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"title": "Trump Takes Aim at a Centerpiece of Obama's Environmental Legacy",
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"content": "\u003cp>President Trump will sign sweeping executive orders Tuesday that take aim at a number of his predecessor’s climate policies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The wide-ranging orders and accompanying memorandums will seek to undo the centerpiece of former President Obama’s environmental legacy and national efforts to address climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It could also jeopardize America’s current role in international efforts to confront climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A senior White House official says the goal is to make the U.S. energy-independent and to get the Environmental Protection Agency back to its core mission of maintaining clean air and water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a symbolic gesture, the president is expected to sign the documents at EPA headquarters.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>Trump’s Regulatory Targets\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>The major regulation targeted by the executive order will be the Clean Power Plan, Obama’s signature climate measure that restricts greenhouse gas emissions from coal-fired power plants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trump will order a review of that and a number of other climate efforts, including:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>a federal moratorium on coal leasing\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>a measure that requires federal agencies to consider climate change during their rule-making process\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>the “social cost of carbon,” which puts a dollar figure on carbon pollution\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>“In taking a sledgehammer to U.S. climate action, the administration will push the country backward, making it harder and more expensive to reduce emissions,” said Andrew Steer, president and CEO of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.wri.org//\">World Resources Institute\u003c/a>, in a statement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Climate science is clear and unwavering: mounting greenhouse gas emissions are warming our planet, putting people and business in harm’s way.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some energy companies are celebrating the anticipated move. Trump is expected to be accompanied by energy executives when he signs the order.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a written statement, \u003ca href=\"http://www.api.org/\">American Petroleum Institute\u003c/a> president and CEO Jack Gerard said, “We look forward to working with the Trump administration and Congress on forward-looking energy policies that will help ensure the United States continues leading the world in the production and refining of oil and natural gas, and in the reduction of carbon emissions.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The current head of the EPA, former Oklahoma Attorney General Scott Pruitt, is a longtime critic of environmental regulation. \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2017/03/09/519499975/epa-head-scott-pruitt-doubts-basic-consensus-on-climate-change\">Earlier this month\u003c/a> Pruitt said carbon dioxide is not a primary contributor to climate change, rejecting established science. Before becoming EPA administrator, Pruitt joined dozens of other state attorneys general who sued the agency to halt the Clean Power Plan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While some of the policies that Trump is targeting will be easy to overturn, the Clean Power Plan could prove more complicated. Environmental law experts say it could take the administration years to fully undo it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here’s more on that policy and some of the others that Trump is expected to address later today:\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>The Clean Power Plan\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>The Clean Power Plan is a set of national standards that are designed to slow human-caused climate change by limiting carbon pollution from power plants. The power sector accounts for \u003ca href=\"http://www.eia.gov/tools/faqs/faq.cfm?id=77&t=11\">almost 40 percent\u003c/a> of the country’s carbon dioxide emissions. The Clean Power Plan would cut those emissions and carbon pollution 32 percent below 2005 levels by the year 2030.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When he introduced it \u003ca href=\"https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2015/08/03/remarks-president-announcing-clean-power-plan\">in 2015\u003c/a>, Obama called the Clean Power Plan “the single most important step America has ever taken in the fight against climate change.” It’s the centerpiece of the U.S. commitment to the Paris climate agreement. Donald Trump and Republicans though, have called the plan a “job-killer” and have pledged to kill it instead.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The senior White House official said today’s executive orders do not address the Paris climate deal. “Whether we stay in or out is still under discussion.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trump’s executive orders kick off a rule-making process with the goal of ending the Clean Power Plan. But they won’t end the policy outright, nor do they say how his administration will get rid of it, and the devil may be in the details. Any effort to repeal the rule could prove lengthy, difficult and fraught with litigation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Once you have something like the Clean Power Plan — a final rule-making — then that can’t be withdrawn using any process other than the one that was used to create it,” says Nathan Richardson, a visiting fellow at \u003ca href=\"http://www.rff.org/\">Resources for the Future\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That means notices, public comment and a rule-making procedure that could take years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Trump administration has time. Currently, the Clean Power Plan is held up in federal court after lawsuits from industry groups and states challenged its legality. A ruling could be months away and any decision — for or against the plan — will likely be appealed to the U.S. Supreme Court.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Congress could also step in and amend the Clean Air Act to say the EPA shouldn’t regulate greenhouse gases, nullifying the Clean Power Plan, but that could prove politically challenging.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>Moratorium on Federal Coal Leases\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>The Obama administration placed a moratorium on new coal leases on federal lands \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/01/15/463164790/u-s-moratorium-on-new-coal-leases-to-be-announced-friday\">in January 2016\u003c/a>, citing concerns over pricing and pollution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During the estimated three-year hold on leasing, the \u003ca href=\"https://www.doi.gov/pressreleases/secretary-jewell-launches-comprehensive-review-federal-coal-program\">Department of the Interior said\u003c/a> it was going to review the country’s coal-leasing program to make sure it was providing “a fair return to taxpayers and reflect its impacts on the environment, while continuing to help meet our energy needs.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Federal lands account for roughly \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/01/15/463164790/u-s-moratorium-on-new-coal-leases-to-be-announced-friday\">40 percent of all\u003c/a> U.S. coal production. Hundreds of millions of tons of coal are mined on federal lands every year, generating nearly $1.3 billion for the government in 2015.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Environmental groups say that money doesn’t offset the societal costs of pollution from coal mining and consumption. Burning coal is a leading cause of carbon dioxide emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trump’s order to lift the moratorium should take immediate effect, allowing the Bureau of Land Management to issue new coal leases on federal lands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it’s not at all clear there will be any immediate rush for new leases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Coal production fell in 2016,” says Robert Godby, director of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.uwyo.edu/cee/\">Center for Energy Economics and Public Policy\u003c/a> at the University of Wyoming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, it’s fallen for several years as utilities have switched to cheaper natural gas. That means existing coal reserves have grown bigger.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The coal market is so weak,” Godby says, “and some companies are coming out of bankruptcy.” He says they simply don’t have the cash to make the enormous investment required to lease federal land for future coal production.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Godby says the decline in coal leasing — and the loss of hundreds of millions of dollars a year in royalties — has been painful for Wyoming. The state had been using the money to build new schools, but is now facing a large budget deficit.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>The Social Cost of Carbon\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>The “social cost of carbon” is another Obama-era policy that directed government agencies to factor in the effects of climate change on their rule-making. It essentially put a \u003ca href=\"http://blog.ucsusa.org/rachel-cleetus/the-social-cost-of-carbon-underscores-an-obvious-fact-climate-change-is-costly\">price tag on carbon emissions\u003c/a> and told agencies to factor that price tag in when making a regulation. The current cost is \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/climatechange/social-cost-carbon\">$36 per metric ton\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trump is expected to try to neuter the policy by directing the EPA to lower that cost to the point where it won’t have much weight in policy-making. An all-out elimination of the cost would likely have left the administration with weaker \u003ca href=\"http://media.ca7.uscourts.gov/cgi-bin/rssExec.pl?Submit=Display&Path=Y2016/D08-08/C:14-2159:J:Ripple:aut:T:fnOp:N:1807496:S:0\">legal standing\u003c/a> should it be challenged in court.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Trump administration is aiming to cut federal climate change efforts across government. Trump’s budget \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2017/03/16/520399205/trumps-budget-slashes-climate-change-funding\">called for steep cuts\u003c/a> to climate change research, domestic programs to combat climate change and funding for international climate efforts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mick Mulvaney, director of the Office of Management and Budget, has told reporters that federal funding to fight climate change is “a waste of your money.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2017 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Trump+Takes+Aim+At+A+Centerpiece+Of+Obama%27s+Environmental+Legacy&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "The Trump administration aims to roll back the Clean Power Plan, which limits emissions from power plants, lift the moratorium on federal coal leases and change the \"social cost of carbon\" policy.",
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"description": "The Trump administration aims to roll back the Clean Power Plan, which limits emissions from power plants, lift the moratorium on federal coal leases and change the "social cost of carbon" policy.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>President Trump will sign sweeping executive orders Tuesday that take aim at a number of his predecessor’s climate policies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The wide-ranging orders and accompanying memorandums will seek to undo the centerpiece of former President Obama’s environmental legacy and national efforts to address climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It could also jeopardize America’s current role in international efforts to confront climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A senior White House official says the goal is to make the U.S. energy-independent and to get the Environmental Protection Agency back to its core mission of maintaining clean air and water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a symbolic gesture, the president is expected to sign the documents at EPA headquarters.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>Trump’s Regulatory Targets\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>The major regulation targeted by the executive order will be the Clean Power Plan, Obama’s signature climate measure that restricts greenhouse gas emissions from coal-fired power plants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trump will order a review of that and a number of other climate efforts, including:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>a federal moratorium on coal leasing\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>a measure that requires federal agencies to consider climate change during their rule-making process\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>the “social cost of carbon,” which puts a dollar figure on carbon pollution\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>“In taking a sledgehammer to U.S. climate action, the administration will push the country backward, making it harder and more expensive to reduce emissions,” said Andrew Steer, president and CEO of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.wri.org//\">World Resources Institute\u003c/a>, in a statement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Climate science is clear and unwavering: mounting greenhouse gas emissions are warming our planet, putting people and business in harm’s way.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some energy companies are celebrating the anticipated move. Trump is expected to be accompanied by energy executives when he signs the order.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a written statement, \u003ca href=\"http://www.api.org/\">American Petroleum Institute\u003c/a> president and CEO Jack Gerard said, “We look forward to working with the Trump administration and Congress on forward-looking energy policies that will help ensure the United States continues leading the world in the production and refining of oil and natural gas, and in the reduction of carbon emissions.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The current head of the EPA, former Oklahoma Attorney General Scott Pruitt, is a longtime critic of environmental regulation. \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2017/03/09/519499975/epa-head-scott-pruitt-doubts-basic-consensus-on-climate-change\">Earlier this month\u003c/a> Pruitt said carbon dioxide is not a primary contributor to climate change, rejecting established science. Before becoming EPA administrator, Pruitt joined dozens of other state attorneys general who sued the agency to halt the Clean Power Plan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While some of the policies that Trump is targeting will be easy to overturn, the Clean Power Plan could prove more complicated. Environmental law experts say it could take the administration years to fully undo it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here’s more on that policy and some of the others that Trump is expected to address later today:\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>The Clean Power Plan\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>The Clean Power Plan is a set of national standards that are designed to slow human-caused climate change by limiting carbon pollution from power plants. The power sector accounts for \u003ca href=\"http://www.eia.gov/tools/faqs/faq.cfm?id=77&t=11\">almost 40 percent\u003c/a> of the country’s carbon dioxide emissions. The Clean Power Plan would cut those emissions and carbon pollution 32 percent below 2005 levels by the year 2030.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When he introduced it \u003ca href=\"https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2015/08/03/remarks-president-announcing-clean-power-plan\">in 2015\u003c/a>, Obama called the Clean Power Plan “the single most important step America has ever taken in the fight against climate change.” It’s the centerpiece of the U.S. commitment to the Paris climate agreement. Donald Trump and Republicans though, have called the plan a “job-killer” and have pledged to kill it instead.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The senior White House official said today’s executive orders do not address the Paris climate deal. “Whether we stay in or out is still under discussion.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trump’s executive orders kick off a rule-making process with the goal of ending the Clean Power Plan. But they won’t end the policy outright, nor do they say how his administration will get rid of it, and the devil may be in the details. Any effort to repeal the rule could prove lengthy, difficult and fraught with litigation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Once you have something like the Clean Power Plan — a final rule-making — then that can’t be withdrawn using any process other than the one that was used to create it,” says Nathan Richardson, a visiting fellow at \u003ca href=\"http://www.rff.org/\">Resources for the Future\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That means notices, public comment and a rule-making procedure that could take years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Trump administration has time. Currently, the Clean Power Plan is held up in federal court after lawsuits from industry groups and states challenged its legality. A ruling could be months away and any decision — for or against the plan — will likely be appealed to the U.S. Supreme Court.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Congress could also step in and amend the Clean Air Act to say the EPA shouldn’t regulate greenhouse gases, nullifying the Clean Power Plan, but that could prove politically challenging.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>Moratorium on Federal Coal Leases\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>The Obama administration placed a moratorium on new coal leases on federal lands \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/01/15/463164790/u-s-moratorium-on-new-coal-leases-to-be-announced-friday\">in January 2016\u003c/a>, citing concerns over pricing and pollution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During the estimated three-year hold on leasing, the \u003ca href=\"https://www.doi.gov/pressreleases/secretary-jewell-launches-comprehensive-review-federal-coal-program\">Department of the Interior said\u003c/a> it was going to review the country’s coal-leasing program to make sure it was providing “a fair return to taxpayers and reflect its impacts on the environment, while continuing to help meet our energy needs.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Federal lands account for roughly \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/01/15/463164790/u-s-moratorium-on-new-coal-leases-to-be-announced-friday\">40 percent of all\u003c/a> U.S. coal production. Hundreds of millions of tons of coal are mined on federal lands every year, generating nearly $1.3 billion for the government in 2015.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Environmental groups say that money doesn’t offset the societal costs of pollution from coal mining and consumption. Burning coal is a leading cause of carbon dioxide emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trump’s order to lift the moratorium should take immediate effect, allowing the Bureau of Land Management to issue new coal leases on federal lands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it’s not at all clear there will be any immediate rush for new leases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Coal production fell in 2016,” says Robert Godby, director of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.uwyo.edu/cee/\">Center for Energy Economics and Public Policy\u003c/a> at the University of Wyoming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, it’s fallen for several years as utilities have switched to cheaper natural gas. That means existing coal reserves have grown bigger.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The coal market is so weak,” Godby says, “and some companies are coming out of bankruptcy.” He says they simply don’t have the cash to make the enormous investment required to lease federal land for future coal production.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Godby says the decline in coal leasing — and the loss of hundreds of millions of dollars a year in royalties — has been painful for Wyoming. The state had been using the money to build new schools, but is now facing a large budget deficit.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>The Social Cost of Carbon\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>The “social cost of carbon” is another Obama-era policy that directed government agencies to factor in the effects of climate change on their rule-making. It essentially put a \u003ca href=\"http://blog.ucsusa.org/rachel-cleetus/the-social-cost-of-carbon-underscores-an-obvious-fact-climate-change-is-costly\">price tag on carbon emissions\u003c/a> and told agencies to factor that price tag in when making a regulation. The current cost is \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/climatechange/social-cost-carbon\">$36 per metric ton\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trump is expected to try to neuter the policy by directing the EPA to lower that cost to the point where it won’t have much weight in policy-making. An all-out elimination of the cost would likely have left the administration with weaker \u003ca href=\"http://media.ca7.uscourts.gov/cgi-bin/rssExec.pl?Submit=Display&Path=Y2016/D08-08/C:14-2159:J:Ripple:aut:T:fnOp:N:1807496:S:0\">legal standing\u003c/a> should it be challenged in court.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Trump administration is aiming to cut federal climate change efforts across government. Trump’s budget \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2017/03/16/520399205/trumps-budget-slashes-climate-change-funding\">called for steep cuts\u003c/a> to climate change research, domestic programs to combat climate change and funding for international climate efforts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mick Mulvaney, director of the Office of Management and Budget, has told reporters that federal funding to fight climate change is “a waste of your money.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2017 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Trump+Takes+Aim+At+A+Centerpiece+Of+Obama%27s+Environmental+Legacy&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Drones on Monterey Beaches Frighten Seals During Mating Season",
"headTitle": "Drones on Monterey Beaches Frighten Seals During Mating Season | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://montereybay.noaa.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">national marine sanctuary in Monterey Bay\u003c/a> is cracking down on drones flying over nursing seals and their young during mating season.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hopkins Beach, at the center of the sanctuary\u003cem>, \u003c/em>is where about 100 harbor seals sleep, mate and give birth from February through June.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Elephant seal pups also roam California beaches this time of year—most notably at \u003ca href=\"http://www.parks.ca.gov/?page_id=523\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Año Nuevo State Park\u003c/a> where seal moms depart in mid-March.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”RKt5P8IXj9h8ti6vQh5whkkPteLVSVNk”] This year marks the first time that \u003ca href=\"http://www.marinemammalcenter.org/?referrer=https://www.google.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The Marine Mammal Center\u003c/a>, based in Sausalito, has received complaints about amateur drones “harassing” seals. The center performs wild animal rescues and rehabilitation of distressed and injured animals in Northern California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Drones are totally foreign to these animals,” says Laura Chapman, a rescue coordinator with The Marine Mammal Center. “They make a sound that they [the animals] don’t expect.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Seals nap during the day so if they’re startled by a buzzing drone it interrupts their sleep cycle, says Chapman.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What we want people to be aware of is that if an animal is looking at you, if they’re looking at the drone, that animal is being harassed.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chapman says noisy drones flying above the beach can cause the animals to alter their natural behavior during their prime reproductive and pupping season, when mother seals need to bond with their young.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Harbor seals only have about five weeks to nurse and teach their young how to survive before the baby animals are on their own.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These animals are really sensitive and they need that time, the pups need that time with mom,” says Chapman.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1500230\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2048px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1500230\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/14315814206_43739cc671_k.jpg\" alt=\"Seals sun themselves on the beach adjacent to the Hopkins Marine Station in Pacific Grove, California.\" width=\"2048\" height=\"1365\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/14315814206_43739cc671_k.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/14315814206_43739cc671_k-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/14315814206_43739cc671_k-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/14315814206_43739cc671_k-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/14315814206_43739cc671_k-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/14315814206_43739cc671_k-1920x1280.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/14315814206_43739cc671_k-1180x786.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/14315814206_43739cc671_k-960x640.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/14315814206_43739cc671_k-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/14315814206_43739cc671_k-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/14315814206_43739cc671_k-520x347.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2048px) 100vw, 2048px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Seals sun themselves on the beach adjacent to the Hopkins Marine Station in Pacific Grove, California. \u003ccite>(\u003ca href=\"https://www.flickr.com/photos/ian_e_abbott/14315814206/in/photolist-7pFBRo-r9K5FA-Jq1ktp-qUsrf1-jfgbxk-8bwoqu-nP3hNS-4P3fo4-7TjLvN-xKd8fn-7tHiJR-5NkLGw-e6NcFg-6eGp5Z-a7jVAF-4j5B3K-mXSbYY-8qnrTu-e6TQmj-i7dAKj-GhA8ty-72WRNW-CHzgiz-3452aH-6eLjHC-SrDLyw-7uwEzc-ofqtjj-3452aD-9GMXE1-ozNhzc-7pgUMf-4f5NUe-CjFMUz-FNAuMh-D9M7Hr-n4XKsj-n4VUFe-n4W52X-n4XKeJ-n4XKbY-n4W4TF-n4XJYy-n4W4MD-n4W4Na-9wMyAV\" target=\"_blank\">Ian Abbott/flickr\u003c/a>)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The biggest concern, says Chapman, is that easily frightened moms will abandon their pups.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Marine Mammal Center doesn’t know how often this is happening due to drones, but they’re concerned that the number of abandonment incidents could rise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Humans are already having an impact on the seals—from kayakers encroaching on the seals’ turf to off-leash dogs barking at the animals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over the past decade, The Marine Mammal Center has handled 140 cases where humans harmed seals or sea lions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The disturbances include seal moms abandoning their pups because of human presence, and well-meaning visitors attempting to “rescue” the animals by picking them up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2014, for example\u003cem>,\u003c/em> a family hoisted a baby seal they thought was abandoned into their minivan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s not the best case scenario for the animal to be picked up and driven around in a minivan,” says Chapman. “The best case is that mom would come back for her pup.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Protecting the Seals\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Docents at the \u003ca href=\"http://montereybay.noaa.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary\u003c/a> say drones flying over Monterey beaches aren’t just a nuisance—they’re breaking the law.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://www.faa.gov/uas/media/Sec_331_336_UAS.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Federal Aviation Administration\u003c/a> bans drone use within five miles of an airport without prior approval and the \u003ca href=\"http://www.montereyairport.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Monterey Regional Airport\u003c/a> is just 3.5 nautical miles from a harbor seal rookery near the Monterey Bay Aquarium.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1500662\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 410px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1500662\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/harbor-seal_aquarium.jpg\" alt='A California harbor seal near \"tank reef\" and underwater diving spot in Monterey.' width=\"410\" height=\"614\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/harbor-seal_aquarium.jpg 410w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/harbor-seal_aquarium-160x240.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/harbor-seal_aquarium-240x359.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/harbor-seal_aquarium-375x562.jpg 375w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 410px) 100vw, 410px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A California harbor seal near “tank reef” an underwater diving spot in Monterey.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>And the federal \u003ca href=\"http://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/pr/dontfeedorharass.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Marine Mammal Protection Act\u003c/a> safeguards seals from harassment and requires beach-goers to stay 150 feet away from them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The marine sanctuary in Monterey is monitoring drone use, relying on volunteers to tell drone users to take their vehicles out of the sky.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Thom Akeman, a docent with the sanctuary, regularly patrols Hopkins Beach where harbor seals breed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He’s approached several drone operators, asking them to stay away from the resting animals. Akeman says he’s not sure why people are flying drones over the beach, and whether or not they’re capturing video footage. But he says his priority is convincing drone hobbyists to take the aircraft out of the sky.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“About half the time they’re very cooperative,” says Akeman. “Other times they’re very belligerent because they think they have a right to fly anywhere.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Akeman has a tip for concerned beach-goers. If you’re strolling along a Monterey beach and happen to see a drone, notify one of the docents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As for a stranded seal pup, Laura Chapman says don’t try and rescue it. Give the animal space, let the mother return and if you’re still concerned, call the Marine Mammal Center.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Drone hobbyists flying unmanned-aircraft over California beaches are spooking seals during prime mating and pupping season.",
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"title": "Drones on Monterey Beaches Frighten Seals During Mating Season | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://montereybay.noaa.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">national marine sanctuary in Monterey Bay\u003c/a> is cracking down on drones flying over nursing seals and their young during mating season.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hopkins Beach, at the center of the sanctuary\u003cem>, \u003c/em>is where about 100 harbor seals sleep, mate and give birth from February through June.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Elephant seal pups also roam California beaches this time of year—most notably at \u003ca href=\"http://www.parks.ca.gov/?page_id=523\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Año Nuevo State Park\u003c/a> where seal moms depart in mid-March.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp> This year marks the first time that \u003ca href=\"http://www.marinemammalcenter.org/?referrer=https://www.google.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The Marine Mammal Center\u003c/a>, based in Sausalito, has received complaints about amateur drones “harassing” seals. The center performs wild animal rescues and rehabilitation of distressed and injured animals in Northern California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Drones are totally foreign to these animals,” says Laura Chapman, a rescue coordinator with The Marine Mammal Center. “They make a sound that they [the animals] don’t expect.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Seals nap during the day so if they’re startled by a buzzing drone it interrupts their sleep cycle, says Chapman.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What we want people to be aware of is that if an animal is looking at you, if they’re looking at the drone, that animal is being harassed.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chapman says noisy drones flying above the beach can cause the animals to alter their natural behavior during their prime reproductive and pupping season, when mother seals need to bond with their young.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Harbor seals only have about five weeks to nurse and teach their young how to survive before the baby animals are on their own.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These animals are really sensitive and they need that time, the pups need that time with mom,” says Chapman.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1500230\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2048px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1500230\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/14315814206_43739cc671_k.jpg\" alt=\"Seals sun themselves on the beach adjacent to the Hopkins Marine Station in Pacific Grove, California.\" width=\"2048\" height=\"1365\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/14315814206_43739cc671_k.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/14315814206_43739cc671_k-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/14315814206_43739cc671_k-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/14315814206_43739cc671_k-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/14315814206_43739cc671_k-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/14315814206_43739cc671_k-1920x1280.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/14315814206_43739cc671_k-1180x786.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/14315814206_43739cc671_k-960x640.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/14315814206_43739cc671_k-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/14315814206_43739cc671_k-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/14315814206_43739cc671_k-520x347.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2048px) 100vw, 2048px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Seals sun themselves on the beach adjacent to the Hopkins Marine Station in Pacific Grove, California. \u003ccite>(\u003ca href=\"https://www.flickr.com/photos/ian_e_abbott/14315814206/in/photolist-7pFBRo-r9K5FA-Jq1ktp-qUsrf1-jfgbxk-8bwoqu-nP3hNS-4P3fo4-7TjLvN-xKd8fn-7tHiJR-5NkLGw-e6NcFg-6eGp5Z-a7jVAF-4j5B3K-mXSbYY-8qnrTu-e6TQmj-i7dAKj-GhA8ty-72WRNW-CHzgiz-3452aH-6eLjHC-SrDLyw-7uwEzc-ofqtjj-3452aD-9GMXE1-ozNhzc-7pgUMf-4f5NUe-CjFMUz-FNAuMh-D9M7Hr-n4XKsj-n4VUFe-n4W52X-n4XKeJ-n4XKbY-n4W4TF-n4XJYy-n4W4MD-n4W4Na-9wMyAV\" target=\"_blank\">Ian Abbott/flickr\u003c/a>)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The biggest concern, says Chapman, is that easily frightened moms will abandon their pups.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Marine Mammal Center doesn’t know how often this is happening due to drones, but they’re concerned that the number of abandonment incidents could rise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Humans are already having an impact on the seals—from kayakers encroaching on the seals’ turf to off-leash dogs barking at the animals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over the past decade, The Marine Mammal Center has handled 140 cases where humans harmed seals or sea lions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The disturbances include seal moms abandoning their pups because of human presence, and well-meaning visitors attempting to “rescue” the animals by picking them up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2014, for example\u003cem>,\u003c/em> a family hoisted a baby seal they thought was abandoned into their minivan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s not the best case scenario for the animal to be picked up and driven around in a minivan,” says Chapman. “The best case is that mom would come back for her pup.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Protecting the Seals\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Docents at the \u003ca href=\"http://montereybay.noaa.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary\u003c/a> say drones flying over Monterey beaches aren’t just a nuisance—they’re breaking the law.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://www.faa.gov/uas/media/Sec_331_336_UAS.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Federal Aviation Administration\u003c/a> bans drone use within five miles of an airport without prior approval and the \u003ca href=\"http://www.montereyairport.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Monterey Regional Airport\u003c/a> is just 3.5 nautical miles from a harbor seal rookery near the Monterey Bay Aquarium.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1500662\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 410px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1500662\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/harbor-seal_aquarium.jpg\" alt='A California harbor seal near \"tank reef\" and underwater diving spot in Monterey.' width=\"410\" height=\"614\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/harbor-seal_aquarium.jpg 410w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/harbor-seal_aquarium-160x240.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/harbor-seal_aquarium-240x359.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/harbor-seal_aquarium-375x562.jpg 375w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 410px) 100vw, 410px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A California harbor seal near “tank reef” an underwater diving spot in Monterey.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>And the federal \u003ca href=\"http://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/pr/dontfeedorharass.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Marine Mammal Protection Act\u003c/a> safeguards seals from harassment and requires beach-goers to stay 150 feet away from them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The marine sanctuary in Monterey is monitoring drone use, relying on volunteers to tell drone users to take their vehicles out of the sky.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Thom Akeman, a docent with the sanctuary, regularly patrols Hopkins Beach where harbor seals breed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He’s approached several drone operators, asking them to stay away from the resting animals. Akeman says he’s not sure why people are flying drones over the beach, and whether or not they’re capturing video footage. But he says his priority is convincing drone hobbyists to take the aircraft out of the sky.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“About half the time they’re very cooperative,” says Akeman. “Other times they’re very belligerent because they think they have a right to fly anywhere.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Akeman has a tip for concerned beach-goers. If you’re strolling along a Monterey beach and happen to see a drone, notify one of the docents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As for a stranded seal pup, Laura Chapman says don’t try and rescue it. Give the animal space, let the mother return and if you’re still concerned, call the Marine Mammal Center.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Nature Provides Its Own Flood Control. Time to Use It?",
"headTitle": "Nature Provides Its Own Flood Control. Time to Use It? | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>After millions of dollars of flood damage and mass evacuations this year, California is grappling with how to update its aging flood infrastructure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That has some calling for a new approach to flood control – one that mimics nature instead of trying to contain it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s being tried in a handful of places in California, including here just below Oroville Dam, where massive flows on the Feather River put levees to the test this winter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It looks like a bomb’s gone off,” says John Carlon of River Partners, a non-profit that does river restoration. “That’s what it looks like.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">Everybody thinks living next to the river is a great idea, until it floods.\u003ccite>Carson Jeffres, UC Davis Center for Watershed Sciences\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>He’s looking at a levee on the Feather River, about half an hour north of Sacramento. It has a huge gouge where it meets the riverbank.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You can see this hole that develops and then it just starts eating away,” he says. “And on the other side of that is thousands of acres that would flood if it just eats through that little hole.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Feather River levees were hit with a huge amount of water: almost 60 million gallons per minute during the worst storms last month. So this levee will need repairs, which is pretty common for aging infrastructure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This levee is at least 80 years old,” Carlon says. “It’s actually old and outdated.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1502425\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1502425\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/Carlon-web.jpg\" alt=\"John Carlon of River Partners on the Feather River.\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1274\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/Carlon-web.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/Carlon-web-160x106.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/Carlon-web-800x531.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/Carlon-web-768x510.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/Carlon-web-1020x677.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/Carlon-web-1180x783.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/Carlon-web-960x637.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/Carlon-web-240x159.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/Carlon-web-375x249.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/Carlon-web-520x345.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">John Carlon of River Partners, on the Feather River. \u003ccite>(Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But just a bit downriver near Marysville, there’s a project that reflects some newer thinking.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The riverbank is covered in cottonwoods, willows and sycamores. They’re caked in mud, almost over our heads, showing just how high the floodwaters rose. It makes Carlon grin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s absolutely amazing to see,” he says. “It’s designed to take that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This area used to look like what we saw upstream, where the levees are right next to river. But here, the levee was moved back by a quarter mile or so, making space between the river and the levee.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the river is running high, this area acts as a floodplain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The water just spreads out, flows across the whole 700 acres, slows down and has the ability to soak in,” Carlon says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Giving the floodwater somewhere to go takes pressure off the levees. It also creates habitat for young fish, like endangered salmon and steelhead.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Folks around here call them floodplain fatties, because they grow super-fast in a really short amount of time,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Carlon says flooding is part of the natural cycle for rivers in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re trying to work with nature rather than continually fight against nature,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The way we battle to control nature now, with levees and concrete. is not very adaptable, Carlon says.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">A natural approach to flood protection is a lot more flexible and resilient.\u003ccite>John Carlon, River Partners\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“A natural approach to flood protection is a lot more flexible and resilient,” he says. “Another way to think of this, these are pressure relief valves in the system.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Everybody thinks living next to the river is a great idea, until it floods,” says Carson Jeffres, a researcher at the UC Davis Center for Watershed Sciences.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1502427\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1542px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1502427\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/levee1-web.jpg\" alt=\"A damaged levee on the Feather River, downstream of Oroville Dam.\" width=\"1542\" height=\"927\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/levee1-web.jpg 1542w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/levee1-web-160x96.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/levee1-web-800x481.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/levee1-web-768x462.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/levee1-web-1020x613.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/levee1-web-1180x709.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/levee1-web-960x577.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/levee1-web-240x144.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/levee1-web-375x225.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/levee1-web-520x313.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1542px) 100vw, 1542px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A damaged levee on the Feather River, downstream of Oroville Dam. \u003ccite>(Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Jeffres says flood plain restoration makes a lot of sense when you take climate change into account.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s always a bigger storm out there and the events are predicted to become more extreme,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But moving levees isn’t easy to do. For one, there are cities and towns built right next to rivers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You’re not going to displace people,” he says. “That’s the hard thing. So you really have to find those places that are primarily agriculture.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another restoration project is underway along the Napa River, where flooding is an ongoing problem. But funding these projects can be challenging.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s interesting how flood plain restoration is considered expensive but then when disaster happens, all of a sudden it’s relatively cheap,” Jeffres says. “And so this is really an investment in our infrastructure to minimize costs down the road.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California is now deciding how to spend billions of dollars on improving flood protection infrastructure. The Central Valley Flood Control Board is expected to finalize a new flood control plan later this year.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>After millions of dollars of flood damage and mass evacuations this year, California is grappling with how to update its aging flood infrastructure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That has some calling for a new approach to flood control – one that mimics nature instead of trying to contain it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s being tried in a handful of places in California, including here just below Oroville Dam, where massive flows on the Feather River put levees to the test this winter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It looks like a bomb’s gone off,” says John Carlon of River Partners, a non-profit that does river restoration. “That’s what it looks like.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">Everybody thinks living next to the river is a great idea, until it floods.\u003ccite>Carson Jeffres, UC Davis Center for Watershed Sciences\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>He’s looking at a levee on the Feather River, about half an hour north of Sacramento. It has a huge gouge where it meets the riverbank.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You can see this hole that develops and then it just starts eating away,” he says. “And on the other side of that is thousands of acres that would flood if it just eats through that little hole.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Feather River levees were hit with a huge amount of water: almost 60 million gallons per minute during the worst storms last month. So this levee will need repairs, which is pretty common for aging infrastructure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This levee is at least 80 years old,” Carlon says. “It’s actually old and outdated.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1502425\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1502425\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/Carlon-web.jpg\" alt=\"John Carlon of River Partners on the Feather River.\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1274\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/Carlon-web.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/Carlon-web-160x106.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/Carlon-web-800x531.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/Carlon-web-768x510.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/Carlon-web-1020x677.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/Carlon-web-1180x783.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/Carlon-web-960x637.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/Carlon-web-240x159.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/Carlon-web-375x249.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/Carlon-web-520x345.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">John Carlon of River Partners, on the Feather River. \u003ccite>(Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But just a bit downriver near Marysville, there’s a project that reflects some newer thinking.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The riverbank is covered in cottonwoods, willows and sycamores. They’re caked in mud, almost over our heads, showing just how high the floodwaters rose. It makes Carlon grin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s absolutely amazing to see,” he says. “It’s designed to take that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This area used to look like what we saw upstream, where the levees are right next to river. But here, the levee was moved back by a quarter mile or so, making space between the river and the levee.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the river is running high, this area acts as a floodplain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The water just spreads out, flows across the whole 700 acres, slows down and has the ability to soak in,” Carlon says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Giving the floodwater somewhere to go takes pressure off the levees. It also creates habitat for young fish, like endangered salmon and steelhead.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Folks around here call them floodplain fatties, because they grow super-fast in a really short amount of time,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Carlon says flooding is part of the natural cycle for rivers in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re trying to work with nature rather than continually fight against nature,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The way we battle to control nature now, with levees and concrete. is not very adaptable, Carlon says.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">A natural approach to flood protection is a lot more flexible and resilient.\u003ccite>John Carlon, River Partners\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“A natural approach to flood protection is a lot more flexible and resilient,” he says. “Another way to think of this, these are pressure relief valves in the system.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Everybody thinks living next to the river is a great idea, until it floods,” says Carson Jeffres, a researcher at the UC Davis Center for Watershed Sciences.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1502427\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1542px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1502427\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/levee1-web.jpg\" alt=\"A damaged levee on the Feather River, downstream of Oroville Dam.\" width=\"1542\" height=\"927\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/levee1-web.jpg 1542w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/levee1-web-160x96.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/levee1-web-800x481.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/levee1-web-768x462.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/levee1-web-1020x613.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/levee1-web-1180x709.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/levee1-web-960x577.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/levee1-web-240x144.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/levee1-web-375x225.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/levee1-web-520x313.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1542px) 100vw, 1542px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A damaged levee on the Feather River, downstream of Oroville Dam. \u003ccite>(Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Jeffres says flood plain restoration makes a lot of sense when you take climate change into account.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s always a bigger storm out there and the events are predicted to become more extreme,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But moving levees isn’t easy to do. For one, there are cities and towns built right next to rivers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You’re not going to displace people,” he says. “That’s the hard thing. So you really have to find those places that are primarily agriculture.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another restoration project is underway along the Napa River, where flooding is an ongoing problem. But funding these projects can be challenging.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s interesting how flood plain restoration is considered expensive but then when disaster happens, all of a sudden it’s relatively cheap,” Jeffres says. “And so this is really an investment in our infrastructure to minimize costs down the road.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California is now deciding how to spend billions of dollars on improving flood protection infrastructure. The Central Valley Flood Control Board is expected to finalize a new flood control plan later this year.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "New Coastal Commission Director Says Trump Threatens California Coast",
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"content": "\u003cp>The new executive director of the California Coastal Commission, Jack Ainsworth, says his appointment demonstrates the Commission’s commitment to coastal protection and that his recommendations to Commissioners will be based on science and facts. Ainsworth took the helm as executive director in February, after a tumultuous year in which environmental advocates accused the Commission of firing the previous director to please developers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>KQED’s Brian Watt talked with Ainsworth recently about his priorities, and how he plans to handle threats from the Trump administration to undo environmental protections. Here’s a transcript of that conversation, edited for brevity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Watt: Let’s imagine you have a crystal ball. What do you want to see along California’s coast in fifty years, given the challenges of balancing development and protection?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ainsworth: One would be one continuous coastal trail along the entire state of California, and we’re working towards that goal right now. The other thing is I want to see is sandy beaches along our coastline. I want to see communities that are not affected by the rising seas we see from climate change. The rising sea levels over the next 50 to 100 years are going to be the biggest threat to California. So ensuring we are building and planning for resilient communities is really going to be a critical part of what we’re about going forward. We have an $18 billion coastal tourism and recreation economy in California and that is threatened.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1486132\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1486132\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/03/IMG_0956-002-800x577.jpg\" alt=\"Jack Ainsworth, Executive Director of the California Coastal Commission\" width=\"800\" height=\"577\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/03/IMG_0956-002-800x577.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/03/IMG_0956-002-160x115.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/03/IMG_0956-002-768x554.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/03/IMG_0956-002-1020x735.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/03/IMG_0956-002-1920x1384.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/03/IMG_0956-002-1180x851.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/03/IMG_0956-002-960x692.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/03/IMG_0956-002-240x173.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/03/IMG_0956-002-375x270.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/03/IMG_0956-002-520x375.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Jack Ainsworth, executive director of the California Coastal Commission \u003ccite>(California Coastal Commission)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Watt: Well let’s talk about California and this new administration. President Trump has called climate change a “hoax.” He’s promised to cut regulations. Is the current atmosphere in Washington a threat to California’s coastline?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ainsworth: Absolutely. It is one of the most significant threats we’ve had in many, many years. The administration is proposing significant cuts to NOAA’s budget, and the Commission receives 10 percent of its budget through coastal zone management grants to California, and if we lose that funding it will mean laying off staff.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Watt: Are you worried about offshore drilling and a potential fight over that issue in this administration?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nAinsworth: Yes, opening up of the federal oil and gas leases offshore is a significant concern for the Commission, as well as weakening what we call our “federal consistency authority” under the Coastal Zone Management Act. The Commission has the authority to review federal projects both in federal waters three miles offshore, and within our state waters and on land. So weakening that authority is a concern as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Watt: You know that a lot of things that the Commission does, like protecting the coast from mega-development and keeping access in the public’s hands, can be very political. How tough are you now as executive director with Californians who might want to use their wealth to block beach access for the public?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ainsworth: This is a battle that we’ve had over the 40-year life of the Coastal Act on providing access to the shoreline. That is one of the primary mandates of the Coastal Act. And I can tell you, from my position as executive director, that is one of my highest priorities going forward — is not only protecting it for the residents of those areas, but for all Californians and those Californians that may not have had access to the coast, particularly those in disadvantaged communities, and communities of color.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Watt: How are you going to address that?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nAinsworth: One of the ways of accessing the coast is the ability to stay overnight at the coast at an affordable accommodation. And so working to realize those types of low cost accommodations along the shoreline is one way of dealing with it. The other part of it is through our public education grants directed at underserved communities for trips to the beach, for marine and environmental education programs. There are many children within 20 miles from the coast that have never seen the coast. And that is a real tragedy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Watt: The Commission has had a pretty bumpy ride recently. The firing last year of the previous director, Charles Lester, angered a lot of people in the environmental community. What are you doing to heal any tensions or any lingering distrust right now?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nAinsworth: It was upsetting, the loss of our executive director, to staff. We felt it could have represented an attack on the coastal program. But in the end, with my appointment — I’ve been a long-time employee of the commission and I have the trust and confidence of staff — I think that showed that the Commission was committed to this program moving forward and the protection of our coastal resources and public access. The important thing is, our recommendations from the staff going forward need to be based on the facts, sound science and the law.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Watt: So the fight that could arise when a millionaire wants to essentially buy the beach, you’re ready?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ainsworth: Yes, I am. I’m ready. We’ve had battles over the years and we’ve proven that we will aggressively defend access to the coast, and that is my commitment to the people of the state of California.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The new executive director of the California Coastal Commission, Jack Ainsworth, says his appointment demonstrates the Commission’s commitment to coastal protection and that his recommendations to Commissioners will be based on science and facts. Ainsworth took the helm as executive director in February, after a tumultuous year in which environmental advocates accused the Commission of firing the previous director to please developers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>KQED’s Brian Watt talked with Ainsworth recently about his priorities, and how he plans to handle threats from the Trump administration to undo environmental protections. Here’s a transcript of that conversation, edited for brevity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Watt: Let’s imagine you have a crystal ball. What do you want to see along California’s coast in fifty years, given the challenges of balancing development and protection?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ainsworth: One would be one continuous coastal trail along the entire state of California, and we’re working towards that goal right now. The other thing is I want to see is sandy beaches along our coastline. I want to see communities that are not affected by the rising seas we see from climate change. The rising sea levels over the next 50 to 100 years are going to be the biggest threat to California. So ensuring we are building and planning for resilient communities is really going to be a critical part of what we’re about going forward. We have an $18 billion coastal tourism and recreation economy in California and that is threatened.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1486132\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1486132\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/03/IMG_0956-002-800x577.jpg\" alt=\"Jack Ainsworth, Executive Director of the California Coastal Commission\" width=\"800\" height=\"577\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/03/IMG_0956-002-800x577.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/03/IMG_0956-002-160x115.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/03/IMG_0956-002-768x554.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/03/IMG_0956-002-1020x735.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/03/IMG_0956-002-1920x1384.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/03/IMG_0956-002-1180x851.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/03/IMG_0956-002-960x692.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/03/IMG_0956-002-240x173.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/03/IMG_0956-002-375x270.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/03/IMG_0956-002-520x375.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Jack Ainsworth, executive director of the California Coastal Commission \u003ccite>(California Coastal Commission)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Watt: Well let’s talk about California and this new administration. President Trump has called climate change a “hoax.” He’s promised to cut regulations. Is the current atmosphere in Washington a threat to California’s coastline?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ainsworth: Absolutely. It is one of the most significant threats we’ve had in many, many years. The administration is proposing significant cuts to NOAA’s budget, and the Commission receives 10 percent of its budget through coastal zone management grants to California, and if we lose that funding it will mean laying off staff.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Watt: Are you worried about offshore drilling and a potential fight over that issue in this administration?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nAinsworth: Yes, opening up of the federal oil and gas leases offshore is a significant concern for the Commission, as well as weakening what we call our “federal consistency authority” under the Coastal Zone Management Act. The Commission has the authority to review federal projects both in federal waters three miles offshore, and within our state waters and on land. So weakening that authority is a concern as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Watt: You know that a lot of things that the Commission does, like protecting the coast from mega-development and keeping access in the public’s hands, can be very political. How tough are you now as executive director with Californians who might want to use their wealth to block beach access for the public?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ainsworth: This is a battle that we’ve had over the 40-year life of the Coastal Act on providing access to the shoreline. That is one of the primary mandates of the Coastal Act. And I can tell you, from my position as executive director, that is one of my highest priorities going forward — is not only protecting it for the residents of those areas, but for all Californians and those Californians that may not have had access to the coast, particularly those in disadvantaged communities, and communities of color.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Watt: How are you going to address that?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nAinsworth: One of the ways of accessing the coast is the ability to stay overnight at the coast at an affordable accommodation. And so working to realize those types of low cost accommodations along the shoreline is one way of dealing with it. The other part of it is through our public education grants directed at underserved communities for trips to the beach, for marine and environmental education programs. There are many children within 20 miles from the coast that have never seen the coast. And that is a real tragedy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Watt: The Commission has had a pretty bumpy ride recently. The firing last year of the previous director, Charles Lester, angered a lot of people in the environmental community. What are you doing to heal any tensions or any lingering distrust right now?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nAinsworth: It was upsetting, the loss of our executive director, to staff. We felt it could have represented an attack on the coastal program. But in the end, with my appointment — I’ve been a long-time employee of the commission and I have the trust and confidence of staff — I think that showed that the Commission was committed to this program moving forward and the protection of our coastal resources and public access. The important thing is, our recommendations from the staff going forward need to be based on the facts, sound science and the law.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Watt: So the fight that could arise when a millionaire wants to essentially buy the beach, you’re ready?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ainsworth: Yes, I am. I’m ready. We’ve had battles over the years and we’ve proven that we will aggressively defend access to the coast, and that is my commitment to the people of the state of California.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Want to Cut Carbon Emissions? Try Growing Cement Bricks With Bacteria",
"headTitle": "Want to Cut Carbon Emissions? Try Growing Cement Bricks With Bacteria | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Ginger Krieg Dosier’s inspiration for changing the ground beneath our feet was a seashell she picked up on a beach at 8 years old.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To understand how, go outside and stand on a sidewalk. OK, look down. Odds are you’re staring at one of biggest contributors of greenhouse gases on the planet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cement is the glue that holds together the stones, pebbles or whatever tough material goes into your concrete bricks and sidewalks. But its production creates more carbon emissions than all the airplanes and ships in the world. Manufacture a ton of cement, and you’ll inject a ton of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">Cement-making produces more fossil fuel emissions each year than all the emissions created by airplanes and ships.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Young Ginger wasn’t thinking about such matters when she grabbed the shell from the sand.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The 8-year-old version of myself was really looking at the beauty of the seashell, but also trying to understand how it was grown underwater,” Ginger Krieg Dosier told NewsHour. “It was so hard and durable. Very similar to your own bones. That was where the seed started.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That seed, plus 30-odd years, blossomed into a way to grow (yes, grow!) cement and concrete bricks without emitting carbon dioxide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1485918\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 650px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1485918\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/bacteria2bricks.gif\" alt=\"BioMASON bacteria poured into red sand to start the biocement-making process. \" width=\"650\" height=\"366\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">BioMASON bacteria poured into red sand to start the biocement-making process. \u003ccite>(Matthew Ehrichs)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>From Second Bedroom to Biocement\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cement-making accounts for about 5 percent of all industrial and fossil fuel emissions each year. Nonetheless, it’s a sizeable amount—more than all the emissions created by airplanes and ships. The scientific zeitgeist argues that human-made carbon emissions\u003ca href=\"http://www.pbs.org/newshour/updates/why-the-paris-talks-wont-prevent-2-degrees-of-global-warming/\"> must reach net zero\u003c/a> to avoid 2 degrees Celsius of global warming and the destabilization of the Earth’s environment through climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Krieg Dosier is the CEO and cofounder of \u003ca href=\"http://biomason.com/\">bioMASON\u003c/a>, a biotechnology startup in Raleigh, North Carolina, that has spent the past four years using bacteria to grow cement and make bricks. This microbial business venture is a departure—and not a microscopic one—from the industry norm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Portland cement, by far the most common variety of the material in the world, starts as a rocky blend of limestone and clay. This mineral mixture gets heated inside a rotating kiln to 2,500 to 2,800 degrees Fahrenheit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of the two billion tons of CO2 emissions created each year by cement production, half come from fossil fuels burned as an energy source for the kilns. The energy \u003ca href=\"http://www.cement.org/concrete-basics/manufacturing/cement-industry-overview\">used to bake one ton of cement\u003c/a> could power the \u003ca href=\"https://www.eia.gov/tools/faqs/faq.cfm?id=97&t=3\">average U.S. home for more than a month\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1485920\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-1485920\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/CementCO2production-1020x574.jpg\" alt=\"Top 10 producers of cement-related carbon dioxide emissions in 2015 (in megatonnes of CO2). China produced three times as much cement as the next nine top producers. \" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/CementCO2production-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/CementCO2production-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/CementCO2production-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/CementCO2production-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/CementCO2production-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/CementCO2production-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/CementCO2production-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/CementCO2production-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/CementCO2production-520x293.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/CementCO2production.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Top 10 producers of cement-related carbon dioxide emissions in 2015 (in megatonnes of CO2). China produced three times as much cement as the next nine top producers. \u003ccite>(Global Carbon Atlas)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The remaining emissions are due to calcination, a chemical process triggered by heating the limestone to split it into calcium oxide and carbon dioxide (CO2). The calcium oxide progresses through a series of reactions to become cement’s binding base, while the CO2—a greenhouse gas that contributes to global warming—enters the atmosphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jackson sees three possible options for escaping cement’s emission. One, manufacturers could switch from fossil fuels to renewable power like wind and solar—though that only cuts about half the carbon emissions. Two, scientists could develop \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26630247\">technology to recapture carbon from the air\u003c/a>, which some are trying to do. Or, the CO2 emissions could be eliminated from the get-go.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Anything we could do to reduce it [cement’s carbon emissions] would be helpful,” said Robert Jackson, a Stanford University environmental scientist and chairman of the Global Carbon Project, a research collective that monitors greenhouse gas emissions. “In general, carbon dioxide emissions have been going up from cement because, as we have more people on the earth and countries like China industrialize, we’re producing a lot more cement than we did 10, 20 or 30 years ago.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A decade ago, Krieg Dosier was contemplating this pollution problem as a freshly minted architect and assistant professor of architecture at North Carolina State University. Her thoughts turned back to seashells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Seashells—the protective outer layer made by some marine animals—are composed of calcium carbonate, the hard stuff found in limestone. (Hard corals, your teeth and bones are made of the same material). She wondered if biologically made—or biomineralized—calcium carbonate could replace cement and make concrete bricks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When she wasn’t teaching, she conducted side research and landed upon bacteria as a source of calcium carbonate. Microorganisms like bacteria and algae \u003ca href=\"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/222985351_Ca-Carbonates_Precipitation_and_Limestone_Genesis_-_the_Microbiogeologist_Point_of_View\">can feed on organic waste—dead corpses, poop—to form limestone deposits\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1485922\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-1485922\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/seashells_corals_crabs-1020x720.jpg\" alt=\"All the marine organisms in this picture produce calcium carbonate to harden their shells or exoskeletons. Pictured: brittle star, calico box crab, sand dollar, stony coral, conch, whelk, augers (many), olive, scallop and barnacle. \" width=\"640\" height=\"452\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/seashells_corals_crabs-1020x720.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/seashells_corals_crabs-160x113.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/seashells_corals_crabs-800x565.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/seashells_corals_crabs-768x542.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/seashells_corals_crabs-960x678.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/seashells_corals_crabs-240x169.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/seashells_corals_crabs-375x265.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/seashells_corals_crabs-520x367.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/seashells_corals_crabs.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">All the marine organisms in this picture produce calcium carbonate to harden their shells or exoskeletons. Pictured: brittle star, calico box crab, sand dollar, stony coral, conch, whelk, augers (many), olive, scallop and barnacle. \u003ccite>(Ed Reschke/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In nature, the process is slow with calcium carbonate-making bacteria. The right conditions may occur once every few years. So Krieg Dosier, along with her husband and fellow architect Michael Dosier, became home brewers of calcium carbonate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“My husband and I did a lot of work early on with the process where we had microorganisms growing in our second bedroom,” Krieg Dosier said. “It was a pretty awesome lab. It was a safe lab. We did have ways of sterilizing, ways of keeping the culture alive in incubators.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By that time, the Dosiers had moved to the United Arab Emirates to teach architecture at a university. The location provided plentiful sand, raw material for making bioconcrete. “There’s not a lot of uses for sand that’s that fine, so it became a good testing material for us,” Krieg Dosier said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After years of toil and 111 failed experiments, the Dosiers landed on the right brewing conditions for bioMASON cement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>BioMASON’s innovation hinges on a rod-shaped bacteria called Bacillus. They use a Bacillus strain that’s naturally occurring (no genetic modification) and it doesn’t cause disease. This particular microbe is found everywhere, including inside limestone caves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1485818\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1485818\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/bacteria-800x518.jpg\" alt=\"BioMASON’s “microorganism mat”—a collection of Bacillus bacteria stitched together by exuded calcium carbonate. \" width=\"800\" height=\"518\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/bacteria-800x518.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/bacteria-160x104.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/bacteria-768x497.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/bacteria-240x155.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/bacteria-375x243.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/bacteria-520x336.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/bacteria.jpg 816w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">BioMASON’s “microorganism mat”—a collection of Bacillus bacteria stitched together by exuded calcium carbonate. \u003ccite>(Photo courtesy of Ginger Krieg Dosier/bioMASON)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“The organism creates a microenvironment that enables the formation of this calcium carbonate [limestone] crystal,” said Michael Dosier, chief technology officer at bioMASON and Ginger’s husband. “That’s effectively how it’s evolved in nature over billions of years.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But rather than take months or years to harden, bioMASON’s bacteria cement finishes the deed in two to three days. The whole process happens at room temperature, without the need for burning fossil fuels or calcination.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you started with the same raw materials, and didn’t have to cook the limestone to a couple thousand degrees, it would definitely reduce the carbon dioxide emissions,” Jackson told NewsHour via Skype. “The notion of using bio-products is happening all around the world and for many industrial processes, so I think it’s a good idea to try.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1485924\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-1485924\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/glass_beads-1020x439.jpg\" alt=\"Left: Glass beads (1 millimeter in diameter) covered by bioMASON bacteria (imperceptible at this magnification) and stitched together by biocement. Right: Magnified version of left reveals biocement as it coats glass beads. \" width=\"640\" height=\"275\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/glass_beads-1020x439.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/glass_beads-160x69.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/glass_beads-800x344.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/glass_beads-768x331.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/glass_beads-1180x508.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/glass_beads-960x413.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/glass_beads-240x103.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/glass_beads-375x161.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/glass_beads-520x224.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/glass_beads.jpg 1422w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Left: Glass beads (1 millimeter in diameter) covered by bioMASON bacteria (imperceptible at this magnification) and stitched together by biocement. Right: Magnified version of left reveals biocement as it coats glass beads. \u003ccite>(Ginger Krieg Dosier/bioMASON)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>BioMASON’s microbe not only skips the high heat, it also absorbs CO2 from the air to make the calcium carbonate, Ginger said. While we’re standing in inside one of bioMASON’s labs, Michael squirts a bit of calcium into bacteria primed in a proprietary chemical cocktail. Calcium carbonate crystals form almost instantaneously.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The calcium carbonate literally forms around the cell’s microorganism, basically encapsulating them in between the grains of sand,” Ginger said. “So you’re literally stitching them together and filling in between the grains of sand with bio-cement.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Biobricks Worldwide\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Inside bioMASON’s labs, a handful of architects experiment with aesthetic elements of the bricks. The biocement itself carries an off-white, almost translucent crystal that readily absorbs colors and adapts to different textures. They can make bricks look old and burnt without using fire, or ones with logos that glow in the dark. Some bricks feature drawings that only appear in the rain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To make bricks, bioMASON engineers start by pouring a pitcher of primed bacteria into a mixer full of foundation material, such as sand or pebbles. Paddles churn the concoction, so the bacteria slip evenly in-between the particles of the rocky material.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1485926\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1485926\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/hopper.gif\" alt=\"After pressing, bioMASON bricks spend three to four days hardening inside shipping containers. \" width=\"600\" height=\"338\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">After pressing, bioMASON bricks spend three to four days hardening inside shipping containers. \u003ccite>(Matthew Ehrichs)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Next, the tank holding the brew tips upward, and the goop slides into machine called “the hopper.” The wet biocement funnels into the hopper’s brick molds, and a hydraulic plate covers them. Flip a switch, and the plate presses into the material while vibrating furiously.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Imagine you put sand into a cup, and it just sits kind of fluffy,” Michael said. “But if you put a plate on top and vibrate it, those particles shift around until they nestle and find their home.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The nestled bricks slide out of the hopper like bread rolls and get rolled into a shipping container, where they harden over three to four days. A few from each batch run through a series of quality control tests—erosion, freeze/thaw—to meet \u003ca href=\"https://www.astm.org/\">international industry standards\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We figure out how much force can be applied to the material itself” through compression, Ginger said in one of bioMASON’s labs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1485927\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1014px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1485927\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/Installation_SFO.png\" alt=\"Installation of bioMASON bricks in San Francisco courtyard. \" width=\"1014\" height=\"763\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/Installation_SFO.png 1014w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/Installation_SFO-160x120.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/Installation_SFO-800x602.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/Installation_SFO-768x578.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/Installation_SFO-960x722.png 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/Installation_SFO-240x181.png 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/Installation_SFO-375x282.png 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/Installation_SFO-520x391.png 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1014px) 100vw, 1014px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Installation of bioMASON bricks in San Francisco courtyard. \u003ccite>(Photo courtesy of Ginger Krieg Dosier/bioMASON)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>As she spoke, engineer Stephen “The Crusher” McAllister applied 26,000 pounds of force to a shoe box-sized block before it broke. This degree of stress would occur in a thin-facing brick wall of a three-story building. Preliminary installations—two courtyards in San Francisco and a series of small walls—are testing the bricks’ resilience in the real world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>BioMASON is now looking to scale up production. The company moved in May 2016 to a large warehouse on the outskirts of Raleigh, where their 20-person team churns up to 10,000 bricks at a time with the hopper. Ginger said the costs of biocement are difficult to compare with regular cement, given the source components are different, but right now in general, bioMASON production runs at parity or below.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the future, the company plans to put the entire assembly line—mixer, hopper and all—into shipping containers, so that biocement can be made anywhere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We don’t need a fuel source. We don’t need high energy, so we are looking at being able to detach,” Ginger said. And by doing so, they may cement a brighter future for our planet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Editor’s note:\u003c/strong> \u003cem>BioMASON receives a small business grant from the National Science Foundation. The NSF is also a supporter of the PBS NewsHour.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"title": "Want to Cut Carbon Emissions? Try Growing Cement Bricks With Bacteria | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Ginger Krieg Dosier’s inspiration for changing the ground beneath our feet was a seashell she picked up on a beach at 8 years old.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To understand how, go outside and stand on a sidewalk. OK, look down. Odds are you’re staring at one of biggest contributors of greenhouse gases on the planet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cement is the glue that holds together the stones, pebbles or whatever tough material goes into your concrete bricks and sidewalks. But its production creates more carbon emissions than all the airplanes and ships in the world. Manufacture a ton of cement, and you’ll inject a ton of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">Cement-making produces more fossil fuel emissions each year than all the emissions created by airplanes and ships.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Young Ginger wasn’t thinking about such matters when she grabbed the shell from the sand.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The 8-year-old version of myself was really looking at the beauty of the seashell, but also trying to understand how it was grown underwater,” Ginger Krieg Dosier told NewsHour. “It was so hard and durable. Very similar to your own bones. That was where the seed started.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That seed, plus 30-odd years, blossomed into a way to grow (yes, grow!) cement and concrete bricks without emitting carbon dioxide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1485918\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 650px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1485918\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/bacteria2bricks.gif\" alt=\"BioMASON bacteria poured into red sand to start the biocement-making process. \" width=\"650\" height=\"366\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">BioMASON bacteria poured into red sand to start the biocement-making process. \u003ccite>(Matthew Ehrichs)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>From Second Bedroom to Biocement\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cement-making accounts for about 5 percent of all industrial and fossil fuel emissions each year. Nonetheless, it’s a sizeable amount—more than all the emissions created by airplanes and ships. The scientific zeitgeist argues that human-made carbon emissions\u003ca href=\"http://www.pbs.org/newshour/updates/why-the-paris-talks-wont-prevent-2-degrees-of-global-warming/\"> must reach net zero\u003c/a> to avoid 2 degrees Celsius of global warming and the destabilization of the Earth’s environment through climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Krieg Dosier is the CEO and cofounder of \u003ca href=\"http://biomason.com/\">bioMASON\u003c/a>, a biotechnology startup in Raleigh, North Carolina, that has spent the past four years using bacteria to grow cement and make bricks. This microbial business venture is a departure—and not a microscopic one—from the industry norm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Portland cement, by far the most common variety of the material in the world, starts as a rocky blend of limestone and clay. This mineral mixture gets heated inside a rotating kiln to 2,500 to 2,800 degrees Fahrenheit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of the two billion tons of CO2 emissions created each year by cement production, half come from fossil fuels burned as an energy source for the kilns. The energy \u003ca href=\"http://www.cement.org/concrete-basics/manufacturing/cement-industry-overview\">used to bake one ton of cement\u003c/a> could power the \u003ca href=\"https://www.eia.gov/tools/faqs/faq.cfm?id=97&t=3\">average U.S. home for more than a month\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1485920\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-1485920\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/CementCO2production-1020x574.jpg\" alt=\"Top 10 producers of cement-related carbon dioxide emissions in 2015 (in megatonnes of CO2). China produced three times as much cement as the next nine top producers. \" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/CementCO2production-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/CementCO2production-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/CementCO2production-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/CementCO2production-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/CementCO2production-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/CementCO2production-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/CementCO2production-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/CementCO2production-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/CementCO2production-520x293.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/CementCO2production.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Top 10 producers of cement-related carbon dioxide emissions in 2015 (in megatonnes of CO2). China produced three times as much cement as the next nine top producers. \u003ccite>(Global Carbon Atlas)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The remaining emissions are due to calcination, a chemical process triggered by heating the limestone to split it into calcium oxide and carbon dioxide (CO2). The calcium oxide progresses through a series of reactions to become cement’s binding base, while the CO2—a greenhouse gas that contributes to global warming—enters the atmosphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jackson sees three possible options for escaping cement’s emission. One, manufacturers could switch from fossil fuels to renewable power like wind and solar—though that only cuts about half the carbon emissions. Two, scientists could develop \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26630247\">technology to recapture carbon from the air\u003c/a>, which some are trying to do. Or, the CO2 emissions could be eliminated from the get-go.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Anything we could do to reduce it [cement’s carbon emissions] would be helpful,” said Robert Jackson, a Stanford University environmental scientist and chairman of the Global Carbon Project, a research collective that monitors greenhouse gas emissions. “In general, carbon dioxide emissions have been going up from cement because, as we have more people on the earth and countries like China industrialize, we’re producing a lot more cement than we did 10, 20 or 30 years ago.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A decade ago, Krieg Dosier was contemplating this pollution problem as a freshly minted architect and assistant professor of architecture at North Carolina State University. Her thoughts turned back to seashells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Seashells—the protective outer layer made by some marine animals—are composed of calcium carbonate, the hard stuff found in limestone. (Hard corals, your teeth and bones are made of the same material). She wondered if biologically made—or biomineralized—calcium carbonate could replace cement and make concrete bricks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When she wasn’t teaching, she conducted side research and landed upon bacteria as a source of calcium carbonate. Microorganisms like bacteria and algae \u003ca href=\"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/222985351_Ca-Carbonates_Precipitation_and_Limestone_Genesis_-_the_Microbiogeologist_Point_of_View\">can feed on organic waste—dead corpses, poop—to form limestone deposits\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1485922\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-1485922\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/seashells_corals_crabs-1020x720.jpg\" alt=\"All the marine organisms in this picture produce calcium carbonate to harden their shells or exoskeletons. Pictured: brittle star, calico box crab, sand dollar, stony coral, conch, whelk, augers (many), olive, scallop and barnacle. \" width=\"640\" height=\"452\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/seashells_corals_crabs-1020x720.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/seashells_corals_crabs-160x113.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/seashells_corals_crabs-800x565.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/seashells_corals_crabs-768x542.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/seashells_corals_crabs-960x678.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/seashells_corals_crabs-240x169.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/seashells_corals_crabs-375x265.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/seashells_corals_crabs-520x367.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/seashells_corals_crabs.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">All the marine organisms in this picture produce calcium carbonate to harden their shells or exoskeletons. Pictured: brittle star, calico box crab, sand dollar, stony coral, conch, whelk, augers (many), olive, scallop and barnacle. \u003ccite>(Ed Reschke/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In nature, the process is slow with calcium carbonate-making bacteria. The right conditions may occur once every few years. So Krieg Dosier, along with her husband and fellow architect Michael Dosier, became home brewers of calcium carbonate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“My husband and I did a lot of work early on with the process where we had microorganisms growing in our second bedroom,” Krieg Dosier said. “It was a pretty awesome lab. It was a safe lab. We did have ways of sterilizing, ways of keeping the culture alive in incubators.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By that time, the Dosiers had moved to the United Arab Emirates to teach architecture at a university. The location provided plentiful sand, raw material for making bioconcrete. “There’s not a lot of uses for sand that’s that fine, so it became a good testing material for us,” Krieg Dosier said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After years of toil and 111 failed experiments, the Dosiers landed on the right brewing conditions for bioMASON cement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>BioMASON’s innovation hinges on a rod-shaped bacteria called Bacillus. They use a Bacillus strain that’s naturally occurring (no genetic modification) and it doesn’t cause disease. This particular microbe is found everywhere, including inside limestone caves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1485818\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1485818\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/bacteria-800x518.jpg\" alt=\"BioMASON’s “microorganism mat”—a collection of Bacillus bacteria stitched together by exuded calcium carbonate. \" width=\"800\" height=\"518\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/bacteria-800x518.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/bacteria-160x104.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/bacteria-768x497.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/bacteria-240x155.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/bacteria-375x243.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/bacteria-520x336.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/bacteria.jpg 816w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">BioMASON’s “microorganism mat”—a collection of Bacillus bacteria stitched together by exuded calcium carbonate. \u003ccite>(Photo courtesy of Ginger Krieg Dosier/bioMASON)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“The organism creates a microenvironment that enables the formation of this calcium carbonate [limestone] crystal,” said Michael Dosier, chief technology officer at bioMASON and Ginger’s husband. “That’s effectively how it’s evolved in nature over billions of years.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But rather than take months or years to harden, bioMASON’s bacteria cement finishes the deed in two to three days. The whole process happens at room temperature, without the need for burning fossil fuels or calcination.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you started with the same raw materials, and didn’t have to cook the limestone to a couple thousand degrees, it would definitely reduce the carbon dioxide emissions,” Jackson told NewsHour via Skype. “The notion of using bio-products is happening all around the world and for many industrial processes, so I think it’s a good idea to try.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1485924\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-1485924\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/glass_beads-1020x439.jpg\" alt=\"Left: Glass beads (1 millimeter in diameter) covered by bioMASON bacteria (imperceptible at this magnification) and stitched together by biocement. Right: Magnified version of left reveals biocement as it coats glass beads. \" width=\"640\" height=\"275\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/glass_beads-1020x439.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/glass_beads-160x69.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/glass_beads-800x344.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/glass_beads-768x331.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/glass_beads-1180x508.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/glass_beads-960x413.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/glass_beads-240x103.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/glass_beads-375x161.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/glass_beads-520x224.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/glass_beads.jpg 1422w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Left: Glass beads (1 millimeter in diameter) covered by bioMASON bacteria (imperceptible at this magnification) and stitched together by biocement. Right: Magnified version of left reveals biocement as it coats glass beads. \u003ccite>(Ginger Krieg Dosier/bioMASON)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>BioMASON’s microbe not only skips the high heat, it also absorbs CO2 from the air to make the calcium carbonate, Ginger said. While we’re standing in inside one of bioMASON’s labs, Michael squirts a bit of calcium into bacteria primed in a proprietary chemical cocktail. Calcium carbonate crystals form almost instantaneously.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The calcium carbonate literally forms around the cell’s microorganism, basically encapsulating them in between the grains of sand,” Ginger said. “So you’re literally stitching them together and filling in between the grains of sand with bio-cement.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Biobricks Worldwide\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Inside bioMASON’s labs, a handful of architects experiment with aesthetic elements of the bricks. The biocement itself carries an off-white, almost translucent crystal that readily absorbs colors and adapts to different textures. They can make bricks look old and burnt without using fire, or ones with logos that glow in the dark. Some bricks feature drawings that only appear in the rain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To make bricks, bioMASON engineers start by pouring a pitcher of primed bacteria into a mixer full of foundation material, such as sand or pebbles. Paddles churn the concoction, so the bacteria slip evenly in-between the particles of the rocky material.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1485926\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1485926\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/hopper.gif\" alt=\"After pressing, bioMASON bricks spend three to four days hardening inside shipping containers. \" width=\"600\" height=\"338\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">After pressing, bioMASON bricks spend three to four days hardening inside shipping containers. \u003ccite>(Matthew Ehrichs)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Next, the tank holding the brew tips upward, and the goop slides into machine called “the hopper.” The wet biocement funnels into the hopper’s brick molds, and a hydraulic plate covers them. Flip a switch, and the plate presses into the material while vibrating furiously.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Imagine you put sand into a cup, and it just sits kind of fluffy,” Michael said. “But if you put a plate on top and vibrate it, those particles shift around until they nestle and find their home.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The nestled bricks slide out of the hopper like bread rolls and get rolled into a shipping container, where they harden over three to four days. A few from each batch run through a series of quality control tests—erosion, freeze/thaw—to meet \u003ca href=\"https://www.astm.org/\">international industry standards\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We figure out how much force can be applied to the material itself” through compression, Ginger said in one of bioMASON’s labs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1485927\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1014px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1485927\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/Installation_SFO.png\" alt=\"Installation of bioMASON bricks in San Francisco courtyard. \" width=\"1014\" height=\"763\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/Installation_SFO.png 1014w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/Installation_SFO-160x120.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/Installation_SFO-800x602.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/Installation_SFO-768x578.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/Installation_SFO-960x722.png 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/Installation_SFO-240x181.png 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/Installation_SFO-375x282.png 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/Installation_SFO-520x391.png 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1014px) 100vw, 1014px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Installation of bioMASON bricks in San Francisco courtyard. \u003ccite>(Photo courtesy of Ginger Krieg Dosier/bioMASON)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>As she spoke, engineer Stephen “The Crusher” McAllister applied 26,000 pounds of force to a shoe box-sized block before it broke. This degree of stress would occur in a thin-facing brick wall of a three-story building. Preliminary installations—two courtyards in San Francisco and a series of small walls—are testing the bricks’ resilience in the real world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>BioMASON is now looking to scale up production. The company moved in May 2016 to a large warehouse on the outskirts of Raleigh, where their 20-person team churns up to 10,000 bricks at a time with the hopper. Ginger said the costs of biocement are difficult to compare with regular cement, given the source components are different, but right now in general, bioMASON production runs at parity or below.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the future, the company plans to put the entire assembly line—mixer, hopper and all—into shipping containers, so that biocement can be made anywhere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We don’t need a fuel source. We don’t need high energy, so we are looking at being able to detach,” Ginger said. And by doing so, they may cement a brighter future for our planet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Editor’s note:\u003c/strong> \u003cem>BioMASON receives a small business grant from the National Science Foundation. The NSF is also a supporter of the PBS NewsHour.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Russian and U. S. Scientists Team Up to Explore Earth's Sister Planet, Venus",
"headTitle": "Russian and U. S. Scientists Team Up to Explore Earth’s Sister Planet, Venus | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Despite ongoing political tensions between the United States and Russia, the stage is set for a new collaboration between the two countries’ space agencies on a groundbreaking mission to explore the planet Venus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In late January, a team of Russian and U. S. scientists delivered a \u003ca href=\"http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/docs/Venera-D_Final_Report_170213.pdf\">report\u003c/a> to both NASA and \u003ca href=\"http://www.iki.rssi.ru/eng/\">the Russian space agency \u003c/a>that outlines how our two countries can work together on a Russian mission, Venera-D, already in development.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Both space agencies share a similar scientific curiosity about Venus and possess valuable expertise in robotic spacecraft and planetary exploration that can be of great benefit to the mission.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Venera-D\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.russianspaceweb.com/venera_d.html\">Venera-D\u003c/a> spacecraft is planned for launch sometime around 2025. The mission is set to include an orbital robotic spacecraft that will map Venus’ surface using more powerful radar imaging techniques than in the past two missions. Both countries sent spacecraft to map the surface in the 1980s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1478140\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1478140\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/venus180hem_magellan_big.jpg\" alt=\"A global radar map of Venus from NASA's Magellan spacecraft. Radar penetrates Venus' thick atmosphere and cloud layers to reveal the volcanic topography of Venus' surface. \" width=\"1024\" height=\"1024\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/venus180hem_magellan_big.jpg 1024w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/venus180hem_magellan_big-160x160.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/venus180hem_magellan_big-800x800.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/venus180hem_magellan_big-768x768.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/venus180hem_magellan_big-1020x1020.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/venus180hem_magellan_big-960x960.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/venus180hem_magellan_big-240x240.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/venus180hem_magellan_big-375x375.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/venus180hem_magellan_big-520x520.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/venus180hem_magellan_big-32x32.jpg 32w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/venus180hem_magellan_big-50x50.jpg 50w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/venus180hem_magellan_big-64x64.jpg 64w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/venus180hem_magellan_big-96x96.jpg 96w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/venus180hem_magellan_big-128x128.jpg 128w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/venus180hem_magellan_big-150x150.jpg 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A global radar map of Venus from NASA’s Magellan spacecraft. Radar penetrates Venus’ thick atmosphere and cloud layers to reveal the volcanic topography of Venus’ surface. \u003ccite>(NASA/Magellan)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The mission will also include a robotic lander able to withstand the searing, high-pressure environment on Venus’ surface for a longer duration than past landing missions. The 1982 Venera 13 lander is the current record-holder: it survived for 127 minutes before succumbing to the extreme surface conditions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1478119\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1080px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1478119\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/venera13.jpg\" alt=\"Photographs of Venus' surface captured by the Soviet Union's Venera 13 lander in 1982.\" width=\"1080\" height=\"504\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/venera13.jpg 1080w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/venera13-160x75.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/venera13-800x373.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/venera13-768x358.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/venera13-1020x476.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/venera13-960x448.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/venera13-240x112.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/venera13-375x175.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/venera13-520x243.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1080px) 100vw, 1080px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photographs of Venus’ surface captured by the Soviet Union’s Venera 13 lander in 1982. \u003ccite>(Russian Space Agency)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Another idea being explored by the joint Russian-U.S. team is a solar-powered, dirigible-borne robot\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>that would float around in Venus’ upper atmosphere for up to three months, analyzing the atmospheric composition and weather and the planet’s surface below.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Venus’ Dark Attraction\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/venus\">Venus \u003c/a>has long been a subject of scientific intrigue and mystery, as well as exploration, even though other planetary destinations, such as Mars, grab a lot more public attention. Exploration of Mars has revealed a world that was once much more Earth-like, possessing surface water and environmental conditions possibly suitable to support life—and what could capture someone’s curiosity more than that?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But in many ways, Venus is at least as interesting as Mars. Venus is often referred to as “Earth’s twin,” being Earth’s nearest planetary neighbor, of almost equal size and very similar chemical and mineral composition, though their similarities seem to end there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The atmosphere of Venus is made almost entirely of carbon dioxide, a “greenhouse gas” that captures solar energy to heat the planet’s surface to 462 degrees Celsius, day and night. Atmospheric pressure on Venus’ surface is about 90 times that of Earth—equal to the water pressure half a mile deep in Earth’s oceans. A stove-top pressure cooker comes nowhere near the temperature and pressure of Venus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Venus also rotates backward, and so slowly that a single Venusian day lasts a grueling 243 Earth days. And Venus’ famous global shroud of cloud is composed of sulfuric acid, which may produce corrosive rain that evaporates before reaching the ground. There is also a lot of evidence of widespread\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>volcanic activity\u003cstrong>,\u003c/strong> both past and present.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Was Venus More Like Earth’s Twin in the Past?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As inhospitable to human life and robotic machinery as Venus’ surface is today, there is speculation that long ago Venus may have possessed \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/feature/goddard/2016/nasa-climate-modeling-suggests-venus-may-have-been-habitable\">oceans of liquid water\u003c/a>. If true, this would raise the possibility that Venus could have been home to some form of life in the past—something we have speculated about the planet \u003ca href=\"http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/mars/indepth\">Mars \u003c/a>as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1478130\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 760px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1478130\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/earth-mars-venus-atmospheres.jpg\" alt=\"Earth and its two possibly once Earth-like neighbors, Venus and Mars. \" width=\"760\" height=\"507\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/earth-mars-venus-atmospheres.jpg 760w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/earth-mars-venus-atmospheres-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/earth-mars-venus-atmospheres-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/earth-mars-venus-atmospheres-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/earth-mars-venus-atmospheres-520x347.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 760px) 100vw, 760px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mars, Earth, and Venus. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>If Venus—and Mars, for that matter—were once more Earth-like, with oceans of water and environments suitable to sustain life, then both planets today would be valuable troves of information for scientists in understanding how planets like the Earth change over time. What factors caused Earth, Venus, and Mars to evolve in such different directions? We may explore the possible future of our own planet by studying the examples of Venus and Mars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientific curiosity about our world and universe often transcends political rivalries. Present-day tensions between the U. S. and Russia may be a source of anxiety, but there may be some reason for optimism in the willingness of their scientists to work together for to better understand the workings of the world we all live in.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "A report submitted both to NASA and the Space Sciences Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences at the end of January has set the stage for a collaboration between the two agencies on a new mission of exploration to the planet Venus. ",
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"description": "A report submitted both to NASA and the Space Sciences Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences at the end of January has set the stage for a collaboration between the two agencies on a new mission of exploration to the planet Venus. ",
"title": "Russian and U. S. Scientists Team Up to Explore Earth's Sister Planet, Venus | KQED",
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"headline": "Russian and U. S. Scientists Team Up to Explore Earth's Sister Planet, Venus",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Despite ongoing political tensions between the United States and Russia, the stage is set for a new collaboration between the two countries’ space agencies on a groundbreaking mission to explore the planet Venus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In late January, a team of Russian and U. S. scientists delivered a \u003ca href=\"http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/docs/Venera-D_Final_Report_170213.pdf\">report\u003c/a> to both NASA and \u003ca href=\"http://www.iki.rssi.ru/eng/\">the Russian space agency \u003c/a>that outlines how our two countries can work together on a Russian mission, Venera-D, already in development.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Both space agencies share a similar scientific curiosity about Venus and possess valuable expertise in robotic spacecraft and planetary exploration that can be of great benefit to the mission.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Venera-D\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.russianspaceweb.com/venera_d.html\">Venera-D\u003c/a> spacecraft is planned for launch sometime around 2025. The mission is set to include an orbital robotic spacecraft that will map Venus’ surface using more powerful radar imaging techniques than in the past two missions. Both countries sent spacecraft to map the surface in the 1980s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1478140\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1478140\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/venus180hem_magellan_big.jpg\" alt=\"A global radar map of Venus from NASA's Magellan spacecraft. Radar penetrates Venus' thick atmosphere and cloud layers to reveal the volcanic topography of Venus' surface. \" width=\"1024\" height=\"1024\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/venus180hem_magellan_big.jpg 1024w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/venus180hem_magellan_big-160x160.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/venus180hem_magellan_big-800x800.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/venus180hem_magellan_big-768x768.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/venus180hem_magellan_big-1020x1020.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/venus180hem_magellan_big-960x960.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/venus180hem_magellan_big-240x240.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/venus180hem_magellan_big-375x375.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/venus180hem_magellan_big-520x520.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/venus180hem_magellan_big-32x32.jpg 32w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/venus180hem_magellan_big-50x50.jpg 50w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/venus180hem_magellan_big-64x64.jpg 64w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/venus180hem_magellan_big-96x96.jpg 96w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/venus180hem_magellan_big-128x128.jpg 128w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/venus180hem_magellan_big-150x150.jpg 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A global radar map of Venus from NASA’s Magellan spacecraft. Radar penetrates Venus’ thick atmosphere and cloud layers to reveal the volcanic topography of Venus’ surface. \u003ccite>(NASA/Magellan)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The mission will also include a robotic lander able to withstand the searing, high-pressure environment on Venus’ surface for a longer duration than past landing missions. The 1982 Venera 13 lander is the current record-holder: it survived for 127 minutes before succumbing to the extreme surface conditions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1478119\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1080px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1478119\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/venera13.jpg\" alt=\"Photographs of Venus' surface captured by the Soviet Union's Venera 13 lander in 1982.\" width=\"1080\" height=\"504\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/venera13.jpg 1080w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/venera13-160x75.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/venera13-800x373.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/venera13-768x358.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/venera13-1020x476.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/venera13-960x448.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/venera13-240x112.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/venera13-375x175.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/venera13-520x243.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1080px) 100vw, 1080px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photographs of Venus’ surface captured by the Soviet Union’s Venera 13 lander in 1982. \u003ccite>(Russian Space Agency)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Another idea being explored by the joint Russian-U.S. team is a solar-powered, dirigible-borne robot\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>that would float around in Venus’ upper atmosphere for up to three months, analyzing the atmospheric composition and weather and the planet’s surface below.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Venus’ Dark Attraction\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/venus\">Venus \u003c/a>has long been a subject of scientific intrigue and mystery, as well as exploration, even though other planetary destinations, such as Mars, grab a lot more public attention. Exploration of Mars has revealed a world that was once much more Earth-like, possessing surface water and environmental conditions possibly suitable to support life—and what could capture someone’s curiosity more than that?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But in many ways, Venus is at least as interesting as Mars. Venus is often referred to as “Earth’s twin,” being Earth’s nearest planetary neighbor, of almost equal size and very similar chemical and mineral composition, though their similarities seem to end there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The atmosphere of Venus is made almost entirely of carbon dioxide, a “greenhouse gas” that captures solar energy to heat the planet’s surface to 462 degrees Celsius, day and night. Atmospheric pressure on Venus’ surface is about 90 times that of Earth—equal to the water pressure half a mile deep in Earth’s oceans. A stove-top pressure cooker comes nowhere near the temperature and pressure of Venus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Venus also rotates backward, and so slowly that a single Venusian day lasts a grueling 243 Earth days. And Venus’ famous global shroud of cloud is composed of sulfuric acid, which may produce corrosive rain that evaporates before reaching the ground. There is also a lot of evidence of widespread\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>volcanic activity\u003cstrong>,\u003c/strong> both past and present.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Was Venus More Like Earth’s Twin in the Past?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As inhospitable to human life and robotic machinery as Venus’ surface is today, there is speculation that long ago Venus may have possessed \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/feature/goddard/2016/nasa-climate-modeling-suggests-venus-may-have-been-habitable\">oceans of liquid water\u003c/a>. If true, this would raise the possibility that Venus could have been home to some form of life in the past—something we have speculated about the planet \u003ca href=\"http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/mars/indepth\">Mars \u003c/a>as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1478130\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 760px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1478130\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/earth-mars-venus-atmospheres.jpg\" alt=\"Earth and its two possibly once Earth-like neighbors, Venus and Mars. \" width=\"760\" height=\"507\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/earth-mars-venus-atmospheres.jpg 760w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/earth-mars-venus-atmospheres-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/earth-mars-venus-atmospheres-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/earth-mars-venus-atmospheres-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/earth-mars-venus-atmospheres-520x347.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 760px) 100vw, 760px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mars, Earth, and Venus. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>If Venus—and Mars, for that matter—were once more Earth-like, with oceans of water and environments suitable to sustain life, then both planets today would be valuable troves of information for scientists in understanding how planets like the Earth change over time. What factors caused Earth, Venus, and Mars to evolve in such different directions? We may explore the possible future of our own planet by studying the examples of Venus and Mars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientific curiosity about our world and universe often transcends political rivalries. Present-day tensions between the U. S. and Russia may be a source of anxiety, but there may be some reason for optimism in the willingness of their scientists to work together for to better understand the workings of the world we all live in.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "The Extraordinary Effort to Save the White Abalone",
"headTitle": "The Extraordinary Effort to Save the White Abalone | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 4.6875em;float: left;line-height: 0.733em;padding: 0.05em 0.1em 0 0;font-family: times, serif, georgia\">O\u003c/span>n a rainy winter evening, biologist \u003ca href=\"http://kristinaquilino.weebly.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Kristin Aquilino\u003c/a> was rummaging through the trunk of her pickup truck in the \u003ca href=\"http://bml.ucdavis.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Bodega Marine Lab\u003c/a> parking lot. She was looking for a rubber spatula—a tool she needed to pry a recently captured white abalone from inside an ice chest brimming with seawater.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Aquilino had driven the rare animal 385 miles from Los Angeles, where it was captured off the coast, and where small numbers of this endangered species can still be found. She was about to introduce the 7-inch marine snail to its new home, a research facility at UC Davis’ Bodega Marine Lab in Bodega Bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1483680\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 1000px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1483680\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/maggie-carson-jurow-npr-5656.jpg\" alt=\"Kristen Aquilino searches for a spatula so she can remove a wild-caught white abalone from inside a cooler that transported the animal from Los Angeles to San Francisco.\" width=\"1000\" height=\"667\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/maggie-carson-jurow-npr-5656.jpg 1000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/maggie-carson-jurow-npr-5656-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/maggie-carson-jurow-npr-5656-800x534.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/maggie-carson-jurow-npr-5656-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/maggie-carson-jurow-npr-5656-960x640.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/maggie-carson-jurow-npr-5656-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/maggie-carson-jurow-npr-5656-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/maggie-carson-jurow-npr-5656-520x347.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Kristen Aquilino searches for a spatula so she can remove a wild-caught white abalone from inside a cooler that transported the animal from Los Angeles to San Francisco. \u003ccite>(Maggie Carson Jurow)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Now Aquilino had the unenviable task of trying to pry loose the creature’s squishy orange foot without injuring it. Any nick to this male abalone’s flesh, or chip to its shell, could cause the snail to bleed uncontrollably since its fluid doesn’t clot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’ve been studying these animals for years and this is one of the few wild white abalone I’ve seen,” says Aquilino, an abalone expert at the Bodega Marine Lab.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s because there are more white abalone living in captivity than there are in the wild. And the mollusk suctioning Aquilino’s hands is the first wild white abalone scientists have collected from the ocean in more than a decade.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These rare creatures are incredibly difficult for divers to find in the deep waters where they live.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve been working for six to seven years to find loner abalone along the coast,” says fish biologist \u003ca href=\"http://www.habitat.noaa.gov/restoration/connection/davewitting.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Dave Witting\u003c/a> from the \u003ca href=\"http://www.noaa.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1484296\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 346px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-1484296\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/maggie-carson-jurow-npr-5660.jpg\" alt='A wild white abalone was covered in so much algae that scientists say he was \"extremely hard\" to find.' width=\"346\" height=\"342\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/maggie-carson-jurow-npr-5660.jpg 1000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/maggie-carson-jurow-npr-5660-160x158.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/maggie-carson-jurow-npr-5660-800x789.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/maggie-carson-jurow-npr-5660-768x757.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/maggie-carson-jurow-npr-5660-960x947.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/maggie-carson-jurow-npr-5660-240x237.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/maggie-carson-jurow-npr-5660-375x370.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/maggie-carson-jurow-npr-5660-520x513.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/maggie-carson-jurow-npr-5660-32x32.jpg 32w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/maggie-carson-jurow-npr-5660-50x50.jpg 50w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/maggie-carson-jurow-npr-5660-64x64.jpg 64w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/maggie-carson-jurow-npr-5660-96x96.jpg 96w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/maggie-carson-jurow-npr-5660-128x128.jpg 128w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 346px) 100vw, 346px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A wild white abalone was covered in so much algae that scientists say he was “extremely hard” to find. \u003ccite>(Maggie Carson Jurow)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“We spoke to old abalone divers who are long retired now, but, basically we picked their brains and found some locations,” says Witting, who collected the male abalone that Aquilino drove to Bodega Marine Lab. “\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">He was extremely hard to find,” says Witting. “\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">It looked like a fuzzy rock.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not only was the abalone difficult to spot, but Witting needed a special Endangered Species Act permit to collect him—a permit that took two years to acquire. So the animal’s arrival at Bodega Marine Lab was historic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is a big moment,” said Aquilino. “They will go extinct in 10 to 15 years if there’s not a program to place them back in the wild.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Aquilino gingerly placed the snail inside a bright blue bucket at the lab, where her 12-person research team runs a captive breeding program to protect white abalone from dying off.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like all new abalone that arrive, he received a nickname: abalone 314 or “Pi.” Researchers were hoping Pi’s arrival would introduce new DNA into the aging captive population, creating stronger offspring with more genetic diversity—and a better chance for survival.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1427858\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1000px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1427858\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/02/abalone_ken-bailey.jpg\" alt=\"A free diver searches for abalone off the California coast.\" width=\"1000\" height=\"665\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/02/abalone_ken-bailey.jpg 1000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/02/abalone_ken-bailey-160x106.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/02/abalone_ken-bailey-800x532.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/02/abalone_ken-bailey-768x511.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/02/abalone_ken-bailey-960x638.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/02/abalone_ken-bailey-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/02/abalone_ken-bailey-375x249.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/02/abalone_ken-bailey-520x346.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A free diver searches for abalone off the California coast. \u003ccite>(Ken Bailey)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Path to Extinction\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>White abalone was once a delicacy at California seafood restaurants, the most highly prized of all abalone species for its soft meat. Then it disappeared from menus in 1993 when the fishery was closed due to overfishing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.amazon.com/Abalone-Worldwide-Haliotidae-Daniel-Geiger/dp/3939767433\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Buzz Owen\u003c/a>, a retired commercial and recreational abalone diver, recalls his abundant abalone catches back in the ’50s and ’60s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There was no limit on the number you could take,” says Owen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“My record was in 1961. After diving for nine hours near Catalina Island when I caught 83 dozen including some whites and greens and pinks. “That didn’t even dent this population.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1483445\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 768px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1483445\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/Abalone_shell_pile.png\" alt=\"These abalone shells in Monterey, California on September 5, 1930 sit outside a market after the tender meat was removed. White was so popular that it was nearly eaten to extinction.\" width=\"768\" height=\"546\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/Abalone_shell_pile.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/Abalone_shell_pile-160x114.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/Abalone_shell_pile-240x171.png 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/Abalone_shell_pile-375x267.png 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/Abalone_shell_pile-520x370.png 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">White abalone was so popular that it was nearly eaten to extinction. These shells sit outside a Monterey market in 1930. \u003ccite>(Richard S. Crocker/Online Archive of California)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Size limits on what divers could catch were intended to protect abalone so they could mature and reproduce. But it wasn’t enough to prevent the numbers from dwindling to a crisis point. The scattered survivors were too far apart for their ejected sperm and eggs to mingle, so spawning was rarely successful.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The government eventually realized closing the fishery wasn’t enough, so they made collection of all abalone a federal crime in 1997. (One exception for abalone diving remains: there’s still a legal, recreational red abalone fishery north of San Francisco.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then in 2001, white abalone became the first marine invertebrate to receive federal protection as an endangered species after the population had declined by almost \u003ca href=\"http://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/pr/species/esa/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">99 percent\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The success—or failure—of white abalone now depends on the breeding program at the Bodega Lab, and six other organizations, including the \u003ca href=\"https://www.wildlife.ca.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">California Department of Fish and Wildlife\u003c/a> and NOAA, that support the effort.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During the first captive breeding attempt at UC Santa Barbara in 2001, the parent abalone created 100,000 juveniles, but almost all of them died due to a fatal wasting disease called withering syndrome.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2003, the \u003ca href=\"http://cimwi.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Channel Islands Marine Resource Institute\u003c/a> in Santa Barbara bred the abalone again and after the Bodega lab received a permit in 2011, it bred animals in 2012.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Captive breeding was finally turning a corner. Between 2012 and 2014, the number of abalone that survived to be juveniles increased threefold.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[gallery type=\"rectangular\" size=\"medium\" ids=\"1483442,1484303,1484302\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are now 8,000 juveniles living in captivity at Bodega’s lab. They haven’t been released into the wild yet because scientists still need to test methods for introduction into the ocean—an environment the animals have never experienced.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re in a make-or-break situation right now with the wild population,” says Aquilino.\u003cb> \u003c/b>“We put them in this mess, so it’s up to us to save them.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>New Abalone Brings Hope \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When Pi arrived at the Bodega Lab, Aquilino was excited about breeding him in March. White abalone only spawn once a year so timing is critical. It would be the first breeding of a newly collected abalone in more than a decade.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But even hopeful stories don’t always turn out to be happy ones. In early February, 15 weeks after Pi’s arrival to Bodega, Aquilino sent an email with “cruddy news.” He didn’t survive.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">By 2019, scientists may be ready to release of thousands of young white abalone into the wild.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“We don’t know why,” she later explained over the phone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It was obviously very sudden and unexpected. He looked fine on Tuesday and then a day later he was no longer holding on to the side of the tank.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In late February, Jim Moore, a California Department of Fish and Wildlife shellfish health expert, examined the animal’s tissue, and says “Pi” may have developed a foot infection, though he couldn’t be sure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We may never be able to pinpoint cause of death, that is just the way it is sometimes,” says Moore.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But there was some good news for Aquilino and her team. A female white abalone recently captured off the coast of Southern California arrived at the Bodega lab just before Pi’s death—just in time for breeding. They named her “Green 312.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She was one of 13 animals that successfully spawned on March 1. For the scientists, it was a big deal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1483453 alignright\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/Map_partial.jpeg\" alt=\"Map_partial\" width=\"370\" height=\"407\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/Map_partial.jpeg 680w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/Map_partial-160x176.jpeg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/Map_partial-240x264.jpeg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/Map_partial-375x413.jpeg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/Map_partial-520x572.jpeg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 370px) 100vw, 370px\">“\u003cem>Pretty cool that there are new genes in the program for the first time in 14 years!!!\u003c/em>” Aquilino said in an email to colleagues a day after the event.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Green 312 and four other female abalone from the original captive group produced about 14 million eggs. By the next morning, scientists woke up to find millions of embryos.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I was lucky enough to witness one of the embryos from the wild female hatching under the scope this morning, Aquilino wrote, “which was a first for me and super duper exciting.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bodega Marine Lab and six other agencies have a \u003ca href=\"http://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/stories/2016/02/docs/white__abalone_spotlight_species_5_year_action_plan_final_web.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">five-year plan\u003c/a> and expect to be ready in about two years for a release of thousands of young white abalone into the wild.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We now have enough captive white abalone to start testing the best methods for reintroduction to the wild once a permit is in place,” says Aquilino, “and we’re hopeful.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "On the brink of extinction, white abalone get another chance inside a Northern California science lab.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 4.6875em;float: left;line-height: 0.733em;padding: 0.05em 0.1em 0 0;font-family: times, serif, georgia\">O\u003c/span>n a rainy winter evening, biologist \u003ca href=\"http://kristinaquilino.weebly.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Kristin Aquilino\u003c/a> was rummaging through the trunk of her pickup truck in the \u003ca href=\"http://bml.ucdavis.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Bodega Marine Lab\u003c/a> parking lot. She was looking for a rubber spatula—a tool she needed to pry a recently captured white abalone from inside an ice chest brimming with seawater.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Aquilino had driven the rare animal 385 miles from Los Angeles, where it was captured off the coast, and where small numbers of this endangered species can still be found. She was about to introduce the 7-inch marine snail to its new home, a research facility at UC Davis’ Bodega Marine Lab in Bodega Bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1483680\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 1000px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1483680\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/maggie-carson-jurow-npr-5656.jpg\" alt=\"Kristen Aquilino searches for a spatula so she can remove a wild-caught white abalone from inside a cooler that transported the animal from Los Angeles to San Francisco.\" width=\"1000\" height=\"667\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/maggie-carson-jurow-npr-5656.jpg 1000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/maggie-carson-jurow-npr-5656-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/maggie-carson-jurow-npr-5656-800x534.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/maggie-carson-jurow-npr-5656-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/maggie-carson-jurow-npr-5656-960x640.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/maggie-carson-jurow-npr-5656-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/maggie-carson-jurow-npr-5656-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/maggie-carson-jurow-npr-5656-520x347.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Kristen Aquilino searches for a spatula so she can remove a wild-caught white abalone from inside a cooler that transported the animal from Los Angeles to San Francisco. \u003ccite>(Maggie Carson Jurow)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Now Aquilino had the unenviable task of trying to pry loose the creature’s squishy orange foot without injuring it. Any nick to this male abalone’s flesh, or chip to its shell, could cause the snail to bleed uncontrollably since its fluid doesn’t clot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’ve been studying these animals for years and this is one of the few wild white abalone I’ve seen,” says Aquilino, an abalone expert at the Bodega Marine Lab.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s because there are more white abalone living in captivity than there are in the wild. And the mollusk suctioning Aquilino’s hands is the first wild white abalone scientists have collected from the ocean in more than a decade.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These rare creatures are incredibly difficult for divers to find in the deep waters where they live.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve been working for six to seven years to find loner abalone along the coast,” says fish biologist \u003ca href=\"http://www.habitat.noaa.gov/restoration/connection/davewitting.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Dave Witting\u003c/a> from the \u003ca href=\"http://www.noaa.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1484296\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 346px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-1484296\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/maggie-carson-jurow-npr-5660.jpg\" alt='A wild white abalone was covered in so much algae that scientists say he was \"extremely hard\" to find.' width=\"346\" height=\"342\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/maggie-carson-jurow-npr-5660.jpg 1000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/maggie-carson-jurow-npr-5660-160x158.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/maggie-carson-jurow-npr-5660-800x789.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/maggie-carson-jurow-npr-5660-768x757.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/maggie-carson-jurow-npr-5660-960x947.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/maggie-carson-jurow-npr-5660-240x237.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/maggie-carson-jurow-npr-5660-375x370.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/maggie-carson-jurow-npr-5660-520x513.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/maggie-carson-jurow-npr-5660-32x32.jpg 32w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/maggie-carson-jurow-npr-5660-50x50.jpg 50w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/maggie-carson-jurow-npr-5660-64x64.jpg 64w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/maggie-carson-jurow-npr-5660-96x96.jpg 96w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/maggie-carson-jurow-npr-5660-128x128.jpg 128w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 346px) 100vw, 346px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A wild white abalone was covered in so much algae that scientists say he was “extremely hard” to find. \u003ccite>(Maggie Carson Jurow)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“We spoke to old abalone divers who are long retired now, but, basically we picked their brains and found some locations,” says Witting, who collected the male abalone that Aquilino drove to Bodega Marine Lab. “\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">He was extremely hard to find,” says Witting. “\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">It looked like a fuzzy rock.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not only was the abalone difficult to spot, but Witting needed a special Endangered Species Act permit to collect him—a permit that took two years to acquire. So the animal’s arrival at Bodega Marine Lab was historic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is a big moment,” said Aquilino. “They will go extinct in 10 to 15 years if there’s not a program to place them back in the wild.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Aquilino gingerly placed the snail inside a bright blue bucket at the lab, where her 12-person research team runs a captive breeding program to protect white abalone from dying off.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like all new abalone that arrive, he received a nickname: abalone 314 or “Pi.” Researchers were hoping Pi’s arrival would introduce new DNA into the aging captive population, creating stronger offspring with more genetic diversity—and a better chance for survival.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1427858\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1000px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1427858\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/02/abalone_ken-bailey.jpg\" alt=\"A free diver searches for abalone off the California coast.\" width=\"1000\" height=\"665\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/02/abalone_ken-bailey.jpg 1000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/02/abalone_ken-bailey-160x106.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/02/abalone_ken-bailey-800x532.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/02/abalone_ken-bailey-768x511.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/02/abalone_ken-bailey-960x638.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/02/abalone_ken-bailey-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/02/abalone_ken-bailey-375x249.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/02/abalone_ken-bailey-520x346.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A free diver searches for abalone off the California coast. \u003ccite>(Ken Bailey)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Path to Extinction\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>White abalone was once a delicacy at California seafood restaurants, the most highly prized of all abalone species for its soft meat. Then it disappeared from menus in 1993 when the fishery was closed due to overfishing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.amazon.com/Abalone-Worldwide-Haliotidae-Daniel-Geiger/dp/3939767433\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Buzz Owen\u003c/a>, a retired commercial and recreational abalone diver, recalls his abundant abalone catches back in the ’50s and ’60s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There was no limit on the number you could take,” says Owen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“My record was in 1961. After diving for nine hours near Catalina Island when I caught 83 dozen including some whites and greens and pinks. “That didn’t even dent this population.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1483445\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 768px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1483445\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/Abalone_shell_pile.png\" alt=\"These abalone shells in Monterey, California on September 5, 1930 sit outside a market after the tender meat was removed. White was so popular that it was nearly eaten to extinction.\" width=\"768\" height=\"546\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/Abalone_shell_pile.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/Abalone_shell_pile-160x114.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/Abalone_shell_pile-240x171.png 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/Abalone_shell_pile-375x267.png 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/Abalone_shell_pile-520x370.png 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">White abalone was so popular that it was nearly eaten to extinction. These shells sit outside a Monterey market in 1930. \u003ccite>(Richard S. Crocker/Online Archive of California)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Size limits on what divers could catch were intended to protect abalone so they could mature and reproduce. But it wasn’t enough to prevent the numbers from dwindling to a crisis point. The scattered survivors were too far apart for their ejected sperm and eggs to mingle, so spawning was rarely successful.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The government eventually realized closing the fishery wasn’t enough, so they made collection of all abalone a federal crime in 1997. (One exception for abalone diving remains: there’s still a legal, recreational red abalone fishery north of San Francisco.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then in 2001, white abalone became the first marine invertebrate to receive federal protection as an endangered species after the population had declined by almost \u003ca href=\"http://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/pr/species/esa/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">99 percent\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The success—or failure—of white abalone now depends on the breeding program at the Bodega Lab, and six other organizations, including the \u003ca href=\"https://www.wildlife.ca.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">California Department of Fish and Wildlife\u003c/a> and NOAA, that support the effort.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During the first captive breeding attempt at UC Santa Barbara in 2001, the parent abalone created 100,000 juveniles, but almost all of them died due to a fatal wasting disease called withering syndrome.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2003, the \u003ca href=\"http://cimwi.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Channel Islands Marine Resource Institute\u003c/a> in Santa Barbara bred the abalone again and after the Bodega lab received a permit in 2011, it bred animals in 2012.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Captive breeding was finally turning a corner. Between 2012 and 2014, the number of abalone that survived to be juveniles increased threefold.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are now 8,000 juveniles living in captivity at Bodega’s lab. They haven’t been released into the wild yet because scientists still need to test methods for introduction into the ocean—an environment the animals have never experienced.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re in a make-or-break situation right now with the wild population,” says Aquilino.\u003cb> \u003c/b>“We put them in this mess, so it’s up to us to save them.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>New Abalone Brings Hope \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When Pi arrived at the Bodega Lab, Aquilino was excited about breeding him in March. White abalone only spawn once a year so timing is critical. It would be the first breeding of a newly collected abalone in more than a decade.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But even hopeful stories don’t always turn out to be happy ones. In early February, 15 weeks after Pi’s arrival to Bodega, Aquilino sent an email with “cruddy news.” He didn’t survive.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">By 2019, scientists may be ready to release of thousands of young white abalone into the wild.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“We don’t know why,” she later explained over the phone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It was obviously very sudden and unexpected. He looked fine on Tuesday and then a day later he was no longer holding on to the side of the tank.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In late February, Jim Moore, a California Department of Fish and Wildlife shellfish health expert, examined the animal’s tissue, and says “Pi” may have developed a foot infection, though he couldn’t be sure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We may never be able to pinpoint cause of death, that is just the way it is sometimes,” says Moore.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But there was some good news for Aquilino and her team. A female white abalone recently captured off the coast of Southern California arrived at the Bodega lab just before Pi’s death—just in time for breeding. They named her “Green 312.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She was one of 13 animals that successfully spawned on March 1. For the scientists, it was a big deal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1483453 alignright\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/Map_partial.jpeg\" alt=\"Map_partial\" width=\"370\" height=\"407\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/Map_partial.jpeg 680w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/Map_partial-160x176.jpeg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/Map_partial-240x264.jpeg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/Map_partial-375x413.jpeg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/Map_partial-520x572.jpeg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 370px) 100vw, 370px\">“\u003cem>Pretty cool that there are new genes in the program for the first time in 14 years!!!\u003c/em>” Aquilino said in an email to colleagues a day after the event.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Green 312 and four other female abalone from the original captive group produced about 14 million eggs. By the next morning, scientists woke up to find millions of embryos.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I was lucky enough to witness one of the embryos from the wild female hatching under the scope this morning, Aquilino wrote, “which was a first for me and super duper exciting.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bodega Marine Lab and six other agencies have a \u003ca href=\"http://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/stories/2016/02/docs/white__abalone_spotlight_species_5_year_action_plan_final_web.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">five-year plan\u003c/a> and expect to be ready in about two years for a release of thousands of young white abalone into the wild.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We now have enough captive white abalone to start testing the best methods for reintroduction to the wild once a permit is in place,” says Aquilino, “and we’re hopeful.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "WATCH: What Happened at Oroville Dam, and What Could Still Go Wrong",
"headTitle": "WATCH: What Happened at Oroville Dam, and What Could Still Go Wrong | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>In the weeks and months to come, investigators will no-doubt probe many potential reasons for the near-catastrophic failures at Oroville Dam in February. Those will range from decisions made more than 50 years ago, to the truly extraordinary weather of 2017.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But for the moment, the emergency at Oroville Dam has largely passed. The 180,000 people who were evacuated from their homes last month have returned, and construction crews continue to put millions of tons of rocks and concrete across a badly eroded hillside under the emergency spillway. In the coming months, crews will begin to fix the main concrete spillway, which developed a gaping hole on Feb. 7.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, officials with the state Department of Water Resources aren’t out of the woods yet. If a series of warm storms pounds California this spring, that could send billions of gallons of water raging into Lake Oroville again.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://youtu.be/nJ2R-bBh2xE\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\">\u003cem>(Graphics by Teodros Hailye/KQED) \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Sierra snowpack is at nearly double its historic average in some places, and will begin melting as the weather warms. Though officials are aiming to keep the lake level at roughly 50 feet below the lip of the emergency spillway, it has been rising again as unseasonably warm temperatures accelerate spring runoff from the upper Feather River watershed. Hydrologists warn that flows from the coming runoff season could yet again test Oroville’s patched-up infrastructure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another risk: As officials release water down the main broken spillway, the concrete could erode up toward the lake. If officials have to shut the gates of the emergency spillway, the lake could rise again quickly, increasing the risk of water going over the emergency spillway onto the vulnerable hillside.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Crews have been clearing debris out of the channel below Oroville Dam to reopen Hyatt Power Plant. Once it’s running, the plant pulls up to 15,000 cubic feet per second out of the reservoir to make power.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The California Department of Water Resources expects to resume use of the main spillway this week, but at half the volume compared to when operators were frantically trying to lower the lake to below the emergency overflow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Anatomy of a Near-Disaster\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Oroville drama began quietly enough, as prolonged winter storms — especially in January — began rapidly filling Lake Oroville, the reservoir behind the dam. California’s \u003ca href=\"http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cdecapp/resapp/getResGraphsMain.action\">second-largest\u003c/a> man-made reservoir behind Shasta Lake, Oroville is designed to hold more than 3.5 million acre-feet of water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1478690\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2000px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1478690 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/P2110332.jpg\" alt=\"A Cal Fire crew watches as water roars down Oroville's main spillway at 100,000 cubic-ft. per second.\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1500\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/P2110332.jpg 2000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/P2110332-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/P2110332-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/P2110332-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/P2110332-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/P2110332-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/P2110332-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/P2110332-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/P2110332-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/P2110332-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/P2110332-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2000px) 100vw, 2000px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A Cal Fire crew watches as water roars down Oroville’s main spillway. The force of it broke through the concrete and carved out a second, circular channel into the diversion pool below. \u003ccite>(Craig Miller/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>After record runoff caused the lake level to rise 70 feet in January, operators opened the dam’s main spillway to release water and create space in the lake for expected runoff.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But when the main spillway showed signs of disintegration, engineers dialed back releases to take pressure off the crippled structure. That caused the lake to rise even faster, eventually forcing water to tumble over the dam’s secondary, emergency spillway (also known as the auxiliary spillway) for the first time since the dam was completed in 1968.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Almost immediately, erosion began to eat away the emergency spillway, all but the upper lip of which is bare earth. Whole trees began washing into the diversion channel below.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1478689\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 485px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1478689\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/OrovilleAuxSpill.png\" alt=\"Oroville's emergency spillway as the lake level topped it in February.\" width=\"485\" height=\"358\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/OrovilleAuxSpill.png 485w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/OrovilleAuxSpill-160x118.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/OrovilleAuxSpill-240x177.png 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/OrovilleAuxSpill-375x277.png 375w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 485px) 100vw, 485px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Oroville’s emergency spillway as the lake level topped it in February. Critical erosion of the slope below had not yet begun. \u003ccite>(Calif. Dept. of Water Resources)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The hillside began eroding uphill, threatening to undercut the concrete lip of the emergency spillway, and on Sunday evening, February 12, Butte County Sheriff Kory Honae issued an evacuation order that sent tens of thousands of people in Oroville and other downstream communities scrambling for higher ground. (The evacuation order covered nearly 200,000 residents, but how many actually relocated is unknown.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In an attempt to lower the lake level, engineers were forced to resume massive flows down the main spillway, knowing that the 100,000 cubic-feet-per-second cascade would likely tear apart what remained of the enormous concrete chute.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Clearly they had no choice. Officials say the main body of the dam was never threatened, but had the lip of the auxiliary spillway collapsed, essentially the top 30 feet of the lake would have emptied, sending a wall of water down the Feather River valley, and likely causing the worst U.S. dam disaster since \u003ca href=\"http://www.geol.ucsb.edu/faculty/sylvester/Teton_Dam/narrative.html\">Idaho’s Teton Dam\u003c/a> collapsed in 1976. Cities such as Marysville and Yuba City would have been devastated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A long summer lies ahead, with hundreds of millions of dollars in repairs to do before the rainy season starts again next October.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Cities and towns downstream of Lake Oroville aren't out of danger yet. It all depends on weather, snowmelt, and a lot more work.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>In the weeks and months to come, investigators will no-doubt probe many potential reasons for the near-catastrophic failures at Oroville Dam in February. Those will range from decisions made more than 50 years ago, to the truly extraordinary weather of 2017.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But for the moment, the emergency at Oroville Dam has largely passed. The 180,000 people who were evacuated from their homes last month have returned, and construction crews continue to put millions of tons of rocks and concrete across a badly eroded hillside under the emergency spillway. In the coming months, crews will begin to fix the main concrete spillway, which developed a gaping hole on Feb. 7.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, officials with the state Department of Water Resources aren’t out of the woods yet. If a series of warm storms pounds California this spring, that could send billions of gallons of water raging into Lake Oroville again.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/nJ2R-bBh2xE'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/nJ2R-bBh2xE'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\">\u003cem>(Graphics by Teodros Hailye/KQED) \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Sierra snowpack is at nearly double its historic average in some places, and will begin melting as the weather warms. Though officials are aiming to keep the lake level at roughly 50 feet below the lip of the emergency spillway, it has been rising again as unseasonably warm temperatures accelerate spring runoff from the upper Feather River watershed. Hydrologists warn that flows from the coming runoff season could yet again test Oroville’s patched-up infrastructure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another risk: As officials release water down the main broken spillway, the concrete could erode up toward the lake. If officials have to shut the gates of the emergency spillway, the lake could rise again quickly, increasing the risk of water going over the emergency spillway onto the vulnerable hillside.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Crews have been clearing debris out of the channel below Oroville Dam to reopen Hyatt Power Plant. Once it’s running, the plant pulls up to 15,000 cubic feet per second out of the reservoir to make power.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The California Department of Water Resources expects to resume use of the main spillway this week, but at half the volume compared to when operators were frantically trying to lower the lake to below the emergency overflow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Anatomy of a Near-Disaster\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Oroville drama began quietly enough, as prolonged winter storms — especially in January — began rapidly filling Lake Oroville, the reservoir behind the dam. California’s \u003ca href=\"http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cdecapp/resapp/getResGraphsMain.action\">second-largest\u003c/a> man-made reservoir behind Shasta Lake, Oroville is designed to hold more than 3.5 million acre-feet of water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1478690\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2000px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1478690 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/P2110332.jpg\" alt=\"A Cal Fire crew watches as water roars down Oroville's main spillway at 100,000 cubic-ft. per second.\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1500\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/P2110332.jpg 2000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/P2110332-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/P2110332-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/P2110332-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/P2110332-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/P2110332-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/P2110332-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/P2110332-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/P2110332-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/P2110332-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/P2110332-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2000px) 100vw, 2000px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A Cal Fire crew watches as water roars down Oroville’s main spillway. The force of it broke through the concrete and carved out a second, circular channel into the diversion pool below. \u003ccite>(Craig Miller/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>After record runoff caused the lake level to rise 70 feet in January, operators opened the dam’s main spillway to release water and create space in the lake for expected runoff.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But when the main spillway showed signs of disintegration, engineers dialed back releases to take pressure off the crippled structure. That caused the lake to rise even faster, eventually forcing water to tumble over the dam’s secondary, emergency spillway (also known as the auxiliary spillway) for the first time since the dam was completed in 1968.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Almost immediately, erosion began to eat away the emergency spillway, all but the upper lip of which is bare earth. Whole trees began washing into the diversion channel below.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1478689\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 485px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1478689\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/OrovilleAuxSpill.png\" alt=\"Oroville's emergency spillway as the lake level topped it in February.\" width=\"485\" height=\"358\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/OrovilleAuxSpill.png 485w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/OrovilleAuxSpill-160x118.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/OrovilleAuxSpill-240x177.png 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/OrovilleAuxSpill-375x277.png 375w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 485px) 100vw, 485px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Oroville’s emergency spillway as the lake level topped it in February. Critical erosion of the slope below had not yet begun. \u003ccite>(Calif. Dept. of Water Resources)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The hillside began eroding uphill, threatening to undercut the concrete lip of the emergency spillway, and on Sunday evening, February 12, Butte County Sheriff Kory Honae issued an evacuation order that sent tens of thousands of people in Oroville and other downstream communities scrambling for higher ground. (The evacuation order covered nearly 200,000 residents, but how many actually relocated is unknown.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In an attempt to lower the lake level, engineers were forced to resume massive flows down the main spillway, knowing that the 100,000 cubic-feet-per-second cascade would likely tear apart what remained of the enormous concrete chute.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Clearly they had no choice. Officials say the main body of the dam was never threatened, but had the lip of the auxiliary spillway collapsed, essentially the top 30 feet of the lake would have emptied, sending a wall of water down the Feather River valley, and likely causing the worst U.S. dam disaster since \u003ca href=\"http://www.geol.ucsb.edu/faculty/sylvester/Teton_Dam/narrative.html\">Idaho’s Teton Dam\u003c/a> collapsed in 1976. Cities such as Marysville and Yuba City would have been devastated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A long summer lies ahead, with hundreds of millions of dollars in repairs to do before the rainy season starts again next October.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "California Oil Sees Ally in Trump, Even If He Can't Really Help Them",
"headTitle": "California Oil Sees Ally in Trump, Even If He Can’t Really Help Them | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>President Trump has vowed to bolster the country’s oil and gas industry by rolling back environmental regulations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it may not make much of a difference for California oil. The industry’s success is tied to a broad mix of influences, some outside the scope of federal law.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘If you ask me the biggest reason why I voted for Trump, it’s because they forgot the middle class. They completely forgot those guys that are out there working on that rig.’\u003ccite>Chad Hathaway, Hathaway LLC\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>In Kern County, in the heart of California’s oil country, 53 percent of voters chose Trump in November and support for the President is strong. The county, at the southern end of the Central Valley, produces 70 percent of the oil pumped out of the ground here and is one of this blue state’s pockets of dark red.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But ask most oil folks if they think Trump will make a difference to their industry, and the answer is largely the same.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Not really, no,” says Chad Hathaway, who owns a small oil company in Bakersfield.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Driving through town, you can’t miss how big oil is here — there are oil wells on the main streets of town.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“People are close,” says Hathaway. “We are family and when part of the family hurts, everybody feels it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>People here hit a low point last year when oil dropped to $26 a barrel, a quarter of what it was three years ago. Many companies laid off workers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hathaway, a tall, 40-year-old guy with a determined streak, rode out the downturn by cutting pay. In December, he was able to drill some new oil wells and hire a few people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1478359\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1478359\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/hathaway.jpg\" alt=\"Chad Hathaway owns an oil company in Bakersfield.\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1162\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/hathaway.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/hathaway-160x97.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/hathaway-800x484.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/hathaway-768x465.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/hathaway-1020x617.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/hathaway-1180x714.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/hathaway-960x581.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/hathaway-240x145.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/hathaway-375x227.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/hathaway-520x315.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Chad Hathaway owns an oil company in Bakersfield. \u003ccite>(Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“I had one of the roughnecks come up to me said, ‘You know what? My family, just having a job at Christmas time meant a lot to us,’” Hathaway says. “That’s meaningful.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And that’s what it came down to on election day, when Hathaway filled out his ballot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you ask me the biggest reason why I voted for Trump, it’s because they forgot the middle class,” he says about the Democrats. “They completely forgot those guys that are out there working on that rig.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To Hathaway, Kern County is a forgotten part of California, overlooked by cities on the coast where the economic upswing has returned full-force.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s like the people from LA and San Francisco,” he says. “They fly over this area all the time. They see all these farm fields and they can’t see the oil wells. But they don’t realize what we do to keep this state moving on daily basis.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hathaway is even a supporter of California’s booming solar industry. “I have a lot of solar,” he says. “I’m a huge solar guy. If it makes sense, I’ll do it. I am not stupid.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hathaway says he gets into Facebook battles with family members in the Bay Area who don’t understand\u003cb> \u003c/b>this part of the state, or his support for Trump.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They just don’t understand,” he says. “How are we so dumb down here to think that this guy is actually going to do something for us? Well, nobody else was doing it for us before.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But, as even Hathaway acknowledges, there may be little Trump can do for the state’s oil industry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California is the fourth-largest oil-producing state in the nation, but production has been declining since the mid-1980s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”VoMPoJgde3sCIYWFTjOsMMKIdT4Gjt6T”]That’s because the major economic driver for the industry is the price of oil. It rises and falls due to global market forces, including the international consortium OPEC, which is largely beyond President Trump’s reach.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The other reason is that California has a major say in environmental regulations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Ninety percent of my problems are with Sacramento,” Hathaway says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hathaway doesn’t disparage all environmental regulations. ““Some are good,” he says. “Some are meaningful. Some are not.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He was glad to see Trump get rid of a rule about air pollution, which regulated methane from oil and gas wells. Nonetheless, California \u003ca href=\"http://www.scpr.org/news/2017/02/08/68859/as-feds-roll-back-methane-rule-california-pushes-a/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">has its own version of that rule\u003c/a>. So Hathaway won’t see much of a difference.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But other people here in Kern County are feeling more optimistic, because there are policies where the federal government holds sway.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re in a good mood,” says Les Clark. He’s been in oil since 1965, but now runs a trade association called the Independent Oil Producers’ Agency.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We meet up in Taft, a small town west of Bakersfield that was built around oil. Clark’s granddaughter is playing in the Friday night basketball game at the high school, where he knows almost everyone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Clark says the federal government controls some rules, like ones relating to oil industry wastewater. The \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2017/01/17/california-says-oil-companies-can-keep-dumping-wastewater-during-state-review/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">federal EPA is currently reviewing\u003c/a> where oil companies can dispose of that water, so Clark thinks the Trump Administration could make it easier.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think it’s going to help us, yeah,” he says. “I think a lot of those guys, they understand that some of these regulations are very onerous.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, California lawmakers have said they plan to fight every inch of backsliding on environmental rules. A \u003ca href=\"http://sd24.senate.ca.gov/news/2017-02-23-senate-unveils-california-environmental-defense-act-public-lands-and-whistleblower\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">proposed legislative package\u003c/a> would lock in protections for water and air in the event the Trump Administration changes them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That federal-state push and pull is what Clark and others here in Kern County are watching. They’re waiting to see if Trump’s victory in November is actually a victory for them\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "In an occasional series on California's political divide, we travel to oil country to find out what people want from the Trump Administration.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>President Trump has vowed to bolster the country’s oil and gas industry by rolling back environmental regulations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it may not make much of a difference for California oil. The industry’s success is tied to a broad mix of influences, some outside the scope of federal law.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘If you ask me the biggest reason why I voted for Trump, it’s because they forgot the middle class. They completely forgot those guys that are out there working on that rig.’\u003ccite>Chad Hathaway, Hathaway LLC\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>In Kern County, in the heart of California’s oil country, 53 percent of voters chose Trump in November and support for the President is strong. The county, at the southern end of the Central Valley, produces 70 percent of the oil pumped out of the ground here and is one of this blue state’s pockets of dark red.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But ask most oil folks if they think Trump will make a difference to their industry, and the answer is largely the same.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Not really, no,” says Chad Hathaway, who owns a small oil company in Bakersfield.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Driving through town, you can’t miss how big oil is here — there are oil wells on the main streets of town.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“People are close,” says Hathaway. “We are family and when part of the family hurts, everybody feels it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>People here hit a low point last year when oil dropped to $26 a barrel, a quarter of what it was three years ago. Many companies laid off workers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hathaway, a tall, 40-year-old guy with a determined streak, rode out the downturn by cutting pay. In December, he was able to drill some new oil wells and hire a few people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1478359\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1478359\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/hathaway.jpg\" alt=\"Chad Hathaway owns an oil company in Bakersfield.\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1162\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/hathaway.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/hathaway-160x97.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/hathaway-800x484.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/hathaway-768x465.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/hathaway-1020x617.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/hathaway-1180x714.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/hathaway-960x581.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/hathaway-240x145.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/hathaway-375x227.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/hathaway-520x315.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Chad Hathaway owns an oil company in Bakersfield. \u003ccite>(Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“I had one of the roughnecks come up to me said, ‘You know what? My family, just having a job at Christmas time meant a lot to us,’” Hathaway says. “That’s meaningful.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And that’s what it came down to on election day, when Hathaway filled out his ballot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you ask me the biggest reason why I voted for Trump, it’s because they forgot the middle class,” he says about the Democrats. “They completely forgot those guys that are out there working on that rig.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To Hathaway, Kern County is a forgotten part of California, overlooked by cities on the coast where the economic upswing has returned full-force.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s like the people from LA and San Francisco,” he says. “They fly over this area all the time. They see all these farm fields and they can’t see the oil wells. But they don’t realize what we do to keep this state moving on daily basis.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hathaway is even a supporter of California’s booming solar industry. “I have a lot of solar,” he says. “I’m a huge solar guy. If it makes sense, I’ll do it. I am not stupid.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hathaway says he gets into Facebook battles with family members in the Bay Area who don’t understand\u003cb> \u003c/b>this part of the state, or his support for Trump.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They just don’t understand,” he says. “How are we so dumb down here to think that this guy is actually going to do something for us? Well, nobody else was doing it for us before.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But, as even Hathaway acknowledges, there may be little Trump can do for the state’s oil industry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California is the fourth-largest oil-producing state in the nation, but production has been declining since the mid-1980s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>That’s because the major economic driver for the industry is the price of oil. It rises and falls due to global market forces, including the international consortium OPEC, which is largely beyond President Trump’s reach.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The other reason is that California has a major say in environmental regulations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Ninety percent of my problems are with Sacramento,” Hathaway says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hathaway doesn’t disparage all environmental regulations. ““Some are good,” he says. “Some are meaningful. Some are not.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He was glad to see Trump get rid of a rule about air pollution, which regulated methane from oil and gas wells. Nonetheless, California \u003ca href=\"http://www.scpr.org/news/2017/02/08/68859/as-feds-roll-back-methane-rule-california-pushes-a/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">has its own version of that rule\u003c/a>. So Hathaway won’t see much of a difference.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But other people here in Kern County are feeling more optimistic, because there are policies where the federal government holds sway.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re in a good mood,” says Les Clark. He’s been in oil since 1965, but now runs a trade association called the Independent Oil Producers’ Agency.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We meet up in Taft, a small town west of Bakersfield that was built around oil. Clark’s granddaughter is playing in the Friday night basketball game at the high school, where he knows almost everyone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Clark says the federal government controls some rules, like ones relating to oil industry wastewater. The \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2017/01/17/california-says-oil-companies-can-keep-dumping-wastewater-during-state-review/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">federal EPA is currently reviewing\u003c/a> where oil companies can dispose of that water, so Clark thinks the Trump Administration could make it easier.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think it’s going to help us, yeah,” he says. “I think a lot of those guys, they understand that some of these regulations are very onerous.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, California lawmakers have said they plan to fight every inch of backsliding on environmental rules. A \u003ca href=\"http://sd24.senate.ca.gov/news/2017-02-23-senate-unveils-california-environmental-defense-act-public-lands-and-whistleblower\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">proposed legislative package\u003c/a> would lock in protections for water and air in the event the Trump Administration changes them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That federal-state push and pull is what Clark and others here in Kern County are watching. They’re waiting to see if Trump’s victory in November is actually a victory for them\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "EPA Reopens U.S. Rules Setting Vehicle Efficiency Standards for 2025",
"headTitle": "EPA Reopens U.S. Rules Setting Vehicle Efficiency Standards for 2025 | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>U.S. automakers may not have to reach fuel efficiency standards that were set during President Obama’s administration, as the Environmental Protection Agency says it’s reopening a review of the rules.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>President Trump is expected to make that announcement Wednesday in meetings with auto industry executives and workers in Michigan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”0JXYQUHsmhBDgJWC1p7eT7p6Y8aBopSz”]In Washington, a senior White House official said the president wants to “set standards that are technologically feasible, economically feasible and allow the auto industry to grow and create jobs.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/regulations-emissions-vehicles-and-engines/regulations-greenhouse-gas-emissions-passenger-cars-and\">The Obama-era rules\u003c/a> stemmed from an agreement the government reached in the summer of 2011, setting carbon dioxide emissions targets for passenger cars and light trucks that were equivalent to the industry’s fleet of achieving an average of 54.5 miles per gallon by the 2025 model year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The reopening of the rules review comes after a request from the Alliance of Automobile Manufacturers, an industry group that represents both domestic and foreign automakers. The group’s request came last month, after the confirmation of Scott Pruitt as EPA administrator.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Changing the standards isn’t expected to be a simple process. Noting that an agreement usually includes the EPA, the Department of Transportation and the state of California, NPR’s Sonari Glinton reports about the regulations on today’s \u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em>:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There is a question in here about whether these regulations were ‘final-final.’ But the White House wants to review them in 2018, and so do the automakers. And essentially there’s going to be a battle every inch of the way. Many environmental groups are just waiting to file suit. But to be clear, this is just whether to review a regulation — we’re not necessarily at the point of changing the fuel standards quite yet.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The EPA is expected to attempt to roll back rules that the Obama administration formally unveiled in 2012, when it mandated nearly doubling gas efficiency by 2025. \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2012/08/29/160225740/white-house-unveils-new-fuel-efficiency-standards\">As NPR reported\u003c/a>, those requirements were seen as “a rare example of industry agreeing to tough environmental regulations.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under the deal, the EPA had been scheduled to conduct a midterm review of the efficiency standards. After Democrats lost the presidency in last November’s election, the agency moved ahead with that review, issuing a proposed determination on Nov. 30 that triggered a 30-day public comment period. On Jan. 12, then-EPA Administrator Gina McCarthy \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/regulations-emissions-vehicles-and-engines/midterm-evaluation-light-duty-vehicle-greenhouse-gas-ghg\">signed off on her final determination\u003c/a> that maintained the 2025 targets. In its letter to the EPA, \u003ca href=\"http://www-s4.npr.org/templates/story/bypassed%20required%20procedures\">the Alliance of Automobile Manufacturers said\u003c/a> the EPA had rushed to complete the review process.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The senior White House official characterized Trump’s move as an attempt “to get this mid-term review back on track.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He also said the administration is not seeking to withdraw a waiver allowing California to set its own higher emission standards. But he indicated that this issue could come up in 2018.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Obama-era agreement followed the federal bailout of General Motors and Chrysler; it also came at a time of high U.S. gas prices, when the average price per gallon topped $4 in some states. But \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2016/01/08/462306313/is-obamas-hope-for-better-fuel-economy-sputtering-out\">as gas prices fell\u003c/a>, both consumers and automakers put less focus on maximizing fuel efficiency.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>New guidelines could give automakers more reasons to focus on gas-powered, rather than electric or hybrid, vehicles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Electric cars are still heavily dependent on external regulations,” electric car advocate and automaker adviser Chelsea Sexton \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2017/03/07/518956871/how-administration-regs-could-affect-the-future-of-the-electric-car\">told Sonari last week\u003c/a>. “And therefore most car companies are still offering very few numbers, limited capacity and range, and all those things, and not even nationwide.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Without federal regulations leading the way, Sexton says, there’s no guarantee that work on electric cars will continue.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But other experts caution that whatever changes come, they won’t have an immediate effect. The EPA will need to hold a public review process, for instance. And then there’s the promise of legal battles — with environmental groups, and perhaps with California and other states that have set their own standards for emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What it’s going to do is, it’s going to throw the auto industry into chaos,” Roland Hwang, the Natural Resources Defense Council’s director of energy and transportation, tells Sonari, “because to unwind these standards will be a years-long battle in the courts.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2017 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=EPA+Reopens+U.S.+Rules+Setting+Vehicle+Efficiency+Standards+For+2025&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>U.S. automakers may not have to reach fuel efficiency standards that were set during President Obama’s administration, as the Environmental Protection Agency says it’s reopening a review of the rules.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>President Trump is expected to make that announcement Wednesday in meetings with auto industry executives and workers in Michigan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>In Washington, a senior White House official said the president wants to “set standards that are technologically feasible, economically feasible and allow the auto industry to grow and create jobs.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/regulations-emissions-vehicles-and-engines/regulations-greenhouse-gas-emissions-passenger-cars-and\">The Obama-era rules\u003c/a> stemmed from an agreement the government reached in the summer of 2011, setting carbon dioxide emissions targets for passenger cars and light trucks that were equivalent to the industry’s fleet of achieving an average of 54.5 miles per gallon by the 2025 model year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The reopening of the rules review comes after a request from the Alliance of Automobile Manufacturers, an industry group that represents both domestic and foreign automakers. The group’s request came last month, after the confirmation of Scott Pruitt as EPA administrator.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Changing the standards isn’t expected to be a simple process. Noting that an agreement usually includes the EPA, the Department of Transportation and the state of California, NPR’s Sonari Glinton reports about the regulations on today’s \u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em>:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There is a question in here about whether these regulations were ‘final-final.’ But the White House wants to review them in 2018, and so do the automakers. And essentially there’s going to be a battle every inch of the way. Many environmental groups are just waiting to file suit. But to be clear, this is just whether to review a regulation — we’re not necessarily at the point of changing the fuel standards quite yet.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The EPA is expected to attempt to roll back rules that the Obama administration formally unveiled in 2012, when it mandated nearly doubling gas efficiency by 2025. \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2012/08/29/160225740/white-house-unveils-new-fuel-efficiency-standards\">As NPR reported\u003c/a>, those requirements were seen as “a rare example of industry agreeing to tough environmental regulations.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under the deal, the EPA had been scheduled to conduct a midterm review of the efficiency standards. After Democrats lost the presidency in last November’s election, the agency moved ahead with that review, issuing a proposed determination on Nov. 30 that triggered a 30-day public comment period. On Jan. 12, then-EPA Administrator Gina McCarthy \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/regulations-emissions-vehicles-and-engines/midterm-evaluation-light-duty-vehicle-greenhouse-gas-ghg\">signed off on her final determination\u003c/a> that maintained the 2025 targets. In its letter to the EPA, \u003ca href=\"http://www-s4.npr.org/templates/story/bypassed%20required%20procedures\">the Alliance of Automobile Manufacturers said\u003c/a> the EPA had rushed to complete the review process.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The senior White House official characterized Trump’s move as an attempt “to get this mid-term review back on track.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He also said the administration is not seeking to withdraw a waiver allowing California to set its own higher emission standards. But he indicated that this issue could come up in 2018.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Obama-era agreement followed the federal bailout of General Motors and Chrysler; it also came at a time of high U.S. gas prices, when the average price per gallon topped $4 in some states. But \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2016/01/08/462306313/is-obamas-hope-for-better-fuel-economy-sputtering-out\">as gas prices fell\u003c/a>, both consumers and automakers put less focus on maximizing fuel efficiency.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>New guidelines could give automakers more reasons to focus on gas-powered, rather than electric or hybrid, vehicles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Electric cars are still heavily dependent on external regulations,” electric car advocate and automaker adviser Chelsea Sexton \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2017/03/07/518956871/how-administration-regs-could-affect-the-future-of-the-electric-car\">told Sonari last week\u003c/a>. “And therefore most car companies are still offering very few numbers, limited capacity and range, and all those things, and not even nationwide.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Without federal regulations leading the way, Sexton says, there’s no guarantee that work on electric cars will continue.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But other experts caution that whatever changes come, they won’t have an immediate effect. The EPA will need to hold a public review process, for instance. And then there’s the promise of legal battles — with environmental groups, and perhaps with California and other states that have set their own standards for emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What it’s going to do is, it’s going to throw the auto industry into chaos,” Roland Hwang, the Natural Resources Defense Council’s director of energy and transportation, tells Sonari, “because to unwind these standards will be a years-long battle in the courts.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2017 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=EPA+Reopens+U.S.+Rules+Setting+Vehicle+Efficiency+Standards+For+2025&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>[dl_subscribe]The recent heavy rains in California have been good for the drought. But it’s not just people who are celebrating.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brown garden snails, which originated in the Mediterranean where the climate resembles much of California’s, thrive in moist places. If it’s too cold or too dry, they hunker down in their shells and wait for a wet spell.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After the rain, when everything’s nice and damp, like it is now, snails re-emerge. That’s when love is in the air. But the sex life of these common snails is anything but ordinary.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>First, they’re hermaphrodites, fitted with both male and female reproductive plumbing, and can mate with any member of their species they want.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sounds easy, but the battle of the sexes is alive and well in gastropods.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1447017\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/DL406-two-snails-getting-close-CC.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1447017\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/DL406-two-snails-getting-close-CC-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"Snails find reproductive partners by following their slime trails.\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/DL406-two-snails-getting-close-CC-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/DL406-two-snails-getting-close-CC-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/DL406-two-snails-getting-close-CC-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/DL406-two-snails-getting-close-CC-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/DL406-two-snails-getting-close-CC-1920x1080.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/DL406-two-snails-getting-close-CC-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/DL406-two-snails-getting-close-CC-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/DL406-two-snails-getting-close-CC-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/DL406-two-snails-getting-close-CC-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/DL406-two-snails-getting-close-CC-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Snails find reproductive partners by following their slime trails. \u003ccite>(Elliott Kennerson / KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“The fundamental problem for snails, who are both male and female at the same time, is how you optimize both your male function and your female function,” said \u003ca href=\"https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Barry_Roth2/publications\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Barry Roth, \u003c/a>a former collections manager at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.calacademy.org/?gclid=CM_Omev1utICFQmIfgodVAkI3g\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">California Academy of Sciences\u003c/a> who’s now an independent snail and slug consultant in San Francisco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In nature, fatherhood is easier. It’s the quickest, cheapest way to pass on your genes. Motherhood requires a much greater investment of time, energy, and resources.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Courtship is how they sort that out,” Roth said. “Who’s going to be male? Who’s going to be female? Or is it going to be shared?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With garden snails, “courtship” is somewhat euphemistic. Their idea of foreplay is to stab each other with a tiny spike called a love dart.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here’s the play-by-play. Snails find mates using taste and smell. By waving their upper tentacles in the air—smelling—and tapping their lower ones on the ground—tasting—they pick up on the gooey trails of potential partners.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then they follow the slime.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>(For a detailed look at the many uses of slime, checkout this episode of Deep Look, \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mHvCQSGanJg&list=PLdKlciEDdCQBpNSC7BIONruffF_ab4cqK\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Banana Slugs: Secret of the Slime.\u003c/a>)\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1447013\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 720px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/DL406_snails_foreplay_720.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1447013\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/DL406_snails_foreplay_720.gif\" alt=\"Snails spend hours smelling and tasting a potential mate.\" width=\"720\" height=\"404\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Snails spend hours smelling and tasting a potential mate. \u003ccite>(Elliott Kennerson / KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>When snails meet, the tasting and smelling continue, this time with full-body contact, sometimes for hours. Call it heavy petting or extreme vetting, snails take the time to get to know their partners.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Everything in this courtship is wine and roses at first—then comes the love dart.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Technically called a gypsobelum, the love dart is a nail-clipping-sized needle that stays hidden in an internal sac until about half an hour before copulation begins, when the sac inverts and it’s fired, or stabbed, indiscriminately into the partner’s body.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Being stabbed by the male dart makes you more of a female-oriented partner in that courtship,” said Roth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1447011\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/DL406-garden-snail-dart.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1447011\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/DL406-garden-snail-dart-800x450.jpg\" alt='Garden snails stab each other with \"love darts\" before copulation.' width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/DL406-garden-snail-dart-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/DL406-garden-snail-dart-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/DL406-garden-snail-dart-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/DL406-garden-snail-dart-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/DL406-garden-snail-dart-1920x1080.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/DL406-garden-snail-dart-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/DL406-garden-snail-dart-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/DL406-garden-snail-dart-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/DL406-garden-snail-dart-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/DL406-garden-snail-dart-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Garden snails stab each other with “love darts” before copulation. \u003ccite>(Koene & Schulenburg 2005 BMC Evol. Biol.)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The love dart is the snails’ tool for maximizing their male side. It injects hormones to prevent the other snail’s body from killing newly introduced sperm once copulation begins.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When snails copulate, two penises enter two vaginal tracts. Both snails in a pairing transfer sperm, but whichever snail got in the best shot with the dart has a better chance of ultimately fertilizing eggs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In some species, only one snail fires a love dart, but in others, like the garden snail, both do.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The whole reproductive system is a quite a maze,” said \u003ca href=\"http://www.joriskoene.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Joris Koene,\u003c/a> a gastropod researcher at Vrije Universiteit in Amsterdam.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1447014\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/DL406-snail-copulation-CC.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1447014\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/DL406-snail-copulation-CC-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"When snails copulate, two penises enter two vaginas, and they exchange sperm. \" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/DL406-snail-copulation-CC-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/DL406-snail-copulation-CC-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/DL406-snail-copulation-CC-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/DL406-snail-copulation-CC-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/DL406-snail-copulation-CC-1920x1080.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/DL406-snail-copulation-CC-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/DL406-snail-copulation-CC-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/DL406-snail-copulation-CC-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/DL406-snail-copulation-CC-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/DL406-snail-copulation-CC-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">When snails copulate, two penises enter two vaginas, and they exchange sperm. \u003ccite>(Elliott Kennerson / KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>You can spot love darts sticking out of snails in mid-courtship, and even find them abandoned in slime puddles where mating has been happening.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scale it up to human size and the love dart would be the equivalent of a 15-inch knife, according to Koene. Nonetheless, he’s only seen one snail die by dart.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It does make a pretty decent-sized hole in the body,” he said, “but in general, they are fine. They’re used to this, I guess.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1447072\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/DL406_snail-garden.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1447072\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/DL406_snail-garden-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"To film snails copulating, the Deep Look team built a tabletop snail love garden.\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/DL406_snail-garden-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/DL406_snail-garden-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/DL406_snail-garden-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/DL406_snail-garden-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/DL406_snail-garden-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/DL406_snail-garden-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/DL406_snail-garden-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/DL406_snail-garden-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/DL406_snail-garden-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/DL406_snail-garden-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">To film snails copulating, the Deep Look team built a tabletop snail love garden. \u003ccite>(Jen Brady / KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Besides having both boy and girl parts, they stab each other with “love darts” as a kind of foreplay.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>The recent heavy rains in California have been good for the drought. But it’s not just people who are celebrating.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brown garden snails, which originated in the Mediterranean where the climate resembles much of California’s, thrive in moist places. If it’s too cold or too dry, they hunker down in their shells and wait for a wet spell.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After the rain, when everything’s nice and damp, like it is now, snails re-emerge. That’s when love is in the air. But the sex life of these common snails is anything but ordinary.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>First, they’re hermaphrodites, fitted with both male and female reproductive plumbing, and can mate with any member of their species they want.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sounds easy, but the battle of the sexes is alive and well in gastropods.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1447017\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/DL406-two-snails-getting-close-CC.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1447017\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/DL406-two-snails-getting-close-CC-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"Snails find reproductive partners by following their slime trails.\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/DL406-two-snails-getting-close-CC-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/DL406-two-snails-getting-close-CC-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/DL406-two-snails-getting-close-CC-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/DL406-two-snails-getting-close-CC-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/DL406-two-snails-getting-close-CC-1920x1080.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/DL406-two-snails-getting-close-CC-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/DL406-two-snails-getting-close-CC-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/DL406-two-snails-getting-close-CC-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/DL406-two-snails-getting-close-CC-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/DL406-two-snails-getting-close-CC-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Snails find reproductive partners by following their slime trails. \u003ccite>(Elliott Kennerson / KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“The fundamental problem for snails, who are both male and female at the same time, is how you optimize both your male function and your female function,” said \u003ca href=\"https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Barry_Roth2/publications\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Barry Roth, \u003c/a>a former collections manager at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.calacademy.org/?gclid=CM_Omev1utICFQmIfgodVAkI3g\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">California Academy of Sciences\u003c/a> who’s now an independent snail and slug consultant in San Francisco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In nature, fatherhood is easier. It’s the quickest, cheapest way to pass on your genes. Motherhood requires a much greater investment of time, energy, and resources.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Courtship is how they sort that out,” Roth said. “Who’s going to be male? Who’s going to be female? Or is it going to be shared?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With garden snails, “courtship” is somewhat euphemistic. Their idea of foreplay is to stab each other with a tiny spike called a love dart.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here’s the play-by-play. Snails find mates using taste and smell. By waving their upper tentacles in the air—smelling—and tapping their lower ones on the ground—tasting—they pick up on the gooey trails of potential partners.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then they follow the slime.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>(For a detailed look at the many uses of slime, checkout this episode of Deep Look, \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mHvCQSGanJg&list=PLdKlciEDdCQBpNSC7BIONruffF_ab4cqK\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Banana Slugs: Secret of the Slime.\u003c/a>)\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1447013\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 720px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/DL406_snails_foreplay_720.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1447013\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/DL406_snails_foreplay_720.gif\" alt=\"Snails spend hours smelling and tasting a potential mate.\" width=\"720\" height=\"404\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Snails spend hours smelling and tasting a potential mate. \u003ccite>(Elliott Kennerson / KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>When snails meet, the tasting and smelling continue, this time with full-body contact, sometimes for hours. Call it heavy petting or extreme vetting, snails take the time to get to know their partners.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Everything in this courtship is wine and roses at first—then comes the love dart.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Technically called a gypsobelum, the love dart is a nail-clipping-sized needle that stays hidden in an internal sac until about half an hour before copulation begins, when the sac inverts and it’s fired, or stabbed, indiscriminately into the partner’s body.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Being stabbed by the male dart makes you more of a female-oriented partner in that courtship,” said Roth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1447011\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/DL406-garden-snail-dart.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1447011\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/DL406-garden-snail-dart-800x450.jpg\" alt='Garden snails stab each other with \"love darts\" before copulation.' width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/DL406-garden-snail-dart-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/DL406-garden-snail-dart-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/DL406-garden-snail-dart-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/DL406-garden-snail-dart-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/DL406-garden-snail-dart-1920x1080.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/DL406-garden-snail-dart-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/DL406-garden-snail-dart-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/DL406-garden-snail-dart-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/DL406-garden-snail-dart-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/DL406-garden-snail-dart-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Garden snails stab each other with “love darts” before copulation. \u003ccite>(Koene & Schulenburg 2005 BMC Evol. Biol.)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The love dart is the snails’ tool for maximizing their male side. It injects hormones to prevent the other snail’s body from killing newly introduced sperm once copulation begins.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When snails copulate, two penises enter two vaginal tracts. Both snails in a pairing transfer sperm, but whichever snail got in the best shot with the dart has a better chance of ultimately fertilizing eggs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In some species, only one snail fires a love dart, but in others, like the garden snail, both do.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The whole reproductive system is a quite a maze,” said \u003ca href=\"http://www.joriskoene.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Joris Koene,\u003c/a> a gastropod researcher at Vrije Universiteit in Amsterdam.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1447014\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/DL406-snail-copulation-CC.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1447014\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/DL406-snail-copulation-CC-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"When snails copulate, two penises enter two vaginas, and they exchange sperm. \" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/DL406-snail-copulation-CC-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/DL406-snail-copulation-CC-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/DL406-snail-copulation-CC-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/DL406-snail-copulation-CC-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/DL406-snail-copulation-CC-1920x1080.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/DL406-snail-copulation-CC-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/DL406-snail-copulation-CC-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/DL406-snail-copulation-CC-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/DL406-snail-copulation-CC-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/DL406-snail-copulation-CC-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">When snails copulate, two penises enter two vaginas, and they exchange sperm. \u003ccite>(Elliott Kennerson / KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>You can spot love darts sticking out of snails in mid-courtship, and even find them abandoned in slime puddles where mating has been happening.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scale it up to human size and the love dart would be the equivalent of a 15-inch knife, according to Koene. Nonetheless, he’s only seen one snail die by dart.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It does make a pretty decent-sized hole in the body,” he said, “but in general, they are fine. They’re used to this, I guess.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1447072\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/DL406_snail-garden.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1447072\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/DL406_snail-garden-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"To film snails copulating, the Deep Look team built a tabletop snail love garden.\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/DL406_snail-garden-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/DL406_snail-garden-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/DL406_snail-garden-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/DL406_snail-garden-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/DL406_snail-garden-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/DL406_snail-garden-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/DL406_snail-garden-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/DL406_snail-garden-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/DL406_snail-garden-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/DL406_snail-garden-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">To film snails copulating, the Deep Look team built a tabletop snail love garden. \u003ccite>(Jen Brady / KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "These California Ranchers Welcome Trump's Policies ... Here's Why",
"headTitle": "These California Ranchers Welcome Trump’s Policies … Here’s Why | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>This week marks the halfway point of President Trump’s first 100 days in office. During that time, he’s taken aim at environmental policies on air pollution, water pollution and climate change, inspiring many Californians to protest. On the other hand, some Trump supporters in rural parts of the state are cheering even louder now than they were during the election.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About two hours north of San Francisco I talked to many residents around the town of Red Bluff who are big fans of Trump. Although Hillary Clinton won California in a landslide, some four million people voted for Trump, and he won Tehama County by a landslide.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘Not just a group of people in Washington D.C. sitting around the table and deciding what’s best for me and my land. I want to be at that table.’\u003ccite>California rancher Darrell Wood\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“He’s our only hope,” says rancher Wally Roney, who has felt that the Democrats have been increasing regulations at an onerous pace.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Roney grazes cattle on 100,000 acres of private and federal land. He’s the sixth generation of his family to run cattle on rolling grasslands near the tiny town of Vina. You can see the snowy peaks of Mount Lassen and Mount Shasta from his front porch. His tidy home with modern decor is at the end of a gravel road.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When I ask him how many cows he has, he won’t tell me exactly. “That’s something you don’t ask a cattleman,” Roney laughs. “We never have enough when it comes time to pay our bills and we always have too many when comes time to feed ‘em.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Trump’s Business Sense Appeals to Ranchers\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On a late afternoon a few hours before sunset, Roney takes me out on a tour of his property. We hop in his huge silver pickup. We bump along a potholed road beneath giant oak trees. Every few minutes we have to pause so he can swing open rusted cattle gates dripping from a recent rain storm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He pulls over at a creek where his black Angus steers often lap up water. Roney cheered last month when Trump shelved a \u003ca href=\"https://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2017/02/28/remarks-president-trump-signing-waters-united-states-wotus-executive\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">law\u003c/a> that would have expanded the \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/laws-regulations/history-clean-water-act\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Clean Water Act\u003c/a>. “He said he was going to do it and by golly he did it!” exclaims Roney.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The rancher thought the law might limit where his thirsty cows could drink. Blocking regulations that could hurt Roney’s livelihood is exactly why Trump earned his vote. He trusts the President’s business background.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“He hasn’t made a living as a politician,” says Roney. “He’s been in the trenches. I understand that world.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Roney was relieved when Trump scrapped the \u003ca href=\"https://ustr.gov/trade-agreements/free-trade-agreements/trans-pacific-partnership/tpp-full-text\">Trans-Pacific Partnership\u003c/a> trade agreement in his first week in office. He worried cheaper beef from Mexico would have driven down his profit margins. Roney believes environmental regulations are weaker south of the border, making their beef cheaper.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“TPP would’ve killed us!” exclaims Roney.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Ranchers Argue They Need Fewer Regulations\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Roney hopes Trump will build on these early moves by rolling back other environmental regulations. But he says some rules do make sense, as long as they don’t apply to him. For example, he supports the mining regulations on a gravel quarry on his property because he wants to prevent damage to the land. And, he’s in favor of the rules medical marijuana farmers must follow on the plots bordering his ranch. “Yeah, we need regulations,” says Roney. “They hate me.” He keeps a tight watch on the pot growers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But, he argues, ranchers are different. They don’t need environmental rules to keep them in check. “The reason we survive is that we take care of the land,” says Roney.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1465668\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1465668 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/IMG_1646-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"IMG_1646\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/IMG_1646-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/IMG_1646-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/IMG_1646-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/IMG_1646-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/IMG_1646-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/IMG_1646-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/IMG_1646-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/IMG_1646-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/IMG_1646-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/IMG_1646-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Darrell Wood runs about 1000 cattle near Vina, California. \u003ccite>(Lesley McClurg/ KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>About fifteen minutes down the road another sixth generation rancher named Darrell Wood agrees that taking care of the land is inherent to his business. Wood is also a lifelong conservative who supported Trump from early in the President’s campaign.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wood invites me to hop in an ATV to check on his herd. As we jostle along a dirt path, Wood’s cattle dogs race alongside. His cows are certified organic, sold under the label \u003ca href=\"http://www.panoramameats.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Panorama Grass-Fed Meats\u003c/a>. No one in Wood’s family has ever used chemicals on his land. He says he’s motivated to farm organically because his beef sells for 25 to 30 percent more at market, but it also feels right. “The land is what gives life to everything,” says Wood. “We love the cattle, our dogs, the horses.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘All those visceral fears you’re watching with people, that would be me in the fetal position watching some of the things that happened under the Obama administration.’\u003ccite>Billie Roney\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Wood believes in market forces rather than government rules to protect the landscape from things like overgrazing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So my theory on this. that, ok, the more regulations you have on something is not good,” says Wood. “But let’s create an incentive based idea that if you’ve been eating this ground down to the dirt every year that’s not good for the eco-system. So, let’s create the incentive that makes them change their management practices.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, he points to \u003ca href=\"https://www.fsa.usda.gov/programs-and-services/conservation-programs/\">voluntary conservation programs\u003c/a> sponsored by the U.S. Department of Agriculture. They offer ranchers financial bonuses if they care for the land in a sustainable manner.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Seat at the Table\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wood hopes Trump’s administration will listen to ideas from people like him—to create more incentive based policies rather than more regulations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Not just a group of people in Washington D.C. sitting around the table and deciding what’s best for me and my land,” says Wood. “I want to be at that table.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A lot of people I talked to in Tehama County felt similarly: that the environmental conversation hasn’t included their voices.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1465667\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1465667 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/IMG_1688-e1489103577961-800x562.jpg\" alt=\"Wally and Billy Roney ranch on nearly 100 thousand acres near Vina, CA. \" width=\"800\" height=\"562\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/IMG_1688-e1489103577961-800x562.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/IMG_1688-e1489103577961-160x112.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/IMG_1688-e1489103577961-768x540.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/IMG_1688-e1489103577961-1020x717.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/IMG_1688-e1489103577961-1920x1350.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/IMG_1688-e1489103577961-1180x830.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/IMG_1688-e1489103577961-960x675.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/IMG_1688-e1489103577961-240x169.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/IMG_1688-e1489103577961-375x264.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/IMG_1688-e1489103577961-520x366.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Wally and Billie Roney ranch on nearly 100,000 acres near Vina, California. \u003ccite>(Lesley McClurg/ KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Billie Roney said it best. She’s the wife of rancher Wally Roney.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Is there anybody, anywhere who I feel like-minded with who might be a little less radical?” asks Billie Roney, who feels liberals dominated politics for too long. “I’ve just felt disenfranchised for a long long time.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Billie Roney says she empathizes with people who are scared right now by what they’re hearing from Trump. She says she used to feel like that when Democrats talked about tightening gun control, expanding the government’s role in health care and legalizing undocumented immigrants. She is especially worried about the recent addition of the wolf to the endangered species list.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We had fears too,” says Billie Roney. “All those visceral fears you’re watching with people, that would be me in the fetal position watching some of the things that happened under the Obama administration,” says Roney.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, Billie Roney says, listening to Trump is a welcome relief after eight years where she felt like her way of life was not only ignored, but despised by the other side.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The progressive party looks at people like us as though we are the devil,” says Billie Roney. “It makes it really hard to find common ground.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most everyone I talked to in Tehama County said the only way to bridge the divide in California—and the nation—is for everyone to be at the table.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>This week marks the halfway point of President Trump’s first 100 days in office. During that time, he’s taken aim at environmental policies on air pollution, water pollution and climate change, inspiring many Californians to protest. On the other hand, some Trump supporters in rural parts of the state are cheering even louder now than they were during the election.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About two hours north of San Francisco I talked to many residents around the town of Red Bluff who are big fans of Trump. Although Hillary Clinton won California in a landslide, some four million people voted for Trump, and he won Tehama County by a landslide.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘Not just a group of people in Washington D.C. sitting around the table and deciding what’s best for me and my land. I want to be at that table.’\u003ccite>California rancher Darrell Wood\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“He’s our only hope,” says rancher Wally Roney, who has felt that the Democrats have been increasing regulations at an onerous pace.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Roney grazes cattle on 100,000 acres of private and federal land. He’s the sixth generation of his family to run cattle on rolling grasslands near the tiny town of Vina. You can see the snowy peaks of Mount Lassen and Mount Shasta from his front porch. His tidy home with modern decor is at the end of a gravel road.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When I ask him how many cows he has, he won’t tell me exactly. “That’s something you don’t ask a cattleman,” Roney laughs. “We never have enough when it comes time to pay our bills and we always have too many when comes time to feed ‘em.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Trump’s Business Sense Appeals to Ranchers\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On a late afternoon a few hours before sunset, Roney takes me out on a tour of his property. We hop in his huge silver pickup. We bump along a potholed road beneath giant oak trees. Every few minutes we have to pause so he can swing open rusted cattle gates dripping from a recent rain storm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He pulls over at a creek where his black Angus steers often lap up water. Roney cheered last month when Trump shelved a \u003ca href=\"https://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2017/02/28/remarks-president-trump-signing-waters-united-states-wotus-executive\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">law\u003c/a> that would have expanded the \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/laws-regulations/history-clean-water-act\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Clean Water Act\u003c/a>. “He said he was going to do it and by golly he did it!” exclaims Roney.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The rancher thought the law might limit where his thirsty cows could drink. Blocking regulations that could hurt Roney’s livelihood is exactly why Trump earned his vote. He trusts the President’s business background.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“He hasn’t made a living as a politician,” says Roney. “He’s been in the trenches. I understand that world.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Roney was relieved when Trump scrapped the \u003ca href=\"https://ustr.gov/trade-agreements/free-trade-agreements/trans-pacific-partnership/tpp-full-text\">Trans-Pacific Partnership\u003c/a> trade agreement in his first week in office. He worried cheaper beef from Mexico would have driven down his profit margins. Roney believes environmental regulations are weaker south of the border, making their beef cheaper.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“TPP would’ve killed us!” exclaims Roney.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Ranchers Argue They Need Fewer Regulations\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Roney hopes Trump will build on these early moves by rolling back other environmental regulations. But he says some rules do make sense, as long as they don’t apply to him. For example, he supports the mining regulations on a gravel quarry on his property because he wants to prevent damage to the land. And, he’s in favor of the rules medical marijuana farmers must follow on the plots bordering his ranch. “Yeah, we need regulations,” says Roney. “They hate me.” He keeps a tight watch on the pot growers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But, he argues, ranchers are different. They don’t need environmental rules to keep them in check. “The reason we survive is that we take care of the land,” says Roney.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1465668\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1465668 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/IMG_1646-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"IMG_1646\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/IMG_1646-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/IMG_1646-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/IMG_1646-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/IMG_1646-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/IMG_1646-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/IMG_1646-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/IMG_1646-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/IMG_1646-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/IMG_1646-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/IMG_1646-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Darrell Wood runs about 1000 cattle near Vina, California. \u003ccite>(Lesley McClurg/ KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>About fifteen minutes down the road another sixth generation rancher named Darrell Wood agrees that taking care of the land is inherent to his business. Wood is also a lifelong conservative who supported Trump from early in the President’s campaign.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wood invites me to hop in an ATV to check on his herd. As we jostle along a dirt path, Wood’s cattle dogs race alongside. His cows are certified organic, sold under the label \u003ca href=\"http://www.panoramameats.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Panorama Grass-Fed Meats\u003c/a>. No one in Wood’s family has ever used chemicals on his land. He says he’s motivated to farm organically because his beef sells for 25 to 30 percent more at market, but it also feels right. “The land is what gives life to everything,” says Wood. “We love the cattle, our dogs, the horses.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘All those visceral fears you’re watching with people, that would be me in the fetal position watching some of the things that happened under the Obama administration.’\u003ccite>Billie Roney\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Wood believes in market forces rather than government rules to protect the landscape from things like overgrazing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So my theory on this. that, ok, the more regulations you have on something is not good,” says Wood. “But let’s create an incentive based idea that if you’ve been eating this ground down to the dirt every year that’s not good for the eco-system. So, let’s create the incentive that makes them change their management practices.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, he points to \u003ca href=\"https://www.fsa.usda.gov/programs-and-services/conservation-programs/\">voluntary conservation programs\u003c/a> sponsored by the U.S. Department of Agriculture. They offer ranchers financial bonuses if they care for the land in a sustainable manner.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Seat at the Table\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wood hopes Trump’s administration will listen to ideas from people like him—to create more incentive based policies rather than more regulations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Not just a group of people in Washington D.C. sitting around the table and deciding what’s best for me and my land,” says Wood. “I want to be at that table.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A lot of people I talked to in Tehama County felt similarly: that the environmental conversation hasn’t included their voices.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1465667\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1465667 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/IMG_1688-e1489103577961-800x562.jpg\" alt=\"Wally and Billy Roney ranch on nearly 100 thousand acres near Vina, CA. \" width=\"800\" height=\"562\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/IMG_1688-e1489103577961-800x562.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/IMG_1688-e1489103577961-160x112.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/IMG_1688-e1489103577961-768x540.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/IMG_1688-e1489103577961-1020x717.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/IMG_1688-e1489103577961-1920x1350.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/IMG_1688-e1489103577961-1180x830.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/IMG_1688-e1489103577961-960x675.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/IMG_1688-e1489103577961-240x169.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/IMG_1688-e1489103577961-375x264.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/IMG_1688-e1489103577961-520x366.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Wally and Billie Roney ranch on nearly 100,000 acres near Vina, California. \u003ccite>(Lesley McClurg/ KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Billie Roney said it best. She’s the wife of rancher Wally Roney.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Is there anybody, anywhere who I feel like-minded with who might be a little less radical?” asks Billie Roney, who feels liberals dominated politics for too long. “I’ve just felt disenfranchised for a long long time.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Billie Roney says she empathizes with people who are scared right now by what they’re hearing from Trump. She says she used to feel like that when Democrats talked about tightening gun control, expanding the government’s role in health care and legalizing undocumented immigrants. She is especially worried about the recent addition of the wolf to the endangered species list.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We had fears too,” says Billie Roney. “All those visceral fears you’re watching with people, that would be me in the fetal position watching some of the things that happened under the Obama administration,” says Roney.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, Billie Roney says, listening to Trump is a welcome relief after eight years where she felt like her way of life was not only ignored, but despised by the other side.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The progressive party looks at people like us as though we are the devil,” says Billie Roney. “It makes it really hard to find common ground.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most everyone I talked to in Tehama County said the only way to bridge the divide in California—and the nation—is for everyone to be at the table.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
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"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
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"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
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"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
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"info": "Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. For one hour a week, the show tries to lift the veil from the process of \"making media,\" especially news media, because it's through that lens that we see the world and the world sees us",
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"tagline": "Politics from a personal perspective",
"info": "Political Breakdown is a new series that explores the political intersection of California and the nation. Each week hosts Scott Shafer and Marisa Lagos are joined with a new special guest to unpack politics -- with personality — and offer an insider’s glimpse at how politics happens.",
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"possible": {
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"title": "Possible",
"info": "Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.",
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"pri-the-world": {
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"info": "Each weekday, host Marco Werman and his team of producers bring you the world's most interesting stories in an hour of radio that reminds us just how small our planet really is.",
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"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-World-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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},
"radiolab": {
"id": "radiolab",
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"info": "A two-time Peabody Award-winner, Radiolab is an investigation told through sounds and stories, and centered around one big idea. In the Radiolab world, information sounds like music and science and culture collide. Hosted by Jad Abumrad and Robert Krulwich, the show is designed for listeners who demand skepticism, but appreciate wonder. WNYC Studios is the producer of other leading podcasts including Freakonomics Radio, Death, Sex & Money, On the Media and many more.",
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"reveal": {
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"info": "Created by The Center for Investigative Reporting and PRX, Reveal is public radios first one-hour weekly radio show and podcast dedicated to investigative reporting. Credible, fact based and without a partisan agenda, Reveal combines the power and artistry of driveway moment storytelling with data-rich reporting on critically important issues. The result is stories that inform and inspire, arming our listeners with information to right injustices, hold the powerful accountable and improve lives.Reveal is hosted by Al Letson and showcases the award-winning work of CIR and newsrooms large and small across the nation. In a radio and podcast market crowded with choices, Reveal focuses on important and often surprising stories that illuminate the world for our listeners.",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.revealnews.org/episodes/",
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},
"rightnowish": {
"id": "rightnowish",
"title": "Rightnowish",
"tagline": "Art is where you find it",
"info": "Rightnowish digs into life in the Bay Area right now… ish. Journalist Pendarvis Harshaw takes us to galleries painted on the sides of liquor stores in West Oakland. We'll dance in warehouses in the Bayview, make smoothies with kids in South Berkeley, and listen to classical music in a 1984 Cutlass Supreme in Richmond. Every week, Pen talks to movers and shakers about how the Bay Area shapes what they create, and how they shape the place we call home.",
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"order": 16
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},
"science-friday": {
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