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"title": "Better Forecasts Ahead for Western Weather and Natural Disasters",
"headTitle": "Better Forecasts Ahead for Western Weather and Natural Disasters | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>A new satellite parked 22,000 miles (35,000km) over the United States promises to deliver better storm forecasting for California and other Western states plagued by drought, floods and other weather extremes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">The \u003ca href=\"http://www.goes-r.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">\u003cspan class=\"caps\">GOES\u003c/span>-R\u003c/span>\u003c/a> satellite was \u003ca title=\"Link: http://www.noaa.gov/media-release/goes-r-heads-to-orbit-will-improve-weather-forecasting\" href=\"http://www.noaa.gov/media-release/goes-r-heads-to-orbit-will-improve-weather-forecasting\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">successfully launched\u003c/span>\u003c/a> from Cape Canaveral on Nov. 19. It is the first in a new generation of weather satellites that will be able to scan the planet five times faster and offer four times better imaging resolution than the current technology.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">The new imagery offered by \u003cspan class=\"caps\">GOES\u003c/span>-R (\u003c/span>Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite-R Series) will be like switching from black-and-white \u003cspan class=\"caps\">TV\u003c/span> to high definition, according to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">“That means if I’m looking at a thunderstorm, before I wouldn’t get a picture of a storm but every 10 to 15 minutes,” said William Rasch, science and operations officer at the National Weather Service office in Sacramento. “But now, I’ll get a picture every 30 seconds. We’re going to see a lot more data than we were before.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1217909\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2048px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1217909\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/31062100791_be2cdcdb4f_k.jpg\" alt=\"GOES-R lifted off on November 19, 2016 from Cape Canaveral Air Force Station's Space Launch Complex 41, aboard a United Launch Alliance Atlas V 541 rocket. GOES-R is the first of four satellites to be launched for NOAA in a new and advanced series of spacecraft. Once in geostationary orbit, it will be known as GOES-16. \" width=\"2048\" height=\"1367\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/31062100791_be2cdcdb4f_k.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/31062100791_be2cdcdb4f_k-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/31062100791_be2cdcdb4f_k-800x534.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/31062100791_be2cdcdb4f_k-768x513.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/31062100791_be2cdcdb4f_k-1020x681.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/31062100791_be2cdcdb4f_k-1920x1282.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/31062100791_be2cdcdb4f_k-1180x788.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/31062100791_be2cdcdb4f_k-960x641.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/31062100791_be2cdcdb4f_k-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/31062100791_be2cdcdb4f_k-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/31062100791_be2cdcdb4f_k-520x347.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2048px) 100vw, 2048px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">GOES-R lifted off on November 19, 2016 from Cape Canaveral Air Force Station’s Space Launch Complex 41, aboard a United Launch Alliance Atlas V 541 rocket. GOES-R is the first of four satellites to be launched for NOAA in a new and advanced series of spacecraft. Once in geostationary orbit, it will be known as GOES-16. \u003ccite>(ULA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">\u003cspan class=\"caps\">GOES\u003c/span>-R is also bristling with new sensors. For instance, it carries the first operational lightning mapper in geostationary orbit. This will allow scientists to observe lightning as it evolves – an important indicator of storm intensity and direction.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It also includes sensors to monitor space weather such as solar flares, which may help predict the timing and intensity of potentially damaging electromagnetic storms on Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">More importantly for drought-plagued states like California, \u003cspan class=\"caps\">GOES\u003c/span>-R will be parked in geostationary orbit over the West, allowing meteorologists to better predict precipitation, run-off amounts and flood risk.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Rasch said meteorologists now rely on weather balloons to obtain some of the fine detail they need on what’s happening in the atmosphere and in approaching storms. But these are launched only twice daily, and are as far as 100 miles apart. The new satellite will fill in those gaps with an almost real-time stream of data and imagery.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1217910\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 760px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1217910\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/14400595575_991a1c5be4_o.jpg\" alt=\"Artist’s conception of the GOES-R spacecraft with the location of each instrument identified. \" width=\"760\" height=\"590\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/14400595575_991a1c5be4_o.jpg 760w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/14400595575_991a1c5be4_o-160x124.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/14400595575_991a1c5be4_o-240x186.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/14400595575_991a1c5be4_o-375x291.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/14400595575_991a1c5be4_o-520x404.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 760px) 100vw, 760px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Artist’s conception of the GOES-R spacecraft with the location of each instrument identified. \u003ccite>(Lockheed Martin)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">“The information is going to lead to some really good lead time for things like severe weather,” he said. “It’s probably one of the biggest advances we’ve had in the weather world for a long time.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">\u003cspan class=\"caps\">GOES\u003c/span>-R is part of a series of four new geostationary weather satellites to be launched up to 2036, providing significantly improved coverage of the planet. Eventually, all the new data they churn out will also improve the computer models forecasters use to predict the weather.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">This will help inform better decision-making about approaching storms, in turn improving, for example, \u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/community/2016/04/11/rob-hartman-time-to-manage-reservoirs-differently\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan class=\"s3\">reservoir management\u003c/span>\u003c/a> to conserve water and prevent floods.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Those improvements, however, could take years as the stream of new data is slowly integrated into forecasting models.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s4\">“\u003c/span>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">I think the biggest advantage from this will be data from over the Pacific Ocean going into the computer models we use for forecasting weather,” said Jan Null, an independent meteorologist at Golden Gate Weather Services in Saratoga, Calif. \u003c/span>\u003cspan class=\"s4\">“\u003c/span>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">People studying atmospheric rivers and things like that, they’re going to have better data to analyze.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">The National Weather Service is also in the early stages of rolling out a new computer \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/capital-weather-gang/wp/2016/07/27/the-weather-service-just-took-a-critical-first-step-in-creating-a-new-u-s-forecasting-model/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">weather model\u003c/span>\u003c/a> to take advantage of all the data from the new satellites, potentially offering a significant increase in forecast accuracy.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">But Null cautions that all this is happening as the weather service is about to begin a major \u003ca href=\"http://www.mypalmbeachpost.com/news/weather/weather-service-says-increase-in-severe-events-is-/nswCF/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">reorganization\u003c/span>\u003c/a>, which may see staffing slashed at some forecasting offices.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">“So you might have more data, but there are fewer people to look at it,” he said. “\u003c/span>It has the meteorological community very concerned. Just because we get a picture every 30 seconds doesn’t mean we can \u003ci>use\u003c/i> it every 30 seconds.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Even so, the new satellite weather images are expected to be dazzling. And they will be seen wherever the public has access to weather information – from the nightly \u003cspan class=\"caps\">TV\u003c/span> forecast to smartphone apps.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Bill Patzert, a climatologist at \u003cspan class=\"caps\">NASA\u003c/span>’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, said the better imagery would also help manage the response to fast-moving natural disasters such as forest fires. Emergency managers will have better images arriving more often to help them track a fire’s size and direction.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">“I think of a good weather forecaster as a lifesaver,” Patzert said. “Now you’re getting down to the point where you can create, literally, a more rapid response on the ground to more severe events.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Benefits are also expected in the realm of aviation forecasts and flight route planning, helping aircraft avoid hazards such as turbulence. The satellite will provide clearer views of clouds at different elevations, better estimates of wind speed and direction and better detection of fog and ice.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">It also carries a transponder to receive and transmit emergency beacons, helping to more accurately pinpoint distress signals for search-and-rescue teams on the ground.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">\u003cspan class=\"caps\">GOES\u003c/span>-R is expected to require as much as a year of testing and diagnostic work before it becomes fully operational. During that time, Rasch said, forecasters at regional weather service offices, like the one in Sacramento, will be given training to help them make the most of the new satellite’s capabilities.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"fin\">\u003cspan class=\"s5\">“\u003c/span>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Some of the benefits we’re going to get from it, we just don’t know yet,” Rasch added. “We’re going to learn that as we go along.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"fin\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This article originally appeared on \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://mail.kqed.org/owa/redir.aspx?C=9e4bb0e1a7d74f24ba4684ef2533053d&URL=https%3a%2f%2fwww.newsdeeply.com%2fwater\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Water Deeply\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, and you can find it \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/articles/2016/12/05/better-forecasts-ahead-for-western-weather-and-natural-disasters\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">here\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. For important news about the California drought, you can \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"http://waterdeeply.us5.list-manage.com/subscribe?u=8b78e9a34ff7443ec1e8c62c6&id=2947becb78\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">sign up\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> to the Water Deeply email list.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>A new satellite parked 22,000 miles (35,000km) over the United States promises to deliver better storm forecasting for California and other Western states plagued by drought, floods and other weather extremes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">The \u003ca href=\"http://www.goes-r.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">\u003cspan class=\"caps\">GOES\u003c/span>-R\u003c/span>\u003c/a> satellite was \u003ca title=\"Link: http://www.noaa.gov/media-release/goes-r-heads-to-orbit-will-improve-weather-forecasting\" href=\"http://www.noaa.gov/media-release/goes-r-heads-to-orbit-will-improve-weather-forecasting\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">successfully launched\u003c/span>\u003c/a> from Cape Canaveral on Nov. 19. It is the first in a new generation of weather satellites that will be able to scan the planet five times faster and offer four times better imaging resolution than the current technology.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">The new imagery offered by \u003cspan class=\"caps\">GOES\u003c/span>-R (\u003c/span>Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite-R Series) will be like switching from black-and-white \u003cspan class=\"caps\">TV\u003c/span> to high definition, according to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">“That means if I’m looking at a thunderstorm, before I wouldn’t get a picture of a storm but every 10 to 15 minutes,” said William Rasch, science and operations officer at the National Weather Service office in Sacramento. “But now, I’ll get a picture every 30 seconds. We’re going to see a lot more data than we were before.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1217909\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2048px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1217909\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/31062100791_be2cdcdb4f_k.jpg\" alt=\"GOES-R lifted off on November 19, 2016 from Cape Canaveral Air Force Station's Space Launch Complex 41, aboard a United Launch Alliance Atlas V 541 rocket. GOES-R is the first of four satellites to be launched for NOAA in a new and advanced series of spacecraft. Once in geostationary orbit, it will be known as GOES-16. \" width=\"2048\" height=\"1367\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/31062100791_be2cdcdb4f_k.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/31062100791_be2cdcdb4f_k-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/31062100791_be2cdcdb4f_k-800x534.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/31062100791_be2cdcdb4f_k-768x513.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/31062100791_be2cdcdb4f_k-1020x681.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/31062100791_be2cdcdb4f_k-1920x1282.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/31062100791_be2cdcdb4f_k-1180x788.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/31062100791_be2cdcdb4f_k-960x641.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/31062100791_be2cdcdb4f_k-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/31062100791_be2cdcdb4f_k-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/31062100791_be2cdcdb4f_k-520x347.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2048px) 100vw, 2048px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">GOES-R lifted off on November 19, 2016 from Cape Canaveral Air Force Station’s Space Launch Complex 41, aboard a United Launch Alliance Atlas V 541 rocket. GOES-R is the first of four satellites to be launched for NOAA in a new and advanced series of spacecraft. Once in geostationary orbit, it will be known as GOES-16. \u003ccite>(ULA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">\u003cspan class=\"caps\">GOES\u003c/span>-R is also bristling with new sensors. For instance, it carries the first operational lightning mapper in geostationary orbit. This will allow scientists to observe lightning as it evolves – an important indicator of storm intensity and direction.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It also includes sensors to monitor space weather such as solar flares, which may help predict the timing and intensity of potentially damaging electromagnetic storms on Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">More importantly for drought-plagued states like California, \u003cspan class=\"caps\">GOES\u003c/span>-R will be parked in geostationary orbit over the West, allowing meteorologists to better predict precipitation, run-off amounts and flood risk.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Rasch said meteorologists now rely on weather balloons to obtain some of the fine detail they need on what’s happening in the atmosphere and in approaching storms. But these are launched only twice daily, and are as far as 100 miles apart. The new satellite will fill in those gaps with an almost real-time stream of data and imagery.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1217910\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 760px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1217910\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/14400595575_991a1c5be4_o.jpg\" alt=\"Artist’s conception of the GOES-R spacecraft with the location of each instrument identified. \" width=\"760\" height=\"590\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/14400595575_991a1c5be4_o.jpg 760w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/14400595575_991a1c5be4_o-160x124.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/14400595575_991a1c5be4_o-240x186.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/14400595575_991a1c5be4_o-375x291.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/14400595575_991a1c5be4_o-520x404.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 760px) 100vw, 760px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Artist’s conception of the GOES-R spacecraft with the location of each instrument identified. \u003ccite>(Lockheed Martin)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">“The information is going to lead to some really good lead time for things like severe weather,” he said. “It’s probably one of the biggest advances we’ve had in the weather world for a long time.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">\u003cspan class=\"caps\">GOES\u003c/span>-R is part of a series of four new geostationary weather satellites to be launched up to 2036, providing significantly improved coverage of the planet. Eventually, all the new data they churn out will also improve the computer models forecasters use to predict the weather.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">This will help inform better decision-making about approaching storms, in turn improving, for example, \u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/community/2016/04/11/rob-hartman-time-to-manage-reservoirs-differently\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan class=\"s3\">reservoir management\u003c/span>\u003c/a> to conserve water and prevent floods.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Those improvements, however, could take years as the stream of new data is slowly integrated into forecasting models.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s4\">“\u003c/span>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">I think the biggest advantage from this will be data from over the Pacific Ocean going into the computer models we use for forecasting weather,” said Jan Null, an independent meteorologist at Golden Gate Weather Services in Saratoga, Calif. \u003c/span>\u003cspan class=\"s4\">“\u003c/span>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">People studying atmospheric rivers and things like that, they’re going to have better data to analyze.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">The National Weather Service is also in the early stages of rolling out a new computer \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/capital-weather-gang/wp/2016/07/27/the-weather-service-just-took-a-critical-first-step-in-creating-a-new-u-s-forecasting-model/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">weather model\u003c/span>\u003c/a> to take advantage of all the data from the new satellites, potentially offering a significant increase in forecast accuracy.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">But Null cautions that all this is happening as the weather service is about to begin a major \u003ca href=\"http://www.mypalmbeachpost.com/news/weather/weather-service-says-increase-in-severe-events-is-/nswCF/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">reorganization\u003c/span>\u003c/a>, which may see staffing slashed at some forecasting offices.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">“So you might have more data, but there are fewer people to look at it,” he said. “\u003c/span>It has the meteorological community very concerned. Just because we get a picture every 30 seconds doesn’t mean we can \u003ci>use\u003c/i> it every 30 seconds.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Even so, the new satellite weather images are expected to be dazzling. And they will be seen wherever the public has access to weather information – from the nightly \u003cspan class=\"caps\">TV\u003c/span> forecast to smartphone apps.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Bill Patzert, a climatologist at \u003cspan class=\"caps\">NASA\u003c/span>’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, said the better imagery would also help manage the response to fast-moving natural disasters such as forest fires. Emergency managers will have better images arriving more often to help them track a fire’s size and direction.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">“I think of a good weather forecaster as a lifesaver,” Patzert said. “Now you’re getting down to the point where you can create, literally, a more rapid response on the ground to more severe events.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Benefits are also expected in the realm of aviation forecasts and flight route planning, helping aircraft avoid hazards such as turbulence. The satellite will provide clearer views of clouds at different elevations, better estimates of wind speed and direction and better detection of fog and ice.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">It also carries a transponder to receive and transmit emergency beacons, helping to more accurately pinpoint distress signals for search-and-rescue teams on the ground.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">\u003cspan class=\"caps\">GOES\u003c/span>-R is expected to require as much as a year of testing and diagnostic work before it becomes fully operational. During that time, Rasch said, forecasters at regional weather service offices, like the one in Sacramento, will be given training to help them make the most of the new satellite’s capabilities.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"fin\">\u003cspan class=\"s5\">“\u003c/span>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Some of the benefits we’re going to get from it, we just don’t know yet,” Rasch added. “We’re going to learn that as we go along.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"fin\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This article originally appeared on \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://mail.kqed.org/owa/redir.aspx?C=9e4bb0e1a7d74f24ba4684ef2533053d&URL=https%3a%2f%2fwww.newsdeeply.com%2fwater\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Water Deeply\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, and you can find it \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/articles/2016/12/05/better-forecasts-ahead-for-western-weather-and-natural-disasters\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">here\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. For important news about the California drought, you can \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"http://waterdeeply.us5.list-manage.com/subscribe?u=8b78e9a34ff7443ec1e8c62c6&id=2947becb78\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">sign up\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> to the Water Deeply email list.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "If You're Looking For Alien Life, How Will You Know If You've Found It?",
"headTitle": "If You’re Looking For Alien Life, How Will You Know If You’ve Found It? | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>When a robotic probe finally lands on a watery world like Jupiter’s moon \u003ca href=\"http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/europa\">Europa\u003c/a>, what do scientists have to see to definitively say whether the place has any life?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s the question retired astronaut \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/press-release/john-grunsfeld-announces-retirement-from-nasa\">John Grunsfeld\u003c/a> posed to some colleagues at \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/\">NASA\u003c/a> when he was in charge of the agency’s science missions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We looked at him with blank faces,” recalls \u003ca href=\"https://science.nasa.gov/about-us/leadership/dr-jim-green\">Jim Green\u003c/a>, head of NASA’s planetary sciences division. “What do we need to build to really find life? What are the instruments, what are the techniques, what are the things that we should be looking for?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To get some advice, the agency recently asked the prestigious National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine to gather some of the top experts in astrobiology for \u003ca href=\"https://www.eventbrite.com/e/a-workshop-on-searching-for-life-across-space-and-time-registration-26689574235\">a meeting\u003c/a> that begins Monday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s a growing interest in so-called biosignatures — or substances that provide evidence of life — because NASA has upcoming missions that have real potential to search for them. Those include a visit to \u003ca href=\"http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/missions/europa-mission/\">Europa\u003c/a> in the 2020s and the 2018 launch of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.jwst.nasa.gov/\">James Webb Space Telescope\u003c/a>, which could scan the \u003ca href=\"http://jwst.nasa.gov/origins.html\">atmospheres\u003c/a> of planets around other stars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The last thing NASA officials want is a repeat of the experience with the \u003ca href=\"http://mars.nasa.gov/programmissions/missions/past/viking/\">Viking\u003c/a> missions back in the 1970s, when analysis of Martian soil chemistry produced what was initially interpreted as evidence of life — but then later deemed a false-positive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I remember the aftermath of that,” says \u003ca href=\"http://www.geosc.psu.edu/academic-faculty/kasting-james\">James Kasting\u003c/a>, a professor of geosciences at Penn State University, who was tasked with planning this week’s meeting. “NASA was criticized heavily for looking for life before they had investigated the planet and for not having thought that through carefully. They’re hoping to avoid that same experience.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Finding life means first defining life, and NASA’s Green says the key features are that it must metabolize, reproduce and evolve.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But having that definition doesn’t mean there’s a consensus on what, exactly, to look for. “We have big debates about it, actually,” Kasting says, “and that’s part of what this meeting is all about.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In our own solar system, scientists ponder what kind of extant or extinct life might be found on Mars, icy moons such as Europa or \u003ca href=\"http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/enceladus\">Enceladus\u003c/a>, or the strange methane lakes of \u003ca href=\"http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/titan\">Titan\u003c/a>. If scientists found DNA or RNA, obviously, that would be like finding a smoking gun, assuming it wasn’t a contaminant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the alien life probably wouldn’t have exactly the same kind of genetic material. In fact, its chemistry might be unrecognizable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If I start just doing the usual things to look for life that are successful for looking for life that we know on Earth, there’s no reason to believe that it will be successful in identifying life that has even a mildly different biochemistry,” says \u003ca href=\"http://www.ffame.org/sbenner.php\">Steve Benner\u003c/a>, with the Foundation for Applied Molecular Evolution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So he thinks that searches for alien life have to be able to detect something more generic. “It’s a rather esoteric thing, but we’re going to be looking for long, stringy molecules that have repeated, regularly spaced, backbone charges,” Benner says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1217790\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1600px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1217790\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/kepler186f.jpg\" alt=\"An artist's rendering of Kepler-186f, the first validated Earth-size planet to orbit in the habitable zone of a distant star. \" width=\"1600\" height=\"899\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/kepler186f.jpg 1600w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/kepler186f-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/kepler186f-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/kepler186f-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/kepler186f-1020x573.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/kepler186f-1180x663.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/kepler186f-960x539.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/kepler186f-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/kepler186f-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/kepler186f-520x292.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1600px) 100vw, 1600px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An artist’s rendering of Kepler-186f, the first validated Earth-size planet to orbit in the habitable zone of a distant star. \u003ccite>(T. Pyle/NASA/JPL-Caltech)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Searching for life beyond our solar system poses different challenges, because there’s no interstellar travel that would allow a spacecraft to visit a planet around another star and scoop up dirt or suck up liquid. All scientists will be able to do is look through telescopes and tease apart the light, searching for clues.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With that limitation, Benner says, “maybe the best we can do is look for Earth-like life,” though not all scientists agree on that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One \u003ca href=\"https://palereddot.org/biosignature-gases-a-needle-in-a-haystack/\">signal\u003c/a> from a planet in a distant solar system that would be pretty unambiguous would be the simultaneous presence of abundant oxygen and gases such as methane or nitrous oxide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Both oxygen and methane and nitrous oxide are produced predominantly by biology, and so it’s very difficult to build up high concentrations of those gases, two or three of them simultaneously, without having life present,” Kasting says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An issue that’s likely to come up at the meeting is whether it’s enough to see oxygen by itself, or if there also has to be other gases linked to life. That’s because if you looked at the Earth from far away, it would be relatively easy to detect the oxygen because it’s so abundant, but harder to see the methane or nitrous oxide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course, NASA doesn’t just send up probes or telescopes — it also can send out people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As a field geologist, I have this strong bias that it’s going to take people like me, on the surface of Mars, cracking open a lot of rocks, looking for those fossil signatures of early Mars life,” says \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/offices/ocs/stofan_bio.html\">Ellen Stofan\u003c/a>, NASA’s chief scientist, noting that NASA has a \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/content/journey-to-mars-overview\">goal\u003c/a> of getting humans to Mars in the 2030’s. “Because it’s not enough just to say, ‘Ah-ha, we’ve got one molecule that we think is biological,’ you need lots of molecules, you need lots of fossil samples, to really understand what are the implications of life beyond Earth.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She’s optimistic that we’ll find signs of life off our planet in one or more places in the next couple decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“To think that within the next 20 years we’re going to start answering some of these questions really blows my mind,” Stofan says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=If+You%27re+Looking+For+Alien+Life%2C+How+Will+You+Know+If+You%27ve+Found+it%3F&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Searching for alien life is harder than you might think, because whatever is out there might be really odd. So leading astrobiologists are meeting to advise NASA on how to go about looking for it.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>When a robotic probe finally lands on a watery world like Jupiter’s moon \u003ca href=\"http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/europa\">Europa\u003c/a>, what do scientists have to see to definitively say whether the place has any life?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s the question retired astronaut \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/press-release/john-grunsfeld-announces-retirement-from-nasa\">John Grunsfeld\u003c/a> posed to some colleagues at \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/\">NASA\u003c/a> when he was in charge of the agency’s science missions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We looked at him with blank faces,” recalls \u003ca href=\"https://science.nasa.gov/about-us/leadership/dr-jim-green\">Jim Green\u003c/a>, head of NASA’s planetary sciences division. “What do we need to build to really find life? What are the instruments, what are the techniques, what are the things that we should be looking for?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To get some advice, the agency recently asked the prestigious National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine to gather some of the top experts in astrobiology for \u003ca href=\"https://www.eventbrite.com/e/a-workshop-on-searching-for-life-across-space-and-time-registration-26689574235\">a meeting\u003c/a> that begins Monday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s a growing interest in so-called biosignatures — or substances that provide evidence of life — because NASA has upcoming missions that have real potential to search for them. Those include a visit to \u003ca href=\"http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/missions/europa-mission/\">Europa\u003c/a> in the 2020s and the 2018 launch of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.jwst.nasa.gov/\">James Webb Space Telescope\u003c/a>, which could scan the \u003ca href=\"http://jwst.nasa.gov/origins.html\">atmospheres\u003c/a> of planets around other stars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The last thing NASA officials want is a repeat of the experience with the \u003ca href=\"http://mars.nasa.gov/programmissions/missions/past/viking/\">Viking\u003c/a> missions back in the 1970s, when analysis of Martian soil chemistry produced what was initially interpreted as evidence of life — but then later deemed a false-positive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I remember the aftermath of that,” says \u003ca href=\"http://www.geosc.psu.edu/academic-faculty/kasting-james\">James Kasting\u003c/a>, a professor of geosciences at Penn State University, who was tasked with planning this week’s meeting. “NASA was criticized heavily for looking for life before they had investigated the planet and for not having thought that through carefully. They’re hoping to avoid that same experience.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Finding life means first defining life, and NASA’s Green says the key features are that it must metabolize, reproduce and evolve.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But having that definition doesn’t mean there’s a consensus on what, exactly, to look for. “We have big debates about it, actually,” Kasting says, “and that’s part of what this meeting is all about.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In our own solar system, scientists ponder what kind of extant or extinct life might be found on Mars, icy moons such as Europa or \u003ca href=\"http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/enceladus\">Enceladus\u003c/a>, or the strange methane lakes of \u003ca href=\"http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/titan\">Titan\u003c/a>. If scientists found DNA or RNA, obviously, that would be like finding a smoking gun, assuming it wasn’t a contaminant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the alien life probably wouldn’t have exactly the same kind of genetic material. In fact, its chemistry might be unrecognizable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If I start just doing the usual things to look for life that are successful for looking for life that we know on Earth, there’s no reason to believe that it will be successful in identifying life that has even a mildly different biochemistry,” says \u003ca href=\"http://www.ffame.org/sbenner.php\">Steve Benner\u003c/a>, with the Foundation for Applied Molecular Evolution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So he thinks that searches for alien life have to be able to detect something more generic. “It’s a rather esoteric thing, but we’re going to be looking for long, stringy molecules that have repeated, regularly spaced, backbone charges,” Benner says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1217790\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1600px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1217790\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/kepler186f.jpg\" alt=\"An artist's rendering of Kepler-186f, the first validated Earth-size planet to orbit in the habitable zone of a distant star. \" width=\"1600\" height=\"899\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/kepler186f.jpg 1600w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/kepler186f-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/kepler186f-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/kepler186f-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/kepler186f-1020x573.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/kepler186f-1180x663.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/kepler186f-960x539.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/kepler186f-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/kepler186f-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/kepler186f-520x292.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1600px) 100vw, 1600px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An artist’s rendering of Kepler-186f, the first validated Earth-size planet to orbit in the habitable zone of a distant star. \u003ccite>(T. Pyle/NASA/JPL-Caltech)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Searching for life beyond our solar system poses different challenges, because there’s no interstellar travel that would allow a spacecraft to visit a planet around another star and scoop up dirt or suck up liquid. All scientists will be able to do is look through telescopes and tease apart the light, searching for clues.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With that limitation, Benner says, “maybe the best we can do is look for Earth-like life,” though not all scientists agree on that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One \u003ca href=\"https://palereddot.org/biosignature-gases-a-needle-in-a-haystack/\">signal\u003c/a> from a planet in a distant solar system that would be pretty unambiguous would be the simultaneous presence of abundant oxygen and gases such as methane or nitrous oxide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Both oxygen and methane and nitrous oxide are produced predominantly by biology, and so it’s very difficult to build up high concentrations of those gases, two or three of them simultaneously, without having life present,” Kasting says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An issue that’s likely to come up at the meeting is whether it’s enough to see oxygen by itself, or if there also has to be other gases linked to life. That’s because if you looked at the Earth from far away, it would be relatively easy to detect the oxygen because it’s so abundant, but harder to see the methane or nitrous oxide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course, NASA doesn’t just send up probes or telescopes — it also can send out people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As a field geologist, I have this strong bias that it’s going to take people like me, on the surface of Mars, cracking open a lot of rocks, looking for those fossil signatures of early Mars life,” says \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/offices/ocs/stofan_bio.html\">Ellen Stofan\u003c/a>, NASA’s chief scientist, noting that NASA has a \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/content/journey-to-mars-overview\">goal\u003c/a> of getting humans to Mars in the 2030’s. “Because it’s not enough just to say, ‘Ah-ha, we’ve got one molecule that we think is biological,’ you need lots of molecules, you need lots of fossil samples, to really understand what are the implications of life beyond Earth.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She’s optimistic that we’ll find signs of life off our planet in one or more places in the next couple decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“To think that within the next 20 years we’re going to start answering some of these questions really blows my mind,” Stofan says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=If+You%27re+Looking+For+Alien+Life%2C+How+Will+You+Know+If+You%27ve+Found+it%3F&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>President-Elect Donald Trump has made clear his support for fossil fuels, which scientists have determined are a leading contributor to climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the campaign trail, Trump went as far as promising a triumphant comeback for coal, which produces the most greenhouse gases of all. Meanwhile renewable energy sources got mixed reviews from the candidate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I know a lot about solar,” Trump said at a Fresno campaign rally over the summer. “I love solar, except there’s a problem with it. It’s got a lot of problems with it. One problem is it’s so expensive.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sounds like enough to make any solar company executive break out in a sweat, but the mood in some executive suites is surprisingly buoyant.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘I think there’s no question that states are going to be critical.’\u003cbr>\n\u003ccite>Dan Kammen, UC Berkeley\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“I’m cautiously optimistic,” says Michael Wheeler of Recurrent Energy, a San Francisco-based solar company. “We’re feeling as though we’re going to be okay.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One reason: Wheeler says Trump’s perception of the cost is hopelessly out of date.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Anybody who thinks that solar is expensive at the utility scale right now hasn’t seen the latest,” he says. “Solar’s price, because it’s a technology, will continue to go lower and lower.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Upside\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Power from big solar projects is \u003ca href=\"http://newscenter.lbl.gov/2015/09/30/price-of-solar-energy-in-the-united-states-has-fallen-to-5%C2%A2kwh-on-average/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">about 70 percent cheaper\u003c/a> today than it was a decade ago. The cost of wind power has also come down.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That means, in some places, the price of the power they produce is competitive with fossil fuels like natural gas. Some electric utilities are choosing renewables based on cost alone, even in red states like Texas and Georgia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Clean energy is not a niche product anymore,” Wheeler says.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1210283\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1059px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1210283 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/recurrent4.jpg\" alt=\"The Barren Ridge solar project in Kern County, California.\" width=\"1059\" height=\"624\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/recurrent4.jpg 1059w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/recurrent4-160x94.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/recurrent4-800x471.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/recurrent4-768x453.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/recurrent4-1020x601.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/recurrent4-960x566.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/recurrent4-240x141.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/recurrent4-375x221.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/recurrent4-520x306.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1059px) 100vw, 1059px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Barren Ridge solar project in Kern County, California. \u003ccite>(Recurrent Energy)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The Trump Administration could also open more public land for development, something cheered by oil and gas companies and opposed by many environmentalists. But renewable energy companies also stand to gain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is a place where we think we could do even better under a Trump administration,” Wheeler says. “We’ve had a very difficult time building solar on public lands under the Obama Administration.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When state and federal agencies \u003ca href=\"http://largely%20end%20wind%20energy%20development%20in%20California\">unveiled a recent plan\u003c/a> prioritizing federal lands for renewables in California, the wind energy industry’s trade association said restrictions in the plan would “largely end wind energy development in California.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Downside\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are some other clouds in the forecast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Solar and wind companies rely on longstanding tax credits, which were extended in Congress last December, after a lengthy struggle. The 30 percent Solar Investment Tax Credit (ITC) will expire at the end of 2019, when it starts ramping down eventually to 10 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”nBhyhpsAqwZDFdglnpNrbMhgjZCX8FOc”]“The legislation is one of the greatest investments in renewable energy in American history,” said Senator Harry Reid upon passing the credit extension.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If the Trump Administration allows those credits to dry up, which could take several years, demand for solar and wind could drop.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Certainly there would be a different forecast for price projection, but it’s not so significant that the market would crater,” Wheeler says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The second potential downer for renewable energy: Trump has \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/energy-environment/wp/2016/11/11/trump-has-vowed-to-kill-the-clean-power-plan-heres-how-he-might-and-might-not-succeed/?utm_term=.97d4f9822d22\">vowed to shelve\u003c/a> one of the keystones in Obama’s climate change policy, known as the \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/cleanpowerplan/fact-sheet-overview-clean-power-plan\">Clean Power Plan\u003c/a>, under which states would have to move away from coal power. Wheeler says that would have quadrupled the market for renewables.\u003cbr>\n\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"datawrapper-chart-9OlGJ\" src=\"//datawrapper.dwcdn.net/9OlGJ/8/\" frameborder=\"0\" allowtransparency=\"true\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\" webkitallowfullscreen=\"webkitallowfullscreen\" mozallowfullscreen=\"mozallowfullscreen\" oallowfullscreen=\"oallowfullscreen\" msallowfullscreen=\"msallowfullscreen\" width=\"400\" height=\"500\" align=\"right\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re not depending upon it but to have that be messaged as being dead was pretty heart-wrenching,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>States Drive the Market\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think there’s no question that states are going to be critical,” said Dan Kammen, professor of energy at UC Berkeley. He says, sometimes, a hostile White House can actually energize regional efforts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Just like under President George Bush, we saw tremendous action at the state level.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California is all in on renewables. State law requires \u003ca href=\"http://www.cpuc.ca.gov/rps_homepage/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">50 percent renewable energy\u003c/a> by 2030 and \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncsl.org/research/energy/renewable-portfolio-standards.aspx\">twenty-eight other states\u003c/a> have their own targets, known as Renewable Portfolio Standards. That means the renewable energy market has momentum.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“An administration can dramatically put its finger on the scale and accelerate that or they can hold it back,” Kammen says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the meantime, worldwide demand is growing. Kammen just returned from Dubai, where a new solar farm is expected to break the record for lowest cost, a sign to him the solar industry can stand on its own.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That is the MC Hammer of energy projects,” Kammen says. “Can’t touch this.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>President-Elect Donald Trump has made clear his support for fossil fuels, which scientists have determined are a leading contributor to climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the campaign trail, Trump went as far as promising a triumphant comeback for coal, which produces the most greenhouse gases of all. Meanwhile renewable energy sources got mixed reviews from the candidate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I know a lot about solar,” Trump said at a Fresno campaign rally over the summer. “I love solar, except there’s a problem with it. It’s got a lot of problems with it. One problem is it’s so expensive.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sounds like enough to make any solar company executive break out in a sweat, but the mood in some executive suites is surprisingly buoyant.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘I think there’s no question that states are going to be critical.’\u003cbr>\n\u003ccite>Dan Kammen, UC Berkeley\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“I’m cautiously optimistic,” says Michael Wheeler of Recurrent Energy, a San Francisco-based solar company. “We’re feeling as though we’re going to be okay.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One reason: Wheeler says Trump’s perception of the cost is hopelessly out of date.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Anybody who thinks that solar is expensive at the utility scale right now hasn’t seen the latest,” he says. “Solar’s price, because it’s a technology, will continue to go lower and lower.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Upside\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Power from big solar projects is \u003ca href=\"http://newscenter.lbl.gov/2015/09/30/price-of-solar-energy-in-the-united-states-has-fallen-to-5%C2%A2kwh-on-average/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">about 70 percent cheaper\u003c/a> today than it was a decade ago. The cost of wind power has also come down.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That means, in some places, the price of the power they produce is competitive with fossil fuels like natural gas. Some electric utilities are choosing renewables based on cost alone, even in red states like Texas and Georgia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Clean energy is not a niche product anymore,” Wheeler says.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1210283\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1059px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1210283 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/recurrent4.jpg\" alt=\"The Barren Ridge solar project in Kern County, California.\" width=\"1059\" height=\"624\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/recurrent4.jpg 1059w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/recurrent4-160x94.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/recurrent4-800x471.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/recurrent4-768x453.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/recurrent4-1020x601.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/recurrent4-960x566.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/recurrent4-240x141.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/recurrent4-375x221.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/recurrent4-520x306.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1059px) 100vw, 1059px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Barren Ridge solar project in Kern County, California. \u003ccite>(Recurrent Energy)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The Trump Administration could also open more public land for development, something cheered by oil and gas companies and opposed by many environmentalists. But renewable energy companies also stand to gain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is a place where we think we could do even better under a Trump administration,” Wheeler says. “We’ve had a very difficult time building solar on public lands under the Obama Administration.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When state and federal agencies \u003ca href=\"http://largely%20end%20wind%20energy%20development%20in%20California\">unveiled a recent plan\u003c/a> prioritizing federal lands for renewables in California, the wind energy industry’s trade association said restrictions in the plan would “largely end wind energy development in California.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Downside\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are some other clouds in the forecast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Solar and wind companies rely on longstanding tax credits, which were extended in Congress last December, after a lengthy struggle. The 30 percent Solar Investment Tax Credit (ITC) will expire at the end of 2019, when it starts ramping down eventually to 10 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>“The legislation is one of the greatest investments in renewable energy in American history,” said Senator Harry Reid upon passing the credit extension.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If the Trump Administration allows those credits to dry up, which could take several years, demand for solar and wind could drop.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Certainly there would be a different forecast for price projection, but it’s not so significant that the market would crater,” Wheeler says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The second potential downer for renewable energy: Trump has \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/energy-environment/wp/2016/11/11/trump-has-vowed-to-kill-the-clean-power-plan-heres-how-he-might-and-might-not-succeed/?utm_term=.97d4f9822d22\">vowed to shelve\u003c/a> one of the keystones in Obama’s climate change policy, known as the \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/cleanpowerplan/fact-sheet-overview-clean-power-plan\">Clean Power Plan\u003c/a>, under which states would have to move away from coal power. Wheeler says that would have quadrupled the market for renewables.\u003cbr>\n\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"datawrapper-chart-9OlGJ\" src=\"//datawrapper.dwcdn.net/9OlGJ/8/\" frameborder=\"0\" allowtransparency=\"true\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\" webkitallowfullscreen=\"webkitallowfullscreen\" mozallowfullscreen=\"mozallowfullscreen\" oallowfullscreen=\"oallowfullscreen\" msallowfullscreen=\"msallowfullscreen\" width=\"400\" height=\"500\" align=\"right\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re not depending upon it but to have that be messaged as being dead was pretty heart-wrenching,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>States Drive the Market\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think there’s no question that states are going to be critical,” said Dan Kammen, professor of energy at UC Berkeley. He says, sometimes, a hostile White House can actually energize regional efforts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Just like under President George Bush, we saw tremendous action at the state level.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California is all in on renewables. State law requires \u003ca href=\"http://www.cpuc.ca.gov/rps_homepage/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">50 percent renewable energy\u003c/a> by 2030 and \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncsl.org/research/energy/renewable-portfolio-standards.aspx\">twenty-eight other states\u003c/a> have their own targets, known as Renewable Portfolio Standards. That means the renewable energy market has momentum.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“An administration can dramatically put its finger on the scale and accelerate that or they can hold it back,” Kammen says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the meantime, worldwide demand is growing. Kammen just returned from Dubai, where a new solar farm is expected to break the record for lowest cost, a sign to him the solar industry can stand on its own.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That is the MC Hammer of energy projects,” Kammen says. “Can’t touch this.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "The Coming California Drought in 2017",
"headTitle": "The Coming California Drought in 2017 | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"start\">California is a \u003c/span>big, diverse place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California probably will experience droughts this year of different types in different places, and no drought at all in some places, simultaneously. Even if conditions this year are very wet, with flooding, parts of California will have drought issues. (This is what makes California a great place to work on water problems.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The first two months of this new water year have been wetter than average in the north and much drier than average in the south. But it is still early days.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Reservoir and Groundwater Storage Conditions\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Reservoir storage in California is now about \u003cspan class=\"caps\">2.5\u003c/span> million acre-feet (\u003cspan class=\"caps\">3.08\u003c/span>billion cubic meters) below historical averages for this time of year. (This is \u003cspan class=\"caps\">0.8\u003c/span> million acre-feet – 987 million cubic meters – better than two months ago.) Some \u003ca href=\"http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cgi-progs/reservoirs/RES\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">major reservoirs\u003c/a> are below average, particularly Oroville, Trinity, San Luis, New Melones and the Tulare Basin. Cachuma Reservoir near Santa Barbara is in the worst shape at 7 percent of capacity or 10 percent of average storage for this time of year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Groundwater will be recovering in northern parts of California, with less recovery in large parts of the southern Central Valley. (Can anyone suggest a set of online well elevation records in different parts of the Central Valley to create a groundwater storage index?)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>October was a nice wet month, so soil moisture in much of the Sierras and Central California is improving, but remains in drought conditions (worsened by unusually high temperatures). Conditions for forests and native fishes remain depressed and will see drought impacts for years after hydrologic conditions improve.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This seemingly bad situation is substantially better than in this time a year ago. Something to be thankful for.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1209738\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 381px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1209738 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/Screen-Shot-2016-11-30-at-9.56.36-AM.png\" alt=\"Major reservoir storage in California on November 25, 2016. \" width=\"381\" height=\"442\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/Screen-Shot-2016-11-30-at-9.56.36-AM.png 459w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/Screen-Shot-2016-11-30-at-9.56.36-AM-160x186.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/Screen-Shot-2016-11-30-at-9.56.36-AM-240x279.png 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/Screen-Shot-2016-11-30-at-9.56.36-AM-375x435.png 375w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 381px) 100vw, 381px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Major reservoir storage in California on November 25, 2016. \u003ccite>(Calif. Dept. of Water Resources)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Precipitation Conditions\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>North of the Delta, so far we have above-average precipitation and improving storage in most Sacramento Valley reservoirs. In the San Joaquin Valley, this water year’s precipitation is about average so far. But further south, the Tulare Basin has less than 50 percent of average precipitation so far this water year. And temperatures remain higher than average. So far, no snowpack – it is still a bit early.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Thoughts for the Coming Drought Year\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So far, overall drought conditions are mostly improving, but unevenly. We won’t really know how wet this year will be until late March. In October, \u003ca href=\"https://californiawaterblog.com/2016/10/03/drought-prospects-in-california-for-the-new-2017-water-year-october-1-2016/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">this blog\u003c/a> looked at overall drought conditions from several perspectives and statistical projections for the new water year. (This month’s election reminded us of the reliability and unreliability of statistical projections.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even if this year is wet, parts of California will experience drought or residual effects from five years of drought. The California Drought of 2017 will likely take several forms:\u003c/p>\n\u003col>\n\u003cli>Dry residential and community wells drought, affecting rural areas with lowered groundwater tables. Many of these household wells and small systems are in a precarious state even in wet years.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Drought of surface irrigation water. Here surface water is unavailable and farmers mostly increase groundwater pumping, often at a higher cost and increasing regional groundwater depletion. This drought is more likely south of the Delta. Less surface being less available than irrigation demands south of the Delta is now a normal condition, due to a host of hydrologic, infrastructure, groundwater sustainability, economic and environmental factors, worsened by drought.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Higher groundwater pumping cost drought. Even if this year is wet, many areas that pump groundwater will still face higher pumping costs for some years or longer from the drought’s cumulative groundwater depletions.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Forest drought (including snow drought). Here, lack of soil moisture or its more rapid depletion with higher temperatures affects forest ecosystems.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Ecosystem drought. Problems for some fish are likely to continue even if the year is wet, due to drought-depletion of some native fish populations. Dry conditions could also affect waterfowl. A drought of cold water in some reservoirs might affect both fish and farmers disrupted by reoperation of reservoirs.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Urban drought. So far, most urban areas have pretty healthy water supplies. The big exception is Lake Cachuma in the Santa Barbara area, now at 10 percent of its long-term storage for this time of year.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>We could easily see some drought surprises. The wet season is still young. Welcome to California water, where anything can happen.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ol>\n\u003cp>It is best to prepare for another drought year (and prepare for floods as well).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here are some websites to watch, mostly from the California Department of Water Resources’ fine California Data Exchange Center (\u003cspan class=\"caps\">CDEC\u003c/span>) at \u003ca href=\"http://cdec.water.ca.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">http://cdec.water.ca.gov\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>RESERVOIR LEVELS:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cgi-progs/products/rescond.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cgi-progs/products/rescond.pdf\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cgi-progs/reservoirs/RES\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cgi-progs/reservoirs/\u003cspan class=\"caps\">RES\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>SNOWPACK (NONE YET):\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cdecapp/snowapp/sweq.action\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cdecapp/snowapp/sweq.action\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cgi-progs/snow/PLOT_SWC\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cgi-progs/snow/PLOT_\u003cspan class=\"caps\">SWC\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cgi-progs/products/swccond.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cgi-progs/products/swccond.pdf\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>PRECIPITATION:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cgi-progs/products/PLOT_ESI.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cgi-progs/products/PLOT_\u003cspan class=\"caps\">ESI\u003c/span>.pdf\u003c/a> – Sacramento Valley\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cgi-progs/products/PLOT_FSI.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cgi-progs/products/PLOT_\u003cspan class=\"caps\">FSI\u003c/span>.pdf\u003c/a> – San Joaquin Valley\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cgi-progs/products/PLOT_TSI.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cgi-progs/products/PLOT_\u003cspan class=\"caps\">TSI\u003c/span>.pdf\u003c/a> – Tulare Basin\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>WEATHER:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://weatherwest.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">http://weatherwest.com/\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp class=\"fin\">\u003cem>This story first appeared on \u003ca href=\"https://californiawaterblog.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">California Water Blog\u003c/a>, a publication of the \u003c/em>\u003cem>\u003cspan class=\"caps\">UC\u003c/span>Davis Center for Watershed Sciences. \u003c/em>\u003cem>Jay Lund is Director of the \u003cspan class=\"caps\">UC\u003c/span> Davis Center for Watershed Sciences and Professor of Civil and Environmental Engineering at \u003cspan class=\"caps\">UC\u003c/span> Davis.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"fin\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This article was republished on \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://mail.kqed.org/owa/redir.aspx?C=9e4bb0e1a7d74f24ba4684ef2533053d&URL=https%3a%2f%2fwww.newsdeeply.com%2fwater\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Water Deeply\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, and you can find it \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/articles/2016/12/01/the-coming-droughts-of-california-in-2017\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">here\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. For important news about the California drought, you can \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"http://waterdeeply.us5.list-manage.com/subscribe?u=8b78e9a34ff7443ec1e8c62c6&id=2947becb78\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">sign up\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> to the Water Deeply email list.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Even if California has a productive rainy season, parts of the state will still remain in drought. Here’s a look at the current water picture and how that could change in coming months.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"start\">California is a \u003c/span>big, diverse place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California probably will experience droughts this year of different types in different places, and no drought at all in some places, simultaneously. Even if conditions this year are very wet, with flooding, parts of California will have drought issues. (This is what makes California a great place to work on water problems.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The first two months of this new water year have been wetter than average in the north and much drier than average in the south. But it is still early days.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Reservoir and Groundwater Storage Conditions\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Reservoir storage in California is now about \u003cspan class=\"caps\">2.5\u003c/span> million acre-feet (\u003cspan class=\"caps\">3.08\u003c/span>billion cubic meters) below historical averages for this time of year. (This is \u003cspan class=\"caps\">0.8\u003c/span> million acre-feet – 987 million cubic meters – better than two months ago.) Some \u003ca href=\"http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cgi-progs/reservoirs/RES\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">major reservoirs\u003c/a> are below average, particularly Oroville, Trinity, San Luis, New Melones and the Tulare Basin. Cachuma Reservoir near Santa Barbara is in the worst shape at 7 percent of capacity or 10 percent of average storage for this time of year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Groundwater will be recovering in northern parts of California, with less recovery in large parts of the southern Central Valley. (Can anyone suggest a set of online well elevation records in different parts of the Central Valley to create a groundwater storage index?)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>October was a nice wet month, so soil moisture in much of the Sierras and Central California is improving, but remains in drought conditions (worsened by unusually high temperatures). Conditions for forests and native fishes remain depressed and will see drought impacts for years after hydrologic conditions improve.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This seemingly bad situation is substantially better than in this time a year ago. Something to be thankful for.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1209738\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 381px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1209738 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/Screen-Shot-2016-11-30-at-9.56.36-AM.png\" alt=\"Major reservoir storage in California on November 25, 2016. \" width=\"381\" height=\"442\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/Screen-Shot-2016-11-30-at-9.56.36-AM.png 459w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/Screen-Shot-2016-11-30-at-9.56.36-AM-160x186.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/Screen-Shot-2016-11-30-at-9.56.36-AM-240x279.png 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/Screen-Shot-2016-11-30-at-9.56.36-AM-375x435.png 375w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 381px) 100vw, 381px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Major reservoir storage in California on November 25, 2016. \u003ccite>(Calif. Dept. of Water Resources)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Precipitation Conditions\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>North of the Delta, so far we have above-average precipitation and improving storage in most Sacramento Valley reservoirs. In the San Joaquin Valley, this water year’s precipitation is about average so far. But further south, the Tulare Basin has less than 50 percent of average precipitation so far this water year. And temperatures remain higher than average. So far, no snowpack – it is still a bit early.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Thoughts for the Coming Drought Year\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So far, overall drought conditions are mostly improving, but unevenly. We won’t really know how wet this year will be until late March. In October, \u003ca href=\"https://californiawaterblog.com/2016/10/03/drought-prospects-in-california-for-the-new-2017-water-year-october-1-2016/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">this blog\u003c/a> looked at overall drought conditions from several perspectives and statistical projections for the new water year. (This month’s election reminded us of the reliability and unreliability of statistical projections.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even if this year is wet, parts of California will experience drought or residual effects from five years of drought. The California Drought of 2017 will likely take several forms:\u003c/p>\n\u003col>\n\u003cli>Dry residential and community wells drought, affecting rural areas with lowered groundwater tables. Many of these household wells and small systems are in a precarious state even in wet years.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Drought of surface irrigation water. Here surface water is unavailable and farmers mostly increase groundwater pumping, often at a higher cost and increasing regional groundwater depletion. This drought is more likely south of the Delta. Less surface being less available than irrigation demands south of the Delta is now a normal condition, due to a host of hydrologic, infrastructure, groundwater sustainability, economic and environmental factors, worsened by drought.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Higher groundwater pumping cost drought. Even if this year is wet, many areas that pump groundwater will still face higher pumping costs for some years or longer from the drought’s cumulative groundwater depletions.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Forest drought (including snow drought). Here, lack of soil moisture or its more rapid depletion with higher temperatures affects forest ecosystems.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Ecosystem drought. Problems for some fish are likely to continue even if the year is wet, due to drought-depletion of some native fish populations. Dry conditions could also affect waterfowl. A drought of cold water in some reservoirs might affect both fish and farmers disrupted by reoperation of reservoirs.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Urban drought. So far, most urban areas have pretty healthy water supplies. The big exception is Lake Cachuma in the Santa Barbara area, now at 10 percent of its long-term storage for this time of year.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>We could easily see some drought surprises. The wet season is still young. Welcome to California water, where anything can happen.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ol>\n\u003cp>It is best to prepare for another drought year (and prepare for floods as well).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here are some websites to watch, mostly from the California Department of Water Resources’ fine California Data Exchange Center (\u003cspan class=\"caps\">CDEC\u003c/span>) at \u003ca href=\"http://cdec.water.ca.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">http://cdec.water.ca.gov\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>RESERVOIR LEVELS:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cgi-progs/products/rescond.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cgi-progs/products/rescond.pdf\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cgi-progs/reservoirs/RES\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cgi-progs/reservoirs/\u003cspan class=\"caps\">RES\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>SNOWPACK (NONE YET):\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cdecapp/snowapp/sweq.action\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cdecapp/snowapp/sweq.action\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cgi-progs/snow/PLOT_SWC\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cgi-progs/snow/PLOT_\u003cspan class=\"caps\">SWC\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cgi-progs/products/swccond.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cgi-progs/products/swccond.pdf\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>PRECIPITATION:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cgi-progs/products/PLOT_ESI.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cgi-progs/products/PLOT_\u003cspan class=\"caps\">ESI\u003c/span>.pdf\u003c/a> – Sacramento Valley\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cgi-progs/products/PLOT_FSI.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cgi-progs/products/PLOT_\u003cspan class=\"caps\">FSI\u003c/span>.pdf\u003c/a> – San Joaquin Valley\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cgi-progs/products/PLOT_TSI.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cgi-progs/products/PLOT_\u003cspan class=\"caps\">TSI\u003c/span>.pdf\u003c/a> – Tulare Basin\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>WEATHER:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://weatherwest.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">http://weatherwest.com/\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp class=\"fin\">\u003cem>This story first appeared on \u003ca href=\"https://californiawaterblog.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">California Water Blog\u003c/a>, a publication of the \u003c/em>\u003cem>\u003cspan class=\"caps\">UC\u003c/span>Davis Center for Watershed Sciences. \u003c/em>\u003cem>Jay Lund is Director of the \u003cspan class=\"caps\">UC\u003c/span> Davis Center for Watershed Sciences and Professor of Civil and Environmental Engineering at \u003cspan class=\"caps\">UC\u003c/span> Davis.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"fin\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This article was republished on \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://mail.kqed.org/owa/redir.aspx?C=9e4bb0e1a7d74f24ba4684ef2533053d&URL=https%3a%2f%2fwww.newsdeeply.com%2fwater\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Water Deeply\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, and you can find it \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/articles/2016/12/01/the-coming-droughts-of-california-in-2017\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">here\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. For important news about the California drought, you can \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"http://waterdeeply.us5.list-manage.com/subscribe?u=8b78e9a34ff7443ec1e8c62c6&id=2947becb78\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">sign up\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> to the Water Deeply email list.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Buzz Aldrin Is Medically Evacuated From Antarctica",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Updated at 12:50 p.m. ET\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Buzz Aldrin, who walked on the surface of the moon with Neil Armstrong in 1969, has been medically evacuated from the South Pole, the National Science Foundation said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The plane carrying the 86-year-old former astronaut arrived in New Zealand on Thursday afternoon ET.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Aldrin was visiting Antarctica as part of a tourist group. In a \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/TheRealBuzz/status/803488279660216320\">Tweet about the trip\u003c/a> on Monday, Aldrin wrote, “We’re ready to go to Antarctica! May be our last opportunity to tweet for a few days! We’re go for departure to the launchpad!” and tagged his manager, \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/Buzzs_xtina\">Christina Korp\u003c/a>, and another apparent travel companion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/TheRealBuzz/status/803493887201443840\">A second Tweet\u003c/a> showed Aldrin and a group of about a dozen travelers whom he referred to as “Buzz’s Polar Penguins.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The tourist company with which they were traveling said in a statement that Aldrin’s condition had “deteriorated” during his visit to the South Pole station.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://iaato.org/news-from-iaato?p_p_id=56_INSTANCE_GfSmZE4yK62p&p_p_lifecycle=0&p_p_state=normal&p_p_mode=view&p_p_col_id=column-2&p_p_col_count=1\">The statement from White Desert continued\u003c/a>:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>“As a precaution, following discussion between the White Desert doctor and the US Antarctic Program (USAP) doctor, Mr Aldrin, accompanied by a member of his team, was evacuated on the first available flight out of the South Pole. … His condition was described as stable upon White Desert doctor’s hand-over to the USAP [medical] team.”\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>The National Science Foundation, which manages the U.S. Amundsen-Scott South Pole Station, said in \u003ca href=\"https://www.nsf.gov/news/news_summ.jsp?cntn_id=190518&org=NSF&from=news%E2%80%AC\">a statement\u003c/a> that it had provided the evacuation flight on Thursday from the South Pole station to another U.S.-run station on the Antarctic coast, and then to New Zealand.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The NSF said the first leg of the evacuation was on a ski-equipped cargo plane flown by the Air National Guard, which provides planes to and from U.S. installations in Antarctica.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Aldrin was one of three astronauts on NASA’s Apollo 11 mission to the moon, on which he was tasked as the lunar module pilot and rendezvous expert. A live video allowed people on Earth to watch as he and Armstrong became the first two men to set foot on the moon’s surface.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Aldrin retired from NASA in 1971. In recent years, he has advocated for a manned mission to Mars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Buzz+Aldrin+Is+Medically+Evacuated+From+Antarctica&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "The second man to walk on the moon fell ill during a trip to the South Pole and was flown to New Zealand. Aldrin is 86 years old.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Updated at 12:50 p.m. ET\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Buzz Aldrin, who walked on the surface of the moon with Neil Armstrong in 1969, has been medically evacuated from the South Pole, the National Science Foundation said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The plane carrying the 86-year-old former astronaut arrived in New Zealand on Thursday afternoon ET.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Aldrin was visiting Antarctica as part of a tourist group. In a \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/TheRealBuzz/status/803488279660216320\">Tweet about the trip\u003c/a> on Monday, Aldrin wrote, “We’re ready to go to Antarctica! May be our last opportunity to tweet for a few days! We’re go for departure to the launchpad!” and tagged his manager, \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/Buzzs_xtina\">Christina Korp\u003c/a>, and another apparent travel companion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/TheRealBuzz/status/803493887201443840\">A second Tweet\u003c/a> showed Aldrin and a group of about a dozen travelers whom he referred to as “Buzz’s Polar Penguins.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The tourist company with which they were traveling said in a statement that Aldrin’s condition had “deteriorated” during his visit to the South Pole station.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://iaato.org/news-from-iaato?p_p_id=56_INSTANCE_GfSmZE4yK62p&p_p_lifecycle=0&p_p_state=normal&p_p_mode=view&p_p_col_id=column-2&p_p_col_count=1\">The statement from White Desert continued\u003c/a>:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>“As a precaution, following discussion between the White Desert doctor and the US Antarctic Program (USAP) doctor, Mr Aldrin, accompanied by a member of his team, was evacuated on the first available flight out of the South Pole. … His condition was described as stable upon White Desert doctor’s hand-over to the USAP [medical] team.”\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>The National Science Foundation, which manages the U.S. Amundsen-Scott South Pole Station, said in \u003ca href=\"https://www.nsf.gov/news/news_summ.jsp?cntn_id=190518&org=NSF&from=news%E2%80%AC\">a statement\u003c/a> that it had provided the evacuation flight on Thursday from the South Pole station to another U.S.-run station on the Antarctic coast, and then to New Zealand.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The NSF said the first leg of the evacuation was on a ski-equipped cargo plane flown by the Air National Guard, which provides planes to and from U.S. installations in Antarctica.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Aldrin was one of three astronauts on NASA’s Apollo 11 mission to the moon, on which he was tasked as the lunar module pilot and rendezvous expert. A live video allowed people on Earth to watch as he and Armstrong became the first two men to set foot on the moon’s surface.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Aldrin retired from NASA in 1971. In recent years, he has advocated for a manned mission to Mars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Buzz+Aldrin+Is+Medically+Evacuated+From+Antarctica&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Environmentalists Gird for Battle With a Trump Administration",
"headTitle": "Environmentalists Gird for Battle With a Trump Administration | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>President-elect Donald Trump says environmental regulations are stifling the U.S. economy. He has vowed to roll back some of those rules, and he’s also taken aim at the international climate agreement signed in Paris last year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, environmentalists are getting ready to fight back. Some are soliciting donations by invoking an inevitable legal battle. And environmental attorneys are preparing their defense.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">The thing that made a global deal in Paris possible — making it voluntary — now gives Trump a fairly easy way out.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Natural Resources Defense Council attorney \u003ca href=\"https://www.nrdc.org/experts/john-walke\">John Walke\u003c/a> says that if Trump tries to roll back environmental rules, the group’s strategy will be: Sue, baby, sue. “We and other citizens groups will go to court, and the courts will overturn those actions,” Walke promises.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lawyers usually say they’re going to win, but Walke has some evidence to back up his claims. NRDC and former Democratic Rep. Henry Waxman examined court rulings on the Clean Air Act during the George W. Bush and Obama administrations. Mostly, environmental groups sued to keep the Bush-era Environmental Protection Agency from relaxing regulations. Industry groups mostly sued the Obama EPA to stop or delay regulations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The results were striking,” Walke says. “Most Clean Air Act lawsuits brought against the Bush administration were successful. Most lawsuits brought by industry against the Obama administration were unsuccessful.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By the NRDC’s count, environmental lawyers challenging the Bush EPA won 27 times and lost 11. Industry’s win-loss ratio against Obama’s EPA was 5 to 15. Walke says one reason is the U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia. That’s where almost all clean-air lawsuits are litigated. He says it’s a court that knows the Clean Air Act well and is committed to upholding it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even before Trump could change or rescind a regulation, though, there’s a lot of red tape for a Trump EPA to get through. Says Walke: “They have to seek public comment, they have to make sure their actions are consistent with science and the law, founded upon studies that just cannot be made up by people who are climate deniers, for example.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So long-standing regulations are tough to overturn. But more recent ones may be vulnerable to congressional nullification.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Congress can invoke something called the \u003ca href=\"https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/5/part-I/chapter-8\">Congressional Review Act\u003c/a>. It gives Congress the power to rescind regulations within 60 working days of their enactment, if the president approves. So any regulation enacted 60 working days before Trump’s inauguration could be vulnerable to the new Republican-led Congress. Several new rules, such as limits on methane emissions from oil and gas operations, fall in that category.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trump’s other big target is the \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/04/22/475266801/earth-day-brings-celebrations-signing-of-historic-climate-pact\">climate deal agreed to in Paris last year\u003c/a>. Nearly 200 countries set goals to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Trump first said he wants to drop out. \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/11/23/503156456/trump-says-he-has-open-mind-on-climate-but-staff-pick-raises-questions\">Then he said he is “open” to it\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We do not know what the Trump administration is going to do” on the Paris deal, says Andrew Light, who helped negotiate the Paris deal for the U.S. State Department and is now with the World Resources Institute and George Mason University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trump has several options that would effectively pull the U.S. out of the Paris accord. If he does, Light’s worried that the other big greenhouse gas emitter — China — could pull out, too. “If the United States is not on board and if China is not on board,” he says, “then we’re not actually going to achieve these goals” to reduce emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chinese diplomats have said their government would stick with the Paris deal even if the U.S. doesn’t. But even if China does, its government could decide to downsize its emissions targets. And others might follow. “I think we will see a lot of countries begin to have an internal domestic debate,” Light says, “about whether or not it still makes sense to hold onto and keep up the ambition they expressed at Paris in a world where potentially we could see the United States back down. And that’s what really concerns me.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>India is one example. Light notes that while the government is officially dedicated to working to slow climate change, some 300 million Indians lack electricity. “You really are talking about intense pressure for not only more solar,” Light says, “but for a lot more coal, which will have a tremendous impact on the climate balance sheet for the entire planet.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, several countries, including China, are planning to invest billions of dollars financing and building new coal-fired power plants in the developing world. The Obama administration has been trying to persuade them not to, but Light says a U.S. withdrawal from Paris might well scotch that effort.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The thing that made a global deal in Paris possible — making it voluntary — now gives Trump a fairly easy way out. There’s no penalty and no court for environmentalists to appeal to. But Light says there is a diplomatic strategy: Urge foreign governments to walk away from any deal with the U.S. — trade, security, whatever — unless climate action is on the table. \u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Environmentalists+Gird+For+Battle+With+A+Trump+Administration&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>President-elect Donald Trump says environmental regulations are stifling the U.S. economy. He has vowed to roll back some of those rules, and he’s also taken aim at the international climate agreement signed in Paris last year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, environmentalists are getting ready to fight back. Some are soliciting donations by invoking an inevitable legal battle. And environmental attorneys are preparing their defense.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">The thing that made a global deal in Paris possible — making it voluntary — now gives Trump a fairly easy way out.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Natural Resources Defense Council attorney \u003ca href=\"https://www.nrdc.org/experts/john-walke\">John Walke\u003c/a> says that if Trump tries to roll back environmental rules, the group’s strategy will be: Sue, baby, sue. “We and other citizens groups will go to court, and the courts will overturn those actions,” Walke promises.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lawyers usually say they’re going to win, but Walke has some evidence to back up his claims. NRDC and former Democratic Rep. Henry Waxman examined court rulings on the Clean Air Act during the George W. Bush and Obama administrations. Mostly, environmental groups sued to keep the Bush-era Environmental Protection Agency from relaxing regulations. Industry groups mostly sued the Obama EPA to stop or delay regulations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The results were striking,” Walke says. “Most Clean Air Act lawsuits brought against the Bush administration were successful. Most lawsuits brought by industry against the Obama administration were unsuccessful.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By the NRDC’s count, environmental lawyers challenging the Bush EPA won 27 times and lost 11. Industry’s win-loss ratio against Obama’s EPA was 5 to 15. Walke says one reason is the U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia. That’s where almost all clean-air lawsuits are litigated. He says it’s a court that knows the Clean Air Act well and is committed to upholding it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even before Trump could change or rescind a regulation, though, there’s a lot of red tape for a Trump EPA to get through. Says Walke: “They have to seek public comment, they have to make sure their actions are consistent with science and the law, founded upon studies that just cannot be made up by people who are climate deniers, for example.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So long-standing regulations are tough to overturn. But more recent ones may be vulnerable to congressional nullification.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Congress can invoke something called the \u003ca href=\"https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/5/part-I/chapter-8\">Congressional Review Act\u003c/a>. It gives Congress the power to rescind regulations within 60 working days of their enactment, if the president approves. So any regulation enacted 60 working days before Trump’s inauguration could be vulnerable to the new Republican-led Congress. Several new rules, such as limits on methane emissions from oil and gas operations, fall in that category.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trump’s other big target is the \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/04/22/475266801/earth-day-brings-celebrations-signing-of-historic-climate-pact\">climate deal agreed to in Paris last year\u003c/a>. Nearly 200 countries set goals to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Trump first said he wants to drop out. \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/11/23/503156456/trump-says-he-has-open-mind-on-climate-but-staff-pick-raises-questions\">Then he said he is “open” to it\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We do not know what the Trump administration is going to do” on the Paris deal, says Andrew Light, who helped negotiate the Paris deal for the U.S. State Department and is now with the World Resources Institute and George Mason University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trump has several options that would effectively pull the U.S. out of the Paris accord. If he does, Light’s worried that the other big greenhouse gas emitter — China — could pull out, too. “If the United States is not on board and if China is not on board,” he says, “then we’re not actually going to achieve these goals” to reduce emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chinese diplomats have said their government would stick with the Paris deal even if the U.S. doesn’t. But even if China does, its government could decide to downsize its emissions targets. And others might follow. “I think we will see a lot of countries begin to have an internal domestic debate,” Light says, “about whether or not it still makes sense to hold onto and keep up the ambition they expressed at Paris in a world where potentially we could see the United States back down. And that’s what really concerns me.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>India is one example. Light notes that while the government is officially dedicated to working to slow climate change, some 300 million Indians lack electricity. “You really are talking about intense pressure for not only more solar,” Light says, “but for a lot more coal, which will have a tremendous impact on the climate balance sheet for the entire planet.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, several countries, including China, are planning to invest billions of dollars financing and building new coal-fired power plants in the developing world. The Obama administration has been trying to persuade them not to, but Light says a U.S. withdrawal from Paris might well scotch that effort.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The thing that made a global deal in Paris possible — making it voluntary — now gives Trump a fairly easy way out. There’s no penalty and no court for environmentalists to appeal to. But Light says there is a diplomatic strategy: Urge foreign governments to walk away from any deal with the U.S. — trade, security, whatever — unless climate action is on the table. \u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Environmentalists+Gird+For+Battle+With+A+Trump+Administration&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "California Targets Dairy Cows to Combat Global Warming",
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"content": "\u003cp>California is taking its fight against global warming to the farm. The nation’s leading agricultural state is now targeting greenhouse gases produced by dairy cows and other livestock.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite strong opposition from farmers, Gov. Jerry Brown signed legislation in September that for the first time regulates heat-trapping gases from livestock operations and landfills.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">When cows belch, pass gas and make manure they release methane, a greenhouse gas.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Cattle and other farm animals are major sources of methane, a greenhouse gas many times more potent than carbon dioxide as a heat-trapping gas. Methane is released when they belch, pass gas and make manure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If we can reduce emissions of methane, we can really help to slow global warming,” said Ryan McCarthy, a science advisor for the California Air Resources Board, which is drawing up rules to implement the new law.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Livestock are responsible for 14.5 percent of human-induced greenhouse gas emissions, with beef and dairy production accounting for the bulk of it, according to a 2013 United Nations report.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since the passage of its landmark global warming law in 2006, California has been reducing carbon emissions from cars, trucks, homes and factories, while boosting production of renewable energy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the nation’s largest milk-producing state, the new law requires dairies and other livestock operations to reduce methane emissions 40 percent below 2013 levels by 2030. State officials are developing the regulations, which take effect in 2024.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We expect that this package … and everything we’re doing on climate, does show an effective model forward for others,” McCarthy said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But dairy farmers say the new regulations will drive up costs when they’re already struggling with five years of drought, low milk prices and rising labor costs. They’re also concerned about a newly signed law that will boost overtime pay for farmworkers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It just makes it more challenging. We’re continuing to lose dairies. Dairies are moving out of state to places where these costs don’t exist,” said Paul Sousa, director of environmental services for Western United Dairymen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The dairy industry could be forced to move production to states and countries with fewer regulations, leading to higher emissions globally, Sousa said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We think it’s very foolish for the state of California to be taking this position,” said Rob Vandenheuvel, general manager for the Milk Producers Council. “A single state like California is not going to make a meaningful impact on the climate.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Regulators are looking for ways to reduce so-called enteric emissions — methane from the bodily functions of cows. That could eventually require changes to what cattle eat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the biggest target is dairy manure, which accounts for about a quarter of the state’s methane emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State regulators want more farmers to reduce emissions with methane digesters, which capture methane from manure in large storage tanks and convert the gas into electricity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state has set aside $50 million to help dairies set up digesters, but farmers say that’s not nearly enough to equip the state’s roughly 1,500 dairies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>New Hope Dairy, which has 1,500 cows in Sacramento County, installed a $4 million methane digester in 2013, thanks to state grants and a partnership with the local utility, which operates the system to generate renewable power for the grid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But co-owner Arlin Van Groningen, a third-generation farmer, says he couldn’t afford one if he had to buy and run it himself.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The bottom line is it’s going to negatively impact the economics of the California dairy industry,” Van Groningen said of the new law. “In the dairy business, the margins are so slim that something like this will force us out of state.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State officials say they’re committed to making sure the new regulations work for farmers and the environment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s a real opportunity here to get very significant emissions reductions at fairly low cost, and actually in a way that can bring economic benefits to farmers,” Ryan said.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>California is taking its fight against global warming to the farm. The nation’s leading agricultural state is now targeting greenhouse gases produced by dairy cows and other livestock.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite strong opposition from farmers, Gov. Jerry Brown signed legislation in September that for the first time regulates heat-trapping gases from livestock operations and landfills.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">When cows belch, pass gas and make manure they release methane, a greenhouse gas.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Cattle and other farm animals are major sources of methane, a greenhouse gas many times more potent than carbon dioxide as a heat-trapping gas. Methane is released when they belch, pass gas and make manure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If we can reduce emissions of methane, we can really help to slow global warming,” said Ryan McCarthy, a science advisor for the California Air Resources Board, which is drawing up rules to implement the new law.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Livestock are responsible for 14.5 percent of human-induced greenhouse gas emissions, with beef and dairy production accounting for the bulk of it, according to a 2013 United Nations report.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since the passage of its landmark global warming law in 2006, California has been reducing carbon emissions from cars, trucks, homes and factories, while boosting production of renewable energy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the nation’s largest milk-producing state, the new law requires dairies and other livestock operations to reduce methane emissions 40 percent below 2013 levels by 2030. State officials are developing the regulations, which take effect in 2024.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We expect that this package … and everything we’re doing on climate, does show an effective model forward for others,” McCarthy said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But dairy farmers say the new regulations will drive up costs when they’re already struggling with five years of drought, low milk prices and rising labor costs. They’re also concerned about a newly signed law that will boost overtime pay for farmworkers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It just makes it more challenging. We’re continuing to lose dairies. Dairies are moving out of state to places where these costs don’t exist,” said Paul Sousa, director of environmental services for Western United Dairymen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The dairy industry could be forced to move production to states and countries with fewer regulations, leading to higher emissions globally, Sousa said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We think it’s very foolish for the state of California to be taking this position,” said Rob Vandenheuvel, general manager for the Milk Producers Council. “A single state like California is not going to make a meaningful impact on the climate.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Regulators are looking for ways to reduce so-called enteric emissions — methane from the bodily functions of cows. That could eventually require changes to what cattle eat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the biggest target is dairy manure, which accounts for about a quarter of the state’s methane emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State regulators want more farmers to reduce emissions with methane digesters, which capture methane from manure in large storage tanks and convert the gas into electricity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state has set aside $50 million to help dairies set up digesters, but farmers say that’s not nearly enough to equip the state’s roughly 1,500 dairies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>New Hope Dairy, which has 1,500 cows in Sacramento County, installed a $4 million methane digester in 2013, thanks to state grants and a partnership with the local utility, which operates the system to generate renewable power for the grid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But co-owner Arlin Van Groningen, a third-generation farmer, says he couldn’t afford one if he had to buy and run it himself.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The bottom line is it’s going to negatively impact the economics of the California dairy industry,” Van Groningen said of the new law. “In the dairy business, the margins are so slim that something like this will force us out of state.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State officials say they’re committed to making sure the new regulations work for farmers and the environment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s a real opportunity here to get very significant emissions reductions at fairly low cost, and actually in a way that can bring economic benefits to farmers,” Ryan said.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "U.S. Public Lands Open for Oil Development?",
"headTitle": "U.S. Public Lands Open for Oil Development? | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Donald Trump’s election portends a major shift in how one of America’s greatest bulwarks against the impacts of climate change will be protected and used for fossil fuel development.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists and conservationists are just beginning to grasp what may lay ahead for more than 600 million acres of national forests, monuments, parks, conservation areas and other federal public lands. But, they say Trump’s statements promoting fossil fuels development on public lands make it clear that the days of managing these lands with renewable energy, conservation and climate change in mind may soon be over.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Federal lands make up roughly \u003ca href=\"https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R42346.pdf\">27 percent\u003c/a> of the land area of the U.S. — equivalent to the landmass of California, Texas and Alaska combined. The forests they preserve store carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, and federal lands act as a living laboratory for scientists to study the impacts of climate change on ecosystems. Public lands protect biological diversity and vast ecosystems that act as a major defense against the effects of climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Public lands also account for about 24 percent of all fossil fuels produced in the U.S. They’re the source of 21 percent of the oil, 14 percent of the natural gas and 40 percent of the coal produced in the country, \u003ca href=\"http://www.eia.gov/analysis/requests/federallands/pdf/eia-federallandsales.pdf\">according to\u003c/a> the U.S. Energy Information Administration.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though Trump has detailed few specifics about how he’d like to see public lands management change in the coming years, two policy proposals provide clues:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>First, his energy plan calls for vigorously promoting fossil fuels development. Canceling restrictions on energy production — including oil, natural gas and coal on federal land — is among the first directives Trump says he will make in his initial days in office.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Second, the GOP in its \u003ca href=\"//localhost/about/blank\">2016 platform\u003c/a> called on Congress to reduce the amount of land the federal government manages by creating a way to transfer land to individual states. The party believes states know how to manage land within their borders better than the federal government.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Enacting those changes won’t be easy because they’ll face both the headwinds of the energy market, which has favored natural gas production over coal in recent years, and the federal government’s bureaucracy, which can easily bog down sweeping policy shifts in red tape.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But once Trump is inaugurated, the GOP will control both Congress and the White House for the first time since the Republican Party announced support for the government to shrink its land holdings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The federal role in managing public land was front-and-center earlier this year during the armed takeover of an Oregon national wildlife refuge by a group calling for states to take control of federal land. The land transfer movement is led by local government officials across the West who are sympathetic to anti-government groups’ demands for public lands to be given to the states. \u003ca href=\"http://www.hcn.org/articles/trump-met-with-a-leader-of-the-land-transfer-movement\">Trump met with\u003c/a> one of the movement’s leaders in October, suggesting that federal ownership of public land is inefficient.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over the past eight years, the Obama administration has done little to slow oil and gas development on public lands. As part of its climate strategy, however, the administration has created renewable energy development zones in Southwestern states and placed a moratorium on future coal leasing while it assesses the impact federal coal development has on climate change. Just this week, it announced a \u003ca href=\"https://www.doi.gov/pressreleases/secretary-jewell-announces-offshore-oil-and-gas-leasing-plan-2017-2022\">plan to halt\u003c/a> oil and gas leasing in waters off the coast of Alaska.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1199987\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 720px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1199987\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Bobby_Magill_CC_Mayflower_Gulch.jpg\" alt=\"Mayflower Gulch is a popular hiking and cross-country skiing area within Arapaho National Forest in Colorado.\" width=\"720\" height=\"540\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Bobby_Magill_CC_Mayflower_Gulch.jpg 720w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Bobby_Magill_CC_Mayflower_Gulch-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Bobby_Magill_CC_Mayflower_Gulch-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Bobby_Magill_CC_Mayflower_Gulch-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Bobby_Magill_CC_Mayflower_Gulch-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 720px) 100vw, 720px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mayflower Gulch is a popular hiking and cross-country skiing area within Arapaho National Forest in Colorado. \u003ccite>(Bobby Magill/Climate Central)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Land use plans adopted by local districts of federal agencies have also restricted some fossil fuels leasing and development in some areas, including around national parks in eastern Utah and elsewhere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://headwaterseconomics.org/staff/ray-rasker/\">Ray Rasker\u003c/a>, executive director of Headwaters Economics, an independent research group focusing on the economic implications of land management decisions in the West, said Trump’s vision for unfettered fossil fuels development on public lands will run up against market forces.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is a myth fossil fuel development is subject to roadblocks,” Rasker said. “Energy development is driven by price, technology (e.g. fracking) and geology.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trump could lift Obama’s moratorium on future coal leasing, but that won’t bring the coal industry back from its decades-long decline or herald the opening of new coal mines across the West.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The reason coal prices have dropped is due to reduced international demand and the rise of cheaper natural gas in the production of electricity,” Rasker said. “It has nothing to do with regulatory restrictions.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rolling back any land use plans that restrict fossil fuels development would take a long time as Trump administration proposals work through the bureaucratic process, said \u003ca href=\"http://lawweb.colorado.edu/profiles/profile.jsp?id=189\">Mark Squillace\u003c/a>, a natural resources law professor at the University of Colorado-Boulder.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If Trump wants to develop some of the lands where leasing has been disallowed, he will first need to amend the plans,” Squillace said. “That’s a public process that takes time. The next step is leasing. This, too, is a public process that will eat up a fair amount of time.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1199989\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 720px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1199989\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Bobby_Magill_CC_Petrified_Forest.jpg\" alt=\"Petrified Forest National Park in Arizona has been expanded in recent years, and is one of the few national parks in the West surrounded mostly by private, state and tribal lands.\" width=\"720\" height=\"480\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Bobby_Magill_CC_Petrified_Forest.jpg 720w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Bobby_Magill_CC_Petrified_Forest-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Bobby_Magill_CC_Petrified_Forest-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Bobby_Magill_CC_Petrified_Forest-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Bobby_Magill_CC_Petrified_Forest-520x347.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 720px) 100vw, 720px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Petrified Forest National Park in Arizona has been expanded in recent years, and is one of the few national parks in the West surrounded mostly by private, state and tribal lands. \u003ccite>(Bobby Magill/Climate Central)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Trump’s desire to expedite oil, gas and coal development on federal lands conflicts with the GOP’s goal to get the federal government out of the land management business, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“At a time when Trump has talked about increasing public lands energy development, in part, at least to increase federal revenues, transferring the lands and minerals would mean that he would have to forego those revenues at least down the road,” Squillace said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://faculty.publicpolicy.umd.edu/nelson/home\">Robert H. Nelson\u003c/a>, a professor of public policy at the University of Maryland specializing in public lands management, who supports the transfer of federal public lands to the states, said state control of land currently owned by the federal government would promote more innovative land management practices. That would be especially true in drought-stricken areas of California and other parts of the West, where forest management has increased the risk of catastrophic wildfire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What it would do is open things up for a tremendous amount of change and experimentation,” Nelson said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But research shows that such a patchwork of land management strategies across states can serve to undermine the intact ecosystems necessary to withstand climatic changes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You need large connected wild landscapes to protect the air, water, and wildlife that is affected by climate change,” said \u003ca href=\"http://wilderness.org/bios/staff/alan-rowsome\">Alan Rowsome\u003c/a>, government relations director at the Wilderness Society. “If you don’t have those large protected landscapes, you’re going to start to see species and ecosystems that aren’t able to adapt.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Managing public lands so they encompass broad landscapes is a philosophy several federal agencies underscored when they signed a \u003ca href=\"http://nawpanet.wpengine.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/6-MOU-Wilderness-WILD9-eng.pdf\">memorandum of understanding\u003c/a> with Canada in 2009. The memo says that vast swathes of public wild lands across political boundaries \u003ca href=\"http://nawpanet.wpengine.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/NAWPA-CCWG-Brochure.pdf\">are critical\u003c/a> to human and wildlife adaptation to climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1199990\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 720px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1199990\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Bobby_Magill_CC_Rawah.jpg\" alt=\"The federal Wilderness Act was passed in 1964 and today protects more than 109 million acres of federal public land nationwide. The Rawah Wilderness in northern Colorado was one of America's very first wilderness areas.\" width=\"720\" height=\"480\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Bobby_Magill_CC_Rawah.jpg 720w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Bobby_Magill_CC_Rawah-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Bobby_Magill_CC_Rawah-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Bobby_Magill_CC_Rawah-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Bobby_Magill_CC_Rawah-520x347.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 720px) 100vw, 720px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The federal Wilderness Act was passed in 1964 and today protects more than 109 million acres of federal public land nationwide. The Rawah Wilderness in northern Colorado was one of America’s very first wilderness areas. \u003ccite>(Bobby Magill/Climate Central)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Scientists from the U.S. Forest Service, Bureau of Land Management, National Park Service and other agencies echoed that view in \u003ca href=\"http://bioscience.oxfordjournals.org/content/66/9/774.abstract\">a study\u003c/a> they published in September in the journal BioScience. The study shows that America’s patchwork of public lands needs to be more cohesive and broad to allow ecosystems to withstand the ravages of climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The scientists are calling for a national habitat conservation system that would use a broad strategy across vast regions of public and private lands to help America’s wildlife survive climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Transferring lands to states would make such a strategy more difficult, and environmental groups are gearing up to fight any changes to public lands policy that would that would allow them to be privatized or drop protections for the ecosystems they protect.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The platform of the GOP is for the first time aligned with efforts to seize public lands that have been led by industry front groups and fringe militia groups, said Mark Allison, executive director of the New Mexico Wilderness Alliance, an Albuquerque-based \u003ca href=\"http://www.nmwild.org/\">conservation group\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are absolutely preparing for the worst and fully expect efforts to fundamentally dismantle the last 100 years of commitment to our nation’s public lands,” Allison said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.geosinstitute.org/contact/2-dominick-dellasala\">Dominick DellaSala\u003c/a>, chief scientist at the Oregon-based climate change think tank Geos Institute, said opposition to the deregulation or disposal of public lands will be fierce from both environmental groups and the public.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The majority of Americans love their public lands and will not stand for giving them to the states or private sector as that would be catastrophic ecologically and economically,” DellaSala said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Climate Central\u003c/span>\u003c/a> \u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">is an independent organization that researches and reports on climate change.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Donald Trump’s election portends a shift in how one of America’s bulwarks against climate change will be protected.",
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"description": "Donald Trump’s election portends a shift in how one of America’s bulwarks against climate change will be protected.",
"title": "U.S. Public Lands Open for Oil Development? | KQED",
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"headline": "U.S. Public Lands Open for Oil Development?",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Donald Trump’s election portends a major shift in how one of America’s greatest bulwarks against the impacts of climate change will be protected and used for fossil fuel development.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists and conservationists are just beginning to grasp what may lay ahead for more than 600 million acres of national forests, monuments, parks, conservation areas and other federal public lands. But, they say Trump’s statements promoting fossil fuels development on public lands make it clear that the days of managing these lands with renewable energy, conservation and climate change in mind may soon be over.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Federal lands make up roughly \u003ca href=\"https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R42346.pdf\">27 percent\u003c/a> of the land area of the U.S. — equivalent to the landmass of California, Texas and Alaska combined. The forests they preserve store carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, and federal lands act as a living laboratory for scientists to study the impacts of climate change on ecosystems. Public lands protect biological diversity and vast ecosystems that act as a major defense against the effects of climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Public lands also account for about 24 percent of all fossil fuels produced in the U.S. They’re the source of 21 percent of the oil, 14 percent of the natural gas and 40 percent of the coal produced in the country, \u003ca href=\"http://www.eia.gov/analysis/requests/federallands/pdf/eia-federallandsales.pdf\">according to\u003c/a> the U.S. Energy Information Administration.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though Trump has detailed few specifics about how he’d like to see public lands management change in the coming years, two policy proposals provide clues:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>First, his energy plan calls for vigorously promoting fossil fuels development. Canceling restrictions on energy production — including oil, natural gas and coal on federal land — is among the first directives Trump says he will make in his initial days in office.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Second, the GOP in its \u003ca href=\"//localhost/about/blank\">2016 platform\u003c/a> called on Congress to reduce the amount of land the federal government manages by creating a way to transfer land to individual states. The party believes states know how to manage land within their borders better than the federal government.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Enacting those changes won’t be easy because they’ll face both the headwinds of the energy market, which has favored natural gas production over coal in recent years, and the federal government’s bureaucracy, which can easily bog down sweeping policy shifts in red tape.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But once Trump is inaugurated, the GOP will control both Congress and the White House for the first time since the Republican Party announced support for the government to shrink its land holdings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The federal role in managing public land was front-and-center earlier this year during the armed takeover of an Oregon national wildlife refuge by a group calling for states to take control of federal land. The land transfer movement is led by local government officials across the West who are sympathetic to anti-government groups’ demands for public lands to be given to the states. \u003ca href=\"http://www.hcn.org/articles/trump-met-with-a-leader-of-the-land-transfer-movement\">Trump met with\u003c/a> one of the movement’s leaders in October, suggesting that federal ownership of public land is inefficient.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over the past eight years, the Obama administration has done little to slow oil and gas development on public lands. As part of its climate strategy, however, the administration has created renewable energy development zones in Southwestern states and placed a moratorium on future coal leasing while it assesses the impact federal coal development has on climate change. Just this week, it announced a \u003ca href=\"https://www.doi.gov/pressreleases/secretary-jewell-announces-offshore-oil-and-gas-leasing-plan-2017-2022\">plan to halt\u003c/a> oil and gas leasing in waters off the coast of Alaska.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1199987\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 720px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1199987\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Bobby_Magill_CC_Mayflower_Gulch.jpg\" alt=\"Mayflower Gulch is a popular hiking and cross-country skiing area within Arapaho National Forest in Colorado.\" width=\"720\" height=\"540\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Bobby_Magill_CC_Mayflower_Gulch.jpg 720w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Bobby_Magill_CC_Mayflower_Gulch-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Bobby_Magill_CC_Mayflower_Gulch-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Bobby_Magill_CC_Mayflower_Gulch-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Bobby_Magill_CC_Mayflower_Gulch-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 720px) 100vw, 720px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mayflower Gulch is a popular hiking and cross-country skiing area within Arapaho National Forest in Colorado. \u003ccite>(Bobby Magill/Climate Central)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Land use plans adopted by local districts of federal agencies have also restricted some fossil fuels leasing and development in some areas, including around national parks in eastern Utah and elsewhere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://headwaterseconomics.org/staff/ray-rasker/\">Ray Rasker\u003c/a>, executive director of Headwaters Economics, an independent research group focusing on the economic implications of land management decisions in the West, said Trump’s vision for unfettered fossil fuels development on public lands will run up against market forces.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is a myth fossil fuel development is subject to roadblocks,” Rasker said. “Energy development is driven by price, technology (e.g. fracking) and geology.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trump could lift Obama’s moratorium on future coal leasing, but that won’t bring the coal industry back from its decades-long decline or herald the opening of new coal mines across the West.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The reason coal prices have dropped is due to reduced international demand and the rise of cheaper natural gas in the production of electricity,” Rasker said. “It has nothing to do with regulatory restrictions.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rolling back any land use plans that restrict fossil fuels development would take a long time as Trump administration proposals work through the bureaucratic process, said \u003ca href=\"http://lawweb.colorado.edu/profiles/profile.jsp?id=189\">Mark Squillace\u003c/a>, a natural resources law professor at the University of Colorado-Boulder.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If Trump wants to develop some of the lands where leasing has been disallowed, he will first need to amend the plans,” Squillace said. “That’s a public process that takes time. The next step is leasing. This, too, is a public process that will eat up a fair amount of time.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1199989\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 720px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1199989\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Bobby_Magill_CC_Petrified_Forest.jpg\" alt=\"Petrified Forest National Park in Arizona has been expanded in recent years, and is one of the few national parks in the West surrounded mostly by private, state and tribal lands.\" width=\"720\" height=\"480\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Bobby_Magill_CC_Petrified_Forest.jpg 720w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Bobby_Magill_CC_Petrified_Forest-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Bobby_Magill_CC_Petrified_Forest-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Bobby_Magill_CC_Petrified_Forest-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Bobby_Magill_CC_Petrified_Forest-520x347.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 720px) 100vw, 720px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Petrified Forest National Park in Arizona has been expanded in recent years, and is one of the few national parks in the West surrounded mostly by private, state and tribal lands. \u003ccite>(Bobby Magill/Climate Central)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Trump’s desire to expedite oil, gas and coal development on federal lands conflicts with the GOP’s goal to get the federal government out of the land management business, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“At a time when Trump has talked about increasing public lands energy development, in part, at least to increase federal revenues, transferring the lands and minerals would mean that he would have to forego those revenues at least down the road,” Squillace said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://faculty.publicpolicy.umd.edu/nelson/home\">Robert H. Nelson\u003c/a>, a professor of public policy at the University of Maryland specializing in public lands management, who supports the transfer of federal public lands to the states, said state control of land currently owned by the federal government would promote more innovative land management practices. That would be especially true in drought-stricken areas of California and other parts of the West, where forest management has increased the risk of catastrophic wildfire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What it would do is open things up for a tremendous amount of change and experimentation,” Nelson said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But research shows that such a patchwork of land management strategies across states can serve to undermine the intact ecosystems necessary to withstand climatic changes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You need large connected wild landscapes to protect the air, water, and wildlife that is affected by climate change,” said \u003ca href=\"http://wilderness.org/bios/staff/alan-rowsome\">Alan Rowsome\u003c/a>, government relations director at the Wilderness Society. “If you don’t have those large protected landscapes, you’re going to start to see species and ecosystems that aren’t able to adapt.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Managing public lands so they encompass broad landscapes is a philosophy several federal agencies underscored when they signed a \u003ca href=\"http://nawpanet.wpengine.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/6-MOU-Wilderness-WILD9-eng.pdf\">memorandum of understanding\u003c/a> with Canada in 2009. The memo says that vast swathes of public wild lands across political boundaries \u003ca href=\"http://nawpanet.wpengine.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/NAWPA-CCWG-Brochure.pdf\">are critical\u003c/a> to human and wildlife adaptation to climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1199990\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 720px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1199990\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Bobby_Magill_CC_Rawah.jpg\" alt=\"The federal Wilderness Act was passed in 1964 and today protects more than 109 million acres of federal public land nationwide. The Rawah Wilderness in northern Colorado was one of America's very first wilderness areas.\" width=\"720\" height=\"480\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Bobby_Magill_CC_Rawah.jpg 720w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Bobby_Magill_CC_Rawah-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Bobby_Magill_CC_Rawah-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Bobby_Magill_CC_Rawah-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Bobby_Magill_CC_Rawah-520x347.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 720px) 100vw, 720px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The federal Wilderness Act was passed in 1964 and today protects more than 109 million acres of federal public land nationwide. The Rawah Wilderness in northern Colorado was one of America’s very first wilderness areas. \u003ccite>(Bobby Magill/Climate Central)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Scientists from the U.S. Forest Service, Bureau of Land Management, National Park Service and other agencies echoed that view in \u003ca href=\"http://bioscience.oxfordjournals.org/content/66/9/774.abstract\">a study\u003c/a> they published in September in the journal BioScience. The study shows that America’s patchwork of public lands needs to be more cohesive and broad to allow ecosystems to withstand the ravages of climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The scientists are calling for a national habitat conservation system that would use a broad strategy across vast regions of public and private lands to help America’s wildlife survive climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Transferring lands to states would make such a strategy more difficult, and environmental groups are gearing up to fight any changes to public lands policy that would that would allow them to be privatized or drop protections for the ecosystems they protect.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The platform of the GOP is for the first time aligned with efforts to seize public lands that have been led by industry front groups and fringe militia groups, said Mark Allison, executive director of the New Mexico Wilderness Alliance, an Albuquerque-based \u003ca href=\"http://www.nmwild.org/\">conservation group\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are absolutely preparing for the worst and fully expect efforts to fundamentally dismantle the last 100 years of commitment to our nation’s public lands,” Allison said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.geosinstitute.org/contact/2-dominick-dellasala\">Dominick DellaSala\u003c/a>, chief scientist at the Oregon-based climate change think tank Geos Institute, said opposition to the deregulation or disposal of public lands will be fierce from both environmental groups and the public.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The majority of Americans love their public lands and will not stand for giving them to the states or private sector as that would be catastrophic ecologically and economically,” DellaSala said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Climate Central\u003c/span>\u003c/a> \u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">is an independent organization that researches and reports on climate change.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Study Finds Surprising Culprit Drives Forest Fire Behavior",
"headTitle": "Study Finds Surprising Culprit Drives Forest Fire Behavior | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"start\">Temperatures are rising \u003c/span>and forest fires, already larger and more frequent than the historical norm, are projected to increase dramatically with anthropogenic warming.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">The way humans have used land in the Sierra has had more effect on fire behavior than climate change.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>That’s the general consensus among scientists studying the relationship between fire activity and climate change in the Sierra Nevada. But a \u003ca href=\"http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2016/11/08/1609775113.abstract\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">study\u003c/a> released last week found an influence on past fire activity even greater than climate: human beings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since 1600, the way humans have used land in the Sierra has had more effect on fire behavior than climate change, said Valerie Trouet, associate professor of dendrochronology at the University of Arizona and lead coauthor of the study, published November 14 by the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This conclusion has profound implications for the future, when higher temperatures are predicted to intensify fire activity in California. Average annual temperatures in the western United States have already risen by \u003cspan class=\"caps\">1.9F\u003c/span> (\u003cspan class=\"caps\">1.1C\u003c/span>) since 1970. With every increase of \u003cspan class=\"caps\">1.8F\u003c/span> (\u003cspan class=\"caps\">1C\u003c/span>), the area burned annually in the Sierra Nevada is projected to increase by as much as 300 percent, according to \u003ca href=\"http://www.ucsusa.org/global_warming/science_and_impacts/impacts/infographic-wildfires-climate-change.html#.WDNGj9UrLcs\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">research\u003c/a> by the Union of Concerned Scientists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study about humans and fire, coauthored by Alan H. Taylor of Penn State, suggests that land managers and owners can affect fire behavior through activities that make forests more resilient.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“By changing land use, we can at least buffer some of the effects of climate change,” Trouet said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The most useful tool to do that is fire itself, said Craig Thomas, conservation director for \u003ca href=\"http://www.sierraforestlegacy.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Sierra Forest Legacy\u003c/a>, a coalition focused on Sierra Nevada national forest issues. Using controlled fires to burn ground litter and small trees breaks the fuel continuity from the surface to the crowns of trees, where fire is more difficult to control.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If we take the advice of this paper, we are going to build a real fire program with crews dedicated to lighting managed fires across many different land ownerships,” said Thomas, cochair of a statewide multiparty \u003ca href=\"http://www.sierraforestlegacy.org/Resources/Community/PrescribedFire/FireMOUSigned.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">partnership\u003c/a> dedicated to increasing the use of fire to benefit natural resources.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The importance of human-fire interactions in the Sierra surprised Trouet, Taylor and their coauthors: Carl N. Skinner of the \u003cspan class=\"caps\">U.S.\u003c/span> Forest Service in Redding and Scott L. Stephens of the University of California, Berkeley. They set out to determine which climatic cycles – the El Niño/La Niña cycle or the longer Pacific Decadal Oscillation – have governed the fire regime in California’s Sierra Nevada.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The team used the fire history recorded in tree rings from 29 sites in the Sierra Nevada. They combined these with 20th-century records of annual areas burned, resulting in a fire index that spans from 1600 to last year. The scientists plotted this 415-year history against past environmental records of temperature and moisture.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They expected the fire index to roughly follow the pattern of summer temperatures: a gradual rise with a sharp increase starting around 1980.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Instead, they found four periods, each around 55 years long, when the frequency and extent of forest fires clearly differed from the time interlude before or after. That led them to take a closer look at human activity over the entire era since 1600, focusing on whether human land use affected the amount of fuel available for fires.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The earliest period in their study was a time when Native Americans used sophisticated burning techniques to improve hunting and prepare ground for agriculture. The result was a patchy network of burned areas that reduced the ground fuels, hindering the spread of fire, said Trouet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The fire index nearly doubled with the transition to the Spanish-Mexican period (1769–1847). Once Spanish missionaries arrived, Native American populations declined precipitously. Half the native population in California estimated in 1769 had disappeared by 1845, the study states. Disease and death brought an end to the mosaic of burned and unburned areas Native Americans had created.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During the mission era fuels built up, exacerbated by the Spanish government’s ban on the use of fire. Fires grew larger and more frequent. This is the period where the study finds the closest correlation between fire activity and climate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The California Gold Rush introduced another dramatic change in Sierra Nevada fires. It wasn’t the miners themselves but the enormous influx of people, beginning in 1848, that reduced fire activity. The new settlers brought sheep and cattle, which grazed on the grasses and other plants that would normally have been fuel for forest fires.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These changes in human land use triggered a shift to lower fire activity that continued to 1904, when the \u003cspan class=\"caps\">U.S.\u003c/span> government established a fire suppression policy on federal lands. Under the regime of “\u003ca href=\"http://www.foresthistory.org/ASPNET/Policy/Fire/Suppression/Suppression.aspx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Smokey Bear\u003c/a>,” fire activity dropped to its lowest level since 1600. Aided by sparse fuels and, after World War \u003cspan class=\"caps\">II\u003c/span>, more sophisticated fire detection and suppression techniques, fire activity remained well below what the study’s scientists predicted into the late 1970s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That began to change in 1980. As the climate continued to warm, fire frequency increased once again. A century of accumulated forest fuels contributed to fire seasons that are now 78 days longer than in the 1970s, and an acreage of burned area that is expected to double by 2050. This trend is not expected to abate, said Trouet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We know the climate is changing. It already has a strong influence on fire activity and will continue to,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The fires of the future will not necessarily be like the fires of the past, said Taylor, the co-lead author of the study, which has the unwieldy title “Socioecological Transitions Trigger Fire Regime Shifts and Modulate Fire-Climate Interactions in the Sierra Nevada, \u003cspan class=\"caps\">USA\u003c/span>, 1600–2015 \u003cspan class=\"caps\">CE.\u003c/span>”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fires of the past were mostly surface fires. “Today we see more canopy-killing fires,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite the near-certain future of rising temperatures and increased fire activity, the study’s strong evidence of humans’ effects on fire behavior offers opportunities to change the type and intensity of future burns, said Trouet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1199414\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1280px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1199414\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/WD_FirefighterWithDripTorchSkinner.jpg\" alt=\"A U.S. Forest Service fire professional uses a drip torch to light a low-severity prescribed burn to reduce the fuel load in a mixed-conifer forest in the Goosenest Adaptive Management Area in northern California. \" width=\"1280\" height=\"960\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/WD_FirefighterWithDripTorchSkinner.jpg 1280w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/WD_FirefighterWithDripTorchSkinner-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/WD_FirefighterWithDripTorchSkinner-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/WD_FirefighterWithDripTorchSkinner-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/WD_FirefighterWithDripTorchSkinner-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/WD_FirefighterWithDripTorchSkinner-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/WD_FirefighterWithDripTorchSkinner-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/WD_FirefighterWithDripTorchSkinner-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/WD_FirefighterWithDripTorchSkinner-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/WD_FirefighterWithDripTorchSkinner-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1280px) 100vw, 1280px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A U.S. Forest Service fire professional uses a drip torch to light a low-severity prescribed burn to reduce the fuel load in a mixed-conifer forest in the Goosenest Adaptive Management Area in northern California. \u003ccite>(C.N. Skinner/USFS)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Prescribed burning is one way to do that and needs to be emphasized, she said, adding, “Now we know that burning not only helps with fuel loads; it also helps to reduce the effects of climate on fire.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Land managers are increasing their use of prescribed burns as agency officials and the general public understand their importance. But 150 years of low activity and suppression have left an enormous fire deficit, said Thomas. To maintain healthy forests, where flames char trees without widespread destruction, Sierra Nevada land managers need to burn 500,000 acres (200,000 hectares) every year, he said. Current managed ignitions total less than 40,000 acres (16,000 hectares) through California, Thomas said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We desperately need to burn tens of thousands of acres on every forest in the Sierra Nevada – every year,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rising temperatures are already “locked in,” said Trouet, and there is not much we can do about that for a number of decades. But by deepening our understanding of how humans affect fire regimes we can reach beyond suppression toward a sustainable system of fire management.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"fin\">“That is the foundation for the development of effective strategies to address the amplified fire effects expected with a warming climate,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This article originally appeared on \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://mail.kqed.org/owa/redir.aspx?C=9e4bb0e1a7d74f24ba4684ef2533053d&URL=https%3a%2f%2fwww.newsdeeply.com%2fwater\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Water Deeply\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, and you can find it \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/articles/2016/11/28/new-study-finds-surprising-culprit-drives-forest-fire-behavior\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">here\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. For important news about the California drought, you can \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"http://waterdeeply.us5.list-manage.com/subscribe?u=8b78e9a34ff7443ec1e8c62c6&id=2947becb78\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">sign up\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> to the Water Deeply email list.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "A newly published study examined more than 400 years’ worth of information on wildfire behavior in the Sierra Nevada and compared it with temperature and moisture data. But it turned out that climate was not the biggest influencer of fire behavior.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"start\">Temperatures are rising \u003c/span>and forest fires, already larger and more frequent than the historical norm, are projected to increase dramatically with anthropogenic warming.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">The way humans have used land in the Sierra has had more effect on fire behavior than climate change.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>That’s the general consensus among scientists studying the relationship between fire activity and climate change in the Sierra Nevada. But a \u003ca href=\"http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2016/11/08/1609775113.abstract\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">study\u003c/a> released last week found an influence on past fire activity even greater than climate: human beings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since 1600, the way humans have used land in the Sierra has had more effect on fire behavior than climate change, said Valerie Trouet, associate professor of dendrochronology at the University of Arizona and lead coauthor of the study, published November 14 by the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This conclusion has profound implications for the future, when higher temperatures are predicted to intensify fire activity in California. Average annual temperatures in the western United States have already risen by \u003cspan class=\"caps\">1.9F\u003c/span> (\u003cspan class=\"caps\">1.1C\u003c/span>) since 1970. With every increase of \u003cspan class=\"caps\">1.8F\u003c/span> (\u003cspan class=\"caps\">1C\u003c/span>), the area burned annually in the Sierra Nevada is projected to increase by as much as 300 percent, according to \u003ca href=\"http://www.ucsusa.org/global_warming/science_and_impacts/impacts/infographic-wildfires-climate-change.html#.WDNGj9UrLcs\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">research\u003c/a> by the Union of Concerned Scientists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study about humans and fire, coauthored by Alan H. Taylor of Penn State, suggests that land managers and owners can affect fire behavior through activities that make forests more resilient.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“By changing land use, we can at least buffer some of the effects of climate change,” Trouet said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The most useful tool to do that is fire itself, said Craig Thomas, conservation director for \u003ca href=\"http://www.sierraforestlegacy.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Sierra Forest Legacy\u003c/a>, a coalition focused on Sierra Nevada national forest issues. Using controlled fires to burn ground litter and small trees breaks the fuel continuity from the surface to the crowns of trees, where fire is more difficult to control.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If we take the advice of this paper, we are going to build a real fire program with crews dedicated to lighting managed fires across many different land ownerships,” said Thomas, cochair of a statewide multiparty \u003ca href=\"http://www.sierraforestlegacy.org/Resources/Community/PrescribedFire/FireMOUSigned.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">partnership\u003c/a> dedicated to increasing the use of fire to benefit natural resources.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The importance of human-fire interactions in the Sierra surprised Trouet, Taylor and their coauthors: Carl N. Skinner of the \u003cspan class=\"caps\">U.S.\u003c/span> Forest Service in Redding and Scott L. Stephens of the University of California, Berkeley. They set out to determine which climatic cycles – the El Niño/La Niña cycle or the longer Pacific Decadal Oscillation – have governed the fire regime in California’s Sierra Nevada.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The team used the fire history recorded in tree rings from 29 sites in the Sierra Nevada. They combined these with 20th-century records of annual areas burned, resulting in a fire index that spans from 1600 to last year. The scientists plotted this 415-year history against past environmental records of temperature and moisture.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They expected the fire index to roughly follow the pattern of summer temperatures: a gradual rise with a sharp increase starting around 1980.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Instead, they found four periods, each around 55 years long, when the frequency and extent of forest fires clearly differed from the time interlude before or after. That led them to take a closer look at human activity over the entire era since 1600, focusing on whether human land use affected the amount of fuel available for fires.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The earliest period in their study was a time when Native Americans used sophisticated burning techniques to improve hunting and prepare ground for agriculture. The result was a patchy network of burned areas that reduced the ground fuels, hindering the spread of fire, said Trouet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The fire index nearly doubled with the transition to the Spanish-Mexican period (1769–1847). Once Spanish missionaries arrived, Native American populations declined precipitously. Half the native population in California estimated in 1769 had disappeared by 1845, the study states. Disease and death brought an end to the mosaic of burned and unburned areas Native Americans had created.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During the mission era fuels built up, exacerbated by the Spanish government’s ban on the use of fire. Fires grew larger and more frequent. This is the period where the study finds the closest correlation between fire activity and climate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The California Gold Rush introduced another dramatic change in Sierra Nevada fires. It wasn’t the miners themselves but the enormous influx of people, beginning in 1848, that reduced fire activity. The new settlers brought sheep and cattle, which grazed on the grasses and other plants that would normally have been fuel for forest fires.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These changes in human land use triggered a shift to lower fire activity that continued to 1904, when the \u003cspan class=\"caps\">U.S.\u003c/span> government established a fire suppression policy on federal lands. Under the regime of “\u003ca href=\"http://www.foresthistory.org/ASPNET/Policy/Fire/Suppression/Suppression.aspx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Smokey Bear\u003c/a>,” fire activity dropped to its lowest level since 1600. Aided by sparse fuels and, after World War \u003cspan class=\"caps\">II\u003c/span>, more sophisticated fire detection and suppression techniques, fire activity remained well below what the study’s scientists predicted into the late 1970s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That began to change in 1980. As the climate continued to warm, fire frequency increased once again. A century of accumulated forest fuels contributed to fire seasons that are now 78 days longer than in the 1970s, and an acreage of burned area that is expected to double by 2050. This trend is not expected to abate, said Trouet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We know the climate is changing. It already has a strong influence on fire activity and will continue to,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The fires of the future will not necessarily be like the fires of the past, said Taylor, the co-lead author of the study, which has the unwieldy title “Socioecological Transitions Trigger Fire Regime Shifts and Modulate Fire-Climate Interactions in the Sierra Nevada, \u003cspan class=\"caps\">USA\u003c/span>, 1600–2015 \u003cspan class=\"caps\">CE.\u003c/span>”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fires of the past were mostly surface fires. “Today we see more canopy-killing fires,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite the near-certain future of rising temperatures and increased fire activity, the study’s strong evidence of humans’ effects on fire behavior offers opportunities to change the type and intensity of future burns, said Trouet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1199414\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1280px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1199414\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/WD_FirefighterWithDripTorchSkinner.jpg\" alt=\"A U.S. Forest Service fire professional uses a drip torch to light a low-severity prescribed burn to reduce the fuel load in a mixed-conifer forest in the Goosenest Adaptive Management Area in northern California. \" width=\"1280\" height=\"960\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/WD_FirefighterWithDripTorchSkinner.jpg 1280w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/WD_FirefighterWithDripTorchSkinner-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/WD_FirefighterWithDripTorchSkinner-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/WD_FirefighterWithDripTorchSkinner-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/WD_FirefighterWithDripTorchSkinner-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/WD_FirefighterWithDripTorchSkinner-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/WD_FirefighterWithDripTorchSkinner-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/WD_FirefighterWithDripTorchSkinner-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/WD_FirefighterWithDripTorchSkinner-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/WD_FirefighterWithDripTorchSkinner-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1280px) 100vw, 1280px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A U.S. Forest Service fire professional uses a drip torch to light a low-severity prescribed burn to reduce the fuel load in a mixed-conifer forest in the Goosenest Adaptive Management Area in northern California. \u003ccite>(C.N. Skinner/USFS)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Prescribed burning is one way to do that and needs to be emphasized, she said, adding, “Now we know that burning not only helps with fuel loads; it also helps to reduce the effects of climate on fire.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Land managers are increasing their use of prescribed burns as agency officials and the general public understand their importance. But 150 years of low activity and suppression have left an enormous fire deficit, said Thomas. To maintain healthy forests, where flames char trees without widespread destruction, Sierra Nevada land managers need to burn 500,000 acres (200,000 hectares) every year, he said. Current managed ignitions total less than 40,000 acres (16,000 hectares) through California, Thomas said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We desperately need to burn tens of thousands of acres on every forest in the Sierra Nevada – every year,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rising temperatures are already “locked in,” said Trouet, and there is not much we can do about that for a number of decades. But by deepening our understanding of how humans affect fire regimes we can reach beyond suppression toward a sustainable system of fire management.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"fin\">“That is the foundation for the development of effective strategies to address the amplified fire effects expected with a warming climate,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This article originally appeared on \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://mail.kqed.org/owa/redir.aspx?C=9e4bb0e1a7d74f24ba4684ef2533053d&URL=https%3a%2f%2fwww.newsdeeply.com%2fwater\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Water Deeply\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, and you can find it \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/articles/2016/11/28/new-study-finds-surprising-culprit-drives-forest-fire-behavior\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">here\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. For important news about the California drought, you can \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"http://waterdeeply.us5.list-manage.com/subscribe?u=8b78e9a34ff7443ec1e8c62c6&id=2947becb78\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">sign up\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> to the Water Deeply email list.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>The next generation of great space telescopes is heading into its final round of ground tests. The nearly $9 billion \u003ca href=\"http://www.jwst.nasa.gov/\">James Webb Space Telescope\u003c/a> will replace the aging \u003ca href=\"http://hubblesite.org/\">Hubble Space Telescope\u003c/a>. It’s designed to provide unprecedented images of the earliest stars and galaxies that formed in the universe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But before the telescope can get to work, there are still a lot of engineering challenges to overcome.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, the Webb telescope is designed to look at the infrared wavelengths of light given off by stars. Infrared is needed to see some of the earliest stars and galaxies that formed billions of years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But to work properly, infrared telescopes have to be kept cold — very cold. So engineers had to design a multilayered sun shield to protect the telescope from the sun’s heat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s like a big umbrella — beach umbrella — so, we keep that facing the sun and the Earth so it dissipates all the heat through all the layers,” says \u003ca href=\"https://www.linkedin.com/in/bego%25C3%25B1a-vila-b5b28742\">Begoña Vila\u003c/a>, an astrophysicist and systems engineer at NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center, in Greenbelt, Md. “That allows all the instruments to cool to the temperatures that we need.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, the sun shield \u003cem>is\u003c/em> big, about the size of a tennis court, and for launch it has to fit into a much smaller space — about the size of a school bus. So engineers had to come up with a way to fold it up. They also had to design a way to fold up the main mirror, and several other critical instruments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1199406\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1199406\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Artist-rendering-space-telescope.jpg\" alt=\"An artist's rendering of the James Webb Space Telescope. The telescope's silver, umbrella-shape heat shield will be the size of a tennis court, engineers say. It's crucial to keep cool the instruments that detect infrared light from distant stars. Northrop \" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Artist-rendering-space-telescope.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Artist-rendering-space-telescope-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Artist-rendering-space-telescope-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Artist-rendering-space-telescope-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Artist-rendering-space-telescope-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Artist-rendering-space-telescope-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An artist’s rendering of the James Webb Space Telescope. The telescope’s silver, umbrella-shape heat shield will be the size of a tennis court, engineers say. It’s crucial to keep cool the instruments that detect infrared light from distant stars.\u003cbr>Northrop \u003ccite>(Grumman/NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Then, after launch, everything has to unfold in a carefully choreographed sequence of steps over two weeks. You can see that sequence in this \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bTxLAGchWnA\">video\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many of the steps are absolutely crucial. A failure would compromise the telescope’s functionality and could render it useless. For the army of scientists and engineers who have been working on the telescope for nearly two decades, the deployment phase will be nerve-wracking.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Yes, I think that scares all of us,” says Vila. But there’s no way around it. “We do as much testing as we can.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Webb telescope has had a difficult history. It is over budget and behind schedule, and Congress nearly killed the project earlier in the decade. The telescope is scheduled to launch in October 2018. We should know later that year whether the engineering challenges were successfully cleared.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Some+Assembly+Required%3A+New+Space+Telescope+Will+Take+Shape+After+Launch&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The next generation of great space telescopes is heading into its final round of ground tests. The nearly $9 billion \u003ca href=\"http://www.jwst.nasa.gov/\">James Webb Space Telescope\u003c/a> will replace the aging \u003ca href=\"http://hubblesite.org/\">Hubble Space Telescope\u003c/a>. It’s designed to provide unprecedented images of the earliest stars and galaxies that formed in the universe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But before the telescope can get to work, there are still a lot of engineering challenges to overcome.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, the Webb telescope is designed to look at the infrared wavelengths of light given off by stars. Infrared is needed to see some of the earliest stars and galaxies that formed billions of years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But to work properly, infrared telescopes have to be kept cold — very cold. So engineers had to design a multilayered sun shield to protect the telescope from the sun’s heat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s like a big umbrella — beach umbrella — so, we keep that facing the sun and the Earth so it dissipates all the heat through all the layers,” says \u003ca href=\"https://www.linkedin.com/in/bego%25C3%25B1a-vila-b5b28742\">Begoña Vila\u003c/a>, an astrophysicist and systems engineer at NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center, in Greenbelt, Md. “That allows all the instruments to cool to the temperatures that we need.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, the sun shield \u003cem>is\u003c/em> big, about the size of a tennis court, and for launch it has to fit into a much smaller space — about the size of a school bus. So engineers had to come up with a way to fold it up. They also had to design a way to fold up the main mirror, and several other critical instruments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1199406\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1199406\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Artist-rendering-space-telescope.jpg\" alt=\"An artist's rendering of the James Webb Space Telescope. The telescope's silver, umbrella-shape heat shield will be the size of a tennis court, engineers say. It's crucial to keep cool the instruments that detect infrared light from distant stars. Northrop \" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Artist-rendering-space-telescope.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Artist-rendering-space-telescope-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Artist-rendering-space-telescope-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Artist-rendering-space-telescope-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Artist-rendering-space-telescope-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Artist-rendering-space-telescope-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An artist’s rendering of the James Webb Space Telescope. The telescope’s silver, umbrella-shape heat shield will be the size of a tennis court, engineers say. It’s crucial to keep cool the instruments that detect infrared light from distant stars.\u003cbr>Northrop \u003ccite>(Grumman/NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Then, after launch, everything has to unfold in a carefully choreographed sequence of steps over two weeks. You can see that sequence in this \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bTxLAGchWnA\">video\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many of the steps are absolutely crucial. A failure would compromise the telescope’s functionality and could render it useless. For the army of scientists and engineers who have been working on the telescope for nearly two decades, the deployment phase will be nerve-wracking.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Yes, I think that scares all of us,” says Vila. But there’s no way around it. “We do as much testing as we can.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Webb telescope has had a difficult history. It is over budget and behind schedule, and Congress nearly killed the project earlier in the decade. The telescope is scheduled to launch in October 2018. We should know later that year whether the engineering challenges were successfully cleared.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Some+Assembly+Required%3A+New+Space+Telescope+Will+Take+Shape+After+Launch&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Black Friday Special: Free Entrance to 116 California State Parks",
"headTitle": "Black Friday Special: Free Entrance to 116 California State Parks | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Most people’s idea of roughing it on Black Friday is pitching a camp chair outside the nearest big-box retailer at 3 a.m. Some fun, huh?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But this year, the California State Parks system and two environmental groups are offering free admission to dozens of state parks to encourage folks to step outside and enjoy the state’s natural wonders instead of \u003ca href=\"http://www.sbsun.com/general-news/20131128/walmart-officials-comfortable-with-security-after-rialto-black-friday-brawl-sends-police-officer-to-hospital\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">duking it out \u003c/a>at the mall on one of the biggest shopping days of the year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright wp-image-1172256\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/IMG_3269.png\" alt=\"img_3269\" width=\"273\" height=\"486\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/IMG_3269.png 720w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/IMG_3269-160x284.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/IMG_3269-240x427.png 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/IMG_3269-375x667.png 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/IMG_3269-520x924.png 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 273px) 100vw, 273px\">On Black Friday last year (the day after Thanksgiving) outdoor retailer REI launched what’s becoming a nationwide movement with its \u003ca href=\"https://www.rei.com/opt-outside\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">#OptOutside\u003c/a> campaign, an \u003ca href=\"http://www.adweek.com/news/advertising-branding/how-rei-expanding-its-blockbuster-optoutside-campaign-2016-174232\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">award-winning promotion\u003c/a> in which the company closed stores nationwide and asked people to head outside to enjoy nature. The company even pays its staff to #OptOutside instead of coming to work. Dozens of businesses and non-profit organizations are participating this year, from groups like \u003ca href=\"http://www.girltrek.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">GirlTrek\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.outdoorafro.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Outdoor Afro\u003c/a>, which are hosting events, to Subaru, which is providing vehicles so New Yorkers can take shelter dogs into nature.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We believe that being outside makes our lives better,” said REI President and CEO Jerry Stritzke. While the rest of the world is fighting it out in the aisles, we’ll be spending our day a little differently. We’re choosing to opt outside, and want you to come with us.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So as that third piece of Thanksgiving pie makes its way through your bloodstream, you can grab free admission and parking to visit one of 116 participating California state parks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But you have to reserve the pass and print it out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are a limited number of spots — 13,000 in total — and the number of passes available for each park varies based on the park’s capacity. A pass is good for one vehicle but you need the printed hard copy; electronic images on your smartphone won’t get you through the gate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To find participating state parks, reserve passes and print them out, visit \u003ca style=\"font-style: inherit;font-weight: inherit\" href=\"http://www.greenfriday.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">www.greenfriday.org\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://twitter.com/CAStateParks/status/798979577578192900\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All California state parks will be open the day after Thanksgiving regardless of whether you snag a free pass. Normal day-use fees apply — usually $6 to $15 per vehicle. You can check a full list of each park’s admission price \u003ca href=\"https://www.parks.ca.gov/pages/737/files/Current_web_day%20use.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s the first time that three organizations — the state parks, Save the Redwoods League and the California State Parks Foundation — are working together to provide free passes to state parks. Last year, California State Parks and Save the Redwoods League offered free entrance to 48 redwood parks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Anyone who participates in the day can take photos of themselves outdoors and post to social media using the hashtag #OptOutside.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California State Parks is also using two other hashtags, #GreenFriday and #CAstateparks, on Twitter and Instagram.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Most people’s idea of roughing it on Black Friday is pitching a camp chair outside the nearest big-box retailer at 3 a.m. Some fun, huh?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But this year, the California State Parks system and two environmental groups are offering free admission to dozens of state parks to encourage folks to step outside and enjoy the state’s natural wonders instead of \u003ca href=\"http://www.sbsun.com/general-news/20131128/walmart-officials-comfortable-with-security-after-rialto-black-friday-brawl-sends-police-officer-to-hospital\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">duking it out \u003c/a>at the mall on one of the biggest shopping days of the year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright wp-image-1172256\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/IMG_3269.png\" alt=\"img_3269\" width=\"273\" height=\"486\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/IMG_3269.png 720w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/IMG_3269-160x284.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/IMG_3269-240x427.png 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/IMG_3269-375x667.png 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/IMG_3269-520x924.png 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 273px) 100vw, 273px\">On Black Friday last year (the day after Thanksgiving) outdoor retailer REI launched what’s becoming a nationwide movement with its \u003ca href=\"https://www.rei.com/opt-outside\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">#OptOutside\u003c/a> campaign, an \u003ca href=\"http://www.adweek.com/news/advertising-branding/how-rei-expanding-its-blockbuster-optoutside-campaign-2016-174232\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">award-winning promotion\u003c/a> in which the company closed stores nationwide and asked people to head outside to enjoy nature. The company even pays its staff to #OptOutside instead of coming to work. Dozens of businesses and non-profit organizations are participating this year, from groups like \u003ca href=\"http://www.girltrek.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">GirlTrek\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.outdoorafro.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Outdoor Afro\u003c/a>, which are hosting events, to Subaru, which is providing vehicles so New Yorkers can take shelter dogs into nature.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We believe that being outside makes our lives better,” said REI President and CEO Jerry Stritzke. While the rest of the world is fighting it out in the aisles, we’ll be spending our day a little differently. We’re choosing to opt outside, and want you to come with us.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So as that third piece of Thanksgiving pie makes its way through your bloodstream, you can grab free admission and parking to visit one of 116 participating California state parks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But you have to reserve the pass and print it out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are a limited number of spots — 13,000 in total — and the number of passes available for each park varies based on the park’s capacity. A pass is good for one vehicle but you need the printed hard copy; electronic images on your smartphone won’t get you through the gate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To find participating state parks, reserve passes and print them out, visit \u003ca style=\"font-style: inherit;font-weight: inherit\" href=\"http://www.greenfriday.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">www.greenfriday.org\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\n\u003cp>All California state parks will be open the day after Thanksgiving regardless of whether you snag a free pass. Normal day-use fees apply — usually $6 to $15 per vehicle. You can check a full list of each park’s admission price \u003ca href=\"https://www.parks.ca.gov/pages/737/files/Current_web_day%20use.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s the first time that three organizations — the state parks, Save the Redwoods League and the California State Parks Foundation — are working together to provide free passes to state parks. Last year, California State Parks and Save the Redwoods League offered free entrance to 48 redwood parks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Anyone who participates in the day can take photos of themselves outdoors and post to social media using the hashtag #OptOutside.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California State Parks is also using two other hashtags, #GreenFriday and #CAstateparks, on Twitter and Instagram.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "In Vallejo, Proposed Cement Mill Divides a Community",
"headTitle": "In Vallejo, Proposed Cement Mill Divides a Community | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>From 1869 through 2004, the city of Vallejo was known as a mill town — milling flour, that is. The old General Mills plant once employed hundreds of workers, processing wheat grain into flour and shipping it all over the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From the Napa River shoreline, Steve Bryan, the president of \u003ca href=\"http://www.orcem.com/vallejo_project.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Orcem California\u003c/a>, points to the rotting dock pilings next to the defunct plant. “You can see it’s not a functional wharf today.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That could change soon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The cement company wants to turn the old flour mill in south Vallejo into a cement mill, and revive the silent bluff with ships, trains and trucks. The idea, first proposed in 2012, has found favor with out-of-work Vallejoans and some city officials, who like the company’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.timesheraldonline.com/article/NH/20160902/NEWS/160909942\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">offer\u003c/a> to invest $1 million in local non-profits and the tax revenues the project is projected to generate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"sharedaddy show-for-medium-up\">\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1167190\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1334px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1167190 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Cement_Desktop.jpg\" alt=\"cement_desktop\" width=\"1334\" height=\"1075\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Cement_Desktop.jpg 1334w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Cement_Desktop-160x129.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Cement_Desktop-800x645.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Cement_Desktop-768x619.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Cement_Desktop-1020x822.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Cement_Desktop-1180x951.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Cement_Desktop-960x774.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Cement_Desktop-240x193.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Cement_Desktop-375x302.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Cement_Desktop-520x419.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1334px) 100vw, 1334px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Credit: Teodros Hailye/ KQED Science \u003ccite>(Teodros Hailye/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv class=\"show-for-small-only\">\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1167191\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 750px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1167191 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Cement_Mobile.jpg\" alt=\"cement_mobile\" width=\"750\" height=\"1334\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Cement_Mobile.jpg 750w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Cement_Mobile-160x285.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Cement_Mobile-240x427.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Cement_Mobile-375x667.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Cement_Mobile-520x925.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 750px) 100vw, 750px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Credit: Teodros Hailye/ KQED Science \u003ccite>(Teodros Hailye/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>But many other locals, along with environmental groups inside and outside the city, warn that the development would harm their families and act as a Trojan horse for an even greater threat: coal exports.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Making ‘Green Cement’\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Orcem wants to grind iron slag shipped from Japan to make what they call \u003ca href=\"http://www.orcem.com/environmental.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">green cement\u003c/a>. Iron slag is a byproduct of steel production. The company says recycling it to make cement reduces energy and emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The product that it [iron slag] substitutes for is one of the highest emitters of CO2 and other air pollutants in the world,” says Bryan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After a ship is berthed, a clam-shell crane would scoop iron slag onto a series of conveyor belts. The mill would grind it down into a chunky grey sand that would be transported off-site to cement plants. The iron slag would replace traditional ingredients in cement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The cement industry is one of the worlds largest producers of greenhouse gasses\u003cstrong>, \u003c/strong>\u003ca href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20070714085318/http://www.wbcsd.org/DocRoot/1IBetslPgkEie83rTa0J/cement-action-plan.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">producing 5 percent\u003c/a> of global man-made carbon dioxide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Orcem is a subsidiary of the cement maker Ecocem Materials. The company would partner with Vallejo Marine Terminal, a subsidiary of Vortex Marine Construction, to completely revamp the old port into a modern terminal that would also be used to move materials like iron ore, steel coils and gypsum.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Environmentalists Fear Smog, Noise, Traffic\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But many residents and environmental groups are unimpressed with Orcem’s green bona fides. They are lining up against the proposal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“No Orcem” signs are staked into many front yards throughout the city.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1169772\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1169772\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/IMG_1192-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"Protest signs are staked into many yards or pasted into windows throughout Vallejo. \" width=\"800\" height=\"600\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Protest signs are staked into many yards or pasted into windows throughout Vallejo. \u003ccite>(Lesley McClurg/ KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Residents worry about increased smog from trucks and idling ships. More than 200 trucks would come and go nearly everyday. That means a big rig would rumble by about every four minutes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The air pollution released from the plant would be equivalent to adding 7,000 cars to the road annually. Locals worry dirty air could drift to an elementary school that’s a quarter of a mile away. Residents like LaDonna Williams voiced her concerns to the plant’s president at a \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kLsN6icha9Y\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">community meeting\u003c/a> earlier this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I won’t be accepting you telling me that it’s ok that you’re going to come here with a cement plant,” says Williams. “We know we are going to have particulate matter. We’re going to have all the ships coming through. We’re going to have the trucks coming through.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Coal Question\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those are the known impacts. But this story is also about an export that’s \u003ci>not\u003c/i> in the proposal… coal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”R2Tol9t1bI1nydnGxDz9V3sAHBTXg1B7″]Locals don’t want to fight the same \u003ca href=\"http://www.mercurynews.com/2016/06/24/coal-foes-win-major-victory-in-fight-to-block-oakland-terminal-exports/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">battle\u003c/a> their neighbors in Oakland just fought.\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Developers for a marine terminal planned for Oakland promised not to use it to export coal, but then they changed their tune.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Eventually the city banned coal, but the heated showdown makes Peter Brooks of \u003ca href=\"http://freshairvallejo.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Fresh Air Vallejo\u003c/a> wary.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They [Oakland residents] have told us repeatedly that they were promised, ‘Don’t worry there won’t be coal. Right now we are cautiously optimistic but we are not stupid,” says Brooks. “We know that plans change and we know that if this site opens up it is possible that they won’t keep their word.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.vallejomarineterminal.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Vallejo Marine Terminal\u003c/a> has made a similar promise to locals but Brooks isn’t convinced they’ll keep it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Sierra Club and Baykeeper \u003ca href=\"http://www.cityofvallejo.net/common/pages/DisplayFile.aspx?itemId=2813223\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">worry\u003c/a> about open train cars filled with coal because the coal dust could pollute every community and waterway along the tracks, and they worry it could boost Asia’s use of coal, worsening climate change. Plus, they’re concerned that inhaling coal dust can cause asthma, heart disease and cancer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Money and Jobs\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not everyone shares those concerns. Hattie Smith-Mills says her neighborhood needs a boost. She lives less than a mile from the plant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s nothing here,” says Smith-Mills. “When General Mills went away it was, like, dead in this area.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Industrial projects like Orcem’s are high on the city’s list of key priorities. Vallejo’s strategic \u003ca href=\"http://www.ci.vallejo.ca.us/common/pages/DisplayFile.aspx?itemId=38786\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">plan\u003c/a> vows to “make Vallejo the Bay Area’s premier site for manufacturing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Environmental groups agree the site should be redeveloped, but they would rather see a promenade with hotels, restaurants and shops.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>City officials \u003ca href=\"http://www.cityofvallejo.net/common/pages/DisplayFile.aspx?itemId=920686\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">estimate\u003c/a> the proposal would bring in about $150,000 the first year and ramp up to $500,000 in taxes and fees annually. Together, Orcem and Vallejo Marine Terminal also plan to hire up to 60 full time employees. The developers predict that more work will ripple out to the community for jobs like contract construction workers and gas station attendants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s good news for Antoine Terrell. He’s a local truck driver in south Vallejo, washing his big rig in his front yard.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1169777\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1169777\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/IMG_1245-e1479423614372.jpg\" alt=\"Antoine Terrell hopes Orcem will hire him for a full time job if the plant opens in his neighborhood in south Vallejo.\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1440\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Antoine Terrell hopes Orcem will hire him for a full time job if the plant opens in his neighborhood in south Vallejo. \u003ccite>(Lesley McClurg)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“In the neighborhood, there’s nothing but churches and liquor stores,” says Terrell.\u003cb> \u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Officials will have to weigh the environmental costs and the economic benefits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The project faces its first test before the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ci.vallejo.ca.us/cms/One.aspx?portalId=13506&pageId=32613\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Vallejo Planning Commission\u003c/a> early next year. If it reaches the City Council, opponents speculate the vote could swing either way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bryan says it would be a shame to waste such a prime location.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When you have a natural deep water berth, you have rail infrastructure in here and you’re less than a mile from the interstate — if you don’t do this for some type of logistics then you’re not getting the highest and best use,” he says.\u003cb>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>From 1869 through 2004, the city of Vallejo was known as a mill town — milling flour, that is. The old General Mills plant once employed hundreds of workers, processing wheat grain into flour and shipping it all over the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From the Napa River shoreline, Steve Bryan, the president of \u003ca href=\"http://www.orcem.com/vallejo_project.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Orcem California\u003c/a>, points to the rotting dock pilings next to the defunct plant. “You can see it’s not a functional wharf today.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That could change soon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The cement company wants to turn the old flour mill in south Vallejo into a cement mill, and revive the silent bluff with ships, trains and trucks. The idea, first proposed in 2012, has found favor with out-of-work Vallejoans and some city officials, who like the company’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.timesheraldonline.com/article/NH/20160902/NEWS/160909942\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">offer\u003c/a> to invest $1 million in local non-profits and the tax revenues the project is projected to generate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"sharedaddy show-for-medium-up\">\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1167190\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1334px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1167190 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Cement_Desktop.jpg\" alt=\"cement_desktop\" width=\"1334\" height=\"1075\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Cement_Desktop.jpg 1334w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Cement_Desktop-160x129.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Cement_Desktop-800x645.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Cement_Desktop-768x619.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Cement_Desktop-1020x822.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Cement_Desktop-1180x951.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Cement_Desktop-960x774.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Cement_Desktop-240x193.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Cement_Desktop-375x302.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Cement_Desktop-520x419.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1334px) 100vw, 1334px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Credit: Teodros Hailye/ KQED Science \u003ccite>(Teodros Hailye/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv class=\"show-for-small-only\">\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1167191\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 750px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1167191 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Cement_Mobile.jpg\" alt=\"cement_mobile\" width=\"750\" height=\"1334\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Cement_Mobile.jpg 750w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Cement_Mobile-160x285.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Cement_Mobile-240x427.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Cement_Mobile-375x667.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Cement_Mobile-520x925.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 750px) 100vw, 750px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Credit: Teodros Hailye/ KQED Science \u003ccite>(Teodros Hailye/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>But many other locals, along with environmental groups inside and outside the city, warn that the development would harm their families and act as a Trojan horse for an even greater threat: coal exports.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Making ‘Green Cement’\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Orcem wants to grind iron slag shipped from Japan to make what they call \u003ca href=\"http://www.orcem.com/environmental.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">green cement\u003c/a>. Iron slag is a byproduct of steel production. The company says recycling it to make cement reduces energy and emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The product that it [iron slag] substitutes for is one of the highest emitters of CO2 and other air pollutants in the world,” says Bryan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After a ship is berthed, a clam-shell crane would scoop iron slag onto a series of conveyor belts. The mill would grind it down into a chunky grey sand that would be transported off-site to cement plants. The iron slag would replace traditional ingredients in cement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The cement industry is one of the worlds largest producers of greenhouse gasses\u003cstrong>, \u003c/strong>\u003ca href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20070714085318/http://www.wbcsd.org/DocRoot/1IBetslPgkEie83rTa0J/cement-action-plan.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">producing 5 percent\u003c/a> of global man-made carbon dioxide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Orcem is a subsidiary of the cement maker Ecocem Materials. The company would partner with Vallejo Marine Terminal, a subsidiary of Vortex Marine Construction, to completely revamp the old port into a modern terminal that would also be used to move materials like iron ore, steel coils and gypsum.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Environmentalists Fear Smog, Noise, Traffic\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But many residents and environmental groups are unimpressed with Orcem’s green bona fides. They are lining up against the proposal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“No Orcem” signs are staked into many front yards throughout the city.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1169772\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1169772\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/IMG_1192-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"Protest signs are staked into many yards or pasted into windows throughout Vallejo. \" width=\"800\" height=\"600\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Protest signs are staked into many yards or pasted into windows throughout Vallejo. \u003ccite>(Lesley McClurg/ KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Residents worry about increased smog from trucks and idling ships. More than 200 trucks would come and go nearly everyday. That means a big rig would rumble by about every four minutes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The air pollution released from the plant would be equivalent to adding 7,000 cars to the road annually. Locals worry dirty air could drift to an elementary school that’s a quarter of a mile away. Residents like LaDonna Williams voiced her concerns to the plant’s president at a \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kLsN6icha9Y\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">community meeting\u003c/a> earlier this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I won’t be accepting you telling me that it’s ok that you’re going to come here with a cement plant,” says Williams. “We know we are going to have particulate matter. We’re going to have all the ships coming through. We’re going to have the trucks coming through.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Coal Question\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those are the known impacts. But this story is also about an export that’s \u003ci>not\u003c/i> in the proposal… coal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>Locals don’t want to fight the same \u003ca href=\"http://www.mercurynews.com/2016/06/24/coal-foes-win-major-victory-in-fight-to-block-oakland-terminal-exports/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">battle\u003c/a> their neighbors in Oakland just fought.\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Developers for a marine terminal planned for Oakland promised not to use it to export coal, but then they changed their tune.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Eventually the city banned coal, but the heated showdown makes Peter Brooks of \u003ca href=\"http://freshairvallejo.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Fresh Air Vallejo\u003c/a> wary.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They [Oakland residents] have told us repeatedly that they were promised, ‘Don’t worry there won’t be coal. Right now we are cautiously optimistic but we are not stupid,” says Brooks. “We know that plans change and we know that if this site opens up it is possible that they won’t keep their word.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.vallejomarineterminal.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Vallejo Marine Terminal\u003c/a> has made a similar promise to locals but Brooks isn’t convinced they’ll keep it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Sierra Club and Baykeeper \u003ca href=\"http://www.cityofvallejo.net/common/pages/DisplayFile.aspx?itemId=2813223\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">worry\u003c/a> about open train cars filled with coal because the coal dust could pollute every community and waterway along the tracks, and they worry it could boost Asia’s use of coal, worsening climate change. Plus, they’re concerned that inhaling coal dust can cause asthma, heart disease and cancer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Money and Jobs\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not everyone shares those concerns. Hattie Smith-Mills says her neighborhood needs a boost. She lives less than a mile from the plant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s nothing here,” says Smith-Mills. “When General Mills went away it was, like, dead in this area.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Industrial projects like Orcem’s are high on the city’s list of key priorities. Vallejo’s strategic \u003ca href=\"http://www.ci.vallejo.ca.us/common/pages/DisplayFile.aspx?itemId=38786\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">plan\u003c/a> vows to “make Vallejo the Bay Area’s premier site for manufacturing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Environmental groups agree the site should be redeveloped, but they would rather see a promenade with hotels, restaurants and shops.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>City officials \u003ca href=\"http://www.cityofvallejo.net/common/pages/DisplayFile.aspx?itemId=920686\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">estimate\u003c/a> the proposal would bring in about $150,000 the first year and ramp up to $500,000 in taxes and fees annually. Together, Orcem and Vallejo Marine Terminal also plan to hire up to 60 full time employees. The developers predict that more work will ripple out to the community for jobs like contract construction workers and gas station attendants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s good news for Antoine Terrell. He’s a local truck driver in south Vallejo, washing his big rig in his front yard.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1169777\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1169777\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/IMG_1245-e1479423614372.jpg\" alt=\"Antoine Terrell hopes Orcem will hire him for a full time job if the plant opens in his neighborhood in south Vallejo.\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1440\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Antoine Terrell hopes Orcem will hire him for a full time job if the plant opens in his neighborhood in south Vallejo. \u003ccite>(Lesley McClurg)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“In the neighborhood, there’s nothing but churches and liquor stores,” says Terrell.\u003cb> \u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Officials will have to weigh the environmental costs and the economic benefits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The project faces its first test before the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ci.vallejo.ca.us/cms/One.aspx?portalId=13506&pageId=32613\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Vallejo Planning Commission\u003c/a> early next year. If it reaches the City Council, opponents speculate the vote could swing either way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bryan says it would be a shame to waste such a prime location.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
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"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
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"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
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"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
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"tagline": "Politics from a personal perspective",
"info": "Political Breakdown is a new series that explores the political intersection of California and the nation. Each week hosts Scott Shafer and Marisa Lagos are joined with a new special guest to unpack politics -- with personality — and offer an insider’s glimpse at how politics happens.",
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"possible": {
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"title": "Possible",
"info": "Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.",
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"pri-the-world": {
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"info": "Each weekday, host Marco Werman and his team of producers bring you the world's most interesting stories in an hour of radio that reminds us just how small our planet really is.",
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"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-World-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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},
"radiolab": {
"id": "radiolab",
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"info": "A two-time Peabody Award-winner, Radiolab is an investigation told through sounds and stories, and centered around one big idea. In the Radiolab world, information sounds like music and science and culture collide. Hosted by Jad Abumrad and Robert Krulwich, the show is designed for listeners who demand skepticism, but appreciate wonder. WNYC Studios is the producer of other leading podcasts including Freakonomics Radio, Death, Sex & Money, On the Media and many more.",
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"reveal": {
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"info": "Created by The Center for Investigative Reporting and PRX, Reveal is public radios first one-hour weekly radio show and podcast dedicated to investigative reporting. Credible, fact based and without a partisan agenda, Reveal combines the power and artistry of driveway moment storytelling with data-rich reporting on critically important issues. The result is stories that inform and inspire, arming our listeners with information to right injustices, hold the powerful accountable and improve lives.Reveal is hosted by Al Letson and showcases the award-winning work of CIR and newsrooms large and small across the nation. In a radio and podcast market crowded with choices, Reveal focuses on important and often surprising stories that illuminate the world for our listeners.",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.revealnews.org/episodes/",
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},
"rightnowish": {
"id": "rightnowish",
"title": "Rightnowish",
"tagline": "Art is where you find it",
"info": "Rightnowish digs into life in the Bay Area right now… ish. Journalist Pendarvis Harshaw takes us to galleries painted on the sides of liquor stores in West Oakland. We'll dance in warehouses in the Bayview, make smoothies with kids in South Berkeley, and listen to classical music in a 1984 Cutlass Supreme in Richmond. Every week, Pen talks to movers and shakers about how the Bay Area shapes what they create, and how they shape the place we call home.",
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},
"science-friday": {
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