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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s got a long way to go to get to where it was,” he says. “It’s certainly an important milestone.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Park officials stopped stocking non-native fish in some Yosemite lakes, helping the comeback, and it appears that the frog has developed a resistance to the disease deadly to amphibians, called the chytrid fungus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The disease has led to the extinction of more than 200 species of amphibians around the world in the last 30 years, Knapp said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The frog’s ability to develop a resistance, combined with better management practices, could reverse the decline of amphibians elsewhere, researchers say.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The rebound of the yellow-legged frog is limited to Yosemite, which makes up 13 percent of its historical habitat in the Sierra. Researchers say that elsewhere in the range, the frog remains scarce.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It is still protected as a federally endangered species, and state wildlife officials consider it threatened in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yosemite National Park called the rebound a rare success story in the world of endangered species, and one that made them hopeful the yellow-legged frog would eventually come off the endangered list.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A lot of people think that species linger on this list in perpetuity and we very rarely see species coming off the list,” says Rob Grasso, the park’s aquatic ecologist.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This shows it can be done, and even such an imperiled species as the Sierra Nevada yellow-legged frog can recover when the odds are highly stacked against it,” Grasso says. “One day, it could be off the list. This gives us tremendous hope.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Sitting there, with the cursor on your computer flickering, what words would you write to your child about this juncture in time, when we’re acutely aware that our \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/world-passes-400-ppm-threshold-permanently-20738\">carbon pollution is a problem\u003c/a>, but we have \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/un-climate-pact-closer-to-taking-effect-20721\">yet to take major actions\u003c/a> to reduce it?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What would you tell them about what you did to make sure their future isn’t lived in an environmental wasteland? Would writing those words, to be preserved for the next generation, inspire you to do more?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s the premise behind \u003ca href=\"http://www.deartomorrow.org/\">DearTomorrow\u003c/a>, a nascent project that’s archiving letters about climate change written by people to their future children, selves or family. Part social movement, part time capsule, DearTomorrow uses how much we care about future generations to get people engaged in dealing with climate change in the here and now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The inspiration for the project hit DearTomorrow co-founder \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/harshtruism\">Trisha Shrum\u003c/a> after hearing former United Nation’s climate chief \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/CFigueres\">Christiana Figueres\u003c/a> talk about her concern that children from future generations would look at her and ask what she did to address climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1046223\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1046223\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/DearTomorrowFacebook_1.jpg\" alt=\"A DearTomorrow message documented at the Paris climate talks in December 2015.\" width=\"400\" height=\"533\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A DearTomorrow message documented at the Paris climate talks in December 2015. \u003ccite>(\u003ca href=\"https://www.facebook.com/DearTomorrow/photos/a.1596655740588133.1073741828.1593032114283829/1646020605651646/?type=3&theater\">DearTomorrow\u003c/a>/Facebook)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Figueres words resonated with Shrum, making her wonder what she would tell her daughter who was 10 months old at the time. She confronted the blinking cursor, wrote a letter and in the process realized how much thinking about her daughter’s future was tied to her own present actions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“To my child, I’m the most powerful people in her life,” Shrum said. “It’s my job to take care of her and do what I can to ensure she has a chance at a really great future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When it comes to being accountable to yourself, you can make excuses for why you don’t act on climate change. But any excuses you have to your child about why you didn’t do everything you could to protect them and their future is really, well, you can’t make those excuses. They fall flat.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Writing a letter for her daughter to read in 2050 was a transformational moment in Shrum’s life and one she wanted to share with other people. She also knew that getting people to imagine a hopeful future for their children has the power to to disrupt how we view climate change, shifting it from an intractable problem to an opportunity to \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/eu-countries-renewable-goals-20021\">reshape our world\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s because Shrum has a PhD in behavioral sciences and economics and is currently a postdoctoral researcher at the University of Colorado. The project’s conception and execution is grounded in the science of how humans think and what it takes to get people to act on big problems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When it comes to climate change, the big problem is that most people see it as a massive issue beyond their control. But having people write a letter to their future self or loved ones makes it personal. DearTomorrow also asks letter writers to focus on positive themes and why they have hope for future generations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s easy to get apocalyptic about climate change, but we want to deliver a message of hope and empowerment not one of doom and despair,” Shrum said. “We see that reflected in our letters. There are so many sentences that begin or end with, ‘I hope.’”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Social science research indicates that positivity has value as well. Per Espen Stoknes, a Norwegian psychologist who has studied why climate change is such a tough issue for humans to address, wrote an entire book on the topic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a 2015 \u003ca href=\"http://e360.yale.edu/feature/how_can_we_make_people_care_about_climate_change/2892/\">interview with Yale E360\u003c/a>, Stoknes said, “Rather than something distant, communicators need to make climate change feel like something that is near, personal, and urgent. Rather than doom, we need to emphasize the opportunities that the crisis affords us.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>DearTomorrow is betting on the power of individuals to amplify that message even further. The other important aspect of the project is bridging the tribal divides we’ve built up (you only need to look at your Facebook newsfeed \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/presidential-debate-climate-change-20740\">this election season\u003c/a> to see them firsthand).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While our tribal nature has the power to divide, it can also bring people closer together. And when the messages are deeply personal, they can actually move people. Though the letters are addressed to future generations, the people who write them are free (and in fact encouraged) to share them with their current social networks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The power of this project is that we find people need to hear information from people they trust and in language they understand from people like them,” Shrum said. “When you share your reason for taking action on climate change in your voice, people can relate to it in a way that they might not if it was from (climate activist) Bill McKibben.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The project has attracted hundreds of letters from everyday people. Companies such as Virgin have also gotten on board with letters from company leaders to their children. Shrum said she eventually wants to provide people with ways to turn what’s in their letters into concrete, meaningful actions to address climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The timing of DearTomorrow couldn’t be better when it comes to climate communication. A recent joint Yale and George Mason University survey found that the number of Americans who discuss climate change with family and friends has steadily dropped over the past eight years, creating what researchers call a “\u003ca href=\"http://dotearth.blogs.nytimes.com/2016/09/30/as-warnings-build-is-there-a-spiral-of-silence-on-climate-change\">spiral of silence\u003c/a>.” As fewer people talk about it, fewer people still feel comfortable bringing it up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That dynamic has to change and the public will have to be more engaged than ever with climate solutions if the world is to cut its fossil fuel habit. The letters of DearTomorrow will provide a snapshot for historians not just in 2050, but beyond, of the cultural mood in one of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/antarctica-co2-400-ppm-million-years-20451\">biggest periods of change in human history\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Archivists think in centuries and preservation,” Shrum said. “This is a special moment in history and we want to preserve that conversation at a transition point and what it was like to live when there was this massive change from this economy driven by fossil fuels to this one driven by clean energy.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Climate Central\u003c/span>\u003c/a> \u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">is an independent organization that researches and reports on climate change.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Sitting there, with the cursor on your computer flickering, what words would you write to your child about this juncture in time, when we’re acutely aware that our \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/world-passes-400-ppm-threshold-permanently-20738\">carbon pollution is a problem\u003c/a>, but we have \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/un-climate-pact-closer-to-taking-effect-20721\">yet to take major actions\u003c/a> to reduce it?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What would you tell them about what you did to make sure their future isn’t lived in an environmental wasteland? Would writing those words, to be preserved for the next generation, inspire you to do more?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s the premise behind \u003ca href=\"http://www.deartomorrow.org/\">DearTomorrow\u003c/a>, a nascent project that’s archiving letters about climate change written by people to their future children, selves or family. Part social movement, part time capsule, DearTomorrow uses how much we care about future generations to get people engaged in dealing with climate change in the here and now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The inspiration for the project hit DearTomorrow co-founder \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/harshtruism\">Trisha Shrum\u003c/a> after hearing former United Nation’s climate chief \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/CFigueres\">Christiana Figueres\u003c/a> talk about her concern that children from future generations would look at her and ask what she did to address climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1046223\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1046223\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/DearTomorrowFacebook_1.jpg\" alt=\"A DearTomorrow message documented at the Paris climate talks in December 2015.\" width=\"400\" height=\"533\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A DearTomorrow message documented at the Paris climate talks in December 2015. \u003ccite>(\u003ca href=\"https://www.facebook.com/DearTomorrow/photos/a.1596655740588133.1073741828.1593032114283829/1646020605651646/?type=3&theater\">DearTomorrow\u003c/a>/Facebook)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Figueres words resonated with Shrum, making her wonder what she would tell her daughter who was 10 months old at the time. She confronted the blinking cursor, wrote a letter and in the process realized how much thinking about her daughter’s future was tied to her own present actions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“To my child, I’m the most powerful people in her life,” Shrum said. “It’s my job to take care of her and do what I can to ensure she has a chance at a really great future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When it comes to being accountable to yourself, you can make excuses for why you don’t act on climate change. But any excuses you have to your child about why you didn’t do everything you could to protect them and their future is really, well, you can’t make those excuses. They fall flat.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Writing a letter for her daughter to read in 2050 was a transformational moment in Shrum’s life and one she wanted to share with other people. She also knew that getting people to imagine a hopeful future for their children has the power to to disrupt how we view climate change, shifting it from an intractable problem to an opportunity to \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/eu-countries-renewable-goals-20021\">reshape our world\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s because Shrum has a PhD in behavioral sciences and economics and is currently a postdoctoral researcher at the University of Colorado. The project’s conception and execution is grounded in the science of how humans think and what it takes to get people to act on big problems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When it comes to climate change, the big problem is that most people see it as a massive issue beyond their control. But having people write a letter to their future self or loved ones makes it personal. DearTomorrow also asks letter writers to focus on positive themes and why they have hope for future generations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s easy to get apocalyptic about climate change, but we want to deliver a message of hope and empowerment not one of doom and despair,” Shrum said. “We see that reflected in our letters. There are so many sentences that begin or end with, ‘I hope.’”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Social science research indicates that positivity has value as well. Per Espen Stoknes, a Norwegian psychologist who has studied why climate change is such a tough issue for humans to address, wrote an entire book on the topic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a 2015 \u003ca href=\"http://e360.yale.edu/feature/how_can_we_make_people_care_about_climate_change/2892/\">interview with Yale E360\u003c/a>, Stoknes said, “Rather than something distant, communicators need to make climate change feel like something that is near, personal, and urgent. Rather than doom, we need to emphasize the opportunities that the crisis affords us.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>DearTomorrow is betting on the power of individuals to amplify that message even further. The other important aspect of the project is bridging the tribal divides we’ve built up (you only need to look at your Facebook newsfeed \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/presidential-debate-climate-change-20740\">this election season\u003c/a> to see them firsthand).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While our tribal nature has the power to divide, it can also bring people closer together. And when the messages are deeply personal, they can actually move people. Though the letters are addressed to future generations, the people who write them are free (and in fact encouraged) to share them with their current social networks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The power of this project is that we find people need to hear information from people they trust and in language they understand from people like them,” Shrum said. “When you share your reason for taking action on climate change in your voice, people can relate to it in a way that they might not if it was from (climate activist) Bill McKibben.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The project has attracted hundreds of letters from everyday people. Companies such as Virgin have also gotten on board with letters from company leaders to their children. Shrum said she eventually wants to provide people with ways to turn what’s in their letters into concrete, meaningful actions to address climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The timing of DearTomorrow couldn’t be better when it comes to climate communication. A recent joint Yale and George Mason University survey found that the number of Americans who discuss climate change with family and friends has steadily dropped over the past eight years, creating what researchers call a “\u003ca href=\"http://dotearth.blogs.nytimes.com/2016/09/30/as-warnings-build-is-there-a-spiral-of-silence-on-climate-change\">spiral of silence\u003c/a>.” As fewer people talk about it, fewer people still feel comfortable bringing it up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That dynamic has to change and the public will have to be more engaged than ever with climate solutions if the world is to cut its fossil fuel habit. The letters of DearTomorrow will provide a snapshot for historians not just in 2050, but beyond, of the cultural mood in one of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/antarctica-co2-400-ppm-million-years-20451\">biggest periods of change in human history\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Archivists think in centuries and preservation,” Shrum said. “This is a special moment in history and we want to preserve that conversation at a transition point and what it was like to live when there was this massive change from this economy driven by fossil fuels to this one driven by clean energy.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "Bees Added to U.S. Endangered Species List for First Time",
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"content": "\u003cp>Finally — some good news for the bees of Hawaii.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service has given endangered status to seven species of yellow-faced bees native to the islands. These are “the first bees in the country to be protected under the Endangered Species Act,” \u003ca href=\"http://www.xerces.org/blog/seven-bees-in-hawaii-added-to-us-endangered-species-list/\">according to the Xerces Society\u003c/a>, which advocated for the new designation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new rule designating protections for the bees, published Friday \u003ca href=\"https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2016-09-30/pdf/2016-23112.pdf\">in the Federal Register\u003c/a>, states that yellow-faced bees are known “for their yellow-to-white facial markings.” They look like small wasps, according to the rule, except for their “plumose [branched] hairs on the body that are longest on the sides of the thorax, which readily distinguish them from wasps.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The yellow-faced bee is the only bee native to Hawaii, meaning that it was able to reach the Hawaiian islands on its own, \u003ca href=\"http://www.ctahr.hawaii.edu/uhmg/news/V9-Magnacca-NativeBee.pdf\">according to a fact sheet\u003c/a> provided by the University of Hawai’i’s Master Gardner Program. “From that one original colonist they evolved into 63 known endemic species, about 10% of the world’s yellow-faced bees and more than are found in this genus in all of North America.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the populations of these seven species are getting smaller and smaller, according to Fish and Wildlife. For example, the \u003cem>Hylaeus anthracinus\u003c/em> was once found in dozens of locations around Hawaii but is now in only 15 — while \u003cem>Hylaeus hilaris\u003c/em> and \u003cem>Hylaeus kuakea\u003c/em> are each found only in one location.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The seven endangered species are impacted by a wide variety of threats, including habitat destruction because of urbanization or nonnative animals, the introduction of nonnative plant species, wildfires, nonnative predators and natural events such as hurricanes, tsunamis and drought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The protected status “will allow authorities to implement recovery programs, access funding and limit their harm from outside sources,” as Gregory Koob of the Fish and Wildlife Service told The Associated Press. He added that “all federal agencies must consult with the Fish and Wildlife service when interacting with endangered species.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Xerces Society called the new rule “excellent news” but added that “there is much work that needs to be done to ensure that Hawaii’s bees thrive.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These bees are often found in small patches of habitat hemmed in by agricultural land or developments,” the group said. “Unfortunately, the [Fish and Wildlife Service] has not designated any ‘critical habitat’ areas of land of particular importance for the endangered bees.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/02/26/468241649/report-more-pollinators-species-in-jeopardy-threatening-world-food-supply\">As we’ve reported\u003c/a>, pollinators are under threat around the world. A U.N.-sponsored report released in February found that “about 40 percent of invertebrate pollinator species (such as bees and butterflies) are facing extinction.” This could have major implications for world food supply, because “about 75 percent of the world’s food crops … depend at least partly on pollination.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite the threats, the University of Hawaii says these bees “have managed to persist with amazing tenacity.” While this group of species is now endangered, new species of the genus are discovered regularly – “11 new native species have been found in the past 15 years.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The rule, which goes into effect at the end of the month, also gives the endangered designation to 39 plant species found on the islands and to three other animals native to Hawaii – the band-rumped storm-petrel, the orangeblack Hawaiian damselfly, and the anchialine pool shrimp.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The anchialine pool shrimp is known for its unusual longevity — \u003ca href=\"http://hawaiinaturejournal.weebly.com/hawaii-plants-and-animals-in-the-backyard-and-beyond/slipping-through-the-cracks-opae-ula-hawaiian-red-shrimp\">according to the Hawaii Nature Journal\u003c/a>, they can live for 10 to 15 years in the wild.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Bees+Added+To+U.S.+Endangered+Species+List+For+1st+Time&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"description": "Seven species of the yellow-faced bee, which is the only bee native to Hawaii, have been designated as endangered. They're known for their yellow-to-white facial markings.",
"title": "Bees Added to U.S. Endangered Species List for First Time | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Finally — some good news for the bees of Hawaii.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service has given endangered status to seven species of yellow-faced bees native to the islands. These are “the first bees in the country to be protected under the Endangered Species Act,” \u003ca href=\"http://www.xerces.org/blog/seven-bees-in-hawaii-added-to-us-endangered-species-list/\">according to the Xerces Society\u003c/a>, which advocated for the new designation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new rule designating protections for the bees, published Friday \u003ca href=\"https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2016-09-30/pdf/2016-23112.pdf\">in the Federal Register\u003c/a>, states that yellow-faced bees are known “for their yellow-to-white facial markings.” They look like small wasps, according to the rule, except for their “plumose [branched] hairs on the body that are longest on the sides of the thorax, which readily distinguish them from wasps.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The yellow-faced bee is the only bee native to Hawaii, meaning that it was able to reach the Hawaiian islands on its own, \u003ca href=\"http://www.ctahr.hawaii.edu/uhmg/news/V9-Magnacca-NativeBee.pdf\">according to a fact sheet\u003c/a> provided by the University of Hawai’i’s Master Gardner Program. “From that one original colonist they evolved into 63 known endemic species, about 10% of the world’s yellow-faced bees and more than are found in this genus in all of North America.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the populations of these seven species are getting smaller and smaller, according to Fish and Wildlife. For example, the \u003cem>Hylaeus anthracinus\u003c/em> was once found in dozens of locations around Hawaii but is now in only 15 — while \u003cem>Hylaeus hilaris\u003c/em> and \u003cem>Hylaeus kuakea\u003c/em> are each found only in one location.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The seven endangered species are impacted by a wide variety of threats, including habitat destruction because of urbanization or nonnative animals, the introduction of nonnative plant species, wildfires, nonnative predators and natural events such as hurricanes, tsunamis and drought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The protected status “will allow authorities to implement recovery programs, access funding and limit their harm from outside sources,” as Gregory Koob of the Fish and Wildlife Service told The Associated Press. He added that “all federal agencies must consult with the Fish and Wildlife service when interacting with endangered species.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Xerces Society called the new rule “excellent news” but added that “there is much work that needs to be done to ensure that Hawaii’s bees thrive.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These bees are often found in small patches of habitat hemmed in by agricultural land or developments,” the group said. “Unfortunately, the [Fish and Wildlife Service] has not designated any ‘critical habitat’ areas of land of particular importance for the endangered bees.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/02/26/468241649/report-more-pollinators-species-in-jeopardy-threatening-world-food-supply\">As we’ve reported\u003c/a>, pollinators are under threat around the world. A U.N.-sponsored report released in February found that “about 40 percent of invertebrate pollinator species (such as bees and butterflies) are facing extinction.” This could have major implications for world food supply, because “about 75 percent of the world’s food crops … depend at least partly on pollination.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite the threats, the University of Hawaii says these bees “have managed to persist with amazing tenacity.” While this group of species is now endangered, new species of the genus are discovered regularly – “11 new native species have been found in the past 15 years.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The rule, which goes into effect at the end of the month, also gives the endangered designation to 39 plant species found on the islands and to three other animals native to Hawaii – the band-rumped storm-petrel, the orangeblack Hawaiian damselfly, and the anchialine pool shrimp.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The anchialine pool shrimp is known for its unusual longevity — \u003ca href=\"http://hawaiinaturejournal.weebly.com/hawaii-plants-and-animals-in-the-backyard-and-beyond/slipping-through-the-cracks-opae-ula-hawaiian-red-shrimp\">according to the Hawaii Nature Journal\u003c/a>, they can live for 10 to 15 years in the wild.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Bees+Added+To+U.S.+Endangered+Species+List+For+1st+Time&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "How Safe Is Safe Enough for a Self-Driving Car?",
"headTitle": "How Safe Is Safe Enough for a Self-Driving Car? | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Don’t look now, but self-driving cars are accelerating rapidly toward an on-ramp near you.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To explain why, federal officials point to two facts: (1) some 35,000 people died in crashes on U.S. roads last year, and (2) human error was to blame more than 90 percent of the time. \u003ca href=\"http://www.post-gazette.com/opinion/Op-Ed/2016/09/19/Barack-Obama-Self-driving-yes-but-also-safe/stories/201609200027\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">They say\u003c/a> one remedy might be to let computers take the wheel.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The prospect of automating your commute has attracted companies like Uber — whose \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2016/09/15/technology/our-reporter-goes-for-a-spin-in-a-self-driving-uber-car.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">experimental cars\u003c/a> in Pittsburgh still feature human backup drivers — and \u003ca href=\"https://www.wired.com/2016/08/driveai-autonomous-self-driving-cars/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">“stealth” tech\u003c/a> startups, along with heavyweights like Volkswagen, Nissan and Mercedes Benz. \u003ca href=\"https://www.dmv.ca.gov/portal/dmv/detail/vehindustry/ol/auton_veh_tester\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Fifteen\u003c/a> companies already have permits to test self-driving cars on California’s roads. You might \u003ca href=\"http://www.theverge.com/2016/5/18/11701282/chevy-bolt-self-driving-car-photos-leak-gm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">spot one\u003c/a> in the wild today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1038446\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1279px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1038446\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/Mercedes-car_edited.jpg\" alt=\"The Mercedes Benz F 015 self-driving car at the top of Conzelman Road on the morning of March 3, 2015.\" width=\"1279\" height=\"709\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/Mercedes-car_edited.jpg 1279w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/Mercedes-car_edited-400x222.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/Mercedes-car_edited-800x443.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/Mercedes-car_edited-768x426.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/Mercedes-car_edited-1180x654.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/Mercedes-car_edited-960x532.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/Mercedes-car_edited-672x372.jpg 672w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/Mercedes-car_edited-1038x576.jpg 1038w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1279px) 100vw, 1279px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Mercedes Benz F 015 self-driving car at the top of Conzelman Road on the morning of March 3, 2015. \u003ccite>(Kelvin Yap)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“It’s now clear that the next decade is going to be defined by the automation of the automobile,” Ford CEO Mark Fields declared at a recent press conference in Palo Alto. Fields was announcing the iconic carmaker’s plan to mass-produce a fully driverless car – one with no steering wheel and no pedals. He claims such machines will be on the road in the next five years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”ijcRJ2xGTqbVNsnN7xmsfAmIVSJ7nHzR”]”Ready or not, they’re coming,” U.S. Transportation Secretary Anthony Foxx said this summer. “And the choice we have in government is to either act, or react.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In September, federal regulators released some much-anticipated guidelines for carmakers, governing crucial questions like car safety, cyber-security and ethics. Government officials want to head off an emerging state-by-state patchwork of laws that could hamper new technology in the long run.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>‘The Elephant in the Room’\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not that auto-automation isn’t here already. Higher-end cars you can buy today boast features like “lane-keeping,” to keep your car centered in its lane on the highway, and adaptive cruise control, which adjusts to the speed of traffic around you.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>People are already abusing these, too — an \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yLmxS71FIJc\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">online video\u003c/a> shows a car steering itself down the highway as its driver climbs into the backseat. One entitled ‘\u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jhUX8qWFGc4\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Invisible Driver Prank In A Tesla!\u003c/a>’ catches the reactions of passing motorists, dumbfounded as the seemingly empty car drives itself along an interstate highway.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tesla’s autopilot feature attained some infamy after a fatal incident on a Florida highway in May. \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2016/07/02/business/joshua-brown-technology-enthusiast-tested-the-limits-of-his-tesla.html?smprod=nytcore-iphone&smid=nytcore-iphone-share\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Joshua Brown\u003c/a>, a 40-year-old man from Ohio, died when neither he nor his Model S braked before driving under an 18-wheeler. (Tesla has since released a software update that company co-founder Elon Musk says \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2016/09/12/business/elon-musk-says-pending-tesla-updates-could-have-prevented-fatal-crash.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">likely would’ve prevented\u003c/a> the crash.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Speaking to a hotel ballroom full of engineers and policy experts in San Francisco this summer, Mark Rosekind, head of the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, referred to the incident as “the elephant in the room.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘If we wait for perfect, we’ll be waiting for a very, very long time.’\u003ccite>Mark Rosekind, Nat’l Highway Traffic Safety Admin.\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Rosekind wouldn’t reveal details of an investigation, but said, “No one incident will derail the Department of Transportation and NHTSA from its mission to improve safety on the roads by pursuing new, life-saving technologies.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He went on to argue that “perfect” should not be the enemy of the good when it comes to roadway safety.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We should be desperate for new tools that will helps us save lives,” Rosekind told his audience. “If we wait for perfect, we’ll be waiting for a very, very long time.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, a precise definition of what “safe enough” will mean for self-driving cars is elusive. A teenager can qualify for a driver’s license by passing a quick road test, but machines will be held to a higher standard.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"sharedaddy show-for-medium-up\">\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1038212\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1334px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1038212\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/AUTO_DESKTOP_1.jpg\" alt=\"CREDIT:\" width=\"1334\" height=\"1075\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/AUTO_DESKTOP_1.jpg 1334w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/AUTO_DESKTOP_1-400x322.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/AUTO_DESKTOP_1-800x645.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/AUTO_DESKTOP_1-768x619.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/AUTO_DESKTOP_1-1180x951.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/AUTO_DESKTOP_1-960x774.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1334px) 100vw, 1334px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">CREDIT: \u003ccite>(Teodros Hailye/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv class=\"show-for-small-only\">\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1038213\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 750px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1038213\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/AUTO_MOBILE_1.jpg\" alt=\"CREDIT:\" width=\"750\" height=\"1334\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/AUTO_MOBILE_1.jpg 750w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/AUTO_MOBILE_1-400x711.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 750px) 100vw, 750px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">CREDIT: \u003ccite>(Teodros Hailye/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>‘Driving Better Than I Would’\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We saw how hard it is to keep people engaged in the driving task,” says Sarah Hunter, head of policy at X, formerly Google X.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They get switched off,” she says. “They find it very hard to focus on something they’re not actually meant to be doing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Google already has more than 50 experimental self-driving cars on the road . Some are \u003ca href=\"https://www.google.com/selfdrivingcar/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">two-seat prototypes\u003c/a> that look like something a cartoon mouse might roll up in, whereas the one I rode in was a white Lexus outfitted with sensors; they suggest a car that’s wearing Google Glass.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These vehicles feature cameras that can see what color a traffic light is, and measure the distance to objects using radar and lidar (light detection and ranging). All this data from lasers and sensors is integrated with highly precise maps, to give the car a detailed sense of what’s going on around it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The result, seen on a laptop screen inside, resembles a vibrant, highly distracting update of Frogger, the arcade game in which success is achieved by crossing traffic without dying.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Such cars also feature a cartoonishly large, red button in the console. A quick way to shut off self-driving mode is required in California for companies testing such vehicles, along with $5 million in insurance coverage, though restrictions are already starting to loosen up. Governor Jerry Brown \u003ca href=\"http://fortune.com/2016/09/29/california-law-test-autonomous-shuttle/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">just signed\u003c/a> a bill permitting test vehicles to roll without steering wheels or pedals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>My adventure in Google’s car comprised a quick jaunt around the block in Mountain View. In the driver’s seat, Karen Isgrigg kept her hands inches from the steering wheel in case she needed to take over.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She says occasionally the car will act strangely — say by lightly braking at unexpected moments — but then it turns out the computer is sensing something Isgrigg doesn’t see, like someone running a red light, and is responding prudently.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1035887\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 3264px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1035887\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/IMG_0235.jpg\" alt=\"Google has more than fifty experimental self-driving cars on the road. About half are like this one – a modified Lexus RH450H – while the rest are small prototype test vehicles that don’t have steering wheels.\" width=\"3264\" height=\"2448\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/IMG_0235.jpg 3264w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/IMG_0235-400x300.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/IMG_0235-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/IMG_0235-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/IMG_0235-1440x1080.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/IMG_0235-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/IMG_0235-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/IMG_0235-960x720.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 3264px) 100vw, 3264px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Google has more than fifty experimental self-driving cars on the road. About half are like this one – a modified Lexus RH450H – while the rest are small prototype test vehicles that don’t have steering wheels. \u003ccite>(Daniel Potter)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“The car is driving better than I would as a human being,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This, in a nutshell, is Google’s objective, though it may come about gradually, like preparing a human student driver.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You start them out in familiar, calmer environments first,” says Hunter, “slowly introducing them to more complex places like a local mall before allowing them onto the freeway or into the city.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That could happen in perhaps three years, she told me. But it may be 30 years before self-driving cars can go anywhere in the world, mastering more sophisticated driving challenges, such as icy roads or interpreting hand motions from crossing guards.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Moral Judgments\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In late September, \u003ca href=\"https://www.transportation.gov/av\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">federal regulators\u003c/a> released 116 pages of guidelines on self-driving cars. While these will eventually become rules, for now they hinge on industry cooperation. They’re intended to be updated annually, though even that pace may seem glacial, next to technology that can change with the download of a new software patch.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The guidelines ask carmakers to \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/trafficandcommuting/as-driverless-cars-grow-closer-a-delicate-balance-between-rules-and-guidelines/2016/07/28/135c86a6-5431-11e6-b7de-dfe509430c39_story.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">make their case\u003c/a> with a fifteen-point safety assessment, including how self-driving cars will sense and respond to surrounding vehicles, where they’re intended to operate, how they’re being tested, and how they’ll protect data and safeguard against hackers.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">Self-driving cars will be expected to act morally, just like the rest of us.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>There’s also a section on ethics, because self-driving cars will be expected\u003ca href=\"https://www.wired.com/2014/08/heres-a-terrible-idea-robot-cars-with-adjustable-ethics-settings/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> to act morally\u003c/a>, just like the rest of us.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Let’s say you’re cruising down the street when a kid runs out from behind a tree. You have only a second to react, swerving into a parked truck. Within that second, you’ve made a moral judgment, choosing the lesser of two “evils.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Or, say you’d like to give a cyclist some breathing room as you pass on the left, but doing so means illegally crossing a double-yellow line.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In scenarios like these, self-driving cars will do as their programmers have instructed — and their actions may carry moral and legal consequences.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The advent of self-driving cars could have ripple effects throughout society, according to Ryan Jenkins, a philosophy professor who explores the ethics of emerging technologies at Cal Poly in San Luis Obispo.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One is that there’s no guarantee they’ll reduce congestion. Say you’re working late and decide to send your self-driving car to pick up your kid before it doubles back by the office for you, for instance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1035893\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1035893\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/Auto_FI_01.jpg\" alt=\"A Chevy Volt with self-driving car technology in front of KQED. \" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/Auto_FI_01.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/Auto_FI_01-400x225.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/Auto_FI_01-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/Auto_FI_01-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/Auto_FI_01-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/Auto_FI_01-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/Auto_FI_01-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A Chevy Volt with self-driving car technology in front of KQED. \u003ccite>(Teodros Hailye/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“It’s not obvious that it’s going to reduce the total number of trips that are taken,” says Jenkins, “and some people think it might not reduce the total number of cars on the road.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He also noted that thousands of people await transplants of vital organs each year — of which fatal car crashes are a leading source.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If we reduce by ten thousand or twenty thousand the number of people who are killed in car crashes, we’re going to reduce the number of donor organs. This might mean that more people die waiting for organ donations,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are other concerns. If your self-driving car causes a wreck, you might \u003ca href=\"http://www.eastbaytimes.com/2016/09/29/tesla-rear-ends-bus-in-germany-driver-blames-autopilot/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">blame\u003c/a> the people who programmed it. This shift in liability stands to shake up the insurance industry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s also conceivable that trusting technology to the point that our own driving skills deteriorate could make us humans even less reliable in the driver’s seat. Jenkins calls this effect “skill-rot.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Those are the kinds of second- and third- and fourth-order effects that I think society should be thinking about and trying to prepare for,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Can We Get There From Here?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While many are \u003ca href=\"https://medium.com/@johnzimmer/the-third-transportation-revolution-27860f05fa91#.vcbul9aa3\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">bullish\u003c/a> on self-driving cars becoming widespread over the next few years, not everyone concedes that such a future is just over the horizon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Take Ford’s projection that it will be mass-producing cars with no steering wheel by 2021.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think statements like that raise expectations beyond what the reality is likely to be,” \u003ca href=\"http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/what-self-driving-cars-will-really-look-like/\">says Steve Shladover\u003c/a>, a research engineer at UC Berkeley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I expect that they will have something out on the road by 2021,” he speculates, “but it will probably be something that provides very limited functionality in very limited geographical space, within a very limited speed range.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One reason Shladover cites for skepticism is the car industry’s decades-long \u003ca href=\"http://fortune.com/self-driving-cars-silicon-valley-detroit/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">history\u003c/a> of overpromising such technologies. Another is this: It’s really hard to prove that driverless cars can navigate the road as safely as humans can.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Human drivers today are way better than we give them credit for,” Shladover says. “They’re not perfect, but they’re pretty damn close to perfect, when you think of how long they drive, on average, between serious crashes.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There is another option for saving lives on the road. We could just try spending less time in the cars we have right now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The traffic safety statistics showed big improvement during the recession,” Shladover says, “because people were driving less.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Music in this story from \u003ca href=\"http://freemusicarchive.org/music/LowLiFi/Interplanetary_Materials/csr020_1-11_lowlifi_-_launch-patterns-for-the-space-age-girl\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Launch Patterns for the Space Age Girl\u003c/a> by LowLiFi.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Self-driving cars are close enough to reality that federal regulators are sketching out policies for them, in areas from cyber-security to ethics. But how we'll know they're truly ready -- how safe is safe enough -- remains anyone's guess.",
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"description": "Self-driving cars are close enough to reality that federal regulators are sketching out policies for them, in areas from cyber-security to ethics. But how we'll know they're truly ready -- how safe is safe enough -- remains anyone's guess.",
"title": "How Safe Is Safe Enough for a Self-Driving Car? | KQED",
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"headline": "How Safe Is Safe Enough for a Self-Driving Car?",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Don’t look now, but self-driving cars are accelerating rapidly toward an on-ramp near you.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To explain why, federal officials point to two facts: (1) some 35,000 people died in crashes on U.S. roads last year, and (2) human error was to blame more than 90 percent of the time. \u003ca href=\"http://www.post-gazette.com/opinion/Op-Ed/2016/09/19/Barack-Obama-Self-driving-yes-but-also-safe/stories/201609200027\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">They say\u003c/a> one remedy might be to let computers take the wheel.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The prospect of automating your commute has attracted companies like Uber — whose \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2016/09/15/technology/our-reporter-goes-for-a-spin-in-a-self-driving-uber-car.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">experimental cars\u003c/a> in Pittsburgh still feature human backup drivers — and \u003ca href=\"https://www.wired.com/2016/08/driveai-autonomous-self-driving-cars/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">“stealth” tech\u003c/a> startups, along with heavyweights like Volkswagen, Nissan and Mercedes Benz. \u003ca href=\"https://www.dmv.ca.gov/portal/dmv/detail/vehindustry/ol/auton_veh_tester\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Fifteen\u003c/a> companies already have permits to test self-driving cars on California’s roads. You might \u003ca href=\"http://www.theverge.com/2016/5/18/11701282/chevy-bolt-self-driving-car-photos-leak-gm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">spot one\u003c/a> in the wild today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1038446\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1279px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1038446\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/Mercedes-car_edited.jpg\" alt=\"The Mercedes Benz F 015 self-driving car at the top of Conzelman Road on the morning of March 3, 2015.\" width=\"1279\" height=\"709\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/Mercedes-car_edited.jpg 1279w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/Mercedes-car_edited-400x222.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/Mercedes-car_edited-800x443.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/Mercedes-car_edited-768x426.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/Mercedes-car_edited-1180x654.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/Mercedes-car_edited-960x532.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/Mercedes-car_edited-672x372.jpg 672w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/Mercedes-car_edited-1038x576.jpg 1038w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1279px) 100vw, 1279px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Mercedes Benz F 015 self-driving car at the top of Conzelman Road on the morning of March 3, 2015. \u003ccite>(Kelvin Yap)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“It’s now clear that the next decade is going to be defined by the automation of the automobile,” Ford CEO Mark Fields declared at a recent press conference in Palo Alto. Fields was announcing the iconic carmaker’s plan to mass-produce a fully driverless car – one with no steering wheel and no pedals. He claims such machines will be on the road in the next five years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>”Ready or not, they’re coming,” U.S. Transportation Secretary Anthony Foxx said this summer. “And the choice we have in government is to either act, or react.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In September, federal regulators released some much-anticipated guidelines for carmakers, governing crucial questions like car safety, cyber-security and ethics. Government officials want to head off an emerging state-by-state patchwork of laws that could hamper new technology in the long run.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>‘The Elephant in the Room’\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not that auto-automation isn’t here already. Higher-end cars you can buy today boast features like “lane-keeping,” to keep your car centered in its lane on the highway, and adaptive cruise control, which adjusts to the speed of traffic around you.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>People are already abusing these, too — an \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yLmxS71FIJc\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">online video\u003c/a> shows a car steering itself down the highway as its driver climbs into the backseat. One entitled ‘\u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jhUX8qWFGc4\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Invisible Driver Prank In A Tesla!\u003c/a>’ catches the reactions of passing motorists, dumbfounded as the seemingly empty car drives itself along an interstate highway.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tesla’s autopilot feature attained some infamy after a fatal incident on a Florida highway in May. \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2016/07/02/business/joshua-brown-technology-enthusiast-tested-the-limits-of-his-tesla.html?smprod=nytcore-iphone&smid=nytcore-iphone-share\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Joshua Brown\u003c/a>, a 40-year-old man from Ohio, died when neither he nor his Model S braked before driving under an 18-wheeler. (Tesla has since released a software update that company co-founder Elon Musk says \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2016/09/12/business/elon-musk-says-pending-tesla-updates-could-have-prevented-fatal-crash.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">likely would’ve prevented\u003c/a> the crash.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Speaking to a hotel ballroom full of engineers and policy experts in San Francisco this summer, Mark Rosekind, head of the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, referred to the incident as “the elephant in the room.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘If we wait for perfect, we’ll be waiting for a very, very long time.’\u003ccite>Mark Rosekind, Nat’l Highway Traffic Safety Admin.\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Rosekind wouldn’t reveal details of an investigation, but said, “No one incident will derail the Department of Transportation and NHTSA from its mission to improve safety on the roads by pursuing new, life-saving technologies.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He went on to argue that “perfect” should not be the enemy of the good when it comes to roadway safety.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We should be desperate for new tools that will helps us save lives,” Rosekind told his audience. “If we wait for perfect, we’ll be waiting for a very, very long time.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, a precise definition of what “safe enough” will mean for self-driving cars is elusive. A teenager can qualify for a driver’s license by passing a quick road test, but machines will be held to a higher standard.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"sharedaddy show-for-medium-up\">\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1038212\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1334px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1038212\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/AUTO_DESKTOP_1.jpg\" alt=\"CREDIT:\" width=\"1334\" height=\"1075\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/AUTO_DESKTOP_1.jpg 1334w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/AUTO_DESKTOP_1-400x322.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/AUTO_DESKTOP_1-800x645.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/AUTO_DESKTOP_1-768x619.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/AUTO_DESKTOP_1-1180x951.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/AUTO_DESKTOP_1-960x774.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1334px) 100vw, 1334px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">CREDIT: \u003ccite>(Teodros Hailye/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv class=\"show-for-small-only\">\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1038213\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 750px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1038213\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/AUTO_MOBILE_1.jpg\" alt=\"CREDIT:\" width=\"750\" height=\"1334\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/AUTO_MOBILE_1.jpg 750w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/AUTO_MOBILE_1-400x711.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 750px) 100vw, 750px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">CREDIT: \u003ccite>(Teodros Hailye/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>‘Driving Better Than I Would’\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We saw how hard it is to keep people engaged in the driving task,” says Sarah Hunter, head of policy at X, formerly Google X.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They get switched off,” she says. “They find it very hard to focus on something they’re not actually meant to be doing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Google already has more than 50 experimental self-driving cars on the road . Some are \u003ca href=\"https://www.google.com/selfdrivingcar/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">two-seat prototypes\u003c/a> that look like something a cartoon mouse might roll up in, whereas the one I rode in was a white Lexus outfitted with sensors; they suggest a car that’s wearing Google Glass.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These vehicles feature cameras that can see what color a traffic light is, and measure the distance to objects using radar and lidar (light detection and ranging). All this data from lasers and sensors is integrated with highly precise maps, to give the car a detailed sense of what’s going on around it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The result, seen on a laptop screen inside, resembles a vibrant, highly distracting update of Frogger, the arcade game in which success is achieved by crossing traffic without dying.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Such cars also feature a cartoonishly large, red button in the console. A quick way to shut off self-driving mode is required in California for companies testing such vehicles, along with $5 million in insurance coverage, though restrictions are already starting to loosen up. Governor Jerry Brown \u003ca href=\"http://fortune.com/2016/09/29/california-law-test-autonomous-shuttle/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">just signed\u003c/a> a bill permitting test vehicles to roll without steering wheels or pedals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>My adventure in Google’s car comprised a quick jaunt around the block in Mountain View. In the driver’s seat, Karen Isgrigg kept her hands inches from the steering wheel in case she needed to take over.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She says occasionally the car will act strangely — say by lightly braking at unexpected moments — but then it turns out the computer is sensing something Isgrigg doesn’t see, like someone running a red light, and is responding prudently.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1035887\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 3264px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1035887\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/IMG_0235.jpg\" alt=\"Google has more than fifty experimental self-driving cars on the road. About half are like this one – a modified Lexus RH450H – while the rest are small prototype test vehicles that don’t have steering wheels.\" width=\"3264\" height=\"2448\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/IMG_0235.jpg 3264w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/IMG_0235-400x300.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/IMG_0235-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/IMG_0235-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/IMG_0235-1440x1080.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/IMG_0235-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/IMG_0235-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/IMG_0235-960x720.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 3264px) 100vw, 3264px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Google has more than fifty experimental self-driving cars on the road. About half are like this one – a modified Lexus RH450H – while the rest are small prototype test vehicles that don’t have steering wheels. \u003ccite>(Daniel Potter)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“The car is driving better than I would as a human being,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This, in a nutshell, is Google’s objective, though it may come about gradually, like preparing a human student driver.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You start them out in familiar, calmer environments first,” says Hunter, “slowly introducing them to more complex places like a local mall before allowing them onto the freeway or into the city.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That could happen in perhaps three years, she told me. But it may be 30 years before self-driving cars can go anywhere in the world, mastering more sophisticated driving challenges, such as icy roads or interpreting hand motions from crossing guards.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Moral Judgments\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In late September, \u003ca href=\"https://www.transportation.gov/av\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">federal regulators\u003c/a> released 116 pages of guidelines on self-driving cars. While these will eventually become rules, for now they hinge on industry cooperation. They’re intended to be updated annually, though even that pace may seem glacial, next to technology that can change with the download of a new software patch.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The guidelines ask carmakers to \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/trafficandcommuting/as-driverless-cars-grow-closer-a-delicate-balance-between-rules-and-guidelines/2016/07/28/135c86a6-5431-11e6-b7de-dfe509430c39_story.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">make their case\u003c/a> with a fifteen-point safety assessment, including how self-driving cars will sense and respond to surrounding vehicles, where they’re intended to operate, how they’re being tested, and how they’ll protect data and safeguard against hackers.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">Self-driving cars will be expected to act morally, just like the rest of us.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>There’s also a section on ethics, because self-driving cars will be expected\u003ca href=\"https://www.wired.com/2014/08/heres-a-terrible-idea-robot-cars-with-adjustable-ethics-settings/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> to act morally\u003c/a>, just like the rest of us.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Let’s say you’re cruising down the street when a kid runs out from behind a tree. You have only a second to react, swerving into a parked truck. Within that second, you’ve made a moral judgment, choosing the lesser of two “evils.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Or, say you’d like to give a cyclist some breathing room as you pass on the left, but doing so means illegally crossing a double-yellow line.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In scenarios like these, self-driving cars will do as their programmers have instructed — and their actions may carry moral and legal consequences.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The advent of self-driving cars could have ripple effects throughout society, according to Ryan Jenkins, a philosophy professor who explores the ethics of emerging technologies at Cal Poly in San Luis Obispo.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One is that there’s no guarantee they’ll reduce congestion. Say you’re working late and decide to send your self-driving car to pick up your kid before it doubles back by the office for you, for instance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1035893\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1035893\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/Auto_FI_01.jpg\" alt=\"A Chevy Volt with self-driving car technology in front of KQED. \" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/Auto_FI_01.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/Auto_FI_01-400x225.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/Auto_FI_01-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/Auto_FI_01-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/Auto_FI_01-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/Auto_FI_01-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/Auto_FI_01-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A Chevy Volt with self-driving car technology in front of KQED. \u003ccite>(Teodros Hailye/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“It’s not obvious that it’s going to reduce the total number of trips that are taken,” says Jenkins, “and some people think it might not reduce the total number of cars on the road.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He also noted that thousands of people await transplants of vital organs each year — of which fatal car crashes are a leading source.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If we reduce by ten thousand or twenty thousand the number of people who are killed in car crashes, we’re going to reduce the number of donor organs. This might mean that more people die waiting for organ donations,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are other concerns. If your self-driving car causes a wreck, you might \u003ca href=\"http://www.eastbaytimes.com/2016/09/29/tesla-rear-ends-bus-in-germany-driver-blames-autopilot/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">blame\u003c/a> the people who programmed it. This shift in liability stands to shake up the insurance industry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s also conceivable that trusting technology to the point that our own driving skills deteriorate could make us humans even less reliable in the driver’s seat. Jenkins calls this effect “skill-rot.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Those are the kinds of second- and third- and fourth-order effects that I think society should be thinking about and trying to prepare for,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Can We Get There From Here?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While many are \u003ca href=\"https://medium.com/@johnzimmer/the-third-transportation-revolution-27860f05fa91#.vcbul9aa3\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">bullish\u003c/a> on self-driving cars becoming widespread over the next few years, not everyone concedes that such a future is just over the horizon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Take Ford’s projection that it will be mass-producing cars with no steering wheel by 2021.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think statements like that raise expectations beyond what the reality is likely to be,” \u003ca href=\"http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/what-self-driving-cars-will-really-look-like/\">says Steve Shladover\u003c/a>, a research engineer at UC Berkeley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I expect that they will have something out on the road by 2021,” he speculates, “but it will probably be something that provides very limited functionality in very limited geographical space, within a very limited speed range.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One reason Shladover cites for skepticism is the car industry’s decades-long \u003ca href=\"http://fortune.com/self-driving-cars-silicon-valley-detroit/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">history\u003c/a> of overpromising such technologies. Another is this: It’s really hard to prove that driverless cars can navigate the road as safely as humans can.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Human drivers today are way better than we give them credit for,” Shladover says. “They’re not perfect, but they’re pretty damn close to perfect, when you think of how long they drive, on average, between serious crashes.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There is another option for saving lives on the road. We could just try spending less time in the cars we have right now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The traffic safety statistics showed big improvement during the recession,” Shladover says, “because people were driving less.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Music in this story from \u003ca href=\"http://freemusicarchive.org/music/LowLiFi/Interplanetary_Materials/csr020_1-11_lowlifi_-_launch-patterns-for-the-space-age-girl\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Launch Patterns for the Space Age Girl\u003c/a> by LowLiFi.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>NASA is already renowned for animations and breathtaking imagery from its various space missions and satellites.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But if you’re up for a deeper dive into the science behind all that, there is now \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/funder/nasa/\">PubSpace\u003c/a>, an online repository providing free access to results from NASA-funded research. Now, it is even easier to explore the Earth, solar system, and the universe beyond — provided that you have the stamina to read through reports written by scientists for other scientists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NASA created PubSpace in response to the White House Office of Science and Technology Policy’s direction to make NASA-funded research more accessible to the public. Research results will be made available within a year, with some exceptions, including research involving national security, patents, and proprietary restrictions (that “national security” part could eliminate a lot of rocket science).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Broadening the Audience\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Before PubSpace, access to these research publications was usually on a pay-to-read basis, making scientists the primary consumers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1026907\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 768px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1026907\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/2824_PIA17031_768.jpg\" alt=\"The liquid-methane lake Ligeia Mare on Saturn's moon Titan. \" width=\"768\" height=\"732\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/2824_PIA17031_768.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/2824_PIA17031_768-400x381.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/2824_PIA17031_768-32x32.jpg 32w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The liquid-methane lake Ligeia Mare on Saturn’s moon Titan. \u003ccite>(Cassini/NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>By opening the gates with a singular browsable and searchable compendium with no cost deterrents, NASA hopes to expand that audience to include a much broader audience: amateur science enthusiasts and citizen scientists, students, and even casual consumers of information and lifelong learners who might enjoy browsing the headers and digging into a few abstracts that pique their curiosity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What’s New\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NASA has long made the discoveries from its Earth and space missions freely available online. NASA mission websites are brimming with flashy images and videos, articles and blogs, press releases, and educational primers for teachers and students, all derived from the cameras and other instruments on spacecraft sent to the ends of the solar system or peering out to the edge of the visible universe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you’ve ever checked out the sites for high-profile missions like \u003ca href=\"http://mars.nasa.gov/msl/\">Curiosity\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/\">Cassini\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://pluto.jhuapl.edu/\">New Horizons \u003c/a>— not to mention the \u003ca href=\"http://hubblesite.org/\">Hubble Space Telescope \u003c/a>— you know what I’m talking about.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But behind the glossy exteriors of those websites is the original scientific work that informs them, largely in the form of peer-reviewed scientific papers written from the analysis of raw data coming in from those missions, or investigations conducted on Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>From Martian Tsunamis to Giant Clams\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are currently more than 800 listings on PubSpace, from research conducted as far back as 1961 to just last week. If you choose to explore PubSpace in search of inspiring nuggets of discovery, they are there for the finding, but you may have to sift through a bit of techno-jargon and sci-speak to uncover them—like shoveling through layers of earth to look for gemstones.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On my first dig I stumbled on a paper entitled, “\u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4223897/\">Photosymbiotic giant clams are transformers of solar flux\u003c/a>,” and I wondered if I’d wandered into a science fiction story. A read of the abstract was a bit more down to Earth, but no less fascinating when I discovered that inside these giant clams “a layer of iridescent cells called iridocytes” are processing and delivering the most beneficial colors of sunlight to feed photosynthetic microalgae living symbiotically within the clam. Who knew? Obviously someone at NASA did.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some other titles that intrigued me:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4810239/\">Titan as the Abode of Life\u003c/a>: Could some form of carbon-based, meteorite-fed photosynthetic life thrive in the cryogenically frigid environment of Saturn’s moon Titan?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5008114/\">The Astrobiology Primer\u003c/a>: What is life? What does life on Earth teach us about the possibilities for life on other worlds? How will we find it?\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1026908\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 985px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1026908\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/color_coded_digital_elevation_model_showing_the_two_proposed_shoreline_levels_of_a_mars_ocean_from_3.4_billion_years_ago.jpg\" alt=\"Color coded maps of paleo-shorelines on Mars shaped by great tsunamis in ancient ocean. \" width=\"985\" height=\"500\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/color_coded_digital_elevation_model_showing_the_two_proposed_shoreline_levels_of_a_mars_ocean_from_3.4_billion_years_ago.jpg 985w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/color_coded_digital_elevation_model_showing_the_two_proposed_shoreline_levels_of_a_mars_ocean_from_3.4_billion_years_ago-400x203.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/color_coded_digital_elevation_model_showing_the_two_proposed_shoreline_levels_of_a_mars_ocean_from_3.4_billion_years_ago-800x406.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/color_coded_digital_elevation_model_showing_the_two_proposed_shoreline_levels_of_a_mars_ocean_from_3.4_billion_years_ago-768x390.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/color_coded_digital_elevation_model_showing_the_two_proposed_shoreline_levels_of_a_mars_ocean_from_3.4_billion_years_ago-960x487.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 985px) 100vw, 985px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Color-coded maps of paleo-shorelines on Mars, shaped by great tsunamis in an ancient ocean. \u003ccite>(Alexis Rodriguez)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4872529/\">Tsunami Waves Extensively Resurfaced the Shorelines of an Early Martian Ocean\u003c/a>: What is the evidence that long ago Mars’ northern plains were covered by a vast ocean of liquid water? Scientists are studying land forms that were likely shaped by enormous meteorite-impact-driven tsunamis that sent water and ice tens or hundreds of miles across the Martian terrain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These are just a few examples of what caught my eye. Take a dive and see what you can find.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>NASA is already renowned for animations and breathtaking imagery from its various space missions and satellites.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But if you’re up for a deeper dive into the science behind all that, there is now \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/funder/nasa/\">PubSpace\u003c/a>, an online repository providing free access to results from NASA-funded research. Now, it is even easier to explore the Earth, solar system, and the universe beyond — provided that you have the stamina to read through reports written by scientists for other scientists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NASA created PubSpace in response to the White House Office of Science and Technology Policy’s direction to make NASA-funded research more accessible to the public. Research results will be made available within a year, with some exceptions, including research involving national security, patents, and proprietary restrictions (that “national security” part could eliminate a lot of rocket science).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Broadening the Audience\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Before PubSpace, access to these research publications was usually on a pay-to-read basis, making scientists the primary consumers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1026907\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 768px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1026907\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/2824_PIA17031_768.jpg\" alt=\"The liquid-methane lake Ligeia Mare on Saturn's moon Titan. \" width=\"768\" height=\"732\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/2824_PIA17031_768.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/2824_PIA17031_768-400x381.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/2824_PIA17031_768-32x32.jpg 32w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The liquid-methane lake Ligeia Mare on Saturn’s moon Titan. \u003ccite>(Cassini/NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>By opening the gates with a singular browsable and searchable compendium with no cost deterrents, NASA hopes to expand that audience to include a much broader audience: amateur science enthusiasts and citizen scientists, students, and even casual consumers of information and lifelong learners who might enjoy browsing the headers and digging into a few abstracts that pique their curiosity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What’s New\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NASA has long made the discoveries from its Earth and space missions freely available online. NASA mission websites are brimming with flashy images and videos, articles and blogs, press releases, and educational primers for teachers and students, all derived from the cameras and other instruments on spacecraft sent to the ends of the solar system or peering out to the edge of the visible universe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you’ve ever checked out the sites for high-profile missions like \u003ca href=\"http://mars.nasa.gov/msl/\">Curiosity\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/\">Cassini\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://pluto.jhuapl.edu/\">New Horizons \u003c/a>— not to mention the \u003ca href=\"http://hubblesite.org/\">Hubble Space Telescope \u003c/a>— you know what I’m talking about.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But behind the glossy exteriors of those websites is the original scientific work that informs them, largely in the form of peer-reviewed scientific papers written from the analysis of raw data coming in from those missions, or investigations conducted on Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>From Martian Tsunamis to Giant Clams\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are currently more than 800 listings on PubSpace, from research conducted as far back as 1961 to just last week. If you choose to explore PubSpace in search of inspiring nuggets of discovery, they are there for the finding, but you may have to sift through a bit of techno-jargon and sci-speak to uncover them—like shoveling through layers of earth to look for gemstones.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On my first dig I stumbled on a paper entitled, “\u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4223897/\">Photosymbiotic giant clams are transformers of solar flux\u003c/a>,” and I wondered if I’d wandered into a science fiction story. A read of the abstract was a bit more down to Earth, but no less fascinating when I discovered that inside these giant clams “a layer of iridescent cells called iridocytes” are processing and delivering the most beneficial colors of sunlight to feed photosynthetic microalgae living symbiotically within the clam. Who knew? Obviously someone at NASA did.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some other titles that intrigued me:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4810239/\">Titan as the Abode of Life\u003c/a>: Could some form of carbon-based, meteorite-fed photosynthetic life thrive in the cryogenically frigid environment of Saturn’s moon Titan?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5008114/\">The Astrobiology Primer\u003c/a>: What is life? What does life on Earth teach us about the possibilities for life on other worlds? How will we find it?\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1026908\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 985px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1026908\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/color_coded_digital_elevation_model_showing_the_two_proposed_shoreline_levels_of_a_mars_ocean_from_3.4_billion_years_ago.jpg\" alt=\"Color coded maps of paleo-shorelines on Mars shaped by great tsunamis in ancient ocean. \" width=\"985\" height=\"500\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/color_coded_digital_elevation_model_showing_the_two_proposed_shoreline_levels_of_a_mars_ocean_from_3.4_billion_years_ago.jpg 985w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/color_coded_digital_elevation_model_showing_the_two_proposed_shoreline_levels_of_a_mars_ocean_from_3.4_billion_years_ago-400x203.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/color_coded_digital_elevation_model_showing_the_two_proposed_shoreline_levels_of_a_mars_ocean_from_3.4_billion_years_ago-800x406.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/color_coded_digital_elevation_model_showing_the_two_proposed_shoreline_levels_of_a_mars_ocean_from_3.4_billion_years_ago-768x390.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/color_coded_digital_elevation_model_showing_the_two_proposed_shoreline_levels_of_a_mars_ocean_from_3.4_billion_years_ago-960x487.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 985px) 100vw, 985px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Color-coded maps of paleo-shorelines on Mars, shaped by great tsunamis in an ancient ocean. \u003ccite>(Alexis Rodriguez)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4872529/\">Tsunami Waves Extensively Resurfaced the Shorelines of an Early Martian Ocean\u003c/a>: What is the evidence that long ago Mars’ northern plains were covered by a vast ocean of liquid water? Scientists are studying land forms that were likely shaped by enormous meteorite-impact-driven tsunamis that sent water and ice tens or hundreds of miles across the Martian terrain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These are just a few examples of what caught my eye. Take a dive and see what you can find.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>The head of Yosemite National Park is retiring following employee complaints that he created a hostile workplace by allowing bullying, harassment and other misconduct, allegations also raised in other popular national parks, officials said Thursday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Superintendent Don Neubacher announced his plans Wednesday, said Andrew Munoz, a spokesman for the National Park Service. It comes less than a week after a congressional oversight committee unveiled that at least 18 Yosemite staffers complained of a toxic work environment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The employees described “horrific working conditions (that) lead us to believe that the environment is indeed toxic, hostile, repressive and harassing,” the park service said in a preliminary report last month.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1035311\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 612px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1035311\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/YO-Don-Neubacher-superintendent_NPS_680-612x354.jpg\" alt=\"Don Neubacher, retiring Superintendent of Yosemite National Park\" width=\"612\" height=\"354\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/YO-Don-Neubacher-superintendent_NPS_680-612x354.jpg 612w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/YO-Don-Neubacher-superintendent_NPS_680-612x354-400x231.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 612px) 100vw, 612px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Don Neubacher, retiring Superintendent of Yosemite National Park \u003ccite>(National Park Service)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The congressional hearing also showed wider allegations of sexual harassment, bullying and other misconduct among employees at national parks including Yellowstone and the Grand Canyon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Neubacher, who headed Yosemite for nearly seven years, was not immediately available for comment, but his emailed statement to park staffers was provided to The Associated Press.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I regret leaving at this time, but want to do what’s best for Yosemite National Park,” he said in Wednesday’s message. “It is an iconic areas that is world renowned and deserves special attention.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Neubacher did not mention the allegations but listed several accomplishments the park made in recent years under his leadership, including adding 400 acres and restoring the native Western Pond turtles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His retirement is effective Nov. 1 and he will be on leave immediately, he said in the statement.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘In Yosemite National Park today, dozens of people, the majority of whom are women, are being bullied, belittled, disenfranchised and marginalized.’\u003ccite>Kelly Martin, Yosemite National Park Chief of Fire and Aviation Management\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>At the congressional hearing, Kelly Martin, Yosemite’s fire chief, testified that Neubacher publicly humiliated her and intimidated staffers in front of others.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In Yosemite National Park today, dozens of people, the majority of whom are women, are being bullied, belittled, disenfranchised and marginalized,” according to Martin’s written testimony.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Neubacher sent an apology email to all park employees days after the hearing, referencing “some serious staff concerns related to Yosemite’s workplace environment.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>U.S. House Oversight Committee Chairman Jason Chaffetz said in an AP interview Wednesday, prior to Neubacher’s retirement announcement, that he was concerned about a “corrosive culture” that tolerates sexual harassment within the National Park Service and has been allowed to persist for too long.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Utah Republican predicted that the number of parks with sexual harassment scandals will grow as victims become more confident that they can speak up and be heard.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The head of Yosemite National Park is retiring following employee complaints that he created a hostile workplace by allowing bullying, harassment and other misconduct, allegations also raised in other popular national parks, officials said Thursday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Superintendent Don Neubacher announced his plans Wednesday, said Andrew Munoz, a spokesman for the National Park Service. It comes less than a week after a congressional oversight committee unveiled that at least 18 Yosemite staffers complained of a toxic work environment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The employees described “horrific working conditions (that) lead us to believe that the environment is indeed toxic, hostile, repressive and harassing,” the park service said in a preliminary report last month.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1035311\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 612px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1035311\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/YO-Don-Neubacher-superintendent_NPS_680-612x354.jpg\" alt=\"Don Neubacher, retiring Superintendent of Yosemite National Park\" width=\"612\" height=\"354\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/YO-Don-Neubacher-superintendent_NPS_680-612x354.jpg 612w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/YO-Don-Neubacher-superintendent_NPS_680-612x354-400x231.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 612px) 100vw, 612px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Don Neubacher, retiring Superintendent of Yosemite National Park \u003ccite>(National Park Service)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The congressional hearing also showed wider allegations of sexual harassment, bullying and other misconduct among employees at national parks including Yellowstone and the Grand Canyon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Neubacher, who headed Yosemite for nearly seven years, was not immediately available for comment, but his emailed statement to park staffers was provided to The Associated Press.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I regret leaving at this time, but want to do what’s best for Yosemite National Park,” he said in Wednesday’s message. “It is an iconic areas that is world renowned and deserves special attention.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Neubacher did not mention the allegations but listed several accomplishments the park made in recent years under his leadership, including adding 400 acres and restoring the native Western Pond turtles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His retirement is effective Nov. 1 and he will be on leave immediately, he said in the statement.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘In Yosemite National Park today, dozens of people, the majority of whom are women, are being bullied, belittled, disenfranchised and marginalized.’\u003ccite>Kelly Martin, Yosemite National Park Chief of Fire and Aviation Management\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>At the congressional hearing, Kelly Martin, Yosemite’s fire chief, testified that Neubacher publicly humiliated her and intimidated staffers in front of others.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In Yosemite National Park today, dozens of people, the majority of whom are women, are being bullied, belittled, disenfranchised and marginalized,” according to Martin’s written testimony.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Neubacher sent an apology email to all park employees days after the hearing, referencing “some serious staff concerns related to Yosemite’s workplace environment.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>U.S. House Oversight Committee Chairman Jason Chaffetz said in an AP interview Wednesday, prior to Neubacher’s retirement announcement, that he was concerned about a “corrosive culture” that tolerates sexual harassment within the National Park Service and has been allowed to persist for too long.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Utah Republican predicted that the number of parks with sexual harassment scandals will grow as victims become more confident that they can speak up and be heard.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "10 Years In, Has California's Climate Law Really Lowered Emissions?",
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"content": "\u003cp>When Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger signed California’s landmark climate strategy into law in 2006, he laid out the mission succinctly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We simply must do everything we can that is in our power to slow down global warming before it is too late,” he declared at the September 27 signing ceremony.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">Without its landmark climate policies, California would have pumped some 100 million metric tons more greenhouse gases into the atmosphere.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Ten years later, few would argue that California hasn’t done its fair share in the fight against climate change. But the question of how much the Global Warming Solutions Act, still known by its legislative shorthand as AB 32, has actually cut California’s greenhouse gas emissions, is tougher to get at.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think that it worked,” says Jeffrey Greenblatt, a staff scientist at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But to paraphrase a former president, it depends on what your definition of “it” is. So, he amplified.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think that AB 32 plus the suite of complementary policies that have come in its wake have been an overwhelming success.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"sharedaddy show-for-medium-up\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-1015496\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/AB32_Desktop_160921.jpg\" alt=\"AB32_Desktop_160921\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1213\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv class=\"show-for-small-only\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-1015497\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/AB32_Mobile_160921.jpg\" alt=\"AB32_Mobile_160921\" width=\"750\" height=\"1334\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>If anyone knows, it would be Greenblatt. He’s one of the few people who have actually run the numbers. It’s tricky because AB 32 only embodies a portion of California’s sweeping assault on climate change. It authorized the state’s carbon emissions market, known as \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/11/09/cap-and-trade-101-how-californias-carbon-market-works/\">cap and trade\u003c/a>, and set in stone the goal of cutting climate emissions back to 1990 levels by 2020.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the actual plan to get there has been a patchwork of policies aimed at everything from reducing auto tailpipe emissions (the state’s largest single source of greenhouse gases) to ratcheting up the proportion of electricity generated from “clean” sources like solar, wind, and geothermal energy. Even a law (with no actual teeth) to contain urban sprawl and reduce the miles that people drive in cars has possibly made a dent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“All these things are starting to come in,” notes Greenblatt. “And while I would argue that they’re not strictly a direct result of AB 32, they are heavily influenced by its existence.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As of 2014, \u003ca href=\"https://www.arb.ca.gov/cc/inventory/data/tables/ghg_inventory_scopingplan_2000-14.pdf\">total emissions were down\u003c/a> nearly 10 percent from their peak in 2004, but for a complex web of reasons.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘We kind of got some headway for free, as it were’\u003ccite>Jeffrey Greenblatt,\u003cbr>\nLawrence Berkeley National Lab\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Undoubtedly, the steep drop in emissions during the three years or so starting in 2008 was largely driven by a jarring economic recession, which stifled economic activity in general, pulling emissions down with it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We kind of got some headway for free, as it were,” says Greenblatt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, he calculates that if California “turned off” that constellation of measures back in 2010, more than 100 million metric tons of additional greenhouse gases would have been pumped into the atmosphere. That’s equivalent to almost three months of California’s total emissions in 2014, the last year for which regulators have data.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Greenblatt says that \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/11/09/cap-and-trade-the-glossary/\">cap and trade\u003c/a>, often described as the centerpiece of California’s climate strategy, “doesn’t really account for a whole lot of emissions reductions.” The carbon trading program, which has been in full swing for only about two years, sets a declining cap on industrial warming gases while allowing businesses to buy and sell pollution permits with one another.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”325QMIku13kvpMHM2ghORiK9GIueVpzm”]In fact, \u003ca href=\"http://www.eenews.net/stories/1060043254\">some experts have concluded\u003c/a> that California would likely reach its 2020 goal even if cap and trade weren’t in place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“But what’s really started to happen,” Greenblatt adds, “is a lot of complementary policies have passed or gone into effect that have sort of naturally reinforced AB 32.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The authority of AB 32 to reach beyond 2020 is also \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2016/08/18/california-climate-program-faces-uncertain-future-beyond-2020/\">a matter of debate\u003c/a>, though that debate was at least partially squelched by a new law (SB 32) that \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2016/08/26/californias-new-climate-rules-explained/\">sets the bar substantially higher\u003c/a>: to slash emissions 40 percent \u003cem>below\u003c/em> 1990 levels by 2030. That will be a much bigger lift.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The California Air Resources Board has \u003ca href=\"https://www.arb.ca.gov/cc/scopingplan/document/2030_sp_concept_paper2016.pdf\">drafted a “concept paper”\u003c/a> with different scenarios that could get the state to its 2030 goal, and has determined that existing measures won’t be enough to do the job, if that weren’t already obvious.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Taking another 40 percent of emissions out of a growing economy in ten year’s time is going to be very ambitious,” says Greenblatt, with his gift for understatement. But he says the mere presence of AB 32 has helped maintain momentum in California’s quest to quash climate emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That is making policy planners, lawmakers and others at the state level think long-term about, ‘What else do we need to do to keep CA on track to hit this very ambitious long-term target?'”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>When Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger signed California’s landmark climate strategy into law in 2006, he laid out the mission succinctly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We simply must do everything we can that is in our power to slow down global warming before it is too late,” he declared at the September 27 signing ceremony.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">Without its landmark climate policies, California would have pumped some 100 million metric tons more greenhouse gases into the atmosphere.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Ten years later, few would argue that California hasn’t done its fair share in the fight against climate change. But the question of how much the Global Warming Solutions Act, still known by its legislative shorthand as AB 32, has actually cut California’s greenhouse gas emissions, is tougher to get at.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think that it worked,” says Jeffrey Greenblatt, a staff scientist at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But to paraphrase a former president, it depends on what your definition of “it” is. So, he amplified.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think that AB 32 plus the suite of complementary policies that have come in its wake have been an overwhelming success.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"sharedaddy show-for-medium-up\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-1015496\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/AB32_Desktop_160921.jpg\" alt=\"AB32_Desktop_160921\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1213\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv class=\"show-for-small-only\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-1015497\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/AB32_Mobile_160921.jpg\" alt=\"AB32_Mobile_160921\" width=\"750\" height=\"1334\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>If anyone knows, it would be Greenblatt. He’s one of the few people who have actually run the numbers. It’s tricky because AB 32 only embodies a portion of California’s sweeping assault on climate change. It authorized the state’s carbon emissions market, known as \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/11/09/cap-and-trade-101-how-californias-carbon-market-works/\">cap and trade\u003c/a>, and set in stone the goal of cutting climate emissions back to 1990 levels by 2020.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the actual plan to get there has been a patchwork of policies aimed at everything from reducing auto tailpipe emissions (the state’s largest single source of greenhouse gases) to ratcheting up the proportion of electricity generated from “clean” sources like solar, wind, and geothermal energy. Even a law (with no actual teeth) to contain urban sprawl and reduce the miles that people drive in cars has possibly made a dent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“All these things are starting to come in,” notes Greenblatt. “And while I would argue that they’re not strictly a direct result of AB 32, they are heavily influenced by its existence.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As of 2014, \u003ca href=\"https://www.arb.ca.gov/cc/inventory/data/tables/ghg_inventory_scopingplan_2000-14.pdf\">total emissions were down\u003c/a> nearly 10 percent from their peak in 2004, but for a complex web of reasons.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘We kind of got some headway for free, as it were’\u003ccite>Jeffrey Greenblatt,\u003cbr>\nLawrence Berkeley National Lab\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Undoubtedly, the steep drop in emissions during the three years or so starting in 2008 was largely driven by a jarring economic recession, which stifled economic activity in general, pulling emissions down with it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We kind of got some headway for free, as it were,” says Greenblatt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, he calculates that if California “turned off” that constellation of measures back in 2010, more than 100 million metric tons of additional greenhouse gases would have been pumped into the atmosphere. That’s equivalent to almost three months of California’s total emissions in 2014, the last year for which regulators have data.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Greenblatt says that \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/11/09/cap-and-trade-the-glossary/\">cap and trade\u003c/a>, often described as the centerpiece of California’s climate strategy, “doesn’t really account for a whole lot of emissions reductions.” The carbon trading program, which has been in full swing for only about two years, sets a declining cap on industrial warming gases while allowing businesses to buy and sell pollution permits with one another.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>In fact, \u003ca href=\"http://www.eenews.net/stories/1060043254\">some experts have concluded\u003c/a> that California would likely reach its 2020 goal even if cap and trade weren’t in place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“But what’s really started to happen,” Greenblatt adds, “is a lot of complementary policies have passed or gone into effect that have sort of naturally reinforced AB 32.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The authority of AB 32 to reach beyond 2020 is also \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2016/08/18/california-climate-program-faces-uncertain-future-beyond-2020/\">a matter of debate\u003c/a>, though that debate was at least partially squelched by a new law (SB 32) that \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2016/08/26/californias-new-climate-rules-explained/\">sets the bar substantially higher\u003c/a>: to slash emissions 40 percent \u003cem>below\u003c/em> 1990 levels by 2030. That will be a much bigger lift.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The California Air Resources Board has \u003ca href=\"https://www.arb.ca.gov/cc/scopingplan/document/2030_sp_concept_paper2016.pdf\">drafted a “concept paper”\u003c/a> with different scenarios that could get the state to its 2030 goal, and has determined that existing measures won’t be enough to do the job, if that weren’t already obvious.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Taking another 40 percent of emissions out of a growing economy in ten year’s time is going to be very ambitious,” says Greenblatt, with his gift for understatement. But he says the mere presence of AB 32 has helped maintain momentum in California’s quest to quash climate emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That is making policy planners, lawmakers and others at the state level think long-term about, ‘What else do we need to do to keep CA on track to hit this very ambitious long-term target?'”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Governor Jerry Brown says he will continue to push California’s climate change policies, no matter the results of November’s presidential election. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I would do what I’m doing now,” he said, speaking in Sacramento at the Doubletree Hotel on the opening night of the Society of Environmental Journalists conference, an annual meeting attended by more than 300 journalists from around the country this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brown, who has made climate change a centerpiece of his final term as governor, touted the group of climate change bills signed over the last month, including SB32, which set a new climate change agenda for California. It requires the state to cut greenhouse gas emissions to 40% below 1990 levels by 2030. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That will mean tougher rules for factories and power plants and an ongoing expansion of solar, wind and other green energy. The bill recently passed the state legislature after a contentious debate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“California has goals,” Brown said. “They’re steep and they’ll get steeper as we go down the road. We need technology, the investment and the understanding, and that’s where journalism comes in.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brown said climate change is a slow-moving and complex problem, and America’s journalists need to do a better job of explaining it and the threats it poses if political leaders are going to make progress in averting catastrophe. He implored the room of reporters to keep writing about the widespread challenges of climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A lot of things that are of deep concern are not that exciting,” he said. “Donald Trump is more exciting for many journalists than climate change because he can make a lot of noise. That’s one of your infirmities.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brown also recently signed a bill to address what are known as “short-lived” climate pollutants — those that have a more potent greenhouse gas effect than carbon dioxide — such as methane, hydrofluorocarbon gases, and soot. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Scientists tell us if the rest of the world would do what California is proposing to do by 2030, we’d cut the pace of climate change in half,” he said. “That’s how powerful the super-pollutants are.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to NASA, nine of the 10 warmest years on record have occurred since 2000, and carbon dioxide levels in the air are at their highest in 650,000 years. The hottest year globally was 2015, and 2016 is on pace to break the record again.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The SEJ conference, the nation’s largest gathering of journalists who cover environmental issues, continues through Sunday.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Governor Jerry Brown says he will continue to push California’s climate change policies, no matter the results of November’s presidential election. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I would do what I’m doing now,” he said, speaking in Sacramento at the Doubletree Hotel on the opening night of the Society of Environmental Journalists conference, an annual meeting attended by more than 300 journalists from around the country this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brown, who has made climate change a centerpiece of his final term as governor, touted the group of climate change bills signed over the last month, including SB32, which set a new climate change agenda for California. It requires the state to cut greenhouse gas emissions to 40% below 1990 levels by 2030. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That will mean tougher rules for factories and power plants and an ongoing expansion of solar, wind and other green energy. The bill recently passed the state legislature after a contentious debate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“California has goals,” Brown said. “They’re steep and they’ll get steeper as we go down the road. We need technology, the investment and the understanding, and that’s where journalism comes in.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brown said climate change is a slow-moving and complex problem, and America’s journalists need to do a better job of explaining it and the threats it poses if political leaders are going to make progress in averting catastrophe. He implored the room of reporters to keep writing about the widespread challenges of climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A lot of things that are of deep concern are not that exciting,” he said. “Donald Trump is more exciting for many journalists than climate change because he can make a lot of noise. That’s one of your infirmities.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brown also recently signed a bill to address what are known as “short-lived” climate pollutants — those that have a more potent greenhouse gas effect than carbon dioxide — such as methane, hydrofluorocarbon gases, and soot. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Scientists tell us if the rest of the world would do what California is proposing to do by 2030, we’d cut the pace of climate change in half,” he said. “That’s how powerful the super-pollutants are.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to NASA, nine of the 10 warmest years on record have occurred since 2000, and carbon dioxide levels in the air are at their highest in 650,000 years. The hottest year globally was 2015, and 2016 is on pace to break the record again.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The SEJ conference, the nation’s largest gathering of journalists who cover environmental issues, continues through Sunday.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Drinking Water of Some Californians Exceeds Limit for ‘Erin Brockovich’ Chemical",
"headTitle": "Drinking Water of Some Californians Exceeds Limit for ‘Erin Brockovich’ Chemical | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>When Erin Brockovich went after PG&E for poisoning groundwater in the desert town of Hinkley, California — a campaign that later became a film starring Julia Roberts — the toxic chemical was a heavy metal called hexavalent chromium.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Also known as chromium 6, the chemical is listed under California’s \u003ca href=\"http://oehha.ca.gov/media/downloads/proposition-65//p65single080516.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Prop 65 \u003c/a>as causing cancer, \u003ca href=\"http://oehha.ca.gov/media/downloads/proposition-65/chemicals/chrome0908.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">developmental harm and reproductive harm\u003c/a> in both men and women.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A new \u003ca href=\"http://www.ewg.org/enviroblog/2016/09/erin-brockovich-chemical-drinking-water-more-200-million-americans\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">report \u003c/a>out today finds Hinkley isn’t the only California city with chromium 6 contamination.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The report found 11 water districts serving some 400,000 Californians had hexavalent chromium in their tap water at levels above the state’s legal limit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Above the Legal Limit\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>The state’s limit for chromium 6 in drinking water is 10 parts per billion. A part per billion is about a drop of water in an Olympic-sized swimming pool.\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\n\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"100%\" height=\"520\" frameborder=\"0\" src=\"https://kqednews.carto.com/viz/aa656a24-7e8c-11e6-94fa-0e3ff518bd15/embed_map\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The report also found the vast majority of samples from water districts serving roughly 8.5 million Californians across the state had hexavalent chromium at levels below the legal limit, but above the public health goal set by state scientists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.ewg.org/research/chromium-six-found-in-us-tap-water\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">report \u003c/a>is from the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ewg.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Environmental Working Group\u003c/a>, a watchdog agency based in Washington, D.C. The non-profit analyzed data the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency collected from water utilities across the country between 2013 and 2015. An \u003ca href=\"http://www.ewg.org/interactive-maps/2016-chromium6-lower-48.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">interactive map\u003c/a> developed from the data shows chromium 6 levels in California and throughout the U.S.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It was eye opening,” says Bill Walker, co-author of the Environmental Working Group report.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re not trying to say the chromium 6 situation is as bad as the Flint situation but we’re saying if you start to look at it more closely you can find some really disturbing things.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"datawrapper-chart-KU9ds\" src=\"//datawrapper.dwcdn.net/KU9ds/2/\" frameborder=\"0\" allowtransparency=\"true\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\" webkitallowfullscreen=\"webkitallowfullscreen\" mozallowfullscreen=\"mozallowfullscreen\" oallowfullscreen=\"oallowfullscreen\" msallowfullscreen=\"msallowfullscreen\" width=\"100%\" height=\"400\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003cbr>\nThe chemical occurs naturally in the environment from \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">the erosion of \u003c/span>natural\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> chromium deposits\u003c/span> but it’s also manufactured and used in stainless steel production, metal finishing, chrome plating, leather tanning, and to prevent corrosion in electrical plant cooling towers, as was the case in Hinkley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Outside of the workplace, the main way people might be exposed to chromium 6 is through drinking water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And although the U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration regulates \u003ca href=\"https://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owadisp.show_document?p_table=STANDARDS&p_id=13096\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">chromium 6 in work environments\u003c/a>, the EPA doesn’t regulate chromium 6 in drinking water. In fact, California is the only state that does.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And California has two standards: a legally enforceable \u003cem>limit\u003c/em> on chromium 6 in drinking water, and a much lower public health \u003cem>goal\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘Does the state want us to drink distilled water? Cause that’s basically what they’re trying to get us to do, it’s absurd.’\u003ccite>Ken Moore, Kerman City’s Public Works Director\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Toxicologists at the state Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment set the public health goal for chromium intake at .02 parts per billion. A part per billion is about a drop of water in an Olympic-sized swimming pool.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A public health goal must represent a negligible health risk. State scientists said at .02 ppb, the risk of developing cancer for people who drink the water daily for 70 years is no more than a one-in-a-million.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State law requires the legal limit be set “as close as is \u003ca href=\"http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/drinking_water/certlic/drinkingwater/Chromium6.shtml\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">technically and economically feasible\u003c/a>” to the public health goal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the California Department of Public Health set a legally enforceable level in 2014, it took into account factors such as how costly it would be for water districts to monitor and clean up the chemical. Public health officials set the legally enforceable level 500 times higher than the public health goal, at 10 parts per billion. It \u003ca href=\"http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/drinking_water/certlic/drinkingwater/documents/chromium6/chromium_fact_sheet_2015_final.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">was the first\u003c/a> drinking water standard for chromium 6 in the nation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state’s legal limit represents a cancer risk of 500 people per-one-million, for people who drink the water daily for 70 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State officials found that getting chromium 6 levels below 10 ppb added significantly to the cost of compliance. To set the legal limit only half as high, at 5 ppb, would have tripled the cost. To reach 1 ppb, the cost would have been 11 times higher.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the EWG report, Los Banos water samples registered the highest level of chromium 6, at 31.5 ppb, followed by Kerman City at 19.2 ppb and Patterson City at 18 ppb.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The cities that tested above the state’s legal limit run from Sacramento to Los Angeles through California’s Central Valley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Among the water districts that tested below the legal limit, but above the public health goal are Hollister, L.A. County Waterworks Districts and Vacaville.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Residents concerned about elevated levels should “contact their water system to see exactly what is going on and what the treatment is,” says state water board public information officer Andrew DiLuccia.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since January 2015, public water systems in California have been required to test for chromium 6 in drinking water. If the contamination is above the legal limit, the district must test its water supplies four times a year. If the average of four consecutive tests exceeds the legal limit, the supplier is in violation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, since water filtration and well construction is expensive and time-consuming, \u003ca href=\"http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/drinking_water/certlic/drinkingwater/documents/lawbook/sb385_hexavalent_chromium_compliance_fnl_.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Senate Bill 385\u003c/a> gives water districts until 2020 to get their chromium 6 levels below the legal limit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But one city manager says California’s relatively new 10 ppb rule is too stringent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Does the state want us to drink distilled water?” asks Ken Moore, Kerman City’s Public Works Director. “Cause that’s basically what they’re trying to get us to do, it’s absurd.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Results from the EWG report show Kerman’s average chromium 6 level at 19.2 ppb, nearly double the legal limit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Moore says the cleaning costs would be millions of dollars and would raise residents’ water bills from $35 a month to $150 just to pay for filtering, disposal, and operational overhead associated with removing the chemical.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s something we can’t afford,” he says. “The people of this community can’t afford to pay for it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other districts like the \u003ca href=\"http://www.kesq.com/news/indio-water-authority-opens-chromium-6-treatment-plants/33941540\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Indio Water Authority\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.santacruzsentinel.com/article/ZZ/20141107/NEWS/141104274\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Soquel Creek\u003c/a> have been able to pay for removal and are now supplying water to their customers that tests below the legal limit for chromium 6.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last Thursday, Willows, a small town between Redding and Sacramento, held a \u003ca href=\"https://www.calwater.com/latest_news/cal-water-holds-ribbon-cutting-ceremony-to-celebrate-completion-of-chromium-6-treatment-plant-2/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">ribbon cutting ceremony\u003c/a> to celebrate the successful installation of an ion exchange filtration system. The state-funded water purifier removes chromium 6 from its wells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kerman has also received state funding under \u003ca href=\"http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/water_issues/programs/grants_loans/proposition1.shtml\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Proposition 1\u003c/a>. But Moore says the $3.5 million won’t cover all the costs to test, install and maintain six new groundwater wells in the city.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For individuals who want to remove chromium 6 from their tap, there are several types of water filters that will do it, including reverse osmosis filters that are available at many hardware stores. The EWG also has an \u003ca href=\"http://www.ewg.org/research/ewgs-water-filter-buying-guide?system_type=&technology=&contamcode=1080&submit_ty_1=Search\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">online guide\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>When Erin Brockovich went after PG&E for poisoning groundwater in the desert town of Hinkley, California — a campaign that later became a film starring Julia Roberts — the toxic chemical was a heavy metal called hexavalent chromium.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Also known as chromium 6, the chemical is listed under California’s \u003ca href=\"http://oehha.ca.gov/media/downloads/proposition-65//p65single080516.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Prop 65 \u003c/a>as causing cancer, \u003ca href=\"http://oehha.ca.gov/media/downloads/proposition-65/chemicals/chrome0908.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">developmental harm and reproductive harm\u003c/a> in both men and women.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A new \u003ca href=\"http://www.ewg.org/enviroblog/2016/09/erin-brockovich-chemical-drinking-water-more-200-million-americans\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">report \u003c/a>out today finds Hinkley isn’t the only California city with chromium 6 contamination.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The report found 11 water districts serving some 400,000 Californians had hexavalent chromium in their tap water at levels above the state’s legal limit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Above the Legal Limit\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>The state’s limit for chromium 6 in drinking water is 10 parts per billion. A part per billion is about a drop of water in an Olympic-sized swimming pool.\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\n\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"100%\" height=\"520\" frameborder=\"0\" src=\"https://kqednews.carto.com/viz/aa656a24-7e8c-11e6-94fa-0e3ff518bd15/embed_map\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The report also found the vast majority of samples from water districts serving roughly 8.5 million Californians across the state had hexavalent chromium at levels below the legal limit, but above the public health goal set by state scientists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.ewg.org/research/chromium-six-found-in-us-tap-water\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">report \u003c/a>is from the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ewg.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Environmental Working Group\u003c/a>, a watchdog agency based in Washington, D.C. The non-profit analyzed data the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency collected from water utilities across the country between 2013 and 2015. An \u003ca href=\"http://www.ewg.org/interactive-maps/2016-chromium6-lower-48.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">interactive map\u003c/a> developed from the data shows chromium 6 levels in California and throughout the U.S.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It was eye opening,” says Bill Walker, co-author of the Environmental Working Group report.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re not trying to say the chromium 6 situation is as bad as the Flint situation but we’re saying if you start to look at it more closely you can find some really disturbing things.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"datawrapper-chart-KU9ds\" src=\"//datawrapper.dwcdn.net/KU9ds/2/\" frameborder=\"0\" allowtransparency=\"true\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\" webkitallowfullscreen=\"webkitallowfullscreen\" mozallowfullscreen=\"mozallowfullscreen\" oallowfullscreen=\"oallowfullscreen\" msallowfullscreen=\"msallowfullscreen\" width=\"100%\" height=\"400\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003cbr>\nThe chemical occurs naturally in the environment from \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">the erosion of \u003c/span>natural\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> chromium deposits\u003c/span> but it’s also manufactured and used in stainless steel production, metal finishing, chrome plating, leather tanning, and to prevent corrosion in electrical plant cooling towers, as was the case in Hinkley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Outside of the workplace, the main way people might be exposed to chromium 6 is through drinking water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And although the U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration regulates \u003ca href=\"https://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owadisp.show_document?p_table=STANDARDS&p_id=13096\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">chromium 6 in work environments\u003c/a>, the EPA doesn’t regulate chromium 6 in drinking water. In fact, California is the only state that does.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And California has two standards: a legally enforceable \u003cem>limit\u003c/em> on chromium 6 in drinking water, and a much lower public health \u003cem>goal\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘Does the state want us to drink distilled water? Cause that’s basically what they’re trying to get us to do, it’s absurd.’\u003ccite>Ken Moore, Kerman City’s Public Works Director\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Toxicologists at the state Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment set the public health goal for chromium intake at .02 parts per billion. A part per billion is about a drop of water in an Olympic-sized swimming pool.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A public health goal must represent a negligible health risk. State scientists said at .02 ppb, the risk of developing cancer for people who drink the water daily for 70 years is no more than a one-in-a-million.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State law requires the legal limit be set “as close as is \u003ca href=\"http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/drinking_water/certlic/drinkingwater/Chromium6.shtml\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">technically and economically feasible\u003c/a>” to the public health goal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the California Department of Public Health set a legally enforceable level in 2014, it took into account factors such as how costly it would be for water districts to monitor and clean up the chemical. Public health officials set the legally enforceable level 500 times higher than the public health goal, at 10 parts per billion. It \u003ca href=\"http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/drinking_water/certlic/drinkingwater/documents/chromium6/chromium_fact_sheet_2015_final.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">was the first\u003c/a> drinking water standard for chromium 6 in the nation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state’s legal limit represents a cancer risk of 500 people per-one-million, for people who drink the water daily for 70 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State officials found that getting chromium 6 levels below 10 ppb added significantly to the cost of compliance. To set the legal limit only half as high, at 5 ppb, would have tripled the cost. To reach 1 ppb, the cost would have been 11 times higher.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the EWG report, Los Banos water samples registered the highest level of chromium 6, at 31.5 ppb, followed by Kerman City at 19.2 ppb and Patterson City at 18 ppb.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The cities that tested above the state’s legal limit run from Sacramento to Los Angeles through California’s Central Valley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Among the water districts that tested below the legal limit, but above the public health goal are Hollister, L.A. County Waterworks Districts and Vacaville.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Residents concerned about elevated levels should “contact their water system to see exactly what is going on and what the treatment is,” says state water board public information officer Andrew DiLuccia.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since January 2015, public water systems in California have been required to test for chromium 6 in drinking water. If the contamination is above the legal limit, the district must test its water supplies four times a year. If the average of four consecutive tests exceeds the legal limit, the supplier is in violation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, since water filtration and well construction is expensive and time-consuming, \u003ca href=\"http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/drinking_water/certlic/drinkingwater/documents/lawbook/sb385_hexavalent_chromium_compliance_fnl_.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Senate Bill 385\u003c/a> gives water districts until 2020 to get their chromium 6 levels below the legal limit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But one city manager says California’s relatively new 10 ppb rule is too stringent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Does the state want us to drink distilled water?” asks Ken Moore, Kerman City’s Public Works Director. “Cause that’s basically what they’re trying to get us to do, it’s absurd.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Results from the EWG report show Kerman’s average chromium 6 level at 19.2 ppb, nearly double the legal limit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Moore says the cleaning costs would be millions of dollars and would raise residents’ water bills from $35 a month to $150 just to pay for filtering, disposal, and operational overhead associated with removing the chemical.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s something we can’t afford,” he says. “The people of this community can’t afford to pay for it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other districts like the \u003ca href=\"http://www.kesq.com/news/indio-water-authority-opens-chromium-6-treatment-plants/33941540\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Indio Water Authority\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.santacruzsentinel.com/article/ZZ/20141107/NEWS/141104274\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Soquel Creek\u003c/a> have been able to pay for removal and are now supplying water to their customers that tests below the legal limit for chromium 6.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last Thursday, Willows, a small town between Redding and Sacramento, held a \u003ca href=\"https://www.calwater.com/latest_news/cal-water-holds-ribbon-cutting-ceremony-to-celebrate-completion-of-chromium-6-treatment-plant-2/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">ribbon cutting ceremony\u003c/a> to celebrate the successful installation of an ion exchange filtration system. The state-funded water purifier removes chromium 6 from its wells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kerman has also received state funding under \u003ca href=\"http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/water_issues/programs/grants_loans/proposition1.shtml\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Proposition 1\u003c/a>. But Moore says the $3.5 million won’t cover all the costs to test, install and maintain six new groundwater wells in the city.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For individuals who want to remove chromium 6 from their tap, there are several types of water filters that will do it, including reverse osmosis filters that are available at many hardware stores. The EWG also has an \u003ca href=\"http://www.ewg.org/research/ewgs-water-filter-buying-guide?system_type=&technology=&contamcode=1080&submit_ty_1=Search\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">online guide\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Bay Area Water Supply in the Crosshairs of New River Plan",
"headTitle": "Bay Area Water Supply in the Crosshairs of New River Plan | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>State water officials have released a proposal to boost the flow of California’s second-longest river, the San Joaquin. The river plays a \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2016/08/19/the-biggest-california-water-decision-youve-never-heard-of/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">huge role in the state’s water supply\u003c/a>, which means even San Francisco and other Bay Area cities could be facing cutbacks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The State Water Resources Control Board says restoring water to the river is necessary to bring back endangered salmon and protect water quality.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In an unprecedented move, the water board will likely take that water from districts with “senior” rights, like the San Francisco Public Utilities Commission. Their water rights have long been considered untouchable because they’re some of the oldest in the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Reviving a Dry River\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”kHU93rSb6DA8Obd13j5cs0uyT28It0sC”]The San Joaquin River isn’t considered a “river” by some. It goes completely dry in places because farms and cities pump so much water out of it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“All of this unsustainable diversion of water has led to a collapse of salmon populations that used to be the most abundant salmon populations in California,” says Jon Rosenfield, a biologist with the Bay Institute.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As required by federal law, the state water board must review water quality on the San Joaquin River, but \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2016/08/19/the-biggest-california-water-decision-youve-never-heard-of/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">hasn’t substantially updated its plan for the river in 20 years\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Taking recent salmon declines into account, the board is proposing that 40 percent of the river’s flow be restored, including the water flowing down the river’s three tributaries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Bay Area Supply\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The SFPUC and its Hetch Hetchy Water System gets the majority of its water from one of those tributaries, the Tuolumne River. It supplies more than two million people in San Francisco and on the Peninsula.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a big deal,” says Steven Ritchie, SFPUC’s Assistant General Manager. “It’s not whether or not, but how much of an impact an action like this would have on us.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The cutbacks could also affect the agricultural water districts on the river.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is an all-out assault on the people in these affected communities,” says Jake Wenger of Modesto Irrigation District.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘It’s going to be huge because it’s going to set a precedent for every water rights holder in the state of California.’\u003ccite>Jake Wenger, Modesto Irrigation District\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Wenger expects to see fallowed farmland and job losses in his district. State officials estimate $64 million dollars in economic losses statewide, though agricultural areas estimate it to be higher.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The SFPUC’s water supply would be cut before supplies for agricultural areas like Turlock Irrigation District and Modesto Irrigation District, because its water rights are junior to theirs. The state water board will hold lengthy hearings determining where the water cuts should come from.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If cutbacks are implemented, the SFPUC would have to ramp up conservation or look for new water supplies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“By using water more efficiently, we can continue to have a strong economy while restoring our rivers and the Bay-Delta,” says Peter Drekmeier of the Tuolumne River Trust.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Urban people tend to have more resources than agricultural people, so urbans have more flexibility,” says Ritchie. “But when the requirements get extreme, you’re pushing that to the extreme and the water rate implications of dealing with this are probably significant.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Untouchable Water Rights\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The water board’s plan marks \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2016/08/19/the-biggest-california-water-decision-youve-never-heard-of/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">the first time that many “senior” water districts\u003c/a> will contend with cuts for endangered wildlife, which is common for many districts with junior rights.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s going to be huge because it’s going to set a precedent for every water rights holder in the state of California,” says Wenger.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Conservationists are equally unhappy about the proposal, but for the opposite reason. They say it’s not enough water in the river.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The flows called for are very unlikely to make the San Joaquin into a functioning, viable river again,” says Rosenfield.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state is trying to strike a balance between people and wildlife on the San Joaquin River, but no one is happy. The proposal could be approved early next year. Lawsuits will probably follow soon after.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>State water officials have released a proposal to boost the flow of California’s second-longest river, the San Joaquin. The river plays a \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2016/08/19/the-biggest-california-water-decision-youve-never-heard-of/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">huge role in the state’s water supply\u003c/a>, which means even San Francisco and other Bay Area cities could be facing cutbacks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The State Water Resources Control Board says restoring water to the river is necessary to bring back endangered salmon and protect water quality.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In an unprecedented move, the water board will likely take that water from districts with “senior” rights, like the San Francisco Public Utilities Commission. Their water rights have long been considered untouchable because they’re some of the oldest in the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Reviving a Dry River\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>The San Joaquin River isn’t considered a “river” by some. It goes completely dry in places because farms and cities pump so much water out of it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“All of this unsustainable diversion of water has led to a collapse of salmon populations that used to be the most abundant salmon populations in California,” says Jon Rosenfield, a biologist with the Bay Institute.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As required by federal law, the state water board must review water quality on the San Joaquin River, but \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2016/08/19/the-biggest-california-water-decision-youve-never-heard-of/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">hasn’t substantially updated its plan for the river in 20 years\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Taking recent salmon declines into account, the board is proposing that 40 percent of the river’s flow be restored, including the water flowing down the river’s three tributaries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Bay Area Supply\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The SFPUC and its Hetch Hetchy Water System gets the majority of its water from one of those tributaries, the Tuolumne River. It supplies more than two million people in San Francisco and on the Peninsula.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a big deal,” says Steven Ritchie, SFPUC’s Assistant General Manager. “It’s not whether or not, but how much of an impact an action like this would have on us.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The cutbacks could also affect the agricultural water districts on the river.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is an all-out assault on the people in these affected communities,” says Jake Wenger of Modesto Irrigation District.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘It’s going to be huge because it’s going to set a precedent for every water rights holder in the state of California.’\u003ccite>Jake Wenger, Modesto Irrigation District\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Wenger expects to see fallowed farmland and job losses in his district. State officials estimate $64 million dollars in economic losses statewide, though agricultural areas estimate it to be higher.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The SFPUC’s water supply would be cut before supplies for agricultural areas like Turlock Irrigation District and Modesto Irrigation District, because its water rights are junior to theirs. The state water board will hold lengthy hearings determining where the water cuts should come from.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If cutbacks are implemented, the SFPUC would have to ramp up conservation or look for new water supplies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“By using water more efficiently, we can continue to have a strong economy while restoring our rivers and the Bay-Delta,” says Peter Drekmeier of the Tuolumne River Trust.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Urban people tend to have more resources than agricultural people, so urbans have more flexibility,” says Ritchie. “But when the requirements get extreme, you’re pushing that to the extreme and the water rate implications of dealing with this are probably significant.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Untouchable Water Rights\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The water board’s plan marks \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2016/08/19/the-biggest-california-water-decision-youve-never-heard-of/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">the first time that many “senior” water districts\u003c/a> will contend with cuts for endangered wildlife, which is common for many districts with junior rights.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s going to be huge because it’s going to set a precedent for every water rights holder in the state of California,” says Wenger.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Conservationists are equally unhappy about the proposal, but for the opposite reason. They say it’s not enough water in the river.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The flows called for are very unlikely to make the San Joaquin into a functioning, viable river again,” says Rosenfield.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state is trying to strike a balance between people and wildlife on the San Joaquin River, but no one is happy. The proposal could be approved early next year. Lawsuits will probably follow soon after.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Why the Recent Rumors of E.T. ‘Phoning Home’ Were Exaggerated",
"headTitle": "Why the Recent Rumors of E.T. ‘Phoning Home’ Were Exaggerated | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>A couple of weeks ago, at the end of August, our collective ear perked up at a possible sign of intelligent life out in the universe. \u003ca href=\"http://www.cnn.com/2016/08/30/health/seti-signal-hd-164595-alien-civilization/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The buzz\u003c/a> was caused by a report that a Russian radio telescope detected a relatively strong signal at an unusual frequency for natural radio sources, from the direction of a star named \u003ca href=\"http://www.openexoplanetcatalogue.com/planet/HD%20164595%20b/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">HD 164595\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">If the radio signal came from star HD 164595, it would require nearly as much power as our civilization consumes. \u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>For those who saw the movie “Contact,” this might have brought up images of Jodi Foster wearing a headset and looking quite startled by a very unambiguous intelligent radio signal of extraterrestrial origin. What a world-changer that would be!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, the \u003ca href=\"https://www.sao.ru/Doc-en/SciNews/2016/Sotnikova/\">apparent detection of the signal\u003c/a> was nothing short of a whimper, one might even say, fizzle, as far as the E.T.-listening world is concerned.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So what happened?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though \u003ca href=\"http://www.seti.org/seti-institute/a-seti-signal\">the initial buzz\u003c/a> focused on the signal’s possible origin — a Sun-sized star 94 light years away (HD 164595) — follow-up observations failed to net a second detection. And subsequent analysis now indicates that the signal was likely Earth-based — that is, a spurious blip of noise from our own civilization. (If so, then the origin of the signal might, in fact, be an intelligent civilization: ours.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In response to the report, scientists at Mountain View’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.seti.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">SETI Institute\u003c/a> pointed the powerful radio-ear of its \u003ca href=\"http://www.seti.org/ata\">Allen Telescope Array\u003c/a> at HD 164595 for a few hours on August 28 to see if the signal could be verified, though so far have not heard anything unusual.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>SETI stands for Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence and the non-profit researches the origin, nature and prevalence of life in the universe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_993028\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 630px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-993028\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/ATA_pix1.jpg\" alt=\"Radio telescope dishes of the Allen Telescope Array at the Hat Creek Radio Observatory 290 miles northeast of San Francisco\" width=\"630\" height=\"418\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/ATA_pix1.jpg 630w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/ATA_pix1-400x265.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 630px) 100vw, 630px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Radio telescope dishes of the Allen Telescope Array at the Hat Creek Radio Observatory 290 miles northeast of San Francisco \u003ccite>(SETI)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://cosmicdiary.org/fmarchis/2016/08/29/lets-be-careful-about-this-seti-signal/\">Looking at the HD 164595 E.T. rumor\u003c/a> more soberly, and doing the math on the signal strength and the power necessary to produce it, it’s evident that for the transmission to have originated from an intelligent civilization in that star system, the E.T.s’ technology would have to exceed our own considerably.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A general broadcast from that star, transmitted in every direction into space, would have required a hundred billion billion\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>watts of power to produce the signal reported by the researchers. Yep, you read that right — billion \u003cem>billion\u003c/em>. That’s millions of times more power than our own civilization currently consumes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even a more efficient and targeted communication — say, a tightly focused radio beam directed intentionally at us — would require a trillion watts, nearly as much power as our entire civilization consumes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Both scenarios require an effort far, far beyond what we ourselves could do,” says SETI senior scientist Seth Shostak, “and it’s hard to understand why anyone would want to target our solar system with a strong signal.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The E.T.-scenario supposes that the would-be denizens of HD 164595 know that a radio-receptive civilization exists on our planet, and want to send us a message. However, being 94 light years away, none of our own radio and television broadcasts will have reached them, and won’t for another couple of decades (at which time “I Love Lucy” will be one of the first shows they see).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, the numbers just don’t add up to explaining the observation as E.T.-originated — not without some extraordinary assumptions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nevertheless, \u003ca href=\"http://www.airspacemag.com/history-of-flight/aliens-line-one-180960067/?no-ist\">we keep on listening for signals\u003c/a> of extraterrestrial, intelligent origin. The payoff could be huge, if we ever detect any. If E.T. sends us a directed message, “Dear people of the planet Earth…,” what would it consist of? Design instructions for advanced technologies? Descriptions of the life and times of the people on their planet? A simple hello? Or possibly, “Look out, Earthlings, here we come….”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just knowing that another intelligent, technological civilization exists elsewhere in the universe would be a mind-blowing thing, even if all we detect are weak and inadvertent broadcasts of E.T.’s version of “Gilligan’s Island.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "It caused a stir at first, but did the Russians really detect a signal from a star 94 light years away and what are American scientists doing to replicate their finding?\r\n\r\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>A couple of weeks ago, at the end of August, our collective ear perked up at a possible sign of intelligent life out in the universe. \u003ca href=\"http://www.cnn.com/2016/08/30/health/seti-signal-hd-164595-alien-civilization/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The buzz\u003c/a> was caused by a report that a Russian radio telescope detected a relatively strong signal at an unusual frequency for natural radio sources, from the direction of a star named \u003ca href=\"http://www.openexoplanetcatalogue.com/planet/HD%20164595%20b/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">HD 164595\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">If the radio signal came from star HD 164595, it would require nearly as much power as our civilization consumes. \u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>For those who saw the movie “Contact,” this might have brought up images of Jodi Foster wearing a headset and looking quite startled by a very unambiguous intelligent radio signal of extraterrestrial origin. What a world-changer that would be!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, the \u003ca href=\"https://www.sao.ru/Doc-en/SciNews/2016/Sotnikova/\">apparent detection of the signal\u003c/a> was nothing short of a whimper, one might even say, fizzle, as far as the E.T.-listening world is concerned.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So what happened?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though \u003ca href=\"http://www.seti.org/seti-institute/a-seti-signal\">the initial buzz\u003c/a> focused on the signal’s possible origin — a Sun-sized star 94 light years away (HD 164595) — follow-up observations failed to net a second detection. And subsequent analysis now indicates that the signal was likely Earth-based — that is, a spurious blip of noise from our own civilization. (If so, then the origin of the signal might, in fact, be an intelligent civilization: ours.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In response to the report, scientists at Mountain View’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.seti.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">SETI Institute\u003c/a> pointed the powerful radio-ear of its \u003ca href=\"http://www.seti.org/ata\">Allen Telescope Array\u003c/a> at HD 164595 for a few hours on August 28 to see if the signal could be verified, though so far have not heard anything unusual.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>SETI stands for Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence and the non-profit researches the origin, nature and prevalence of life in the universe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_993028\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 630px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-993028\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/ATA_pix1.jpg\" alt=\"Radio telescope dishes of the Allen Telescope Array at the Hat Creek Radio Observatory 290 miles northeast of San Francisco\" width=\"630\" height=\"418\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/ATA_pix1.jpg 630w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/ATA_pix1-400x265.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 630px) 100vw, 630px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Radio telescope dishes of the Allen Telescope Array at the Hat Creek Radio Observatory 290 miles northeast of San Francisco \u003ccite>(SETI)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://cosmicdiary.org/fmarchis/2016/08/29/lets-be-careful-about-this-seti-signal/\">Looking at the HD 164595 E.T. rumor\u003c/a> more soberly, and doing the math on the signal strength and the power necessary to produce it, it’s evident that for the transmission to have originated from an intelligent civilization in that star system, the E.T.s’ technology would have to exceed our own considerably.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A general broadcast from that star, transmitted in every direction into space, would have required a hundred billion billion\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>watts of power to produce the signal reported by the researchers. Yep, you read that right — billion \u003cem>billion\u003c/em>. That’s millions of times more power than our own civilization currently consumes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even a more efficient and targeted communication — say, a tightly focused radio beam directed intentionally at us — would require a trillion watts, nearly as much power as our entire civilization consumes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Both scenarios require an effort far, far beyond what we ourselves could do,” says SETI senior scientist Seth Shostak, “and it’s hard to understand why anyone would want to target our solar system with a strong signal.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The E.T.-scenario supposes that the would-be denizens of HD 164595 know that a radio-receptive civilization exists on our planet, and want to send us a message. However, being 94 light years away, none of our own radio and television broadcasts will have reached them, and won’t for another couple of decades (at which time “I Love Lucy” will be one of the first shows they see).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, the numbers just don’t add up to explaining the observation as E.T.-originated — not without some extraordinary assumptions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nevertheless, \u003ca href=\"http://www.airspacemag.com/history-of-flight/aliens-line-one-180960067/?no-ist\">we keep on listening for signals\u003c/a> of extraterrestrial, intelligent origin. The payoff could be huge, if we ever detect any. If E.T. sends us a directed message, “Dear people of the planet Earth…,” what would it consist of? Design instructions for advanced technologies? Descriptions of the life and times of the people on their planet? A simple hello? Or possibly, “Look out, Earthlings, here we come….”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just knowing that another intelligent, technological civilization exists elsewhere in the universe would be a mind-blowing thing, even if all we detect are weak and inadvertent broadcasts of E.T.’s version of “Gilligan’s Island.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Human detritus that clutters the state’s beaches each year — soda caps, potato chip wrappers, plastic bags — will get a new home this Saturday during the \u003ca href=\"http://www.coastal.ca.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">California Coastal Commission\u003c/a>‘s annual beach cleanup.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state agency, and an army of citizen volunteers, will collect tons\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>of litter and send it to landfills and recycling centers according to Eben Schwartz, Marine Debris Program Manager for the Coastal Commission.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\n\u003ch2>CLEANUP DETAILS\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>What:\u003c/strong> California Coastal Cleanup Day.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Where:\u003c/strong> 900+ locations. Check \u003ca href=\"http://www.coastal.ca.gov/publiced/ccd/cleanup/#/map\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">this map\u003c/a> for details.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>When:\u003c/strong> Saturday September 17, 9 a.m. to 12 p.m. (at most locations).\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>How:\u003c/strong> Show up on Saturday in comfortable clothes and closed-toed shoes (a hat and sunscreen are recommended). Trash collection supplies provided but bringing reusable items — like a bucket or reusable bag and gardening gloves — is encouraged as they cut down on single-use bags.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">It’s an enormous amount of debris that we’re pulling out,” says Schwartz. \u003c/span>Last year volunteers gathered more than 1.1 million pounds of trash and recyclables.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The waste isn’t just unsightly, Schwartz says, it’s also dangerous to marine animals that can consume small fragments or become entangled in larger debris.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">It’s incredibly hazardous in a number of ways,” says Schwartz.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> “Wildlife ingest it and it can block their esophagus and keep them from eating or they can have a false sense of being full.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This can lead to starvation, even though the animals’ stomachs are full — often with \u003ca href=\"http://www.chrisjordan.com/gallery/midway/#CF000774%2015x20\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">plastic trash\u003c/a>. More than 18 billion pounds of plastic enter the world’s oceans every year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This Saturday, the Commission is focusing on cigarette butts, the number one item it collects each year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If we were to fix our cigarette litter problem, we would halve the amount of material we pick up each year,” says Schwartz.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He also says cigarette filters don’t biodegrade and the chemicals in cigarettes can leach into the water. Of the 4,000 chemicals created when a cigarette is smoked, 43 are known carcinogens.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Imagine what happens when our dogs or children pick these up and ingest them — it can be really damaging.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you want to participate this year, but don’t live near the beach, not to worry. Cleanups also take place on roadsides, highways, parks, rivers, creeks and bays.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For more information check \u003ca href=\"http://www.coastalcleanupday.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">online\u003c/a> or call (800) COAST-4U.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Human detritus that clutters the state’s beaches each year — soda caps, potato chip wrappers, plastic bags — will get a new home this Saturday during the \u003ca href=\"http://www.coastal.ca.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">California Coastal Commission\u003c/a>‘s annual beach cleanup.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state agency, and an army of citizen volunteers, will collect tons\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>of litter and send it to landfills and recycling centers according to Eben Schwartz, Marine Debris Program Manager for the Coastal Commission.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\n\u003ch2>CLEANUP DETAILS\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>What:\u003c/strong> California Coastal Cleanup Day.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Where:\u003c/strong> 900+ locations. Check \u003ca href=\"http://www.coastal.ca.gov/publiced/ccd/cleanup/#/map\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">this map\u003c/a> for details.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>When:\u003c/strong> Saturday September 17, 9 a.m. to 12 p.m. (at most locations).\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>How:\u003c/strong> Show up on Saturday in comfortable clothes and closed-toed shoes (a hat and sunscreen are recommended). Trash collection supplies provided but bringing reusable items — like a bucket or reusable bag and gardening gloves — is encouraged as they cut down on single-use bags.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">It’s an enormous amount of debris that we’re pulling out,” says Schwartz. \u003c/span>Last year volunteers gathered more than 1.1 million pounds of trash and recyclables.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The waste isn’t just unsightly, Schwartz says, it’s also dangerous to marine animals that can consume small fragments or become entangled in larger debris.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">It’s incredibly hazardous in a number of ways,” says Schwartz.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> “Wildlife ingest it and it can block their esophagus and keep them from eating or they can have a false sense of being full.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This can lead to starvation, even though the animals’ stomachs are full — often with \u003ca href=\"http://www.chrisjordan.com/gallery/midway/#CF000774%2015x20\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">plastic trash\u003c/a>. More than 18 billion pounds of plastic enter the world’s oceans every year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This Saturday, the Commission is focusing on cigarette butts, the number one item it collects each year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If we were to fix our cigarette litter problem, we would halve the amount of material we pick up each year,” says Schwartz.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He also says cigarette filters don’t biodegrade and the chemicals in cigarettes can leach into the water. Of the 4,000 chemicals created when a cigarette is smoked, 43 are known carcinogens.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Imagine what happens when our dogs or children pick these up and ingest them — it can be really damaging.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you want to participate this year, but don’t live near the beach, not to worry. Cleanups also take place on roadsides, highways, parks, rivers, creeks and bays.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For more information check \u003ca href=\"http://www.coastalcleanupday.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">online\u003c/a> or call (800) COAST-4U.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"info": "KQED’s new podcast, Bay Curious, gets to the bottom of the mysteries — both profound and peculiar — that give the Bay Area its unique identity. And we’ll do it with your help! You ask the questions. You decide what Bay Curious investigates. And you join us on the journey to find the answers.",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Bay-Curious-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/news/series/baycurious",
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 3
},
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}
},
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"id": "bbc-world-service",
"title": "BBC World Service",
"info": "The day's top stories from BBC News compiled twice daily in the week, once at weekends.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 9pm-10pm, TUE-FRI 1am-2am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/BBC-World-Service-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/play/live:bbc_world_service",
"meta": {
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"source": "BBC World Service"
},
"link": "/radio/program/bbc-world-service",
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"rss": "https://podcasts.files.bbci.co.uk/p02nq0gn.rss"
}
},
"californiareport": {
"id": "californiareport",
"title": "The California Report",
"tagline": "California, day by day",
"info": "KQED’s statewide radio news program providing daily coverage of issues, trends and public policy decisions.",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-California-Report-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/californiareport",
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 8
},
"link": "/californiareport",
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}
},
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"title": "The California Report Magazine",
"tagline": "Your state, your stories",
"info": "Every week, The California Report Magazine takes you on a road trip for the ears: to visit the places and meet the people who make California unique. The in-depth storytelling podcast from the California Report.",
"airtime": "FRI 4:30pm-5pm, 6:30pm-7pm, 11pm-11:30pm",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/californiareportmagazine",
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"order": 10
},
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM3NjkwNjk1OTAz",
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},
"city-arts": {
"id": "city-arts",
"title": "City Arts & Lectures",
"info": "A one-hour radio program to hear celebrated writers, artists and thinkers address contemporary ideas and values, often discussing the creative process. Please note: tapes or transcripts are not available",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/05/cityartsandlecture-300x300.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.cityarts.net/",
"airtime": "SUN 1pm-2pm, TUE 10pm, WED 1am",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "City Arts & Lectures"
},
"link": "https://www.cityarts.net",
"subscribe": {
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/City-Arts-and-Lectures-p692/",
"rss": "https://www.cityarts.net/feed/"
}
},
"closealltabs": {
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"info": "Close All Tabs breaks down how digital culture shapes our world through thoughtful insights and irreverent humor.",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/closealltabs",
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 1
},
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"id": "code-switch-life-kit",
"title": "Code Switch / Life Kit",
"info": "\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />",
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"meta": {
"site": "radio",
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},
"link": "/radio/program/code-switch-life-kit",
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},
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"id": "commonwealth-club",
"title": "Commonwealth Club of California Podcast",
"info": "The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.",
"airtime": "THU 10pm, FRI 1am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Commonwealth-Club-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "Commonwealth Club of California"
},
"link": "/radio/program/commonwealth-club",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/commonwealth-club-of-california-podcast/id976334034?mt=2",
"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cDovL3d3dy5jb21tb253ZWFsdGhjbHViLm9yZy9hdWRpby9wb2RjYXN0L3dlZWtseS54bWw",
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},
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"id": "forum",
"title": "Forum",
"tagline": "The conversation starts here",
"info": "KQED’s live call-in program discussing local, state, national and international issues, as well as in-depth interviews.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 9am-11am, 10pm-11pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Forum-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Forum with Mina Kim and Alexis Madrigal",
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"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 9
},
"link": "/forum",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM5NTU3MzgxNjMz",
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"freakonomics-radio": {
"id": "freakonomics-radio",
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"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/05/freakonomicsRadio.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://freakonomics.com/",
"airtime": "SUN 1am-2am, SAT 3pm-4pm",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "WNYC"
},
"link": "/radio/program/freakonomics-radio",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/freakonomics-radio/id354668519",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/podcasts/WNYC-Podcasts/Freakonomics-Radio-p272293/",
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},
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"id": "fresh-air",
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"link": "/radio/program/fresh-air",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=214089682&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"info": "A live production of NPR and WBUR Boston, in collaboration with stations across the country, Here & Now reflects the fluid world of news as it's happening in the middle of the day, with timely, in-depth news, interviews and conversation. Hosted by Robin Young, Jeremy Hobson and Tonya Mosley.",
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},
"hidden-brain": {
"id": "hidden-brain",
"title": "Hidden Brain",
"info": "Shankar Vedantam uses science and storytelling to reveal the unconscious patterns that drive human behavior, shape our choices and direct our relationships.",
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"airtime": "SUN 7pm-8pm",
"meta": {
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"source": "NPR"
},
"link": "/radio/program/hidden-brain",
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},
"how-i-built-this": {
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"title": "How I Built This with Guy Raz",
"info": "Guy Raz dives into the stories behind some of the world's best known companies. How I Built This weaves a narrative journey about innovators, entrepreneurs and idealists—and the movements they built.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/05/howIBuiltThis.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510313/how-i-built-this",
"airtime": "SUN 7:30pm-8pm",
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"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/how-i-built-this",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/how-i-built-this-with-guy-raz/id1150510297?mt=2",
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},
"hyphenacion": {
"id": "hyphenacion",
"title": "Hyphenación",
"tagline": "Where conversation and cultura meet",
"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/Hyphenacion_FinalAssets_PodcastTile.png",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/hyphenacion",
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"order": 15
},
"link": "/podcasts/hyphenacion",
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},
"jerrybrown": {
"id": "jerrybrown",
"title": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown",
"tagline": "Lessons from a lifetime in politics",
"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-Political-Mind-of-Jerry-Brown-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 18
},
"link": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
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}
},
"latino-usa": {
"id": "latino-usa",
"title": "Latino USA",
"airtime": "MON 1am-2am, SUN 6pm-7pm",
"info": "Latino USA, the radio journal of news and culture, is the only national, English-language radio program produced from a Latino perspective.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/latinoUsa.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://latinousa.org/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/latino-usa",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=79681317&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510016/podcast.xml"
}
},
"marketplace": {
"id": "marketplace",
"title": "Marketplace",
"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Marketplace-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.marketplace.org/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "American Public Media"
},
"link": "/radio/program/marketplace",
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"rss": "https://feeds.publicradio.org/public_feeds/marketplace-pm/rss/rss"
}
},
"masters-of-scale": {
"id": "masters-of-scale",
"title": "Masters of Scale",
"info": "Masters of Scale is an original podcast in which LinkedIn co-founder and Greylock Partner Reid Hoffman sets out to describe and prove theories that explain how great entrepreneurs take their companies from zero to a gazillion in ingenious fashion.",
"airtime": "Every other Wednesday June 12 through October 16 at 8pm (repeats Thursdays at 2am)",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "https://mastersofscale.com/",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "WaitWhat"
},
"link": "/radio/program/masters-of-scale",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "http://mastersofscale.app.link/",
"rss": "https://rss.art19.com/masters-of-scale"
}
},
"mindshift": {
"id": "mindshift",
"title": "MindShift",
"tagline": "A podcast about the future of learning and how we raise our kids",
"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/mindshift/",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 12
},
"link": "/podcasts/mindshift",
"subscribe": {
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5",
"npr": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/464615685/mind-shift-podcast",
"stitcher": "https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/stories-teachers-share",
"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/0MxSpNYZKNprFLCl7eEtyx"
}
},
"morning-edition": {
"id": "morning-edition",
"title": "Morning Edition",
"info": "\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. Hosts Steve Inskeep, David Greene and Rachel Martin bring you the latest breaking news and features to prepare you for the day.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 3am-9am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Morning-Edition-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/programs/morning-edition/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/morning-edition"
},
"onourwatch": {
"id": "onourwatch",
"title": "On Our Watch",
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