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"content": "\u003cp>NASA is already renowned for animations and breathtaking imagery from its various space missions and satellites.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But if you’re up for a deeper dive into the science behind all that, there is now \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/funder/nasa/\">PubSpace\u003c/a>, an online repository providing free access to results from NASA-funded research. Now, it is even easier to explore the Earth, solar system, and the universe beyond — provided that you have the stamina to read through reports written by scientists for other scientists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NASA created PubSpace in response to the White House Office of Science and Technology Policy’s direction to make NASA-funded research more accessible to the public. Research results will be made available within a year, with some exceptions, including research involving national security, patents, and proprietary restrictions (that “national security” part could eliminate a lot of rocket science).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Broadening the Audience\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Before PubSpace, access to these research publications was usually on a pay-to-read basis, making scientists the primary consumers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1026907\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 768px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1026907\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/2824_PIA17031_768.jpg\" alt=\"The liquid-methane lake Ligeia Mare on Saturn's moon Titan. \" width=\"768\" height=\"732\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/2824_PIA17031_768.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/2824_PIA17031_768-400x381.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/2824_PIA17031_768-32x32.jpg 32w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The liquid-methane lake Ligeia Mare on Saturn’s moon Titan. \u003ccite>(Cassini/NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>By opening the gates with a singular browsable and searchable compendium with no cost deterrents, NASA hopes to expand that audience to include a much broader audience: amateur science enthusiasts and citizen scientists, students, and even casual consumers of information and lifelong learners who might enjoy browsing the headers and digging into a few abstracts that pique their curiosity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What’s New\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NASA has long made the discoveries from its Earth and space missions freely available online. NASA mission websites are brimming with flashy images and videos, articles and blogs, press releases, and educational primers for teachers and students, all derived from the cameras and other instruments on spacecraft sent to the ends of the solar system or peering out to the edge of the visible universe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you’ve ever checked out the sites for high-profile missions like \u003ca href=\"http://mars.nasa.gov/msl/\">Curiosity\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/\">Cassini\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://pluto.jhuapl.edu/\">New Horizons \u003c/a>— not to mention the \u003ca href=\"http://hubblesite.org/\">Hubble Space Telescope \u003c/a>— you know what I’m talking about.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But behind the glossy exteriors of those websites is the original scientific work that informs them, largely in the form of peer-reviewed scientific papers written from the analysis of raw data coming in from those missions, or investigations conducted on Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>From Martian Tsunamis to Giant Clams\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are currently more than 800 listings on PubSpace, from research conducted as far back as 1961 to just last week. If you choose to explore PubSpace in search of inspiring nuggets of discovery, they are there for the finding, but you may have to sift through a bit of techno-jargon and sci-speak to uncover them—like shoveling through layers of earth to look for gemstones.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On my first dig I stumbled on a paper entitled, “\u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4223897/\">Photosymbiotic giant clams are transformers of solar flux\u003c/a>,” and I wondered if I’d wandered into a science fiction story. A read of the abstract was a bit more down to Earth, but no less fascinating when I discovered that inside these giant clams “a layer of iridescent cells called iridocytes” are processing and delivering the most beneficial colors of sunlight to feed photosynthetic microalgae living symbiotically within the clam. Who knew? Obviously someone at NASA did.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some other titles that intrigued me:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4810239/\">Titan as the Abode of Life\u003c/a>: Could some form of carbon-based, meteorite-fed photosynthetic life thrive in the cryogenically frigid environment of Saturn’s moon Titan?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5008114/\">The Astrobiology Primer\u003c/a>: What is life? What does life on Earth teach us about the possibilities for life on other worlds? How will we find it?\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1026908\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 985px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1026908\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/color_coded_digital_elevation_model_showing_the_two_proposed_shoreline_levels_of_a_mars_ocean_from_3.4_billion_years_ago.jpg\" alt=\"Color coded maps of paleo-shorelines on Mars shaped by great tsunamis in ancient ocean. \" width=\"985\" height=\"500\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/color_coded_digital_elevation_model_showing_the_two_proposed_shoreline_levels_of_a_mars_ocean_from_3.4_billion_years_ago.jpg 985w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/color_coded_digital_elevation_model_showing_the_two_proposed_shoreline_levels_of_a_mars_ocean_from_3.4_billion_years_ago-400x203.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/color_coded_digital_elevation_model_showing_the_two_proposed_shoreline_levels_of_a_mars_ocean_from_3.4_billion_years_ago-800x406.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/color_coded_digital_elevation_model_showing_the_two_proposed_shoreline_levels_of_a_mars_ocean_from_3.4_billion_years_ago-768x390.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/color_coded_digital_elevation_model_showing_the_two_proposed_shoreline_levels_of_a_mars_ocean_from_3.4_billion_years_ago-960x487.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 985px) 100vw, 985px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Color-coded maps of paleo-shorelines on Mars, shaped by great tsunamis in an ancient ocean. \u003ccite>(Alexis Rodriguez)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4872529/\">Tsunami Waves Extensively Resurfaced the Shorelines of an Early Martian Ocean\u003c/a>: What is the evidence that long ago Mars’ northern plains were covered by a vast ocean of liquid water? Scientists are studying land forms that were likely shaped by enormous meteorite-impact-driven tsunamis that sent water and ice tens or hundreds of miles across the Martian terrain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These are just a few examples of what caught my eye. Take a dive and see what you can find.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>NASA is already renowned for animations and breathtaking imagery from its various space missions and satellites.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But if you’re up for a deeper dive into the science behind all that, there is now \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/funder/nasa/\">PubSpace\u003c/a>, an online repository providing free access to results from NASA-funded research. Now, it is even easier to explore the Earth, solar system, and the universe beyond — provided that you have the stamina to read through reports written by scientists for other scientists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NASA created PubSpace in response to the White House Office of Science and Technology Policy’s direction to make NASA-funded research more accessible to the public. Research results will be made available within a year, with some exceptions, including research involving national security, patents, and proprietary restrictions (that “national security” part could eliminate a lot of rocket science).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Broadening the Audience\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Before PubSpace, access to these research publications was usually on a pay-to-read basis, making scientists the primary consumers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1026907\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 768px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1026907\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/2824_PIA17031_768.jpg\" alt=\"The liquid-methane lake Ligeia Mare on Saturn's moon Titan. \" width=\"768\" height=\"732\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/2824_PIA17031_768.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/2824_PIA17031_768-400x381.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/2824_PIA17031_768-32x32.jpg 32w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The liquid-methane lake Ligeia Mare on Saturn’s moon Titan. \u003ccite>(Cassini/NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>By opening the gates with a singular browsable and searchable compendium with no cost deterrents, NASA hopes to expand that audience to include a much broader audience: amateur science enthusiasts and citizen scientists, students, and even casual consumers of information and lifelong learners who might enjoy browsing the headers and digging into a few abstracts that pique their curiosity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What’s New\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NASA has long made the discoveries from its Earth and space missions freely available online. NASA mission websites are brimming with flashy images and videos, articles and blogs, press releases, and educational primers for teachers and students, all derived from the cameras and other instruments on spacecraft sent to the ends of the solar system or peering out to the edge of the visible universe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you’ve ever checked out the sites for high-profile missions like \u003ca href=\"http://mars.nasa.gov/msl/\">Curiosity\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/\">Cassini\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://pluto.jhuapl.edu/\">New Horizons \u003c/a>— not to mention the \u003ca href=\"http://hubblesite.org/\">Hubble Space Telescope \u003c/a>— you know what I’m talking about.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But behind the glossy exteriors of those websites is the original scientific work that informs them, largely in the form of peer-reviewed scientific papers written from the analysis of raw data coming in from those missions, or investigations conducted on Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>From Martian Tsunamis to Giant Clams\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are currently more than 800 listings on PubSpace, from research conducted as far back as 1961 to just last week. If you choose to explore PubSpace in search of inspiring nuggets of discovery, they are there for the finding, but you may have to sift through a bit of techno-jargon and sci-speak to uncover them—like shoveling through layers of earth to look for gemstones.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On my first dig I stumbled on a paper entitled, “\u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4223897/\">Photosymbiotic giant clams are transformers of solar flux\u003c/a>,” and I wondered if I’d wandered into a science fiction story. A read of the abstract was a bit more down to Earth, but no less fascinating when I discovered that inside these giant clams “a layer of iridescent cells called iridocytes” are processing and delivering the most beneficial colors of sunlight to feed photosynthetic microalgae living symbiotically within the clam. Who knew? Obviously someone at NASA did.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some other titles that intrigued me:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4810239/\">Titan as the Abode of Life\u003c/a>: Could some form of carbon-based, meteorite-fed photosynthetic life thrive in the cryogenically frigid environment of Saturn’s moon Titan?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5008114/\">The Astrobiology Primer\u003c/a>: What is life? What does life on Earth teach us about the possibilities for life on other worlds? How will we find it?\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1026908\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 985px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1026908\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/color_coded_digital_elevation_model_showing_the_two_proposed_shoreline_levels_of_a_mars_ocean_from_3.4_billion_years_ago.jpg\" alt=\"Color coded maps of paleo-shorelines on Mars shaped by great tsunamis in ancient ocean. \" width=\"985\" height=\"500\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/color_coded_digital_elevation_model_showing_the_two_proposed_shoreline_levels_of_a_mars_ocean_from_3.4_billion_years_ago.jpg 985w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/color_coded_digital_elevation_model_showing_the_two_proposed_shoreline_levels_of_a_mars_ocean_from_3.4_billion_years_ago-400x203.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/color_coded_digital_elevation_model_showing_the_two_proposed_shoreline_levels_of_a_mars_ocean_from_3.4_billion_years_ago-800x406.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/color_coded_digital_elevation_model_showing_the_two_proposed_shoreline_levels_of_a_mars_ocean_from_3.4_billion_years_ago-768x390.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/color_coded_digital_elevation_model_showing_the_two_proposed_shoreline_levels_of_a_mars_ocean_from_3.4_billion_years_ago-960x487.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 985px) 100vw, 985px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Color-coded maps of paleo-shorelines on Mars, shaped by great tsunamis in an ancient ocean. \u003ccite>(Alexis Rodriguez)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4872529/\">Tsunami Waves Extensively Resurfaced the Shorelines of an Early Martian Ocean\u003c/a>: What is the evidence that long ago Mars’ northern plains were covered by a vast ocean of liquid water? Scientists are studying land forms that were likely shaped by enormous meteorite-impact-driven tsunamis that sent water and ice tens or hundreds of miles across the Martian terrain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These are just a few examples of what caught my eye. Take a dive and see what you can find.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Yosemite Boss Don Neubacher Retiring Amid Complaints Of ‘Horrific’ Workplace",
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"content": "\u003cp>The head of Yosemite National Park is retiring following employee complaints that he created a hostile workplace by allowing bullying, harassment and other misconduct, allegations also raised in other popular national parks, officials said Thursday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Superintendent Don Neubacher announced his plans Wednesday, said Andrew Munoz, a spokesman for the National Park Service. It comes less than a week after a congressional oversight committee unveiled that at least 18 Yosemite staffers complained of a toxic work environment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The employees described “horrific working conditions (that) lead us to believe that the environment is indeed toxic, hostile, repressive and harassing,” the park service said in a preliminary report last month.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1035311\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 612px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1035311\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/YO-Don-Neubacher-superintendent_NPS_680-612x354.jpg\" alt=\"Don Neubacher, retiring Superintendent of Yosemite National Park\" width=\"612\" height=\"354\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/YO-Don-Neubacher-superintendent_NPS_680-612x354.jpg 612w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/YO-Don-Neubacher-superintendent_NPS_680-612x354-400x231.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 612px) 100vw, 612px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Don Neubacher, retiring Superintendent of Yosemite National Park \u003ccite>(National Park Service)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The congressional hearing also showed wider allegations of sexual harassment, bullying and other misconduct among employees at national parks including Yellowstone and the Grand Canyon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Neubacher, who headed Yosemite for nearly seven years, was not immediately available for comment, but his emailed statement to park staffers was provided to The Associated Press.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I regret leaving at this time, but want to do what’s best for Yosemite National Park,” he said in Wednesday’s message. “It is an iconic areas that is world renowned and deserves special attention.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Neubacher did not mention the allegations but listed several accomplishments the park made in recent years under his leadership, including adding 400 acres and restoring the native Western Pond turtles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His retirement is effective Nov. 1 and he will be on leave immediately, he said in the statement.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘In Yosemite National Park today, dozens of people, the majority of whom are women, are being bullied, belittled, disenfranchised and marginalized.’\u003ccite>Kelly Martin, Yosemite National Park Chief of Fire and Aviation Management\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>At the congressional hearing, Kelly Martin, Yosemite’s fire chief, testified that Neubacher publicly humiliated her and intimidated staffers in front of others.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In Yosemite National Park today, dozens of people, the majority of whom are women, are being bullied, belittled, disenfranchised and marginalized,” according to Martin’s written testimony.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Neubacher sent an apology email to all park employees days after the hearing, referencing “some serious staff concerns related to Yosemite’s workplace environment.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>U.S. House Oversight Committee Chairman Jason Chaffetz said in an AP interview Wednesday, prior to Neubacher’s retirement announcement, that he was concerned about a “corrosive culture” that tolerates sexual harassment within the National Park Service and has been allowed to persist for too long.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Utah Republican predicted that the number of parks with sexual harassment scandals will grow as victims become more confident that they can speak up and be heard.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The head of Yosemite National Park is retiring following employee complaints that he created a hostile workplace by allowing bullying, harassment and other misconduct, allegations also raised in other popular national parks, officials said Thursday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Superintendent Don Neubacher announced his plans Wednesday, said Andrew Munoz, a spokesman for the National Park Service. It comes less than a week after a congressional oversight committee unveiled that at least 18 Yosemite staffers complained of a toxic work environment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The employees described “horrific working conditions (that) lead us to believe that the environment is indeed toxic, hostile, repressive and harassing,” the park service said in a preliminary report last month.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1035311\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 612px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1035311\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/YO-Don-Neubacher-superintendent_NPS_680-612x354.jpg\" alt=\"Don Neubacher, retiring Superintendent of Yosemite National Park\" width=\"612\" height=\"354\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/YO-Don-Neubacher-superintendent_NPS_680-612x354.jpg 612w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/YO-Don-Neubacher-superintendent_NPS_680-612x354-400x231.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 612px) 100vw, 612px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Don Neubacher, retiring Superintendent of Yosemite National Park \u003ccite>(National Park Service)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The congressional hearing also showed wider allegations of sexual harassment, bullying and other misconduct among employees at national parks including Yellowstone and the Grand Canyon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Neubacher, who headed Yosemite for nearly seven years, was not immediately available for comment, but his emailed statement to park staffers was provided to The Associated Press.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I regret leaving at this time, but want to do what’s best for Yosemite National Park,” he said in Wednesday’s message. “It is an iconic areas that is world renowned and deserves special attention.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Neubacher did not mention the allegations but listed several accomplishments the park made in recent years under his leadership, including adding 400 acres and restoring the native Western Pond turtles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His retirement is effective Nov. 1 and he will be on leave immediately, he said in the statement.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘In Yosemite National Park today, dozens of people, the majority of whom are women, are being bullied, belittled, disenfranchised and marginalized.’\u003ccite>Kelly Martin, Yosemite National Park Chief of Fire and Aviation Management\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>At the congressional hearing, Kelly Martin, Yosemite’s fire chief, testified that Neubacher publicly humiliated her and intimidated staffers in front of others.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In Yosemite National Park today, dozens of people, the majority of whom are women, are being bullied, belittled, disenfranchised and marginalized,” according to Martin’s written testimony.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Neubacher sent an apology email to all park employees days after the hearing, referencing “some serious staff concerns related to Yosemite’s workplace environment.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>U.S. House Oversight Committee Chairman Jason Chaffetz said in an AP interview Wednesday, prior to Neubacher’s retirement announcement, that he was concerned about a “corrosive culture” that tolerates sexual harassment within the National Park Service and has been allowed to persist for too long.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Utah Republican predicted that the number of parks with sexual harassment scandals will grow as victims become more confident that they can speak up and be heard.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "10 Years In, Has California's Climate Law Really Lowered Emissions?",
"headTitle": "10 Years In, Has California’s Climate Law Really Lowered Emissions? | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>When Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger signed California’s landmark climate strategy into law in 2006, he laid out the mission succinctly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We simply must do everything we can that is in our power to slow down global warming before it is too late,” he declared at the September 27 signing ceremony.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">Without its landmark climate policies, California would have pumped some 100 million metric tons more greenhouse gases into the atmosphere.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Ten years later, few would argue that California hasn’t done its fair share in the fight against climate change. But the question of how much the Global Warming Solutions Act, still known by its legislative shorthand as AB 32, has actually cut California’s greenhouse gas emissions, is tougher to get at.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think that it worked,” says Jeffrey Greenblatt, a staff scientist at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But to paraphrase a former president, it depends on what your definition of “it” is. So, he amplified.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think that AB 32 plus the suite of complementary policies that have come in its wake have been an overwhelming success.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"sharedaddy show-for-medium-up\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-1015496\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/AB32_Desktop_160921.jpg\" alt=\"AB32_Desktop_160921\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1213\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv class=\"show-for-small-only\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-1015497\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/AB32_Mobile_160921.jpg\" alt=\"AB32_Mobile_160921\" width=\"750\" height=\"1334\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>If anyone knows, it would be Greenblatt. He’s one of the few people who have actually run the numbers. It’s tricky because AB 32 only embodies a portion of California’s sweeping assault on climate change. It authorized the state’s carbon emissions market, known as \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/11/09/cap-and-trade-101-how-californias-carbon-market-works/\">cap and trade\u003c/a>, and set in stone the goal of cutting climate emissions back to 1990 levels by 2020.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the actual plan to get there has been a patchwork of policies aimed at everything from reducing auto tailpipe emissions (the state’s largest single source of greenhouse gases) to ratcheting up the proportion of electricity generated from “clean” sources like solar, wind, and geothermal energy. Even a law (with no actual teeth) to contain urban sprawl and reduce the miles that people drive in cars has possibly made a dent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“All these things are starting to come in,” notes Greenblatt. “And while I would argue that they’re not strictly a direct result of AB 32, they are heavily influenced by its existence.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As of 2014, \u003ca href=\"https://www.arb.ca.gov/cc/inventory/data/tables/ghg_inventory_scopingplan_2000-14.pdf\">total emissions were down\u003c/a> nearly 10 percent from their peak in 2004, but for a complex web of reasons.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘We kind of got some headway for free, as it were’\u003ccite>Jeffrey Greenblatt,\u003cbr>\nLawrence Berkeley National Lab\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Undoubtedly, the steep drop in emissions during the three years or so starting in 2008 was largely driven by a jarring economic recession, which stifled economic activity in general, pulling emissions down with it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We kind of got some headway for free, as it were,” says Greenblatt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, he calculates that if California “turned off” that constellation of measures back in 2010, more than 100 million metric tons of additional greenhouse gases would have been pumped into the atmosphere. That’s equivalent to almost three months of California’s total emissions in 2014, the last year for which regulators have data.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Greenblatt says that \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/11/09/cap-and-trade-the-glossary/\">cap and trade\u003c/a>, often described as the centerpiece of California’s climate strategy, “doesn’t really account for a whole lot of emissions reductions.” The carbon trading program, which has been in full swing for only about two years, sets a declining cap on industrial warming gases while allowing businesses to buy and sell pollution permits with one another.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”325QMIku13kvpMHM2ghORiK9GIueVpzm”]In fact, \u003ca href=\"http://www.eenews.net/stories/1060043254\">some experts have concluded\u003c/a> that California would likely reach its 2020 goal even if cap and trade weren’t in place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“But what’s really started to happen,” Greenblatt adds, “is a lot of complementary policies have passed or gone into effect that have sort of naturally reinforced AB 32.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The authority of AB 32 to reach beyond 2020 is also \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2016/08/18/california-climate-program-faces-uncertain-future-beyond-2020/\">a matter of debate\u003c/a>, though that debate was at least partially squelched by a new law (SB 32) that \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2016/08/26/californias-new-climate-rules-explained/\">sets the bar substantially higher\u003c/a>: to slash emissions 40 percent \u003cem>below\u003c/em> 1990 levels by 2030. That will be a much bigger lift.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The California Air Resources Board has \u003ca href=\"https://www.arb.ca.gov/cc/scopingplan/document/2030_sp_concept_paper2016.pdf\">drafted a “concept paper”\u003c/a> with different scenarios that could get the state to its 2030 goal, and has determined that existing measures won’t be enough to do the job, if that weren’t already obvious.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Taking another 40 percent of emissions out of a growing economy in ten year’s time is going to be very ambitious,” says Greenblatt, with his gift for understatement. But he says the mere presence of AB 32 has helped maintain momentum in California’s quest to quash climate emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That is making policy planners, lawmakers and others at the state level think long-term about, ‘What else do we need to do to keep CA on track to hit this very ambitious long-term target?'”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>When Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger signed California’s landmark climate strategy into law in 2006, he laid out the mission succinctly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We simply must do everything we can that is in our power to slow down global warming before it is too late,” he declared at the September 27 signing ceremony.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">Without its landmark climate policies, California would have pumped some 100 million metric tons more greenhouse gases into the atmosphere.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Ten years later, few would argue that California hasn’t done its fair share in the fight against climate change. But the question of how much the Global Warming Solutions Act, still known by its legislative shorthand as AB 32, has actually cut California’s greenhouse gas emissions, is tougher to get at.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think that it worked,” says Jeffrey Greenblatt, a staff scientist at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But to paraphrase a former president, it depends on what your definition of “it” is. So, he amplified.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think that AB 32 plus the suite of complementary policies that have come in its wake have been an overwhelming success.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"sharedaddy show-for-medium-up\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-1015496\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/AB32_Desktop_160921.jpg\" alt=\"AB32_Desktop_160921\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1213\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv class=\"show-for-small-only\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-1015497\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/AB32_Mobile_160921.jpg\" alt=\"AB32_Mobile_160921\" width=\"750\" height=\"1334\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>If anyone knows, it would be Greenblatt. He’s one of the few people who have actually run the numbers. It’s tricky because AB 32 only embodies a portion of California’s sweeping assault on climate change. It authorized the state’s carbon emissions market, known as \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/11/09/cap-and-trade-101-how-californias-carbon-market-works/\">cap and trade\u003c/a>, and set in stone the goal of cutting climate emissions back to 1990 levels by 2020.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the actual plan to get there has been a patchwork of policies aimed at everything from reducing auto tailpipe emissions (the state’s largest single source of greenhouse gases) to ratcheting up the proportion of electricity generated from “clean” sources like solar, wind, and geothermal energy. Even a law (with no actual teeth) to contain urban sprawl and reduce the miles that people drive in cars has possibly made a dent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“All these things are starting to come in,” notes Greenblatt. “And while I would argue that they’re not strictly a direct result of AB 32, they are heavily influenced by its existence.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As of 2014, \u003ca href=\"https://www.arb.ca.gov/cc/inventory/data/tables/ghg_inventory_scopingplan_2000-14.pdf\">total emissions were down\u003c/a> nearly 10 percent from their peak in 2004, but for a complex web of reasons.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘We kind of got some headway for free, as it were’\u003ccite>Jeffrey Greenblatt,\u003cbr>\nLawrence Berkeley National Lab\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Undoubtedly, the steep drop in emissions during the three years or so starting in 2008 was largely driven by a jarring economic recession, which stifled economic activity in general, pulling emissions down with it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We kind of got some headway for free, as it were,” says Greenblatt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, he calculates that if California “turned off” that constellation of measures back in 2010, more than 100 million metric tons of additional greenhouse gases would have been pumped into the atmosphere. That’s equivalent to almost three months of California’s total emissions in 2014, the last year for which regulators have data.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Greenblatt says that \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/11/09/cap-and-trade-the-glossary/\">cap and trade\u003c/a>, often described as the centerpiece of California’s climate strategy, “doesn’t really account for a whole lot of emissions reductions.” The carbon trading program, which has been in full swing for only about two years, sets a declining cap on industrial warming gases while allowing businesses to buy and sell pollution permits with one another.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>In fact, \u003ca href=\"http://www.eenews.net/stories/1060043254\">some experts have concluded\u003c/a> that California would likely reach its 2020 goal even if cap and trade weren’t in place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“But what’s really started to happen,” Greenblatt adds, “is a lot of complementary policies have passed or gone into effect that have sort of naturally reinforced AB 32.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The authority of AB 32 to reach beyond 2020 is also \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2016/08/18/california-climate-program-faces-uncertain-future-beyond-2020/\">a matter of debate\u003c/a>, though that debate was at least partially squelched by a new law (SB 32) that \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2016/08/26/californias-new-climate-rules-explained/\">sets the bar substantially higher\u003c/a>: to slash emissions 40 percent \u003cem>below\u003c/em> 1990 levels by 2030. That will be a much bigger lift.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The California Air Resources Board has \u003ca href=\"https://www.arb.ca.gov/cc/scopingplan/document/2030_sp_concept_paper2016.pdf\">drafted a “concept paper”\u003c/a> with different scenarios that could get the state to its 2030 goal, and has determined that existing measures won’t be enough to do the job, if that weren’t already obvious.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Taking another 40 percent of emissions out of a growing economy in ten year’s time is going to be very ambitious,” says Greenblatt, with his gift for understatement. But he says the mere presence of AB 32 has helped maintain momentum in California’s quest to quash climate emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That is making policy planners, lawmakers and others at the state level think long-term about, ‘What else do we need to do to keep CA on track to hit this very ambitious long-term target?'”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Governor Jerry Brown says he will continue to push California’s climate change policies, no matter the results of November’s presidential election. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I would do what I’m doing now,” he said, speaking in Sacramento at the Doubletree Hotel on the opening night of the Society of Environmental Journalists conference, an annual meeting attended by more than 300 journalists from around the country this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brown, who has made climate change a centerpiece of his final term as governor, touted the group of climate change bills signed over the last month, including SB32, which set a new climate change agenda for California. It requires the state to cut greenhouse gas emissions to 40% below 1990 levels by 2030. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That will mean tougher rules for factories and power plants and an ongoing expansion of solar, wind and other green energy. The bill recently passed the state legislature after a contentious debate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“California has goals,” Brown said. “They’re steep and they’ll get steeper as we go down the road. We need technology, the investment and the understanding, and that’s where journalism comes in.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brown said climate change is a slow-moving and complex problem, and America’s journalists need to do a better job of explaining it and the threats it poses if political leaders are going to make progress in averting catastrophe. He implored the room of reporters to keep writing about the widespread challenges of climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A lot of things that are of deep concern are not that exciting,” he said. “Donald Trump is more exciting for many journalists than climate change because he can make a lot of noise. That’s one of your infirmities.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brown also recently signed a bill to address what are known as “short-lived” climate pollutants — those that have a more potent greenhouse gas effect than carbon dioxide — such as methane, hydrofluorocarbon gases, and soot. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Scientists tell us if the rest of the world would do what California is proposing to do by 2030, we’d cut the pace of climate change in half,” he said. “That’s how powerful the super-pollutants are.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to NASA, nine of the 10 warmest years on record have occurred since 2000, and carbon dioxide levels in the air are at their highest in 650,000 years. The hottest year globally was 2015, and 2016 is on pace to break the record again.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The SEJ conference, the nation’s largest gathering of journalists who cover environmental issues, continues through Sunday.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Governor Jerry Brown says he will continue to push California’s climate change policies, no matter the results of November’s presidential election. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I would do what I’m doing now,” he said, speaking in Sacramento at the Doubletree Hotel on the opening night of the Society of Environmental Journalists conference, an annual meeting attended by more than 300 journalists from around the country this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brown, who has made climate change a centerpiece of his final term as governor, touted the group of climate change bills signed over the last month, including SB32, which set a new climate change agenda for California. It requires the state to cut greenhouse gas emissions to 40% below 1990 levels by 2030. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That will mean tougher rules for factories and power plants and an ongoing expansion of solar, wind and other green energy. The bill recently passed the state legislature after a contentious debate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“California has goals,” Brown said. “They’re steep and they’ll get steeper as we go down the road. We need technology, the investment and the understanding, and that’s where journalism comes in.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brown said climate change is a slow-moving and complex problem, and America’s journalists need to do a better job of explaining it and the threats it poses if political leaders are going to make progress in averting catastrophe. He implored the room of reporters to keep writing about the widespread challenges of climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A lot of things that are of deep concern are not that exciting,” he said. “Donald Trump is more exciting for many journalists than climate change because he can make a lot of noise. That’s one of your infirmities.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brown also recently signed a bill to address what are known as “short-lived” climate pollutants — those that have a more potent greenhouse gas effect than carbon dioxide — such as methane, hydrofluorocarbon gases, and soot. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Scientists tell us if the rest of the world would do what California is proposing to do by 2030, we’d cut the pace of climate change in half,” he said. “That’s how powerful the super-pollutants are.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to NASA, nine of the 10 warmest years on record have occurred since 2000, and carbon dioxide levels in the air are at their highest in 650,000 years. The hottest year globally was 2015, and 2016 is on pace to break the record again.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The SEJ conference, the nation’s largest gathering of journalists who cover environmental issues, continues through Sunday.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Drinking Water of Some Californians Exceeds Limit for ‘Erin Brockovich’ Chemical",
"headTitle": "Drinking Water of Some Californians Exceeds Limit for ‘Erin Brockovich’ Chemical | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>When Erin Brockovich went after PG&E for poisoning groundwater in the desert town of Hinkley, California — a campaign that later became a film starring Julia Roberts — the toxic chemical was a heavy metal called hexavalent chromium.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Also known as chromium 6, the chemical is listed under California’s \u003ca href=\"http://oehha.ca.gov/media/downloads/proposition-65//p65single080516.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Prop 65 \u003c/a>as causing cancer, \u003ca href=\"http://oehha.ca.gov/media/downloads/proposition-65/chemicals/chrome0908.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">developmental harm and reproductive harm\u003c/a> in both men and women.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A new \u003ca href=\"http://www.ewg.org/enviroblog/2016/09/erin-brockovich-chemical-drinking-water-more-200-million-americans\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">report \u003c/a>out today finds Hinkley isn’t the only California city with chromium 6 contamination.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The report found 11 water districts serving some 400,000 Californians had hexavalent chromium in their tap water at levels above the state’s legal limit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Above the Legal Limit\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>The state’s limit for chromium 6 in drinking water is 10 parts per billion. A part per billion is about a drop of water in an Olympic-sized swimming pool.\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\n\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"100%\" height=\"520\" frameborder=\"0\" src=\"https://kqednews.carto.com/viz/aa656a24-7e8c-11e6-94fa-0e3ff518bd15/embed_map\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The report also found the vast majority of samples from water districts serving roughly 8.5 million Californians across the state had hexavalent chromium at levels below the legal limit, but above the public health goal set by state scientists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.ewg.org/research/chromium-six-found-in-us-tap-water\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">report \u003c/a>is from the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ewg.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Environmental Working Group\u003c/a>, a watchdog agency based in Washington, D.C. The non-profit analyzed data the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency collected from water utilities across the country between 2013 and 2015. An \u003ca href=\"http://www.ewg.org/interactive-maps/2016-chromium6-lower-48.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">interactive map\u003c/a> developed from the data shows chromium 6 levels in California and throughout the U.S.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It was eye opening,” says Bill Walker, co-author of the Environmental Working Group report.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re not trying to say the chromium 6 situation is as bad as the Flint situation but we’re saying if you start to look at it more closely you can find some really disturbing things.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"datawrapper-chart-KU9ds\" src=\"//datawrapper.dwcdn.net/KU9ds/2/\" frameborder=\"0\" allowtransparency=\"true\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\" webkitallowfullscreen=\"webkitallowfullscreen\" mozallowfullscreen=\"mozallowfullscreen\" oallowfullscreen=\"oallowfullscreen\" msallowfullscreen=\"msallowfullscreen\" width=\"100%\" height=\"400\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003cbr>\nThe chemical occurs naturally in the environment from \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">the erosion of \u003c/span>natural\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> chromium deposits\u003c/span> but it’s also manufactured and used in stainless steel production, metal finishing, chrome plating, leather tanning, and to prevent corrosion in electrical plant cooling towers, as was the case in Hinkley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Outside of the workplace, the main way people might be exposed to chromium 6 is through drinking water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And although the U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration regulates \u003ca href=\"https://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owadisp.show_document?p_table=STANDARDS&p_id=13096\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">chromium 6 in work environments\u003c/a>, the EPA doesn’t regulate chromium 6 in drinking water. In fact, California is the only state that does.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And California has two standards: a legally enforceable \u003cem>limit\u003c/em> on chromium 6 in drinking water, and a much lower public health \u003cem>goal\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘Does the state want us to drink distilled water? Cause that’s basically what they’re trying to get us to do, it’s absurd.’\u003ccite>Ken Moore, Kerman City’s Public Works Director\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Toxicologists at the state Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment set the public health goal for chromium intake at .02 parts per billion. A part per billion is about a drop of water in an Olympic-sized swimming pool.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A public health goal must represent a negligible health risk. State scientists said at .02 ppb, the risk of developing cancer for people who drink the water daily for 70 years is no more than a one-in-a-million.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State law requires the legal limit be set “as close as is \u003ca href=\"http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/drinking_water/certlic/drinkingwater/Chromium6.shtml\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">technically and economically feasible\u003c/a>” to the public health goal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the California Department of Public Health set a legally enforceable level in 2014, it took into account factors such as how costly it would be for water districts to monitor and clean up the chemical. Public health officials set the legally enforceable level 500 times higher than the public health goal, at 10 parts per billion. It \u003ca href=\"http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/drinking_water/certlic/drinkingwater/documents/chromium6/chromium_fact_sheet_2015_final.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">was the first\u003c/a> drinking water standard for chromium 6 in the nation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state’s legal limit represents a cancer risk of 500 people per-one-million, for people who drink the water daily for 70 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State officials found that getting chromium 6 levels below 10 ppb added significantly to the cost of compliance. To set the legal limit only half as high, at 5 ppb, would have tripled the cost. To reach 1 ppb, the cost would have been 11 times higher.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the EWG report, Los Banos water samples registered the highest level of chromium 6, at 31.5 ppb, followed by Kerman City at 19.2 ppb and Patterson City at 18 ppb.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The cities that tested above the state’s legal limit run from Sacramento to Los Angeles through California’s Central Valley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Among the water districts that tested below the legal limit, but above the public health goal are Hollister, L.A. County Waterworks Districts and Vacaville.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Residents concerned about elevated levels should “contact their water system to see exactly what is going on and what the treatment is,” says state water board public information officer Andrew DiLuccia.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since January 2015, public water systems in California have been required to test for chromium 6 in drinking water. If the contamination is above the legal limit, the district must test its water supplies four times a year. If the average of four consecutive tests exceeds the legal limit, the supplier is in violation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, since water filtration and well construction is expensive and time-consuming, \u003ca href=\"http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/drinking_water/certlic/drinkingwater/documents/lawbook/sb385_hexavalent_chromium_compliance_fnl_.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Senate Bill 385\u003c/a> gives water districts until 2020 to get their chromium 6 levels below the legal limit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But one city manager says California’s relatively new 10 ppb rule is too stringent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Does the state want us to drink distilled water?” asks Ken Moore, Kerman City’s Public Works Director. “Cause that’s basically what they’re trying to get us to do, it’s absurd.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Results from the EWG report show Kerman’s average chromium 6 level at 19.2 ppb, nearly double the legal limit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Moore says the cleaning costs would be millions of dollars and would raise residents’ water bills from $35 a month to $150 just to pay for filtering, disposal, and operational overhead associated with removing the chemical.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s something we can’t afford,” he says. “The people of this community can’t afford to pay for it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other districts like the \u003ca href=\"http://www.kesq.com/news/indio-water-authority-opens-chromium-6-treatment-plants/33941540\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Indio Water Authority\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.santacruzsentinel.com/article/ZZ/20141107/NEWS/141104274\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Soquel Creek\u003c/a> have been able to pay for removal and are now supplying water to their customers that tests below the legal limit for chromium 6.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last Thursday, Willows, a small town between Redding and Sacramento, held a \u003ca href=\"https://www.calwater.com/latest_news/cal-water-holds-ribbon-cutting-ceremony-to-celebrate-completion-of-chromium-6-treatment-plant-2/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">ribbon cutting ceremony\u003c/a> to celebrate the successful installation of an ion exchange filtration system. The state-funded water purifier removes chromium 6 from its wells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kerman has also received state funding under \u003ca href=\"http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/water_issues/programs/grants_loans/proposition1.shtml\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Proposition 1\u003c/a>. But Moore says the $3.5 million won’t cover all the costs to test, install and maintain six new groundwater wells in the city.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For individuals who want to remove chromium 6 from their tap, there are several types of water filters that will do it, including reverse osmosis filters that are available at many hardware stores. The EWG also has an \u003ca href=\"http://www.ewg.org/research/ewgs-water-filter-buying-guide?system_type=&technology=&contamcode=1080&submit_ty_1=Search\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">online guide\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "A study out today reports on levels of hexavalent chromium in water districts across the country.",
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"description": "A study out today reports on levels of hexavalent chromium in water districts across the country.",
"title": "Drinking Water of Some Californians Exceeds Limit for ‘Erin Brockovich’ Chemical | KQED",
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"headline": "Drinking Water of Some Californians Exceeds Limit for ‘Erin Brockovich’ Chemical",
"datePublished": "2016-09-20T18:40:25-07:00",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>When Erin Brockovich went after PG&E for poisoning groundwater in the desert town of Hinkley, California — a campaign that later became a film starring Julia Roberts — the toxic chemical was a heavy metal called hexavalent chromium.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Also known as chromium 6, the chemical is listed under California’s \u003ca href=\"http://oehha.ca.gov/media/downloads/proposition-65//p65single080516.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Prop 65 \u003c/a>as causing cancer, \u003ca href=\"http://oehha.ca.gov/media/downloads/proposition-65/chemicals/chrome0908.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">developmental harm and reproductive harm\u003c/a> in both men and women.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A new \u003ca href=\"http://www.ewg.org/enviroblog/2016/09/erin-brockovich-chemical-drinking-water-more-200-million-americans\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">report \u003c/a>out today finds Hinkley isn’t the only California city with chromium 6 contamination.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The report found 11 water districts serving some 400,000 Californians had hexavalent chromium in their tap water at levels above the state’s legal limit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Above the Legal Limit\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>The state’s limit for chromium 6 in drinking water is 10 parts per billion. A part per billion is about a drop of water in an Olympic-sized swimming pool.\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\n\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"100%\" height=\"520\" frameborder=\"0\" src=\"https://kqednews.carto.com/viz/aa656a24-7e8c-11e6-94fa-0e3ff518bd15/embed_map\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The report also found the vast majority of samples from water districts serving roughly 8.5 million Californians across the state had hexavalent chromium at levels below the legal limit, but above the public health goal set by state scientists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.ewg.org/research/chromium-six-found-in-us-tap-water\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">report \u003c/a>is from the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ewg.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Environmental Working Group\u003c/a>, a watchdog agency based in Washington, D.C. The non-profit analyzed data the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency collected from water utilities across the country between 2013 and 2015. An \u003ca href=\"http://www.ewg.org/interactive-maps/2016-chromium6-lower-48.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">interactive map\u003c/a> developed from the data shows chromium 6 levels in California and throughout the U.S.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It was eye opening,” says Bill Walker, co-author of the Environmental Working Group report.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re not trying to say the chromium 6 situation is as bad as the Flint situation but we’re saying if you start to look at it more closely you can find some really disturbing things.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"datawrapper-chart-KU9ds\" src=\"//datawrapper.dwcdn.net/KU9ds/2/\" frameborder=\"0\" allowtransparency=\"true\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\" webkitallowfullscreen=\"webkitallowfullscreen\" mozallowfullscreen=\"mozallowfullscreen\" oallowfullscreen=\"oallowfullscreen\" msallowfullscreen=\"msallowfullscreen\" width=\"100%\" height=\"400\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003cbr>\nThe chemical occurs naturally in the environment from \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">the erosion of \u003c/span>natural\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> chromium deposits\u003c/span> but it’s also manufactured and used in stainless steel production, metal finishing, chrome plating, leather tanning, and to prevent corrosion in electrical plant cooling towers, as was the case in Hinkley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Outside of the workplace, the main way people might be exposed to chromium 6 is through drinking water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And although the U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration regulates \u003ca href=\"https://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owadisp.show_document?p_table=STANDARDS&p_id=13096\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">chromium 6 in work environments\u003c/a>, the EPA doesn’t regulate chromium 6 in drinking water. In fact, California is the only state that does.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And California has two standards: a legally enforceable \u003cem>limit\u003c/em> on chromium 6 in drinking water, and a much lower public health \u003cem>goal\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘Does the state want us to drink distilled water? Cause that’s basically what they’re trying to get us to do, it’s absurd.’\u003ccite>Ken Moore, Kerman City’s Public Works Director\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Toxicologists at the state Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment set the public health goal for chromium intake at .02 parts per billion. A part per billion is about a drop of water in an Olympic-sized swimming pool.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A public health goal must represent a negligible health risk. State scientists said at .02 ppb, the risk of developing cancer for people who drink the water daily for 70 years is no more than a one-in-a-million.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State law requires the legal limit be set “as close as is \u003ca href=\"http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/drinking_water/certlic/drinkingwater/Chromium6.shtml\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">technically and economically feasible\u003c/a>” to the public health goal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the California Department of Public Health set a legally enforceable level in 2014, it took into account factors such as how costly it would be for water districts to monitor and clean up the chemical. Public health officials set the legally enforceable level 500 times higher than the public health goal, at 10 parts per billion. It \u003ca href=\"http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/drinking_water/certlic/drinkingwater/documents/chromium6/chromium_fact_sheet_2015_final.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">was the first\u003c/a> drinking water standard for chromium 6 in the nation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state’s legal limit represents a cancer risk of 500 people per-one-million, for people who drink the water daily for 70 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State officials found that getting chromium 6 levels below 10 ppb added significantly to the cost of compliance. To set the legal limit only half as high, at 5 ppb, would have tripled the cost. To reach 1 ppb, the cost would have been 11 times higher.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the EWG report, Los Banos water samples registered the highest level of chromium 6, at 31.5 ppb, followed by Kerman City at 19.2 ppb and Patterson City at 18 ppb.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The cities that tested above the state’s legal limit run from Sacramento to Los Angeles through California’s Central Valley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Among the water districts that tested below the legal limit, but above the public health goal are Hollister, L.A. County Waterworks Districts and Vacaville.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Residents concerned about elevated levels should “contact their water system to see exactly what is going on and what the treatment is,” says state water board public information officer Andrew DiLuccia.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since January 2015, public water systems in California have been required to test for chromium 6 in drinking water. If the contamination is above the legal limit, the district must test its water supplies four times a year. If the average of four consecutive tests exceeds the legal limit, the supplier is in violation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, since water filtration and well construction is expensive and time-consuming, \u003ca href=\"http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/drinking_water/certlic/drinkingwater/documents/lawbook/sb385_hexavalent_chromium_compliance_fnl_.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Senate Bill 385\u003c/a> gives water districts until 2020 to get their chromium 6 levels below the legal limit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But one city manager says California’s relatively new 10 ppb rule is too stringent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Does the state want us to drink distilled water?” asks Ken Moore, Kerman City’s Public Works Director. “Cause that’s basically what they’re trying to get us to do, it’s absurd.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Results from the EWG report show Kerman’s average chromium 6 level at 19.2 ppb, nearly double the legal limit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Moore says the cleaning costs would be millions of dollars and would raise residents’ water bills from $35 a month to $150 just to pay for filtering, disposal, and operational overhead associated with removing the chemical.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s something we can’t afford,” he says. “The people of this community can’t afford to pay for it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other districts like the \u003ca href=\"http://www.kesq.com/news/indio-water-authority-opens-chromium-6-treatment-plants/33941540\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Indio Water Authority\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.santacruzsentinel.com/article/ZZ/20141107/NEWS/141104274\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Soquel Creek\u003c/a> have been able to pay for removal and are now supplying water to their customers that tests below the legal limit for chromium 6.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last Thursday, Willows, a small town between Redding and Sacramento, held a \u003ca href=\"https://www.calwater.com/latest_news/cal-water-holds-ribbon-cutting-ceremony-to-celebrate-completion-of-chromium-6-treatment-plant-2/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">ribbon cutting ceremony\u003c/a> to celebrate the successful installation of an ion exchange filtration system. The state-funded water purifier removes chromium 6 from its wells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kerman has also received state funding under \u003ca href=\"http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/water_issues/programs/grants_loans/proposition1.shtml\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Proposition 1\u003c/a>. But Moore says the $3.5 million won’t cover all the costs to test, install and maintain six new groundwater wells in the city.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For individuals who want to remove chromium 6 from their tap, there are several types of water filters that will do it, including reverse osmosis filters that are available at many hardware stores. The EWG also has an \u003ca href=\"http://www.ewg.org/research/ewgs-water-filter-buying-guide?system_type=&technology=&contamcode=1080&submit_ty_1=Search\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">online guide\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Bay Area Water Supply in the Crosshairs of New River Plan",
"headTitle": "Bay Area Water Supply in the Crosshairs of New River Plan | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>State water officials have released a proposal to boost the flow of California’s second-longest river, the San Joaquin. The river plays a \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2016/08/19/the-biggest-california-water-decision-youve-never-heard-of/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">huge role in the state’s water supply\u003c/a>, which means even San Francisco and other Bay Area cities could be facing cutbacks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The State Water Resources Control Board says restoring water to the river is necessary to bring back endangered salmon and protect water quality.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In an unprecedented move, the water board will likely take that water from districts with “senior” rights, like the San Francisco Public Utilities Commission. Their water rights have long been considered untouchable because they’re some of the oldest in the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Reviving a Dry River\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”kHU93rSb6DA8Obd13j5cs0uyT28It0sC”]The San Joaquin River isn’t considered a “river” by some. It goes completely dry in places because farms and cities pump so much water out of it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“All of this unsustainable diversion of water has led to a collapse of salmon populations that used to be the most abundant salmon populations in California,” says Jon Rosenfield, a biologist with the Bay Institute.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As required by federal law, the state water board must review water quality on the San Joaquin River, but \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2016/08/19/the-biggest-california-water-decision-youve-never-heard-of/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">hasn’t substantially updated its plan for the river in 20 years\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Taking recent salmon declines into account, the board is proposing that 40 percent of the river’s flow be restored, including the water flowing down the river’s three tributaries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Bay Area Supply\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The SFPUC and its Hetch Hetchy Water System gets the majority of its water from one of those tributaries, the Tuolumne River. It supplies more than two million people in San Francisco and on the Peninsula.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a big deal,” says Steven Ritchie, SFPUC’s Assistant General Manager. “It’s not whether or not, but how much of an impact an action like this would have on us.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The cutbacks could also affect the agricultural water districts on the river.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is an all-out assault on the people in these affected communities,” says Jake Wenger of Modesto Irrigation District.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘It’s going to be huge because it’s going to set a precedent for every water rights holder in the state of California.’\u003ccite>Jake Wenger, Modesto Irrigation District\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Wenger expects to see fallowed farmland and job losses in his district. State officials estimate $64 million dollars in economic losses statewide, though agricultural areas estimate it to be higher.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The SFPUC’s water supply would be cut before supplies for agricultural areas like Turlock Irrigation District and Modesto Irrigation District, because its water rights are junior to theirs. The state water board will hold lengthy hearings determining where the water cuts should come from.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If cutbacks are implemented, the SFPUC would have to ramp up conservation or look for new water supplies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“By using water more efficiently, we can continue to have a strong economy while restoring our rivers and the Bay-Delta,” says Peter Drekmeier of the Tuolumne River Trust.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Urban people tend to have more resources than agricultural people, so urbans have more flexibility,” says Ritchie. “But when the requirements get extreme, you’re pushing that to the extreme and the water rate implications of dealing with this are probably significant.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Untouchable Water Rights\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The water board’s plan marks \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2016/08/19/the-biggest-california-water-decision-youve-never-heard-of/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">the first time that many “senior” water districts\u003c/a> will contend with cuts for endangered wildlife, which is common for many districts with junior rights.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s going to be huge because it’s going to set a precedent for every water rights holder in the state of California,” says Wenger.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Conservationists are equally unhappy about the proposal, but for the opposite reason. They say it’s not enough water in the river.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The flows called for are very unlikely to make the San Joaquin into a functioning, viable river again,” says Rosenfield.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state is trying to strike a balance between people and wildlife on the San Joaquin River, but no one is happy. The proposal could be approved early next year. Lawsuits will probably follow soon after.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>State water officials have released a proposal to boost the flow of California’s second-longest river, the San Joaquin. The river plays a \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2016/08/19/the-biggest-california-water-decision-youve-never-heard-of/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">huge role in the state’s water supply\u003c/a>, which means even San Francisco and other Bay Area cities could be facing cutbacks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The State Water Resources Control Board says restoring water to the river is necessary to bring back endangered salmon and protect water quality.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In an unprecedented move, the water board will likely take that water from districts with “senior” rights, like the San Francisco Public Utilities Commission. Their water rights have long been considered untouchable because they’re some of the oldest in the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Reviving a Dry River\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>The San Joaquin River isn’t considered a “river” by some. It goes completely dry in places because farms and cities pump so much water out of it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“All of this unsustainable diversion of water has led to a collapse of salmon populations that used to be the most abundant salmon populations in California,” says Jon Rosenfield, a biologist with the Bay Institute.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As required by federal law, the state water board must review water quality on the San Joaquin River, but \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2016/08/19/the-biggest-california-water-decision-youve-never-heard-of/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">hasn’t substantially updated its plan for the river in 20 years\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Taking recent salmon declines into account, the board is proposing that 40 percent of the river’s flow be restored, including the water flowing down the river’s three tributaries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Bay Area Supply\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The SFPUC and its Hetch Hetchy Water System gets the majority of its water from one of those tributaries, the Tuolumne River. It supplies more than two million people in San Francisco and on the Peninsula.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a big deal,” says Steven Ritchie, SFPUC’s Assistant General Manager. “It’s not whether or not, but how much of an impact an action like this would have on us.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The cutbacks could also affect the agricultural water districts on the river.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is an all-out assault on the people in these affected communities,” says Jake Wenger of Modesto Irrigation District.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘It’s going to be huge because it’s going to set a precedent for every water rights holder in the state of California.’\u003ccite>Jake Wenger, Modesto Irrigation District\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Wenger expects to see fallowed farmland and job losses in his district. State officials estimate $64 million dollars in economic losses statewide, though agricultural areas estimate it to be higher.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The SFPUC’s water supply would be cut before supplies for agricultural areas like Turlock Irrigation District and Modesto Irrigation District, because its water rights are junior to theirs. The state water board will hold lengthy hearings determining where the water cuts should come from.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If cutbacks are implemented, the SFPUC would have to ramp up conservation or look for new water supplies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“By using water more efficiently, we can continue to have a strong economy while restoring our rivers and the Bay-Delta,” says Peter Drekmeier of the Tuolumne River Trust.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Urban people tend to have more resources than agricultural people, so urbans have more flexibility,” says Ritchie. “But when the requirements get extreme, you’re pushing that to the extreme and the water rate implications of dealing with this are probably significant.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Untouchable Water Rights\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The water board’s plan marks \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2016/08/19/the-biggest-california-water-decision-youve-never-heard-of/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">the first time that many “senior” water districts\u003c/a> will contend with cuts for endangered wildlife, which is common for many districts with junior rights.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s going to be huge because it’s going to set a precedent for every water rights holder in the state of California,” says Wenger.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Conservationists are equally unhappy about the proposal, but for the opposite reason. They say it’s not enough water in the river.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The flows called for are very unlikely to make the San Joaquin into a functioning, viable river again,” says Rosenfield.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state is trying to strike a balance between people and wildlife on the San Joaquin River, but no one is happy. The proposal could be approved early next year. Lawsuits will probably follow soon after.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>A couple of weeks ago, at the end of August, our collective ear perked up at a possible sign of intelligent life out in the universe. \u003ca href=\"http://www.cnn.com/2016/08/30/health/seti-signal-hd-164595-alien-civilization/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The buzz\u003c/a> was caused by a report that a Russian radio telescope detected a relatively strong signal at an unusual frequency for natural radio sources, from the direction of a star named \u003ca href=\"http://www.openexoplanetcatalogue.com/planet/HD%20164595%20b/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">HD 164595\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">If the radio signal came from star HD 164595, it would require nearly as much power as our civilization consumes. \u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>For those who saw the movie “Contact,” this might have brought up images of Jodi Foster wearing a headset and looking quite startled by a very unambiguous intelligent radio signal of extraterrestrial origin. What a world-changer that would be!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, the \u003ca href=\"https://www.sao.ru/Doc-en/SciNews/2016/Sotnikova/\">apparent detection of the signal\u003c/a> was nothing short of a whimper, one might even say, fizzle, as far as the E.T.-listening world is concerned.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So what happened?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though \u003ca href=\"http://www.seti.org/seti-institute/a-seti-signal\">the initial buzz\u003c/a> focused on the signal’s possible origin — a Sun-sized star 94 light years away (HD 164595) — follow-up observations failed to net a second detection. And subsequent analysis now indicates that the signal was likely Earth-based — that is, a spurious blip of noise from our own civilization. (If so, then the origin of the signal might, in fact, be an intelligent civilization: ours.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In response to the report, scientists at Mountain View’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.seti.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">SETI Institute\u003c/a> pointed the powerful radio-ear of its \u003ca href=\"http://www.seti.org/ata\">Allen Telescope Array\u003c/a> at HD 164595 for a few hours on August 28 to see if the signal could be verified, though so far have not heard anything unusual.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>SETI stands for Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence and the non-profit researches the origin, nature and prevalence of life in the universe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_993028\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 630px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-993028\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/ATA_pix1.jpg\" alt=\"Radio telescope dishes of the Allen Telescope Array at the Hat Creek Radio Observatory 290 miles northeast of San Francisco\" width=\"630\" height=\"418\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/ATA_pix1.jpg 630w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/ATA_pix1-400x265.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 630px) 100vw, 630px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Radio telescope dishes of the Allen Telescope Array at the Hat Creek Radio Observatory 290 miles northeast of San Francisco \u003ccite>(SETI)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://cosmicdiary.org/fmarchis/2016/08/29/lets-be-careful-about-this-seti-signal/\">Looking at the HD 164595 E.T. rumor\u003c/a> more soberly, and doing the math on the signal strength and the power necessary to produce it, it’s evident that for the transmission to have originated from an intelligent civilization in that star system, the E.T.s’ technology would have to exceed our own considerably.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A general broadcast from that star, transmitted in every direction into space, would have required a hundred billion billion\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>watts of power to produce the signal reported by the researchers. Yep, you read that right — billion \u003cem>billion\u003c/em>. That’s millions of times more power than our own civilization currently consumes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even a more efficient and targeted communication — say, a tightly focused radio beam directed intentionally at us — would require a trillion watts, nearly as much power as our entire civilization consumes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Both scenarios require an effort far, far beyond what we ourselves could do,” says SETI senior scientist Seth Shostak, “and it’s hard to understand why anyone would want to target our solar system with a strong signal.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The E.T.-scenario supposes that the would-be denizens of HD 164595 know that a radio-receptive civilization exists on our planet, and want to send us a message. However, being 94 light years away, none of our own radio and television broadcasts will have reached them, and won’t for another couple of decades (at which time “I Love Lucy” will be one of the first shows they see).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, the numbers just don’t add up to explaining the observation as E.T.-originated — not without some extraordinary assumptions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nevertheless, \u003ca href=\"http://www.airspacemag.com/history-of-flight/aliens-line-one-180960067/?no-ist\">we keep on listening for signals\u003c/a> of extraterrestrial, intelligent origin. The payoff could be huge, if we ever detect any. If E.T. sends us a directed message, “Dear people of the planet Earth…,” what would it consist of? Design instructions for advanced technologies? Descriptions of the life and times of the people on their planet? A simple hello? Or possibly, “Look out, Earthlings, here we come….”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just knowing that another intelligent, technological civilization exists elsewhere in the universe would be a mind-blowing thing, even if all we detect are weak and inadvertent broadcasts of E.T.’s version of “Gilligan’s Island.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "It caused a stir at first, but did the Russians really detect a signal from a star 94 light years away and what are American scientists doing to replicate their finding?\r\n\r\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>A couple of weeks ago, at the end of August, our collective ear perked up at a possible sign of intelligent life out in the universe. \u003ca href=\"http://www.cnn.com/2016/08/30/health/seti-signal-hd-164595-alien-civilization/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The buzz\u003c/a> was caused by a report that a Russian radio telescope detected a relatively strong signal at an unusual frequency for natural radio sources, from the direction of a star named \u003ca href=\"http://www.openexoplanetcatalogue.com/planet/HD%20164595%20b/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">HD 164595\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">If the radio signal came from star HD 164595, it would require nearly as much power as our civilization consumes. \u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>For those who saw the movie “Contact,” this might have brought up images of Jodi Foster wearing a headset and looking quite startled by a very unambiguous intelligent radio signal of extraterrestrial origin. What a world-changer that would be!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, the \u003ca href=\"https://www.sao.ru/Doc-en/SciNews/2016/Sotnikova/\">apparent detection of the signal\u003c/a> was nothing short of a whimper, one might even say, fizzle, as far as the E.T.-listening world is concerned.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So what happened?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though \u003ca href=\"http://www.seti.org/seti-institute/a-seti-signal\">the initial buzz\u003c/a> focused on the signal’s possible origin — a Sun-sized star 94 light years away (HD 164595) — follow-up observations failed to net a second detection. And subsequent analysis now indicates that the signal was likely Earth-based — that is, a spurious blip of noise from our own civilization. (If so, then the origin of the signal might, in fact, be an intelligent civilization: ours.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In response to the report, scientists at Mountain View’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.seti.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">SETI Institute\u003c/a> pointed the powerful radio-ear of its \u003ca href=\"http://www.seti.org/ata\">Allen Telescope Array\u003c/a> at HD 164595 for a few hours on August 28 to see if the signal could be verified, though so far have not heard anything unusual.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>SETI stands for Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence and the non-profit researches the origin, nature and prevalence of life in the universe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_993028\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 630px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-993028\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/ATA_pix1.jpg\" alt=\"Radio telescope dishes of the Allen Telescope Array at the Hat Creek Radio Observatory 290 miles northeast of San Francisco\" width=\"630\" height=\"418\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/ATA_pix1.jpg 630w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/ATA_pix1-400x265.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 630px) 100vw, 630px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Radio telescope dishes of the Allen Telescope Array at the Hat Creek Radio Observatory 290 miles northeast of San Francisco \u003ccite>(SETI)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://cosmicdiary.org/fmarchis/2016/08/29/lets-be-careful-about-this-seti-signal/\">Looking at the HD 164595 E.T. rumor\u003c/a> more soberly, and doing the math on the signal strength and the power necessary to produce it, it’s evident that for the transmission to have originated from an intelligent civilization in that star system, the E.T.s’ technology would have to exceed our own considerably.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A general broadcast from that star, transmitted in every direction into space, would have required a hundred billion billion\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>watts of power to produce the signal reported by the researchers. Yep, you read that right — billion \u003cem>billion\u003c/em>. That’s millions of times more power than our own civilization currently consumes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even a more efficient and targeted communication — say, a tightly focused radio beam directed intentionally at us — would require a trillion watts, nearly as much power as our entire civilization consumes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Both scenarios require an effort far, far beyond what we ourselves could do,” says SETI senior scientist Seth Shostak, “and it’s hard to understand why anyone would want to target our solar system with a strong signal.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The E.T.-scenario supposes that the would-be denizens of HD 164595 know that a radio-receptive civilization exists on our planet, and want to send us a message. However, being 94 light years away, none of our own radio and television broadcasts will have reached them, and won’t for another couple of decades (at which time “I Love Lucy” will be one of the first shows they see).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, the numbers just don’t add up to explaining the observation as E.T.-originated — not without some extraordinary assumptions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nevertheless, \u003ca href=\"http://www.airspacemag.com/history-of-flight/aliens-line-one-180960067/?no-ist\">we keep on listening for signals\u003c/a> of extraterrestrial, intelligent origin. The payoff could be huge, if we ever detect any. If E.T. sends us a directed message, “Dear people of the planet Earth…,” what would it consist of? Design instructions for advanced technologies? Descriptions of the life and times of the people on their planet? A simple hello? Or possibly, “Look out, Earthlings, here we come….”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just knowing that another intelligent, technological civilization exists elsewhere in the universe would be a mind-blowing thing, even if all we detect are weak and inadvertent broadcasts of E.T.’s version of “Gilligan’s Island.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Human detritus that clutters the state’s beaches each year — soda caps, potato chip wrappers, plastic bags — will get a new home this Saturday during the \u003ca href=\"http://www.coastal.ca.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">California Coastal Commission\u003c/a>‘s annual beach cleanup.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state agency, and an army of citizen volunteers, will collect tons\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>of litter and send it to landfills and recycling centers according to Eben Schwartz, Marine Debris Program Manager for the Coastal Commission.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\n\u003ch2>CLEANUP DETAILS\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>What:\u003c/strong> California Coastal Cleanup Day.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Where:\u003c/strong> 900+ locations. Check \u003ca href=\"http://www.coastal.ca.gov/publiced/ccd/cleanup/#/map\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">this map\u003c/a> for details.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>When:\u003c/strong> Saturday September 17, 9 a.m. to 12 p.m. (at most locations).\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>How:\u003c/strong> Show up on Saturday in comfortable clothes and closed-toed shoes (a hat and sunscreen are recommended). Trash collection supplies provided but bringing reusable items — like a bucket or reusable bag and gardening gloves — is encouraged as they cut down on single-use bags.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">It’s an enormous amount of debris that we’re pulling out,” says Schwartz. \u003c/span>Last year volunteers gathered more than 1.1 million pounds of trash and recyclables.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The waste isn’t just unsightly, Schwartz says, it’s also dangerous to marine animals that can consume small fragments or become entangled in larger debris.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">It’s incredibly hazardous in a number of ways,” says Schwartz.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> “Wildlife ingest it and it can block their esophagus and keep them from eating or they can have a false sense of being full.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This can lead to starvation, even though the animals’ stomachs are full — often with \u003ca href=\"http://www.chrisjordan.com/gallery/midway/#CF000774%2015x20\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">plastic trash\u003c/a>. More than 18 billion pounds of plastic enter the world’s oceans every year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This Saturday, the Commission is focusing on cigarette butts, the number one item it collects each year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If we were to fix our cigarette litter problem, we would halve the amount of material we pick up each year,” says Schwartz.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He also says cigarette filters don’t biodegrade and the chemicals in cigarettes can leach into the water. Of the 4,000 chemicals created when a cigarette is smoked, 43 are known carcinogens.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Imagine what happens when our dogs or children pick these up and ingest them — it can be really damaging.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you want to participate this year, but don’t live near the beach, not to worry. Cleanups also take place on roadsides, highways, parks, rivers, creeks and bays.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For more information check \u003ca href=\"http://www.coastalcleanupday.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">online\u003c/a> or call (800) COAST-4U.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Human detritus that clutters the state’s beaches each year — soda caps, potato chip wrappers, plastic bags — will get a new home this Saturday during the \u003ca href=\"http://www.coastal.ca.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">California Coastal Commission\u003c/a>‘s annual beach cleanup.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state agency, and an army of citizen volunteers, will collect tons\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>of litter and send it to landfills and recycling centers according to Eben Schwartz, Marine Debris Program Manager for the Coastal Commission.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\n\u003ch2>CLEANUP DETAILS\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>What:\u003c/strong> California Coastal Cleanup Day.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Where:\u003c/strong> 900+ locations. Check \u003ca href=\"http://www.coastal.ca.gov/publiced/ccd/cleanup/#/map\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">this map\u003c/a> for details.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>When:\u003c/strong> Saturday September 17, 9 a.m. to 12 p.m. (at most locations).\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>How:\u003c/strong> Show up on Saturday in comfortable clothes and closed-toed shoes (a hat and sunscreen are recommended). Trash collection supplies provided but bringing reusable items — like a bucket or reusable bag and gardening gloves — is encouraged as they cut down on single-use bags.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">It’s an enormous amount of debris that we’re pulling out,” says Schwartz. \u003c/span>Last year volunteers gathered more than 1.1 million pounds of trash and recyclables.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The waste isn’t just unsightly, Schwartz says, it’s also dangerous to marine animals that can consume small fragments or become entangled in larger debris.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">It’s incredibly hazardous in a number of ways,” says Schwartz.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> “Wildlife ingest it and it can block their esophagus and keep them from eating or they can have a false sense of being full.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This can lead to starvation, even though the animals’ stomachs are full — often with \u003ca href=\"http://www.chrisjordan.com/gallery/midway/#CF000774%2015x20\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">plastic trash\u003c/a>. More than 18 billion pounds of plastic enter the world’s oceans every year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This Saturday, the Commission is focusing on cigarette butts, the number one item it collects each year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If we were to fix our cigarette litter problem, we would halve the amount of material we pick up each year,” says Schwartz.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He also says cigarette filters don’t biodegrade and the chemicals in cigarettes can leach into the water. Of the 4,000 chemicals created when a cigarette is smoked, 43 are known carcinogens.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Imagine what happens when our dogs or children pick these up and ingest them — it can be really damaging.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you want to participate this year, but don’t live near the beach, not to worry. Cleanups also take place on roadsides, highways, parks, rivers, creeks and bays.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For more information check \u003ca href=\"http://www.coastalcleanupday.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">online\u003c/a> or call (800) COAST-4U.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Long-Awaited Plan Divvies up California Desert for Conservation, Renewable Energy",
"headTitle": "Long-Awaited Plan Divvies up California Desert for Conservation, Renewable Energy | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Swaths of public land in the California desert will be opened to solar and wind farms under \u003ca href=\"http://www.blm.gov/ca/st/en/prog/energy/DRECP.html\">a federal plan\u003c/a> released Wednesday that preserves much of the landscape for conservation and recreation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://blm-egis.maps.arcgis.com/apps/Cascade/index.html?appid=dab7cfb5d8c9423683756b427d03cd92\">long-awaited blueprint\u003c/a> finalized by the U.S. Interior Department after a years-long process seeks to balance renewable energy development and species protection on \u003ca href=\"https://drecp.databasin.org/maps/dbaa5e285e06441095d23627507e9b50/active\">17,000 square miles\u003c/a> of desert managed by the federal government.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The California desert — a mix of sand dunes, jagged canyons and colorful rock formations — stretches 350 miles from Owens Valley east of the Sierra Nevada to near the Mexican border.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Home to the threatened desert tortoise, bighorn sheep and other animals, its vastness and ample sunshine make it an attractive hotspot for sprawling solar, wind and geothermal plants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_995293\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 980px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-995293\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/DRECPAreaMap.png\" alt=\"Phase I of the Desert Renewable Energy Conservation Plan took in 10 million acres of public lands. Phase II will include private lands.\" width=\"980\" height=\"571\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/DRECPAreaMap.png 980w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/DRECPAreaMap-400x233.png 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/DRECPAreaMap-800x466.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/DRECPAreaMap-768x447.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/DRECPAreaMap-960x559.png 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 980px) 100vw, 980px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Phase I of the Desert Renewable Energy Conservation Plan took in 10 million acres of public lands. Phase II will include private lands. \u003ccite>(U.S. Bureau of Land Management)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The plan would allow construction on 606 square miles of public land away from ecologically sensitive habitats. Developers who propose projects in the zone would get preferential treatment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another 717 square miles would also be potentially open to clean-energy development, but companies would have to jump over more hurdles to get projects approved.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The majority of federal desert land would be off-limits to development, with government land managers designating 10,200 square miles for conservation and 5,617 square miles for recreation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Environmental groups generally supported the plan, saying it safeguards scenic desert vistas and corridors that allow animals to move within their habitat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We can have a strong clean-energy economy while protecting nature,” said Erica Brand of the Nature Conservancy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The renewable energy industry disagreed, warning the plan would severely limit development.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The federal government “missed a golden opportunity,” Tom Kimbis, acting president of the Solar Energy Industries Association said in a statement. “This plan permanently locks up some of our greatest untapped solar and wind resources, and chooses regulation over innovation and progress.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wind energy advocates said the dozen wind projects under construction on public land when the plan was being formed are now defunct and many developers have fled the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This plan will largely end wind energy development in California,” Nancy Rader, executive director of the California Wind Energy Association, said in a statement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The tension between the renewable energy industry and conservation groups was highlighted in the development of the Ivanpah solar plant, which opened in 2014 on roughly 5 square miles of federal land near the California-Nevada border.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An environmental group unsuccessfully sued the federal government in an attempt to stop construction that displaced desert tortoises. In the end, the developers spent more than $20 million to relocate the animals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The rush to the desert comes amid ambitious climate goals set by the federal government and the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California is on track to meet a state goal of having a third of its energy come from renewable sources by 2020. It recently set a higher bar to generate half of its electricity from the sun, wind or geothermal power by 2030.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>President Barack Obama has called on the Interior Department to approve renewable energy projects that generate 20,000 megawatts of power on public land by 2020.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since 2009, the department has signed off on 59 large-scale renewable energy projects on federal land in the West including 35 solar plants, 11 wind farms and 13 geothermal projects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State and federal officials said the newly carved California development zone should help reach both goals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Work on the plan began in 2008 during a time when developers armed with government subsidies were eyeing the Mojave Desert and elsewhere to erect solar panels and wind turbines. State and federal energy and wildlife agencies tasked with creating the road map consulted with environmentalists, developers, scientists, American Indian tribes and others.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A draft plan was released in 2014 covering 22 million acres of public and private land that sought to bring order to the green building boom.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Planners decided to tackle the public land portion first and are currently working with several counties to pinpoint private desert land suitable for clean-energy projects and other areas for conservation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Center for Biological Diversity called the latest plan a positive step but said it doesn’t do enough to conserve wildlife habitat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The lands eyed for development are either already disturbed or considered less valuable from an ecological perspective. By confining the renewable energy industry to regions that are less controversial, land managers said companies should have an easier time pushing projects through while facing less resistance from environmental groups.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This gives more certainty” to developers, said Jerry Perez, state director of the U.S. Bureau of Land Management, adding that companies will still have to get permits and do environmental reviews.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Swaths of public land in the California desert will be opened to solar and wind farms under \u003ca href=\"http://www.blm.gov/ca/st/en/prog/energy/DRECP.html\">a federal plan\u003c/a> released Wednesday that preserves much of the landscape for conservation and recreation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://blm-egis.maps.arcgis.com/apps/Cascade/index.html?appid=dab7cfb5d8c9423683756b427d03cd92\">long-awaited blueprint\u003c/a> finalized by the U.S. Interior Department after a years-long process seeks to balance renewable energy development and species protection on \u003ca href=\"https://drecp.databasin.org/maps/dbaa5e285e06441095d23627507e9b50/active\">17,000 square miles\u003c/a> of desert managed by the federal government.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The California desert — a mix of sand dunes, jagged canyons and colorful rock formations — stretches 350 miles from Owens Valley east of the Sierra Nevada to near the Mexican border.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Home to the threatened desert tortoise, bighorn sheep and other animals, its vastness and ample sunshine make it an attractive hotspot for sprawling solar, wind and geothermal plants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_995293\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 980px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-995293\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/DRECPAreaMap.png\" alt=\"Phase I of the Desert Renewable Energy Conservation Plan took in 10 million acres of public lands. Phase II will include private lands.\" width=\"980\" height=\"571\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/DRECPAreaMap.png 980w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/DRECPAreaMap-400x233.png 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/DRECPAreaMap-800x466.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/DRECPAreaMap-768x447.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/DRECPAreaMap-960x559.png 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 980px) 100vw, 980px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Phase I of the Desert Renewable Energy Conservation Plan took in 10 million acres of public lands. Phase II will include private lands. \u003ccite>(U.S. Bureau of Land Management)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The plan would allow construction on 606 square miles of public land away from ecologically sensitive habitats. Developers who propose projects in the zone would get preferential treatment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another 717 square miles would also be potentially open to clean-energy development, but companies would have to jump over more hurdles to get projects approved.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The majority of federal desert land would be off-limits to development, with government land managers designating 10,200 square miles for conservation and 5,617 square miles for recreation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Environmental groups generally supported the plan, saying it safeguards scenic desert vistas and corridors that allow animals to move within their habitat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We can have a strong clean-energy economy while protecting nature,” said Erica Brand of the Nature Conservancy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The renewable energy industry disagreed, warning the plan would severely limit development.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The federal government “missed a golden opportunity,” Tom Kimbis, acting president of the Solar Energy Industries Association said in a statement. “This plan permanently locks up some of our greatest untapped solar and wind resources, and chooses regulation over innovation and progress.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wind energy advocates said the dozen wind projects under construction on public land when the plan was being formed are now defunct and many developers have fled the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This plan will largely end wind energy development in California,” Nancy Rader, executive director of the California Wind Energy Association, said in a statement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The tension between the renewable energy industry and conservation groups was highlighted in the development of the Ivanpah solar plant, which opened in 2014 on roughly 5 square miles of federal land near the California-Nevada border.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An environmental group unsuccessfully sued the federal government in an attempt to stop construction that displaced desert tortoises. In the end, the developers spent more than $20 million to relocate the animals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The rush to the desert comes amid ambitious climate goals set by the federal government and the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California is on track to meet a state goal of having a third of its energy come from renewable sources by 2020. It recently set a higher bar to generate half of its electricity from the sun, wind or geothermal power by 2030.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>President Barack Obama has called on the Interior Department to approve renewable energy projects that generate 20,000 megawatts of power on public land by 2020.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since 2009, the department has signed off on 59 large-scale renewable energy projects on federal land in the West including 35 solar plants, 11 wind farms and 13 geothermal projects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State and federal officials said the newly carved California development zone should help reach both goals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Work on the plan began in 2008 during a time when developers armed with government subsidies were eyeing the Mojave Desert and elsewhere to erect solar panels and wind turbines. State and federal energy and wildlife agencies tasked with creating the road map consulted with environmentalists, developers, scientists, American Indian tribes and others.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A draft plan was released in 2014 covering 22 million acres of public and private land that sought to bring order to the green building boom.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Planners decided to tackle the public land portion first and are currently working with several counties to pinpoint private desert land suitable for clean-energy projects and other areas for conservation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Center for Biological Diversity called the latest plan a positive step but said it doesn’t do enough to conserve wildlife habitat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The lands eyed for development are either already disturbed or considered less valuable from an ecological perspective. By confining the renewable energy industry to regions that are less controversial, land managers said companies should have an easier time pushing projects through while facing less resistance from environmental groups.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This gives more certainty” to developers, said Jerry Perez, state director of the U.S. Bureau of Land Management, adding that companies will still have to get permits and do environmental reviews.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Governor Brown Approves $900 Million for Environment",
"headTitle": "Governor Brown Approves $900 Million for Environment | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Gov. Jerry Brown is approving $900 million in funding for environmental programs from California’s fee charged to polluters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The plan signed Wednesday by the Democratic governor includes money for clean-vehicle subsidies, urban parks and trees, home weatherization and transit programs, among other efforts to clean California’s notoriously dirty air.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brown negotiated the spending plan with top Democratic legislative leaders. It was approved on the last day of the legislative session.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The money represents two-thirds of the available funding from California’s carbon-emission fee known as cap-and-trade.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some Republicans say it’s irresponsible for the state to spend money generated from a fee being challenged in court.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The governor also signed legislation requiring that a portion of cap-and-trade proceeds benefit low-income households.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Gov. Jerry Brown is approving $900 million in funding for environmental programs from California’s fee charged to polluters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The plan signed Wednesday by the Democratic governor includes money for clean-vehicle subsidies, urban parks and trees, home weatherization and transit programs, among other efforts to clean California’s notoriously dirty air.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brown negotiated the spending plan with top Democratic legislative leaders. It was approved on the last day of the legislative session.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The money represents two-thirds of the available funding from California’s carbon-emission fee known as cap-and-trade.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some Republicans say it’s irresponsible for the state to spend money generated from a fee being challenged in court.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The governor also signed legislation requiring that a portion of cap-and-trade proceeds benefit low-income households.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "The Surprising Science of Wildfires and Tree-Killing Beetles",
"headTitle": "The Surprising Science of Wildfires and Tree-Killing Beetles | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>So far this year \u003ca href=\"http://cdfdata.fire.ca.gov/incidents/incidents_stats?year=2016\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">4,636 wildfires\u003c/a> in California have burned more than 200,000 acres. That’s more fires than this time last year and more fires than the five-year average. In fact, in the last few decades, the number of large fires are on the rise across the Western United States and the length of the fire season continues to expand.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">There are some areas, particularly in parts of the southern Sierra Nevada, where up to 85 percent of the large trees are dead or dying.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>One of the biggest reasons for this is \u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/articles/2016/07/05/summer-of-fire-climate-change-driving-wildfires\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">warming temperatures\u003c/a>, which are impacting snowpack and ushering in an earlier spring. California has an added challenge of dealing with a five-year drought. The drought and climate change have allowed bark beetles to get the upper hand in swathes of forest in the Sierra Nevada, creating what ecologists call “pulses” of tree mortality. To the average person it looks like a lot of red needles on dead trees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Forest Service last estimated some \u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/articles/2016/06/29/summer-of-fire-drought-transforms-southern-sierra\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">66 million dead trees\u003c/a> in the Sierra Nevada based on aerial surveys – it’s not a huge number compared to the entire region, but the dead trees aren’t spread out evenly across the mountain range. Instead, there are some areas, particularly in parts of the southern Sierra Nevada, where up to 85 percent of the large trees are dead or dying. This rings alarm bells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One such bell is the role that these beetle-killed trees play in increasing fire danger. Lots of dead trees surely means there is an increased risk of severe wildfires, right? \u003cspan class=\"caps\">U.S.\u003c/span> Agriculture Secretary Tom Vilsack \u003ca href=\"http://www.usda.gov/wps/portal/usda/usdamobile?contentid=2016/06/0150.xml&contentidonly=true\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">said\u003c/a>, “Tree dies-offs of this magnitude are unprecedented and increase the risk of catastrophic wildfires that puts property and lives at risk.” The media have also repeatedly reported that beetle-killed trees are creating a tinder box.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It makes logical sense, but a growing body of scientific research being conducted in the field is revealing otherwise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Fire Probability\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”iPsN9cgY2cE59mWyfxqdPy9Jbqn9goW6″]In considering whether beetle-killed trees affect fire risk, researchers often consider two different dimensions. The first is the probability that a fire will occur. So, are we likely to see more wildfires in places with pulses of tree mortality from beetles? And second, when fires do occur in an area with beetle-killed trees, will it burn more severely?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When it comes to the first area of study, the science conducted in the mountains in the American West in recent years is growing in consensus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://geography.colorado.edu/people/faculty_member/veblen_tom\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Tom Veblen\u003c/a>, a professor of geography at the University of Colorado at Boulder, has been involved in studying the effects of fire and mountain pine beetle outbreaks in the Rocky Mountains for 25 years. He is also the co-author of a \u003ca href=\"http://www.pnas.org/content/112/14/4375.abstract\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">study led by Sarah J. Hart\u003c/a>, also of\u003cspan class=\"caps\">U.C.\u003c/span>-Boulder, that was published last year in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Hart study looked at the effects of mountain pine beetles across forests in the Western \u003cspan class=\"caps\">U.S.\u003c/span> (excluding Alaska) and found definitively that the area burned has not increased because of beetle-killed trees. This includes whether the trees were in the “red stage,” which means the dead needles are still on the trees, or the “grey stage,” in which the needles have fallen off.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is one of several studies that have reached the same conclusion,” said Veblen. “There are no studies that I know that have shown the opposite, even though my intuitive expectation and that of many other researchers at the outset was that we should find either an increase in likelihood of fire, meaning probability of fire occurrence after bark beetle outbreaks, or we should see an increase of fire severity.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Harold Zald, now at Humboldt State University, found similar results in the Pacific Northwest. He co-authored a \u003ca href=\"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1890/ES15-00037.1/full\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">study\u003c/a> that looked at data beginning in the 1970s to determine the effects of two insects – mountain pine beetles and western spruce budworm – on fires in the mountains of Oregon and Washington. “You just don’t see the probability of fire increasing after a lot of tree mortality due to these insects,” said Zald. In fact, in some cases, fire likelihood was lower where western spruce budworm, a “defoliator” that consumes needles, had killed trees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Fire Severity\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When you move beyond fire probability to whether or not these dead trees increase fire severity, things get a bit more complicated. Some studies using computer modeling have shown that fire severity could increase, especially shortly following tree mortality when red needles are still on the trees. The Forest Service maintains that fire risk also increases when dead trees fall to the forest floor. The service states on its \u003ca href=\"http://www.fs.usda.gov/detail/catreemortality/home/?cid=fseprd499698\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">website\u003c/a>, “Observation of recent wildfires has shown that dead trees ignited easily and burned hotter and faster than the living trees containing minimal moisture.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://nature.berkeley.edu/stephenslab/lab-members/dr-brandon-collins/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Brandon Collins\u003c/a>, a research fire scientist with the Forest Service and University of California at Berkeley, said that since green trees contain more moisture than dead trees, it’s easier for combustion to take place. “In a beetle-killed tree there is much less of a threshold to get over in terms of driving off moisture,” he said. And if surrounding trees also contain low moisture, there is the potential of the fire to spread at a higher rate as a burning tree throws off embers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But recent field studies found different results.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Research \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128027493000062\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">published\u003c/a> by Veblen and Clark University’s Dominik Kulakowski in 2015 found that “the best available science indicates that outbreaks of bark beetles do not increase the risk of high-severity fires in lodgepole pine and spruce-fir forests of the Rocky Mountains.” It’s possible that in some cases the loss of needles would reduce the risk of crown fires, which spread from the canopy of trees and are associated with severe fires.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A 2011 \u003ca href=\"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1890/10-1176.1/full\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">study\u003c/a> led by Martin Simard of the University of Wisconsin looked at lodgepole pine forests in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem, which encompasses parts of Wyoming, Montana and Idaho, and found that when it comes to beetles and fire, “contrary to conventional wisdom, the interaction was a negative feedback in which the probability of active crown fire appeared to be reduced.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A 2009 \u003ca href=\"http://www.biologicaldiversity.org/publications/papers/Bond_et_al.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">study\u003c/a> looked at conifer forests in the San Bernardino Mountains in Southern California after significant tree mortality, stemming from a pine beetle outbreak in 2002, was followed by fires in subsequent years. The study also did not find evidence of increased severity in pre-killed trees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The forests with a lot of snags [dead trees] including with a lot of snags with orange needles still on the trees, they did not burn more severely than the areas with few or no snags,” said \u003ca href=\"http://johnmuirproject.org/profile/chad-hanson/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Chad Hanson\u003c/a>, an ecologist with the John Muir Project and one of the study’s co-authors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In that study the researchers also found that larger trees, those over 61 centimeters (24 inches) in diameter, burned less severely than areas with trees that were 28 to 60 centimeters in diameter. “This result suggests that harvesting larger-sized trees for fire-severity reduction purposes is likely to be ineffective and possibly counter-productive,” the researchers wrote.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Zald, whose work has focused on the Pacific Northwest, said that one of the biggest findings from looking at the research is that context matters – findings can change based on location, the kind of insect, how long ago the tree mortality occurred and whether studies were done on individual fires or across regions. What may be true for lodgepole pine forests in the Rocky Mountains may not be true for mixed conifer forests in the Sierra Nevada, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And Veblen said that not much research has been done yet in California. “There has been a disconnect between the researchers in California, who are sometimes quoted as saying [that] because of bark beetle mortality we are very likely to see an increase in fire severity, versus a large body of research on the Rocky Mountain region which does not support that assertion,” said Veblen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Research location is key. “We have pretty clear answers to these questions for high elevations, subalpine forests,” said Veblen. This include forests with Engelmann spruce, subalpine fir and lodgepole pine. But at lower elevations with chaparral and patches of conifer, there has been little research, and changes in vegetation type can result in radical changes in fuels, affecting fire behavior.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Fire Drivers\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These findings may seem counterintuitive if you’ve ever made a campfire, as dead wood clearly burns more readily than green wood. But the magnitude of forest fires can change the equation. Findings suggest that under certain conditions, it actually doesn’t matter if the trees are alive or dead. “During extreme fire weather that promotes high fire activity in the western United States, fuels are likely dry enough to promote extensive burning regardless of alterations to fuels due to [mountain pine beetle] infestation,” the Hart study found.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Collins concurred, and said that under dry and windy conditions, tree moisture may not matter. But he added, “Under anything less than those extreme examples, then yes, the moisture does matter.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s also another explanation. “The increase in bark beetle activity hasn’t fundamentally changed the potential for fire because fire is being driven by climate,” said Veblen. “It’s a tinderbox because of global warming – it’s really that simple.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Veblen’s work points out that the overwhelming conclusion of the growing body of research highlights a much larger problem that is driving both fires and tree mortality from beetles: climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Research conducted thus far has consistently indicated that weather and climate are more important than the effects of outbreaks in determining fire risk and behavior in Rocky Mountain subalpine forests,” wrote Veblen and Kulakowski. “Although thoroughly considering the nuanced links between outbreaks and wildfires is important, recognizing that the increase in both outbreaks and wildfires is primarily driven by climatic warming may be as, or perhaps even more, important.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just because the findings may not implicate beetle-killed trees in increased fire severity or probability in some places, there may still be other ways in which they affect fire behavior. And, if the trees are in places near homes and other infrastructure, they do still require mitigation, said Veblen, because they can be a danger.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"fin\">“If we focus on protecting homes, it gives us the potential to reintroduce fire, including larger, mixed intensity fires, into our forests in remote areas and allow those fires to burn without trying to suppress them,” said Hanson. “For the next decade or more, the bulk of our resources need to be spent making sure homes are protected.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"fin\">\u003cem>This article originally appeared on \u003ca href=\"http://waterdeeply.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Water Deeply\u003c/a>, and you can find the original \u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/articles/2016/09/14/the-surprising-science-of-wildfires-and-tree-killing-beetles\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">here\u003c/a>. For important news about the California drought, you can \u003ca href=\"http://nwsdp.ly/waterlist\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">sign up to the Water Deeply email list\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Beetles are killing trees in the Western United States and it seems only logical that the dead, dry trees would increase risk of wildfires, but recent scientific studies suggest the issue is more complicated.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>So far this year \u003ca href=\"http://cdfdata.fire.ca.gov/incidents/incidents_stats?year=2016\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">4,636 wildfires\u003c/a> in California have burned more than 200,000 acres. That’s more fires than this time last year and more fires than the five-year average. In fact, in the last few decades, the number of large fires are on the rise across the Western United States and the length of the fire season continues to expand.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">There are some areas, particularly in parts of the southern Sierra Nevada, where up to 85 percent of the large trees are dead or dying.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>One of the biggest reasons for this is \u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/articles/2016/07/05/summer-of-fire-climate-change-driving-wildfires\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">warming temperatures\u003c/a>, which are impacting snowpack and ushering in an earlier spring. California has an added challenge of dealing with a five-year drought. The drought and climate change have allowed bark beetles to get the upper hand in swathes of forest in the Sierra Nevada, creating what ecologists call “pulses” of tree mortality. To the average person it looks like a lot of red needles on dead trees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Forest Service last estimated some \u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/articles/2016/06/29/summer-of-fire-drought-transforms-southern-sierra\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">66 million dead trees\u003c/a> in the Sierra Nevada based on aerial surveys – it’s not a huge number compared to the entire region, but the dead trees aren’t spread out evenly across the mountain range. Instead, there are some areas, particularly in parts of the southern Sierra Nevada, where up to 85 percent of the large trees are dead or dying. This rings alarm bells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One such bell is the role that these beetle-killed trees play in increasing fire danger. Lots of dead trees surely means there is an increased risk of severe wildfires, right? \u003cspan class=\"caps\">U.S.\u003c/span> Agriculture Secretary Tom Vilsack \u003ca href=\"http://www.usda.gov/wps/portal/usda/usdamobile?contentid=2016/06/0150.xml&contentidonly=true\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">said\u003c/a>, “Tree dies-offs of this magnitude are unprecedented and increase the risk of catastrophic wildfires that puts property and lives at risk.” The media have also repeatedly reported that beetle-killed trees are creating a tinder box.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It makes logical sense, but a growing body of scientific research being conducted in the field is revealing otherwise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Fire Probability\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>In considering whether beetle-killed trees affect fire risk, researchers often consider two different dimensions. The first is the probability that a fire will occur. So, are we likely to see more wildfires in places with pulses of tree mortality from beetles? And second, when fires do occur in an area with beetle-killed trees, will it burn more severely?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When it comes to the first area of study, the science conducted in the mountains in the American West in recent years is growing in consensus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://geography.colorado.edu/people/faculty_member/veblen_tom\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Tom Veblen\u003c/a>, a professor of geography at the University of Colorado at Boulder, has been involved in studying the effects of fire and mountain pine beetle outbreaks in the Rocky Mountains for 25 years. He is also the co-author of a \u003ca href=\"http://www.pnas.org/content/112/14/4375.abstract\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">study led by Sarah J. Hart\u003c/a>, also of\u003cspan class=\"caps\">U.C.\u003c/span>-Boulder, that was published last year in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Hart study looked at the effects of mountain pine beetles across forests in the Western \u003cspan class=\"caps\">U.S.\u003c/span> (excluding Alaska) and found definitively that the area burned has not increased because of beetle-killed trees. This includes whether the trees were in the “red stage,” which means the dead needles are still on the trees, or the “grey stage,” in which the needles have fallen off.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is one of several studies that have reached the same conclusion,” said Veblen. “There are no studies that I know that have shown the opposite, even though my intuitive expectation and that of many other researchers at the outset was that we should find either an increase in likelihood of fire, meaning probability of fire occurrence after bark beetle outbreaks, or we should see an increase of fire severity.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Harold Zald, now at Humboldt State University, found similar results in the Pacific Northwest. He co-authored a \u003ca href=\"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1890/ES15-00037.1/full\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">study\u003c/a> that looked at data beginning in the 1970s to determine the effects of two insects – mountain pine beetles and western spruce budworm – on fires in the mountains of Oregon and Washington. “You just don’t see the probability of fire increasing after a lot of tree mortality due to these insects,” said Zald. In fact, in some cases, fire likelihood was lower where western spruce budworm, a “defoliator” that consumes needles, had killed trees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Fire Severity\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When you move beyond fire probability to whether or not these dead trees increase fire severity, things get a bit more complicated. Some studies using computer modeling have shown that fire severity could increase, especially shortly following tree mortality when red needles are still on the trees. The Forest Service maintains that fire risk also increases when dead trees fall to the forest floor. The service states on its \u003ca href=\"http://www.fs.usda.gov/detail/catreemortality/home/?cid=fseprd499698\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">website\u003c/a>, “Observation of recent wildfires has shown that dead trees ignited easily and burned hotter and faster than the living trees containing minimal moisture.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://nature.berkeley.edu/stephenslab/lab-members/dr-brandon-collins/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Brandon Collins\u003c/a>, a research fire scientist with the Forest Service and University of California at Berkeley, said that since green trees contain more moisture than dead trees, it’s easier for combustion to take place. “In a beetle-killed tree there is much less of a threshold to get over in terms of driving off moisture,” he said. And if surrounding trees also contain low moisture, there is the potential of the fire to spread at a higher rate as a burning tree throws off embers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But recent field studies found different results.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Research \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128027493000062\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">published\u003c/a> by Veblen and Clark University’s Dominik Kulakowski in 2015 found that “the best available science indicates that outbreaks of bark beetles do not increase the risk of high-severity fires in lodgepole pine and spruce-fir forests of the Rocky Mountains.” It’s possible that in some cases the loss of needles would reduce the risk of crown fires, which spread from the canopy of trees and are associated with severe fires.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A 2011 \u003ca href=\"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1890/10-1176.1/full\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">study\u003c/a> led by Martin Simard of the University of Wisconsin looked at lodgepole pine forests in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem, which encompasses parts of Wyoming, Montana and Idaho, and found that when it comes to beetles and fire, “contrary to conventional wisdom, the interaction was a negative feedback in which the probability of active crown fire appeared to be reduced.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A 2009 \u003ca href=\"http://www.biologicaldiversity.org/publications/papers/Bond_et_al.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">study\u003c/a> looked at conifer forests in the San Bernardino Mountains in Southern California after significant tree mortality, stemming from a pine beetle outbreak in 2002, was followed by fires in subsequent years. The study also did not find evidence of increased severity in pre-killed trees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The forests with a lot of snags [dead trees] including with a lot of snags with orange needles still on the trees, they did not burn more severely than the areas with few or no snags,” said \u003ca href=\"http://johnmuirproject.org/profile/chad-hanson/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Chad Hanson\u003c/a>, an ecologist with the John Muir Project and one of the study’s co-authors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In that study the researchers also found that larger trees, those over 61 centimeters (24 inches) in diameter, burned less severely than areas with trees that were 28 to 60 centimeters in diameter. “This result suggests that harvesting larger-sized trees for fire-severity reduction purposes is likely to be ineffective and possibly counter-productive,” the researchers wrote.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Zald, whose work has focused on the Pacific Northwest, said that one of the biggest findings from looking at the research is that context matters – findings can change based on location, the kind of insect, how long ago the tree mortality occurred and whether studies were done on individual fires or across regions. What may be true for lodgepole pine forests in the Rocky Mountains may not be true for mixed conifer forests in the Sierra Nevada, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And Veblen said that not much research has been done yet in California. “There has been a disconnect between the researchers in California, who are sometimes quoted as saying [that] because of bark beetle mortality we are very likely to see an increase in fire severity, versus a large body of research on the Rocky Mountain region which does not support that assertion,” said Veblen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Research location is key. “We have pretty clear answers to these questions for high elevations, subalpine forests,” said Veblen. This include forests with Engelmann spruce, subalpine fir and lodgepole pine. But at lower elevations with chaparral and patches of conifer, there has been little research, and changes in vegetation type can result in radical changes in fuels, affecting fire behavior.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Fire Drivers\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These findings may seem counterintuitive if you’ve ever made a campfire, as dead wood clearly burns more readily than green wood. But the magnitude of forest fires can change the equation. Findings suggest that under certain conditions, it actually doesn’t matter if the trees are alive or dead. “During extreme fire weather that promotes high fire activity in the western United States, fuels are likely dry enough to promote extensive burning regardless of alterations to fuels due to [mountain pine beetle] infestation,” the Hart study found.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Collins concurred, and said that under dry and windy conditions, tree moisture may not matter. But he added, “Under anything less than those extreme examples, then yes, the moisture does matter.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s also another explanation. “The increase in bark beetle activity hasn’t fundamentally changed the potential for fire because fire is being driven by climate,” said Veblen. “It’s a tinderbox because of global warming – it’s really that simple.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Veblen’s work points out that the overwhelming conclusion of the growing body of research highlights a much larger problem that is driving both fires and tree mortality from beetles: climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Research conducted thus far has consistently indicated that weather and climate are more important than the effects of outbreaks in determining fire risk and behavior in Rocky Mountain subalpine forests,” wrote Veblen and Kulakowski. “Although thoroughly considering the nuanced links between outbreaks and wildfires is important, recognizing that the increase in both outbreaks and wildfires is primarily driven by climatic warming may be as, or perhaps even more, important.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just because the findings may not implicate beetle-killed trees in increased fire severity or probability in some places, there may still be other ways in which they affect fire behavior. And, if the trees are in places near homes and other infrastructure, they do still require mitigation, said Veblen, because they can be a danger.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"fin\">“If we focus on protecting homes, it gives us the potential to reintroduce fire, including larger, mixed intensity fires, into our forests in remote areas and allow those fires to burn without trying to suppress them,” said Hanson. “For the next decade or more, the bulk of our resources need to be spent making sure homes are protected.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"fin\">\u003cem>This article originally appeared on \u003ca href=\"http://waterdeeply.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Water Deeply\u003c/a>, and you can find the original \u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/articles/2016/09/14/the-surprising-science-of-wildfires-and-tree-killing-beetles\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">here\u003c/a>. For important news about the California drought, you can \u003ca href=\"http://nwsdp.ly/waterlist\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">sign up to the Water Deeply email list\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Do you like nerdy web comics and climate change real talk? Of course you do.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Randall Munroe, creator of the tri-weekly web comic xkcd, has combined the two into an epic timeline of earth’s climate. It shows just how \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/tiny-maps-climate-change-20652\">radical the recent changes\u003c/a> are and puts to bed the trope “the climate has changed before.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/august-ties-july-as-hottest-month-on-record-20691\">two hottest months\u003c/a> the world has ever recorded just happened back-to-back. And we’re about to have \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/99-percent-chance-2016-hottest-year-20359\">back-to-back-to-back hottest years\u003c/a>. \u003ca href=\"http://wxshift.com/climate-change/climate-indicators/sea-level-rise\">Sea levels\u003c/a> are also rising, \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/antarctica-co2-400-ppm-million-years-20451\">carbon dioxide in the atmosphere\u003c/a> is at its highest levels in eons, and a host of other signs show that humans are altering the climate in ways unseen in millenia. Yet “the climate has changed before” line is often trotted out to essentially say ¯\\_(ツ)_/¯.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Enter xkcd’s comic, which lays bare why we shouldn’t shrug off the recent rapid changes. Using data from tree rings, ice cores and thermometers, it shows that yes, the climate has indeed changed over the past 22,000 years. Slowly. The ups and downs have been driven by changes in the earth’s orbit and other natural factors that influence the earth’s climate. The changes have been slow enough, however, for humans to adapt and even thrive during that period.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The difference in the past century has been humans adding more greenhouse gases to the atmosphere. The subsequent temperature rise has been far more rapid than the generally gentle ups and downs over the past 22,000 years during which humans have spread out across the planet. And the temperature rise in the pipeline is \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/warming-rates-unseen-in-1000-years-18745\">even more dramatic\u003c/a> unless we cut emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Munroe’s comic makes this clear and the long scroll is an effective way to show just how long we’ve enjoyed a fairly stable climate. (There’s also a whole riff on dogs buried in there you should definitely seek out below.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s been some \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/thirstygecko/status/775386499852357633\">pushback from scientists\u003c/a> about comparing paleoclimate data to the present temperature record. But University of Albany PhD student Chris Colose, one of the scientists pushing back a bit, summed up where the climate is heading if we don’t cut carbon emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://twitter.com/CColose/status/775405404582969344\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Anyways, enough with the chit chat. Scroll down through the whole xkcd timeline below (or check it on \u003ca href=\"http://xkcd.com/1732/\">Munroe’s site\u003c/a>).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-992490\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/Brian_xkcd.png\" alt=\"Brian_xkcd\" width=\"740\" height=\"14957\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/Brian_xkcd.png 740w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/Brian_xkcd-400x8085.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 740px) 100vw, 740px\">\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "The nerdy web comic xkcd has an amazing look at what \"the climate has changed before\" actually means.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Do you like nerdy web comics and climate change real talk? Of course you do.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Randall Munroe, creator of the tri-weekly web comic xkcd, has combined the two into an epic timeline of earth’s climate. It shows just how \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/tiny-maps-climate-change-20652\">radical the recent changes\u003c/a> are and puts to bed the trope “the climate has changed before.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/august-ties-july-as-hottest-month-on-record-20691\">two hottest months\u003c/a> the world has ever recorded just happened back-to-back. And we’re about to have \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/99-percent-chance-2016-hottest-year-20359\">back-to-back-to-back hottest years\u003c/a>. \u003ca href=\"http://wxshift.com/climate-change/climate-indicators/sea-level-rise\">Sea levels\u003c/a> are also rising, \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/antarctica-co2-400-ppm-million-years-20451\">carbon dioxide in the atmosphere\u003c/a> is at its highest levels in eons, and a host of other signs show that humans are altering the climate in ways unseen in millenia. Yet “the climate has changed before” line is often trotted out to essentially say ¯\\_(ツ)_/¯.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Enter xkcd’s comic, which lays bare why we shouldn’t shrug off the recent rapid changes. Using data from tree rings, ice cores and thermometers, it shows that yes, the climate has indeed changed over the past 22,000 years. Slowly. The ups and downs have been driven by changes in the earth’s orbit and other natural factors that influence the earth’s climate. The changes have been slow enough, however, for humans to adapt and even thrive during that period.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The difference in the past century has been humans adding more greenhouse gases to the atmosphere. The subsequent temperature rise has been far more rapid than the generally gentle ups and downs over the past 22,000 years during which humans have spread out across the planet. And the temperature rise in the pipeline is \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/warming-rates-unseen-in-1000-years-18745\">even more dramatic\u003c/a> unless we cut emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Munroe’s comic makes this clear and the long scroll is an effective way to show just how long we’ve enjoyed a fairly stable climate. (There’s also a whole riff on dogs buried in there you should definitely seek out below.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s been some \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/thirstygecko/status/775386499852357633\">pushback from scientists\u003c/a> about comparing paleoclimate data to the present temperature record. But University of Albany PhD student Chris Colose, one of the scientists pushing back a bit, summed up where the climate is heading if we don’t cut carbon emissions.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\n\u003cp>Anyways, enough with the chit chat. Scroll down through the whole xkcd timeline below (or check it on \u003ca href=\"http://xkcd.com/1732/\">Munroe’s site\u003c/a>).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-992490\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/Brian_xkcd.png\" alt=\"Brian_xkcd\" width=\"740\" height=\"14957\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/Brian_xkcd.png 740w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/Brian_xkcd-400x8085.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 740px) 100vw, 740px\">\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/californiareportmagazine",
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"order": 10
},
"link": "/californiareportmagazine",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM3NjkwNjk1OTAz",
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},
"city-arts": {
"id": "city-arts",
"title": "City Arts & Lectures",
"info": "A one-hour radio program to hear celebrated writers, artists and thinkers address contemporary ideas and values, often discussing the creative process. Please note: tapes or transcripts are not available",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/05/cityartsandlecture-300x300.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.cityarts.net/",
"airtime": "SUN 1pm-2pm, TUE 10pm, WED 1am",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "City Arts & Lectures"
},
"link": "https://www.cityarts.net",
"subscribe": {
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/City-Arts-and-Lectures-p692/",
"rss": "https://www.cityarts.net/feed/"
}
},
"closealltabs": {
"id": "closealltabs",
"title": "Close All Tabs",
"tagline": "Your irreverent guide to the trends redefining our world",
"info": "Close All Tabs breaks down how digital culture shapes our world through thoughtful insights and irreverent humor.",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/CAT_2_Tile-scaled.jpg",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/closealltabs",
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"order": 1
},
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"code-switch-life-kit": {
"id": "code-switch-life-kit",
"title": "Code Switch / Life Kit",
"info": "\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />",
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"meta": {
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnByLm9yZy9yc3MvcG9kY2FzdC5waHA_aWQ9NTEwMzEy",
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},
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"id": "commonwealth-club",
"title": "Commonwealth Club of California Podcast",
"info": "The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.",
"airtime": "THU 10pm, FRI 1am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Commonwealth-Club-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "Commonwealth Club of California"
},
"link": "/radio/program/commonwealth-club",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cDovL3d3dy5jb21tb253ZWFsdGhjbHViLm9yZy9hdWRpby9wb2RjYXN0L3dlZWtseS54bWw",
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}
},
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"id": "forum",
"title": "Forum",
"tagline": "The conversation starts here",
"info": "KQED’s live call-in program discussing local, state, national and international issues, as well as in-depth interviews.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 9am-11am, 10pm-11pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Forum-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Forum with Mina Kim and Alexis Madrigal",
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"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 9
},
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM5NTU3MzgxNjMz",
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},
"freakonomics-radio": {
"id": "freakonomics-radio",
"title": "Freakonomics Radio",
"info": "Freakonomics Radio is a one-hour award-winning podcast and public-radio project hosted by Stephen Dubner, with co-author Steve Levitt as a regular guest. It is produced in partnership with WNYC.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/05/freakonomicsRadio.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://freakonomics.com/",
"airtime": "SUN 1am-2am, SAT 3pm-4pm",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "WNYC"
},
"link": "/radio/program/freakonomics-radio",
"subscribe": {
"npr": "https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/4s8b",
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/freakonomics-radio/id354668519",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/podcasts/WNYC-Podcasts/Freakonomics-Radio-p272293/",
"rss": "https://feeds.feedburner.com/freakonomicsradio"
}
},
"fresh-air": {
"id": "fresh-air",
"title": "Fresh Air",
"info": "Hosted by Terry Gross, \u003cem>Fresh Air from WHYY\u003c/em> is the Peabody Award-winning weekday magazine of contemporary arts and issues. One of public radio's most popular programs, Fresh Air features intimate conversations with today's biggest luminaries.",
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"link": "/radio/program/fresh-air",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=214089682&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/381444908/podcast.xml"
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},
"here-and-now": {
"id": "here-and-now",
"title": "Here & Now",
"info": "A live production of NPR and WBUR Boston, in collaboration with stations across the country, Here & Now reflects the fluid world of news as it's happening in the middle of the day, with timely, in-depth news, interviews and conversation. Hosted by Robin Young, Jeremy Hobson and Tonya Mosley.",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510051/podcast.xml"
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},
"hidden-brain": {
"id": "hidden-brain",
"title": "Hidden Brain",
"info": "Shankar Vedantam uses science and storytelling to reveal the unconscious patterns that drive human behavior, shape our choices and direct our relationships.",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/series/423302056/hidden-brain",
"airtime": "SUN 7pm-8pm",
"meta": {
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"source": "NPR"
},
"link": "/radio/program/hidden-brain",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510308/podcast.xml"
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},
"how-i-built-this": {
"id": "how-i-built-this",
"title": "How I Built This with Guy Raz",
"info": "Guy Raz dives into the stories behind some of the world's best known companies. How I Built This weaves a narrative journey about innovators, entrepreneurs and idealists—and the movements they built.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/05/howIBuiltThis.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510313/how-i-built-this",
"airtime": "SUN 7:30pm-8pm",
"meta": {
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"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/how-i-built-this",
"subscribe": {
"npr": "https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/3zxy",
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/how-i-built-this-with-guy-raz/id1150510297?mt=2",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510313/podcast.xml"
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},
"hyphenacion": {
"id": "hyphenacion",
"title": "Hyphenación",
"tagline": "Where conversation and cultura meet",
"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/Hyphenacion_FinalAssets_PodcastTile.png",
"imageAlt": "KQED Hyphenación",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/hyphenacion",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 15
},
"link": "/podcasts/hyphenacion",
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"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/2p3Fifq96nw9BPcmFdIq0o?si=39209f7b25774f38",
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"amazon": "https://music.amazon.com/podcasts/6c3dd23c-93fb-4aab-97ba-1725fa6315f1/hyphenaci%C3%B3n",
"rss": "https://feeds.megaphone.fm/KQINC2275451163"
}
},
"jerrybrown": {
"id": "jerrybrown",
"title": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown",
"tagline": "Lessons from a lifetime in politics",
"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-Political-Mind-of-Jerry-Brown-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED The Political Mind of Jerry Brown",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 18
},
"link": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/id1492194549",
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}
},
"latino-usa": {
"id": "latino-usa",
"title": "Latino USA",
"airtime": "MON 1am-2am, SUN 6pm-7pm",
"info": "Latino USA, the radio journal of news and culture, is the only national, English-language radio program produced from a Latino perspective.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/latinoUsa.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://latinousa.org/",
"meta": {
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"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/latino-usa",
"subscribe": {
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=79681317&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510016/podcast.xml"
}
},
"marketplace": {
"id": "marketplace",
"title": "Marketplace",
"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Marketplace-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.marketplace.org/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "American Public Media"
},
"link": "/radio/program/marketplace",
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"rss": "https://feeds.publicradio.org/public_feeds/marketplace-pm/rss/rss"
}
},
"masters-of-scale": {
"id": "masters-of-scale",
"title": "Masters of Scale",
"info": "Masters of Scale is an original podcast in which LinkedIn co-founder and Greylock Partner Reid Hoffman sets out to describe and prove theories that explain how great entrepreneurs take their companies from zero to a gazillion in ingenious fashion.",
"airtime": "Every other Wednesday June 12 through October 16 at 8pm (repeats Thursdays at 2am)",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Masters-of-Scale-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://mastersofscale.com/",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "WaitWhat"
},
"link": "/radio/program/masters-of-scale",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "http://mastersofscale.app.link/",
"rss": "https://rss.art19.com/masters-of-scale"
}
},
"mindshift": {
"id": "mindshift",
"title": "MindShift",
"tagline": "A podcast about the future of learning and how we raise our kids",
"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/mindshift/",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 12
},
"link": "/podcasts/mindshift",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/mindshift-podcast/id1078765985",
"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5",
"npr": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/464615685/mind-shift-podcast",
"stitcher": "https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/stories-teachers-share",
"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/0MxSpNYZKNprFLCl7eEtyx"
}
},
"morning-edition": {
"id": "morning-edition",
"title": "Morning Edition",
"info": "\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. Hosts Steve Inskeep, David Greene and Rachel Martin bring you the latest breaking news and features to prepare you for the day.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 3am-9am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Morning-Edition-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/programs/morning-edition/",
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"link": "/radio/program/morning-edition"
},
"onourwatch": {
"id": "onourwatch",
"title": "On Our Watch",
"tagline": "Deeply-reported investigative journalism",
"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/On-Our-Watch-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "On Our Watch from NPR and KQED",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 11
},
"link": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/id1567098962",
"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5ucHIub3JnLzUxMDM2MC9wb2RjYXN0LnhtbD9zYz1nb29nbGVwb2RjYXN0cw",
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"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/0OLWoyizopu6tY1XiuX70x",
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"stitcher": "https://www.stitcher.com/show/on-our-watch",
"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510360/podcast.xml"
}
},
"on-the-media": {
"id": "on-the-media",
"title": "On The Media",
"info": "Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. For one hour a week, the show tries to lift the veil from the process of \"making media,\" especially news media, because it's through that lens that we see the world and the world sees us",
"airtime": "SUN 2pm-3pm, MON 12am-1am",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/onTheMedia.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.wnycstudios.org/shows/otm",
"meta": {
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"source": "wnyc"
},
"link": "/radio/program/on-the-media",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/on-the-media/id73330715?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/On-the-Media-p69/",
"rss": "http://feeds.wnyc.org/onthemedia"
}
},
"pbs-newshour": {
"id": "pbs-newshour",
"title": "PBS NewsHour",
"info": "Analysis, background reports and updates from the PBS NewsHour putting today's news in context.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 3pm-4pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/PBS-News-Hour-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.pbs.org/newshour/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "pbs"
},
"link": "/radio/program/pbs-newshour",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/pbs-newshour-full-show/id394432287?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/PBS-NewsHour---Full-Show-p425698/",
"rss": "https://www.pbs.org/newshour/feeds/rss/podcasts/show"
}
},
"perspectives": {
"id": "perspectives",
"title": "Perspectives",
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