curb improvements began.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Maybe what we need to do in the future is give them a list of places that really shouldn’t be touched if they don’t have to be,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the meantime, a newly installed curb won’t be able to resist the pull of the fault for long, Schwartz says, though it may take decades for it to return to its former glory.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I would think that within a couple of years the fault will have cracked it and will have started to make it slide,” he said. “If you wanted to see something really great, I think you’d have to wait about 30 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Unless we have a large earthquake, you know, in the interim.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=California+Town+Fixes+Crooked+Curb%2C+Breaks+Geologists%27+Hearts&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Californians beat a water-savings target in the final month of mandatory statewide water conservation, reducing their use by more than one-fourth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Californians in May cut their residential water use by 28 percent, compared to the same month in 2013, the state Water Resources Control Board said Wednesday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gov. Jerry Brown ordered mandatory water conservation by cities and towns last year, when California was then in its fourth year of drought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Roughly 80 percent of the state remains in drought now, although a rainy winter in Northern California has eased the dry spell there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The 12 months of mandatory water conservation set water-savings targets of between 20- and 25 percent statewide, for residential users.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Californians saved nearly 500 billion gallons in that period, enough to supply 8 million people with water for a year, the water board said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Starting in June, water districts that can show that they have enough water to get through another three years of drought are being allowed to escape the mandatory conservation orders.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cp>Braving intense radiation, a NASA spacecraft reached Jupiter on Monday after a five-year voyage to begin exploring the king of the planets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ground controllers at the NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory erupted in applause when the solar-powered Juno spacecraft beamed home news that it was circling Jupiter’s poles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The arrival at Jupiter was dramatic. As Juno approached its target, it fired its rocket engine to slow itself down and gently slipped into orbit. Because of the communication time lag between Jupiter and Earth, Juno was on autopilot when it executed the daring move.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The spacecraft’s camera and other instruments were switched off for arrival, so there won’t be any pictures at the moment it reaches its destination. Hours before the encounter, NASA released a series of images taken last week during the approach, showing Jupiter glowing yellow in the distance, circled by its four inner moons.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists have promised close-up views of the planet when Juno skims the cloud tops during the 20-month, $1.1 billion mission.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The fifth rock from the sun and the heftiest planet in the solar system, Jupiter is what’s known as a gas giant — a ball of hydrogen and helium — unlike rocky Earth and Mars.\u003cbr>\n\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"100%\" src=\"https://www.youtube.com/embed/kjfQCTat-8s?rel=0\" frameborder=\"0\" height=\"500\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With its billowy clouds and colorful stripes, Jupiter is an extreme world that likely formed first, shortly after the sun. Unlocking its history may hold clues to understanding how Earth and the rest of the solar system developed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Named after Jupiter’s cloud-piercing wife in Roman mythology, Juno is only the second mission designed to spend time at Jupiter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Galileo, launched in 1989, circled Jupiter for nearly a decade, beaming back splendid views of the planet and its numerous moons. It uncovered signs of an ocean beneath the icy surface of the moon Europa, considered a top target in the search for life outside Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Juno’s mission: To peer through Jupiter’s cloud-socked atmosphere and map the interior from a unique vantage point above the poles. Among the lingering questions: How much water exists? Is there a solid core? Why are Jupiter’s southern and northern lights the brightest in the solar system?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What Juno’s about is looking beneath that surface,” Juno chief scientist Scott Bolton said before the arrival. “We’ve got to go down and look at what’s inside, see how it’s built, how deep these features go, learn about its real secrets.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s also the mystery of its Great Red Spot. Recent observations by the Hubble Space Telescope revealed the centuries-old monster storm in Jupiter’s atmosphere is shrinking.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The trek to Jupiter, spanning nearly five years and 1.8 billion miles (2.8 billion kilometers), took Juno on a tour of the inner solar system followed by a swing past Earth that catapulted it beyond the asteroid belt between Mars and Jupiter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Along the way, Juno became the first spacecraft to cruise that far out powered by the sun, beating Europe’s comet-chasing Rosetta spacecraft. A trio of massive solar wings sticks out from Juno like blades from a windmill, generating 500 watts of power to run its nine instruments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the coming days, Juno will turn its instruments back on, but the real work won’t begin until late August when the spacecraft swings in closer. Plans called for Juno to swoop within 3,000 miles (5,000 kilometers) of Jupiter’s clouds — closer than previous missions — to map the planet’s gravity and magnetic fields in order to learn about the interior makeup.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Juno, built by Lockheed Martin, is an armored spacecraft — its computer and electronics are locked in a titanium vault to shield them from harmful radiation. Even so, Juno is expected to get blasted with radiation equal to more than 100 million dental X-rays during the mission.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like Galileo before it, Juno meets its demise in 2018 when it deliberately dives into Jupiter’s atmosphere and disintegrates — a necessary sacrifice to prevent any chance of accidentally crashing into the planet’s potentially habitable moons.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Braving intense radiation, a NASA spacecraft reached Jupiter on Monday after a five-year voyage to begin exploring the king of the planets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ground controllers at the NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory erupted in applause when the solar-powered Juno spacecraft beamed home news that it was circling Jupiter’s poles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The arrival at Jupiter was dramatic. As Juno approached its target, it fired its rocket engine to slow itself down and gently slipped into orbit. Because of the communication time lag between Jupiter and Earth, Juno was on autopilot when it executed the daring move.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The spacecraft’s camera and other instruments were switched off for arrival, so there won’t be any pictures at the moment it reaches its destination. Hours before the encounter, NASA released a series of images taken last week during the approach, showing Jupiter glowing yellow in the distance, circled by its four inner moons.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists have promised close-up views of the planet when Juno skims the cloud tops during the 20-month, $1.1 billion mission.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The fifth rock from the sun and the heftiest planet in the solar system, Jupiter is what’s known as a gas giant — a ball of hydrogen and helium — unlike rocky Earth and Mars.\u003cbr>\n\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"100%\" src=\"https://www.youtube.com/embed/kjfQCTat-8s?rel=0\" frameborder=\"0\" height=\"500\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With its billowy clouds and colorful stripes, Jupiter is an extreme world that likely formed first, shortly after the sun. Unlocking its history may hold clues to understanding how Earth and the rest of the solar system developed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Named after Jupiter’s cloud-piercing wife in Roman mythology, Juno is only the second mission designed to spend time at Jupiter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Galileo, launched in 1989, circled Jupiter for nearly a decade, beaming back splendid views of the planet and its numerous moons. It uncovered signs of an ocean beneath the icy surface of the moon Europa, considered a top target in the search for life outside Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Juno’s mission: To peer through Jupiter’s cloud-socked atmosphere and map the interior from a unique vantage point above the poles. Among the lingering questions: How much water exists? Is there a solid core? Why are Jupiter’s southern and northern lights the brightest in the solar system?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What Juno’s about is looking beneath that surface,” Juno chief scientist Scott Bolton said before the arrival. “We’ve got to go down and look at what’s inside, see how it’s built, how deep these features go, learn about its real secrets.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s also the mystery of its Great Red Spot. Recent observations by the Hubble Space Telescope revealed the centuries-old monster storm in Jupiter’s atmosphere is shrinking.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The trek to Jupiter, spanning nearly five years and 1.8 billion miles (2.8 billion kilometers), took Juno on a tour of the inner solar system followed by a swing past Earth that catapulted it beyond the asteroid belt between Mars and Jupiter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Along the way, Juno became the first spacecraft to cruise that far out powered by the sun, beating Europe’s comet-chasing Rosetta spacecraft. A trio of massive solar wings sticks out from Juno like blades from a windmill, generating 500 watts of power to run its nine instruments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the coming days, Juno will turn its instruments back on, but the real work won’t begin until late August when the spacecraft swings in closer. Plans called for Juno to swoop within 3,000 miles (5,000 kilometers) of Jupiter’s clouds — closer than previous missions — to map the planet’s gravity and magnetic fields in order to learn about the interior makeup.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Juno, built by Lockheed Martin, is an armored spacecraft — its computer and electronics are locked in a titanium vault to shield them from harmful radiation. Even so, Juno is expected to get blasted with radiation equal to more than 100 million dental X-rays during the mission.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like Galileo before it, Juno meets its demise in 2018 when it deliberately dives into Jupiter’s atmosphere and disintegrates — a necessary sacrifice to prevent any chance of accidentally crashing into the planet’s potentially habitable moons.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Sea Level Rise Could Wash Away Our Natural and Cultural History",
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"content": "\u003cp>A 50-minute subway ride connects downtown Manhattan with the Broad Channel neighborhood in outer Queens. On each end sits a National Park Service site that showcases the diversity of what parks can be and how they’re united in common challenges.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the Manhattan end, the weathered green hue of the Statue of Liberty looms over the blue waters of New York Harbor, a beacon of hope to the world over. The hulking monument greeted more than 12 million immigrants who passed through its neighbor to the west, Ellis Island, from 1892-1954. The Statue of Liberty still serves as a reminder that we all strive for better days ahead, and for the more than 4 million annual visitors who make the pilgrimage to these iconic landmarks, it serves as the defining symbol of a country built almost entirely of immigrants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the other end of the A train’s twisting route through the city is a much quieter place. Gateway National Recreation Area is a sprawling natural oasis. In fact, it’s the only natural National Park Service site in the country you can reach by subway.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the center of the park is Jamaica Bay, a nearly 20,000-acre stretch of water nestled between the Queens’ Rockaways neighborhood and Long Island. Manhattan’s skyline glitters in the distance, but Gateway couldn’t feel further from the 8.5 million people crammed into the city’s 305 square miles (to say nothing of the 20 million living in the larger metro area). Beaches and marshes provide respite for city dwellers as well as thousands of birds that call Gateway home or use it as a stopover on the Atlantic flyway that runs from Nova Scotia to Florida. Its waters teem with life, luring recreational fishermen to its shores, just miles from the hordes of tourists with selfie sticks in Times Square and bankers hustling along Wall Street.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Viewed separately, the Statue of Liberty and Gateway parks have little in common aside from a shared city. But they’re inextricably linked, being forced to deal with the impacts of climate change and sea level rise. Together, they’re growing threats that endanger the culture and history these parks were created to protect, not to mention billions of dollars in assets and the quality of life for millions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>How the National Park Service prepares for and deals with those threats is a step into an uncertain future, one that could reshape the landscape for parks and communities along the coast and across the country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_816751\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1598px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-816751\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/StatueofLiberty_NPS.jpg\" alt=\"The Statue of Liberty and Ellis Island have stood as testaments to the promise of a better tomorrow. \" width=\"1598\" height=\"900\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/StatueofLiberty_NPS.jpg 1598w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/StatueofLiberty_NPS-400x225.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/StatueofLiberty_NPS-800x451.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/StatueofLiberty_NPS-768x433.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/StatueofLiberty_NPS-1440x811.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/StatueofLiberty_NPS-1180x665.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/StatueofLiberty_NPS-960x541.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1598px) 100vw, 1598px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Statue of Liberty and Ellis Island have stood as testaments to the promise of a better tomorrow. \u003ccite>(National Park Service)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Test of the Human Spirit\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The water was up to here,” Rob Parrish said, holding his hand up to his shoulder.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It should be noted that Parrish, the head of professional services at the Statue of Liberty, is a big dude, a former Marine standing well north of 6 feet. In the crowd buzzing around Ellis Island’s main building, he is head and shoulders above the fray, even without the construction hat perched atop his shaved head.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Drawing an imaginary line out from Parrish’s shoulders to the steps of the island’s main building, it’s clear that \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/statistics-show-just-how-intense-hurricane-sandy-was-15196\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Hurricane Sandy’s storm surge\u003c/a> — the highest to hit New York Harbor on record — got within inches of creeping into the first floor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Parrish arrived in the aftermath of Sandy to help assess the storm’s damage and build Ellis and Liberty Island back with an eye toward the future risks that climate change poses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“For this and all future projects, climate change will be on the checklist items,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That fits with the bigger picture of how the National Park Service is responding to climate change, particularly along the coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a new model of if a park is impacted, be smart in how you replace and restore things,” said Rebecca Beavers, the climate change coordinator at the National Park Service’s Geologic Resources Division. “Do not rebuild in-kind, do not replace as was. Instead, we need to look at innovative ways to protect these places into the future.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rising 305 feet above New York Harbor, the Statue of Liberty is arguably the most recognizable landmark in the country. From its dedication in 1886 to today, it stands as a testament to freedom.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 1984 when it was \u003ca href=\"http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/307\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">designated a World Heritage Site\u003c/a>, UNESCO lauded it not only as a “masterpiece of colossal statuary” but as a “masterpiece of the human spirit.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There is no greater test of that human spirit than how we respond to climate change, and it’s no surprise that the National Park Service’s efforts to do so are so intensely focused at the statue and Ellis Island.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Waters in the harbor have \u003ca href=\"http://sealevel.climatecentral.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">risen a foot\u003c/a> since the start of the Industrial Revolution. That rise is expected to \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/study-reveals-acceleration-of-sea-level-rise-20055\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">accelerate as the world warms\u003c/a>. They are projected to be more than 3 feet higher by 2100, though that figure\u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/sea-levels-rise-20-feet-19211\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">could be significantly higher\u003c/a> if Antarctica’s massive stores of ice go into a major meltdown, something not out of the realm of possibility. Add in the likelihood of more\u003ca href=\"https://wwa.climatecentral.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">extreme storms\u003c/a> combined with ever-rising storm surge, and the challenges for park managers are both long-term and acute.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hurricane Sandy, which killed 147 and caused $75 billion in damage in 2012, laid bare what some of those challenges are and kickstarted the process for how to address them. The Statue of Liberty is at the center of the National Park Service’s rebuilding efforts, serving as a potential blueprint for how other parks can meet the challenges of rising seas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Parrish’s job is to help take that model and make it a reality in New York Harbor. He knows the park’s geography intimately, from the new grass laid down (as it turns out, it’s the same turf you’ll find on an NFL field) to the location of the heating and cooling system components tucked in basements, and the threat sea level rise poses to all of them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the root of Parrish’s job is the tension of ensuring the park’s $1.5 billion in assets within 3 feet of the current sea level are protected in a seamless visitor experience. The latter means that when you visit Ellis Island or Liberty Island, the experience is the same as it always was.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“For a kid coming here today, we want them to bring their kid here 20 years later and have it look the exact same way,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For Parrish and the National Park Service, it’s the efforts that most visitors will never see that will make the park enjoyable today and for decades into the future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One thing that quickly became clear behind the scenes after Sandy’s fury was that second-floor space for all the buildings on Liberty and Ellis islands was at a premium. While the areas accessible to visitors in the main building were spared from floodwaters, other parts of the building weren’t so lucky. Lower-lying structures were inundated. Waves lifted heavy wooden benches from the ground and smashed them into the swinging glass doors on the administration building lobby that had been refinished just two years prior to Sandy’s landfall, damage that’s still visible today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The basement of Ellis Island’s main building completely filled with seawater and that’s where trouble really hit home. The basement and first floor of another building housed all the electrical, heating and cooling, and communication infrastructure that the park needs to remain open. Saltwater destroyed millions of dollars worth of boilers, transformers, switchboards, cooling pipes and other equipment essential for running Ellis Island.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Liberty Island, it was a similar story, though on a smaller scale since the island itself has less built infrastructure and was “only” 75 percent inundated (as opposed to Ellis Island, which was fully submerged). The storm shuttered Ellis Island for a year and the Statue of Liberty for roughly 9 months. Nearly four years later, parts of both islands still resemble construction zones but progress has definitely been made.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In the life of the park here, people can’t recall water overtopping the island. People never would’ve thought it was possible. That’s why the park was less prepared,” Parrish said, standing on a new stainless steel frame amidst the hum of machinery on Ellis Island. “Now we’re basically taking equipment to places that are higher up. This mezzanine was a response to Sandy.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The steel platform houses much of heating, cooling, electrical and telephone equipment needed so that 4 million people can visit the park every year in relative comfort and safety.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s also a host of other improvements equally unsexy (think antimicrobial duct padding that can resist seawater damage, motors placed outside machinery for easy replacement and oil-filled transformers that can function even after being submerged under 10 feet of saltwater) that are part of a $53 million overhaul to the park’s infrastructure damaged by Sandy. Parrish even has to rethink the building materials used for the walls themselves, joking that “drywall is a four-letter word around here.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In terms of money invested for the future, I doubt if there is anywhere else in the U.S. park system that’s this far ahead in preparing for sea level rise,” said Adam Markham, director of the Union of Concerned Scientists’ special initiative on climate impacts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The fixes may not inspire passionate paeans to perseverance, but as sea levels rise and storm surge becomes an ever greater concern, they’re what will keep these parks open.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re not going to raise Ellis Island,” Parrish said. “Things come and things go. This may go, but I’m going to try my hardest. You have to hope mankind acts and you try your damnedest where you can to make a difference.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_816755\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1601px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-816755\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/JamaicaBayHeader_NPS.jpg\" alt=\"Jamaica Bay may be just miles from the heart of downtown New York, but it's a world away. \" width=\"1601\" height=\"900\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/JamaicaBayHeader_NPS.jpg 1601w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/JamaicaBayHeader_NPS-400x225.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/JamaicaBayHeader_NPS-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/JamaicaBayHeader_NPS-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/JamaicaBayHeader_NPS-1440x809.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/JamaicaBayHeader_NPS-1180x663.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/JamaicaBayHeader_NPS-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1601px) 100vw, 1601px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Jamaica Bay may be just miles from the heart of downtown New York, but it’s a world away. \u003ccite>(Ryan Anderson/National Park Service)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Rising Seas Put Gateway in the Balance\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A park service boat skips across the slate gray water of Jamaica Bay, bouncing over waves and hitting the troughs with a leaden thunk. To a landlubber, it’s bone jarring. To Jolene Willis, it’s an easy ride.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Willis is an ecologist at Gateway National Recreation Area. She has the practiced squint of someone who spends their fair share of days on a boat. And that’s because she pretty much does, motoring around Jamaica Bay to monitor the marshes that are key components of the park’s ecosystem. The marshes provide habitat for 325 species of birds and teem with aquatic life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_816761\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1601px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-816761\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/JoleneWillis_BK.jpg\" alt=\"Jolene Willis walks on West Elders Marsh, which is part of Gateway’s longest-running marsh restoration project. \" width=\"1601\" height=\"1067\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/JoleneWillis_BK.jpg 1601w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/JoleneWillis_BK-400x267.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/JoleneWillis_BK-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/JoleneWillis_BK-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/JoleneWillis_BK-1440x960.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/JoleneWillis_BK-1180x786.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/JoleneWillis_BK-960x640.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1601px) 100vw, 1601px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Jolene Willis walks on West Elders Marsh, which is part of Gateway’s longest-running marsh restoration project. \u003ccite>(Brian Kahn/climate Central)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>As the boat pulls up to West Elders Marsh, Willis puts on her waders and hops over the bow into thigh-deep water. Schools of mummichogs — small fish the size of a pinky finger — buzz the shallows and horseshoe crabs bump into her feet. “They’re attracted to waders for some reason,” she said, making sure the anchor lodged in the muck surrounding the marsh.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sloshing to shore, Willis rattles off the birds nesting on the highland part of the marsh — cormorants, herring gulls, black-eyed gulls, snowy egret, ibises and black-crowned night herons with a pair osprey buzzing by for good measure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_816757\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 720px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-816757 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/HorseshoeCrab2_BK.jpg\" alt=\"Life and death play out on West Elders Marsh. From left to right, mallard eggs, a dead horseshoe crab and laughing gull eggs. \" width=\"720\" height=\"480\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/HorseshoeCrab2_BK.jpg 720w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/HorseshoeCrab2_BK-400x267.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 720px) 100vw, 720px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A dead horseshoe crab on West Elders Marsh. \u003ccite>(Brian Kahn/Climate Central)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>If you’re an angler or birder, it’s paradise. If you could block out the view of the Manhattan skyline that’s just 11 miles northwest, and the rumble of planes taking off from nearby John F. Kennedy Airport, you’d be forgiven for thinking you’re in wilds of New York before it became the Big Apple. The bay is one of three chunks of land and water that make up Gateway National Recreation Area, which also includes parts of Brooklyn, Staten Island and New Jersey.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>West Elders Marsh may be overrun with natural life, but it’s a manmade creation. Decades of pollution had killed off or degraded much of Jamaica Bay’s marshes, prompting the park to undertake a multi-million dollar restoration in the mid-2000s, well before Sandy changed the conversation and provided another influx of funds for research and restoration. The bay has lost 70 percent of its marshland due to polluted waterways.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Healthy marshes can provide a stopover for some of the millions of birds that fly up and down the East Coast each year. But managing this bay is about more than just coastal habitat. It’s about protecting the residents who live along it shores.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The point of the marsh is to absorb the impact of storms,” Willis said. “Everything we do helps reduce the impacts of climate change.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gateway is a microcosm of the challenges the entire East Coast faces from sea level rise. The park protects a wealth of natural treasures like Jamaica Bay. It’s also home to $2.7 billion in assets — buildings, historic forts, and other structures — within 3 feet of current sea levels. And while it’s far from the dense urban core of New York, there are still thousands who live in the neighborhoods on the fringes of the park. How Gateway responds to sea level rise has direct consequences for its neighbors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sandy laid bare the catastrophic risk storm surge poses. Because sea level has risen a foot since the start of the 20th century and there’s so much infrastructure along the coast, there’s also the growing threat of everyday flooding.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sea level rise was on park managers’ minds well before Sandy, including a computer modeling effort that started in 2008.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The park was not starting from zero,” said Rebecca Beavers, who coordinates much of the park service’s sea level rise work. “They have been looking at and studying these impacts for quite awhile.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Sandy took climate change out of the theoretical realm and into a real one. The funding that has since become available through the Hurricane Sandy Disaster Relief Supplemental Appropriations Act has also put the park’s adaptation plans on the fast track.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The lion’s share of the $150 million set aside for Gateway from Sandy funds has been used for construction around the park, including relocating a number of buildings in floodplains and rebuilding marinas so visitors can access the park by boat. But Sandy also offered an unprecedented opportunity to study how natural resources were impacted, what resource managers could do to prepare them for the next storm, and how the park service could help protect people along the shoreline.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“After Sandy and the damage, funds for resiliency have afforded us an opportunity to take that planning and put it into action,” Patricia Rafferty, head of the park’s resources division, said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Jamaica Bay, most of the focus has been on marshes, which provide crucial bird and aquatic species habitat as well as natural defenses against storm damage. Local pollution is in large part responsible for 70 percent of Jamaica Bay’s saltwater marshes disappearing over the past 60 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now sea level rise is the next big threat to these marshes. So far it appears they are getting enough new sediment to stay a step ahead of rising tides. But with the rate of sea level rise expected to accelerate in the coming decades, it’s unclear if those same marshes will continue to keep pace.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Sea level rise is pushing water higher but being in the heart of one of the most densely populated urban areas in the world means there are a ton of nutrients being pushed into the bay, too” Willis said, swinging herself back into the boat. “That’s too much for some marshes to handle and they could die off.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Saltwater marshes are by their very nature resilient to change. They deal with daily influxes of water that can regularly submerge at least part of their territory. But rising seas mean even Gateway park’s healthiest natural marsh, Joco, is facing an uncertain future. Confounding the race is the impact of local pollution and runoff.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pushing off from West Elders Marsh, Willis turns the boat east toward Joco. The red and green buoys are the only landmarks to guide Willis, and she uses the age-old sailor adage “red right returning” — keeping the red buoys to the right if you’re heading back to port (and green on your right on the way out, which doesn’t have the same ring) — to navigate through the bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the watery trail arrives at Joco, however, there’s not much to see. High tide has rolled into the bay ahead of the new moon, temporarily submerging the marsh under its murky waters. The only signs of terra firma are white PVC pipes used to mark sample sites poking up from the water and an osprey nest improbably perched on a barrel that had somehow alighted upright on the marsh.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’ve never seen a tide like this,” Willis said. “This is fine once and awhile. When it becomes frequent, then we have problems. Eventually, it will always look this way.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Always looking that way” means the end of the marshes the park is working so hard to restore as well increasing issues for the people living on the shores of Jamaica Bay. Some of the neighborhoods there already see two nuisance floods a month. By mid-century, sea levels could be another foot higher and with that increase, nuisance flooding \u003ca href=\"http://blog.ucsusa.org/melanie-fitzpatrick/sea-level-rise-in-jamaica-bay-new-york-688\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">could increase tenfold\u003c/a>. The same fate awaits Joco and if it disappears, so could the plants and animals that need it to survive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Losing Joco and other marshes would also have consequences for those onshore. Using Sandy recovery funds set aside by the Department of Interior, Gateway National Recreation Area has funded research to look at just how much protection wetlands can offer against future storm surge. The studies show that the main benefit of continuing to restore Gateway’s marshes would be to lessen the impact of waves, thereby lessening the destruction they cause. But the marshes are relatively ineffective at reducing flooding given the current configuration of the bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To reduce the threat of flooding, researchers found the best route forward is to fill in parts of a shipping channel that was cut into the bay in the 1910s and has been dredged ever since. Philip Orton, a researcher at the Stevens Institute for Technology who authored the research, said he and his team have put forward that option to Gateway managers for consideration.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Not only is it a landscape that doesn’t have benefits for reducing flooding, it makes it worse,” Orton said, noting that the shipping channel essentially funnels more water into the bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The fate of these natural and human systems and how Gateway managers respond to climate change are closely intertwined. Beyond that, Gateway has a unique place in the National Park Service, providing a natural refuge in the largest metropolitan area in the U.S.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Jamaica Bay is the largest open space in New York,” Rafferty said. “It’s a great way for people to experience nature in their own backyards, especially if they don’t have a backyard.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/\">Climate Central\u003c/a> \u003cem>is an independent organization that researches and reports on climate change.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>A 50-minute subway ride connects downtown Manhattan with the Broad Channel neighborhood in outer Queens. On each end sits a National Park Service site that showcases the diversity of what parks can be and how they’re united in common challenges.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the Manhattan end, the weathered green hue of the Statue of Liberty looms over the blue waters of New York Harbor, a beacon of hope to the world over. The hulking monument greeted more than 12 million immigrants who passed through its neighbor to the west, Ellis Island, from 1892-1954. The Statue of Liberty still serves as a reminder that we all strive for better days ahead, and for the more than 4 million annual visitors who make the pilgrimage to these iconic landmarks, it serves as the defining symbol of a country built almost entirely of immigrants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the other end of the A train’s twisting route through the city is a much quieter place. Gateway National Recreation Area is a sprawling natural oasis. In fact, it’s the only natural National Park Service site in the country you can reach by subway.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the center of the park is Jamaica Bay, a nearly 20,000-acre stretch of water nestled between the Queens’ Rockaways neighborhood and Long Island. Manhattan’s skyline glitters in the distance, but Gateway couldn’t feel further from the 8.5 million people crammed into the city’s 305 square miles (to say nothing of the 20 million living in the larger metro area). Beaches and marshes provide respite for city dwellers as well as thousands of birds that call Gateway home or use it as a stopover on the Atlantic flyway that runs from Nova Scotia to Florida. Its waters teem with life, luring recreational fishermen to its shores, just miles from the hordes of tourists with selfie sticks in Times Square and bankers hustling along Wall Street.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Viewed separately, the Statue of Liberty and Gateway parks have little in common aside from a shared city. But they’re inextricably linked, being forced to deal with the impacts of climate change and sea level rise. Together, they’re growing threats that endanger the culture and history these parks were created to protect, not to mention billions of dollars in assets and the quality of life for millions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>How the National Park Service prepares for and deals with those threats is a step into an uncertain future, one that could reshape the landscape for parks and communities along the coast and across the country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_816751\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1598px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-816751\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/StatueofLiberty_NPS.jpg\" alt=\"The Statue of Liberty and Ellis Island have stood as testaments to the promise of a better tomorrow. \" width=\"1598\" height=\"900\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/StatueofLiberty_NPS.jpg 1598w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/StatueofLiberty_NPS-400x225.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/StatueofLiberty_NPS-800x451.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/StatueofLiberty_NPS-768x433.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/StatueofLiberty_NPS-1440x811.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/StatueofLiberty_NPS-1180x665.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/StatueofLiberty_NPS-960x541.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1598px) 100vw, 1598px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Statue of Liberty and Ellis Island have stood as testaments to the promise of a better tomorrow. \u003ccite>(National Park Service)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Test of the Human Spirit\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The water was up to here,” Rob Parrish said, holding his hand up to his shoulder.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It should be noted that Parrish, the head of professional services at the Statue of Liberty, is a big dude, a former Marine standing well north of 6 feet. In the crowd buzzing around Ellis Island’s main building, he is head and shoulders above the fray, even without the construction hat perched atop his shaved head.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Drawing an imaginary line out from Parrish’s shoulders to the steps of the island’s main building, it’s clear that \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/statistics-show-just-how-intense-hurricane-sandy-was-15196\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Hurricane Sandy’s storm surge\u003c/a> — the highest to hit New York Harbor on record — got within inches of creeping into the first floor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Parrish arrived in the aftermath of Sandy to help assess the storm’s damage and build Ellis and Liberty Island back with an eye toward the future risks that climate change poses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“For this and all future projects, climate change will be on the checklist items,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That fits with the bigger picture of how the National Park Service is responding to climate change, particularly along the coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a new model of if a park is impacted, be smart in how you replace and restore things,” said Rebecca Beavers, the climate change coordinator at the National Park Service’s Geologic Resources Division. “Do not rebuild in-kind, do not replace as was. Instead, we need to look at innovative ways to protect these places into the future.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rising 305 feet above New York Harbor, the Statue of Liberty is arguably the most recognizable landmark in the country. From its dedication in 1886 to today, it stands as a testament to freedom.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 1984 when it was \u003ca href=\"http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/307\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">designated a World Heritage Site\u003c/a>, UNESCO lauded it not only as a “masterpiece of colossal statuary” but as a “masterpiece of the human spirit.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There is no greater test of that human spirit than how we respond to climate change, and it’s no surprise that the National Park Service’s efforts to do so are so intensely focused at the statue and Ellis Island.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Waters in the harbor have \u003ca href=\"http://sealevel.climatecentral.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">risen a foot\u003c/a> since the start of the Industrial Revolution. That rise is expected to \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/study-reveals-acceleration-of-sea-level-rise-20055\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">accelerate as the world warms\u003c/a>. They are projected to be more than 3 feet higher by 2100, though that figure\u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/sea-levels-rise-20-feet-19211\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">could be significantly higher\u003c/a> if Antarctica’s massive stores of ice go into a major meltdown, something not out of the realm of possibility. Add in the likelihood of more\u003ca href=\"https://wwa.climatecentral.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">extreme storms\u003c/a> combined with ever-rising storm surge, and the challenges for park managers are both long-term and acute.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hurricane Sandy, which killed 147 and caused $75 billion in damage in 2012, laid bare what some of those challenges are and kickstarted the process for how to address them. The Statue of Liberty is at the center of the National Park Service’s rebuilding efforts, serving as a potential blueprint for how other parks can meet the challenges of rising seas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Parrish’s job is to help take that model and make it a reality in New York Harbor. He knows the park’s geography intimately, from the new grass laid down (as it turns out, it’s the same turf you’ll find on an NFL field) to the location of the heating and cooling system components tucked in basements, and the threat sea level rise poses to all of them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the root of Parrish’s job is the tension of ensuring the park’s $1.5 billion in assets within 3 feet of the current sea level are protected in a seamless visitor experience. The latter means that when you visit Ellis Island or Liberty Island, the experience is the same as it always was.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“For a kid coming here today, we want them to bring their kid here 20 years later and have it look the exact same way,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For Parrish and the National Park Service, it’s the efforts that most visitors will never see that will make the park enjoyable today and for decades into the future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One thing that quickly became clear behind the scenes after Sandy’s fury was that second-floor space for all the buildings on Liberty and Ellis islands was at a premium. While the areas accessible to visitors in the main building were spared from floodwaters, other parts of the building weren’t so lucky. Lower-lying structures were inundated. Waves lifted heavy wooden benches from the ground and smashed them into the swinging glass doors on the administration building lobby that had been refinished just two years prior to Sandy’s landfall, damage that’s still visible today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The basement of Ellis Island’s main building completely filled with seawater and that’s where trouble really hit home. The basement and first floor of another building housed all the electrical, heating and cooling, and communication infrastructure that the park needs to remain open. Saltwater destroyed millions of dollars worth of boilers, transformers, switchboards, cooling pipes and other equipment essential for running Ellis Island.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Liberty Island, it was a similar story, though on a smaller scale since the island itself has less built infrastructure and was “only” 75 percent inundated (as opposed to Ellis Island, which was fully submerged). The storm shuttered Ellis Island for a year and the Statue of Liberty for roughly 9 months. Nearly four years later, parts of both islands still resemble construction zones but progress has definitely been made.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In the life of the park here, people can’t recall water overtopping the island. People never would’ve thought it was possible. That’s why the park was less prepared,” Parrish said, standing on a new stainless steel frame amidst the hum of machinery on Ellis Island. “Now we’re basically taking equipment to places that are higher up. This mezzanine was a response to Sandy.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The steel platform houses much of heating, cooling, electrical and telephone equipment needed so that 4 million people can visit the park every year in relative comfort and safety.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s also a host of other improvements equally unsexy (think antimicrobial duct padding that can resist seawater damage, motors placed outside machinery for easy replacement and oil-filled transformers that can function even after being submerged under 10 feet of saltwater) that are part of a $53 million overhaul to the park’s infrastructure damaged by Sandy. Parrish even has to rethink the building materials used for the walls themselves, joking that “drywall is a four-letter word around here.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In terms of money invested for the future, I doubt if there is anywhere else in the U.S. park system that’s this far ahead in preparing for sea level rise,” said Adam Markham, director of the Union of Concerned Scientists’ special initiative on climate impacts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The fixes may not inspire passionate paeans to perseverance, but as sea levels rise and storm surge becomes an ever greater concern, they’re what will keep these parks open.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re not going to raise Ellis Island,” Parrish said. “Things come and things go. This may go, but I’m going to try my hardest. You have to hope mankind acts and you try your damnedest where you can to make a difference.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_816755\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1601px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-816755\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/JamaicaBayHeader_NPS.jpg\" alt=\"Jamaica Bay may be just miles from the heart of downtown New York, but it's a world away. \" width=\"1601\" height=\"900\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/JamaicaBayHeader_NPS.jpg 1601w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/JamaicaBayHeader_NPS-400x225.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/JamaicaBayHeader_NPS-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/JamaicaBayHeader_NPS-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/JamaicaBayHeader_NPS-1440x809.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/JamaicaBayHeader_NPS-1180x663.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/JamaicaBayHeader_NPS-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1601px) 100vw, 1601px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Jamaica Bay may be just miles from the heart of downtown New York, but it’s a world away. \u003ccite>(Ryan Anderson/National Park Service)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Rising Seas Put Gateway in the Balance\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A park service boat skips across the slate gray water of Jamaica Bay, bouncing over waves and hitting the troughs with a leaden thunk. To a landlubber, it’s bone jarring. To Jolene Willis, it’s an easy ride.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Willis is an ecologist at Gateway National Recreation Area. She has the practiced squint of someone who spends their fair share of days on a boat. And that’s because she pretty much does, motoring around Jamaica Bay to monitor the marshes that are key components of the park’s ecosystem. The marshes provide habitat for 325 species of birds and teem with aquatic life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_816761\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1601px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-816761\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/JoleneWillis_BK.jpg\" alt=\"Jolene Willis walks on West Elders Marsh, which is part of Gateway’s longest-running marsh restoration project. \" width=\"1601\" height=\"1067\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/JoleneWillis_BK.jpg 1601w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/JoleneWillis_BK-400x267.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/JoleneWillis_BK-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/JoleneWillis_BK-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/JoleneWillis_BK-1440x960.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/JoleneWillis_BK-1180x786.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/JoleneWillis_BK-960x640.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1601px) 100vw, 1601px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Jolene Willis walks on West Elders Marsh, which is part of Gateway’s longest-running marsh restoration project. \u003ccite>(Brian Kahn/climate Central)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>As the boat pulls up to West Elders Marsh, Willis puts on her waders and hops over the bow into thigh-deep water. Schools of mummichogs — small fish the size of a pinky finger — buzz the shallows and horseshoe crabs bump into her feet. “They’re attracted to waders for some reason,” she said, making sure the anchor lodged in the muck surrounding the marsh.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sloshing to shore, Willis rattles off the birds nesting on the highland part of the marsh — cormorants, herring gulls, black-eyed gulls, snowy egret, ibises and black-crowned night herons with a pair osprey buzzing by for good measure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_816757\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 720px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-816757 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/HorseshoeCrab2_BK.jpg\" alt=\"Life and death play out on West Elders Marsh. From left to right, mallard eggs, a dead horseshoe crab and laughing gull eggs. \" width=\"720\" height=\"480\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/HorseshoeCrab2_BK.jpg 720w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/HorseshoeCrab2_BK-400x267.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 720px) 100vw, 720px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A dead horseshoe crab on West Elders Marsh. \u003ccite>(Brian Kahn/Climate Central)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>If you’re an angler or birder, it’s paradise. If you could block out the view of the Manhattan skyline that’s just 11 miles northwest, and the rumble of planes taking off from nearby John F. Kennedy Airport, you’d be forgiven for thinking you’re in wilds of New York before it became the Big Apple. The bay is one of three chunks of land and water that make up Gateway National Recreation Area, which also includes parts of Brooklyn, Staten Island and New Jersey.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>West Elders Marsh may be overrun with natural life, but it’s a manmade creation. Decades of pollution had killed off or degraded much of Jamaica Bay’s marshes, prompting the park to undertake a multi-million dollar restoration in the mid-2000s, well before Sandy changed the conversation and provided another influx of funds for research and restoration. The bay has lost 70 percent of its marshland due to polluted waterways.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Healthy marshes can provide a stopover for some of the millions of birds that fly up and down the East Coast each year. But managing this bay is about more than just coastal habitat. It’s about protecting the residents who live along it shores.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The point of the marsh is to absorb the impact of storms,” Willis said. “Everything we do helps reduce the impacts of climate change.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gateway is a microcosm of the challenges the entire East Coast faces from sea level rise. The park protects a wealth of natural treasures like Jamaica Bay. It’s also home to $2.7 billion in assets — buildings, historic forts, and other structures — within 3 feet of current sea levels. And while it’s far from the dense urban core of New York, there are still thousands who live in the neighborhoods on the fringes of the park. How Gateway responds to sea level rise has direct consequences for its neighbors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sandy laid bare the catastrophic risk storm surge poses. Because sea level has risen a foot since the start of the 20th century and there’s so much infrastructure along the coast, there’s also the growing threat of everyday flooding.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sea level rise was on park managers’ minds well before Sandy, including a computer modeling effort that started in 2008.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The park was not starting from zero,” said Rebecca Beavers, who coordinates much of the park service’s sea level rise work. “They have been looking at and studying these impacts for quite awhile.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Sandy took climate change out of the theoretical realm and into a real one. The funding that has since become available through the Hurricane Sandy Disaster Relief Supplemental Appropriations Act has also put the park’s adaptation plans on the fast track.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The lion’s share of the $150 million set aside for Gateway from Sandy funds has been used for construction around the park, including relocating a number of buildings in floodplains and rebuilding marinas so visitors can access the park by boat. But Sandy also offered an unprecedented opportunity to study how natural resources were impacted, what resource managers could do to prepare them for the next storm, and how the park service could help protect people along the shoreline.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“After Sandy and the damage, funds for resiliency have afforded us an opportunity to take that planning and put it into action,” Patricia Rafferty, head of the park’s resources division, said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Jamaica Bay, most of the focus has been on marshes, which provide crucial bird and aquatic species habitat as well as natural defenses against storm damage. Local pollution is in large part responsible for 70 percent of Jamaica Bay’s saltwater marshes disappearing over the past 60 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now sea level rise is the next big threat to these marshes. So far it appears they are getting enough new sediment to stay a step ahead of rising tides. But with the rate of sea level rise expected to accelerate in the coming decades, it’s unclear if those same marshes will continue to keep pace.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Sea level rise is pushing water higher but being in the heart of one of the most densely populated urban areas in the world means there are a ton of nutrients being pushed into the bay, too” Willis said, swinging herself back into the boat. “That’s too much for some marshes to handle and they could die off.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Saltwater marshes are by their very nature resilient to change. They deal with daily influxes of water that can regularly submerge at least part of their territory. But rising seas mean even Gateway park’s healthiest natural marsh, Joco, is facing an uncertain future. Confounding the race is the impact of local pollution and runoff.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pushing off from West Elders Marsh, Willis turns the boat east toward Joco. The red and green buoys are the only landmarks to guide Willis, and she uses the age-old sailor adage “red right returning” — keeping the red buoys to the right if you’re heading back to port (and green on your right on the way out, which doesn’t have the same ring) — to navigate through the bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the watery trail arrives at Joco, however, there’s not much to see. High tide has rolled into the bay ahead of the new moon, temporarily submerging the marsh under its murky waters. The only signs of terra firma are white PVC pipes used to mark sample sites poking up from the water and an osprey nest improbably perched on a barrel that had somehow alighted upright on the marsh.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’ve never seen a tide like this,” Willis said. “This is fine once and awhile. When it becomes frequent, then we have problems. Eventually, it will always look this way.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Always looking that way” means the end of the marshes the park is working so hard to restore as well increasing issues for the people living on the shores of Jamaica Bay. Some of the neighborhoods there already see two nuisance floods a month. By mid-century, sea levels could be another foot higher and with that increase, nuisance flooding \u003ca href=\"http://blog.ucsusa.org/melanie-fitzpatrick/sea-level-rise-in-jamaica-bay-new-york-688\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">could increase tenfold\u003c/a>. The same fate awaits Joco and if it disappears, so could the plants and animals that need it to survive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Losing Joco and other marshes would also have consequences for those onshore. Using Sandy recovery funds set aside by the Department of Interior, Gateway National Recreation Area has funded research to look at just how much protection wetlands can offer against future storm surge. The studies show that the main benefit of continuing to restore Gateway’s marshes would be to lessen the impact of waves, thereby lessening the destruction they cause. But the marshes are relatively ineffective at reducing flooding given the current configuration of the bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To reduce the threat of flooding, researchers found the best route forward is to fill in parts of a shipping channel that was cut into the bay in the 1910s and has been dredged ever since. Philip Orton, a researcher at the Stevens Institute for Technology who authored the research, said he and his team have put forward that option to Gateway managers for consideration.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Not only is it a landscape that doesn’t have benefits for reducing flooding, it makes it worse,” Orton said, noting that the shipping channel essentially funnels more water into the bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The fate of these natural and human systems and how Gateway managers respond to climate change are closely intertwined. Beyond that, Gateway has a unique place in the National Park Service, providing a natural refuge in the largest metropolitan area in the U.S.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Jamaica Bay is the largest open space in New York,” Rafferty said. “It’s a great way for people to experience nature in their own backyards, especially if they don’t have a backyard.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/\">Climate Central\u003c/a> \u003cem>is an independent organization that researches and reports on climate change.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "On July 4, Jupiter Gets Its Close-Up",
"headTitle": "On July 4, Jupiter Gets Its Close-Up | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>NASA’s farthest-flung solar-powered robotic probe, Juno, has finally \u003ca href=\"http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=6520\">crossed over into Jupiter territory\u003c/a>, where the gravitational attraction of the gas giant planet is stronger than the sun’s. Juno is now on the threshold of a mission that promises to solve many long-standing mysteries about our solar system’s largest planet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On July 4, Juno will become only the second spacecraft to enter orbit around Jupiter, over twenty years after the end of the successful \u003ca href=\"http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/missions/galileo/\">Galileo mission\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Equipped to observe not only the outward appearance and composition of Jupiter, Juno’s payload of instrumentation will allow scientists to probe deep beneath the planet’s surface and hopefully solve long standing puzzles about \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cMdjAKn_uXw&feature=youtu.be\">Jupiter’s structure, interior conditions\u003c/a> and even its origin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jupiter may be the largest planet, and the closest of the gas giant worlds in the outer solar system, but that does not mean its secrets have all been revealed to us. Most of Jupiter lies hidden beneath a veil of cloud, a shroud that ordinary cameras cannot see beyond.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_759064\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-759064\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/jupiter-magneticfield.jpg\" alt=\"Depiction of Jupiter's vast and powerful magnetic field enveloping its system of moons, and beyond. The red zone represents belts of radiation (high-speed electrically charged atoms) trapped within the magnetic field.\" width=\"640\" height=\"480\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/jupiter-magneticfield.jpg 640w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/jupiter-magneticfield-400x300.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Depiction of Jupiter’s vast and powerful magnetic field enveloping its system of moons, and beyond. The red zone represents belts of radiation (high-speed electrically charged atoms) trapped within the magnetic field. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Past robotic missions and telescopic observations have told us a great deal about Jupiter’s cloud-banded outer face, its composition of mostly hydrogen and helium, and its powerful magnetic field — strongest of any planet — that exerts influences well beyond the realm of its more than 67 moons.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jupiter’s moons as well — in particular the four large “Galilean” moons discovered by Galileo over 400 years ago — have been revealed as remarkably interesting and diverse worlds of their own. One of them, Io, is the most volcanically active object in the solar system, with nearly 400 active volcanoes spewing plumes of sulfur and sulfur dioxide. Another, Europa, likely hides an ocean of liquid water beneath its icy crust, perhaps as deep as 30 miles and containing more water than all of Earth’s oceans — making Europa one of the most exciting possibilities for finding some form of life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Juno’s primary mission is to investigate Jupiter itself — and not just its cloud-painted outward face, but the deep dark depths of its interior.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://spaceplace.nasa.gov/jupiter/en/\">What lies inside Jupiter\u003c/a>? Being a gas giant planet, it is believed that Jupiter is all or mostly atmosphere — or more accurately, fluid: a thick shell of ever-denser hydrogen and helium that the unimaginable pressures deep down force to behave in ways we don’t think of as “gas-like.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_759063\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 488px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-759063\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/jupiter-interior.jpg\" alt=\"Cutaway of Jupiter showing what scientists believe its interior may be like--a theoretical structure that the Juno mission may confirm or change.\" width=\"488\" height=\"288\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/jupiter-interior.jpg 488w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/jupiter-interior-400x236.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 488px) 100vw, 488px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Cutaway of Jupiter showing what scientists believe its interior may be like–a theoretical structure that the Juno mission may confirm or change. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>At some depth, hydrogen should be compressed to the point where it would become “metallic,” or electrically conductive like a metal, though still fluid — maybe not unlike the liquid metal mercury, which is used in some thermometers. It is thought that Jupiter’s powerful magnetic field is generated by electrical currents within these metallic hydrogen layers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There is plenty of other \u003ca href=\"http://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2011/29jul_juno2/\">“inside information” about Jupiter\u003c/a> that scientists want to get their hands on. Finding out how much water Jupiter contains may help determine where and how Jupiter originated long ago. Did it form where we find it today — about five times as far from the sun as Earth — or, as a competing theory suggests, did it form farther from the sun and migrate to its present location? Jupiter’s internal water content would be an indication of the environment that produced it, so Juno may help settle this long standing question.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What is the source of the great storm systems we see on Jupiter, including the famous “Great Red Spot,” a gargantuan anticyclone that has been swirling just south of Jupiter’s equator for at least 300 years? How deep do the influences that generate and sustain these storms go? That’s an easy question to answer on Earth, where the roots of weather systems don’t go much deeper than Earth’s solid and watery surface. But on a planet where the atmosphere may extend many tens of thousands of miles, this is an open question.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_759062\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-759062\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/great-red-spot.jpg\" alt=\"Jupiter's "Great Red Spot," an anticyclone system that is at least 300 years old and large enough to fit three planet Earths.\" width=\"640\" height=\"539\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/great-red-spot.jpg 640w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/great-red-spot-400x337.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Jupiter’s “Great Red Spot,” an anticyclone system that is at least 300 years old and large enough to fit three planet Earths. \u003ccite>(Voyager/NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>And what lies at Jupiter’s core? Is there a rocky or metallic core down there under all the hydrogen and helium? Has carbon been compressed over time into diamond crystals that have settled to Jupiter’s center, as some have suggested might be possible?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Juno will orbit Jupiter in a “polar” orbit, circling the planet in a north-south orientation that will carry it repeatedly over Jupiter’s geographic and magnetic polar regions. Juno will make detailed measurements of the powerful magnetic fields that extend into space from within Jupiter, as well as detect tiny fluctuations in Jupiter’s gravitational field authored by internal structures (a little like reading Jupiter’s interior in Braille).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While conventional cameras and telescopes cannot see beneath Jupiter’s cloud tops, just as your eyes cannot see through a thick window curtain, the magnetic energy and gravitational variations originating in the interior carry information that we can use to probe those depths.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Juno will, in effect, probe beyond the planet’s surface appearance and give us a glimpse of what lies inside….\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "NASA's farthest-flung solar-powered robotic probe, Juno, has finally crossed over into Jupiter territory, where the gravitational attraction of the gas giant planet is stronger than the sun's. Juno is now on the threshold of a mission that promises to solve many long-standing mysteries about our solar system's largest planet.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>NASA’s farthest-flung solar-powered robotic probe, Juno, has finally \u003ca href=\"http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=6520\">crossed over into Jupiter territory\u003c/a>, where the gravitational attraction of the gas giant planet is stronger than the sun’s. Juno is now on the threshold of a mission that promises to solve many long-standing mysteries about our solar system’s largest planet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On July 4, Juno will become only the second spacecraft to enter orbit around Jupiter, over twenty years after the end of the successful \u003ca href=\"http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/missions/galileo/\">Galileo mission\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Equipped to observe not only the outward appearance and composition of Jupiter, Juno’s payload of instrumentation will allow scientists to probe deep beneath the planet’s surface and hopefully solve long standing puzzles about \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cMdjAKn_uXw&feature=youtu.be\">Jupiter’s structure, interior conditions\u003c/a> and even its origin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jupiter may be the largest planet, and the closest of the gas giant worlds in the outer solar system, but that does not mean its secrets have all been revealed to us. Most of Jupiter lies hidden beneath a veil of cloud, a shroud that ordinary cameras cannot see beyond.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_759064\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-759064\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/jupiter-magneticfield.jpg\" alt=\"Depiction of Jupiter's vast and powerful magnetic field enveloping its system of moons, and beyond. The red zone represents belts of radiation (high-speed electrically charged atoms) trapped within the magnetic field.\" width=\"640\" height=\"480\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/jupiter-magneticfield.jpg 640w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/jupiter-magneticfield-400x300.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Depiction of Jupiter’s vast and powerful magnetic field enveloping its system of moons, and beyond. The red zone represents belts of radiation (high-speed electrically charged atoms) trapped within the magnetic field. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Past robotic missions and telescopic observations have told us a great deal about Jupiter’s cloud-banded outer face, its composition of mostly hydrogen and helium, and its powerful magnetic field — strongest of any planet — that exerts influences well beyond the realm of its more than 67 moons.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jupiter’s moons as well — in particular the four large “Galilean” moons discovered by Galileo over 400 years ago — have been revealed as remarkably interesting and diverse worlds of their own. One of them, Io, is the most volcanically active object in the solar system, with nearly 400 active volcanoes spewing plumes of sulfur and sulfur dioxide. Another, Europa, likely hides an ocean of liquid water beneath its icy crust, perhaps as deep as 30 miles and containing more water than all of Earth’s oceans — making Europa one of the most exciting possibilities for finding some form of life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Juno’s primary mission is to investigate Jupiter itself — and not just its cloud-painted outward face, but the deep dark depths of its interior.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://spaceplace.nasa.gov/jupiter/en/\">What lies inside Jupiter\u003c/a>? Being a gas giant planet, it is believed that Jupiter is all or mostly atmosphere — or more accurately, fluid: a thick shell of ever-denser hydrogen and helium that the unimaginable pressures deep down force to behave in ways we don’t think of as “gas-like.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_759063\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 488px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-759063\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/jupiter-interior.jpg\" alt=\"Cutaway of Jupiter showing what scientists believe its interior may be like--a theoretical structure that the Juno mission may confirm or change.\" width=\"488\" height=\"288\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/jupiter-interior.jpg 488w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/jupiter-interior-400x236.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 488px) 100vw, 488px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Cutaway of Jupiter showing what scientists believe its interior may be like–a theoretical structure that the Juno mission may confirm or change. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>At some depth, hydrogen should be compressed to the point where it would become “metallic,” or electrically conductive like a metal, though still fluid — maybe not unlike the liquid metal mercury, which is used in some thermometers. It is thought that Jupiter’s powerful magnetic field is generated by electrical currents within these metallic hydrogen layers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There is plenty of other \u003ca href=\"http://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2011/29jul_juno2/\">“inside information” about Jupiter\u003c/a> that scientists want to get their hands on. Finding out how much water Jupiter contains may help determine where and how Jupiter originated long ago. Did it form where we find it today — about five times as far from the sun as Earth — or, as a competing theory suggests, did it form farther from the sun and migrate to its present location? Jupiter’s internal water content would be an indication of the environment that produced it, so Juno may help settle this long standing question.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What is the source of the great storm systems we see on Jupiter, including the famous “Great Red Spot,” a gargantuan anticyclone that has been swirling just south of Jupiter’s equator for at least 300 years? How deep do the influences that generate and sustain these storms go? That’s an easy question to answer on Earth, where the roots of weather systems don’t go much deeper than Earth’s solid and watery surface. But on a planet where the atmosphere may extend many tens of thousands of miles, this is an open question.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_759062\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-759062\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/great-red-spot.jpg\" alt=\"Jupiter's "Great Red Spot," an anticyclone system that is at least 300 years old and large enough to fit three planet Earths.\" width=\"640\" height=\"539\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/great-red-spot.jpg 640w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/great-red-spot-400x337.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Jupiter’s “Great Red Spot,” an anticyclone system that is at least 300 years old and large enough to fit three planet Earths. \u003ccite>(Voyager/NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>And what lies at Jupiter’s core? Is there a rocky or metallic core down there under all the hydrogen and helium? Has carbon been compressed over time into diamond crystals that have settled to Jupiter’s center, as some have suggested might be possible?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Juno will orbit Jupiter in a “polar” orbit, circling the planet in a north-south orientation that will carry it repeatedly over Jupiter’s geographic and magnetic polar regions. Juno will make detailed measurements of the powerful magnetic fields that extend into space from within Jupiter, as well as detect tiny fluctuations in Jupiter’s gravitational field authored by internal structures (a little like reading Jupiter’s interior in Braille).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While conventional cameras and telescopes cannot see beneath Jupiter’s cloud tops, just as your eyes cannot see through a thick window curtain, the magnetic energy and gravitational variations originating in the interior carry information that we can use to probe those depths.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Juno will, in effect, probe beyond the planet’s surface appearance and give us a glimpse of what lies inside….\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>The first U.S. self-driving car fatality took place in May when the driver of a Tesla S sports car using the vehicle’s “autopilot” automated driving system died in a collision with a truck in Florida, federal officials said Thursday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The government is investigating the design and performance of Tesla’s system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Preliminary reports indicate the crash occurred when a tractor-trailer rig made a left turn in front of the Tesla at an intersection of a divided highway where there was no traffic light, the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration said. The Tesla driver died due to injuries sustained in the crash, which took place May 7 in Williston, Florida, the agency said. The city is southwest of Gainesville.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tesla said on its website neither the driver nor the autopilot sensors noticed the white side of the trailer, which was perpendicular to the Model S, against the brightly lit sky, and neither applied the brakes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The high ride height of the trailer combined with its positioning across the road and the extremely rare circumstances of the impact caused the Model S to pass under the trailer,” the company said. The windshield of the Model S collided with the bottom of the trailer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The company said the accident led to the first known death in over 130 million miles of autopilot operation. It said the NHTSA investigation is a preliminary inquiry to determine whether the system worked as expected.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The first U.S. self-driving car fatality took place in May when the driver of a Tesla S sports car using the vehicle’s “autopilot” automated driving system died in a collision with a truck in Florida, federal officials said Thursday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The government is investigating the design and performance of Tesla’s system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Preliminary reports indicate the crash occurred when a tractor-trailer rig made a left turn in front of the Tesla at an intersection of a divided highway where there was no traffic light, the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration said. The Tesla driver died due to injuries sustained in the crash, which took place May 7 in Williston, Florida, the agency said. The city is southwest of Gainesville.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tesla said on its website neither the driver nor the autopilot sensors noticed the white side of the trailer, which was perpendicular to the Model S, against the brightly lit sky, and neither applied the brakes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The high ride height of the trailer combined with its positioning across the road and the extremely rare circumstances of the impact caused the Model S to pass under the trailer,” the company said. The windshield of the Model S collided with the bottom of the trailer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The company said the accident led to the first known death in over 130 million miles of autopilot operation. It said the NHTSA investigation is a preliminary inquiry to determine whether the system worked as expected.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "California’s Groundwater Sustainability Challenge",
"headTitle": "California’s Groundwater Sustainability Challenge | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>California took a needed and much overdue step in 2014 when it passed the Sustainable Groundwater Management Act (SGMA) to regulate groundwater. The law will take decades to implement, but the first steps of the process are already underway.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the key requirements of SGMA is better collection and sharing of groundwater data. Current efforts are inconsistent and sometimes nonexistent. This has led to overdrafted aquifers, land subsidence and water quality problems in wells throughout the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A \u003ca href=\"http://waterinthewest.stanford.edu/sites/default/files/GW-DataSurveyReport.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">report\u003c/a> released this month by researchers at Stanford’s \u003ca href=\"http://mandrillapp.com/track/click/30855492/waterinthewest.stanford.edu?p=eyJzIjoiLUc2XzNMdVZOazBXcXd5RVBtMHoyMWxPZmlBIiwidiI6MSwicCI6IntcInVcIjozMDg1NTQ5MixcInZcIjoxLFwidXJsXCI6XCJodHRwOlxcXC9cXFwvd2F0ZXJpbnRoZXdlc3Quc3RhbmZvcmQuZWR1XFxcL1wiLFwiaWRcIjpcImIyNWMzM2I0NjY4ODQ1MmRiNjk1NTI1NWM5YjIxMmJlXCIsXCJ1cmxfaWRzXCI6W1wiNDYwZWU1OGM2NmJmNjRhZmQ5MDVjZDVhMjhkZWRiNmEyNjE1M2E4YlwiXX0ifQ\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Water in the West\u003c/a> program and the Gould Center for Conflict Resolution at the Stanford Law School surveyed those involved in groundwater management to better understand what kind of data were being collected and what data-related challenges existed related to the implementation of SGMA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A lot of the work we’ve done in the past has focused on what the legal or regulatory requirements have been around water and groundwater, and we didn’t have a lot of information about what was actually happening in locations in practice,” said Tara Moran, sustainable groundwater program lead at Water in the West, a joint program of the \u003ca href=\"http://mandrillapp.com/track/click/30855492/west.stanford.edu?p=eyJzIjoiOUpVcFlfQUZPV0VzMnFsaGZidHFYSVRuaElvIiwidiI6MSwicCI6IntcInVcIjozMDg1NTQ5MixcInZcIjoxLFwidXJsXCI6XCJodHRwOlxcXC9cXFwvd2VzdC5zdGFuZm9yZC5lZHVcXFwvXCIsXCJpZFwiOlwiYjI1YzMzYjQ2Njg4NDUyZGI2OTU1MjU1YzliMjEyYmVcIixcInVybF9pZHNcIjpbXCJhNWY5YTlmYzRlOWE3ZjczYzAwOGYwMjllODUwODk3OGMzOTI5ODQ1XCJdfSJ9\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Bill Lane Center for the American West\u003c/a> and the\u003ca href=\"http://mandrillapp.com/track/click/30855492/woods.stanford.edu?p=eyJzIjoiTGVIQUdSZllYdjczR3NMSzlHYndjTnJPOG9zIiwidiI6MSwicCI6IntcInVcIjozMDg1NTQ5MixcInZcIjoxLFwidXJsXCI6XCJodHRwczpcXFwvXFxcL3dvb2RzLnN0YW5mb3JkLmVkdVxcXC9cIixcImlkXCI6XCJiMjVjMzNiNDY2ODg0NTJkYjY5NTUyNTVjOWIyMTJiZVwiLFwidXJsX2lkc1wiOltcImFkNTU2YzRlOTAyNWI4Yjk1MmFlZTU2NjBmOWY3MzNlYjY2MmNlNzZcIl19In0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Stanford Woods Institute for the Environment\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water Deeply spoke with Moran about what the researchers learned from their survey and what the biggest data challenges are when it comes to groundwater in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Water Deeply: Since multiple agencies and stakeholders may be involved in groundwater issues, who did you send surveys to?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Tara Moran: We distributed it through the Department of Water Resources. They have a Sustainable Groundwater Management Program and we sent it through their listserv, as well as the Groundwater Resources Association of California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The idea was that we would reach local agencies that were already thinking about SGMA, involved in SGMA or likely to be involved, as well as groundwater consultants.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Water Deeply: What did you find out about the kind of data being collected now?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Moran: There’s a lot of data being collected. Groundwater level data, water quality data, information related to calculations for sustainable yields, but it drops off from there. There is information being collected about groundwater-dependent ecosystems and land subsidence, but that is not collected as consistently.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Water Deeply: Your research also found that more than half of the respondents reported that even though they were collecting data on groundwater levels, it wasn’t adequate for decision-making purposes. What do you attribute that to?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Moran: That was a very big finding. I think there are numerous reasons. Firstly, they may just be collecting data that isn’t high enough quality. Maybe they just aren’t collecting it at a high enough spatial or temporal frequency.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Or one of the things you hear a lot about in California is fragmented jurisdictions. Essentially, you can have 30 or 40 different agencies all working in the same groundwater basin, so maybe you are collecting really good data within your basin, but you still don’t feel like you can make decisions about the basin because you’re collecting data on a small scale.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the recommendations we make in the report is that agencies should use the authority that they are given under SGMA to access private production wells to monitor. It comes back to this idea where an agency might cover a large area and they may have a bunch of their own monitoring wells, but there may be huge portions of their jurisdictional area where there is only private land and they can’t monitor production wells on there.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Water Deeply: What’s the gap between where most agencies are now in the kinds of data they collect and what’s going to be required of them with SGMA?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Moran: It depends. Some basins are in really good shape, a lot are somewhat in the middle where they are going to struggle mostly with coordinating data that are already there and coming up with integrated conceptual models across their basins. There are some basins that are really lacking a lot of information. A lot of the data that are called out under SGMA are either missing right now or highly uncertain. For a lot of basins it will be a long-term process.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Water Deeply: What was your most significant finding?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Moran: One of the really big things that came out of the survey for us was that people really felt that they needed more standardization of methods and a common data-sharing platform. They really felt that this exchange of information was happening and they weren’t able to do it and as a result they weren’t able to manage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That was huge.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Water Deeply: One of the goals of SGMA is shared data, right?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Moran: Yes, it’s a requirement at the basin scale. That’s a huge step forward. But I think we need to take the next step forward and have it happen across the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The way the legislation and the regulations have been written means there is going to be a huge step forward in the amount of data being collected, the characterization of basins across the state, and access to the data that’s being collected and actually reported. But there will still be a lot of data that aren’t necessarily reported to the state that we won’t have access to.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Water Deeply: Was there anything in your findings that concerned you?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Moran: One concern was the lack of dedicated monitoring wells. You would typically have a production well, which could be screened across multiple aquifers and so if you’re monitoring exclusively in production wells, you may not be able to get groundwater levels in each different aquifer system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Also, when you take groundwater levels, you’re supposed to do it under static conditions, which means you have to have turned off the production well and have it come to some equilibrium again and it’s not always clear how long that will take.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Water Deeply: But a dedicated monitoring well would solve both those problems?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Moran: Yes, with a dedicated monitoring well, if you had three aquifers in your system, you’d have three separate wells that all were screened in just one aquifer for water level or water quality – so you can measure the health of each of those aquifers instead of the combined. And because you’re not pumping from it, it’s more likely to be under static conditions.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Water Deeply: And your surveys found very few areas have these?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Moran: There is a distinct lack of those – they are expensive to drill and to get the easements required. But in the long term we need to see more of those to make sure the data we’re getting are of high enough quality.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Water Deeply: Your research also found that there was very little monitoring of subsidence and groundwater-surface water interactions, both of which seem very important.\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Moran: Subsidence is gaining quite a bit of concern more recently. But it’s expensive data to collect often. Unless you’re seeing direct impacts, it’s hard to raise concern about it. The state is committed to providing large-scale subsidence data for these local agencies. Then local agencies can make a decision about how they monitor it moving forward.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Groundwater-surface water interaction is the same thing – it’s a hugely important data set, but agencies don’t have the technical or financial means to collect data.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Water Deeply: What’s the importance of monitoring surface and groundwater interaction? Is it mostly because groundwater wells can often pull surface water, so you can unknowingly affect surface water levels?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Moran: Within SGMA there is an undesirable result around impacts to surface water users, so that’s a motivator. The other one is groundwater-dependent ecosystems. If you’re pulling too much water from a stream you can cause it to dry up earlier or you could cause it to dry up entirely, which could result in a loss of ecosystems supported by that river or wetland or other groundwater-dependent ecosystems if you start to draw down groundwater too close to a stream.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Water Deeply: What’s next for your research on this?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Moran: We will continue to do the survey. It would be nice to track this over time and see what’s changing, where the problem spots continue to be, where people see opportunities to improve.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This was really focused on data, but it would be nice to add a governance piece, as well. I work with a post-doc who does a lot on water governance and the role of collaboration, so that would be a nice piece to tie in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>“This article originally appeared on\u003c/em>\u003cem> \u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water\">Water Deeply\u003c/a>, and you can find \u003c/em>\u003cem>it \u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/articles/2016/06/30/californias-groundwater-sustainability-challenge\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003cem> For important news about the California drought, you can \u003ca href=\"http://waterdeeply.us5.list-manage.com/subscribe?u=8b78e9a34ff7443ec1e8c62c6&id=2947becb78\">sign up\u003c/a> to the Water Deeply email list.”\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Researchers from Stanford surveyed groundwater professionals to better understand the biggest data challenges to implementing California’s groundwater law. We talk with the report’s lead author, Tara Moran, about the findings.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>California took a needed and much overdue step in 2014 when it passed the Sustainable Groundwater Management Act (SGMA) to regulate groundwater. The law will take decades to implement, but the first steps of the process are already underway.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the key requirements of SGMA is better collection and sharing of groundwater data. Current efforts are inconsistent and sometimes nonexistent. This has led to overdrafted aquifers, land subsidence and water quality problems in wells throughout the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A \u003ca href=\"http://waterinthewest.stanford.edu/sites/default/files/GW-DataSurveyReport.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">report\u003c/a> released this month by researchers at Stanford’s \u003ca href=\"http://mandrillapp.com/track/click/30855492/waterinthewest.stanford.edu?p=eyJzIjoiLUc2XzNMdVZOazBXcXd5RVBtMHoyMWxPZmlBIiwidiI6MSwicCI6IntcInVcIjozMDg1NTQ5MixcInZcIjoxLFwidXJsXCI6XCJodHRwOlxcXC9cXFwvd2F0ZXJpbnRoZXdlc3Quc3RhbmZvcmQuZWR1XFxcL1wiLFwiaWRcIjpcImIyNWMzM2I0NjY4ODQ1MmRiNjk1NTI1NWM5YjIxMmJlXCIsXCJ1cmxfaWRzXCI6W1wiNDYwZWU1OGM2NmJmNjRhZmQ5MDVjZDVhMjhkZWRiNmEyNjE1M2E4YlwiXX0ifQ\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Water in the West\u003c/a> program and the Gould Center for Conflict Resolution at the Stanford Law School surveyed those involved in groundwater management to better understand what kind of data were being collected and what data-related challenges existed related to the implementation of SGMA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A lot of the work we’ve done in the past has focused on what the legal or regulatory requirements have been around water and groundwater, and we didn’t have a lot of information about what was actually happening in locations in practice,” said Tara Moran, sustainable groundwater program lead at Water in the West, a joint program of the \u003ca href=\"http://mandrillapp.com/track/click/30855492/west.stanford.edu?p=eyJzIjoiOUpVcFlfQUZPV0VzMnFsaGZidHFYSVRuaElvIiwidiI6MSwicCI6IntcInVcIjozMDg1NTQ5MixcInZcIjoxLFwidXJsXCI6XCJodHRwOlxcXC9cXFwvd2VzdC5zdGFuZm9yZC5lZHVcXFwvXCIsXCJpZFwiOlwiYjI1YzMzYjQ2Njg4NDUyZGI2OTU1MjU1YzliMjEyYmVcIixcInVybF9pZHNcIjpbXCJhNWY5YTlmYzRlOWE3ZjczYzAwOGYwMjllODUwODk3OGMzOTI5ODQ1XCJdfSJ9\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Bill Lane Center for the American West\u003c/a> and the\u003ca href=\"http://mandrillapp.com/track/click/30855492/woods.stanford.edu?p=eyJzIjoiTGVIQUdSZllYdjczR3NMSzlHYndjTnJPOG9zIiwidiI6MSwicCI6IntcInVcIjozMDg1NTQ5MixcInZcIjoxLFwidXJsXCI6XCJodHRwczpcXFwvXFxcL3dvb2RzLnN0YW5mb3JkLmVkdVxcXC9cIixcImlkXCI6XCJiMjVjMzNiNDY2ODg0NTJkYjY5NTUyNTVjOWIyMTJiZVwiLFwidXJsX2lkc1wiOltcImFkNTU2YzRlOTAyNWI4Yjk1MmFlZTU2NjBmOWY3MzNlYjY2MmNlNzZcIl19In0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Stanford Woods Institute for the Environment\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water Deeply spoke with Moran about what the researchers learned from their survey and what the biggest data challenges are when it comes to groundwater in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Water Deeply: Since multiple agencies and stakeholders may be involved in groundwater issues, who did you send surveys to?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Tara Moran: We distributed it through the Department of Water Resources. They have a Sustainable Groundwater Management Program and we sent it through their listserv, as well as the Groundwater Resources Association of California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The idea was that we would reach local agencies that were already thinking about SGMA, involved in SGMA or likely to be involved, as well as groundwater consultants.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Water Deeply: What did you find out about the kind of data being collected now?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Moran: There’s a lot of data being collected. Groundwater level data, water quality data, information related to calculations for sustainable yields, but it drops off from there. There is information being collected about groundwater-dependent ecosystems and land subsidence, but that is not collected as consistently.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Water Deeply: Your research also found that more than half of the respondents reported that even though they were collecting data on groundwater levels, it wasn’t adequate for decision-making purposes. What do you attribute that to?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Moran: That was a very big finding. I think there are numerous reasons. Firstly, they may just be collecting data that isn’t high enough quality. Maybe they just aren’t collecting it at a high enough spatial or temporal frequency.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Or one of the things you hear a lot about in California is fragmented jurisdictions. Essentially, you can have 30 or 40 different agencies all working in the same groundwater basin, so maybe you are collecting really good data within your basin, but you still don’t feel like you can make decisions about the basin because you’re collecting data on a small scale.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the recommendations we make in the report is that agencies should use the authority that they are given under SGMA to access private production wells to monitor. It comes back to this idea where an agency might cover a large area and they may have a bunch of their own monitoring wells, but there may be huge portions of their jurisdictional area where there is only private land and they can’t monitor production wells on there.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Water Deeply: What’s the gap between where most agencies are now in the kinds of data they collect and what’s going to be required of them with SGMA?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Moran: It depends. Some basins are in really good shape, a lot are somewhat in the middle where they are going to struggle mostly with coordinating data that are already there and coming up with integrated conceptual models across their basins. There are some basins that are really lacking a lot of information. A lot of the data that are called out under SGMA are either missing right now or highly uncertain. For a lot of basins it will be a long-term process.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Water Deeply: What was your most significant finding?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Moran: One of the really big things that came out of the survey for us was that people really felt that they needed more standardization of methods and a common data-sharing platform. They really felt that this exchange of information was happening and they weren’t able to do it and as a result they weren’t able to manage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That was huge.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Water Deeply: One of the goals of SGMA is shared data, right?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Moran: Yes, it’s a requirement at the basin scale. That’s a huge step forward. But I think we need to take the next step forward and have it happen across the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The way the legislation and the regulations have been written means there is going to be a huge step forward in the amount of data being collected, the characterization of basins across the state, and access to the data that’s being collected and actually reported. But there will still be a lot of data that aren’t necessarily reported to the state that we won’t have access to.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Water Deeply: Was there anything in your findings that concerned you?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Moran: One concern was the lack of dedicated monitoring wells. You would typically have a production well, which could be screened across multiple aquifers and so if you’re monitoring exclusively in production wells, you may not be able to get groundwater levels in each different aquifer system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Also, when you take groundwater levels, you’re supposed to do it under static conditions, which means you have to have turned off the production well and have it come to some equilibrium again and it’s not always clear how long that will take.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Water Deeply: But a dedicated monitoring well would solve both those problems?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Moran: Yes, with a dedicated monitoring well, if you had three aquifers in your system, you’d have three separate wells that all were screened in just one aquifer for water level or water quality – so you can measure the health of each of those aquifers instead of the combined. And because you’re not pumping from it, it’s more likely to be under static conditions.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Water Deeply: And your surveys found very few areas have these?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Moran: There is a distinct lack of those – they are expensive to drill and to get the easements required. But in the long term we need to see more of those to make sure the data we’re getting are of high enough quality.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Water Deeply: Your research also found that there was very little monitoring of subsidence and groundwater-surface water interactions, both of which seem very important.\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Moran: Subsidence is gaining quite a bit of concern more recently. But it’s expensive data to collect often. Unless you’re seeing direct impacts, it’s hard to raise concern about it. The state is committed to providing large-scale subsidence data for these local agencies. Then local agencies can make a decision about how they monitor it moving forward.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Groundwater-surface water interaction is the same thing – it’s a hugely important data set, but agencies don’t have the technical or financial means to collect data.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Water Deeply: What’s the importance of monitoring surface and groundwater interaction? Is it mostly because groundwater wells can often pull surface water, so you can unknowingly affect surface water levels?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Moran: Within SGMA there is an undesirable result around impacts to surface water users, so that’s a motivator. The other one is groundwater-dependent ecosystems. If you’re pulling too much water from a stream you can cause it to dry up earlier or you could cause it to dry up entirely, which could result in a loss of ecosystems supported by that river or wetland or other groundwater-dependent ecosystems if you start to draw down groundwater too close to a stream.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Water Deeply: What’s next for your research on this?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Moran: We will continue to do the survey. It would be nice to track this over time and see what’s changing, where the problem spots continue to be, where people see opportunities to improve.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This was really focused on data, but it would be nice to add a governance piece, as well. I work with a post-doc who does a lot on water governance and the role of collaboration, so that would be a nice piece to tie in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>“This article originally appeared on\u003c/em>\u003cem> \u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water\">Water Deeply\u003c/a>, and you can find \u003c/em>\u003cem>it \u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/articles/2016/06/30/californias-groundwater-sustainability-challenge\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003cem> For important news about the California drought, you can \u003ca href=\"http://waterdeeply.us5.list-manage.com/subscribe?u=8b78e9a34ff7443ec1e8c62c6&id=2947becb78\">sign up\u003c/a> to the Water Deeply email list.”\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"info": "Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.",
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"soldout": {
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"title": "SOLD OUT: Rethinking Housing in America",
"tagline": "A new future for housing",
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