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"content": "\u003cp>Swaths of public land in the California desert will be opened to solar and wind farms under \u003ca href=\"http://www.blm.gov/ca/st/en/prog/energy/DRECP.html\">a federal plan\u003c/a> released Wednesday that preserves much of the landscape for conservation and recreation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://blm-egis.maps.arcgis.com/apps/Cascade/index.html?appid=dab7cfb5d8c9423683756b427d03cd92\">long-awaited blueprint\u003c/a> finalized by the U.S. Interior Department after a years-long process seeks to balance renewable energy development and species protection on \u003ca href=\"https://drecp.databasin.org/maps/dbaa5e285e06441095d23627507e9b50/active\">17,000 square miles\u003c/a> of desert managed by the federal government.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The California desert — a mix of sand dunes, jagged canyons and colorful rock formations — stretches 350 miles from Owens Valley east of the Sierra Nevada to near the Mexican border.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Home to the threatened desert tortoise, bighorn sheep and other animals, its vastness and ample sunshine make it an attractive hotspot for sprawling solar, wind and geothermal plants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_995293\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 980px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-995293\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/DRECPAreaMap.png\" alt=\"Phase I of the Desert Renewable Energy Conservation Plan took in 10 million acres of public lands. Phase II will include private lands.\" width=\"980\" height=\"571\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/DRECPAreaMap.png 980w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/DRECPAreaMap-400x233.png 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/DRECPAreaMap-800x466.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/DRECPAreaMap-768x447.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/DRECPAreaMap-960x559.png 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 980px) 100vw, 980px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Phase I of the Desert Renewable Energy Conservation Plan took in 10 million acres of public lands. Phase II will include private lands. \u003ccite>(U.S. Bureau of Land Management)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The plan would allow construction on 606 square miles of public land away from ecologically sensitive habitats. Developers who propose projects in the zone would get preferential treatment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another 717 square miles would also be potentially open to clean-energy development, but companies would have to jump over more hurdles to get projects approved.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The majority of federal desert land would be off-limits to development, with government land managers designating 10,200 square miles for conservation and 5,617 square miles for recreation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Environmental groups generally supported the plan, saying it safeguards scenic desert vistas and corridors that allow animals to move within their habitat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We can have a strong clean-energy economy while protecting nature,” said Erica Brand of the Nature Conservancy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The renewable energy industry disagreed, warning the plan would severely limit development.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The federal government “missed a golden opportunity,” Tom Kimbis, acting president of the Solar Energy Industries Association said in a statement. “This plan permanently locks up some of our greatest untapped solar and wind resources, and chooses regulation over innovation and progress.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wind energy advocates said the dozen wind projects under construction on public land when the plan was being formed are now defunct and many developers have fled the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This plan will largely end wind energy development in California,” Nancy Rader, executive director of the California Wind Energy Association, said in a statement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The tension between the renewable energy industry and conservation groups was highlighted in the development of the Ivanpah solar plant, which opened in 2014 on roughly 5 square miles of federal land near the California-Nevada border.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An environmental group unsuccessfully sued the federal government in an attempt to stop construction that displaced desert tortoises. In the end, the developers spent more than $20 million to relocate the animals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The rush to the desert comes amid ambitious climate goals set by the federal government and the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California is on track to meet a state goal of having a third of its energy come from renewable sources by 2020. It recently set a higher bar to generate half of its electricity from the sun, wind or geothermal power by 2030.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>President Barack Obama has called on the Interior Department to approve renewable energy projects that generate 20,000 megawatts of power on public land by 2020.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since 2009, the department has signed off on 59 large-scale renewable energy projects on federal land in the West including 35 solar plants, 11 wind farms and 13 geothermal projects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State and federal officials said the newly carved California development zone should help reach both goals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Work on the plan began in 2008 during a time when developers armed with government subsidies were eyeing the Mojave Desert and elsewhere to erect solar panels and wind turbines. State and federal energy and wildlife agencies tasked with creating the road map consulted with environmentalists, developers, scientists, American Indian tribes and others.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A draft plan was released in 2014 covering 22 million acres of public and private land that sought to bring order to the green building boom.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Planners decided to tackle the public land portion first and are currently working with several counties to pinpoint private desert land suitable for clean-energy projects and other areas for conservation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Center for Biological Diversity called the latest plan a positive step but said it doesn’t do enough to conserve wildlife habitat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The lands eyed for development are either already disturbed or considered less valuable from an ecological perspective. By confining the renewable energy industry to regions that are less controversial, land managers said companies should have an easier time pushing projects through while facing less resistance from environmental groups.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This gives more certainty” to developers, said Jerry Perez, state director of the U.S. Bureau of Land Management, adding that companies will still have to get permits and do environmental reviews.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"title": "Long-Awaited Plan Divvies up California Desert for Conservation, Renewable Energy | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Swaths of public land in the California desert will be opened to solar and wind farms under \u003ca href=\"http://www.blm.gov/ca/st/en/prog/energy/DRECP.html\">a federal plan\u003c/a> released Wednesday that preserves much of the landscape for conservation and recreation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://blm-egis.maps.arcgis.com/apps/Cascade/index.html?appid=dab7cfb5d8c9423683756b427d03cd92\">long-awaited blueprint\u003c/a> finalized by the U.S. Interior Department after a years-long process seeks to balance renewable energy development and species protection on \u003ca href=\"https://drecp.databasin.org/maps/dbaa5e285e06441095d23627507e9b50/active\">17,000 square miles\u003c/a> of desert managed by the federal government.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The California desert — a mix of sand dunes, jagged canyons and colorful rock formations — stretches 350 miles from Owens Valley east of the Sierra Nevada to near the Mexican border.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Home to the threatened desert tortoise, bighorn sheep and other animals, its vastness and ample sunshine make it an attractive hotspot for sprawling solar, wind and geothermal plants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_995293\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 980px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-995293\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/DRECPAreaMap.png\" alt=\"Phase I of the Desert Renewable Energy Conservation Plan took in 10 million acres of public lands. Phase II will include private lands.\" width=\"980\" height=\"571\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/DRECPAreaMap.png 980w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/DRECPAreaMap-400x233.png 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/DRECPAreaMap-800x466.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/DRECPAreaMap-768x447.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/DRECPAreaMap-960x559.png 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 980px) 100vw, 980px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Phase I of the Desert Renewable Energy Conservation Plan took in 10 million acres of public lands. Phase II will include private lands. \u003ccite>(U.S. Bureau of Land Management)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The plan would allow construction on 606 square miles of public land away from ecologically sensitive habitats. Developers who propose projects in the zone would get preferential treatment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another 717 square miles would also be potentially open to clean-energy development, but companies would have to jump over more hurdles to get projects approved.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The majority of federal desert land would be off-limits to development, with government land managers designating 10,200 square miles for conservation and 5,617 square miles for recreation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Environmental groups generally supported the plan, saying it safeguards scenic desert vistas and corridors that allow animals to move within their habitat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We can have a strong clean-energy economy while protecting nature,” said Erica Brand of the Nature Conservancy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The renewable energy industry disagreed, warning the plan would severely limit development.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The federal government “missed a golden opportunity,” Tom Kimbis, acting president of the Solar Energy Industries Association said in a statement. “This plan permanently locks up some of our greatest untapped solar and wind resources, and chooses regulation over innovation and progress.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wind energy advocates said the dozen wind projects under construction on public land when the plan was being formed are now defunct and many developers have fled the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This plan will largely end wind energy development in California,” Nancy Rader, executive director of the California Wind Energy Association, said in a statement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The tension between the renewable energy industry and conservation groups was highlighted in the development of the Ivanpah solar plant, which opened in 2014 on roughly 5 square miles of federal land near the California-Nevada border.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An environmental group unsuccessfully sued the federal government in an attempt to stop construction that displaced desert tortoises. In the end, the developers spent more than $20 million to relocate the animals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The rush to the desert comes amid ambitious climate goals set by the federal government and the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California is on track to meet a state goal of having a third of its energy come from renewable sources by 2020. It recently set a higher bar to generate half of its electricity from the sun, wind or geothermal power by 2030.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>President Barack Obama has called on the Interior Department to approve renewable energy projects that generate 20,000 megawatts of power on public land by 2020.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since 2009, the department has signed off on 59 large-scale renewable energy projects on federal land in the West including 35 solar plants, 11 wind farms and 13 geothermal projects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State and federal officials said the newly carved California development zone should help reach both goals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Work on the plan began in 2008 during a time when developers armed with government subsidies were eyeing the Mojave Desert and elsewhere to erect solar panels and wind turbines. State and federal energy and wildlife agencies tasked with creating the road map consulted with environmentalists, developers, scientists, American Indian tribes and others.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A draft plan was released in 2014 covering 22 million acres of public and private land that sought to bring order to the green building boom.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Planners decided to tackle the public land portion first and are currently working with several counties to pinpoint private desert land suitable for clean-energy projects and other areas for conservation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Center for Biological Diversity called the latest plan a positive step but said it doesn’t do enough to conserve wildlife habitat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The lands eyed for development are either already disturbed or considered less valuable from an ecological perspective. By confining the renewable energy industry to regions that are less controversial, land managers said companies should have an easier time pushing projects through while facing less resistance from environmental groups.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This gives more certainty” to developers, said Jerry Perez, state director of the U.S. Bureau of Land Management, adding that companies will still have to get permits and do environmental reviews.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Gov. Jerry Brown is approving $900 million in funding for environmental programs from California’s fee charged to polluters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The plan signed Wednesday by the Democratic governor includes money for clean-vehicle subsidies, urban parks and trees, home weatherization and transit programs, among other efforts to clean California’s notoriously dirty air.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brown negotiated the spending plan with top Democratic legislative leaders. It was approved on the last day of the legislative session.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The money represents two-thirds of the available funding from California’s carbon-emission fee known as cap-and-trade.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some Republicans say it’s irresponsible for the state to spend money generated from a fee being challenged in court.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The governor also signed legislation requiring that a portion of cap-and-trade proceeds benefit low-income households.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Gov. Jerry Brown is approving $900 million in funding for environmental programs from California’s fee charged to polluters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The plan signed Wednesday by the Democratic governor includes money for clean-vehicle subsidies, urban parks and trees, home weatherization and transit programs, among other efforts to clean California’s notoriously dirty air.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brown negotiated the spending plan with top Democratic legislative leaders. It was approved on the last day of the legislative session.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The money represents two-thirds of the available funding from California’s carbon-emission fee known as cap-and-trade.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some Republicans say it’s irresponsible for the state to spend money generated from a fee being challenged in court.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "The Surprising Science of Wildfires and Tree-Killing Beetles",
"headTitle": "The Surprising Science of Wildfires and Tree-Killing Beetles | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>So far this year \u003ca href=\"http://cdfdata.fire.ca.gov/incidents/incidents_stats?year=2016\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">4,636 wildfires\u003c/a> in California have burned more than 200,000 acres. That’s more fires than this time last year and more fires than the five-year average. In fact, in the last few decades, the number of large fires are on the rise across the Western United States and the length of the fire season continues to expand.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">There are some areas, particularly in parts of the southern Sierra Nevada, where up to 85 percent of the large trees are dead or dying.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>One of the biggest reasons for this is \u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/articles/2016/07/05/summer-of-fire-climate-change-driving-wildfires\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">warming temperatures\u003c/a>, which are impacting snowpack and ushering in an earlier spring. California has an added challenge of dealing with a five-year drought. The drought and climate change have allowed bark beetles to get the upper hand in swathes of forest in the Sierra Nevada, creating what ecologists call “pulses” of tree mortality. To the average person it looks like a lot of red needles on dead trees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Forest Service last estimated some \u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/articles/2016/06/29/summer-of-fire-drought-transforms-southern-sierra\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">66 million dead trees\u003c/a> in the Sierra Nevada based on aerial surveys – it’s not a huge number compared to the entire region, but the dead trees aren’t spread out evenly across the mountain range. Instead, there are some areas, particularly in parts of the southern Sierra Nevada, where up to 85 percent of the large trees are dead or dying. This rings alarm bells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One such bell is the role that these beetle-killed trees play in increasing fire danger. Lots of dead trees surely means there is an increased risk of severe wildfires, right? \u003cspan class=\"caps\">U.S.\u003c/span> Agriculture Secretary Tom Vilsack \u003ca href=\"http://www.usda.gov/wps/portal/usda/usdamobile?contentid=2016/06/0150.xml&contentidonly=true\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">said\u003c/a>, “Tree dies-offs of this magnitude are unprecedented and increase the risk of catastrophic wildfires that puts property and lives at risk.” The media have also repeatedly reported that beetle-killed trees are creating a tinder box.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It makes logical sense, but a growing body of scientific research being conducted in the field is revealing otherwise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Fire Probability\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”iPsN9cgY2cE59mWyfxqdPy9Jbqn9goW6″]In considering whether beetle-killed trees affect fire risk, researchers often consider two different dimensions. The first is the probability that a fire will occur. So, are we likely to see more wildfires in places with pulses of tree mortality from beetles? And second, when fires do occur in an area with beetle-killed trees, will it burn more severely?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When it comes to the first area of study, the science conducted in the mountains in the American West in recent years is growing in consensus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://geography.colorado.edu/people/faculty_member/veblen_tom\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Tom Veblen\u003c/a>, a professor of geography at the University of Colorado at Boulder, has been involved in studying the effects of fire and mountain pine beetle outbreaks in the Rocky Mountains for 25 years. He is also the co-author of a \u003ca href=\"http://www.pnas.org/content/112/14/4375.abstract\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">study led by Sarah J. Hart\u003c/a>, also of\u003cspan class=\"caps\">U.C.\u003c/span>-Boulder, that was published last year in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Hart study looked at the effects of mountain pine beetles across forests in the Western \u003cspan class=\"caps\">U.S.\u003c/span> (excluding Alaska) and found definitively that the area burned has not increased because of beetle-killed trees. This includes whether the trees were in the “red stage,” which means the dead needles are still on the trees, or the “grey stage,” in which the needles have fallen off.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is one of several studies that have reached the same conclusion,” said Veblen. “There are no studies that I know that have shown the opposite, even though my intuitive expectation and that of many other researchers at the outset was that we should find either an increase in likelihood of fire, meaning probability of fire occurrence after bark beetle outbreaks, or we should see an increase of fire severity.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Harold Zald, now at Humboldt State University, found similar results in the Pacific Northwest. He co-authored a \u003ca href=\"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1890/ES15-00037.1/full\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">study\u003c/a> that looked at data beginning in the 1970s to determine the effects of two insects – mountain pine beetles and western spruce budworm – on fires in the mountains of Oregon and Washington. “You just don’t see the probability of fire increasing after a lot of tree mortality due to these insects,” said Zald. In fact, in some cases, fire likelihood was lower where western spruce budworm, a “defoliator” that consumes needles, had killed trees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Fire Severity\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When you move beyond fire probability to whether or not these dead trees increase fire severity, things get a bit more complicated. Some studies using computer modeling have shown that fire severity could increase, especially shortly following tree mortality when red needles are still on the trees. The Forest Service maintains that fire risk also increases when dead trees fall to the forest floor. The service states on its \u003ca href=\"http://www.fs.usda.gov/detail/catreemortality/home/?cid=fseprd499698\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">website\u003c/a>, “Observation of recent wildfires has shown that dead trees ignited easily and burned hotter and faster than the living trees containing minimal moisture.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://nature.berkeley.edu/stephenslab/lab-members/dr-brandon-collins/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Brandon Collins\u003c/a>, a research fire scientist with the Forest Service and University of California at Berkeley, said that since green trees contain more moisture than dead trees, it’s easier for combustion to take place. “In a beetle-killed tree there is much less of a threshold to get over in terms of driving off moisture,” he said. And if surrounding trees also contain low moisture, there is the potential of the fire to spread at a higher rate as a burning tree throws off embers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But recent field studies found different results.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Research \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128027493000062\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">published\u003c/a> by Veblen and Clark University’s Dominik Kulakowski in 2015 found that “the best available science indicates that outbreaks of bark beetles do not increase the risk of high-severity fires in lodgepole pine and spruce-fir forests of the Rocky Mountains.” It’s possible that in some cases the loss of needles would reduce the risk of crown fires, which spread from the canopy of trees and are associated with severe fires.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A 2011 \u003ca href=\"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1890/10-1176.1/full\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">study\u003c/a> led by Martin Simard of the University of Wisconsin looked at lodgepole pine forests in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem, which encompasses parts of Wyoming, Montana and Idaho, and found that when it comes to beetles and fire, “contrary to conventional wisdom, the interaction was a negative feedback in which the probability of active crown fire appeared to be reduced.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A 2009 \u003ca href=\"http://www.biologicaldiversity.org/publications/papers/Bond_et_al.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">study\u003c/a> looked at conifer forests in the San Bernardino Mountains in Southern California after significant tree mortality, stemming from a pine beetle outbreak in 2002, was followed by fires in subsequent years. The study also did not find evidence of increased severity in pre-killed trees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The forests with a lot of snags [dead trees] including with a lot of snags with orange needles still on the trees, they did not burn more severely than the areas with few or no snags,” said \u003ca href=\"http://johnmuirproject.org/profile/chad-hanson/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Chad Hanson\u003c/a>, an ecologist with the John Muir Project and one of the study’s co-authors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In that study the researchers also found that larger trees, those over 61 centimeters (24 inches) in diameter, burned less severely than areas with trees that were 28 to 60 centimeters in diameter. “This result suggests that harvesting larger-sized trees for fire-severity reduction purposes is likely to be ineffective and possibly counter-productive,” the researchers wrote.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Zald, whose work has focused on the Pacific Northwest, said that one of the biggest findings from looking at the research is that context matters – findings can change based on location, the kind of insect, how long ago the tree mortality occurred and whether studies were done on individual fires or across regions. What may be true for lodgepole pine forests in the Rocky Mountains may not be true for mixed conifer forests in the Sierra Nevada, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And Veblen said that not much research has been done yet in California. “There has been a disconnect between the researchers in California, who are sometimes quoted as saying [that] because of bark beetle mortality we are very likely to see an increase in fire severity, versus a large body of research on the Rocky Mountain region which does not support that assertion,” said Veblen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Research location is key. “We have pretty clear answers to these questions for high elevations, subalpine forests,” said Veblen. This include forests with Engelmann spruce, subalpine fir and lodgepole pine. But at lower elevations with chaparral and patches of conifer, there has been little research, and changes in vegetation type can result in radical changes in fuels, affecting fire behavior.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Fire Drivers\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These findings may seem counterintuitive if you’ve ever made a campfire, as dead wood clearly burns more readily than green wood. But the magnitude of forest fires can change the equation. Findings suggest that under certain conditions, it actually doesn’t matter if the trees are alive or dead. “During extreme fire weather that promotes high fire activity in the western United States, fuels are likely dry enough to promote extensive burning regardless of alterations to fuels due to [mountain pine beetle] infestation,” the Hart study found.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Collins concurred, and said that under dry and windy conditions, tree moisture may not matter. But he added, “Under anything less than those extreme examples, then yes, the moisture does matter.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s also another explanation. “The increase in bark beetle activity hasn’t fundamentally changed the potential for fire because fire is being driven by climate,” said Veblen. “It’s a tinderbox because of global warming – it’s really that simple.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Veblen’s work points out that the overwhelming conclusion of the growing body of research highlights a much larger problem that is driving both fires and tree mortality from beetles: climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Research conducted thus far has consistently indicated that weather and climate are more important than the effects of outbreaks in determining fire risk and behavior in Rocky Mountain subalpine forests,” wrote Veblen and Kulakowski. “Although thoroughly considering the nuanced links between outbreaks and wildfires is important, recognizing that the increase in both outbreaks and wildfires is primarily driven by climatic warming may be as, or perhaps even more, important.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just because the findings may not implicate beetle-killed trees in increased fire severity or probability in some places, there may still be other ways in which they affect fire behavior. And, if the trees are in places near homes and other infrastructure, they do still require mitigation, said Veblen, because they can be a danger.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"fin\">“If we focus on protecting homes, it gives us the potential to reintroduce fire, including larger, mixed intensity fires, into our forests in remote areas and allow those fires to burn without trying to suppress them,” said Hanson. “For the next decade or more, the bulk of our resources need to be spent making sure homes are protected.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"fin\">\u003cem>This article originally appeared on \u003ca href=\"http://waterdeeply.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Water Deeply\u003c/a>, and you can find the original \u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/articles/2016/09/14/the-surprising-science-of-wildfires-and-tree-killing-beetles\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">here\u003c/a>. For important news about the California drought, you can \u003ca href=\"http://nwsdp.ly/waterlist\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">sign up to the Water Deeply email list\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"description": "Beetles are killing trees in the Western United States and it seems only logical that the dead, dry trees would increase risk of wildfires, but recent scientific studies suggest the issue is more complicated.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>So far this year \u003ca href=\"http://cdfdata.fire.ca.gov/incidents/incidents_stats?year=2016\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">4,636 wildfires\u003c/a> in California have burned more than 200,000 acres. That’s more fires than this time last year and more fires than the five-year average. In fact, in the last few decades, the number of large fires are on the rise across the Western United States and the length of the fire season continues to expand.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">There are some areas, particularly in parts of the southern Sierra Nevada, where up to 85 percent of the large trees are dead or dying.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>One of the biggest reasons for this is \u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/articles/2016/07/05/summer-of-fire-climate-change-driving-wildfires\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">warming temperatures\u003c/a>, which are impacting snowpack and ushering in an earlier spring. California has an added challenge of dealing with a five-year drought. The drought and climate change have allowed bark beetles to get the upper hand in swathes of forest in the Sierra Nevada, creating what ecologists call “pulses” of tree mortality. To the average person it looks like a lot of red needles on dead trees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Forest Service last estimated some \u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/articles/2016/06/29/summer-of-fire-drought-transforms-southern-sierra\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">66 million dead trees\u003c/a> in the Sierra Nevada based on aerial surveys – it’s not a huge number compared to the entire region, but the dead trees aren’t spread out evenly across the mountain range. Instead, there are some areas, particularly in parts of the southern Sierra Nevada, where up to 85 percent of the large trees are dead or dying. This rings alarm bells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One such bell is the role that these beetle-killed trees play in increasing fire danger. Lots of dead trees surely means there is an increased risk of severe wildfires, right? \u003cspan class=\"caps\">U.S.\u003c/span> Agriculture Secretary Tom Vilsack \u003ca href=\"http://www.usda.gov/wps/portal/usda/usdamobile?contentid=2016/06/0150.xml&contentidonly=true\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">said\u003c/a>, “Tree dies-offs of this magnitude are unprecedented and increase the risk of catastrophic wildfires that puts property and lives at risk.” The media have also repeatedly reported that beetle-killed trees are creating a tinder box.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It makes logical sense, but a growing body of scientific research being conducted in the field is revealing otherwise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Fire Probability\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>In considering whether beetle-killed trees affect fire risk, researchers often consider two different dimensions. The first is the probability that a fire will occur. So, are we likely to see more wildfires in places with pulses of tree mortality from beetles? And second, when fires do occur in an area with beetle-killed trees, will it burn more severely?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When it comes to the first area of study, the science conducted in the mountains in the American West in recent years is growing in consensus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://geography.colorado.edu/people/faculty_member/veblen_tom\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Tom Veblen\u003c/a>, a professor of geography at the University of Colorado at Boulder, has been involved in studying the effects of fire and mountain pine beetle outbreaks in the Rocky Mountains for 25 years. He is also the co-author of a \u003ca href=\"http://www.pnas.org/content/112/14/4375.abstract\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">study led by Sarah J. Hart\u003c/a>, also of\u003cspan class=\"caps\">U.C.\u003c/span>-Boulder, that was published last year in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Hart study looked at the effects of mountain pine beetles across forests in the Western \u003cspan class=\"caps\">U.S.\u003c/span> (excluding Alaska) and found definitively that the area burned has not increased because of beetle-killed trees. This includes whether the trees were in the “red stage,” which means the dead needles are still on the trees, or the “grey stage,” in which the needles have fallen off.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is one of several studies that have reached the same conclusion,” said Veblen. “There are no studies that I know that have shown the opposite, even though my intuitive expectation and that of many other researchers at the outset was that we should find either an increase in likelihood of fire, meaning probability of fire occurrence after bark beetle outbreaks, or we should see an increase of fire severity.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Harold Zald, now at Humboldt State University, found similar results in the Pacific Northwest. He co-authored a \u003ca href=\"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1890/ES15-00037.1/full\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">study\u003c/a> that looked at data beginning in the 1970s to determine the effects of two insects – mountain pine beetles and western spruce budworm – on fires in the mountains of Oregon and Washington. “You just don’t see the probability of fire increasing after a lot of tree mortality due to these insects,” said Zald. In fact, in some cases, fire likelihood was lower where western spruce budworm, a “defoliator” that consumes needles, had killed trees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Fire Severity\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When you move beyond fire probability to whether or not these dead trees increase fire severity, things get a bit more complicated. Some studies using computer modeling have shown that fire severity could increase, especially shortly following tree mortality when red needles are still on the trees. The Forest Service maintains that fire risk also increases when dead trees fall to the forest floor. The service states on its \u003ca href=\"http://www.fs.usda.gov/detail/catreemortality/home/?cid=fseprd499698\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">website\u003c/a>, “Observation of recent wildfires has shown that dead trees ignited easily and burned hotter and faster than the living trees containing minimal moisture.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://nature.berkeley.edu/stephenslab/lab-members/dr-brandon-collins/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Brandon Collins\u003c/a>, a research fire scientist with the Forest Service and University of California at Berkeley, said that since green trees contain more moisture than dead trees, it’s easier for combustion to take place. “In a beetle-killed tree there is much less of a threshold to get over in terms of driving off moisture,” he said. And if surrounding trees also contain low moisture, there is the potential of the fire to spread at a higher rate as a burning tree throws off embers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But recent field studies found different results.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Research \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128027493000062\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">published\u003c/a> by Veblen and Clark University’s Dominik Kulakowski in 2015 found that “the best available science indicates that outbreaks of bark beetles do not increase the risk of high-severity fires in lodgepole pine and spruce-fir forests of the Rocky Mountains.” It’s possible that in some cases the loss of needles would reduce the risk of crown fires, which spread from the canopy of trees and are associated with severe fires.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A 2011 \u003ca href=\"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1890/10-1176.1/full\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">study\u003c/a> led by Martin Simard of the University of Wisconsin looked at lodgepole pine forests in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem, which encompasses parts of Wyoming, Montana and Idaho, and found that when it comes to beetles and fire, “contrary to conventional wisdom, the interaction was a negative feedback in which the probability of active crown fire appeared to be reduced.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A 2009 \u003ca href=\"http://www.biologicaldiversity.org/publications/papers/Bond_et_al.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">study\u003c/a> looked at conifer forests in the San Bernardino Mountains in Southern California after significant tree mortality, stemming from a pine beetle outbreak in 2002, was followed by fires in subsequent years. The study also did not find evidence of increased severity in pre-killed trees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The forests with a lot of snags [dead trees] including with a lot of snags with orange needles still on the trees, they did not burn more severely than the areas with few or no snags,” said \u003ca href=\"http://johnmuirproject.org/profile/chad-hanson/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Chad Hanson\u003c/a>, an ecologist with the John Muir Project and one of the study’s co-authors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In that study the researchers also found that larger trees, those over 61 centimeters (24 inches) in diameter, burned less severely than areas with trees that were 28 to 60 centimeters in diameter. “This result suggests that harvesting larger-sized trees for fire-severity reduction purposes is likely to be ineffective and possibly counter-productive,” the researchers wrote.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Zald, whose work has focused on the Pacific Northwest, said that one of the biggest findings from looking at the research is that context matters – findings can change based on location, the kind of insect, how long ago the tree mortality occurred and whether studies were done on individual fires or across regions. What may be true for lodgepole pine forests in the Rocky Mountains may not be true for mixed conifer forests in the Sierra Nevada, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And Veblen said that not much research has been done yet in California. “There has been a disconnect between the researchers in California, who are sometimes quoted as saying [that] because of bark beetle mortality we are very likely to see an increase in fire severity, versus a large body of research on the Rocky Mountain region which does not support that assertion,” said Veblen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Research location is key. “We have pretty clear answers to these questions for high elevations, subalpine forests,” said Veblen. This include forests with Engelmann spruce, subalpine fir and lodgepole pine. But at lower elevations with chaparral and patches of conifer, there has been little research, and changes in vegetation type can result in radical changes in fuels, affecting fire behavior.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Fire Drivers\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These findings may seem counterintuitive if you’ve ever made a campfire, as dead wood clearly burns more readily than green wood. But the magnitude of forest fires can change the equation. Findings suggest that under certain conditions, it actually doesn’t matter if the trees are alive or dead. “During extreme fire weather that promotes high fire activity in the western United States, fuels are likely dry enough to promote extensive burning regardless of alterations to fuels due to [mountain pine beetle] infestation,” the Hart study found.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Collins concurred, and said that under dry and windy conditions, tree moisture may not matter. But he added, “Under anything less than those extreme examples, then yes, the moisture does matter.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s also another explanation. “The increase in bark beetle activity hasn’t fundamentally changed the potential for fire because fire is being driven by climate,” said Veblen. “It’s a tinderbox because of global warming – it’s really that simple.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Veblen’s work points out that the overwhelming conclusion of the growing body of research highlights a much larger problem that is driving both fires and tree mortality from beetles: climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Research conducted thus far has consistently indicated that weather and climate are more important than the effects of outbreaks in determining fire risk and behavior in Rocky Mountain subalpine forests,” wrote Veblen and Kulakowski. “Although thoroughly considering the nuanced links between outbreaks and wildfires is important, recognizing that the increase in both outbreaks and wildfires is primarily driven by climatic warming may be as, or perhaps even more, important.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just because the findings may not implicate beetle-killed trees in increased fire severity or probability in some places, there may still be other ways in which they affect fire behavior. And, if the trees are in places near homes and other infrastructure, they do still require mitigation, said Veblen, because they can be a danger.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"fin\">“If we focus on protecting homes, it gives us the potential to reintroduce fire, including larger, mixed intensity fires, into our forests in remote areas and allow those fires to burn without trying to suppress them,” said Hanson. “For the next decade or more, the bulk of our resources need to be spent making sure homes are protected.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"fin\">\u003cem>This article originally appeared on \u003ca href=\"http://waterdeeply.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Water Deeply\u003c/a>, and you can find the original \u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/articles/2016/09/14/the-surprising-science-of-wildfires-and-tree-killing-beetles\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">here\u003c/a>. For important news about the California drought, you can \u003ca href=\"http://nwsdp.ly/waterlist\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">sign up to the Water Deeply email list\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Do you like nerdy web comics and climate change real talk? Of course you do.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Randall Munroe, creator of the tri-weekly web comic xkcd, has combined the two into an epic timeline of earth’s climate. It shows just how \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/tiny-maps-climate-change-20652\">radical the recent changes\u003c/a> are and puts to bed the trope “the climate has changed before.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/august-ties-july-as-hottest-month-on-record-20691\">two hottest months\u003c/a> the world has ever recorded just happened back-to-back. And we’re about to have \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/99-percent-chance-2016-hottest-year-20359\">back-to-back-to-back hottest years\u003c/a>. \u003ca href=\"http://wxshift.com/climate-change/climate-indicators/sea-level-rise\">Sea levels\u003c/a> are also rising, \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/antarctica-co2-400-ppm-million-years-20451\">carbon dioxide in the atmosphere\u003c/a> is at its highest levels in eons, and a host of other signs show that humans are altering the climate in ways unseen in millenia. Yet “the climate has changed before” line is often trotted out to essentially say ¯\\_(ツ)_/¯.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Enter xkcd’s comic, which lays bare why we shouldn’t shrug off the recent rapid changes. Using data from tree rings, ice cores and thermometers, it shows that yes, the climate has indeed changed over the past 22,000 years. Slowly. The ups and downs have been driven by changes in the earth’s orbit and other natural factors that influence the earth’s climate. The changes have been slow enough, however, for humans to adapt and even thrive during that period.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The difference in the past century has been humans adding more greenhouse gases to the atmosphere. The subsequent temperature rise has been far more rapid than the generally gentle ups and downs over the past 22,000 years during which humans have spread out across the planet. And the temperature rise in the pipeline is \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/warming-rates-unseen-in-1000-years-18745\">even more dramatic\u003c/a> unless we cut emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Munroe’s comic makes this clear and the long scroll is an effective way to show just how long we’ve enjoyed a fairly stable climate. (There’s also a whole riff on dogs buried in there you should definitely seek out below.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s been some \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/thirstygecko/status/775386499852357633\">pushback from scientists\u003c/a> about comparing paleoclimate data to the present temperature record. But University of Albany PhD student Chris Colose, one of the scientists pushing back a bit, summed up where the climate is heading if we don’t cut carbon emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://twitter.com/CColose/status/775405404582969344\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Anyways, enough with the chit chat. Scroll down through the whole xkcd timeline below (or check it on \u003ca href=\"http://xkcd.com/1732/\">Munroe’s site\u003c/a>).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-992490\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/Brian_xkcd.png\" alt=\"Brian_xkcd\" width=\"740\" height=\"14957\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/Brian_xkcd.png 740w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/Brian_xkcd-400x8085.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 740px) 100vw, 740px\">\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Do you like nerdy web comics and climate change real talk? Of course you do.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Randall Munroe, creator of the tri-weekly web comic xkcd, has combined the two into an epic timeline of earth’s climate. It shows just how \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/tiny-maps-climate-change-20652\">radical the recent changes\u003c/a> are and puts to bed the trope “the climate has changed before.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/august-ties-july-as-hottest-month-on-record-20691\">two hottest months\u003c/a> the world has ever recorded just happened back-to-back. And we’re about to have \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/99-percent-chance-2016-hottest-year-20359\">back-to-back-to-back hottest years\u003c/a>. \u003ca href=\"http://wxshift.com/climate-change/climate-indicators/sea-level-rise\">Sea levels\u003c/a> are also rising, \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/antarctica-co2-400-ppm-million-years-20451\">carbon dioxide in the atmosphere\u003c/a> is at its highest levels in eons, and a host of other signs show that humans are altering the climate in ways unseen in millenia. Yet “the climate has changed before” line is often trotted out to essentially say ¯\\_(ツ)_/¯.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Enter xkcd’s comic, which lays bare why we shouldn’t shrug off the recent rapid changes. Using data from tree rings, ice cores and thermometers, it shows that yes, the climate has indeed changed over the past 22,000 years. Slowly. The ups and downs have been driven by changes in the earth’s orbit and other natural factors that influence the earth’s climate. The changes have been slow enough, however, for humans to adapt and even thrive during that period.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The difference in the past century has been humans adding more greenhouse gases to the atmosphere. The subsequent temperature rise has been far more rapid than the generally gentle ups and downs over the past 22,000 years during which humans have spread out across the planet. And the temperature rise in the pipeline is \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/warming-rates-unseen-in-1000-years-18745\">even more dramatic\u003c/a> unless we cut emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Munroe’s comic makes this clear and the long scroll is an effective way to show just how long we’ve enjoyed a fairly stable climate. (There’s also a whole riff on dogs buried in there you should definitely seek out below.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s been some \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/thirstygecko/status/775386499852357633\">pushback from scientists\u003c/a> about comparing paleoclimate data to the present temperature record. But University of Albany PhD student Chris Colose, one of the scientists pushing back a bit, summed up where the climate is heading if we don’t cut carbon emissions.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\n\u003cp>Anyways, enough with the chit chat. Scroll down through the whole xkcd timeline below (or check it on \u003ca href=\"http://xkcd.com/1732/\">Munroe’s site\u003c/a>).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-992490\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/Brian_xkcd.png\" alt=\"Brian_xkcd\" width=\"740\" height=\"14957\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/Brian_xkcd.png 740w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/Brian_xkcd-400x8085.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 740px) 100vw, 740px\">\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>NASA sent a robotic spacecraft from Florida \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/09/08/491482001/nasa-mission-to-retrieve-ancient-asteroid-dust-is-ready-for-launch\">out to an asteroid\u003c/a> Thursday, but that’s not the only asteroid mission the space agency has in the works.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Officials also want to study a different asteroid with the help of astronauts. And it looks like the next president, plus Congress, will have to decide whether this \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/content/what-is-nasa-s-asteroid-redirect-mission\">human mission\u003c/a> to a flying rock should ever get off the ground.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The idea of visiting an asteroid goes back to 2010, when President Obama went to Kennedy Space Center in Florida to lay out his new plan for space exploration. He said he wanted astronauts to eventually land on Mars, and that the first steps would be to send astronauts out beyond the moon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ll start by sending astronauts to an asteroid, for the first time in history,” he \u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/about/obama_ksc_pod.html\">told\u003c/a> the NASA workers. “By the mid-2030s, I believe we can send humans to orbit Mars and return them safely to Earth. And a landing on Mars will follow.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The trouble is, flying people to an asteroid turned out to be really hard. The trip would take months.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So NASA settled on a slightly different \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2013/04/12/176798246/in-nasas-budget-plans-to-shrink-wrap-an-asteroid\">plan\u003c/a>, called the Asteroid Redirect Mission. The agency would send a robot out to retrieve an asteroid and bring it close to the moon. That way, the astronauts could study it in lunar orbit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It wasn’t sending people to an asteroid; it was bringing an asteroid to people. But you were still demonstrating some of the technologies that NASA wanted to demonstrate as part of its long-term goal of sending humans to Mars,” explains \u003ca href=\"http://www.spacepolicyonline.com/contributors/marcia-smith\">Marcia Smith\u003c/a>, a space policy analyst and consultant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it was difficult to find a small asteroid to target, and that mission seemed too daunting. “They ultimately made the decision to not move an entire asteroid, but just pluck a boulder from the asteroid’s surface, and bring the boulder to the astronauts,” Smith says. “That is the current plan.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Having a robot venture out tens of millions of miles, grab a multi-ton, car-sized boulder and then drag it to the moon, plus sending people up to study this rock, will cost something like $2 billion. That’s a hefty price tag, and some question whether this mission really makes sense, given NASA’s limited budget for human space exploration.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If your long term goal is to go to Mars, do you need to spend $2 billion doing this mission?” Smith says. “Or can you spend it better doing other things?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NASA \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/content/how-will-nasas-asteroid-redirect-mission-help-humans-reach-mars\">says\u003c/a> that when a crew flies up in the mid-2020s to rendezvous with this hunk of asteroid orbiting the moon, it will be a clear step forward — toward putting people on Mars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_982237\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-982237\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/asteroid-2_NPR.jpg\" alt=\"An astronaut in this artist's conception prepares to investigate the asteroid boulder. But proponents of the NASA mission say that instead of sending humans to an asteroid, it might be easier and quicker to bring the asteroid to the humans.\" width=\"800\" height=\"449\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/asteroid-2_NPR.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/asteroid-2_NPR-400x225.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/asteroid-2_NPR-768x431.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An astronaut in this artist’s conception prepares to investigate the asteroid boulder. But proponents of the NASA mission say that instead of sending humans to an asteroid, it might be easier and quicker to bring the asteroid to the humans. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“It’ll be the first time we have brought humans back to the lunar vicinity,” says \u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/directorates/heo/michele-gates.html\">Michele Gates\u003c/a>, program director for the mission at NASA headquarters in Washington, D.C. “They’ll actually be 50,000 miles past the surface of the moon — farther than people have ever been before.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gates says planners are currently targeting a near-Earth asteroid called 2008 EV5, and that the first part of the mission would launch in December 2021.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A major goal is to use advanced solar electric propulsion that’s already in development at NASA. “This technology that we’ll be demonstrating is truly a leap from where we currently are, and a significant step and contribution to what we’ll need for deeper-space human missions,” Gates says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another part of the mission would be to test out the so-called gravity tractor method for altering the course of an asteroid. The robotic spacecraft would hover near the asteroid for a while, using the tiny force of its gravity to tug the asteroid onto a different path. Seeing how well this works could reveal whether that’s a viable strategy for protecting our planet from any dangerous space rocks that astronomers determine are on a collision course.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>(Speaking of collisions, NASA says that moving around a big boulder in space poses no risk to Earth, because even if there was some kind of unlikely accident, a rock this size would be expected to burn up in our atmosphere.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once astronauts met up with the captured asteroid boulder in lunar orbit, they could gather samples of the big rock to bring home. Gates says they’ll be able to retrieve more material than the fully robotic \u003ca href=\"http://www.asteroidmission.org/\">OSIRIS-REx\u003c/a> mission that just launched. And, she says, these samples “will be carefully selected, utilizing the brains, the real-time thinking, the decision-making and the visual capabilities that humans will bring.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The mission has been through two key decision-making reviews — the last one wrapped up in July. “We’re currently in what we call the formulation stage,” Gates says, adding that NASA would not make any firm commitment until the next major review, scheduled for March 2018.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not everyone loves this mission. Asked if the space agency should do it, former astronaut \u003ca href=\"http://www.jsc.nasa.gov/Bios/htmlbios/voss-ji.html\">James Voss\u003c/a> told NPR, “That’s a really hard question.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_982241\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-982241\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/asteroid-3_NPR.jpg\" alt=\"Using advanced Solar Electric Propulsion technologies would be an essential part of future missions into deep space with larger payloads, NASA says, and this mission would be a way to test the technology. But critics think there are better ways to learn how to explore places such as Mars.\" width=\"800\" height=\"449\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/asteroid-3_NPR.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/asteroid-3_NPR-400x225.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/asteroid-3_NPR-768x431.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Using advanced Solar Electric Propulsion technologies would be an essential part of future missions into deep space with larger payloads, NASA says, and this mission would be a way to test the technology. But critics think there are better ways to learn how to explore places such as Mars. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>He understands NASA’s rationale for it, but says he personally thinks the money could be better spent on something that would get people to Mars more quickly, such as the development of a Mars lander.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Indeed, if you just sat down and tried to chart a path forward to Mars, it’s hard to imagine that you’d include this kind of effort to capture an asteroid, says \u003ca href=\"http://www.leroychiao.com/\">Leroy Chiao\u003c/a>, another former astronaut.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chiao says that if he were still part of the astronaut corps, he’d be excited to fly around the moon. “And if there happened to be an asteroid there that we could fly in formation with or, you know, a boulder, that’s fine. But I’d be just as happy not flying in formation with a boulder.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Given that NASA’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/content/nasas-journey-to-mars\">stated goal\u003c/a> is to get to Mars in the 2030s, Chiao just doesn’t see the point of this asteroid mission, which he believes is a product of budget constraints and politics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“On a technical level, I don’t think it’s worth doing,” Chiao says, adding that NASA seems to be trying to satisfy the White House’s desire to do something with an asteroid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He thinks we’d learn a lot more about how to explore Mars if we did something like set up a moon base to test out habitats, rovers and space suits. “But frankly,” Chiao says, “the moon was perceived as President [George W.] Bush’s program, so I don’t think that was really a starter, politically.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://waynehale.wordpress.com/\">Wayne Hale\u003c/a>, the former head of NASA’s space shuttle program, tells NPR that he thinks the Asteroid Redirect Mission is “a great technology-development mission. It’s not a science mission, and that’s caused it some criticism.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The long term goal, he says, remains to put humans on the surface of Mars. “If a new president were to come in and say, ‘We’re not going to go to Mars, we’re going to just junk that whole idea,” that would be a big deal,” Hale says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But he thinks NASA would be OK if the next president decided that this asteroid plan should be abandoned in favor of a different step toward the Red Planet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I don’t think that would be a huge shift in priorities,” Hale says. “I think that would be something the agency could accommodate.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=NASA%27s+Other+Asteroid+Mission%3A+Grab+A+Chunk+And+Put+It+In+Orbit+Around+The+Moon&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Flying people to an asteroid is really hard, so NASA wants to bring part of it to them. But some former astronauts say the $2 billion plan was born of politics and budget cuts, and makes little sense.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>NASA sent a robotic spacecraft from Florida \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/09/08/491482001/nasa-mission-to-retrieve-ancient-asteroid-dust-is-ready-for-launch\">out to an asteroid\u003c/a> Thursday, but that’s not the only asteroid mission the space agency has in the works.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Officials also want to study a different asteroid with the help of astronauts. And it looks like the next president, plus Congress, will have to decide whether this \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/content/what-is-nasa-s-asteroid-redirect-mission\">human mission\u003c/a> to a flying rock should ever get off the ground.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The idea of visiting an asteroid goes back to 2010, when President Obama went to Kennedy Space Center in Florida to lay out his new plan for space exploration. He said he wanted astronauts to eventually land on Mars, and that the first steps would be to send astronauts out beyond the moon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ll start by sending astronauts to an asteroid, for the first time in history,” he \u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/about/obama_ksc_pod.html\">told\u003c/a> the NASA workers. “By the mid-2030s, I believe we can send humans to orbit Mars and return them safely to Earth. And a landing on Mars will follow.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The trouble is, flying people to an asteroid turned out to be really hard. The trip would take months.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So NASA settled on a slightly different \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2013/04/12/176798246/in-nasas-budget-plans-to-shrink-wrap-an-asteroid\">plan\u003c/a>, called the Asteroid Redirect Mission. The agency would send a robot out to retrieve an asteroid and bring it close to the moon. That way, the astronauts could study it in lunar orbit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It wasn’t sending people to an asteroid; it was bringing an asteroid to people. But you were still demonstrating some of the technologies that NASA wanted to demonstrate as part of its long-term goal of sending humans to Mars,” explains \u003ca href=\"http://www.spacepolicyonline.com/contributors/marcia-smith\">Marcia Smith\u003c/a>, a space policy analyst and consultant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it was difficult to find a small asteroid to target, and that mission seemed too daunting. “They ultimately made the decision to not move an entire asteroid, but just pluck a boulder from the asteroid’s surface, and bring the boulder to the astronauts,” Smith says. “That is the current plan.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Having a robot venture out tens of millions of miles, grab a multi-ton, car-sized boulder and then drag it to the moon, plus sending people up to study this rock, will cost something like $2 billion. That’s a hefty price tag, and some question whether this mission really makes sense, given NASA’s limited budget for human space exploration.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If your long term goal is to go to Mars, do you need to spend $2 billion doing this mission?” Smith says. “Or can you spend it better doing other things?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NASA \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/content/how-will-nasas-asteroid-redirect-mission-help-humans-reach-mars\">says\u003c/a> that when a crew flies up in the mid-2020s to rendezvous with this hunk of asteroid orbiting the moon, it will be a clear step forward — toward putting people on Mars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_982237\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-982237\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/asteroid-2_NPR.jpg\" alt=\"An astronaut in this artist's conception prepares to investigate the asteroid boulder. But proponents of the NASA mission say that instead of sending humans to an asteroid, it might be easier and quicker to bring the asteroid to the humans.\" width=\"800\" height=\"449\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/asteroid-2_NPR.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/asteroid-2_NPR-400x225.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/asteroid-2_NPR-768x431.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An astronaut in this artist’s conception prepares to investigate the asteroid boulder. But proponents of the NASA mission say that instead of sending humans to an asteroid, it might be easier and quicker to bring the asteroid to the humans. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“It’ll be the first time we have brought humans back to the lunar vicinity,” says \u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/directorates/heo/michele-gates.html\">Michele Gates\u003c/a>, program director for the mission at NASA headquarters in Washington, D.C. “They’ll actually be 50,000 miles past the surface of the moon — farther than people have ever been before.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gates says planners are currently targeting a near-Earth asteroid called 2008 EV5, and that the first part of the mission would launch in December 2021.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A major goal is to use advanced solar electric propulsion that’s already in development at NASA. “This technology that we’ll be demonstrating is truly a leap from where we currently are, and a significant step and contribution to what we’ll need for deeper-space human missions,” Gates says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another part of the mission would be to test out the so-called gravity tractor method for altering the course of an asteroid. The robotic spacecraft would hover near the asteroid for a while, using the tiny force of its gravity to tug the asteroid onto a different path. Seeing how well this works could reveal whether that’s a viable strategy for protecting our planet from any dangerous space rocks that astronomers determine are on a collision course.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>(Speaking of collisions, NASA says that moving around a big boulder in space poses no risk to Earth, because even if there was some kind of unlikely accident, a rock this size would be expected to burn up in our atmosphere.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once astronauts met up with the captured asteroid boulder in lunar orbit, they could gather samples of the big rock to bring home. Gates says they’ll be able to retrieve more material than the fully robotic \u003ca href=\"http://www.asteroidmission.org/\">OSIRIS-REx\u003c/a> mission that just launched. And, she says, these samples “will be carefully selected, utilizing the brains, the real-time thinking, the decision-making and the visual capabilities that humans will bring.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The mission has been through two key decision-making reviews — the last one wrapped up in July. “We’re currently in what we call the formulation stage,” Gates says, adding that NASA would not make any firm commitment until the next major review, scheduled for March 2018.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not everyone loves this mission. Asked if the space agency should do it, former astronaut \u003ca href=\"http://www.jsc.nasa.gov/Bios/htmlbios/voss-ji.html\">James Voss\u003c/a> told NPR, “That’s a really hard question.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_982241\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-982241\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/asteroid-3_NPR.jpg\" alt=\"Using advanced Solar Electric Propulsion technologies would be an essential part of future missions into deep space with larger payloads, NASA says, and this mission would be a way to test the technology. But critics think there are better ways to learn how to explore places such as Mars.\" width=\"800\" height=\"449\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/asteroid-3_NPR.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/asteroid-3_NPR-400x225.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/asteroid-3_NPR-768x431.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Using advanced Solar Electric Propulsion technologies would be an essential part of future missions into deep space with larger payloads, NASA says, and this mission would be a way to test the technology. But critics think there are better ways to learn how to explore places such as Mars. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>He understands NASA’s rationale for it, but says he personally thinks the money could be better spent on something that would get people to Mars more quickly, such as the development of a Mars lander.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Indeed, if you just sat down and tried to chart a path forward to Mars, it’s hard to imagine that you’d include this kind of effort to capture an asteroid, says \u003ca href=\"http://www.leroychiao.com/\">Leroy Chiao\u003c/a>, another former astronaut.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chiao says that if he were still part of the astronaut corps, he’d be excited to fly around the moon. “And if there happened to be an asteroid there that we could fly in formation with or, you know, a boulder, that’s fine. But I’d be just as happy not flying in formation with a boulder.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Given that NASA’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/content/nasas-journey-to-mars\">stated goal\u003c/a> is to get to Mars in the 2030s, Chiao just doesn’t see the point of this asteroid mission, which he believes is a product of budget constraints and politics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“On a technical level, I don’t think it’s worth doing,” Chiao says, adding that NASA seems to be trying to satisfy the White House’s desire to do something with an asteroid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He thinks we’d learn a lot more about how to explore Mars if we did something like set up a moon base to test out habitats, rovers and space suits. “But frankly,” Chiao says, “the moon was perceived as President [George W.] Bush’s program, so I don’t think that was really a starter, politically.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://waynehale.wordpress.com/\">Wayne Hale\u003c/a>, the former head of NASA’s space shuttle program, tells NPR that he thinks the Asteroid Redirect Mission is “a great technology-development mission. It’s not a science mission, and that’s caused it some criticism.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The long term goal, he says, remains to put humans on the surface of Mars. “If a new president were to come in and say, ‘We’re not going to go to Mars, we’re going to just junk that whole idea,” that would be a big deal,” Hale says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But he thinks NASA would be OK if the next president decided that this asteroid plan should be abandoned in favor of a different step toward the Red Planet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I don’t think that would be a huge shift in priorities,” Hale says. “I think that would be something the agency could accommodate.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=NASA%27s+Other+Asteroid+Mission%3A+Grab+A+Chunk+And+Put+It+In+Orbit+Around+The+Moon&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Okay, okay, so Mark Twain never said that the coldest winter he’d ever spent was a summer in San Francisco. But were he alive today to be misquoted, he might proclaim this summer in California the warmest he’d experienced.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And he’d be right. Federal climate trackers \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/sotc/summary-info/national/201608\">confirmed Thursday\u003c/a> that this summer (defined as June through August) was California’s warmest in 122 years of records. The statewide average temperature for the three months was 75.5°F, or 3.3°F above average. Jan Null, a noted meteorologist with Golden Gate Weather Services, called out Fresno and Redding as hotspots, with summer temperatures 2.5 and 2.1 degrees above the norm, respectively.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While California was one of only three states that set temperature records for the period, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration reported that every state across the Lower 48 had a warmer-than-average summer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_979648\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 650px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-979648\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/statewidetavgrank-201606-201608.gif\" alt=\"California, Connecticut and Rhode Island set heat records for the summer season.\" width=\"650\" height=\"475\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">California, Connecticut and Rhode Island set heat records for the summer season. The “122” indicates the warmest period in 122 years of record-keeping. \u003ccite>(NOAA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>California, with its quirky micro-climates, had some notable exceptions. In San Francisco, not a single day during the month of August breached the 70-degree mark. Null noted that was only the fourth time that’s happened since records have been kept. (He also pointed out that typically, San Francisco’s warmest day of the year doesn’t occur until late September.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Pacific Ocean, on the other hand, remains stubbornly warm — enough so that NOAA has called off its La Niña Watch for this fall and winter. Forecasts now favor “neutral” or near-normal temperatures in the Pacific when California’s rainy season would normally set in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_979647\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 641px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-979647\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/ENSOForecast_1609.png\" alt=\"Neutral (green) conditions now dominate the forecast for Pacific Ocean temperatures this winter.\" width=\"641\" height=\"372\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/ENSOForecast_1609.png 641w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/ENSOForecast_1609-400x232.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 641px) 100vw, 641px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Neutral (green) conditions now dominate the forecast for Pacific Ocean temperatures this winter. \u003ccite>(NOAA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>That could be good news. In previous months, NOAA had set the odds slightly in favor of colder La Niña conditions, which could favor an extension of California’s five-year drought. But they now say there’s a 55-60 percent chance that neither La Niña nor its warm-water opposite, El Niño, will develop this winter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last winter marked one of the strongest El Niños ever recorded, raising hopes of a drought-busting wet season. Those hopes never quite materialized, as Northern California saw close-to-average precipitation and Southern California remained relatively parched. About 60 percent of the state remains in \u003ca href=\"http://droughtmonitor.unl.edu/Home/StateDroughtMonitor.aspx?CA\">severe-to-exceptional drought\u003c/a>, according to the U.S. Drought Monitor.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Okay, okay, so Mark Twain never said that the coldest winter he’d ever spent was a summer in San Francisco. But were he alive today to be misquoted, he might proclaim this summer in California the warmest he’d experienced.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And he’d be right. Federal climate trackers \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/sotc/summary-info/national/201608\">confirmed Thursday\u003c/a> that this summer (defined as June through August) was California’s warmest in 122 years of records. The statewide average temperature for the three months was 75.5°F, or 3.3°F above average. Jan Null, a noted meteorologist with Golden Gate Weather Services, called out Fresno and Redding as hotspots, with summer temperatures 2.5 and 2.1 degrees above the norm, respectively.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While California was one of only three states that set temperature records for the period, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration reported that every state across the Lower 48 had a warmer-than-average summer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_979648\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 650px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-979648\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/statewidetavgrank-201606-201608.gif\" alt=\"California, Connecticut and Rhode Island set heat records for the summer season.\" width=\"650\" height=\"475\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">California, Connecticut and Rhode Island set heat records for the summer season. The “122” indicates the warmest period in 122 years of record-keeping. \u003ccite>(NOAA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>California, with its quirky micro-climates, had some notable exceptions. In San Francisco, not a single day during the month of August breached the 70-degree mark. Null noted that was only the fourth time that’s happened since records have been kept. (He also pointed out that typically, San Francisco’s warmest day of the year doesn’t occur until late September.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Pacific Ocean, on the other hand, remains stubbornly warm — enough so that NOAA has called off its La Niña Watch for this fall and winter. Forecasts now favor “neutral” or near-normal temperatures in the Pacific when California’s rainy season would normally set in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_979647\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 641px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-979647\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/ENSOForecast_1609.png\" alt=\"Neutral (green) conditions now dominate the forecast for Pacific Ocean temperatures this winter.\" width=\"641\" height=\"372\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/ENSOForecast_1609.png 641w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/ENSOForecast_1609-400x232.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 641px) 100vw, 641px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Neutral (green) conditions now dominate the forecast for Pacific Ocean temperatures this winter. \u003ccite>(NOAA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>That could be good news. In previous months, NOAA had set the odds slightly in favor of colder La Niña conditions, which could favor an extension of California’s five-year drought. But they now say there’s a 55-60 percent chance that neither La Niña nor its warm-water opposite, El Niño, will develop this winter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Most populations of humpback whales no longer need endangered species protections, according to \u003ca href=\"http://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/mediacenter/2016/09_September/06_09.html\">a decision\u003c/a> by the National Marine Fisheries Service.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The U.S. government listed all humpback whales as endangered back in 1970, after commercial whaling had drastically reduced their numbers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”DGLWaiP9KRCpoyqn13mk7DWCIK8ZCEIn”]But now, officials say they have divided humpback whales into 14 distinct populations. And after a scientific review, they say that nine of those populations have recovered enough that they no longer need to be considered endangered.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We believe that we have conducted a very thorough scientific assessment,” says \u003ca href=\"https://www.eli.org/sites/default/files/docs/seminars/sommabio10_07_14.pdf\">Angela Somma\u003c/a>, chief of the endangered species division at the agency, also known as NOAA Fisheries. “Most of the humpback populations have increased and increased substantially from where they were.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Whales that are still considered endangered include populations in Central America, off northwest Africa, in the Arabian Sea and in the western north Pacific. And a population near Mexico is listed as threatened. Whales from the Central America and Mexico populations travel through U.S. waters at certain times of year as they feed in areas off the West Coast and Alaska.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As a practical matter, little will change for the whales — they’ll still be covered under the Marine Mammal Protection Act, she notes. And the \u003ca href=\"https://iwc.int/home\">International Whaling Commission’s\u003c/a> moratorium on hunting these huge ocean creatures, which was imposed in 1982, remains in effect.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Many of the day-to-day protections and activities will continue to occur,” Somma says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, officials have filed regulations to ensure that vessels around Hawaii and Alaska continue to maintain a safe distance from the whales.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Collisions with ships is a danger to the whales, and they face other threats, such as getting tangled up in fishing gear. The Center for Biological Diversity, a conservation group, said \u003ca href=\"http://www.biologicaldiversity.org/news/press_releases/2016/humpback-whales-09-06-2016.html\">nearly 40 reports\u003c/a> of whales becoming entangled were recorded off the West Coast in the first half of this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Most+Humpback+Whales+Taken+Off+Endangered+Species+List&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Most populations of humpback whales no longer need endangered species protections, according to \u003ca href=\"http://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/mediacenter/2016/09_September/06_09.html\">a decision\u003c/a> by the National Marine Fisheries Service.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The U.S. government listed all humpback whales as endangered back in 1970, after commercial whaling had drastically reduced their numbers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>But now, officials say they have divided humpback whales into 14 distinct populations. And after a scientific review, they say that nine of those populations have recovered enough that they no longer need to be considered endangered.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We believe that we have conducted a very thorough scientific assessment,” says \u003ca href=\"https://www.eli.org/sites/default/files/docs/seminars/sommabio10_07_14.pdf\">Angela Somma\u003c/a>, chief of the endangered species division at the agency, also known as NOAA Fisheries. “Most of the humpback populations have increased and increased substantially from where they were.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Whales that are still considered endangered include populations in Central America, off northwest Africa, in the Arabian Sea and in the western north Pacific. And a population near Mexico is listed as threatened. Whales from the Central America and Mexico populations travel through U.S. waters at certain times of year as they feed in areas off the West Coast and Alaska.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As a practical matter, little will change for the whales — they’ll still be covered under the Marine Mammal Protection Act, she notes. And the \u003ca href=\"https://iwc.int/home\">International Whaling Commission’s\u003c/a> moratorium on hunting these huge ocean creatures, which was imposed in 1982, remains in effect.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Many of the day-to-day protections and activities will continue to occur,” Somma says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, officials have filed regulations to ensure that vessels around Hawaii and Alaska continue to maintain a safe distance from the whales.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Collisions with ships is a danger to the whales, and they face other threats, such as getting tangled up in fishing gear. The Center for Biological Diversity, a conservation group, said \u003ca href=\"http://www.biologicaldiversity.org/news/press_releases/2016/humpback-whales-09-06-2016.html\">nearly 40 reports\u003c/a> of whales becoming entangled were recorded off the West Coast in the first half of this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Most+Humpback+Whales+Taken+Off+Endangered+Species+List&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Groundbreaking Stanford Study Shows Plants Suffering From Raised CO2",
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"content": "\u003cp>In the course of a 17-year experiment on more than 1 million plants, scientists put future global warming to a real world test — growing California flowers and grasslands with extra heat, carbon dioxide and nitrogen to mimic a not-so-distant, hotter future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The results, simulating a post-2050 world, aren’t pretty. And they contradict those who insist that because plants like carbon dioxide — the main heat-trapping gas spewed by the burning of fossil fuels — climate change isn’t so bad, and will result in a greener Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At least in the California ecosystem, the plants that received extra carbon dioxide, as well as those that got extra warmth, didn’t grow more or get greener. They also didn’t remove the pollution and store more of it in the soil, said study author Chris Field, director of the Stanford Woods Institute for the Environment. Plant growth tended to decline with rising temperatures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This experiment really puts to bed the idea of a greener hypothesis where ecosystems save us from the implications of human-induced climate change,” Field said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Earlier this year, a team of international scientists released a study that looked at Earth from 1982 to 2009 and found it was greening, with a quarter to half the planet producing an increase in the growing season. Field said that earlier study is about trends the planet has already seen, but doesn’t say much about the future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We were able to use the experimental treatments to produce a ‘time machine’ allowing us to look at conditions we might encounter in the second half of the 21st century,” Field said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On ground outside Stanford’s campus, scientists tended 132 different plots of flowers and grass, each with thousands of plants on them. Some of them got 275 extra parts per million of carbon dioxide in addition to what’s already in the air, which was about 370 parts per million when the experiment started and is now more than 400. Others got an additional 3.6 degrees of heat (2 degrees Celsius), or more water, or more nitrogen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Only the extra nitrogen — a byproduct of diesel engines and ammonia used as fertilizer — made plants greener.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Field, whose study appears Monday in the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, theorizes that there’s a limit to how much carbon dioxide plants can use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Outside scientists praised the long-running experiment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This study clearly demonstrates that as temperatures continue to rise due to climate change, grassland ecosystems will likely not be able to tolerate the higher temperatures and increased drought stress,” Boston University biologist Richard Primack emailed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A limitation of the experiment was that it focused on one type of ecosystem. Similar research needs to be done in the Arctic tundra, boreal forests, tropical forests and other ecosystems, Primack said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s not just plants that will suffer in a hotter world. Biologists have warned that about 20 percent of the world’s lizard species could go extinct by 2080 if current warming trends continue. In a separate study published in the journal, a team led by Clemson University found that the distribution of shade in a lizard’s surroundings matters in preventing overheating.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For two consecutive summers, researchers used the New Mexico desert to study the behavior of spiny lizards by setting up different environments with varying amount of shade. Lizards were much better at regulating their body temperature when they had access to many evenly spaced small patches of shade than large swaths of shade far apart, researchers found.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The two studies “highlight how complex the responses of plants and animals can be to climate change,” said Camille Parmesan, a climate scientist at Plymouth University, who wasn’t part of either study.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>In the course of a 17-year experiment on more than 1 million plants, scientists put future global warming to a real world test — growing California flowers and grasslands with extra heat, carbon dioxide and nitrogen to mimic a not-so-distant, hotter future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The results, simulating a post-2050 world, aren’t pretty. And they contradict those who insist that because plants like carbon dioxide — the main heat-trapping gas spewed by the burning of fossil fuels — climate change isn’t so bad, and will result in a greener Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At least in the California ecosystem, the plants that received extra carbon dioxide, as well as those that got extra warmth, didn’t grow more or get greener. They also didn’t remove the pollution and store more of it in the soil, said study author Chris Field, director of the Stanford Woods Institute for the Environment. Plant growth tended to decline with rising temperatures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This experiment really puts to bed the idea of a greener hypothesis where ecosystems save us from the implications of human-induced climate change,” Field said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Earlier this year, a team of international scientists released a study that looked at Earth from 1982 to 2009 and found it was greening, with a quarter to half the planet producing an increase in the growing season. Field said that earlier study is about trends the planet has already seen, but doesn’t say much about the future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We were able to use the experimental treatments to produce a ‘time machine’ allowing us to look at conditions we might encounter in the second half of the 21st century,” Field said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On ground outside Stanford’s campus, scientists tended 132 different plots of flowers and grass, each with thousands of plants on them. Some of them got 275 extra parts per million of carbon dioxide in addition to what’s already in the air, which was about 370 parts per million when the experiment started and is now more than 400. Others got an additional 3.6 degrees of heat (2 degrees Celsius), or more water, or more nitrogen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Only the extra nitrogen — a byproduct of diesel engines and ammonia used as fertilizer — made plants greener.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Field, whose study appears Monday in the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, theorizes that there’s a limit to how much carbon dioxide plants can use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Outside scientists praised the long-running experiment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This study clearly demonstrates that as temperatures continue to rise due to climate change, grassland ecosystems will likely not be able to tolerate the higher temperatures and increased drought stress,” Boston University biologist Richard Primack emailed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A limitation of the experiment was that it focused on one type of ecosystem. Similar research needs to be done in the Arctic tundra, boreal forests, tropical forests and other ecosystems, Primack said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s not just plants that will suffer in a hotter world. Biologists have warned that about 20 percent of the world’s lizard species could go extinct by 2080 if current warming trends continue. In a separate study published in the journal, a team led by Clemson University found that the distribution of shade in a lizard’s surroundings matters in preventing overheating.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For two consecutive summers, researchers used the New Mexico desert to study the behavior of spiny lizards by setting up different environments with varying amount of shade. Lizards were much better at regulating their body temperature when they had access to many evenly spaced small patches of shade than large swaths of shade far apart, researchers found.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The two studies “highlight how complex the responses of plants and animals can be to climate change,” said Camille Parmesan, a climate scientist at Plymouth University, who wasn’t part of either study.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>[dl_subscribe]A deadly fungus that’s been devastating frog populations is still spreading across the globe. In California, the chytrid fungus has moved inexorably across the Sierra Nevada from west to east, leaving thousands of frogs dead.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Bay Area scientists are trying to turn the tide against the fungus with an experimental treatment, one that could matter to frogs worldwide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They’re making a last-ditch effort to save the endangered mountain yellow-legged frog by immunizing it against chytrid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mountain yellow-legged frogs, found only in California’s alpine lakes, have been in steep decline due to the fungus as well as predation by non-native trout. More than 90 percent of the population has disappeared.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"689\" height=\"389\" src=\"https://www.youtube.com/embed/-IXVcyCZVBg\" frameborder=\"1\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\">\u003cem>Video produced by Gabriela Quirós.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When it hits, it’s within weeks that they’re just gone, just literally gone,” says Jessie Bushell, director of conservation at the San Francisco Zoo.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bushell is part of an emergency search-and-rescue operation for the frogs. Like last summer, when she got up before dawn and drove five hours to meet a helicopter flying out of the Sierra Nevada.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘We’re staring at what could be the extinction of a significant fraction of the world’s amphibians.’\u003cbr>\n\u003ccite>Roland Knapp, UC Santa Barbara\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“This bright yellow helicopter comes landing down,” she says. “The doors fly open. The firefighters start unloading these large white coolers.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The coolers were holding hundreds of wiggling, green tadpoles, the sole survivors of a deadly outbreak at their remote alpine lake. Federal biologists had found dozens of frogs dying from chytrid fungus and\u003cstrong>, \u003c/strong>hoping to save the species, had collected their remaining young.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Priming Immunity\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bushell brought them to the San Francisco Zoo. Scientists there and at the Oakland Zoo are doing an experimental treatment on the frogs in the hope that they’ll survive when they return to the wild. The treatment was pioneered at UC Santa Barbara, where results have been encouraging.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So what we do is we expose them to small amounts of this fungus,” Bushell says, pointing to more than 200 of the frogs, no longer tadpoles, in quarantined tanks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bushell is making the frogs sick in the hope of building their immunity to chytrid fungus, which attacks the frog’s skin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_959847\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1482px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-959847\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/frogs4-web.jpg\" alt=\"Mountain yellow-legged frogs get an experimental vaccination at the San Francisco Zoo.\" width=\"1482\" height=\"770\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/frogs4-web.jpg 1482w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/frogs4-web-400x208.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/frogs4-web-800x416.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/frogs4-web-768x399.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/frogs4-web-1440x748.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/frogs4-web-1180x613.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/frogs4-web-960x499.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1482px) 100vw, 1482px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mountain yellow-legged frogs get an experimental vaccination at the San Francisco Zoo. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“The skin is a really important part of the frog,” she says. “They breathe through their skin underwater.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Frogs also absorb key nutrients such as electrolytes through their skin. But when the fungus attacks it, the skin stops functioning normally. The frogs die before their immune systems can fight the fungus off.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bushell is hoping a mild fungal infection will teach the frogs’ immune systems how to fight chytrid. She lets her frogs get sick, but before they get too close to dying, she gives them an anti-fungal treatment to clear up the infection.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the frogs get chytrid again out in the wild, the idea is their immune systems will be trained.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_959963\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-959963\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/frogs1-web.jpg\" alt=\"Roland Knapp releases a yellow-legged frog in a high alpine lake, south of Lake Tahoe.\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/frogs1-web.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/frogs1-web-400x225.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/frogs1-web-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/frogs1-web-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/frogs1-web-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/frogs1-web-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/frogs1-web-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Roland Knapp releases a yellow-legged frog in a high alpine lake south of Lake Tahoe. \u003ccite>(Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“Their bodies identify it and can already be primed to fight off that infection, at least to keep it under control because they’ve seen it before,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Back to the Wild\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For some of the yellow-legged frogs, the big test has arrived. Bushell and a field crew hike up a rocky trail in the Desolation Wilderness, south of Lake Tahoe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Their big backpacks are loaded with frogs, each in its own tiny Tupperware container.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a new frog home,” says Bushell, looking at a sapphire-blue lake, surrounded by pine trees and granite cliffs. “An oasis for frogs.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Listen to the Story:\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nhttp://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2016/09/WEBYellowLeggedFrogsSommer.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But chytrid fungus is there, so their immunity will be tested. One-by-one, the team releases each frog on the water’s edge.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s like letting your kids go,” says Bushell. “Go! Be wild!”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s the best chance that we know how to give them,” says Roland Knapp, a biologist with UC Santa Barbara who has tracked frog die-offs across the Sierra as the chytrid wave has moved through.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I saw the biggest one I’ve ever seen last summer,” he says. “Thousands of dying frogs. Carcasses of frogs all over the place. It was pretty rough to see.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That threat is why biologists are going to such lengths to save yellow-legged frogs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_959979\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-959979\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/frog3-web.jpg\" alt=\"Mountain yellow-legged frog populations have declined by more than 90 percent.\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1032\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/frog3-web.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/frog3-web-400x215.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/frog3-web-800x430.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/frog3-web-768x413.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/frog3-web-1440x774.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/frog3-web-1180x634.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/frog3-web-960x516.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mountain yellow-legged frog populations have declined by more than 90 percent. \u003ccite>(Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“It sometimes seems a little crazy,” Knapp says. “It’s a huge amount of work.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But he says the early results are promising. This is the third summer the team has released vaccinated frogs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They seem to be surviving pretty well,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If the immunized frogs survive the worst of the fungus outbreak, the mountain yellow-legged frogs may eventually be able to become resistant to it on their own, generation-after-generation, without human help.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That means we have to figure out ways to keep these frogs on the landscape with the chytrid long enough that evolution can actually happen,” Knapp says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_959981\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-959981\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/frog2-web.jpg\" alt=\"Jessie Bushell with a treated frog at the San Francisco Zoo.\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1162\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/frog2-web.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/frog2-web-400x242.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/frog2-web-800x484.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/frog2-web-768x465.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/frog2-web-1440x872.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/frog2-web-1180x714.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/frog2-web-960x581.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Jessie Bushell with a treated frog at the San Francisco Zoo. \u003ccite>(Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The biggest hope, and the biggest question mark, is whether this research could lead to a treatment for other frog species. Some frogs don’t seem to be able to build immunity to chytrid like the yellow-legged frogs can.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists have watched chytrid fungus spread across the globe at an alarming rate, driving 200 frog species to extinction. In Central America, scientists have brought some frog species into captivity to spare them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, that’s the only place they exist. And they don’t have much hope of going back to the wild unless some kind of chytrid treatment succeeds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re staring at what could be the extinction of a significant fraction of the world’s amphibians,” Knapp says. “So if we can do something to reverse that, even for a few species here and there, we should try to do that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s not hopeless, scientists say, but it could depend in large part on the survival of one California frog.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>A deadly fungus that’s been devastating frog populations is still spreading across the globe. In California, the chytrid fungus has moved inexorably across the Sierra Nevada from west to east, leaving thousands of frogs dead.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Bay Area scientists are trying to turn the tide against the fungus with an experimental treatment, one that could matter to frogs worldwide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They’re making a last-ditch effort to save the endangered mountain yellow-legged frog by immunizing it against chytrid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mountain yellow-legged frogs, found only in California’s alpine lakes, have been in steep decline due to the fungus as well as predation by non-native trout. More than 90 percent of the population has disappeared.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"689\" height=\"389\" src=\"https://www.youtube.com/embed/-IXVcyCZVBg\" frameborder=\"1\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\">\u003cem>Video produced by Gabriela Quirós.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When it hits, it’s within weeks that they’re just gone, just literally gone,” says Jessie Bushell, director of conservation at the San Francisco Zoo.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bushell is part of an emergency search-and-rescue operation for the frogs. Like last summer, when she got up before dawn and drove five hours to meet a helicopter flying out of the Sierra Nevada.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘We’re staring at what could be the extinction of a significant fraction of the world’s amphibians.’\u003cbr>\n\u003ccite>Roland Knapp, UC Santa Barbara\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“This bright yellow helicopter comes landing down,” she says. “The doors fly open. The firefighters start unloading these large white coolers.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The coolers were holding hundreds of wiggling, green tadpoles, the sole survivors of a deadly outbreak at their remote alpine lake. Federal biologists had found dozens of frogs dying from chytrid fungus and\u003cstrong>, \u003c/strong>hoping to save the species, had collected their remaining young.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Priming Immunity\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bushell brought them to the San Francisco Zoo. Scientists there and at the Oakland Zoo are doing an experimental treatment on the frogs in the hope that they’ll survive when they return to the wild. The treatment was pioneered at UC Santa Barbara, where results have been encouraging.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So what we do is we expose them to small amounts of this fungus,” Bushell says, pointing to more than 200 of the frogs, no longer tadpoles, in quarantined tanks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bushell is making the frogs sick in the hope of building their immunity to chytrid fungus, which attacks the frog’s skin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_959847\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1482px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-959847\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/frogs4-web.jpg\" alt=\"Mountain yellow-legged frogs get an experimental vaccination at the San Francisco Zoo.\" width=\"1482\" height=\"770\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/frogs4-web.jpg 1482w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/frogs4-web-400x208.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/frogs4-web-800x416.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/frogs4-web-768x399.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/frogs4-web-1440x748.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/frogs4-web-1180x613.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/frogs4-web-960x499.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1482px) 100vw, 1482px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mountain yellow-legged frogs get an experimental vaccination at the San Francisco Zoo. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“The skin is a really important part of the frog,” she says. “They breathe through their skin underwater.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Frogs also absorb key nutrients such as electrolytes through their skin. But when the fungus attacks it, the skin stops functioning normally. The frogs die before their immune systems can fight the fungus off.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bushell is hoping a mild fungal infection will teach the frogs’ immune systems how to fight chytrid. She lets her frogs get sick, but before they get too close to dying, she gives them an anti-fungal treatment to clear up the infection.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the frogs get chytrid again out in the wild, the idea is their immune systems will be trained.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_959963\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-959963\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/frogs1-web.jpg\" alt=\"Roland Knapp releases a yellow-legged frog in a high alpine lake, south of Lake Tahoe.\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/frogs1-web.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/frogs1-web-400x225.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/frogs1-web-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/frogs1-web-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/frogs1-web-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/frogs1-web-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/frogs1-web-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Roland Knapp releases a yellow-legged frog in a high alpine lake south of Lake Tahoe. \u003ccite>(Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“Their bodies identify it and can already be primed to fight off that infection, at least to keep it under control because they’ve seen it before,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Back to the Wild\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For some of the yellow-legged frogs, the big test has arrived. Bushell and a field crew hike up a rocky trail in the Desolation Wilderness, south of Lake Tahoe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Their big backpacks are loaded with frogs, each in its own tiny Tupperware container.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a new frog home,” says Bushell, looking at a sapphire-blue lake, surrounded by pine trees and granite cliffs. “An oasis for frogs.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Listen to the Story:\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>But chytrid fungus is there, so their immunity will be tested. One-by-one, the team releases each frog on the water’s edge.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s like letting your kids go,” says Bushell. “Go! Be wild!”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s the best chance that we know how to give them,” says Roland Knapp, a biologist with UC Santa Barbara who has tracked frog die-offs across the Sierra as the chytrid wave has moved through.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I saw the biggest one I’ve ever seen last summer,” he says. “Thousands of dying frogs. Carcasses of frogs all over the place. It was pretty rough to see.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That threat is why biologists are going to such lengths to save yellow-legged frogs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_959979\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-959979\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/frog3-web.jpg\" alt=\"Mountain yellow-legged frog populations have declined by more than 90 percent.\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1032\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/frog3-web.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/frog3-web-400x215.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/frog3-web-800x430.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/frog3-web-768x413.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/frog3-web-1440x774.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/frog3-web-1180x634.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/frog3-web-960x516.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mountain yellow-legged frog populations have declined by more than 90 percent. \u003ccite>(Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“It sometimes seems a little crazy,” Knapp says. “It’s a huge amount of work.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But he says the early results are promising. This is the third summer the team has released vaccinated frogs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They seem to be surviving pretty well,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If the immunized frogs survive the worst of the fungus outbreak, the mountain yellow-legged frogs may eventually be able to become resistant to it on their own, generation-after-generation, without human help.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That means we have to figure out ways to keep these frogs on the landscape with the chytrid long enough that evolution can actually happen,” Knapp says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_959981\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-959981\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/frog2-web.jpg\" alt=\"Jessie Bushell with a treated frog at the San Francisco Zoo.\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1162\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/frog2-web.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/frog2-web-400x242.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/frog2-web-800x484.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/frog2-web-768x465.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/frog2-web-1440x872.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/frog2-web-1180x714.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/frog2-web-960x581.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Jessie Bushell with a treated frog at the San Francisco Zoo. \u003ccite>(Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The biggest hope, and the biggest question mark, is whether this research could lead to a treatment for other frog species. Some frogs don’t seem to be able to build immunity to chytrid like the yellow-legged frogs can.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists have watched chytrid fungus spread across the globe at an alarming rate, driving 200 frog species to extinction. In Central America, scientists have brought some frog species into captivity to spare them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, that’s the only place they exist. And they don’t have much hope of going back to the wild unless some kind of chytrid treatment succeeds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re staring at what could be the extinction of a significant fraction of the world’s amphibians,” Knapp says. “So if we can do something to reverse that, even for a few species here and there, we should try to do that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s not hopeless, scientists say, but it could depend in large part on the survival of one California frog.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Minion-Like 'Larva Bots' Roam the Seas, Uncovering Secrets",
"headTitle": "Minion-Like ‘Larva Bots’ Roam the Seas, Uncovering Secrets | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Grant Susner leans over the edge of a boat in Bodega Bay, stretches his arm toward the waves and releases “Bipinnaria” into the wild.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bipinnaria — bright yellow against the deep blue surface — begins floating away from the boat, bobbing from side to side in the choppy water. Susner is principle marine electronics technician at the \u003ca href=\"http://bml.ucdavis.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">UC Davis Bodega Marine Laboratory \u003c/a>and his natural habitat is the marine lab’s main research vessel, the \u003cem>\u003ca href=\"https://www.facebook.com/RV-Mussel-Point-UC-Davis-Bodega-Marine-Laboratory-123771934355725/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Mussel Point\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Soon Bipinnaria is joined by its comrades: Hippolyte, Velella, Veliger and Zoea. They drift away swaying in synchrony, like soldiers who’ve decided to waddle instead of march.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These small robots are serving the cause of marine ecology. Their names give clue to their mission — that is, if you majored in marine biology. Each moniker is the name of the free-swimming larval stage of a marine animal. After hatching from eggs, certain sea stars spend their early days as bipinnaria. Some shrimp have a Hippolyte phase (named for an Amazonian queen). Velella are jellyfish. Veliger, clams and sea snails. Zoea are crab.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The job of these robots is to behave as much as possible like marine larvae themselves, albeit ones that can transmit their location, send email and take cues from curious researchers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Splashing Conventional Wisdom\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Steven Morgan, a marine ecologist at UC Davis, uses these robots to learn about how marine larvae move, where they are likely to go, how they return to the shore, and how larvae might fare in the face of intensifying ocean acidification and rising temperatures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">You see a tiny larvae, and it’s out [in the ocean] developing for weeks and months — how is it able to make its way back on shore?” asks Morgan. “People around the world have been trying to answer this question for decades.” \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Whether you’re into fishing for salmon or spotting sea anemones while exploring tidepools, the fate of marine larvae matters to you. (They also happen to be \u003ca href=\"https://www.pinterest.com/pin/338544096960155420/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">beautiful\u003c/a>, like microscopic architectural gems.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_964781\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2000px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-964781\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/npr-3751.jpg\" alt='Steven Morgan, looking like a proud father with some of his larva bot \"family,\" soon to expand to 50 bots.' width=\"2000\" height=\"1333\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/npr-3751.jpg 2000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/npr-3751-400x267.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/npr-3751-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/npr-3751-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/npr-3751-1440x960.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/npr-3751-1920x1280.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/npr-3751-1180x786.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/npr-3751-960x640.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2000px) 100vw, 2000px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Steven Morgan, looking like a proud father with some of his larva bot “family,” soon to expand to 50 bots. \u003ccite>(Maggie Carson Jurow)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Understanding how larvae disperse is important for managing fisheries, designing and running marine reserves, and controlling invasive species. But modeling their dispersal has been difficult before now. Prior to the development of these “ABLE” drifters, (Autonomous Behaving Lagrangian Explorers), it was essentially impossible to predict where larvae would travel. But evidence has been mounting that larvae aren’t just aimless drifters; they control their movements.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the \u003ca href=\"https://www.ucdavis.edu/news/robot-larvae-deployed-sea/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">early surprising results\u003c/a> has been how close to shore most marine larvae linger. Rather than dispersing into the open ocean, most species stay within a mile of shore. They move up and down in the water column to return to shore on currents they use like an underwater subway.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Morgan believes larvae are pre-programmed to return to shore, using environmental cues and subsurface currents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">There are a lot of skeptics out there that microscopic larvae have any control over where they’re going in this wild and woolly ocean of ours,” he says. \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Experiments with his larva bot flotilla will, he hopes, provide the needed evidence to change minds.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Results like this could reinforce the importance of keeping coastal waters \u003ca href=\"http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?release=2016-205\">free of pollution\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“California has made a big investment in a network of marine protected areas,” says Tom Maloney. As executive director of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.oceansciencetrust.org/\">Ocean Science Trust\u003c/a>, Maloney has a keen interest in Morgan’s work. His organization, a non-profit created by the state of California to provide science-based management advice, is trying to understand how changes in the climate will change conditions in the oceans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We want to understand the full life cycle for this important suite of invertebrates [and fish],” he says. “It’ll help us understand if our protected areas are achieving the results we want.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Come Get Me\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When it is time for Bipinnaria to return to the boat, it surfaces, communicates its coordinates via a satellite relay and sends Susner an email. The message: Here I am. Come get me.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After a little scouting, boat maneuvering and some skillful scooping with a fish net, all five bots are safely back in the boat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The lab currently has a small navy of 25 “larva bots.” Soon they’ll double that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The strength of the larva bots — although they are far larger than the creatures they mimic — is that they move with the currents, as larvae do, and they can be programmed to mimic certain behaviors. They can move up or down in the water column at the same speed as larvae, maintain buoyancy, and respond to light, temperature, salinity or pressure in the same way larvae might.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_964780\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2000px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-964780\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/npr-3730.jpg\" alt=\"The larva bot housings are made from recycled fire extinguishers. Fully loaded with electronics, they cost about $1,200 each.\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1333\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/npr-3730.jpg 2000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/npr-3730-400x267.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/npr-3730-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/npr-3730-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/npr-3730-1440x960.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/npr-3730-1920x1280.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/npr-3730-1180x786.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/npr-3730-960x640.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2000px) 100vw, 2000px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The larva bot housings are made from recycled fire extinguishers. Fully loaded with electronics, they cost about $1,200 each. \u003ccite>(Maggie Carson Jurow)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The bots are built to be “simple and cheap.” Even so, fully loaded with LEDs, trackers, GPS and satellite communicators, and sensors to log salinity, temperature, light, depth and swimming speed, the price tag for each is about $1,200. The housings are made from expired fire extinguisher canisters, donated by fire departments. The ‘petals’ forming a skirt around their waste, which spin to record vertical velocity, were cut by hand. For scientific equipment, they’re surprisingly cute. Susner and Morgan show off their capabilities in the lab with obvious affection.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“T\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">hese things are wonderfully built,” Susner says.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After some trial and error in the design data, collection began in earnest last year. (Several years ago, before the retrieval mechanisms were perfected, three bots were lost to the waves). With the arrival of 25 more bots in the coming weeks, data collection is about to go into overdrive.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Grant Susner leans over the edge of a boat in Bodega Bay, stretches his arm toward the waves and releases “Bipinnaria” into the wild.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bipinnaria — bright yellow against the deep blue surface — begins floating away from the boat, bobbing from side to side in the choppy water. Susner is principle marine electronics technician at the \u003ca href=\"http://bml.ucdavis.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">UC Davis Bodega Marine Laboratory \u003c/a>and his natural habitat is the marine lab’s main research vessel, the \u003cem>\u003ca href=\"https://www.facebook.com/RV-Mussel-Point-UC-Davis-Bodega-Marine-Laboratory-123771934355725/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Mussel Point\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Soon Bipinnaria is joined by its comrades: Hippolyte, Velella, Veliger and Zoea. They drift away swaying in synchrony, like soldiers who’ve decided to waddle instead of march.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These small robots are serving the cause of marine ecology. Their names give clue to their mission — that is, if you majored in marine biology. Each moniker is the name of the free-swimming larval stage of a marine animal. After hatching from eggs, certain sea stars spend their early days as bipinnaria. Some shrimp have a Hippolyte phase (named for an Amazonian queen). Velella are jellyfish. Veliger, clams and sea snails. Zoea are crab.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The job of these robots is to behave as much as possible like marine larvae themselves, albeit ones that can transmit their location, send email and take cues from curious researchers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Splashing Conventional Wisdom\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Steven Morgan, a marine ecologist at UC Davis, uses these robots to learn about how marine larvae move, where they are likely to go, how they return to the shore, and how larvae might fare in the face of intensifying ocean acidification and rising temperatures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">You see a tiny larvae, and it’s out [in the ocean] developing for weeks and months — how is it able to make its way back on shore?” asks Morgan. “People around the world have been trying to answer this question for decades.” \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Whether you’re into fishing for salmon or spotting sea anemones while exploring tidepools, the fate of marine larvae matters to you. (They also happen to be \u003ca href=\"https://www.pinterest.com/pin/338544096960155420/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">beautiful\u003c/a>, like microscopic architectural gems.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_964781\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2000px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-964781\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/npr-3751.jpg\" alt='Steven Morgan, looking like a proud father with some of his larva bot \"family,\" soon to expand to 50 bots.' width=\"2000\" height=\"1333\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/npr-3751.jpg 2000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/npr-3751-400x267.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/npr-3751-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/npr-3751-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/npr-3751-1440x960.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/npr-3751-1920x1280.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/npr-3751-1180x786.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/npr-3751-960x640.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2000px) 100vw, 2000px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Steven Morgan, looking like a proud father with some of his larva bot “family,” soon to expand to 50 bots. \u003ccite>(Maggie Carson Jurow)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Understanding how larvae disperse is important for managing fisheries, designing and running marine reserves, and controlling invasive species. But modeling their dispersal has been difficult before now. Prior to the development of these “ABLE” drifters, (Autonomous Behaving Lagrangian Explorers), it was essentially impossible to predict where larvae would travel. But evidence has been mounting that larvae aren’t just aimless drifters; they control their movements.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the \u003ca href=\"https://www.ucdavis.edu/news/robot-larvae-deployed-sea/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">early surprising results\u003c/a> has been how close to shore most marine larvae linger. Rather than dispersing into the open ocean, most species stay within a mile of shore. They move up and down in the water column to return to shore on currents they use like an underwater subway.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Morgan believes larvae are pre-programmed to return to shore, using environmental cues and subsurface currents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">There are a lot of skeptics out there that microscopic larvae have any control over where they’re going in this wild and woolly ocean of ours,” he says. \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Experiments with his larva bot flotilla will, he hopes, provide the needed evidence to change minds.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Results like this could reinforce the importance of keeping coastal waters \u003ca href=\"http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?release=2016-205\">free of pollution\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“California has made a big investment in a network of marine protected areas,” says Tom Maloney. As executive director of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.oceansciencetrust.org/\">Ocean Science Trust\u003c/a>, Maloney has a keen interest in Morgan’s work. His organization, a non-profit created by the state of California to provide science-based management advice, is trying to understand how changes in the climate will change conditions in the oceans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We want to understand the full life cycle for this important suite of invertebrates [and fish],” he says. “It’ll help us understand if our protected areas are achieving the results we want.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Come Get Me\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When it is time for Bipinnaria to return to the boat, it surfaces, communicates its coordinates via a satellite relay and sends Susner an email. The message: Here I am. Come get me.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After a little scouting, boat maneuvering and some skillful scooping with a fish net, all five bots are safely back in the boat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The lab currently has a small navy of 25 “larva bots.” Soon they’ll double that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The strength of the larva bots — although they are far larger than the creatures they mimic — is that they move with the currents, as larvae do, and they can be programmed to mimic certain behaviors. They can move up or down in the water column at the same speed as larvae, maintain buoyancy, and respond to light, temperature, salinity or pressure in the same way larvae might.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_964780\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2000px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-964780\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/npr-3730.jpg\" alt=\"The larva bot housings are made from recycled fire extinguishers. Fully loaded with electronics, they cost about $1,200 each.\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1333\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/npr-3730.jpg 2000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/npr-3730-400x267.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/npr-3730-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/npr-3730-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/npr-3730-1440x960.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/npr-3730-1920x1280.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/npr-3730-1180x786.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/npr-3730-960x640.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2000px) 100vw, 2000px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The larva bot housings are made from recycled fire extinguishers. Fully loaded with electronics, they cost about $1,200 each. \u003ccite>(Maggie Carson Jurow)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The bots are built to be “simple and cheap.” Even so, fully loaded with LEDs, trackers, GPS and satellite communicators, and sensors to log salinity, temperature, light, depth and swimming speed, the price tag for each is about $1,200. The housings are made from expired fire extinguisher canisters, donated by fire departments. The ‘petals’ forming a skirt around their waste, which spin to record vertical velocity, were cut by hand. For scientific equipment, they’re surprisingly cute. Susner and Morgan show off their capabilities in the lab with obvious affection.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“T\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">hese things are wonderfully built,” Susner says.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After some trial and error in the design data, collection began in earnest last year. (Several years ago, before the retrieval mechanisms were perfected, three bots were lost to the waves). With the arrival of 25 more bots in the coming weeks, data collection is about to go into overdrive.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "MAP: Where Will Animals Migrate as Climate Changes?",
"headTitle": "MAP: Where Will Animals Migrate as Climate Changes? | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>The natural world is under siege by climate change. Rising temperatures are pushing plants and animals outside their current range. To \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/wildlife-climate-change-adaptation-20436\">keep pace with climate change\u003c/a>, species will need a path to follow northward or up in elevation, minimally interrupted by human development.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://maps.tnc.org/migrations-in-motion/#4/19.00/-78.00\">This map\u003c/a> shows that path (well, paths actually) in the most beautiful way possible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It uses the \u003ca href=\"https://earth.nullschool.net/\">dreamy Earth wind map\u003c/a> for inspiration. But rather than using temperature, wind and sea level pressure data, Dan Majka, a web developer at The Nature Conservancy, used data from two studies to show all the feasible paths that mammals, birds and amphibians can use to find their way to a more suitable climate as their habitat becomes too hot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The map doesn’t show specific species (you’re not going to be able to find the grizzly bear path, for example), but rather shows the general patterns scientists expect animals to follow as the world warms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_976943\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 720px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-976943\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/AmazonConnected.gif\" alt=\"Amphibians — represented by yellow lines — are likely to migrate westward out of the Amazon as the world warms. \" width=\"720\" height=\"375\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Amphibians — represented by yellow lines — are likely to migrate westward out of the Amazon as the world warms. \u003ccite>(The Nature Conservancy)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The visualization is stunning, but also hopeful. It shows that despite the challenges of climate change and increased urbanization, there are still pathways for the natural world to deal with those threats.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Zoomed out, it’s clear that the Appalachians are a crucial funnel for climate-induced migration. They’re smack dab in one of the most developed parts of the country and represent some of the last wild land in the eastern U.S.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Much of the land outside of the mountain range is developed or in agriculture,” \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.org/science-in-action/our-scientists/brad-mcrae.xml\">Brad McRae\u003c/a>, an ecologist with the Nature Conservancy, said. “So as species ranges shift north, the Appalachians are providing some of the least-developed routes for movement. They also provide some climate relief due to their high elevation.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those high elevation lands will take on added importance and zooming in on the map only reinforces that reality. In South America, there’s a bright swath of yellow moving west out of the Amazon basin to higher elevations. In the Catskills of upstate New York, it’s the same story.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_976946\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-976946\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/CatskillsMigrationTNC.gif\" alt=\"New York City is a relatively quiet spot on the climate migration corridor but the Catskills located northwest of the city will be an important climate migration pathway for wildlife. \" width=\"640\" height=\"331\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">New York City is a relatively quiet spot on the climate migration corridor but the Catskills located northwest of the city will be an important climate migration pathway for wildlife. \u003ccite>(The Nature Conservancy)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Beyond high elevations, zooming in anywhere on the map gives a glimpse into not just the geography of where and how species will move to beat the heat, but where humans live, work and grow things. New York may be the most populous city in the U.S. but it’s a veritable ghost town when it comes to animal migrations spurred by rising temperatures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/wildlife-climate-change-adaptation-20436\">one of the studies\u003c/a> on which the map is based, only 2 percent of natural areas east of the Mississippi are connected in a way that allows species to migrate north or up in elevation. Because of the dismal state of connectivity, a small increase in conserved land could provide major benefits in the region.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://reports.climatecentral.org/nps/overview/\">National Parks\u003c/a> are the lynch pins of wild land out West and could be part of a \u003ca href=\"http://reports.climatecentral.org/nps/future/\">future solution\u003c/a> in the East to ensure species can handle climate change. The recently dedicated Maine North Woods National Monument is a step in that direction, but more land will be needed if plants and animals are going to find new homes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/\">Climate Central\u003c/a> is an independent organization that researches and reports on climate change.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "These maps show the migration pathways mammals (pink), birds (blue) and amphibians (yellow) may follow to escape rising heat.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The natural world is under siege by climate change. Rising temperatures are pushing plants and animals outside their current range. To \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/wildlife-climate-change-adaptation-20436\">keep pace with climate change\u003c/a>, species will need a path to follow northward or up in elevation, minimally interrupted by human development.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://maps.tnc.org/migrations-in-motion/#4/19.00/-78.00\">This map\u003c/a> shows that path (well, paths actually) in the most beautiful way possible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It uses the \u003ca href=\"https://earth.nullschool.net/\">dreamy Earth wind map\u003c/a> for inspiration. But rather than using temperature, wind and sea level pressure data, Dan Majka, a web developer at The Nature Conservancy, used data from two studies to show all the feasible paths that mammals, birds and amphibians can use to find their way to a more suitable climate as their habitat becomes too hot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The map doesn’t show specific species (you’re not going to be able to find the grizzly bear path, for example), but rather shows the general patterns scientists expect animals to follow as the world warms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_976943\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 720px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-976943\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/AmazonConnected.gif\" alt=\"Amphibians — represented by yellow lines — are likely to migrate westward out of the Amazon as the world warms. \" width=\"720\" height=\"375\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Amphibians — represented by yellow lines — are likely to migrate westward out of the Amazon as the world warms. \u003ccite>(The Nature Conservancy)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The visualization is stunning, but also hopeful. It shows that despite the challenges of climate change and increased urbanization, there are still pathways for the natural world to deal with those threats.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Zoomed out, it’s clear that the Appalachians are a crucial funnel for climate-induced migration. They’re smack dab in one of the most developed parts of the country and represent some of the last wild land in the eastern U.S.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Much of the land outside of the mountain range is developed or in agriculture,” \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.org/science-in-action/our-scientists/brad-mcrae.xml\">Brad McRae\u003c/a>, an ecologist with the Nature Conservancy, said. “So as species ranges shift north, the Appalachians are providing some of the least-developed routes for movement. They also provide some climate relief due to their high elevation.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those high elevation lands will take on added importance and zooming in on the map only reinforces that reality. In South America, there’s a bright swath of yellow moving west out of the Amazon basin to higher elevations. In the Catskills of upstate New York, it’s the same story.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_976946\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-976946\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/CatskillsMigrationTNC.gif\" alt=\"New York City is a relatively quiet spot on the climate migration corridor but the Catskills located northwest of the city will be an important climate migration pathway for wildlife. \" width=\"640\" height=\"331\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">New York City is a relatively quiet spot on the climate migration corridor but the Catskills located northwest of the city will be an important climate migration pathway for wildlife. \u003ccite>(The Nature Conservancy)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Beyond high elevations, zooming in anywhere on the map gives a glimpse into not just the geography of where and how species will move to beat the heat, but where humans live, work and grow things. New York may be the most populous city in the U.S. but it’s a veritable ghost town when it comes to animal migrations spurred by rising temperatures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/wildlife-climate-change-adaptation-20436\">one of the studies\u003c/a> on which the map is based, only 2 percent of natural areas east of the Mississippi are connected in a way that allows species to migrate north or up in elevation. Because of the dismal state of connectivity, a small increase in conserved land could provide major benefits in the region.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://reports.climatecentral.org/nps/overview/\">National Parks\u003c/a> are the lynch pins of wild land out West and could be part of a \u003ca href=\"http://reports.climatecentral.org/nps/future/\">future solution\u003c/a> in the East to ensure species can handle climate change. The recently dedicated Maine North Woods National Monument is a step in that direction, but more land will be needed if plants and animals are going to find new homes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/\">Climate Central\u003c/a> is an independent organization that researches and reports on climate change.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "In Tahoe, Obama Underscores Climate Threats, Touts Conservation Funding",
"headTitle": "In Tahoe, Obama Underscores Climate Threats, Touts Conservation Funding | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>President Obama made his first-ever visit to Lake Tahoe on Wednesday to stress the importance of conservation efforts for the lake and the nation at large in the face of climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[soundcloud url=”https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/280937235″ params=”color=ff5500&auto_play=false&hide_related=false&show_comments=true&show_user=true&show_reposts=false” width=”100%” height=”166″ iframe=”true” /]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The challenges of conservation and combating climate change are connected — they’re linked,” Obama told a gathering at the 20th annual \u003ca href=\"http://tahoesouth.com/events/annual-lake-tahoe-summit/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Lake Tahoe Summit\u003c/a>, which brings together political leaders and scientists to hash out major environmental issues facing the lake. Impacts from the changing climate, runoff, erosion, wildfires, and invasive species have all threatened Lake Tahoe’s legendary clarity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Just as this space is sacred to Native Americans, it should be sacred to all Americans,” he told the crowd.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s why we’re here, to protect this special, pristine place, to keep these waters crystal clear, the keep the air as pure as the heavens,” said Obama.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is really nice,” said the president with seemingly genuine delight, after laying eyes on the Tahoe Basin for the first time. “I will be coming here more often.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Obama’s admiration for the scenery served to underscore the risks he outlined that climate change and the drought pose to the region.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A single wildfire in a dangerously flammable Lake Tahoe Basin could cause enough erosion to erase decades of progress when it comes to water quality,” says Obama. “A changing climate threatens even the best conservation efforts.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1512529\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 1632px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1512529\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/Lake_Tahoe.jpg\" alt=\"Lake Tahoe just before sunrise.\" width=\"1632\" height=\"1224\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/Lake_Tahoe.jpg 1632w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/Lake_Tahoe-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/Lake_Tahoe-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/Lake_Tahoe-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/Lake_Tahoe-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/Lake_Tahoe-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/Lake_Tahoe-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/Lake_Tahoe-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/Lake_Tahoe-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/Lake_Tahoe-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1632px) 100vw, 1632px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Lake Tahoe just before sunrise. \u003ccite>(Lindsey Hoshaw/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Obama used the event to announce more than $33 million in funding for ecosystem restoration and renewable energy projects. The largest chunk of new money — $29.5 million — will go toward stemming forest fires by clearing potential fuels near Lake Tahoe. A recent \u003ca href=\"http://www.fs.fed.us/news/releases/forest-service-survey-finds-record-66-million-dead-trees-southern-sierra-nevada\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">U.S. Forest Service report\u003c/a> found more than 60 million trees in the Sierra Nevada either dead or dying.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The funding comes at a crucial time for Lake Tahoe, which faces multiple threats despite $1.8 billion in federal, state, and local money having been funneled into protective measures over the past two decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Warming temperatures in the region have meant more precipitation falling as rain instead of snow, which creates more runoff into the lake. Warmer temperatures also increase the surface water temperature; a recent \u003ca href=\"http://terc.ucdavis.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">UC Davis report \u003c/a>found that the lake is warming faster than ever recorded.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although California Senator Dianne Feinstein has urged Congress since 2011 to approve more money under the Lake Tahoe Restoration Act, nothing has materialized. Hence, most of Obama’s environmental conservation efforts have come through executive action.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘A changing climate threatens even the best conservation efforts.’\u003ccite>President Barack Obama\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>During his speech, Obama also announced a package of public and private initiatives aimed at restoring the withering Salton Sea and boosting geothermal energy development in the Southern California deserts. Geothermal plants tap the natural heat deep below the Earth’s surface to generate electrical power. While California is still home to the nation’s largest geothermal operation, development in the state has stalled in recent years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The president said the federal government will work harder to help develop geothermal energy in the southern deserts. The Department of Energy is investigating ways that the Imperial Valley could produce between 100 to 250 megawatts of new geothermal energy while protecting wildlife habitat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The federal government will also put $29 million into two geothermal research projects run by the \u003ca href=\"http://energy.gov/eere/forge/sandia-national-laboratories-fallon\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Department of Energy’s Sandia National Laboratories, Fallon\u003c/a> in Nevada and the \u003ca href=\"https://www.usu.edu/campuses/page/milford/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">University of Utah\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although the administration pledged funding for wildfire prevention and renewable energy, much of the president’s speech focused on private investments.[contextly_sidebar id=”CLtze1ldR9e4PnYovsqnrijpsSZOdmkP”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Private sources including the S.D. Bechtel, Jr. Foundation and the Rockefeller Foundation are part of a new $10 million initiative to restore the Salton Sea, which Senator Barbara Boxer has described as being “at high risk of turning into a public health emergency.” As the lake shrinks from lack of a natural water supply, decaying organic matter releases hydrogen sulfide, which causes air pollution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The appearance is Obama’s first to the annual Tahoe summit, and the first for any sitting president since President Bill Clinton spoke at the inaugural event in 1997.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Obama has been on environmental roll lately. Earlier in the summer he visited Yosemite National Park as part of the park service’s centennial.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last week he established the \u003ca href=\"https://www.nps.gov/kaww/index.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Katahdin Woods and Waters National Monument\u003c/a> in north-central Maine and expanded the \u003ca href=\"http://www.papahanaumokuakea.gov/\">Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument\u003c/a>, creating the world’s largest marine protected area off the coast of Hawaii.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After his talk today he’ll travel to Midway Atoll to discuss the importance of Papahānaumokuākea and of protecting our national treasures in the face of climate change.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>President Obama made his first-ever visit to Lake Tahoe on Wednesday to stress the importance of conservation efforts for the lake and the nation at large in the face of climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cdiv class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__shortcodes__shortcodeWrapper'>\n \u003ciframe width='”100%”' height='”166″'\n scrolling='no' frameborder='no'\n src='https://w.soundcloud.com/player/?url=”https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/280937235″&visual=true&”color=ff5500&auto_play=false&hide_related=false&show_comments=true&show_user=true&show_reposts=false”'\n title='”https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/280937235″'>\n \u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/div>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The challenges of conservation and combating climate change are connected — they’re linked,” Obama told a gathering at the 20th annual \u003ca href=\"http://tahoesouth.com/events/annual-lake-tahoe-summit/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Lake Tahoe Summit\u003c/a>, which brings together political leaders and scientists to hash out major environmental issues facing the lake. Impacts from the changing climate, runoff, erosion, wildfires, and invasive species have all threatened Lake Tahoe’s legendary clarity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Just as this space is sacred to Native Americans, it should be sacred to all Americans,” he told the crowd.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s why we’re here, to protect this special, pristine place, to keep these waters crystal clear, the keep the air as pure as the heavens,” said Obama.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is really nice,” said the president with seemingly genuine delight, after laying eyes on the Tahoe Basin for the first time. “I will be coming here more often.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Obama’s admiration for the scenery served to underscore the risks he outlined that climate change and the drought pose to the region.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A single wildfire in a dangerously flammable Lake Tahoe Basin could cause enough erosion to erase decades of progress when it comes to water quality,” says Obama. “A changing climate threatens even the best conservation efforts.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1512529\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 1632px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1512529\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/Lake_Tahoe.jpg\" alt=\"Lake Tahoe just before sunrise.\" width=\"1632\" height=\"1224\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/Lake_Tahoe.jpg 1632w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/Lake_Tahoe-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/Lake_Tahoe-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/Lake_Tahoe-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/Lake_Tahoe-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/Lake_Tahoe-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/Lake_Tahoe-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/Lake_Tahoe-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/Lake_Tahoe-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/Lake_Tahoe-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1632px) 100vw, 1632px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Lake Tahoe just before sunrise. \u003ccite>(Lindsey Hoshaw/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Obama used the event to announce more than $33 million in funding for ecosystem restoration and renewable energy projects. The largest chunk of new money — $29.5 million — will go toward stemming forest fires by clearing potential fuels near Lake Tahoe. A recent \u003ca href=\"http://www.fs.fed.us/news/releases/forest-service-survey-finds-record-66-million-dead-trees-southern-sierra-nevada\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">U.S. Forest Service report\u003c/a> found more than 60 million trees in the Sierra Nevada either dead or dying.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The funding comes at a crucial time for Lake Tahoe, which faces multiple threats despite $1.8 billion in federal, state, and local money having been funneled into protective measures over the past two decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Warming temperatures in the region have meant more precipitation falling as rain instead of snow, which creates more runoff into the lake. Warmer temperatures also increase the surface water temperature; a recent \u003ca href=\"http://terc.ucdavis.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">UC Davis report \u003c/a>found that the lake is warming faster than ever recorded.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although California Senator Dianne Feinstein has urged Congress since 2011 to approve more money under the Lake Tahoe Restoration Act, nothing has materialized. Hence, most of Obama’s environmental conservation efforts have come through executive action.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘A changing climate threatens even the best conservation efforts.’\u003ccite>President Barack Obama\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>During his speech, Obama also announced a package of public and private initiatives aimed at restoring the withering Salton Sea and boosting geothermal energy development in the Southern California deserts. Geothermal plants tap the natural heat deep below the Earth’s surface to generate electrical power. While California is still home to the nation’s largest geothermal operation, development in the state has stalled in recent years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The president said the federal government will work harder to help develop geothermal energy in the southern deserts. The Department of Energy is investigating ways that the Imperial Valley could produce between 100 to 250 megawatts of new geothermal energy while protecting wildlife habitat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The federal government will also put $29 million into two geothermal research projects run by the \u003ca href=\"http://energy.gov/eere/forge/sandia-national-laboratories-fallon\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Department of Energy’s Sandia National Laboratories, Fallon\u003c/a> in Nevada and the \u003ca href=\"https://www.usu.edu/campuses/page/milford/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">University of Utah\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although the administration pledged funding for wildfire prevention and renewable energy, much of the president’s speech focused on private investments.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Private sources including the S.D. Bechtel, Jr. Foundation and the Rockefeller Foundation are part of a new $10 million initiative to restore the Salton Sea, which Senator Barbara Boxer has described as being “at high risk of turning into a public health emergency.” As the lake shrinks from lack of a natural water supply, decaying organic matter releases hydrogen sulfide, which causes air pollution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The appearance is Obama’s first to the annual Tahoe summit, and the first for any sitting president since President Bill Clinton spoke at the inaugural event in 1997.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Obama has been on environmental roll lately. Earlier in the summer he visited Yosemite National Park as part of the park service’s centennial.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last week he established the \u003ca href=\"https://www.nps.gov/kaww/index.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Katahdin Woods and Waters National Monument\u003c/a> in north-central Maine and expanded the \u003ca href=\"http://www.papahanaumokuakea.gov/\">Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument\u003c/a>, creating the world’s largest marine protected area off the coast of Hawaii.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After his talk today he’ll travel to Midway Atoll to discuss the importance of Papahānaumokuākea and of protecting our national treasures in the face of climate change.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"source": "City Arts & Lectures"
},
"link": "https://www.cityarts.net",
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},
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"order": 1
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"info": "\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />",
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"id": "commonwealth-club",
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"info": "The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.",
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"source": "Commonwealth Club of California"
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"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Forum-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"order": 9
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"meta": {
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=214089682&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"source": "NPR"
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"airtime": "SUN 7:30pm-8pm",
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"hyphenacion": {
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"tagline": "Where conversation and cultura meet",
"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
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"order": 15
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"tagline": "Lessons from a lifetime in politics",
"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
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"order": 18
},
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},
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"title": "Latino USA",
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"info": "Latino USA, the radio journal of news and culture, is the only national, English-language radio program produced from a Latino perspective.",
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"link": "/radio/program/latino-usa",
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},
"marketplace": {
"id": "marketplace",
"title": "Marketplace",
"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Marketplace-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.marketplace.org/",
"meta": {
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"source": "American Public Media"
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"masters-of-scale": {
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"title": "Masters of Scale",
"info": "Masters of Scale is an original podcast in which LinkedIn co-founder and Greylock Partner Reid Hoffman sets out to describe and prove theories that explain how great entrepreneurs take their companies from zero to a gazillion in ingenious fashion.",
"airtime": "Every other Wednesday June 12 through October 16 at 8pm (repeats Thursdays at 2am)",
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"rss": "https://rss.art19.com/masters-of-scale"
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},
"mindshift": {
"id": "mindshift",
"title": "MindShift",
"tagline": "A podcast about the future of learning and how we raise our kids",
"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn",
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"meta": {
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"order": 12
},
"link": "/podcasts/mindshift",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5",
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},
"morning-edition": {
"id": "morning-edition",
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"info": "\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. Hosts Steve Inskeep, David Greene and Rachel Martin bring you the latest breaking news and features to prepare you for the day.",
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"onourwatch": {
"id": "onourwatch",
"title": "On Our Watch",
"tagline": "Deeply-reported investigative journalism",
"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/On-Our-Watch-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
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"order": 11
},
"link": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5ucHIub3JnLzUxMDM2MC9wb2RjYXN0LnhtbD9zYz1nb29nbGVwb2RjYXN0cw",
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},
"on-the-media": {
"id": "on-the-media",
"title": "On The Media",
"info": "Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. For one hour a week, the show tries to lift the veil from the process of \"making media,\" especially news media, because it's through that lens that we see the world and the world sees us",
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"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/onTheMedia.png",
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},
"link": "/radio/program/on-the-media",
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"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/On-the-Media-p69/",
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},
"pbs-newshour": {
"id": "pbs-newshour",
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"info": "Analysis, background reports and updates from the PBS NewsHour putting today's news in context.",
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"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/PBS-News-Hour-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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},
"link": "/radio/program/pbs-newshour",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/pbs-newshour-full-show/id394432287?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/PBS-NewsHour---Full-Show-p425698/",
"rss": "https://www.pbs.org/newshour/feeds/rss/podcasts/show"
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},
"perspectives": {
"id": "perspectives",
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"tagline": "KQED's series of daily listener commentaries since 1991",
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"order": 14
},
"link": "/perspectives",
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"planet-money": {
"id": "planet-money",
"title": "Planet Money",
"info": "The economy explained. Imagine you could call up a friend and say, Meet me at the bar and tell me what's going on with the economy. Now imagine that's actually a fun evening.",
"airtime": "SUN 3pm-4pm",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/planetmoney.jpg",
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"meta": {
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"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/planet-money",
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