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"content": "\u003cp>One of the most remarkable science stories of the year was the discovery, a century after it was predicted by Albert Einstein, that gravitational waves are real. Today \u003cem>Science\u003c/em> magazine named the discovery the \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencemag.org/news/2016/12/ripples-spacetime-sciences-2016-breakthrough-year\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">2016 Breakthrough of the Year\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gravitational waves are distortions in the fabric of spacetime. Back in 1915, Einstein hypothesized these ripples would travel throughout the universe, bending and squeezing space like the surface of a trampoline.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" src=\"https://www.youtube.com/embed/2ncTCM7t79o\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It is mass, according to Einstein’s theory of general relativity, that warps the fabric of space. If the mass is great enough, then other objects will fall towards them, as the Earth is pulled toward the Sun in its rotation. We know this as gravitational attraction. When the distortions travel through space, they’re known as gravitational waves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Earlier this year, researchers with the \u003ca href=\"https://www.ligo.caltech.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Advanced Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory\u003c/a> (LIGO) announced that they had discovered direct evidence of gravitational waves, by matching distortions picked up at two highly precise, identical detectors on different sides of the country. They’d each seen the same disturbance at the same time on September 14, 2015. (The feat was repeated on December 26, 2015 when both detectors felt a gravitational wave again.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1261923\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 620px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1261923\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/Localization_Comparison_2.jpg\" alt=\"A sky map of the southern hemisphere showing the approximate locations of the two gravitational-wave ripples detected by LIGO. \" width=\"620\" height=\"620\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/Localization_Comparison_2.jpg 620w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/Localization_Comparison_2-160x160.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/Localization_Comparison_2-240x240.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/Localization_Comparison_2-375x375.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/Localization_Comparison_2-520x520.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/Localization_Comparison_2-32x32.jpg 32w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/Localization_Comparison_2-50x50.jpg 50w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/Localization_Comparison_2-64x64.jpg 64w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/Localization_Comparison_2-96x96.jpg 96w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/Localization_Comparison_2-128x128.jpg 128w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/Localization_Comparison_2-150x150.jpg 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 620px) 100vw, 620px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A sky map of the southern hemisphere showing the approximate locations of the two gravitational-wave ripples detected by LIGO. \u003ccite>(LIGO/Axel Mellinger)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“There it was!” LIGO team member Daniel Holz \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/news/the-black-hole-collision-that-reshaped-physics-1.19612\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">told \u003cem>Nature\u003c/em>\u003c/a>. “And it was so strong, and so beautiful, in both detectors.” Although the shape of the signal looked familiar from the theory, Holz says, “it’s completely different when you see something in the data. It’s this transcendent moment.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Members of the LIGO collaboration can be found \u003ca href=\"http://www.zeemaps.com/pub?group=1820545\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">all around the globe\u003c/a> including at CalTech, Stanford and Sonoma State University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Team LIGO has spent much of 2016 upgrading its observatories. As of late November, \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.ligo.caltech.edu/news/2016-11-30\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">LIGO is now listening again\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, straining to hear new ripples. Far from being the end of an era, LIGO is giving rise to a new field of cosmological physics. You can be a part of it by joining “\u003ca href=\"https://www.ligo.caltech.edu/news/ligo20161018\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Gravity Spy\u003c/a>,” a newly launched citizen science program, that helps researchers separate glitches from true signals. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cp>This winter brings the \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2016/12/15/505734218/rogue-one-the-force-will-be-with-those-who-love-battle-scenes\">latest installment\u003c/a> of the Star Wars franchise, full of familiar costumes, familiar villains, and the familiar “pew pew pew” of space guns. But you can skip the movie theatre and still hear those iconic blaster sounds if you visit a frozen lake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cory Williams discovered this natural phenomenon back in 2014, when he moved from California to Alaska. He tried skipping rocks across the icy surface of Edmonds Lake, just up the road from Anchorage. His \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZIHF5EoEixc&list=PLdhXxdF8pgd4moYg2gdqJGiTQvYOaJBjc\">YouTube video\u003c/a> of the space age twanging that ensued was viewed 11 million times.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" src=\"https://www.youtube.com/embed/OC7_zpyqCrU\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This year, Williams returned to Edmonds Lake and made another discovery. The lake was \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M5UqOJ0gwDE\">singing on its own\u003c/a>. Why? And how? The latest video from \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/skunkbear\">Skunk Bear\u003c/a>, NPR’s science youtube channel, reveals the origin of that iconic sci-fi sound effect and explains why it can be heard every year in the frigid wilds.\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Got your own science-y questions for us? Use \u003ca href=\"http://skunkbear.tumblr.com/ask/\">this form\u003c/a> to send them our way. We’ll do our best to answer on Skunk Bear’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/skunkbear\">YouTube channel\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>You can follow Cory Williams’ Alaskan adventures on his YouTube channel, \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/user/DudeLikeHELLA\">LiveEachDay\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Why+Does+A+Frozen+Lake+Sound+Like+A+Star+Wars+Blaster%3F&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cp>Some of the year’s highest tides will hit California shorelines this week and they’re predicted to reach 7 feet in some areas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Strong winter high tides, known as king tides, happen annually in certain coastal and low-lying areas like Highway 101 near Lucky Drive in Marin County and the Embarcadero in San Francisco.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\n\u003ch2>KING TIDES THIS WEEK\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>• Monday: 9:30 a.m. at 6.96 feet\u003cbr>\n• Tuesday: 10:10 a.m. at 7.09 feet\u003cbr>\n• Wednesday: 10:57 a.m. at 7.06 feet\u003cbr>\n• Thursday: 11:44 a.m. at 6.85 feet\u003cbr>\n• Friday: 12:33 p.m. at 6.49 feet\u003c/p>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>King tides occur when the moon, sun and Earth are so close together they create a strong gravitational pull that produces the greatest tidal effects of the year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On an average day, these king tides reach further inland than the highest ordinary tides, which can inundate roads and cause huge swells along the beach.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s not going to be a massive danger to people but in certain low-lying areas people will see flooding,” says Marina Psaros, co-founder of \u003ca href=\"http://kingtides.net/about-us/who-we-are/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">King Tides Project\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Psaros says spots in Mill Valley near Highway 1 can flood; in Pacifica, flooding is common, as is cliff erosion during big storms. Currently, one of the beaches in Pacifica is closed indefinitely because of \u003ca href=\"http://www.mercurynews.com/2016/12/13/pacifica-concrete-pumped-into-sinkhole-on-eroded-cliff/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">a sinkhole that just opened\u003c/a> Saturday on a cliff in the area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.weather.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">National Weather Service\u003c/a> advises residents not to travel through flooded roadways or leave your vehicle in a low-lying parking lot near the coast and says to avoid narrow beaches and coves where your entry or exit could be blocked by rising waters.\u003cbr>\nhttps://twitter.com/CA_king_tides/status/808745206208032769\u003cbr>\nPsaros says rising water levels offer the opportunity to glimpse the future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They [king tides] happen every year and it really helps us know what’s going to be underwater in the future with sea level rise,” says Psaros.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Her organization is asking Californians to submit their king tide photos on Twitter using the hashtag \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/KingTides?src=hash\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">#kingtides\u003c/a>. These crowd-sourced photos help NASA and USGS scientists use real life data to validate sea level rise and climate change models.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "These massive tides, which happen every winter, are expected to flood the coast this week through Friday.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Some of the year’s highest tides will hit California shorelines this week and they’re predicted to reach 7 feet in some areas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Strong winter high tides, known as king tides, happen annually in certain coastal and low-lying areas like Highway 101 near Lucky Drive in Marin County and the Embarcadero in San Francisco.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\n\u003ch2>KING TIDES THIS WEEK\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>• Monday: 9:30 a.m. at 6.96 feet\u003cbr>\n• Tuesday: 10:10 a.m. at 7.09 feet\u003cbr>\n• Wednesday: 10:57 a.m. at 7.06 feet\u003cbr>\n• Thursday: 11:44 a.m. at 6.85 feet\u003cbr>\n• Friday: 12:33 p.m. at 6.49 feet\u003c/p>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>King tides occur when the moon, sun and Earth are so close together they create a strong gravitational pull that produces the greatest tidal effects of the year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On an average day, these king tides reach further inland than the highest ordinary tides, which can inundate roads and cause huge swells along the beach.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s not going to be a massive danger to people but in certain low-lying areas people will see flooding,” says Marina Psaros, co-founder of \u003ca href=\"http://kingtides.net/about-us/who-we-are/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">King Tides Project\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Psaros says spots in Mill Valley near Highway 1 can flood; in Pacifica, flooding is common, as is cliff erosion during big storms. Currently, one of the beaches in Pacifica is closed indefinitely because of \u003ca href=\"http://www.mercurynews.com/2016/12/13/pacifica-concrete-pumped-into-sinkhole-on-eroded-cliff/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">a sinkhole that just opened\u003c/a> Saturday on a cliff in the area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.weather.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">National Weather Service\u003c/a> advises residents not to travel through flooded roadways or leave your vehicle in a low-lying parking lot near the coast and says to avoid narrow beaches and coves where your entry or exit could be blocked by rising waters.\u003cbr>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cbr>\nPsaros says rising water levels offer the opportunity to glimpse the future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They [king tides] happen every year and it really helps us know what’s going to be underwater in the future with sea level rise,” says Psaros.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Her organization is asking Californians to submit their king tide photos on Twitter using the hashtag \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/KingTides?src=hash\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">#kingtides\u003c/a>. These crowd-sourced photos help NASA and USGS scientists use real life data to validate sea level rise and climate change models.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Heat-Seeking Drones Could Reduce Fire Deaths",
"headTitle": "Heat-Seeking Drones Could Reduce Fire Deaths | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>When firefighters were quelling the last of Oakland’s catastrophic \u003ca href=\"http://www.eastbaytimes.com/2016/12/07/oakland-ghost-ship-fire-search-nearly-finished-investigators-eye-refrigerator-as-cause/\">Ghost Ship warehouse fire\u003c/a> on the morning of December 3, they used a relatively new tool: an unmanned aerial vehicle, or drone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The small UAV, barely noticeable above the smoking ruins, belonged to the\u003ca href=\"https://www.alamedacountysheriff.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> Alameda County Sheriff’s Office\u003c/a>, and was equipped with a thermal imaging camera. It enabled firefighters to scan for lingering hotspots, which, if not extinguished, can reignite fires and hamper recovery efforts.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"aligncenter noborder\">\n\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" src=\"https://www.youtube.com/embed/rsiakOURdpo\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\n\u003cp class=\"wp-caption-text\">This short video of a training exercise in a smoke-filled tower at the South Marin Fire District reveals the stark difference between what the naked eye sees and what the same rescue looks like with thermal imaging. The voice narrating the action is South Marin firefighter Pete Falk.\u003c/p>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Whereas video cameras see reflected light in the visible part of the electromagnetic spectrum, thermal imagers are able to see the infrared band, invisible to the human eye. It’s like being able to see the radio waves from your wi-fi hub.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Thermal imagers can clearly illuminate not only flames and hot gases, but people whom responders would otherwise never see in smoke-filled buildings. They then display those images vividly on small hand-held devices or, more recently, on tiny screens built into firefighters’ breathing masks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Hot Item\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Thermal imaging cameras have been a growing part of firefighters’ gear package for years. Departments have been snapping them up at a record pace. An assessment by the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nfpa.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">National Fire Protection Association\u003c/a> showed the percentage of fire departments equipped with the technology rose from 24 percent in 2001 to nearly 80 percent this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over those years, the gadgets more than proved their worth. The logical next step was to make them airborne. Enter the age of the drone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s an absolute game changer for us,” says Tom Calvert, a battalion chief with the Menlo Park Fire Protection District. The district is rapidly \u003ca href=\"http://www.mercurynews.com/2016/07/27/menlo-park-fire-district-to-boost-drone-program/\">expanding its drone program\u003c/a> because of the edge Calvert says it gives responders to have a UAV in the sky above an incident.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You can pinpoint over a larger area,” he says, “hot spot there, hot spot there — and direct your resources right where they need to go.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1236322\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2000px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1236322\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/IMG_6209.jpg\" alt=\"Menlo Park Battalion Chief Tom Calvert inspects one of his department's drones. The fire district has two certified pilots so far.\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1500\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/IMG_6209.jpg 2000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/IMG_6209-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/IMG_6209-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/IMG_6209-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/IMG_6209-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/IMG_6209-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/IMG_6209-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/IMG_6209-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/IMG_6209-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/IMG_6209-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/IMG_6209-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2000px) 100vw, 2000px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Menlo Park Battalion Chief Tom Calvert inspects one of his department’s drones. The fire district has two certified UAV pilots so far. \u003ccite>(Craig Miller/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Eyes in the Sky\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Commander Tom Madigan, who heads the Alameda County Sheriff’s drone operation, says the Oakland Ghost Ship fire was the fourth time they’ve deployed on a fire incident. As Madigan’s team flew the drone, an Oakland Fire representative viewed color-coded images on the screen and directed ladder crews where to concentrate their water from overhead.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Oakland warehouse fire moved very rapidly through the building, putting firefighters on the defensive despite an estimated three-minute response time. Calvert says fast-moving fires have become the norm, in large part because of the plastic and other synthetic materials inside.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The fuels inside of buildings are different than they used to be 30-40 years ago, when they were cottons and wood fibers and you know, all the natural materials,” explains Calvert. “Now it’s petroleum. It’s like gasoline. The fires burn a lot faster now.\u003cbr>\nSo we’ve lost a bit of time, you know, in our battle against time.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Rapid Deployment\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Drones could help offset that. Calvert and other experts interviewed for this story say it won’t be long — perhaps a couple of years — before video and thermal camera-equipped drones will automatically take off from fire stations as soon as alarms come in, racing ahead of the engines and paramedics to send back initial data that could save time and lives. Drones could virtually eliminate the ground-level “360,” a time-consuming site evaluation that responders currently do as they arrive on scene.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1236321\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2000px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1236321\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/IMG_6211.jpg\" alt=\"Drones may soon launch automatically as fire equipment rolls out from the station, allowing firefighters to assess the scene before they arrive.\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1500\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/IMG_6211.jpg 2000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/IMG_6211-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/IMG_6211-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/IMG_6211-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/IMG_6211-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/IMG_6211-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/IMG_6211-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/IMG_6211-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/IMG_6211-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/IMG_6211-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/IMG_6211-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2000px) 100vw, 2000px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Drones may soon launch automatically as fire equipment rolls out from the station, allowing firefighters to assess the incident scene before they arrive. \u003ccite>(Craig Miller/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“Before we even get there, we can get very good information about this incident,” says Calvert, “and that helps drive where we put people and what we have them do.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Calvert calls thermal imaging and drones two of the four great breakthroughs in modern firefighting, right up there with breathing apparatus and radios. While figures are hard to come by, drones with thermal imaging cameras are rapidly becoming standard equipment for fire companies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s really been picking up,” says Romero Durscher, director of education for \u003ca href=\"http://www.dji.com/\">DJI\u003c/a>, a leading maker of drones used by public safety agencies, including the \u003ca href=\"http://www.dji.com/inspire-1\">one used in Oakland\u003c/a>. “We’re seeing more and more first-responder agencies using the technology and there’s a whole lot more that are just waiting and trying to figure out best practices.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those “best practices” are important. As drones become more ubiquitous, they’ve \u003ca href=\"http://www.slate.com/articles/technology/future_tense/2016/05/drone_privacy_is_about_much_more_than_sunbathing_teenage_daughters.html\">stoked public anxiety\u003c/a> over privacy and safety.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Every time we’ve had a major new technology come about, there were always concerns,” says Durscher.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We truly believe this technology can have a very positive impact.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You’re going to see an explosion of [this] technology used by public safety agencies,” predicts Madigan, whose unit also deploys drones in search-and-rescue and “high-risk” situations such as active-shooter incidents. Calvert agrees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think as you see more actual emergency response-type incidents where you see the drone in use and the benefit it gets us,” he says, “it’s hard to argue its value, certainly in emergency response.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Attach a thermal imaging camera to a drone and you have a powerful fire-fighting tool that can save precious minutes.\r\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>When firefighters were quelling the last of Oakland’s catastrophic \u003ca href=\"http://www.eastbaytimes.com/2016/12/07/oakland-ghost-ship-fire-search-nearly-finished-investigators-eye-refrigerator-as-cause/\">Ghost Ship warehouse fire\u003c/a> on the morning of December 3, they used a relatively new tool: an unmanned aerial vehicle, or drone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The small UAV, barely noticeable above the smoking ruins, belonged to the\u003ca href=\"https://www.alamedacountysheriff.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> Alameda County Sheriff’s Office\u003c/a>, and was equipped with a thermal imaging camera. It enabled firefighters to scan for lingering hotspots, which, if not extinguished, can reignite fires and hamper recovery efforts.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"aligncenter noborder\">\n\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" src=\"https://www.youtube.com/embed/rsiakOURdpo\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\n\u003cp class=\"wp-caption-text\">This short video of a training exercise in a smoke-filled tower at the South Marin Fire District reveals the stark difference between what the naked eye sees and what the same rescue looks like with thermal imaging. The voice narrating the action is South Marin firefighter Pete Falk.\u003c/p>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Whereas video cameras see reflected light in the visible part of the electromagnetic spectrum, thermal imagers are able to see the infrared band, invisible to the human eye. It’s like being able to see the radio waves from your wi-fi hub.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Thermal imagers can clearly illuminate not only flames and hot gases, but people whom responders would otherwise never see in smoke-filled buildings. They then display those images vividly on small hand-held devices or, more recently, on tiny screens built into firefighters’ breathing masks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Hot Item\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Thermal imaging cameras have been a growing part of firefighters’ gear package for years. Departments have been snapping them up at a record pace. An assessment by the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nfpa.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">National Fire Protection Association\u003c/a> showed the percentage of fire departments equipped with the technology rose from 24 percent in 2001 to nearly 80 percent this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over those years, the gadgets more than proved their worth. The logical next step was to make them airborne. Enter the age of the drone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s an absolute game changer for us,” says Tom Calvert, a battalion chief with the Menlo Park Fire Protection District. The district is rapidly \u003ca href=\"http://www.mercurynews.com/2016/07/27/menlo-park-fire-district-to-boost-drone-program/\">expanding its drone program\u003c/a> because of the edge Calvert says it gives responders to have a UAV in the sky above an incident.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You can pinpoint over a larger area,” he says, “hot spot there, hot spot there — and direct your resources right where they need to go.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1236322\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2000px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1236322\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/IMG_6209.jpg\" alt=\"Menlo Park Battalion Chief Tom Calvert inspects one of his department's drones. The fire district has two certified pilots so far.\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1500\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/IMG_6209.jpg 2000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/IMG_6209-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/IMG_6209-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/IMG_6209-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/IMG_6209-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/IMG_6209-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/IMG_6209-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/IMG_6209-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/IMG_6209-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/IMG_6209-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/IMG_6209-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2000px) 100vw, 2000px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Menlo Park Battalion Chief Tom Calvert inspects one of his department’s drones. The fire district has two certified UAV pilots so far. \u003ccite>(Craig Miller/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Eyes in the Sky\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Commander Tom Madigan, who heads the Alameda County Sheriff’s drone operation, says the Oakland Ghost Ship fire was the fourth time they’ve deployed on a fire incident. As Madigan’s team flew the drone, an Oakland Fire representative viewed color-coded images on the screen and directed ladder crews where to concentrate their water from overhead.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Oakland warehouse fire moved very rapidly through the building, putting firefighters on the defensive despite an estimated three-minute response time. Calvert says fast-moving fires have become the norm, in large part because of the plastic and other synthetic materials inside.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The fuels inside of buildings are different than they used to be 30-40 years ago, when they were cottons and wood fibers and you know, all the natural materials,” explains Calvert. “Now it’s petroleum. It’s like gasoline. The fires burn a lot faster now.\u003cbr>\nSo we’ve lost a bit of time, you know, in our battle against time.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Rapid Deployment\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Drones could help offset that. Calvert and other experts interviewed for this story say it won’t be long — perhaps a couple of years — before video and thermal camera-equipped drones will automatically take off from fire stations as soon as alarms come in, racing ahead of the engines and paramedics to send back initial data that could save time and lives. Drones could virtually eliminate the ground-level “360,” a time-consuming site evaluation that responders currently do as they arrive on scene.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1236321\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2000px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1236321\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/IMG_6211.jpg\" alt=\"Drones may soon launch automatically as fire equipment rolls out from the station, allowing firefighters to assess the scene before they arrive.\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1500\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/IMG_6211.jpg 2000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/IMG_6211-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/IMG_6211-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/IMG_6211-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/IMG_6211-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/IMG_6211-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/IMG_6211-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/IMG_6211-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/IMG_6211-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/IMG_6211-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/IMG_6211-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2000px) 100vw, 2000px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Drones may soon launch automatically as fire equipment rolls out from the station, allowing firefighters to assess the incident scene before they arrive. \u003ccite>(Craig Miller/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“Before we even get there, we can get very good information about this incident,” says Calvert, “and that helps drive where we put people and what we have them do.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Calvert calls thermal imaging and drones two of the four great breakthroughs in modern firefighting, right up there with breathing apparatus and radios. While figures are hard to come by, drones with thermal imaging cameras are rapidly becoming standard equipment for fire companies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s really been picking up,” says Romero Durscher, director of education for \u003ca href=\"http://www.dji.com/\">DJI\u003c/a>, a leading maker of drones used by public safety agencies, including the \u003ca href=\"http://www.dji.com/inspire-1\">one used in Oakland\u003c/a>. “We’re seeing more and more first-responder agencies using the technology and there’s a whole lot more that are just waiting and trying to figure out best practices.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those “best practices” are important. As drones become more ubiquitous, they’ve \u003ca href=\"http://www.slate.com/articles/technology/future_tense/2016/05/drone_privacy_is_about_much_more_than_sunbathing_teenage_daughters.html\">stoked public anxiety\u003c/a> over privacy and safety.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Every time we’ve had a major new technology come about, there were always concerns,” says Durscher.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We truly believe this technology can have a very positive impact.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You’re going to see an explosion of [this] technology used by public safety agencies,” predicts Madigan, whose unit also deploys drones in search-and-rescue and “high-risk” situations such as active-shooter incidents. Calvert agrees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think as you see more actual emergency response-type incidents where you see the drone in use and the benefit it gets us,” he says, “it’s hard to argue its value, certainly in emergency response.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "California Drought: Six Years In, How Will the State Keep Saving Water?",
"headTitle": "California Drought: Six Years In, How Will the State Keep Saving Water? | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>California is working to put into place a framework that will help the state deal with its current water shortage, as well as future droughts that are likely to be more severe with a changing climate. “\u003ca title=\"Link: http://www.water.ca.gov/wateruseefficiency/conservation/docs/EO_B-37-16_Report.pdf\" href=\"http://www.water.ca.gov/wateruseefficiency/conservation/docs/EO_B-37-16_Report.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Making Water Conservation a Way of Life\u003c/a>,” a draft report released last week, is the collective effort of five state agencies to fulfill Gov. Jerry Brown’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.gov.ca.gov/news.php?id=19408\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Executive Order B-37-16\u003c/a>, signed in May 2016.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Following the 1976-77 drought in California, the state has taken a series of progressive steps to increase drought resilience, as well as conservation and efficiency measures. More recently, the state passed \u003cspan class=\"caps\">SB\u003c/span> \u003cspan class=\"caps\">X7\u003c/span>‐7 in 2009, which mandates that, by 2020, California achieve a 20 percent reduction in per capita urban water use. And in the spring of 2015, Gov. Brown took the unprecedented step of issuing a statewide mandate on water conservation for the more than 400 urban water suppliers to reduce water use by 25 percent. Between June 2015 and March 2016 water consumption fell \u003cspan class=\"caps\">23.9 \u003c/span>percent, nearly hitting the governor’s ambitious goal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After pressure from many water agencies, the State Water Resources Control Board halted the mandatory reductions and instead enacted a “stress test” for water agencies to certify that they have a three-year supply of water under drought conditions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But with California’s drought extending beyond five years and climate change likely to alter the timing and amount of runoff from the Sierra Nevada, the state’s primary “reservoir,” state agencies are calling for more changes from urban and agricultural water suppliers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Californians rose to the challenge during this historic drought and recognized that conservation is critical in the face of an uncertain future. This plan is about harnessing the creativity and innovation that Californians have shown during the driest years in state history and making water conservation a way of life in the years ahead,” said California Department of Water Resources director Mark Cowin. “This plan will help make permanent changes to water use so California is better prepared for whatever the future brings.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1235873\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1200px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1235873\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/KMG_Shasta_low_water_08661.jpg\" alt=\"Low water levels in Lake Shasta on August 25th, 2014 during the state's fourth year of drought. \" width=\"1200\" height=\"799\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/KMG_Shasta_low_water_08661.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/KMG_Shasta_low_water_08661-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/KMG_Shasta_low_water_08661-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/KMG_Shasta_low_water_08661-768x511.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/KMG_Shasta_low_water_08661-1020x679.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/KMG_Shasta_low_water_08661-1180x786.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/KMG_Shasta_low_water_08661-960x639.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/KMG_Shasta_low_water_08661-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/KMG_Shasta_low_water_08661-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/KMG_Shasta_low_water_08661-520x346.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1200px) 100vw, 1200px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Low water levels in Lake Shasta on August 25th, 2014 during the state’s fourth year of drought. \u003ccite>(Kelly M. Grow/ California Department of Water Resources)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Some of the provisions included in the plan would:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Make permanent the ban on wasteful water practices such as watering down driveways and other hardscapes;\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Provide technical help and incentives to aid water suppliers in finding and fixing leaks;\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Develop new water use standards for urban water suppliers based on local conditions;\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Require water suppliers to be compliant with new water use targets by 2025;\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Require water suppliers to submit a five-year drought risk assessment;\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Improve drought resiliency for small, rural water agencies;\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Require agricultural water districts to create an annual water budget, a drought plan and measures for increasing efficiency.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>While the plan is widely hailed as a necessary step, there will likely be pushback over individual aspects from various stakeholders.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.acwa.com/content/about-acwa\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Association of California Water Agencies\u003c/a> (\u003cspan class=\"caps\">ACWA\u003c/span>), which advocates on behalf of 430 public water agencies in the state, said it was still analyzing the draft plan and would be submitting comments to state agencies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We appreciate the acknowledgement in the draft plan that water management works best at the local level,” said Lisa Lien-Mager, the organization’s director of communications. But added, “Flexibility is a key issue. The state’s long-term conservation framework must allow for local flexibility to meet the objectives of the framework. While an allocation or budget-based approach will work for many of the larger water agencies, we know that smaller, more rural communities will need a simpler approach to meet the goals. They will need alternative approaches.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the governor’s conservation mandate from 2015, focused on urban water suppliers, the current plan also includes agricultural suppliers. Ben Chou, a policy analyst for the water program of the Natural Resources of Defense Council, said the state should start by enforcing reporting rules that already exist for agriculture instead of making new ones that are going to be even more difficult to follow, such as water budgets that require information some water suppliers may not have the resources to acquire or analyze.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Roughly half of agricultural water suppliers are not following these existing reporting requirements and the Department of Water Resources (\u003cspan class=\"caps\">DWR\u003c/span>) has not done much to increase compliance,” said Chou. “We’ve also asked that the agricultural water suppliers be required to standardize how they are reporting data. Right now, they are not required now to submit water management plans in a standard format or to file that report electronically, which makes it difficult for the public and \u003cspan class=\"caps\">DWR\u003c/span> to review plans and reports.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chou said that agricultural efficiency efforts should also focus on modernizing water delivery systems, since 12 percent of irrigated farms still receive water on a fixed schedule and not when it’s most needed. And that other efforts should focus on the \u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/articles/2016/06/06/the-drought-solution-thats-under-our-feet\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">role of healthy soils\u003c/a> in conserving water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Practices that improve soil health, such as conservation till and cover cropping, can reduce the need for irrigation by increasing the water infiltration and storage capabilities of soil,” stated a letter of public comment submitted by \u003cspan class=\"caps\">NRDC\u003c/span>, the Pacific Institute, California Climate and Agriculture Network and the Community Alliance With Family Farmers. “On average, conservation-till farmers use 30 percent less irrigation water than their conventional tilling peers.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"fin\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.water.ca.gov/wateruseefficiency/conservation/comments.cfm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Public comments\u003c/a> on the conservation draft plan are being accepted until December 19.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This article originally appeared on \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://mail.kqed.org/owa/redir.aspx?C=9e4bb0e1a7d74f24ba4684ef2533053d&URL=https%3a%2f%2fwww.newsdeeply.com%2fwater\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Water Deeply\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, and you can find it \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/articles/2016/12/09/how-california-plans-to-make-conservation-a-way-of-life\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">here\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. For important news about the California drought, you can \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"http://waterdeeply.us5.list-manage.com/subscribe?u=8b78e9a34ff7443ec1e8c62c6&id=2947becb78\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">sign up\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> to the Water Deeply email list.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Five state agencies in California have collaborated to come up with a draft plan aimed at improving California’s long-term water conservation efforts beyond emergency regulations as California’s drought is now in its sixth year.",
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"description": "Five state agencies in California have collaborated to come up with a draft plan aimed at improving California’s long-term water conservation efforts beyond emergency regulations as California’s drought is now in its sixth year.",
"title": "California Drought: Six Years In, How Will the State Keep Saving Water? | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>California is working to put into place a framework that will help the state deal with its current water shortage, as well as future droughts that are likely to be more severe with a changing climate. “\u003ca title=\"Link: http://www.water.ca.gov/wateruseefficiency/conservation/docs/EO_B-37-16_Report.pdf\" href=\"http://www.water.ca.gov/wateruseefficiency/conservation/docs/EO_B-37-16_Report.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Making Water Conservation a Way of Life\u003c/a>,” a draft report released last week, is the collective effort of five state agencies to fulfill Gov. Jerry Brown’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.gov.ca.gov/news.php?id=19408\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Executive Order B-37-16\u003c/a>, signed in May 2016.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Following the 1976-77 drought in California, the state has taken a series of progressive steps to increase drought resilience, as well as conservation and efficiency measures. More recently, the state passed \u003cspan class=\"caps\">SB\u003c/span> \u003cspan class=\"caps\">X7\u003c/span>‐7 in 2009, which mandates that, by 2020, California achieve a 20 percent reduction in per capita urban water use. And in the spring of 2015, Gov. Brown took the unprecedented step of issuing a statewide mandate on water conservation for the more than 400 urban water suppliers to reduce water use by 25 percent. Between June 2015 and March 2016 water consumption fell \u003cspan class=\"caps\">23.9 \u003c/span>percent, nearly hitting the governor’s ambitious goal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After pressure from many water agencies, the State Water Resources Control Board halted the mandatory reductions and instead enacted a “stress test” for water agencies to certify that they have a three-year supply of water under drought conditions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But with California’s drought extending beyond five years and climate change likely to alter the timing and amount of runoff from the Sierra Nevada, the state’s primary “reservoir,” state agencies are calling for more changes from urban and agricultural water suppliers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Californians rose to the challenge during this historic drought and recognized that conservation is critical in the face of an uncertain future. This plan is about harnessing the creativity and innovation that Californians have shown during the driest years in state history and making water conservation a way of life in the years ahead,” said California Department of Water Resources director Mark Cowin. “This plan will help make permanent changes to water use so California is better prepared for whatever the future brings.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1235873\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1200px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1235873\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/KMG_Shasta_low_water_08661.jpg\" alt=\"Low water levels in Lake Shasta on August 25th, 2014 during the state's fourth year of drought. \" width=\"1200\" height=\"799\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/KMG_Shasta_low_water_08661.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/KMG_Shasta_low_water_08661-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/KMG_Shasta_low_water_08661-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/KMG_Shasta_low_water_08661-768x511.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/KMG_Shasta_low_water_08661-1020x679.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/KMG_Shasta_low_water_08661-1180x786.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/KMG_Shasta_low_water_08661-960x639.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/KMG_Shasta_low_water_08661-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/KMG_Shasta_low_water_08661-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/KMG_Shasta_low_water_08661-520x346.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1200px) 100vw, 1200px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Low water levels in Lake Shasta on August 25th, 2014 during the state’s fourth year of drought. \u003ccite>(Kelly M. Grow/ California Department of Water Resources)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Some of the provisions included in the plan would:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Make permanent the ban on wasteful water practices such as watering down driveways and other hardscapes;\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Provide technical help and incentives to aid water suppliers in finding and fixing leaks;\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Develop new water use standards for urban water suppliers based on local conditions;\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Require water suppliers to be compliant with new water use targets by 2025;\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Require water suppliers to submit a five-year drought risk assessment;\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Improve drought resiliency for small, rural water agencies;\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Require agricultural water districts to create an annual water budget, a drought plan and measures for increasing efficiency.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>While the plan is widely hailed as a necessary step, there will likely be pushback over individual aspects from various stakeholders.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.acwa.com/content/about-acwa\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Association of California Water Agencies\u003c/a> (\u003cspan class=\"caps\">ACWA\u003c/span>), which advocates on behalf of 430 public water agencies in the state, said it was still analyzing the draft plan and would be submitting comments to state agencies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We appreciate the acknowledgement in the draft plan that water management works best at the local level,” said Lisa Lien-Mager, the organization’s director of communications. But added, “Flexibility is a key issue. The state’s long-term conservation framework must allow for local flexibility to meet the objectives of the framework. While an allocation or budget-based approach will work for many of the larger water agencies, we know that smaller, more rural communities will need a simpler approach to meet the goals. They will need alternative approaches.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the governor’s conservation mandate from 2015, focused on urban water suppliers, the current plan also includes agricultural suppliers. Ben Chou, a policy analyst for the water program of the Natural Resources of Defense Council, said the state should start by enforcing reporting rules that already exist for agriculture instead of making new ones that are going to be even more difficult to follow, such as water budgets that require information some water suppliers may not have the resources to acquire or analyze.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Roughly half of agricultural water suppliers are not following these existing reporting requirements and the Department of Water Resources (\u003cspan class=\"caps\">DWR\u003c/span>) has not done much to increase compliance,” said Chou. “We’ve also asked that the agricultural water suppliers be required to standardize how they are reporting data. Right now, they are not required now to submit water management plans in a standard format or to file that report electronically, which makes it difficult for the public and \u003cspan class=\"caps\">DWR\u003c/span> to review plans and reports.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chou said that agricultural efficiency efforts should also focus on modernizing water delivery systems, since 12 percent of irrigated farms still receive water on a fixed schedule and not when it’s most needed. And that other efforts should focus on the \u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/articles/2016/06/06/the-drought-solution-thats-under-our-feet\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">role of healthy soils\u003c/a> in conserving water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Practices that improve soil health, such as conservation till and cover cropping, can reduce the need for irrigation by increasing the water infiltration and storage capabilities of soil,” stated a letter of public comment submitted by \u003cspan class=\"caps\">NRDC\u003c/span>, the Pacific Institute, California Climate and Agriculture Network and the Community Alliance With Family Farmers. “On average, conservation-till farmers use 30 percent less irrigation water than their conventional tilling peers.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"fin\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.water.ca.gov/wateruseefficiency/conservation/comments.cfm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Public comments\u003c/a> on the conservation draft plan are being accepted until December 19.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This article originally appeared on \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://mail.kqed.org/owa/redir.aspx?C=9e4bb0e1a7d74f24ba4684ef2533053d&URL=https%3a%2f%2fwww.newsdeeply.com%2fwater\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Water Deeply\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, and you can find it \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/articles/2016/12/09/how-california-plans-to-make-conservation-a-way-of-life\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">here\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. For important news about the California drought, you can \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"http://waterdeeply.us5.list-manage.com/subscribe?u=8b78e9a34ff7443ec1e8c62c6&id=2947becb78\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">sign up\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> to the Water Deeply email list.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "If Trump Rejects Paris Climate Treaty, Could California Sign On?",
"headTitle": "If Trump Rejects Paris Climate Treaty, Could California Sign On? | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>With President-elect Trump’s pro-fossil fuel rhetoric and the future of the international climate treaty looking cloudy, some are hoping California will \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/11/16/governor-brown-takes-climate-message-to-world-stage/\">take over leadership\u003c/a> on climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And it appears the state’s leaders are ready to do so. On Wednesday, California Gov. Jerry Brown \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2016/12/14/gov-brown-to-embattled-climate-scientists-we-will-persevere/\">told embattled climate scientists\u003c/a> at the American Geophysical Union conference in San Francisco that the state stands ready to lead the charge against climate change if Washington won’t.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We will set the stage,” he said. “We will set the example. And whatever Washington thinks they’re doing, California is the future.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some are hoping the Governor will take it a step farther and are asking an unprecedented question: if the U.S. pulls out of the international climate treaty, as Trump has said he wants to, could California sign on to it?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[soundcloud url=”https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/297756271″ params=”color=ff5500&auto_play=false&hide_related=false&show_comments=true&show_user=true&show_reposts=false” width=”100%” height=”166″ iframe=”true” /]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The idea came up when international leaders held their annual climate change meeting in Marrakesh just after Election Day in November. The goal was to put some teeth in the international treaty to cut carbon emissions, signed last year in Paris.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘Lots of informal cooperation can actually be more important and more meaningful than the formal arrangements.’\u003cbr>\n\u003ccite>Michael Wara, Stanford Law School\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>With Trump’s win, suddenly the US delegation didn’t have much to say. But California’s delegation did.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“California will not retreat,” said \u003ca href=\"http://sd24.senate.ca.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Kevin de León\u003c/a>, president pro tempore of the California State Senate, speaking at the meeting. “California will continue to be a beacon of hope and opportunity for the entire world.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As anxiety over the future of the climate treaty grew, de León said many countries sought meetings with California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There were a lot of nations and subnationals that were seeking a real sense of assurance that California will continue to move forward with its progressive climate change policy and leadership,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At which point, the international Paris treaty came up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It was a discussion point,” de León said. “The question was: Could the state of California be a direct party to the Paris accords through the United Nations? There are folks out there who are trying to see if this is legally possible. “\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the meeting, de León said “we’re not there yet but that’s always an option I want to keep open.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, would it work?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The short answer is no,” said Michael Wara of Stanford Law School.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”R0r5L01NGCGTa58nmK47E7nioSoowDRF”]The central reason is that the authors of the Constitution didn’t leave a lot of wiggle room.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They were very careful to ensure that the federal government and the president in particular would have sole authority to conduct foreign affairs,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California has tested this before. In 1999, the state passed a law requiring European insurance companies disclose the names of people who signed up for policies before World War II. Families of Holocaust survivors were having trouble collecting insurance because the paperwork had been lost or destroyed in the war.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The California law revoked the licenses of foreign insurance companies that didn’t comply. At the same time, the federal government was holding its own negotiations on the matter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the end, the Supreme Court struck down California’s law, finding that “there shouldn’t be two foreign policies,” Wara said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That hasn’t mattered until now when it comes to climate,” he said. “The Obama Administration has loved the fact that California is out as leader, trying to advance its own agenda, sort of acting like a nation state. But we don’t live in that world anymore.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The other reason California probably couldn’t sign on to the treaty comes from international law, according to Wara.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Only nation-states can be parties to international agreements and only members to the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change can be members of the Paris agreement,” he says. “And California is not a member.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, Wara says signing the treaty may not matter, because California has adopted it in practice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“California has set objectives for itself that are far more aggressive than the U.S. commitments under the Paris agreement,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state has an ambitious climate goal to slash emissions by 2030 through cleaner cars, renewable energy and its \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/11/09/cap-and-trade-101-how-californias-carbon-market-works/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">cap-and-trade program\u003c/a>, which regulates power plants and manufacturers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Governor Brown has also launched his own climate movement, known as the \u003ca href=\"http://under2mou.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Under2 MOU\u003c/a>, where the state has signed agreements to cut carbon emissions with more than 100 city and regional governments worldwide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Lots of informal cooperation can actually be more important and more meaningful than the formal arrangements,” Wara said.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>With President-elect Trump’s pro-fossil fuel rhetoric and the future of the international climate treaty looking cloudy, some are hoping California will \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/11/16/governor-brown-takes-climate-message-to-world-stage/\">take over leadership\u003c/a> on climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And it appears the state’s leaders are ready to do so. On Wednesday, California Gov. Jerry Brown \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2016/12/14/gov-brown-to-embattled-climate-scientists-we-will-persevere/\">told embattled climate scientists\u003c/a> at the American Geophysical Union conference in San Francisco that the state stands ready to lead the charge against climate change if Washington won’t.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We will set the stage,” he said. “We will set the example. And whatever Washington thinks they’re doing, California is the future.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some are hoping the Governor will take it a step farther and are asking an unprecedented question: if the U.S. pulls out of the international climate treaty, as Trump has said he wants to, could California sign on to it?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cdiv class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__shortcodes__shortcodeWrapper'>\n \u003ciframe width='”100%”' height='”166″'\n scrolling='no' frameborder='no'\n src='https://w.soundcloud.com/player/?url=”https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/297756271″&visual=true&”color=ff5500&auto_play=false&hide_related=false&show_comments=true&show_user=true&show_reposts=false”'\n title='”https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/297756271″'>\n \u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/div>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The idea came up when international leaders held their annual climate change meeting in Marrakesh just after Election Day in November. The goal was to put some teeth in the international treaty to cut carbon emissions, signed last year in Paris.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘Lots of informal cooperation can actually be more important and more meaningful than the formal arrangements.’\u003cbr>\n\u003ccite>Michael Wara, Stanford Law School\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>With Trump’s win, suddenly the US delegation didn’t have much to say. But California’s delegation did.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“California will not retreat,” said \u003ca href=\"http://sd24.senate.ca.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Kevin de León\u003c/a>, president pro tempore of the California State Senate, speaking at the meeting. “California will continue to be a beacon of hope and opportunity for the entire world.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As anxiety over the future of the climate treaty grew, de León said many countries sought meetings with California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There were a lot of nations and subnationals that were seeking a real sense of assurance that California will continue to move forward with its progressive climate change policy and leadership,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At which point, the international Paris treaty came up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It was a discussion point,” de León said. “The question was: Could the state of California be a direct party to the Paris accords through the United Nations? There are folks out there who are trying to see if this is legally possible. “\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the meeting, de León said “we’re not there yet but that’s always an option I want to keep open.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, would it work?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The short answer is no,” said Michael Wara of Stanford Law School.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>The central reason is that the authors of the Constitution didn’t leave a lot of wiggle room.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They were very careful to ensure that the federal government and the president in particular would have sole authority to conduct foreign affairs,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California has tested this before. In 1999, the state passed a law requiring European insurance companies disclose the names of people who signed up for policies before World War II. Families of Holocaust survivors were having trouble collecting insurance because the paperwork had been lost or destroyed in the war.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The California law revoked the licenses of foreign insurance companies that didn’t comply. At the same time, the federal government was holding its own negotiations on the matter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the end, the Supreme Court struck down California’s law, finding that “there shouldn’t be two foreign policies,” Wara said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That hasn’t mattered until now when it comes to climate,” he said. “The Obama Administration has loved the fact that California is out as leader, trying to advance its own agenda, sort of acting like a nation state. But we don’t live in that world anymore.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The other reason California probably couldn’t sign on to the treaty comes from international law, according to Wara.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Only nation-states can be parties to international agreements and only members to the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change can be members of the Paris agreement,” he says. “And California is not a member.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, Wara says signing the treaty may not matter, because California has adopted it in practice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“California has set objectives for itself that are far more aggressive than the U.S. commitments under the Paris agreement,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state has an ambitious climate goal to slash emissions by 2030 through cleaner cars, renewable energy and its \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/11/09/cap-and-trade-101-how-californias-carbon-market-works/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">cap-and-trade program\u003c/a>, which regulates power plants and manufacturers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Governor Brown has also launched his own climate movement, known as the \u003ca href=\"http://under2mou.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Under2 MOU\u003c/a>, where the state has signed agreements to cut carbon emissions with more than 100 city and regional governments worldwide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Lots of informal cooperation can actually be more important and more meaningful than the formal arrangements,” Wara said.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Scientists Want to Send Underwater Drones to Explore Jupiter's Moon",
"headTitle": "Scientists Want to Send Underwater Drones to Explore Jupiter’s Moon | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>California’s deep ocean has become the testing ground for robotic missions with far-reaching goals, not only to expand our understanding of Earth’s largely unexplored sea floor, but ultimately to probe the mysterious depths of the ice-shrouded ocean of Jupiter’s moon Europa.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A \u003ca href=\"http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=6686\">small fleet of robotic drones\u003c/a> are being tested in the waters of Monterey Bay, focusing on changes in water temperature and salinity. The goal of the research is to develop a drone capable of making decisions on its own based on the conditions that it finds, rather than simply responding to instructions supplied by human handlers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1222975\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1222975\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/jpl-steve-chien-drones.jpg\" alt=\"NASA/JPL's Steve Chien with some of the submarine drones being tested in Monterey Bay as autonomous ocean exploring robots. \" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/jpl-steve-chien-drones.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/jpl-steve-chien-drones-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/jpl-steve-chien-drones-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/jpl-steve-chien-drones-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/jpl-steve-chien-drones-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/jpl-steve-chien-drones-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">NASA/JPL’s Steve Chien with some of the submarine drones being tested in Monterey Bay as autonomous ocean exploring robots. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-CalTech)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The team conducting the tests includes members from NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory, the Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, Caltech, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute, and Remote Sensing Solutions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Exploring Oceans Isn’t Easy, Even on Earth\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the immediate research goal is to expand our ability to explore Earth’s oceans using self-directed robots, NASA scientists are casting an eye farther out in space toward \u003ca href=\"http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/europa\">Europa\u003c/a>. Jupiter’s moon possesses an ocean that’s hidden beneath an icy crust and contains more water than all of Earth’s oceans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In some ways it’s easier to explore the surface of Mars than our ocean. Aerial and satellite measurements mostly reveal conditions at the sea’s surface, and cannot penetrate the water to any great depth. Sonar can reveal the overall geography of the ocean floor, but does not show us fine details of geological composition and biological activity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Variations in water temperature and salinity, water currents and the physical geography of the Monterey Canyon — not to mention entangled kelp forests and other ocean life — are factors an ocean-exploring robot must be prepared to deal with and then make navigational and scientific decisions upon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By comparison, robotic rovers on Mars only have to negotiate obstacles like boulders, cliffs, and sand and endure the occasional dust storm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Europa’s Tantalizing Ocean\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The challenge of exploring Europa’s ocean is far greater than exploring our own. First, the Jupiter system is half a billion miles away. That’s a distance which takes radio signals at least half an hour to traverse — one way. Second, Europa’s ocean is topped by a crust of ice that’s probably at least a few miles thick. Third, scientists believe Europa’s ocean is much deeper than Earth’s — possibly 30 miles deep. The deepest part of the Earth’s ocean, in the Mariana Trench near Guam, is 6.8 miles deep.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And of course if scientists design and build a robotic submarine to travel to Europa, bore through miles of ice, and enter the watery realm beneath, they might naturally prefer it reach the bottom of that ocean, and see what’s on Europa’s ocean floor. It’s there we might hope to find the thing that’s piqued our curiosity: the \u003ca href=\"http://www.space.com/32995-jupiter-moon-europa-energy-life.html\">possibility of extraterrestrial life\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1222976\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1222976\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/europa-cutaway.jpg\" alt=\"Cutaway of Jupiter's moon Europa and profile of its sub-ice ocean. Heat generated by tidal forces with Jupiter's gravity emerges from the rocker interior to form the liquid water layer.\" width=\"800\" height=\"566\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/europa-cutaway.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/europa-cutaway-160x113.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/europa-cutaway-768x543.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/europa-cutaway-240x170.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/europa-cutaway-375x265.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/europa-cutaway-520x368.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Cutaway of Jupiter’s moon Europa and profile of its sub-ice ocean. Heat generated by tidal forces with Jupiter’s gravity emerges from the rocker interior to form the liquid water layer. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Europa’s ocean is thawed by heat energy generated by tidal interactions with Jupiter’s gravity, which emerges from the suspected rocky mantle below.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Whereas on Earth, volcanic vents on the ocean floor spew superheated, chemical-laden water. And, we have found communities of living organisms thriving around these \u003ca href=\"http://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/vents.html\">hydrothermal vents\u003c/a>. Complete ecosystems are fueled entirely by the heat and chemicals emerging from Earth’s interior — no sunlight required!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Could similar conditions exist on Europa’s ocean floor, supplying the heat and chemistry to support life in the otherwise dark, sunless world? An answer to this question is the prize we may win with robotic drones that are sophisticated enough to overcome the daunting obstacles ahead.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What Might Be Down There?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Artist illustrations of the floor of Europa’s ocean have depicted scenes thriving with lifeforms resembling corals, anemones, jellyfish and such — creatures that we are familiar with on Earth. If there is life to be found on Europa, odds are that it would consist of single-celled creatures. For most of the multi-billion-year history of life on Earth, single-celled plants and animals were the only life-form. Only relatively recently have multicellular organisms appeared on Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1222977\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 768px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1222977\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/europa-cryobot.jpg\" alt=\"Artist depiction of a robotic submarine probe exploring the floor of Europa's ocean. \" width=\"768\" height=\"610\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/europa-cryobot.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/europa-cryobot-160x127.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/europa-cryobot-240x191.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/europa-cryobot-375x298.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/europa-cryobot-520x413.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Artist depiction of a robotic submarine probe exploring the floor of Europa’s ocean. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In the near future — sometime in the early 2030s — a couple of missions, one by \u003ca href=\"http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/missions/europa-mission/\">NASA \u003c/a>and another by the \u003ca href=\"http://sci.esa.int/juice/\">European Space Agency\u003c/a>, will attempt to analyze water vapor spewing into space from Europa’s ice crust, purportedly emanating from the ocean below. These missions could give us a whiff of the chemistry of the ocean, and possibly even signs of life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A drone mission into Europa’s ocean is probably a bit further into the future, but the work being done with artificially intelligent drones in Earth’s Monterey Bay are concrete baby-steps toward that goal.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Scientists are developing drones they hope could probe below Europa's icy crust into its unexplored ocean.\r\n\r\n",
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"description": "Scientists are developing drones they hope could probe below Europa's icy crust into its unexplored ocean.\r\n\r\n",
"title": "Scientists Want to Send Underwater Drones to Explore Jupiter's Moon | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>California’s deep ocean has become the testing ground for robotic missions with far-reaching goals, not only to expand our understanding of Earth’s largely unexplored sea floor, but ultimately to probe the mysterious depths of the ice-shrouded ocean of Jupiter’s moon Europa.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A \u003ca href=\"http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=6686\">small fleet of robotic drones\u003c/a> are being tested in the waters of Monterey Bay, focusing on changes in water temperature and salinity. The goal of the research is to develop a drone capable of making decisions on its own based on the conditions that it finds, rather than simply responding to instructions supplied by human handlers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1222975\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1222975\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/jpl-steve-chien-drones.jpg\" alt=\"NASA/JPL's Steve Chien with some of the submarine drones being tested in Monterey Bay as autonomous ocean exploring robots. \" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/jpl-steve-chien-drones.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/jpl-steve-chien-drones-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/jpl-steve-chien-drones-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/jpl-steve-chien-drones-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/jpl-steve-chien-drones-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/jpl-steve-chien-drones-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">NASA/JPL’s Steve Chien with some of the submarine drones being tested in Monterey Bay as autonomous ocean exploring robots. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-CalTech)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The team conducting the tests includes members from NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory, the Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, Caltech, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute, and Remote Sensing Solutions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Exploring Oceans Isn’t Easy, Even on Earth\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the immediate research goal is to expand our ability to explore Earth’s oceans using self-directed robots, NASA scientists are casting an eye farther out in space toward \u003ca href=\"http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/europa\">Europa\u003c/a>. Jupiter’s moon possesses an ocean that’s hidden beneath an icy crust and contains more water than all of Earth’s oceans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In some ways it’s easier to explore the surface of Mars than our ocean. Aerial and satellite measurements mostly reveal conditions at the sea’s surface, and cannot penetrate the water to any great depth. Sonar can reveal the overall geography of the ocean floor, but does not show us fine details of geological composition and biological activity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Variations in water temperature and salinity, water currents and the physical geography of the Monterey Canyon — not to mention entangled kelp forests and other ocean life — are factors an ocean-exploring robot must be prepared to deal with and then make navigational and scientific decisions upon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By comparison, robotic rovers on Mars only have to negotiate obstacles like boulders, cliffs, and sand and endure the occasional dust storm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Europa’s Tantalizing Ocean\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The challenge of exploring Europa’s ocean is far greater than exploring our own. First, the Jupiter system is half a billion miles away. That’s a distance which takes radio signals at least half an hour to traverse — one way. Second, Europa’s ocean is topped by a crust of ice that’s probably at least a few miles thick. Third, scientists believe Europa’s ocean is much deeper than Earth’s — possibly 30 miles deep. The deepest part of the Earth’s ocean, in the Mariana Trench near Guam, is 6.8 miles deep.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And of course if scientists design and build a robotic submarine to travel to Europa, bore through miles of ice, and enter the watery realm beneath, they might naturally prefer it reach the bottom of that ocean, and see what’s on Europa’s ocean floor. It’s there we might hope to find the thing that’s piqued our curiosity: the \u003ca href=\"http://www.space.com/32995-jupiter-moon-europa-energy-life.html\">possibility of extraterrestrial life\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1222976\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1222976\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/europa-cutaway.jpg\" alt=\"Cutaway of Jupiter's moon Europa and profile of its sub-ice ocean. Heat generated by tidal forces with Jupiter's gravity emerges from the rocker interior to form the liquid water layer.\" width=\"800\" height=\"566\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/europa-cutaway.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/europa-cutaway-160x113.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/europa-cutaway-768x543.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/europa-cutaway-240x170.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/europa-cutaway-375x265.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/europa-cutaway-520x368.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Cutaway of Jupiter’s moon Europa and profile of its sub-ice ocean. Heat generated by tidal forces with Jupiter’s gravity emerges from the rocker interior to form the liquid water layer. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Europa’s ocean is thawed by heat energy generated by tidal interactions with Jupiter’s gravity, which emerges from the suspected rocky mantle below.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Whereas on Earth, volcanic vents on the ocean floor spew superheated, chemical-laden water. And, we have found communities of living organisms thriving around these \u003ca href=\"http://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/vents.html\">hydrothermal vents\u003c/a>. Complete ecosystems are fueled entirely by the heat and chemicals emerging from Earth’s interior — no sunlight required!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Could similar conditions exist on Europa’s ocean floor, supplying the heat and chemistry to support life in the otherwise dark, sunless world? An answer to this question is the prize we may win with robotic drones that are sophisticated enough to overcome the daunting obstacles ahead.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What Might Be Down There?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Artist illustrations of the floor of Europa’s ocean have depicted scenes thriving with lifeforms resembling corals, anemones, jellyfish and such — creatures that we are familiar with on Earth. If there is life to be found on Europa, odds are that it would consist of single-celled creatures. For most of the multi-billion-year history of life on Earth, single-celled plants and animals were the only life-form. Only relatively recently have multicellular organisms appeared on Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1222977\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 768px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1222977\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/europa-cryobot.jpg\" alt=\"Artist depiction of a robotic submarine probe exploring the floor of Europa's ocean. \" width=\"768\" height=\"610\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/europa-cryobot.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/europa-cryobot-160x127.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/europa-cryobot-240x191.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/europa-cryobot-375x298.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/europa-cryobot-520x413.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Artist depiction of a robotic submarine probe exploring the floor of Europa’s ocean. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In the near future — sometime in the early 2030s — a couple of missions, one by \u003ca href=\"http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/missions/europa-mission/\">NASA \u003c/a>and another by the \u003ca href=\"http://sci.esa.int/juice/\">European Space Agency\u003c/a>, will attempt to analyze water vapor spewing into space from Europa’s ice crust, purportedly emanating from the ocean below. These missions could give us a whiff of the chemistry of the ocean, and possibly even signs of life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A drone mission into Europa’s ocean is probably a bit further into the future, but the work being done with artificially intelligent drones in Earth’s Monterey Bay are concrete baby-steps toward that goal.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "John Glenn, First American to Orbit the Earth, Dies",
"headTitle": "John Glenn, First American to Orbit the Earth, Dies | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>John Glenn, whose 1962 flight as the first U.S. astronaut to orbit the Earth made him an all-American hero and propelled him to a long career in the U.S. Senate, died Thursday. The last survivor of the original Mercury 7 astronauts was 95.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Glenn died at the James Cancer Hospital in Columbus, where he was hospitalized for more than a week, said Hank Wilson, communications director for the John Glenn School of Public Affairs.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘I’ve been very fortunate to have a lot of great experiences in my life and I’m thankful for them.’\u003ccite>John Glenn in 2012\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>John Herschel Glenn Jr. had two major career paths that often intersected: flying and politics, and he soared in both of them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Before he gained fame orbiting the world, he was a fighter pilot in two wars, and as a test pilot, he set a transcontinental speed record. He later served 24 years in the Senate from Ohio. A rare setback was a failed 1984 run for the Democratic presidential nomination.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His long political career enabled him to return to space in the shuttle Discovery at age 77 in 1998, a cosmic victory lap that he relished and turned into a teachable moment about growing old. He holds the record for the oldest person in space.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1225861\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1041px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1225861\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/John-glenn_NASA.jpg\" alt=\"John Glenn (second from the left in the blue NASA suit) next to the orbiter Discovery on Nov. 8, 1998, that carried the STS-95 crew for nine days and 3.6 million miles.\" width=\"1041\" height=\"691\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/John-glenn_NASA.jpg 1041w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/John-glenn_NASA-160x106.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/John-glenn_NASA-800x531.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/John-glenn_NASA-768x510.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/John-glenn_NASA-1020x677.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/John-glenn_NASA-960x637.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/John-glenn_NASA-240x159.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/John-glenn_NASA-375x249.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/John-glenn_NASA-520x345.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1041px) 100vw, 1041px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">John Glenn (second from the left in the blue NASA suit) next to the orbiter Discovery on Nov. 8, 1998, that carried the STS-95 crew for nine days and 3.6 million miles. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>More than anything, John Glenn was the ultimate and uniquely American space hero: a combat veteran with an easy smile, a strong marriage of 70 years and nerves of steel. Schools, a space center and the Columbus, Ohio, airport were named after him. So were children.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Soviet Union leaped ahead in space exploration by putting the Sputnik 1 satellite in orbit in 1957, and then launched the first man in space, cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin, in a 108-minute orbital flight on April 12, 1961. After a two suborbital flights by Alan Shepard Jr. and Gus Grissom, it was up to Glenn to be the first American to orbit the Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Godspeed, John Glenn,” fellow astronaut Scott Carpenter radioed just before Glenn thundered off a Cape Canaveral launch pad, now a National Historic Landmark, to a place America had never been. At the time of that Feb. 20, 1962, flight, Glenn was 40 years old.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1225862\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 331px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-1225862\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/John-glenn_close-up.jpg\" alt=\"Astronaut John H. Glenn Jr. dons his silver Mercury pressure suit in preparation for launch. On February 20, 1962 Glenn lifted off into space aboard his Mercury Atlas (MA-6) rocket and became the first American to orbit the Earth. \" width=\"331\" height=\"504\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/John-glenn_close-up.jpg 1041w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/John-glenn_close-up-160x243.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/John-glenn_close-up-800x1217.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/John-glenn_close-up-768x1169.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/John-glenn_close-up-1020x1552.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/John-glenn_close-up-960x1461.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/John-glenn_close-up-240x365.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/John-glenn_close-up-375x571.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/John-glenn_close-up-520x791.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 331px) 100vw, 331px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Astronaut John H. Glenn Jr. dons his silver Mercury pressure suit in preparation for launch. On February 20, 1962 Glenn lifted off into space aboard his Mercury Atlas (MA-6) rocket and became the first American to orbit the Earth. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>With the all-business phrase, “Roger, the clock is operating, we’re underway,” Glenn radioed to Earth as he started his 4 hours, 55 minutes and 23 seconds in space. Years later, he explained he said that because he didn’t feel like he had lifted off and it was the only way he knew he had launched.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During the flight, Glenn uttered a phrase that he would repeat frequently throughout life: “Zero G, and I feel fine.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It still seems so vivid to me,” Glenn said in a 2012 interview with The Associated Press on the 50th anniversary of the flight. “I still can sort of pseudo feel some of those same sensations I had back in those days during launch and all.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Glenn said he was often asked if he was afraid, and he replied, “If you are talking about fear that overcomes what you are supposed to do, no. You’ve trained very hard for those flights.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Glenn’s ride in the cramped Friendship 7 capsule had its scary moments, however. Sensors showed his heat shield was loose after three orbits, and Mission Control worried he might burn up during re-entry when temperatures reached 3,000 degrees. But the heat shield held.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even before then, Glenn flew in dangerous skies. He was a fighter pilot in World War II and Korea who flew low, got his plane riddled with bullets, flew with baseball great Ted Williams and earned macho nicknames during 149 combat missions. And as a test pilot he broke aviation records.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1225864\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1041px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1225864\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/John-Glenn_working.jpg\" alt=\"STS-95 payload specialist John Glenn works with the Osteporosis Experiment in Orbit (OSTEO) experiment located in a locker in the Discovery's middeck.\" width=\"1041\" height=\"695\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/John-Glenn_working.jpg 1041w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/John-Glenn_working-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/John-Glenn_working-800x534.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/John-Glenn_working-768x513.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/John-Glenn_working-1020x681.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/John-Glenn_working-960x641.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/John-Glenn_working-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/John-Glenn_working-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/John-Glenn_working-520x347.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1041px) 100vw, 1041px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">STS-95 payload specialist John Glenn works with the Osteporosis Experiment in Orbit (OSTEO) experiment located in a locker in the Discovery’s middeck. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1225865\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1041px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1225865\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/John-Glenn_Armstrong.jpg\" alt=\"Sen. John Glenn, left, and Apollo 11 Astronaut Neil Armstrong are seen prior to the start of a dinner at Ohio State University that honored the 50th anniversary of John Glenn's historic flight aboard Friendship 7 in, 2012. \" width=\"1041\" height=\"744\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/John-Glenn_Armstrong.jpg 1041w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/John-Glenn_Armstrong-160x114.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/John-Glenn_Armstrong-800x572.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/John-Glenn_Armstrong-768x549.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/John-Glenn_Armstrong-1020x729.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/John-Glenn_Armstrong-960x686.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/John-Glenn_Armstrong-240x172.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/John-Glenn_Armstrong-375x268.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/John-Glenn_Armstrong-520x372.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1041px) 100vw, 1041px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Sen. John Glenn, left, and Apollo 11 Astronaut Neil Armstrong are seen prior to the start of a dinner at Ohio State University that honored the 50th anniversary of John Glenn’s historic flight aboard Friendship 7 in, 2012. \u003ccite>(Bill Ingalls/NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The green-eyed, telegenic Marine even won $25,000 on the game show “Name That Tune” with a 10-year-old partner. And that was before April 6, 1959, when his life changed by being selected as one of the Mercury 7 astronauts and instantly started attracting more than his share of the spotlight.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Glenn in later years regaled crowds with stories of NASA’s testing of would-be astronauts, from psychological tests — come with 20 answers to the open ended question “I am” — to surviving spinning that pushed 16 times normal gravity against his body, popping blood vessels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it wasn’t nearly as bad as coming to Cape Canaveral to see the first unmanned rocket test.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re watching this thing go up and up and up … and all at once it blew up right over us, and that was our introduction to the Atlas,” Glenn said in 2011. “We looked at each other and wanted to have a meeting with the engineers in the morning.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1225866\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 396px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-1225866\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/rocket.jpg\" alt=\"John Glenn became the first American to orbit Earth on the Friendship 7 mission.\" width=\"396\" height=\"495\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/rocket.jpg 2400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/rocket-160x200.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/rocket-800x1000.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/rocket-768x960.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/rocket-1020x1275.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/rocket-1920x2400.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/rocket-1180x1475.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/rocket-960x1200.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/rocket-240x300.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/rocket-375x469.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/rocket-520x650.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 396px) 100vw, 396px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">John Glenn became the first American to orbit Earth on the Friendship 7 mission. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In 1959, Glenn wrote in Life magazine: “Space travel is at the frontier of my profession. It is going to be accomplished, and I want to be in on it. There is also an element of simple duty involved. I am convinced that I have something to give this project.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That sense of duty was instilled at an early age. Glenn was born July 18, 1921, in Cambridge, Ohio, and grew up in New Concord, Ohio, with the nickname “Bud.” He joined the town band as a trumpeter at age 10 and accompanied his father one Memorial Day in an echoing version of “Taps.” In his 1999 memoir,Glenn wrote “that feeling sums up my childhood. It formed my beliefs and my sense of responsibility. Everything that came after that just came naturally.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His love of flight was lifelong; John Glenn Sr. spoke of the many summer evenings he arrived home to find his son running around the yard with outstretched arms, pretending he was piloting a plane. Last June, at a ceremony renaming the Columbus airport for him, Glenn recalled imploring his parents to take him to that airport to look at planes whenever they passed through the city: “It was something I was fascinated with.” He piloted his own private plane until age 90.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Glenn’s goal of becoming a commercial pilot was changed by World War II. He left Muskingum College to join the Naval Air Corps and soon after, the Marines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He became a successful fighter pilot who ran 59 hazardous missions, often as a volunteer or as the requested backup of assigned pilots. A war later, in Korea, he earned the nickname “MiG-Mad Marine” (or “Old Magnet A — ,” which he sometimes paraphrased as “Old Magnet Tail.”)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I was the one who went in low and got them,” Glenn said, explaining that he often landed with huge holes in the side of his aircraft because he didn’t like to shoot from high altitudes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1225867\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 360px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-1225867\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/JOhn-Glenn_orange-suits.jpg\" alt=\"STS-95 crew members exit the Operations and Checkout Building where they suited up before leaving for Launch Pad 39-B on Oct. 9, 1998. John Glenn is second from the right. \" width=\"360\" height=\"472\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/JOhn-Glenn_orange-suits.jpg 1041w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/JOhn-Glenn_orange-suits-160x210.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/JOhn-Glenn_orange-suits-800x1051.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/JOhn-Glenn_orange-suits-768x1009.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/JOhn-Glenn_orange-suits-1020x1339.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/JOhn-Glenn_orange-suits-960x1261.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/JOhn-Glenn_orange-suits-240x315.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/JOhn-Glenn_orange-suits-375x492.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/JOhn-Glenn_orange-suits-520x683.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 360px) 100vw, 360px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">STS-95 crew members exit the Operations and Checkout Building where they suited up before leaving for Launch Pad 39-B on Oct. 9, 1998. John Glenn is second from the right.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Glenn’s public life began when he broke the transcontinental airspeed record, bursting from Los Angeles to New York City in 3 hours, 23 minutes and 8 seconds. With his Crusader averaging 725 mph, the 1957 flight proved the jet could endure stress when pushed to maximum speeds over long distances.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In New York, he got a hero’s welcome — his first tickertape parade. He got another after his flight on Friendship 7.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That mission also introduced Glenn to politics. He addressed a joint session of Congress, and dined at the White House. He became friends with President Kennedy and ally and friend of his brother, Robert. The Kennedys urged him to enter politics, and after a difficult few starts he did.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Glenn spent 24 years in the U.S. Senate, representing Ohio longer than any other senator in the state’s history. He announced his impending retirement in 1997, 35 years to the day after he became the first American in orbit, saying “there is still no cure for the common birthday.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Glenn’s returned to space in a long-awaited second flight in 1998 aboard the space shuttle Discovery. He got to move around aboard the shuttle for far longer — nine days compared with just under five hours in 1962 — as well as sleep and experiment with bubbles in weightlessness.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a news conference from space, Glenn said “to look out at this kind of creation out here and not believe in God is to me impossible.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NASA tailored a series of geriatric-reaction experiments to create a scientific purpose for Glenn’s mission, but there was more to it than that: a revival of the excitement of the earliest days of the space race, a public relations bonanza and the gift of a lifetime.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“America owed John Glenn a second flight,” NASA Administrator Dan Goldin said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Glenn would later write that when he mentioned the idea of going back into space to his wife, Annie, she responded: “Over my dead body.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Glenn and his crewmates flew 3.6 million miles, compared with 75,000 miles aboard Friendship 7.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shortly before he ran for the 1984 Democratic presidential nomination, a new generation was introduced to astronaut Glenn with the film adaptation of Tom Wolfe’s book “The Right Stuff.” He was portrayed as the ultimate straight arrow amid a group of hard-partying astronauts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Glenn said in 2011: “I don’t think any of us cared for the movie ‘The Right Stuff’; I know I didn’t.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Glenn was unable to capitalize on the publicity, though, and his poorly organized campaign was short-lived. He dropped out of the race with his campaign $2.5 million in the red — a debt that lingered even after he retired from the Senate in 1999.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He later joked that except for going into debt, humiliating his family and gaining 16 pounds, running for president was a good experience.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Glenn generally steered clear of campaigns after that, saying he didn’t want to mix politics with his second space flight. He sat out the Senate race to succeed him — he was hundreds of miles above Earth on Election Day — and largely was quiet in the 2000 presidential race.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He first ran for the Senate in 1964 but left the race when he suffered a concussion after slipping in the bathroom and hit his head on the tub.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He tried again in 1970 but was defeated in the primary by Howard Metzenbaum, who later lost the general election to Robert Taft Jr. It was the start of a complex relationship with Metzenbaum, whom he later joined in the Senate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the next four years, Glenn devoted his attention to business and investments that made him a multimillionaire. He had joined the board of Royal Crown Cola after the aborted 1964 campaign, and was president of Royal Crown International from 1967 to 1969. In the early 1970s, he remained with Royal Crown and invested in a chain of Holiday Inns.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 1974, Glenn ran against Metzenbaum in what turned into a bitter primary and won the election. He eventually made peace with Metzenbaum, who won election to the Senate in 1976.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Glenn set a record in 1980 by winning re-election with a 1.6-million vote margin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He became an expert on nuclear weaponry and was the Senate’s most dogged advocate of non-proliferation. He was the leading supporter of the B-1 bomber when many in Congress doubted the need for it. As chairman of the Governmental Affairs Committee, he turned a microscope on waste and fraud in the federal bureaucracy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Glenn said the lowest point of his life was 1990, when he and four other senators came under scrutiny for their connections to Charles Keating, the notorious financier who eventually served prison time for his role in the costly savings and loan failure of the 1980s. The Senate Ethics Committee cleared Glenn of serious wrongdoing but said he “exercised poor judgment.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The episode was the only brush with scandal in his long public career and didn’t diminish his popularity in Ohio.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Glenn joked that the only astronaut he was envious of was his fellow Ohioan: Neil Armstrong, the first man to walk on the moon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’ve been very fortunate to have a lot of great experiences in my life and I’m thankful for them,” he said in 2012.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 1943, Glenn married his childhood sweetheart, Anna Margaret Castor. They met when they were toddlers, and when she had mumps as a teenager he came to her house, cut a hole in her bedroom window screen, and passed her a radio to keep her company, a friend recounted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I don’t remember the first time I told Annie I loved her, or the first time she told me,” Glenn would write in his memoir. “It was just something we both knew.” He bought her a diamond engagement ring in 1942 for $125. It’s never been replaced.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They had two children, Carolyn and John David.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He and his wife, Annie, split their later years between Washington and Columbus. Both served as trustees at their alma mater, Muskingum College. Glenn spent time promoting the John Glenn School of Public Affairs at Ohio State University, which also houses an archive of his private papers and photographs.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>John Glenn, whose 1962 flight as the first U.S. astronaut to orbit the Earth made him an all-American hero and propelled him to a long career in the U.S. Senate, died Thursday. The last survivor of the original Mercury 7 astronauts was 95.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Glenn died at the James Cancer Hospital in Columbus, where he was hospitalized for more than a week, said Hank Wilson, communications director for the John Glenn School of Public Affairs.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘I’ve been very fortunate to have a lot of great experiences in my life and I’m thankful for them.’\u003ccite>John Glenn in 2012\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>John Herschel Glenn Jr. had two major career paths that often intersected: flying and politics, and he soared in both of them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Before he gained fame orbiting the world, he was a fighter pilot in two wars, and as a test pilot, he set a transcontinental speed record. He later served 24 years in the Senate from Ohio. A rare setback was a failed 1984 run for the Democratic presidential nomination.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His long political career enabled him to return to space in the shuttle Discovery at age 77 in 1998, a cosmic victory lap that he relished and turned into a teachable moment about growing old. He holds the record for the oldest person in space.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1225861\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1041px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1225861\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/John-glenn_NASA.jpg\" alt=\"John Glenn (second from the left in the blue NASA suit) next to the orbiter Discovery on Nov. 8, 1998, that carried the STS-95 crew for nine days and 3.6 million miles.\" width=\"1041\" height=\"691\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/John-glenn_NASA.jpg 1041w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/John-glenn_NASA-160x106.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/John-glenn_NASA-800x531.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/John-glenn_NASA-768x510.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/John-glenn_NASA-1020x677.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/John-glenn_NASA-960x637.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/John-glenn_NASA-240x159.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/John-glenn_NASA-375x249.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/John-glenn_NASA-520x345.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1041px) 100vw, 1041px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">John Glenn (second from the left in the blue NASA suit) next to the orbiter Discovery on Nov. 8, 1998, that carried the STS-95 crew for nine days and 3.6 million miles. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>More than anything, John Glenn was the ultimate and uniquely American space hero: a combat veteran with an easy smile, a strong marriage of 70 years and nerves of steel. Schools, a space center and the Columbus, Ohio, airport were named after him. So were children.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Soviet Union leaped ahead in space exploration by putting the Sputnik 1 satellite in orbit in 1957, and then launched the first man in space, cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin, in a 108-minute orbital flight on April 12, 1961. After a two suborbital flights by Alan Shepard Jr. and Gus Grissom, it was up to Glenn to be the first American to orbit the Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Godspeed, John Glenn,” fellow astronaut Scott Carpenter radioed just before Glenn thundered off a Cape Canaveral launch pad, now a National Historic Landmark, to a place America had never been. At the time of that Feb. 20, 1962, flight, Glenn was 40 years old.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1225862\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 331px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-1225862\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/John-glenn_close-up.jpg\" alt=\"Astronaut John H. Glenn Jr. dons his silver Mercury pressure suit in preparation for launch. On February 20, 1962 Glenn lifted off into space aboard his Mercury Atlas (MA-6) rocket and became the first American to orbit the Earth. \" width=\"331\" height=\"504\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/John-glenn_close-up.jpg 1041w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/John-glenn_close-up-160x243.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/John-glenn_close-up-800x1217.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/John-glenn_close-up-768x1169.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/John-glenn_close-up-1020x1552.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/John-glenn_close-up-960x1461.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/John-glenn_close-up-240x365.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/John-glenn_close-up-375x571.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/John-glenn_close-up-520x791.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 331px) 100vw, 331px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Astronaut John H. Glenn Jr. dons his silver Mercury pressure suit in preparation for launch. On February 20, 1962 Glenn lifted off into space aboard his Mercury Atlas (MA-6) rocket and became the first American to orbit the Earth. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>With the all-business phrase, “Roger, the clock is operating, we’re underway,” Glenn radioed to Earth as he started his 4 hours, 55 minutes and 23 seconds in space. Years later, he explained he said that because he didn’t feel like he had lifted off and it was the only way he knew he had launched.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During the flight, Glenn uttered a phrase that he would repeat frequently throughout life: “Zero G, and I feel fine.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It still seems so vivid to me,” Glenn said in a 2012 interview with The Associated Press on the 50th anniversary of the flight. “I still can sort of pseudo feel some of those same sensations I had back in those days during launch and all.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Glenn said he was often asked if he was afraid, and he replied, “If you are talking about fear that overcomes what you are supposed to do, no. You’ve trained very hard for those flights.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Glenn’s ride in the cramped Friendship 7 capsule had its scary moments, however. Sensors showed his heat shield was loose after three orbits, and Mission Control worried he might burn up during re-entry when temperatures reached 3,000 degrees. But the heat shield held.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even before then, Glenn flew in dangerous skies. He was a fighter pilot in World War II and Korea who flew low, got his plane riddled with bullets, flew with baseball great Ted Williams and earned macho nicknames during 149 combat missions. And as a test pilot he broke aviation records.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1225864\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1041px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1225864\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/John-Glenn_working.jpg\" alt=\"STS-95 payload specialist John Glenn works with the Osteporosis Experiment in Orbit (OSTEO) experiment located in a locker in the Discovery's middeck.\" width=\"1041\" height=\"695\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/John-Glenn_working.jpg 1041w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/John-Glenn_working-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/John-Glenn_working-800x534.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/John-Glenn_working-768x513.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/John-Glenn_working-1020x681.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/John-Glenn_working-960x641.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/John-Glenn_working-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/John-Glenn_working-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/John-Glenn_working-520x347.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1041px) 100vw, 1041px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">STS-95 payload specialist John Glenn works with the Osteporosis Experiment in Orbit (OSTEO) experiment located in a locker in the Discovery’s middeck. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1225865\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1041px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1225865\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/John-Glenn_Armstrong.jpg\" alt=\"Sen. John Glenn, left, and Apollo 11 Astronaut Neil Armstrong are seen prior to the start of a dinner at Ohio State University that honored the 50th anniversary of John Glenn's historic flight aboard Friendship 7 in, 2012. \" width=\"1041\" height=\"744\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/John-Glenn_Armstrong.jpg 1041w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/John-Glenn_Armstrong-160x114.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/John-Glenn_Armstrong-800x572.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/John-Glenn_Armstrong-768x549.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/John-Glenn_Armstrong-1020x729.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/John-Glenn_Armstrong-960x686.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/John-Glenn_Armstrong-240x172.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/John-Glenn_Armstrong-375x268.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/John-Glenn_Armstrong-520x372.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1041px) 100vw, 1041px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Sen. John Glenn, left, and Apollo 11 Astronaut Neil Armstrong are seen prior to the start of a dinner at Ohio State University that honored the 50th anniversary of John Glenn’s historic flight aboard Friendship 7 in, 2012. \u003ccite>(Bill Ingalls/NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The green-eyed, telegenic Marine even won $25,000 on the game show “Name That Tune” with a 10-year-old partner. And that was before April 6, 1959, when his life changed by being selected as one of the Mercury 7 astronauts and instantly started attracting more than his share of the spotlight.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Glenn in later years regaled crowds with stories of NASA’s testing of would-be astronauts, from psychological tests — come with 20 answers to the open ended question “I am” — to surviving spinning that pushed 16 times normal gravity against his body, popping blood vessels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it wasn’t nearly as bad as coming to Cape Canaveral to see the first unmanned rocket test.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re watching this thing go up and up and up … and all at once it blew up right over us, and that was our introduction to the Atlas,” Glenn said in 2011. “We looked at each other and wanted to have a meeting with the engineers in the morning.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1225866\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 396px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-1225866\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/rocket.jpg\" alt=\"John Glenn became the first American to orbit Earth on the Friendship 7 mission.\" width=\"396\" height=\"495\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/rocket.jpg 2400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/rocket-160x200.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/rocket-800x1000.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/rocket-768x960.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/rocket-1020x1275.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/rocket-1920x2400.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/rocket-1180x1475.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/rocket-960x1200.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/rocket-240x300.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/rocket-375x469.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/rocket-520x650.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 396px) 100vw, 396px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">John Glenn became the first American to orbit Earth on the Friendship 7 mission. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In 1959, Glenn wrote in Life magazine: “Space travel is at the frontier of my profession. It is going to be accomplished, and I want to be in on it. There is also an element of simple duty involved. I am convinced that I have something to give this project.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That sense of duty was instilled at an early age. Glenn was born July 18, 1921, in Cambridge, Ohio, and grew up in New Concord, Ohio, with the nickname “Bud.” He joined the town band as a trumpeter at age 10 and accompanied his father one Memorial Day in an echoing version of “Taps.” In his 1999 memoir,Glenn wrote “that feeling sums up my childhood. It formed my beliefs and my sense of responsibility. Everything that came after that just came naturally.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His love of flight was lifelong; John Glenn Sr. spoke of the many summer evenings he arrived home to find his son running around the yard with outstretched arms, pretending he was piloting a plane. Last June, at a ceremony renaming the Columbus airport for him, Glenn recalled imploring his parents to take him to that airport to look at planes whenever they passed through the city: “It was something I was fascinated with.” He piloted his own private plane until age 90.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Glenn’s goal of becoming a commercial pilot was changed by World War II. He left Muskingum College to join the Naval Air Corps and soon after, the Marines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He became a successful fighter pilot who ran 59 hazardous missions, often as a volunteer or as the requested backup of assigned pilots. A war later, in Korea, he earned the nickname “MiG-Mad Marine” (or “Old Magnet A — ,” which he sometimes paraphrased as “Old Magnet Tail.”)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I was the one who went in low and got them,” Glenn said, explaining that he often landed with huge holes in the side of his aircraft because he didn’t like to shoot from high altitudes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1225867\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 360px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-1225867\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/JOhn-Glenn_orange-suits.jpg\" alt=\"STS-95 crew members exit the Operations and Checkout Building where they suited up before leaving for Launch Pad 39-B on Oct. 9, 1998. John Glenn is second from the right. \" width=\"360\" height=\"472\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/JOhn-Glenn_orange-suits.jpg 1041w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/JOhn-Glenn_orange-suits-160x210.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/JOhn-Glenn_orange-suits-800x1051.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/JOhn-Glenn_orange-suits-768x1009.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/JOhn-Glenn_orange-suits-1020x1339.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/JOhn-Glenn_orange-suits-960x1261.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/JOhn-Glenn_orange-suits-240x315.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/JOhn-Glenn_orange-suits-375x492.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/JOhn-Glenn_orange-suits-520x683.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 360px) 100vw, 360px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">STS-95 crew members exit the Operations and Checkout Building where they suited up before leaving for Launch Pad 39-B on Oct. 9, 1998. John Glenn is second from the right.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Glenn’s public life began when he broke the transcontinental airspeed record, bursting from Los Angeles to New York City in 3 hours, 23 minutes and 8 seconds. With his Crusader averaging 725 mph, the 1957 flight proved the jet could endure stress when pushed to maximum speeds over long distances.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In New York, he got a hero’s welcome — his first tickertape parade. He got another after his flight on Friendship 7.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That mission also introduced Glenn to politics. He addressed a joint session of Congress, and dined at the White House. He became friends with President Kennedy and ally and friend of his brother, Robert. The Kennedys urged him to enter politics, and after a difficult few starts he did.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Glenn spent 24 years in the U.S. Senate, representing Ohio longer than any other senator in the state’s history. He announced his impending retirement in 1997, 35 years to the day after he became the first American in orbit, saying “there is still no cure for the common birthday.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Glenn’s returned to space in a long-awaited second flight in 1998 aboard the space shuttle Discovery. He got to move around aboard the shuttle for far longer — nine days compared with just under five hours in 1962 — as well as sleep and experiment with bubbles in weightlessness.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a news conference from space, Glenn said “to look out at this kind of creation out here and not believe in God is to me impossible.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NASA tailored a series of geriatric-reaction experiments to create a scientific purpose for Glenn’s mission, but there was more to it than that: a revival of the excitement of the earliest days of the space race, a public relations bonanza and the gift of a lifetime.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“America owed John Glenn a second flight,” NASA Administrator Dan Goldin said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Glenn would later write that when he mentioned the idea of going back into space to his wife, Annie, she responded: “Over my dead body.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Glenn and his crewmates flew 3.6 million miles, compared with 75,000 miles aboard Friendship 7.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shortly before he ran for the 1984 Democratic presidential nomination, a new generation was introduced to astronaut Glenn with the film adaptation of Tom Wolfe’s book “The Right Stuff.” He was portrayed as the ultimate straight arrow amid a group of hard-partying astronauts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Glenn said in 2011: “I don’t think any of us cared for the movie ‘The Right Stuff’; I know I didn’t.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Glenn was unable to capitalize on the publicity, though, and his poorly organized campaign was short-lived. He dropped out of the race with his campaign $2.5 million in the red — a debt that lingered even after he retired from the Senate in 1999.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He later joked that except for going into debt, humiliating his family and gaining 16 pounds, running for president was a good experience.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Glenn generally steered clear of campaigns after that, saying he didn’t want to mix politics with his second space flight. He sat out the Senate race to succeed him — he was hundreds of miles above Earth on Election Day — and largely was quiet in the 2000 presidential race.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He first ran for the Senate in 1964 but left the race when he suffered a concussion after slipping in the bathroom and hit his head on the tub.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He tried again in 1970 but was defeated in the primary by Howard Metzenbaum, who later lost the general election to Robert Taft Jr. It was the start of a complex relationship with Metzenbaum, whom he later joined in the Senate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the next four years, Glenn devoted his attention to business and investments that made him a multimillionaire. He had joined the board of Royal Crown Cola after the aborted 1964 campaign, and was president of Royal Crown International from 1967 to 1969. In the early 1970s, he remained with Royal Crown and invested in a chain of Holiday Inns.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 1974, Glenn ran against Metzenbaum in what turned into a bitter primary and won the election. He eventually made peace with Metzenbaum, who won election to the Senate in 1976.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Glenn set a record in 1980 by winning re-election with a 1.6-million vote margin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He became an expert on nuclear weaponry and was the Senate’s most dogged advocate of non-proliferation. He was the leading supporter of the B-1 bomber when many in Congress doubted the need for it. As chairman of the Governmental Affairs Committee, he turned a microscope on waste and fraud in the federal bureaucracy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Glenn said the lowest point of his life was 1990, when he and four other senators came under scrutiny for their connections to Charles Keating, the notorious financier who eventually served prison time for his role in the costly savings and loan failure of the 1980s. The Senate Ethics Committee cleared Glenn of serious wrongdoing but said he “exercised poor judgment.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The episode was the only brush with scandal in his long public career and didn’t diminish his popularity in Ohio.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Glenn joked that the only astronaut he was envious of was his fellow Ohioan: Neil Armstrong, the first man to walk on the moon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’ve been very fortunate to have a lot of great experiences in my life and I’m thankful for them,” he said in 2012.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 1943, Glenn married his childhood sweetheart, Anna Margaret Castor. They met when they were toddlers, and when she had mumps as a teenager he came to her house, cut a hole in her bedroom window screen, and passed her a radio to keep her company, a friend recounted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I don’t remember the first time I told Annie I loved her, or the first time she told me,” Glenn would write in his memoir. “It was just something we both knew.” He bought her a diamond engagement ring in 1942 for $125. It’s never been replaced.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They had two children, Carolyn and John David.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He and his wife, Annie, split their later years between Washington and Columbus. Both served as trustees at their alma mater, Muskingum College. Glenn spent time promoting the John Glenn School of Public Affairs at Ohio State University, which also houses an archive of his private papers and photographs.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Democrats’ Domination May Save California Climate Program",
"headTitle": "Democrats’ Domination May Save California Climate Program | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>As Democrats in Congress confront the specter of watching as the country’s climate policies are dismantled by President-elect Trump, key gains by the party in California could help Sacramento take over as the nation’s leader in the fight against global warming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With a Democrat last week \u003ca href=\"http://www.latimes.com/politics/essential/la-pol-ca-essential-politics-updates-democrats-nab-a-supermajority-after-1480383488-htmlstory.html\">securing the final seat\u003c/a> in the state senate, the party held onto its supermajority there. It also expanded its majority in the Assembly beyond the two-thirds supermajority threshold.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">California Democrats will try to use their supermajorities to extend cap-and-trade beyond 2020.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Those supermajorities may prove pivotal for climate policy in a high-profile state — one with the nation’s largest population, which releases more greenhouse gas pollution overall every year than any other. California is home to one of the world’s biggest economies, it’s an influential leader globally on climate policy, and it recently adopted some of the most ambitious goals for slowing warming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trump’s cabinet nominees, his anti-climate campaign rhetoric and Republican opposition to environmental rules suggest federal climate legislation and regulations could be eviscerated by the new White House and Congress. Meanwhile, Golden State Democrats will be trying to use their supermajorities to extend an imperilled landmark climate program — called cap-and-trade — beyond 2020.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Such an extension would almost certainly require two-thirds lawmaker approval in the state assembly and senate. That’s because lawmaking rules in California are different for taxes and fees than for other kinds of bills, which can be passed with simple majority votes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“California is headed in a very different direction than the rest of the country,” said \u003ca href=\"http://www.spur.org/about/staff/gabriel-metcalf\">Gabriel Metcalf\u003c/a>, president of San Francisco-based think tank SPUR. “The importance of California’s climate strategy is not just that it’s a big state with a big population. It’s also that it will be something that the rest of the country is paying attention to.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-1225742\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/markets_chart_update_CC.jpg\" alt=\"markets_chart_update_cc\" width=\"720\" height=\"492\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/markets_chart_update_CC.jpg 720w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/markets_chart_update_CC-160x109.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/markets_chart_update_CC-240x164.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/markets_chart_update_CC-375x256.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/markets_chart_update_CC-520x355.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 720px) 100vw, 720px\">Although it’s just a few years old, California operates the world’s second biggest cap-and-trade program (the European Union’s is bigger). Permits that are needed to pollute the atmosphere with greenhouse gases are called allowances. They’re purchased by Californian power plants, oil refineries and factories and traded by financial speculators, \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/carbon-pricing-pays-way-for-cleaner-energy-18691\">raising hundreds of millions of dollars\u003c/a> yearly for green projects while capping pollution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Similar \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/paris-pact-promotes-but-complicates-carbon-trading-20058\">cap-and-trade programs\u003c/a> are operated by China, South Korea, New Zealand, a coalition of East Coast states and elsewhere. Instead of operating cap-and-trade programs, British Columbia and some other governments \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2016/03/02/business/does-a-carbon-tax-work-ask-british-columbia.html?_r=0\">impose taxes\u003c/a> on greenhouse gas pollution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pollution from fossil fuels, farms and deforestation has increased temperatures nearly 2°F (about 1°C) and raised sea levels more than half a foot in the past two centuries. Americans overall have caused \u003ca href=\"http://www.wri.org/blog/2014/11/6-graphs-explain-world%E2%80%99s-top-10-emitters\">about one sixth\u003c/a> of that pollution — about the same as China.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Global warming has \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/heat-turbocharged-californias-epic-drought-18404\">worsened California’s drought\u003c/a> and it’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/climate-change-behind-surge-western-wildfires-20775\">fueling wildfires\u003c/a> throughout the West. Climate change made deadly \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/louisiana-floods-directly-linked-to-climate-change-20671\">late summer flooding\u003c/a> in Louisiana more intense and it routinely \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/the-human-fingerprints-on-coastal-floods-20050\">triggers coastal floods\u003c/a> during high tides along the East Coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>States have less influence in the fight against global warming than the federal government, but California’s cap-and-trade program is pioneering and could continue to serve as a model for other governments. Other states can join the program — Quebec joined in 2014, saving it the time and expense of creating and running a new program.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And legal experts say the only way California lawmakers could extend cap-and-trade after 2020 would be with \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/legal-doubts-over-californias-cap-and-trade-20607\">supermajority votes\u003c/a>. Although state officials and some environmentalists have argued that’s not necessary, they acknowledge that supermajority votes would protect the program from lawsuits. Those votes proved unattainable this year, leading to speculation the program will perish. A ballot measure may be introduced if lawmaker approval remains elusive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As elsewhere, prices paid for pollution allowances in California have been so low as to be nearly negligible. Prices in California may quickly spike, however, if the program gets extended beyond 2020. That would put California’s cap-and-trade program to a globally unprecedented test.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With Democrats in Sacramento generally supporting aggressive climate action and their opponents generally opposing it, the November boost to the party’s legislative domination made it more likely that cap-and-trade will continue operating beyond 2020. But it’s not guaranteed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gov. Jerry Brown this week told reporters that it can be “very challenging” to take advantage of supermajorities. That could be particularly true in California, which is a diverse and deeply blue state in which Democrats representing some regions are far more conservative or liberal than others.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And not all Democrats in California support cap-and trade. Some have opposed it, skeptical of its economic impacts. Other Democratic lawmakers represent low-income neighborhoods where industrial air pollution could get worse if the current program isn’t substantially tweaked.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There are many difficult policy tradeoffs that we face, and lots of disagreements within the Democratic party,” Metcalf said. “At least we all agree that climate change is an urgent problem that needs solving.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rising temperatures and seas and falling prices for clean solar and wind energy have spurred a global consensus on the urgency of climate action, \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/world-unites-delivers-hopeful-climate-deal-19808\">culminating in Paris in December\u003c/a> with finalization of a United Nations climate treaty. Global carbon dioxide emissions may have leveled off in recent years, but they must fall sharply in the years ahead if the treaty’s goals of limiting warming to well below 3.6°F (2°C) can be achieved.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>President Obama championed the Paris climate agreement, pledging that America would reduce its climate impacts by about a quarter by 2025 compared with 2005. He joined with China in urging other countries to ambitiously tackle their own emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The global consensus on climate that Obama helped to build was shattered last month by the election of Trump, a businessman who campaigned on his opposition to climate action and the Paris agreement. Trump is moving quickly to assemble a cabinet and a White House dominated by climate science deniers and opponents of environmental regulations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>America’s looming U-turn on climate policy has experts looking hopefully to states and other national governments for leadership.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“California is in a good position, in that a large majority of the public is very supportive of climate action,” said \u003ca href=\"https://www.edf.org/people/erica-morehouse\">Erica Morehouse\u003c/a>, a senior attorney at the nonprofit Environmental Defense Fund. “We’re going to be looking to all of the members of the legislature to meet that need.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The challenges for cap-and-trade in California aren’t just political. A lawsuit against the program was filed by the California Chamber of Commerce, which argues that the program imposes illegal taxes. Oral arguments have been \u003ca href=\"http://www.evomarkets.com/pdf_documents/evo/ca_chamber_lawsuit_hearings_set.pdf\">scheduled by an appeals court\u003c/a> for late January.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Large corporations, Republicans and conservative-leaning Democrats haven’t been the only groups in California speaking out against the cap-and-trade program. Groups representing low-income communities of color who live near power plants and other industrial facilities are also worried by some of the utility-friendly rules of the program.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There are a lot of shortcomings with the current system,” said \u003ca href=\"http://greenlining.org/about-greenlining/our-team/\">Alvaro Sanchez\u003c/a>, environmental equity director at the nonprofit Greenlining Institute.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sanchez said he hopes Democrats take advantage of their supermajorities to extend cap-and-trade, but that concerns about the program must be addressed before his group could support legislation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The current cap-and-trade program has allowed air pollution to worsen in some poor neighborhoods, sickening residents. It’s also difficult for those communities to navigate the paperwork needed to secure funding for local clean energy, workforce development and transportation projects using cap-and-trade funds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’m excited, I feel like we have the tools at our disposal to be able to advance something that would take advantage of that supermajority,” Sanchez said. “If an extension is proposed that does nothing to address those concerns, it would be really difficult to support.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California’s cap-and-trade program has had little impact on the state’s greenhouse gas emissions so far. That’s because other state programs and rules, such as rules requiring utilities to sell certain amounts of green energy, have done most of the work in helping the state achieve its goals of reducing climate pollution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite the cap-and-trade program, some Californian power plants have actually been \u003ca href=\"http://dornsife.usc.edu/PERE/enviro-equity-CA-cap-trade\">increasing the amount of pollution\u003c/a> they release in recent years, partly because utilities have been importing clean energy from other states to meet targets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That may change after 2020, when California begins pursuing more aggressive pollution reduction goals than nearly any other state or nation worldwide. Lawmakers in August \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/californias-new-climate-rules-explained-20639\">approved a law\u003c/a> requiring the state to pursue a 40 percent reduction in greenhouse gas emissions by 2030, compared with 1990 levels. Emissions in 2020 are required to return to 1990 levels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“An effective cap-and-trade program in California is more important than ever,” said Harvard economics professor \u003ca href=\"http://scholar.harvard.edu/stavins/home\">Robert Stavins\u003c/a>, who directs the Harvard Project on Climate Agreements. “It’s crucial that California increases its reliance on its cap-and-trade system, rather than relying on conventional regulatory approaches, which are much more costly.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new rules will make it more difficult for utilities and other polluters to stay under the state’s carbon cap, which could cause demand for dwindling supplies of pollution allowances available each year to spike. That may push Californian cap-and-trade prices to levels never seen anywhere in the world. If that risks causing an economic shock, the governor has the power to suspend cap-and-trade.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s reasonable to expect very high carbon prices in the near term once there is legal certainty about what’s going to happen in California,” said Stanford energy and environmental law expert \u003ca href=\"https://law.stanford.edu/directory/michael-wara/\">Michael Wara\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wara said such high carbon prices would be felt by consumers, such as through higher electricity bills and more expensive gas prices. That could reduce lawmaker and public support for cap-and-trade.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Easing those financial impacts may require finding new ways of reimbursing consumers. Revenues from cap-and-trade are currently used to reduce electricity bills and to fund high-speed rail and other green projects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s a general belief that’s about to be tested in California that people won’t tolerate high carbon prices,” Wara said. “You’d better have some way of putting money in people’s hands to offset that change — and it has to be a way that people feel and notice.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Climate Central\u003c/span>\u003c/a> \u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">is an independent organization that researches and reports on climate change.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Gains by California Democrats may see Sacramento take over from Washington as the climate leader in the U.S.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>As Democrats in Congress confront the specter of watching as the country’s climate policies are dismantled by President-elect Trump, key gains by the party in California could help Sacramento take over as the nation’s leader in the fight against global warming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With a Democrat last week \u003ca href=\"http://www.latimes.com/politics/essential/la-pol-ca-essential-politics-updates-democrats-nab-a-supermajority-after-1480383488-htmlstory.html\">securing the final seat\u003c/a> in the state senate, the party held onto its supermajority there. It also expanded its majority in the Assembly beyond the two-thirds supermajority threshold.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">California Democrats will try to use their supermajorities to extend cap-and-trade beyond 2020.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Those supermajorities may prove pivotal for climate policy in a high-profile state — one with the nation’s largest population, which releases more greenhouse gas pollution overall every year than any other. California is home to one of the world’s biggest economies, it’s an influential leader globally on climate policy, and it recently adopted some of the most ambitious goals for slowing warming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trump’s cabinet nominees, his anti-climate campaign rhetoric and Republican opposition to environmental rules suggest federal climate legislation and regulations could be eviscerated by the new White House and Congress. Meanwhile, Golden State Democrats will be trying to use their supermajorities to extend an imperilled landmark climate program — called cap-and-trade — beyond 2020.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Such an extension would almost certainly require two-thirds lawmaker approval in the state assembly and senate. That’s because lawmaking rules in California are different for taxes and fees than for other kinds of bills, which can be passed with simple majority votes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“California is headed in a very different direction than the rest of the country,” said \u003ca href=\"http://www.spur.org/about/staff/gabriel-metcalf\">Gabriel Metcalf\u003c/a>, president of San Francisco-based think tank SPUR. “The importance of California’s climate strategy is not just that it’s a big state with a big population. It’s also that it will be something that the rest of the country is paying attention to.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-1225742\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/markets_chart_update_CC.jpg\" alt=\"markets_chart_update_cc\" width=\"720\" height=\"492\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/markets_chart_update_CC.jpg 720w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/markets_chart_update_CC-160x109.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/markets_chart_update_CC-240x164.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/markets_chart_update_CC-375x256.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/markets_chart_update_CC-520x355.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 720px) 100vw, 720px\">Although it’s just a few years old, California operates the world’s second biggest cap-and-trade program (the European Union’s is bigger). Permits that are needed to pollute the atmosphere with greenhouse gases are called allowances. They’re purchased by Californian power plants, oil refineries and factories and traded by financial speculators, \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/carbon-pricing-pays-way-for-cleaner-energy-18691\">raising hundreds of millions of dollars\u003c/a> yearly for green projects while capping pollution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Similar \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/paris-pact-promotes-but-complicates-carbon-trading-20058\">cap-and-trade programs\u003c/a> are operated by China, South Korea, New Zealand, a coalition of East Coast states and elsewhere. Instead of operating cap-and-trade programs, British Columbia and some other governments \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2016/03/02/business/does-a-carbon-tax-work-ask-british-columbia.html?_r=0\">impose taxes\u003c/a> on greenhouse gas pollution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pollution from fossil fuels, farms and deforestation has increased temperatures nearly 2°F (about 1°C) and raised sea levels more than half a foot in the past two centuries. Americans overall have caused \u003ca href=\"http://www.wri.org/blog/2014/11/6-graphs-explain-world%E2%80%99s-top-10-emitters\">about one sixth\u003c/a> of that pollution — about the same as China.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Global warming has \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/heat-turbocharged-californias-epic-drought-18404\">worsened California’s drought\u003c/a> and it’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/climate-change-behind-surge-western-wildfires-20775\">fueling wildfires\u003c/a> throughout the West. Climate change made deadly \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/louisiana-floods-directly-linked-to-climate-change-20671\">late summer flooding\u003c/a> in Louisiana more intense and it routinely \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/the-human-fingerprints-on-coastal-floods-20050\">triggers coastal floods\u003c/a> during high tides along the East Coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>States have less influence in the fight against global warming than the federal government, but California’s cap-and-trade program is pioneering and could continue to serve as a model for other governments. Other states can join the program — Quebec joined in 2014, saving it the time and expense of creating and running a new program.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And legal experts say the only way California lawmakers could extend cap-and-trade after 2020 would be with \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/legal-doubts-over-californias-cap-and-trade-20607\">supermajority votes\u003c/a>. Although state officials and some environmentalists have argued that’s not necessary, they acknowledge that supermajority votes would protect the program from lawsuits. Those votes proved unattainable this year, leading to speculation the program will perish. A ballot measure may be introduced if lawmaker approval remains elusive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As elsewhere, prices paid for pollution allowances in California have been so low as to be nearly negligible. Prices in California may quickly spike, however, if the program gets extended beyond 2020. That would put California’s cap-and-trade program to a globally unprecedented test.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With Democrats in Sacramento generally supporting aggressive climate action and their opponents generally opposing it, the November boost to the party’s legislative domination made it more likely that cap-and-trade will continue operating beyond 2020. But it’s not guaranteed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gov. Jerry Brown this week told reporters that it can be “very challenging” to take advantage of supermajorities. That could be particularly true in California, which is a diverse and deeply blue state in which Democrats representing some regions are far more conservative or liberal than others.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And not all Democrats in California support cap-and trade. Some have opposed it, skeptical of its economic impacts. Other Democratic lawmakers represent low-income neighborhoods where industrial air pollution could get worse if the current program isn’t substantially tweaked.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There are many difficult policy tradeoffs that we face, and lots of disagreements within the Democratic party,” Metcalf said. “At least we all agree that climate change is an urgent problem that needs solving.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rising temperatures and seas and falling prices for clean solar and wind energy have spurred a global consensus on the urgency of climate action, \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/world-unites-delivers-hopeful-climate-deal-19808\">culminating in Paris in December\u003c/a> with finalization of a United Nations climate treaty. Global carbon dioxide emissions may have leveled off in recent years, but they must fall sharply in the years ahead if the treaty’s goals of limiting warming to well below 3.6°F (2°C) can be achieved.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>President Obama championed the Paris climate agreement, pledging that America would reduce its climate impacts by about a quarter by 2025 compared with 2005. He joined with China in urging other countries to ambitiously tackle their own emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The global consensus on climate that Obama helped to build was shattered last month by the election of Trump, a businessman who campaigned on his opposition to climate action and the Paris agreement. Trump is moving quickly to assemble a cabinet and a White House dominated by climate science deniers and opponents of environmental regulations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>America’s looming U-turn on climate policy has experts looking hopefully to states and other national governments for leadership.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“California is in a good position, in that a large majority of the public is very supportive of climate action,” said \u003ca href=\"https://www.edf.org/people/erica-morehouse\">Erica Morehouse\u003c/a>, a senior attorney at the nonprofit Environmental Defense Fund. “We’re going to be looking to all of the members of the legislature to meet that need.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The challenges for cap-and-trade in California aren’t just political. A lawsuit against the program was filed by the California Chamber of Commerce, which argues that the program imposes illegal taxes. Oral arguments have been \u003ca href=\"http://www.evomarkets.com/pdf_documents/evo/ca_chamber_lawsuit_hearings_set.pdf\">scheduled by an appeals court\u003c/a> for late January.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Large corporations, Republicans and conservative-leaning Democrats haven’t been the only groups in California speaking out against the cap-and-trade program. Groups representing low-income communities of color who live near power plants and other industrial facilities are also worried by some of the utility-friendly rules of the program.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There are a lot of shortcomings with the current system,” said \u003ca href=\"http://greenlining.org/about-greenlining/our-team/\">Alvaro Sanchez\u003c/a>, environmental equity director at the nonprofit Greenlining Institute.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sanchez said he hopes Democrats take advantage of their supermajorities to extend cap-and-trade, but that concerns about the program must be addressed before his group could support legislation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The current cap-and-trade program has allowed air pollution to worsen in some poor neighborhoods, sickening residents. It’s also difficult for those communities to navigate the paperwork needed to secure funding for local clean energy, workforce development and transportation projects using cap-and-trade funds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’m excited, I feel like we have the tools at our disposal to be able to advance something that would take advantage of that supermajority,” Sanchez said. “If an extension is proposed that does nothing to address those concerns, it would be really difficult to support.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California’s cap-and-trade program has had little impact on the state’s greenhouse gas emissions so far. That’s because other state programs and rules, such as rules requiring utilities to sell certain amounts of green energy, have done most of the work in helping the state achieve its goals of reducing climate pollution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite the cap-and-trade program, some Californian power plants have actually been \u003ca href=\"http://dornsife.usc.edu/PERE/enviro-equity-CA-cap-trade\">increasing the amount of pollution\u003c/a> they release in recent years, partly because utilities have been importing clean energy from other states to meet targets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That may change after 2020, when California begins pursuing more aggressive pollution reduction goals than nearly any other state or nation worldwide. Lawmakers in August \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/californias-new-climate-rules-explained-20639\">approved a law\u003c/a> requiring the state to pursue a 40 percent reduction in greenhouse gas emissions by 2030, compared with 1990 levels. Emissions in 2020 are required to return to 1990 levels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“An effective cap-and-trade program in California is more important than ever,” said Harvard economics professor \u003ca href=\"http://scholar.harvard.edu/stavins/home\">Robert Stavins\u003c/a>, who directs the Harvard Project on Climate Agreements. “It’s crucial that California increases its reliance on its cap-and-trade system, rather than relying on conventional regulatory approaches, which are much more costly.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new rules will make it more difficult for utilities and other polluters to stay under the state’s carbon cap, which could cause demand for dwindling supplies of pollution allowances available each year to spike. That may push Californian cap-and-trade prices to levels never seen anywhere in the world. If that risks causing an economic shock, the governor has the power to suspend cap-and-trade.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s reasonable to expect very high carbon prices in the near term once there is legal certainty about what’s going to happen in California,” said Stanford energy and environmental law expert \u003ca href=\"https://law.stanford.edu/directory/michael-wara/\">Michael Wara\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wara said such high carbon prices would be felt by consumers, such as through higher electricity bills and more expensive gas prices. That could reduce lawmaker and public support for cap-and-trade.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Easing those financial impacts may require finding new ways of reimbursing consumers. Revenues from cap-and-trade are currently used to reduce electricity bills and to fund high-speed rail and other green projects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s a general belief that’s about to be tested in California that people won’t tolerate high carbon prices,” Wara said. “You’d better have some way of putting money in people’s hands to offset that change — and it has to be a way that people feel and notice.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"slug": "rudolphs-antlers-could-help-restore-mobility-in-injured-humans",
"title": "Why Reindeer and Their Cousins are Total Boneheads",
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"content": "\u003cp>[dl_subscribe]Every year, male members of the deer family — and females too, in the case of reindeer — perform a feat no other adult mammal can do. In about three months they grow an entirely new set of antlers, their iconic crown of bones.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Every year the deer cast their antlers and they regenerate,” said \u003ca href=\"https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Manuel_Nieto-Diaz\">Manuel Nieto-Díaz\u003c/a>, a paleontologist-turned-neuroscientist based at the National Paraplegics Hospital, in Toledo, Spain. “Among mammals, it’s a unique process of complete regeneration.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The nerves involved in this regeneration grow back at the same rate as the antlers. Their speed and ability to grow on their own make these nerves of great interest to scientists, who are investigating their ability to return mobility to damaged human limbs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Male deer, elk, reindeer, and all other members of the cervid family use their antlers to fend off competitors and woo females, then shed them once mating season is over.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1217669\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/DL_401Antlers_DAVID_PRESS_HOLDS_CAST_ANTLER_AT_POINT_REYES_NATIONAL_SEASHORE.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-1217669\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/DL_401Antlers_DAVID_PRESS_HOLDS_CAST_ANTLER_AT_POINT_REYES_NATIONAL_SEASHORE-1020x574.jpg\" alt=\"National Park Service wildlife ecologist David Press holds an antler shed by a tule elk at Point Reyes National Seashore, in West Marin County, California. \" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/DL_401Antlers_DAVID_PRESS_HOLDS_CAST_ANTLER_AT_POINT_REYES_NATIONAL_SEASHORE-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/DL_401Antlers_DAVID_PRESS_HOLDS_CAST_ANTLER_AT_POINT_REYES_NATIONAL_SEASHORE-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/DL_401Antlers_DAVID_PRESS_HOLDS_CAST_ANTLER_AT_POINT_REYES_NATIONAL_SEASHORE-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/DL_401Antlers_DAVID_PRESS_HOLDS_CAST_ANTLER_AT_POINT_REYES_NATIONAL_SEASHORE-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/DL_401Antlers_DAVID_PRESS_HOLDS_CAST_ANTLER_AT_POINT_REYES_NATIONAL_SEASHORE.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/DL_401Antlers_DAVID_PRESS_HOLDS_CAST_ANTLER_AT_POINT_REYES_NATIONAL_SEASHORE-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/DL_401Antlers_DAVID_PRESS_HOLDS_CAST_ANTLER_AT_POINT_REYES_NATIONAL_SEASHORE-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/DL_401Antlers_DAVID_PRESS_HOLDS_CAST_ANTLER_AT_POINT_REYES_NATIONAL_SEASHORE-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/DL_401Antlers_DAVID_PRESS_HOLDS_CAST_ANTLER_AT_POINT_REYES_NATIONAL_SEASHORE-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/DL_401Antlers_DAVID_PRESS_HOLDS_CAST_ANTLER_AT_POINT_REYES_NATIONAL_SEASHORE-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">National Park Service wildlife ecologist David Press holds an antler shed by a tule elk at Point Reyes National Seashore, in West Marin County, California. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>New antlers start growing right away, sprouting from two knobs on the deer’s forehead called pedicles, and growing as heavy as 60 pounds in the case of moose. A fuzzy layer of skin and fur called velvet carries blood rich in calcium and phosphorous to build up the bone that makes up the antlers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1217659\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/DL_401Antlers_PEDICLES_TEXTED.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-1217659\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/DL_401Antlers_PEDICLES_TEXTED-1020x574.jpg\" alt=\"Antlers grow every year out of knobs called pedicles. These elk antlers are in the collection of the California Academy of Sciences, in San Francisco. \" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/DL_401Antlers_PEDICLES_TEXTED-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/DL_401Antlers_PEDICLES_TEXTED-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/DL_401Antlers_PEDICLES_TEXTED-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/DL_401Antlers_PEDICLES_TEXTED-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/DL_401Antlers_PEDICLES_TEXTED.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/DL_401Antlers_PEDICLES_TEXTED-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/DL_401Antlers_PEDICLES_TEXTED-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/DL_401Antlers_PEDICLES_TEXTED-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/DL_401Antlers_PEDICLES_TEXTED-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/DL_401Antlers_PEDICLES_TEXTED-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Antlers grow every year out of knobs called pedicles. These elk antlers are in the collection of the California Academy of Sciences, in San Francisco. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Antlers start out as special cells in the pedicles that grow into cartilage and finally bone. While they’re growing, the antlers are soft and vulnerable. Deer know to keep them out of harm’s way. That’s because nerves in the velvet give them sensation in their developing antlers and prevent them from banging or scratching them before they’ve branched out and hardened.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They don’t get in any fights and are very careful with their environment. If they touch something, it hurts them,” said neuroscientist \u003ca href=\"https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Wolfgang_Pita-Thomas\">Wolfgang Pita-Thomas\u003c/a>, at Washington University in St. Louis, co-author of a recent paper on antler development with Nieto-Díaz. “That’s the evolutionary advantage of having nerves in your antler.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the bone is completely sturdy after about three months, blood flow stops and the velvet cracks. The process makes the males itchy, so they scratch their antlers on leaves and branches and the velvet peels off in bloody sheets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1217661\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/DL_401Antlers_VELVET_AND_BLOOD.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-1217661\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/DL_401Antlers_VELVET_AND_BLOOD-1020x574.jpg\" alt=\"A close-up of the velvet peeling off the antler of a reindeer at Windswept Ranch, in Rosamond, California. The velvet is a furry skin that envelops the antlers as they develop. Blood that flows through the velvet carries calcium and phosphorous to build up the bone that makes up the antlers.\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/DL_401Antlers_VELVET_AND_BLOOD-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/DL_401Antlers_VELVET_AND_BLOOD-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/DL_401Antlers_VELVET_AND_BLOOD-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/DL_401Antlers_VELVET_AND_BLOOD-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/DL_401Antlers_VELVET_AND_BLOOD.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/DL_401Antlers_VELVET_AND_BLOOD-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/DL_401Antlers_VELVET_AND_BLOOD-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/DL_401Antlers_VELVET_AND_BLOOD-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/DL_401Antlers_VELVET_AND_BLOOD-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/DL_401Antlers_VELVET_AND_BLOOD-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A close-up of the velvet peeling off the antler of a reindeer at Windswept Ranch, in Rosamond, California. The velvet is a furry skin that envelops the antlers as they develop. Blood that flows through the velvet carries calcium and phosphorous to build up the bone that makes up the antlers. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1217663\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 720px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/DL_401Antlers_VELVET_SHREDS_720.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1217663\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/DL_401Antlers_VELVET_SHREDS_720.gif\" alt=\"Velvet peels off the antler of a reindeer at Windswept Ranch. Underneath the velvet is the hard bone that makes up the antlers.\" width=\"720\" height=\"404\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Velvet peels off the antler of a reindeer at Windswept Ranch. Underneath the velvet is the hard bone that makes up the antlers. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Once the antlers are fully developed, they’re dead bones devoid of any sensation, which makes them pretty useful weapons — ones that can take a pummeling without hurting their owner. (By comparison, our bones always have nerves in them, which is why we feel pain if we break one).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Male reindeer, elk, and all other cervids use their antlers to fight or keep other males away, or as a lure to attract females. \u003ca href=\"https://www.nps.gov/pore/learn/nature/tule_elk.htm\">Tule elk\u003c/a> on the Northern California coast, for example, use their antlers to tear up bushes, in an effort to keep competitors away from a group of females called a harem, which they try to mate with exclusively.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/DL_401Antlers_BULL_THRASHES_BUSH_720.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-1217658\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/DL_401Antlers_BULL_THRASHES_BUSH_720.gif\" alt=\"dl_401antlers_bull_thrashes_bush_720\" width=\"720\" height=\"404\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a sign of dominance behavior,” said wildlife ecologist David Press of \u003ca href=\"https://www.nps.gov/pore/index.htm\">Point Reyes National Seashore\u003c/a>, in West Marin County, where some 500 tule elk — once on the brink of extinction – now live.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The part of the nerve that grows in the deer velvet while the antlers are developing is especially interesting to scientists. These long nerve sections are called axons, and they can grow to be more than three feet long.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Axons are the wiring,” said Nieto-Díaz. “When we talk about nerves, we’re really talking about axons. They’re the part of the nerve that transmits information.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The axons in developing antlers are unique because they regrow year after year and they do so very fast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Usually, in humans and most other animals, the formation of new nerves doesn’t happen. It happens some, but not to that extent,” said Pita-Thomas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This makes it difficult for people whose limbs are crushed in an accident, or severed and reattached, to fully recover their use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You can sow the nerves together to help them heal, but the chances of improvement are limited,” said Nieto-Díaz. “It depends on how long the sections of the nerve remained separate from each other.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If doctors could get axons to grow consistently and quickly in humans who have suffered nerve damage to their limbs, this would help them recover mobility. Nieto-Díaz and Pita-Thomas believe that by figuring out what makes axons grow in antlers, they might be able to devise new treatments, or improve on existing treatments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Ideally, we’d like to identify several factors that would act together to promote nerve growth,” said Nieto- Díaz.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1217662\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/DL_401Antlers_VELVET_ON_REINDEER_ANTLERS.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-1217662\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/DL_401Antlers_VELVET_ON_REINDEER_ANTLERS-1020x574.jpg\" alt=\"Bits of furry skin called velvet hang from the antlers of a reindeer at Windswept Ranch, in Rosamond, California. The nerves that grow in the velvet of developing antlers are the focus of research by neuroscientists interested in developing treatments for people with damaged limbs. \" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/DL_401Antlers_VELVET_ON_REINDEER_ANTLERS-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/DL_401Antlers_VELVET_ON_REINDEER_ANTLERS-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/DL_401Antlers_VELVET_ON_REINDEER_ANTLERS-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/DL_401Antlers_VELVET_ON_REINDEER_ANTLERS-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/DL_401Antlers_VELVET_ON_REINDEER_ANTLERS.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/DL_401Antlers_VELVET_ON_REINDEER_ANTLERS-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/DL_401Antlers_VELVET_ON_REINDEER_ANTLERS-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/DL_401Antlers_VELVET_ON_REINDEER_ANTLERS-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/DL_401Antlers_VELVET_ON_REINDEER_ANTLERS-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/DL_401Antlers_VELVET_ON_REINDEER_ANTLERS-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Bits of furry skin called velvet hang from the antlers of a reindeer at Windswept Ranch, in Rosamond, California. The nerves that grow in the velvet of developing antlers are the focus of research by neuroscientists interested in developing treatments for people with damaged limbs. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In research reported in the November edition of the journal Neuroscience, the neuroscientists identified three proteins in deer velvet that work together to help axons grow fast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To find these proteins, they cut off the tips of the developing antlers of live red deer that had been anesthetized, cultured them in the lab and collected the substances the velvet produced. Then they added these proteins to rat neurons in the lab and identified the ones that made the neurons grow faster. Finally, they tested several proteins acting together.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They found that the combination that best promoted the growth of the rat neurons was a mix of a protein called nerve growth factor and two other proteins — periostin and laminin — that serve as a surface for the nerves to grow on. The rat neurons in the lab grew about four times faster than they would naturally, but thousands of times slower than axons in developing antlers, which can grow three quarters of an inch per day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We saw a decent growth rate (in the rat neurons), but it’s not amazing,” said Nieto-Díaz. The fact that the rat neurons didn’t grow at the astounding rate of antler nerves leads him to believe there’s some sort of mechanical force at work stretching the axons in antler velvet, but he and his colleagues haven’t tested this out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The next step in the research is to try adding the three proteins to live rats, said Pita-Thomas, who is looking for funding to carry out this new experiment. He also would like to compare the success of the three proteins to existing treatments. Currently, when the nerves in a patient’s arm or leg are damaged, doctors can transplant nerves from another part of the patient’s body to the damaged area. This procedure is risky because extracting nerves can cause damage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In another treatment, a scaffold made out of collagen is sown between the two parts of a sectioned nerve, and nerves are allowed to grow through it. But nerves grow slowly. A treatment developed from fast-growing antler velvet nerves could help with this, said Pita-Thomas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Helping patients with a spinal cord injury, caused for example by a traffic accident, would be much more difficult than helping patients with limb damage, said Nieto-Diaz, because the spinal cord secretes substances that impede nerve regrowth. Developing a treatment based on antler velvet nerves would require first inhibiting these substances. The need for spinal cord injury treatments is pressing, though: \u003ca href=\"https://www.christopherreeve.org/living-with-paralysis/health/causes-of-paralysis/spinal-cord-injury\">a study from the Reeve Foundation\u003c/a> estimates that in the U.S. more than 1.2 million people are living with paralysis from spinal cord injuries, and there’s no cure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As December comes around and the tule elk in Northern California lose their antlers, a new pair begins to grow right away. In that quick turnaround could lie the key to treatments for thousands of patients with limited mobility.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"title": "Why Reindeer and Their Cousins are Total Boneheads | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>Every year, male members of the deer family — and females too, in the case of reindeer — perform a feat no other adult mammal can do. In about three months they grow an entirely new set of antlers, their iconic crown of bones.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Every year the deer cast their antlers and they regenerate,” said \u003ca href=\"https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Manuel_Nieto-Diaz\">Manuel Nieto-Díaz\u003c/a>, a paleontologist-turned-neuroscientist based at the National Paraplegics Hospital, in Toledo, Spain. “Among mammals, it’s a unique process of complete regeneration.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The nerves involved in this regeneration grow back at the same rate as the antlers. Their speed and ability to grow on their own make these nerves of great interest to scientists, who are investigating their ability to return mobility to damaged human limbs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Male deer, elk, reindeer, and all other members of the cervid family use their antlers to fend off competitors and woo females, then shed them once mating season is over.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1217669\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/DL_401Antlers_DAVID_PRESS_HOLDS_CAST_ANTLER_AT_POINT_REYES_NATIONAL_SEASHORE.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-1217669\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/DL_401Antlers_DAVID_PRESS_HOLDS_CAST_ANTLER_AT_POINT_REYES_NATIONAL_SEASHORE-1020x574.jpg\" alt=\"National Park Service wildlife ecologist David Press holds an antler shed by a tule elk at Point Reyes National Seashore, in West Marin County, California. \" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/DL_401Antlers_DAVID_PRESS_HOLDS_CAST_ANTLER_AT_POINT_REYES_NATIONAL_SEASHORE-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/DL_401Antlers_DAVID_PRESS_HOLDS_CAST_ANTLER_AT_POINT_REYES_NATIONAL_SEASHORE-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/DL_401Antlers_DAVID_PRESS_HOLDS_CAST_ANTLER_AT_POINT_REYES_NATIONAL_SEASHORE-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/DL_401Antlers_DAVID_PRESS_HOLDS_CAST_ANTLER_AT_POINT_REYES_NATIONAL_SEASHORE-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/DL_401Antlers_DAVID_PRESS_HOLDS_CAST_ANTLER_AT_POINT_REYES_NATIONAL_SEASHORE.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/DL_401Antlers_DAVID_PRESS_HOLDS_CAST_ANTLER_AT_POINT_REYES_NATIONAL_SEASHORE-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/DL_401Antlers_DAVID_PRESS_HOLDS_CAST_ANTLER_AT_POINT_REYES_NATIONAL_SEASHORE-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/DL_401Antlers_DAVID_PRESS_HOLDS_CAST_ANTLER_AT_POINT_REYES_NATIONAL_SEASHORE-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/DL_401Antlers_DAVID_PRESS_HOLDS_CAST_ANTLER_AT_POINT_REYES_NATIONAL_SEASHORE-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/DL_401Antlers_DAVID_PRESS_HOLDS_CAST_ANTLER_AT_POINT_REYES_NATIONAL_SEASHORE-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">National Park Service wildlife ecologist David Press holds an antler shed by a tule elk at Point Reyes National Seashore, in West Marin County, California. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>New antlers start growing right away, sprouting from two knobs on the deer’s forehead called pedicles, and growing as heavy as 60 pounds in the case of moose. A fuzzy layer of skin and fur called velvet carries blood rich in calcium and phosphorous to build up the bone that makes up the antlers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1217659\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/DL_401Antlers_PEDICLES_TEXTED.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-1217659\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/DL_401Antlers_PEDICLES_TEXTED-1020x574.jpg\" alt=\"Antlers grow every year out of knobs called pedicles. These elk antlers are in the collection of the California Academy of Sciences, in San Francisco. \" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/DL_401Antlers_PEDICLES_TEXTED-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/DL_401Antlers_PEDICLES_TEXTED-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/DL_401Antlers_PEDICLES_TEXTED-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/DL_401Antlers_PEDICLES_TEXTED-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/DL_401Antlers_PEDICLES_TEXTED.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/DL_401Antlers_PEDICLES_TEXTED-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/DL_401Antlers_PEDICLES_TEXTED-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/DL_401Antlers_PEDICLES_TEXTED-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/DL_401Antlers_PEDICLES_TEXTED-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/DL_401Antlers_PEDICLES_TEXTED-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Antlers grow every year out of knobs called pedicles. These elk antlers are in the collection of the California Academy of Sciences, in San Francisco. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Antlers start out as special cells in the pedicles that grow into cartilage and finally bone. While they’re growing, the antlers are soft and vulnerable. Deer know to keep them out of harm’s way. That’s because nerves in the velvet give them sensation in their developing antlers and prevent them from banging or scratching them before they’ve branched out and hardened.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They don’t get in any fights and are very careful with their environment. If they touch something, it hurts them,” said neuroscientist \u003ca href=\"https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Wolfgang_Pita-Thomas\">Wolfgang Pita-Thomas\u003c/a>, at Washington University in St. Louis, co-author of a recent paper on antler development with Nieto-Díaz. “That’s the evolutionary advantage of having nerves in your antler.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the bone is completely sturdy after about three months, blood flow stops and the velvet cracks. The process makes the males itchy, so they scratch their antlers on leaves and branches and the velvet peels off in bloody sheets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1217661\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/DL_401Antlers_VELVET_AND_BLOOD.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-1217661\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/DL_401Antlers_VELVET_AND_BLOOD-1020x574.jpg\" alt=\"A close-up of the velvet peeling off the antler of a reindeer at Windswept Ranch, in Rosamond, California. The velvet is a furry skin that envelops the antlers as they develop. Blood that flows through the velvet carries calcium and phosphorous to build up the bone that makes up the antlers.\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/DL_401Antlers_VELVET_AND_BLOOD-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/DL_401Antlers_VELVET_AND_BLOOD-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/DL_401Antlers_VELVET_AND_BLOOD-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/DL_401Antlers_VELVET_AND_BLOOD-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/DL_401Antlers_VELVET_AND_BLOOD.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/DL_401Antlers_VELVET_AND_BLOOD-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/DL_401Antlers_VELVET_AND_BLOOD-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/DL_401Antlers_VELVET_AND_BLOOD-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/DL_401Antlers_VELVET_AND_BLOOD-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/DL_401Antlers_VELVET_AND_BLOOD-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A close-up of the velvet peeling off the antler of a reindeer at Windswept Ranch, in Rosamond, California. The velvet is a furry skin that envelops the antlers as they develop. Blood that flows through the velvet carries calcium and phosphorous to build up the bone that makes up the antlers. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1217663\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 720px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/DL_401Antlers_VELVET_SHREDS_720.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1217663\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/DL_401Antlers_VELVET_SHREDS_720.gif\" alt=\"Velvet peels off the antler of a reindeer at Windswept Ranch. Underneath the velvet is the hard bone that makes up the antlers.\" width=\"720\" height=\"404\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Velvet peels off the antler of a reindeer at Windswept Ranch. Underneath the velvet is the hard bone that makes up the antlers. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Once the antlers are fully developed, they’re dead bones devoid of any sensation, which makes them pretty useful weapons — ones that can take a pummeling without hurting their owner. (By comparison, our bones always have nerves in them, which is why we feel pain if we break one).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Male reindeer, elk, and all other cervids use their antlers to fight or keep other males away, or as a lure to attract females. \u003ca href=\"https://www.nps.gov/pore/learn/nature/tule_elk.htm\">Tule elk\u003c/a> on the Northern California coast, for example, use their antlers to tear up bushes, in an effort to keep competitors away from a group of females called a harem, which they try to mate with exclusively.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/DL_401Antlers_BULL_THRASHES_BUSH_720.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-1217658\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/DL_401Antlers_BULL_THRASHES_BUSH_720.gif\" alt=\"dl_401antlers_bull_thrashes_bush_720\" width=\"720\" height=\"404\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a sign of dominance behavior,” said wildlife ecologist David Press of \u003ca href=\"https://www.nps.gov/pore/index.htm\">Point Reyes National Seashore\u003c/a>, in West Marin County, where some 500 tule elk — once on the brink of extinction – now live.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The part of the nerve that grows in the deer velvet while the antlers are developing is especially interesting to scientists. These long nerve sections are called axons, and they can grow to be more than three feet long.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Axons are the wiring,” said Nieto-Díaz. “When we talk about nerves, we’re really talking about axons. They’re the part of the nerve that transmits information.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The axons in developing antlers are unique because they regrow year after year and they do so very fast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Usually, in humans and most other animals, the formation of new nerves doesn’t happen. It happens some, but not to that extent,” said Pita-Thomas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This makes it difficult for people whose limbs are crushed in an accident, or severed and reattached, to fully recover their use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You can sow the nerves together to help them heal, but the chances of improvement are limited,” said Nieto-Díaz. “It depends on how long the sections of the nerve remained separate from each other.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If doctors could get axons to grow consistently and quickly in humans who have suffered nerve damage to their limbs, this would help them recover mobility. Nieto-Díaz and Pita-Thomas believe that by figuring out what makes axons grow in antlers, they might be able to devise new treatments, or improve on existing treatments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Ideally, we’d like to identify several factors that would act together to promote nerve growth,” said Nieto- Díaz.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1217662\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/DL_401Antlers_VELVET_ON_REINDEER_ANTLERS.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-1217662\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/DL_401Antlers_VELVET_ON_REINDEER_ANTLERS-1020x574.jpg\" alt=\"Bits of furry skin called velvet hang from the antlers of a reindeer at Windswept Ranch, in Rosamond, California. The nerves that grow in the velvet of developing antlers are the focus of research by neuroscientists interested in developing treatments for people with damaged limbs. \" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/DL_401Antlers_VELVET_ON_REINDEER_ANTLERS-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/DL_401Antlers_VELVET_ON_REINDEER_ANTLERS-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/DL_401Antlers_VELVET_ON_REINDEER_ANTLERS-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/DL_401Antlers_VELVET_ON_REINDEER_ANTLERS-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/DL_401Antlers_VELVET_ON_REINDEER_ANTLERS.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/DL_401Antlers_VELVET_ON_REINDEER_ANTLERS-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/DL_401Antlers_VELVET_ON_REINDEER_ANTLERS-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/DL_401Antlers_VELVET_ON_REINDEER_ANTLERS-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/DL_401Antlers_VELVET_ON_REINDEER_ANTLERS-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/DL_401Antlers_VELVET_ON_REINDEER_ANTLERS-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Bits of furry skin called velvet hang from the antlers of a reindeer at Windswept Ranch, in Rosamond, California. The nerves that grow in the velvet of developing antlers are the focus of research by neuroscientists interested in developing treatments for people with damaged limbs. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In research reported in the November edition of the journal Neuroscience, the neuroscientists identified three proteins in deer velvet that work together to help axons grow fast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To find these proteins, they cut off the tips of the developing antlers of live red deer that had been anesthetized, cultured them in the lab and collected the substances the velvet produced. Then they added these proteins to rat neurons in the lab and identified the ones that made the neurons grow faster. Finally, they tested several proteins acting together.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They found that the combination that best promoted the growth of the rat neurons was a mix of a protein called nerve growth factor and two other proteins — periostin and laminin — that serve as a surface for the nerves to grow on. The rat neurons in the lab grew about four times faster than they would naturally, but thousands of times slower than axons in developing antlers, which can grow three quarters of an inch per day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We saw a decent growth rate (in the rat neurons), but it’s not amazing,” said Nieto-Díaz. The fact that the rat neurons didn’t grow at the astounding rate of antler nerves leads him to believe there’s some sort of mechanical force at work stretching the axons in antler velvet, but he and his colleagues haven’t tested this out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The next step in the research is to try adding the three proteins to live rats, said Pita-Thomas, who is looking for funding to carry out this new experiment. He also would like to compare the success of the three proteins to existing treatments. Currently, when the nerves in a patient’s arm or leg are damaged, doctors can transplant nerves from another part of the patient’s body to the damaged area. This procedure is risky because extracting nerves can cause damage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In another treatment, a scaffold made out of collagen is sown between the two parts of a sectioned nerve, and nerves are allowed to grow through it. But nerves grow slowly. A treatment developed from fast-growing antler velvet nerves could help with this, said Pita-Thomas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Helping patients with a spinal cord injury, caused for example by a traffic accident, would be much more difficult than helping patients with limb damage, said Nieto-Diaz, because the spinal cord secretes substances that impede nerve regrowth. Developing a treatment based on antler velvet nerves would require first inhibiting these substances. The need for spinal cord injury treatments is pressing, though: \u003ca href=\"https://www.christopherreeve.org/living-with-paralysis/health/causes-of-paralysis/spinal-cord-injury\">a study from the Reeve Foundation\u003c/a> estimates that in the U.S. more than 1.2 million people are living with paralysis from spinal cord injuries, and there’s no cure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As December comes around and the tule elk in Northern California lose their antlers, a new pair begins to grow right away. In that quick turnaround could lie the key to treatments for thousands of patients with limited mobility.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"meta": {
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"source": "BBC World Service"
},
"link": "/radio/program/bbc-world-service",
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"rss": "https://podcasts.files.bbci.co.uk/p02nq0gn.rss"
}
},
"californiareport": {
"id": "californiareport",
"title": "The California Report",
"tagline": "California, day by day",
"info": "KQED’s statewide radio news program providing daily coverage of issues, trends and public policy decisions.",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-California-Report-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/californiareport",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 8
},
"link": "/californiareport",
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"amazon": "https://music.amazon.com/podcasts/26099305-72af-4542-9dde-ac1807fe36d5/kqed-s-the-california-report",
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}
},
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"id": "californiareportmagazine",
"title": "The California Report Magazine",
"tagline": "Your state, your stories",
"info": "Every week, The California Report Magazine takes you on a road trip for the ears: to visit the places and meet the people who make California unique. The in-depth storytelling podcast from the California Report.",
"airtime": "FRI 4:30pm-5pm, 6:30pm-7pm, 11pm-11:30pm",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/californiareportmagazine",
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"order": 10
},
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM3NjkwNjk1OTAz",
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},
"city-arts": {
"id": "city-arts",
"title": "City Arts & Lectures",
"info": "A one-hour radio program to hear celebrated writers, artists and thinkers address contemporary ideas and values, often discussing the creative process. Please note: tapes or transcripts are not available",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/05/cityartsandlecture-300x300.jpg",
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"airtime": "SUN 1pm-2pm, TUE 10pm, WED 1am",
"meta": {
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"source": "City Arts & Lectures"
},
"link": "https://www.cityarts.net",
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"rss": "https://www.cityarts.net/feed/"
}
},
"closealltabs": {
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/closealltabs",
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"order": 1
},
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"id": "code-switch-life-kit",
"title": "Code Switch / Life Kit",
"info": "\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />",
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"meta": {
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"id": "commonwealth-club",
"title": "Commonwealth Club of California Podcast",
"info": "The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.",
"airtime": "THU 10pm, FRI 1am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Commonwealth-Club-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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"meta": {
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"source": "Commonwealth Club of California"
},
"link": "/radio/program/commonwealth-club",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cDovL3d3dy5jb21tb253ZWFsdGhjbHViLm9yZy9hdWRpby9wb2RjYXN0L3dlZWtseS54bWw",
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"id": "forum",
"title": "Forum",
"tagline": "The conversation starts here",
"info": "KQED’s live call-in program discussing local, state, national and international issues, as well as in-depth interviews.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 9am-11am, 10pm-11pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Forum-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Forum with Mina Kim and Alexis Madrigal",
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 9
},
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM5NTU3MzgxNjMz",
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"freakonomics-radio": {
"id": "freakonomics-radio",
"title": "Freakonomics Radio",
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"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/05/freakonomicsRadio.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://freakonomics.com/",
"airtime": "SUN 1am-2am, SAT 3pm-4pm",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "WNYC"
},
"link": "/radio/program/freakonomics-radio",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/freakonomics-radio/id354668519",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/podcasts/WNYC-Podcasts/Freakonomics-Radio-p272293/",
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},
"fresh-air": {
"id": "fresh-air",
"title": "Fresh Air",
"info": "Hosted by Terry Gross, \u003cem>Fresh Air from WHYY\u003c/em> is the Peabody Award-winning weekday magazine of contemporary arts and issues. One of public radio's most popular programs, Fresh Air features intimate conversations with today's biggest luminaries.",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=214089682&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"here-and-now": {
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"info": "A live production of NPR and WBUR Boston, in collaboration with stations across the country, Here & Now reflects the fluid world of news as it's happening in the middle of the day, with timely, in-depth news, interviews and conversation. Hosted by Robin Young, Jeremy Hobson and Tonya Mosley.",
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},
"hidden-brain": {
"id": "hidden-brain",
"title": "Hidden Brain",
"info": "Shankar Vedantam uses science and storytelling to reveal the unconscious patterns that drive human behavior, shape our choices and direct our relationships.",
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"airtime": "SUN 7pm-8pm",
"meta": {
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"source": "NPR"
},
"link": "/radio/program/hidden-brain",
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},
"how-i-built-this": {
"id": "how-i-built-this",
"title": "How I Built This with Guy Raz",
"info": "Guy Raz dives into the stories behind some of the world's best known companies. How I Built This weaves a narrative journey about innovators, entrepreneurs and idealists—and the movements they built.",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510313/how-i-built-this",
"airtime": "SUN 7:30pm-8pm",
"meta": {
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"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/how-i-built-this",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/how-i-built-this-with-guy-raz/id1150510297?mt=2",
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},
"hyphenacion": {
"id": "hyphenacion",
"title": "Hyphenación",
"tagline": "Where conversation and cultura meet",
"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/Hyphenacion_FinalAssets_PodcastTile.png",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/hyphenacion",
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"order": 15
},
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},
"jerrybrown": {
"id": "jerrybrown",
"title": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown",
"tagline": "Lessons from a lifetime in politics",
"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-Political-Mind-of-Jerry-Brown-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
"meta": {
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"order": 18
},
"link": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
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}
},
"latino-usa": {
"id": "latino-usa",
"title": "Latino USA",
"airtime": "MON 1am-2am, SUN 6pm-7pm",
"info": "Latino USA, the radio journal of news and culture, is the only national, English-language radio program produced from a Latino perspective.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/latinoUsa.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://latinousa.org/",
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"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/latino-usa",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=79681317&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510016/podcast.xml"
}
},
"marketplace": {
"id": "marketplace",
"title": "Marketplace",
"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Marketplace-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.marketplace.org/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "American Public Media"
},
"link": "/radio/program/marketplace",
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"rss": "https://feeds.publicradio.org/public_feeds/marketplace-pm/rss/rss"
}
},
"masters-of-scale": {
"id": "masters-of-scale",
"title": "Masters of Scale",
"info": "Masters of Scale is an original podcast in which LinkedIn co-founder and Greylock Partner Reid Hoffman sets out to describe and prove theories that explain how great entrepreneurs take their companies from zero to a gazillion in ingenious fashion.",
"airtime": "Every other Wednesday June 12 through October 16 at 8pm (repeats Thursdays at 2am)",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "https://mastersofscale.com/",
"meta": {
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"source": "WaitWhat"
},
"link": "/radio/program/masters-of-scale",
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"rss": "https://rss.art19.com/masters-of-scale"
}
},
"mindshift": {
"id": "mindshift",
"title": "MindShift",
"tagline": "A podcast about the future of learning and how we raise our kids",
"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/mindshift/",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 12
},
"link": "/podcasts/mindshift",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5",
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}
},
"morning-edition": {
"id": "morning-edition",
"title": "Morning Edition",
"info": "\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. Hosts Steve Inskeep, David Greene and Rachel Martin bring you the latest breaking news and features to prepare you for the day.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 3am-9am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Morning-Edition-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/programs/morning-edition/",
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"link": "/radio/program/morning-edition"
},
"onourwatch": {
"id": "onourwatch",
"title": "On Our Watch",
"tagline": "Deeply-reported investigative journalism",
"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/On-Our-Watch-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "On Our Watch from NPR and KQED",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 11
},
"link": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
"subscribe": {
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5ucHIub3JnLzUxMDM2MC9wb2RjYXN0LnhtbD9zYz1nb29nbGVwb2RjYXN0cw",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510360/podcast.xml"
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