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MAKE AMERICA GREAT AGAIN!”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While Trump currently favors an exit, he has been known to change his thinking on major decisions and tends to seek counsel from a range of inside and outside advisers, many with differing agendas, until the last minute.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trump’s top aides have been divided on the accord. On Wednesday afternoon, Trump was to meet with Secretary of State Rex Tillerson, who has favored remaining in the deal. Chief strategist Steve Bannon supports an exit, while senior adviser Jared Kushner generally thinks the deal is bad, but would like to find a way to see if the U.S. emissions targets can be changed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nearly 200 nations, including the United States under President Barack Obama’s administration, agreed in 2015 to voluntarily reduce their greenhouse gas emissions in an effort to combat climate change. Withdrawing would leave the United States aligned only with Russia among the world’s industrialized economies in rejecting action to combat climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trump pledged during his presidential campaign to withdraw the U.S. from the pact immediately after taking office, but had wavered on the issue since winning the election.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During Trump’s overseas trip last week, European leaders pressed him to keep the U.S. in the pact. French President Emmanuel Macron spoke with Trump at length about the issue during a meeting in Brussels, and even at the Vatican, Cardinal Secretary of State Pietro Parolin made his own pro-Paris pitch to Trump and his advisers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>News of Trump’s expected decision drew swift reaction from the United Nations. The organization’s main Twitter page quoted Secretary-General Antonio Guterres as saying, “Climate change is undeniable. Climate change is unstoppable. Climate solutions provide opportunities that are unmatchable.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Sierra Club’s executive director, Michael Brune, called the expected move a “historic mistake which our grandchildren will look back on with stunned dismay at how a world leader could be so divorced from reality and morality.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trump claimed before taking office that climate change was a “hoax” created by the Chinese to hurt the U.S. economy. Such an assertion stands in defiance of broad scientific consensus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Trump’s chief White House economic adviser, Gary Cohn, told reporters during the trip abroad that Trump’s views on climate change were “evolving” following the president’s discussions with European leaders.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Word of Trump’s expected decision comes a day after the president met with Scott Pruitt, the administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency. 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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trump’s top aides have been divided on the accord. On Wednesday afternoon, Trump was to meet with Secretary of State Rex Tillerson, who has favored remaining in the deal. Chief strategist Steve Bannon supports an exit, while senior adviser Jared Kushner generally thinks the deal is bad, but would like to find a way to see if the U.S. emissions targets can be changed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nearly 200 nations, including the United States under President Barack Obama’s administration, agreed in 2015 to voluntarily reduce their greenhouse gas emissions in an effort to combat climate change. Withdrawing would leave the United States aligned only with Russia among the world’s industrialized economies in rejecting action to combat climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trump pledged during his presidential campaign to withdraw the U.S. from the pact immediately after taking office, but had wavered on the issue since winning the election.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During Trump’s overseas trip last week, European leaders pressed him to keep the U.S. in the pact. French President Emmanuel Macron spoke with Trump at length about the issue during a meeting in Brussels, and even at the Vatican, Cardinal Secretary of State Pietro Parolin made his own pro-Paris pitch to Trump and his advisers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>News of Trump’s expected decision drew swift reaction from the United Nations. The organization’s main Twitter page quoted Secretary-General Antonio Guterres as saying, “Climate change is undeniable. Climate change is unstoppable. Climate solutions provide opportunities that are unmatchable.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Sierra Club’s executive director, Michael Brune, called the expected move a “historic mistake which our grandchildren will look back on with stunned dismay at how a world leader could be so divorced from reality and morality.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trump claimed before taking office that climate change was a “hoax” created by the Chinese to hurt the U.S. economy. Such an assertion stands in defiance of broad scientific consensus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Trump’s chief White House economic adviser, Gary Cohn, told reporters during the trip abroad that Trump’s views on climate change were “evolving” following the president’s discussions with European leaders.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Word of Trump’s expected decision comes a day after the president met with Scott Pruitt, the administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency. Like his boss, Pruitt has questioned the consensus of climate scientists that the Earth is warming and that man-made climate emissions are to blame.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once in power, Trump and Pruitt have moved to delay or roll back federal regulations limiting greenhouse gas emissions while pledging to revive the long-struggling U.S. coal mines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What is not yet clear is whether Trump plans to initiate a formal withdrawal from the Paris accord, which under the terms of the agreement could take three years, or exit the underlying U.N. climate change treaty on which the accord was based.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Senate Majority Leader Mitch McConnell, R-Ky., and 21 other Republican sent Trump a letter last week urging him to follow through on his campaign pledge to pull out of the climate accord. Most of the senators who signed are from states that depend on the continued burning of coal, oil and gas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There have been influential voices urging Trump not to ditch the Paris accord. Forty Democratic senators sent Trump a letter urging him to stay in, saying a withdrawal would hurt America’s credibility and influence on the world stage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hundreds of high-profile businesses have spoken out in favor of the deal, including Apple, Google and Walmart. Even fossil fuel companies such as Exxon Mobil, BP and Shell say the United States should abide by the deal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The U.S. is the world’s second largest emitter of carbon, following only China. Beijing, however, has reaffirmed its commitment to meeting its targets under the Paris accord, recently canceling construction of about 100 coal-fired power plants and investing billions in massive wind and solar projects.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Sharks have been swarming around southern California beaches for weeks. \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">NPR\u003c/a> wanted to know more about why, so we placed a call to Chris Lowe, a professor in marine biology and head of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.csulb.edu/natural-sciences-mathematics-biological-sciences/explore/shark-lab\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Shark Lab\u003c/a> at \u003ca href=\"http://web.csulb.edu/sites/commencement-2017/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">California State University at Long Beach\u003c/a> — or rather, we tried. Lowe was offshore on a boat trapping sharks to tag, and at the appointed time for our interview, Lowe had his hands full … of shark.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>[contextly_sidebar id=”eJ0QXNOa8DNu6lO8Q91tUozjMG0obbS5″]\u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/programs/morning-edition/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Morning Edition\u003c/a>\u003c/em> producer Justin Richmond, who was on the boat with a microphone, delivered a play-by-play as Lowe and two of his students from Cal State Long Beach tugged on a net.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They’re literally catching a shark right now!” Justin said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was a great white shark — although not a big one. It was a baby, about six feet. The boat they were on was a 12-foot whaler.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The idea was to tug the shark alongside that little boat, then hoist it up on the deck of a bigger boat — yes, in an all-too-appropriate \u003cem>Jaws\u003c/em> reference, there was a bigger boat — and there, the researchers quickly performed surgery, implanting tracking devices on and in the baby shark, so she could be studied later.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All this action was happening only about 30 feet from Long Beach. In that neighborhood, Justin said, everybody has been talking about the sharks right there in shallow water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After Lowe gently lowered the baby shark back in the water, he was able to describe what he thinks is going on. Lowe says though these beaches have been hot spots of nurseries for white sharks, what is different now is global climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s changing our ocean temperatures, it’s changing our ocean currents,” he says. “What it’s doing is it’s making conditions more favorable for some of these babies.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Los Angeles-area beaches are basically the nursery for white sharks in the northeast Pacific, he says. “And we need those sharks. They’re really important in keeping our oceans healthy. So while the public always has some concerns about the fact that there are white sharks off their beaches, what they have to remember is that these are babies and they’re coming to these beaches for the same reason they do: they want a safe place to hang out and enjoy life.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lowe says that baby sharks are usually at least as afraid of people as we may be of them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/programs/morning-edition/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Morning Edition\u003c/a>\u003cem> producer Justin Richmond and \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/programs/morning-edition/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Morning Edition\u003c/a>\u003cem> editor Amy Isackson and digital producer Heidi Glenn contributed to this story.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2017 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=How+An+Interview+With+A+Shark+Researcher+Wound+Up+Starring+A+Shark&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Sharks have been swarming around southern California beaches for weeks. \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">NPR\u003c/a> wanted to know more about why, so we placed a call to Chris Lowe, a professor in marine biology and head of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.csulb.edu/natural-sciences-mathematics-biological-sciences/explore/shark-lab\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Shark Lab\u003c/a> at \u003ca href=\"http://web.csulb.edu/sites/commencement-2017/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">California State University at Long Beach\u003c/a> — or rather, we tried. Lowe was offshore on a boat trapping sharks to tag, and at the appointed time for our interview, Lowe had his hands full … of shark.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/programs/morning-edition/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Morning Edition\u003c/a>\u003c/em> producer Justin Richmond, who was on the boat with a microphone, delivered a play-by-play as Lowe and two of his students from Cal State Long Beach tugged on a net.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They’re literally catching a shark right now!” Justin said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was a great white shark — although not a big one. It was a baby, about six feet. The boat they were on was a 12-foot whaler.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The idea was to tug the shark alongside that little boat, then hoist it up on the deck of a bigger boat — yes, in an all-too-appropriate \u003cem>Jaws\u003c/em> reference, there was a bigger boat — and there, the researchers quickly performed surgery, implanting tracking devices on and in the baby shark, so she could be studied later.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All this action was happening only about 30 feet from Long Beach. In that neighborhood, Justin said, everybody has been talking about the sharks right there in shallow water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After Lowe gently lowered the baby shark back in the water, he was able to describe what he thinks is going on. Lowe says though these beaches have been hot spots of nurseries for white sharks, what is different now is global climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s changing our ocean temperatures, it’s changing our ocean currents,” he says. “What it’s doing is it’s making conditions more favorable for some of these babies.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Los Angeles-area beaches are basically the nursery for white sharks in the northeast Pacific, he says. “And we need those sharks. They’re really important in keeping our oceans healthy. So while the public always has some concerns about the fact that there are white sharks off their beaches, what they have to remember is that these are babies and they’re coming to these beaches for the same reason they do: they want a safe place to hang out and enjoy life.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lowe says that baby sharks are usually at least as afraid of people as we may be of them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/programs/morning-edition/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Morning Edition\u003c/a>\u003cem> producer Justin Richmond and \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/programs/morning-edition/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Morning Edition\u003c/a>\u003cem> editor Amy Isackson and digital producer Heidi Glenn contributed to this story.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2017 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=How+An+Interview+With+A+Shark+Researcher+Wound+Up+Starring+A+Shark&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>President Trump’s budget proposal would cut federal funding for an earthquake early warning system for California, Oregon and Washington state, a development that seismology experts and some local leaders say would be the end of the project.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”J4vlCvkAeZWaVnmm0lxvnwklOEYnJScM”]The system being developed in conjunction with various universities is intended to provide critical seconds of warning when an earthquake has started and potentially dangerous shaking is imminent, allowing time for people to take cover and to slow or halt such things as critical industrial processes and transportation systems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A version of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.shakealert.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">ShakeAlert system\u003c/a> has been undergoing testing but still needs to have more seismic sensors installed in Northern California, Oregon and Washington. The proposed funding cuts for the next fiscal year starting Oct. 1 would come from the budget of the \u003ca href=\"https://www.usgs.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">U.S. Geological Survey\u003c/a>, a bureau of the \u003ca href=\"https://www.doi.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">U.S. Interior Department\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Veteran \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucy_Jones\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">seismologist Lucy Jones\u003c/a>, who recently retired from the U.S. Geological Survey after years of providing earthquake information to the public, said she was deeply disappointed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Eliminating the $10 million (per) year that the government has been spending would stop the program and waste the $23 million that has already been invested,” she said in a statement. “The talented scientists and technicians that are working on the project now will go to other jobs, so their experience and expertise would be lost.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rep. \u003ca href=\"https://schiff.house.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Adam Schiff\u003c/a>, a Los Angeles-area Democrat, said in a Facebook post that the system should not be stopped just as it is being expanded after years of work to educate the public and Congress on its benefits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Support for the early warning system in Congress is sustained, growing and bipartisan, and we will not accept this attempt by the president to cut a vital funding stream for a program that will protect life, property and critical infrastructure,” Schiff wrote.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rep. \u003ca href=\"https://calvert.house.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Ken Calvert\u003c/a>, a Republican who represents an inland Southern California district, is chairman of the Appropriations Subcommittee on the Interior and the Environment and has supported funding of the earthquake warning system in the past.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a statement Tuesday he did not mention the warning system specifically, but noted that the budget “proposes some reductions for agencies that fall within the Interior Subcommittee’s jurisdiction. Those agencies perform important work, so the members of our committee will be faced with making some difficult decisions.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A telephone message seeking comment was left Friday morning at Calvert’s district office in Corona.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Los Angeles, \u003ca href=\"http://www.cd12.org/welcome?splash=1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Councilman Mitch Englander \u003c/a>called the funding cuts “a threat to the lives of millions of people in California and beyond.”\u003cbr>\nEnglander’s district includes the epicenter of the deadly 1994 Northridge earthquake that caused billions of dollars in damage to Los Angeles and neighboring areas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When it comes to earthquakes, seconds matter,” he said in a statement. “A fully deployed early warning system would give time for elevators to shut down, hospitals to turn on backup generators, and people to take cover.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>President Trump’s budget proposal would cut federal funding for an earthquake early warning system for California, Oregon and Washington state, a development that seismology experts and some local leaders say would be the end of the project.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>The system being developed in conjunction with various universities is intended to provide critical seconds of warning when an earthquake has started and potentially dangerous shaking is imminent, allowing time for people to take cover and to slow or halt such things as critical industrial processes and transportation systems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A version of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.shakealert.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">ShakeAlert system\u003c/a> has been undergoing testing but still needs to have more seismic sensors installed in Northern California, Oregon and Washington. The proposed funding cuts for the next fiscal year starting Oct. 1 would come from the budget of the \u003ca href=\"https://www.usgs.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">U.S. Geological Survey\u003c/a>, a bureau of the \u003ca href=\"https://www.doi.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">U.S. Interior Department\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Veteran \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucy_Jones\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">seismologist Lucy Jones\u003c/a>, who recently retired from the U.S. Geological Survey after years of providing earthquake information to the public, said she was deeply disappointed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Eliminating the $10 million (per) year that the government has been spending would stop the program and waste the $23 million that has already been invested,” she said in a statement. “The talented scientists and technicians that are working on the project now will go to other jobs, so their experience and expertise would be lost.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rep. \u003ca href=\"https://schiff.house.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Adam Schiff\u003c/a>, a Los Angeles-area Democrat, said in a Facebook post that the system should not be stopped just as it is being expanded after years of work to educate the public and Congress on its benefits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Support for the early warning system in Congress is sustained, growing and bipartisan, and we will not accept this attempt by the president to cut a vital funding stream for a program that will protect life, property and critical infrastructure,” Schiff wrote.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rep. \u003ca href=\"https://calvert.house.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Ken Calvert\u003c/a>, a Republican who represents an inland Southern California district, is chairman of the Appropriations Subcommittee on the Interior and the Environment and has supported funding of the earthquake warning system in the past.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a statement Tuesday he did not mention the warning system specifically, but noted that the budget “proposes some reductions for agencies that fall within the Interior Subcommittee’s jurisdiction. Those agencies perform important work, so the members of our committee will be faced with making some difficult decisions.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A telephone message seeking comment was left Friday morning at Calvert’s district office in Corona.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Los Angeles, \u003ca href=\"http://www.cd12.org/welcome?splash=1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Councilman Mitch Englander \u003c/a>called the funding cuts “a threat to the lives of millions of people in California and beyond.”\u003cbr>\nEnglander’s district includes the epicenter of the deadly 1994 Northridge earthquake that caused billions of dollars in damage to Los Angeles and neighboring areas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When it comes to earthquakes, seconds matter,” he said in a statement. “A fully deployed early warning system would give time for elevators to shut down, hospitals to turn on backup generators, and people to take cover.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"slug": "behind-the-scenes-with-deep-look-the-diva-decorator-crabs",
"title": "Behind the Scenes With Deep Look: The Diva Decorator Crabs",
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"headTitle": "Behind the Scenes With Deep Look: The Diva Decorator Crabs | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cp>[dl_subscribe]\u003cem>Deep Look\u003c/em> has been exploring big scientific mysteries and revealing the unseen at the edge of our visible word since 2014. In early 2017, \u003cem>Deep Look\u003c/em> welcomed a new host: \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/author/laurensommer/\">Lauren Sommer,\u003c/a> an award-winning KQED radio reporter who can make the most obscure science concepts clear and entertaining.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lauren and key members of the \u003cem>Deep Look\u003c/em> team give fans a behind-the-scenes look at what goes into crafting their weirdly wonderful videos. Below are highlights from interviews conducted while the team was shooting \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2017/05/09/decorator-crabs-make-high-fashion-at-low-tide/\">“Decorator Crabs Make High Fashion at Low Tide.”\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1648114\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1648114\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_GABRIELA_JOSH_AND_JAY_STACHOWICZ_AT_BODEGA_MARINE_LAB-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"Deep Look producer Gabriela Quirós and cinematographer Josh Cassidy film biologist Jay Stachowicz\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_GABRIELA_JOSH_AND_JAY_STACHOWICZ_AT_BODEGA_MARINE_LAB-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_GABRIELA_JOSH_AND_JAY_STACHOWICZ_AT_BODEGA_MARINE_LAB-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_GABRIELA_JOSH_AND_JAY_STACHOWICZ_AT_BODEGA_MARINE_LAB-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_GABRIELA_JOSH_AND_JAY_STACHOWICZ_AT_BODEGA_MARINE_LAB-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_GABRIELA_JOSH_AND_JAY_STACHOWICZ_AT_BODEGA_MARINE_LAB.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_GABRIELA_JOSH_AND_JAY_STACHOWICZ_AT_BODEGA_MARINE_LAB-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_GABRIELA_JOSH_AND_JAY_STACHOWICZ_AT_BODEGA_MARINE_LAB-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_GABRIELA_JOSH_AND_JAY_STACHOWICZ_AT_BODEGA_MARINE_LAB-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_GABRIELA_JOSH_AND_JAY_STACHOWICZ_AT_BODEGA_MARINE_LAB-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_GABRIELA_JOSH_AND_JAY_STACHOWICZ_AT_BODEGA_MARINE_LAB-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u003cem>Deep Look\u003c/em> producer Gabriela Quirós and cinematographer Josh Cassidy follow biologist Jay Stachowicz as he heads out to collect crabs for his research at the University of California, Davis Bodega Marine Laboratory, in Bodega Bay. \u003ccite>(Shelley Pearson Cranshaw/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Lauren Sommer, Host and Writer\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“\u003cem>Deep Look\u003c/em> is all about the wonder in the natural world. There are so many surprising, weird and beautiful stories to uncover, even in things we encounter every day. You don’t have to be interested in science to find a \u003cem>Deep Look\u003c/em> episode that’s captivating.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The producers come back with these really incredible images from the field. And I work with them on shaping the story and finding what the really fascinating tidbits are to highlight for our viewers.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“One of my favorite things about \u003cem>Deep Look\u003c/em> is that we ask how and why things happen at a very tiny scale. And from that, we discover some incredible universal truths that you never would think would be there. We usually end up tapping into our own human experience or things that all organisms on the planet share. You probably wouldn’t think you have a lot in common with a \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2016/08/23/sea-urchins-pull-themselves-inside-out-to-be-reborn/\">sea urchin\u003c/a> or \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2016/10/04/for-these-tiny-spiders-its-sing-or-get-served/\">spider,\u003c/a> but you’d be surprised.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As a radio reporter, I’m usually out in the field solo, gathering interviews and finding news. It’s been a lot of fun collaborating on writing scripts and shaping stories. I cover major science news stories like droughts and floods, so sometimes it’s nice to think about lighter things like an \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2017/02/14/if-your-hands-could-smell-youd-be-an-octopus/\">octopus’s suckers,\u003c/a> finessing the . . . um . . . ‘action’ between \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2017/03/14/everything-you-never-wanted-to-know-about-snail-sex/\">two garden snails\u003c/a> or a decorator crab’s \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2017/05/09/decorator-crabs-make-high-fashion-at-low-tide/\">latest bling.\u003c/a>”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1648231\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1648231\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_LAUREN_GABI-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"Lauren Sommer goes over narration with producer Gabriela Quirós. \" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_LAUREN_GABI-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_LAUREN_GABI-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_LAUREN_GABI-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_LAUREN_GABI-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_LAUREN_GABI.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_LAUREN_GABI-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_LAUREN_GABI-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_LAUREN_GABI-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_LAUREN_GABI-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_LAUREN_GABI-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Before recording narration for an episode on decorator crabs, \u003cem>Deep Look\u003c/em> host Lauren Sommer goes over narration with producer Gabriela Quirós. \u003ccite>(Mike Elwell/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Gabriela Quirós, Coordinating Producer\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We aim to develop a story with characters and a narrative arc. We treat animals, or plants, as characters and try to figure out what they want, who or what is keeping them from getting what they want, and how they go about getting around these obstacles to achieve their goals. We want our stories to be as dramatic as possible, while remaining accurate.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The main challenge of producing \u003cem>Deep Look\u003c/em> is that animals and plants are on their own schedules. When we went out to film the decorator crabs, we waited almost two full days, and in the afternoon of the second day, they finally decorated for a total of about 15 minutes. Here’s an interesting fact that didn’t make it into the video: When decorator crabs outgrow their shells and molt, they sometimes transfer seaweed and anemones from their old shells to their new shells. So even decorator crabs can’t seem to let some old outfits go!”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Inevitably, there’s that moment when you’re looking through the camera lens, and you see the animal or plant doing that thing that the scientists described, and it’s so fantastic. I really hope that what we’re conveying to viewers is, ‘Look how amazing the natural world is!’”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1661669\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1661669\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_MIKE_ELWELL_FILMS_JOSH_AND_GABI-800x699.jpg\" alt=\"Gabriela Quirós and Josh Cassidy set up the tank to film. \" width=\"800\" height=\"699\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_MIKE_ELWELL_FILMS_JOSH_AND_GABI-800x699.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_MIKE_ELWELL_FILMS_JOSH_AND_GABI-160x140.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_MIKE_ELWELL_FILMS_JOSH_AND_GABI-768x671.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_MIKE_ELWELL_FILMS_JOSH_AND_GABI-1020x891.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_MIKE_ELWELL_FILMS_JOSH_AND_GABI-1180x1031.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_MIKE_ELWELL_FILMS_JOSH_AND_GABI-960x839.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_MIKE_ELWELL_FILMS_JOSH_AND_GABI-240x210.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_MIKE_ELWELL_FILMS_JOSH_AND_GABI-375x328.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_MIKE_ELWELL_FILMS_JOSH_AND_GABI-520x454.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_MIKE_ELWELL_FILMS_JOSH_AND_GABI.jpg 1236w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u003cem>Deep Look\u003c/em> producer Gabriela Quirós and cinematographer Josh Cassidy set up the tank to film a moss crab at the University of California, Davis Bodega Marine Laboratory, in Bodega Bay, California. \u003ccite>(Shelley Pearson Cranshaw/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Josh Cassidy, Lead Producer and Cinematographer\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We really like answering a big scientific question by zooming in on our subject, like decorator crabs. When you look at a decorator crab’s shells with your naked eye, the shells look kind of fuzzy, but with the macro lens you can zoom in and really see the hooks that hold the kelp, which look a lot like Velcro.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Filming in the wild is always fun and always super challenging. The tide pools are a perfect example of a place that’s constantly changing. The waves can be coming in, and you can never really focus completely on whatever it is you’re filming. I have to keep at least one eye on the waves to make sure I don’t get swept out. I’ve spent a couple of very short trips into the ocean with my camera equipment and, of course, nothing can wreck electronics and optical equipment quite like sea water!”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In this line of work, it’s always the instant that you look away when the action happens, so you have to stay focused. It was a great feeling to finally catch that whimsical moment when the crab started to get dressed like it was about to go out on the town. After a while they become their own little walking ecosystems. Nature is full of surprises.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1648116\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1648116\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_JOSH_CASSIDY_FILMS_CRAB_AT_BODEGA_MARINE_LAB-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"Josh Cassidy films a moss crab \" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_JOSH_CASSIDY_FILMS_CRAB_AT_BODEGA_MARINE_LAB-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_JOSH_CASSIDY_FILMS_CRAB_AT_BODEGA_MARINE_LAB-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_JOSH_CASSIDY_FILMS_CRAB_AT_BODEGA_MARINE_LAB-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_JOSH_CASSIDY_FILMS_CRAB_AT_BODEGA_MARINE_LAB-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_JOSH_CASSIDY_FILMS_CRAB_AT_BODEGA_MARINE_LAB.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_JOSH_CASSIDY_FILMS_CRAB_AT_BODEGA_MARINE_LAB-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_JOSH_CASSIDY_FILMS_CRAB_AT_BODEGA_MARINE_LAB-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_JOSH_CASSIDY_FILMS_CRAB_AT_BODEGA_MARINE_LAB-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_JOSH_CASSIDY_FILMS_CRAB_AT_BODEGA_MARINE_LAB-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_JOSH_CASSIDY_FILMS_CRAB_AT_BODEGA_MARINE_LAB-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u003cem>Deep Look\u003c/em> cinematographer Josh Cassidy films a moss crab at the University of California, Davis Bodega Marine Laboratory, in Bodega Bay, California. \u003ccite>(Shelley Pearson Cranshaw/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\nElliott Kennerson, Producer and Post-Production Coordinator\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We love to create a sense of magic and wonder around nature; it’s really a collaborative show. The stories are all discovered by the individual producers, but then workshopped among the producers as well as with our host, Lauren.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Before shooting begins, the producers do a lot of research so we can anticipate what’s going to happen when we get out there. That means understanding whatever animals we’re filming as well as the conditions we’ll be filming in. We go in with a plan for getting what we need for the show, but, that said, nature is always surprising! Sometimes we have to scrap the plan and work on the fly.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Macro cinematography works best when you can control the conditions. That’s a tall order in the wild. Often we’re working in a scientist’s lab or in our studio at KQED, where we have the best chance of controlling the things that can work against you on a shoot, like light, temperature and weather. Sometimes we build little sets for the critters that mimic natural conditions that allow us to capture their behaviors.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Doing this type of cinematography is incredibly difficult. It’s also not always the kind of thing where we can look into the camera as we’re filming and know that we got our shot. Often we don’t even know until we are sitting in the edit room and looking at the footage. That’s when we know we can pull together a show.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1648117\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1648117\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_ELLIOTT_IN_EDIT_SUITE-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"Elliott Kennerson checks out footage from our episode about decorator crabs. \" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_ELLIOTT_IN_EDIT_SUITE-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_ELLIOTT_IN_EDIT_SUITE-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_ELLIOTT_IN_EDIT_SUITE-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_ELLIOTT_IN_EDIT_SUITE-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_ELLIOTT_IN_EDIT_SUITE.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_ELLIOTT_IN_EDIT_SUITE-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_ELLIOTT_IN_EDIT_SUITE-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_ELLIOTT_IN_EDIT_SUITE-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_ELLIOTT_IN_EDIT_SUITE-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_ELLIOTT_IN_EDIT_SUITE-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Elliott Kennerson, \u003cem>Deep Look’s\u003c/em> post-production supervisor, checks out footage from our episode about decorator crabs. \u003ccite>(Mike Elwell/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Check out our \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2016/08/16/behind-the-scenes-with-deep-look-caddisflies/\">first Behind the Scenes episode\u003c/a> for more insider information on camera tricks and water, and be sure to watch the crabs due their fashion thing: \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2017/05/09/decorator-crabs-make-high-fashion-at-low-tide/\">“Decorator Crabs Make High Fashion at Low Tide.”\u003c/a> Watch new videos twice a month and show us some love by \u003ca href=\"http://goo.gl/8NwXqt\">subscribing to \u003cem>Deep Look\u003c/em> on YouTube.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1648115\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1648115\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_ELLIOTT_GABI_JOSH-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"Elliott Kennerson, Gabriela Quirós and Josh Cassidy at table\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_ELLIOTT_GABI_JOSH-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_ELLIOTT_GABI_JOSH-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_ELLIOTT_GABI_JOSH-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_ELLIOTT_GABI_JOSH-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_ELLIOTT_GABI_JOSH.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_ELLIOTT_GABI_JOSH-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_ELLIOTT_GABI_JOSH-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_ELLIOTT_GABI_JOSH-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_ELLIOTT_GABI_JOSH-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_ELLIOTT_GABI_JOSH-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Elliott Kennerson, Gabriela Quirós and Josh Cassidy are the three producers for KQED’s \u003cem>Deep Look.\u003c/em> \u003ccite>(Mike Elwell/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Deep Look’s\u003c/em> core production team includes: \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/author/craig-rosa/\">Craig Rosa,\u003c/a> series producer; \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/author/laurensommer/\">Lauren Sommer,\u003c/a> host and writer; \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/author/gabriela-quiros/\">Gabriela Quirós,\u003c/a> coordinating producer; \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/author/joshua-cassidy/\">Josh Cassidy,\u003c/a> lead producer and cinematographer; and \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/author/ekennerson/\">Elliott Kennerson,\u003c/a> producer and post-production coordinator. In addition, each episode is accompanied by an original musical score by \u003ca href=\"http://www.sethgsamuel.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Seth G. Samuel\u003c/a> as well as additional editing and motion graphics by \u003ca href=\"http://www.sneakylittlesister.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Kia Simon.\u003c/a> Many episodes also feature animations by Teodros Hailye. The original story idea for the episode about decorator crabs came from \u003cem>Deep Look’s\u003c/em> intern Jacob Shea, a student at the University of California at Berkeley Graduate School of Journalism.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"title": "Behind the Scenes With Deep Look: The Diva Decorator Crabs | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cem>Deep Look\u003c/em> has been exploring big scientific mysteries and revealing the unseen at the edge of our visible word since 2014. In early 2017, \u003cem>Deep Look\u003c/em> welcomed a new host: \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/author/laurensommer/\">Lauren Sommer,\u003c/a> an award-winning KQED radio reporter who can make the most obscure science concepts clear and entertaining.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lauren and key members of the \u003cem>Deep Look\u003c/em> team give fans a behind-the-scenes look at what goes into crafting their weirdly wonderful videos. Below are highlights from interviews conducted while the team was shooting \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2017/05/09/decorator-crabs-make-high-fashion-at-low-tide/\">“Decorator Crabs Make High Fashion at Low Tide.”\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1648114\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1648114\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_GABRIELA_JOSH_AND_JAY_STACHOWICZ_AT_BODEGA_MARINE_LAB-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"Deep Look producer Gabriela Quirós and cinematographer Josh Cassidy film biologist Jay Stachowicz\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_GABRIELA_JOSH_AND_JAY_STACHOWICZ_AT_BODEGA_MARINE_LAB-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_GABRIELA_JOSH_AND_JAY_STACHOWICZ_AT_BODEGA_MARINE_LAB-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_GABRIELA_JOSH_AND_JAY_STACHOWICZ_AT_BODEGA_MARINE_LAB-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_GABRIELA_JOSH_AND_JAY_STACHOWICZ_AT_BODEGA_MARINE_LAB-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_GABRIELA_JOSH_AND_JAY_STACHOWICZ_AT_BODEGA_MARINE_LAB.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_GABRIELA_JOSH_AND_JAY_STACHOWICZ_AT_BODEGA_MARINE_LAB-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_GABRIELA_JOSH_AND_JAY_STACHOWICZ_AT_BODEGA_MARINE_LAB-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_GABRIELA_JOSH_AND_JAY_STACHOWICZ_AT_BODEGA_MARINE_LAB-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_GABRIELA_JOSH_AND_JAY_STACHOWICZ_AT_BODEGA_MARINE_LAB-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_GABRIELA_JOSH_AND_JAY_STACHOWICZ_AT_BODEGA_MARINE_LAB-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u003cem>Deep Look\u003c/em> producer Gabriela Quirós and cinematographer Josh Cassidy follow biologist Jay Stachowicz as he heads out to collect crabs for his research at the University of California, Davis Bodega Marine Laboratory, in Bodega Bay. \u003ccite>(Shelley Pearson Cranshaw/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Lauren Sommer, Host and Writer\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“\u003cem>Deep Look\u003c/em> is all about the wonder in the natural world. There are so many surprising, weird and beautiful stories to uncover, even in things we encounter every day. You don’t have to be interested in science to find a \u003cem>Deep Look\u003c/em> episode that’s captivating.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The producers come back with these really incredible images from the field. And I work with them on shaping the story and finding what the really fascinating tidbits are to highlight for our viewers.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“One of my favorite things about \u003cem>Deep Look\u003c/em> is that we ask how and why things happen at a very tiny scale. And from that, we discover some incredible universal truths that you never would think would be there. We usually end up tapping into our own human experience or things that all organisms on the planet share. You probably wouldn’t think you have a lot in common with a \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2016/08/23/sea-urchins-pull-themselves-inside-out-to-be-reborn/\">sea urchin\u003c/a> or \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2016/10/04/for-these-tiny-spiders-its-sing-or-get-served/\">spider,\u003c/a> but you’d be surprised.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As a radio reporter, I’m usually out in the field solo, gathering interviews and finding news. It’s been a lot of fun collaborating on writing scripts and shaping stories. I cover major science news stories like droughts and floods, so sometimes it’s nice to think about lighter things like an \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2017/02/14/if-your-hands-could-smell-youd-be-an-octopus/\">octopus’s suckers,\u003c/a> finessing the . . . um . . . ‘action’ between \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2017/03/14/everything-you-never-wanted-to-know-about-snail-sex/\">two garden snails\u003c/a> or a decorator crab’s \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2017/05/09/decorator-crabs-make-high-fashion-at-low-tide/\">latest bling.\u003c/a>”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1648231\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1648231\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_LAUREN_GABI-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"Lauren Sommer goes over narration with producer Gabriela Quirós. \" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_LAUREN_GABI-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_LAUREN_GABI-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_LAUREN_GABI-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_LAUREN_GABI-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_LAUREN_GABI.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_LAUREN_GABI-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_LAUREN_GABI-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_LAUREN_GABI-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_LAUREN_GABI-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_LAUREN_GABI-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Before recording narration for an episode on decorator crabs, \u003cem>Deep Look\u003c/em> host Lauren Sommer goes over narration with producer Gabriela Quirós. \u003ccite>(Mike Elwell/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Gabriela Quirós, Coordinating Producer\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We aim to develop a story with characters and a narrative arc. We treat animals, or plants, as characters and try to figure out what they want, who or what is keeping them from getting what they want, and how they go about getting around these obstacles to achieve their goals. We want our stories to be as dramatic as possible, while remaining accurate.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The main challenge of producing \u003cem>Deep Look\u003c/em> is that animals and plants are on their own schedules. When we went out to film the decorator crabs, we waited almost two full days, and in the afternoon of the second day, they finally decorated for a total of about 15 minutes. Here’s an interesting fact that didn’t make it into the video: When decorator crabs outgrow their shells and molt, they sometimes transfer seaweed and anemones from their old shells to their new shells. So even decorator crabs can’t seem to let some old outfits go!”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Inevitably, there’s that moment when you’re looking through the camera lens, and you see the animal or plant doing that thing that the scientists described, and it’s so fantastic. I really hope that what we’re conveying to viewers is, ‘Look how amazing the natural world is!’”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1661669\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1661669\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_MIKE_ELWELL_FILMS_JOSH_AND_GABI-800x699.jpg\" alt=\"Gabriela Quirós and Josh Cassidy set up the tank to film. \" width=\"800\" height=\"699\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_MIKE_ELWELL_FILMS_JOSH_AND_GABI-800x699.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_MIKE_ELWELL_FILMS_JOSH_AND_GABI-160x140.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_MIKE_ELWELL_FILMS_JOSH_AND_GABI-768x671.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_MIKE_ELWELL_FILMS_JOSH_AND_GABI-1020x891.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_MIKE_ELWELL_FILMS_JOSH_AND_GABI-1180x1031.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_MIKE_ELWELL_FILMS_JOSH_AND_GABI-960x839.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_MIKE_ELWELL_FILMS_JOSH_AND_GABI-240x210.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_MIKE_ELWELL_FILMS_JOSH_AND_GABI-375x328.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_MIKE_ELWELL_FILMS_JOSH_AND_GABI-520x454.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_MIKE_ELWELL_FILMS_JOSH_AND_GABI.jpg 1236w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u003cem>Deep Look\u003c/em> producer Gabriela Quirós and cinematographer Josh Cassidy set up the tank to film a moss crab at the University of California, Davis Bodega Marine Laboratory, in Bodega Bay, California. \u003ccite>(Shelley Pearson Cranshaw/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Josh Cassidy, Lead Producer and Cinematographer\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We really like answering a big scientific question by zooming in on our subject, like decorator crabs. When you look at a decorator crab’s shells with your naked eye, the shells look kind of fuzzy, but with the macro lens you can zoom in and really see the hooks that hold the kelp, which look a lot like Velcro.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Filming in the wild is always fun and always super challenging. The tide pools are a perfect example of a place that’s constantly changing. The waves can be coming in, and you can never really focus completely on whatever it is you’re filming. I have to keep at least one eye on the waves to make sure I don’t get swept out. I’ve spent a couple of very short trips into the ocean with my camera equipment and, of course, nothing can wreck electronics and optical equipment quite like sea water!”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In this line of work, it’s always the instant that you look away when the action happens, so you have to stay focused. It was a great feeling to finally catch that whimsical moment when the crab started to get dressed like it was about to go out on the town. After a while they become their own little walking ecosystems. Nature is full of surprises.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1648116\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1648116\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_JOSH_CASSIDY_FILMS_CRAB_AT_BODEGA_MARINE_LAB-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"Josh Cassidy films a moss crab \" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_JOSH_CASSIDY_FILMS_CRAB_AT_BODEGA_MARINE_LAB-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_JOSH_CASSIDY_FILMS_CRAB_AT_BODEGA_MARINE_LAB-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_JOSH_CASSIDY_FILMS_CRAB_AT_BODEGA_MARINE_LAB-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_JOSH_CASSIDY_FILMS_CRAB_AT_BODEGA_MARINE_LAB-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_JOSH_CASSIDY_FILMS_CRAB_AT_BODEGA_MARINE_LAB.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_JOSH_CASSIDY_FILMS_CRAB_AT_BODEGA_MARINE_LAB-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_JOSH_CASSIDY_FILMS_CRAB_AT_BODEGA_MARINE_LAB-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_JOSH_CASSIDY_FILMS_CRAB_AT_BODEGA_MARINE_LAB-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_JOSH_CASSIDY_FILMS_CRAB_AT_BODEGA_MARINE_LAB-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_JOSH_CASSIDY_FILMS_CRAB_AT_BODEGA_MARINE_LAB-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u003cem>Deep Look\u003c/em> cinematographer Josh Cassidy films a moss crab at the University of California, Davis Bodega Marine Laboratory, in Bodega Bay, California. \u003ccite>(Shelley Pearson Cranshaw/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\nElliott Kennerson, Producer and Post-Production Coordinator\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We love to create a sense of magic and wonder around nature; it’s really a collaborative show. The stories are all discovered by the individual producers, but then workshopped among the producers as well as with our host, Lauren.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Before shooting begins, the producers do a lot of research so we can anticipate what’s going to happen when we get out there. That means understanding whatever animals we’re filming as well as the conditions we’ll be filming in. We go in with a plan for getting what we need for the show, but, that said, nature is always surprising! Sometimes we have to scrap the plan and work on the fly.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Macro cinematography works best when you can control the conditions. That’s a tall order in the wild. Often we’re working in a scientist’s lab or in our studio at KQED, where we have the best chance of controlling the things that can work against you on a shoot, like light, temperature and weather. Sometimes we build little sets for the critters that mimic natural conditions that allow us to capture their behaviors.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Doing this type of cinematography is incredibly difficult. It’s also not always the kind of thing where we can look into the camera as we’re filming and know that we got our shot. Often we don’t even know until we are sitting in the edit room and looking at the footage. That’s when we know we can pull together a show.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1648117\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1648117\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_ELLIOTT_IN_EDIT_SUITE-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"Elliott Kennerson checks out footage from our episode about decorator crabs. \" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_ELLIOTT_IN_EDIT_SUITE-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_ELLIOTT_IN_EDIT_SUITE-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_ELLIOTT_IN_EDIT_SUITE-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_ELLIOTT_IN_EDIT_SUITE-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_ELLIOTT_IN_EDIT_SUITE.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_ELLIOTT_IN_EDIT_SUITE-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_ELLIOTT_IN_EDIT_SUITE-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_ELLIOTT_IN_EDIT_SUITE-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_ELLIOTT_IN_EDIT_SUITE-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_ELLIOTT_IN_EDIT_SUITE-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Elliott Kennerson, \u003cem>Deep Look’s\u003c/em> post-production supervisor, checks out footage from our episode about decorator crabs. \u003ccite>(Mike Elwell/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Check out our \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2016/08/16/behind-the-scenes-with-deep-look-caddisflies/\">first Behind the Scenes episode\u003c/a> for more insider information on camera tricks and water, and be sure to watch the crabs due their fashion thing: \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2017/05/09/decorator-crabs-make-high-fashion-at-low-tide/\">“Decorator Crabs Make High Fashion at Low Tide.”\u003c/a> Watch new videos twice a month and show us some love by \u003ca href=\"http://goo.gl/8NwXqt\">subscribing to \u003cem>Deep Look\u003c/em> on YouTube.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1648115\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1648115\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_ELLIOTT_GABI_JOSH-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"Elliott Kennerson, Gabriela Quirós and Josh Cassidy at table\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_ELLIOTT_GABI_JOSH-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_ELLIOTT_GABI_JOSH-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_ELLIOTT_GABI_JOSH-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_ELLIOTT_GABI_JOSH-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_ELLIOTT_GABI_JOSH.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_ELLIOTT_GABI_JOSH-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_ELLIOTT_GABI_JOSH-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_ELLIOTT_GABI_JOSH-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_ELLIOTT_GABI_JOSH-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_ELLIOTT_GABI_JOSH-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Elliott Kennerson, Gabriela Quirós and Josh Cassidy are the three producers for KQED’s \u003cem>Deep Look.\u003c/em> \u003ccite>(Mike Elwell/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Deep Look’s\u003c/em> core production team includes: \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/author/craig-rosa/\">Craig Rosa,\u003c/a> series producer; \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/author/laurensommer/\">Lauren Sommer,\u003c/a> host and writer; \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/author/gabriela-quiros/\">Gabriela Quirós,\u003c/a> coordinating producer; \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/author/joshua-cassidy/\">Josh Cassidy,\u003c/a> lead producer and cinematographer; and \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/author/ekennerson/\">Elliott Kennerson,\u003c/a> producer and post-production coordinator. In addition, each episode is accompanied by an original musical score by \u003ca href=\"http://www.sethgsamuel.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Seth G. Samuel\u003c/a> as well as additional editing and motion graphics by \u003ca href=\"http://www.sneakylittlesister.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Kia Simon.\u003c/a> Many episodes also feature animations by Teodros Hailye. The original story idea for the episode about decorator crabs came from \u003cem>Deep Look’s\u003c/em> intern Jacob Shea, a student at the University of California at Berkeley Graduate School of Journalism.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Most of California’s Salmon and Trout Could be Extinct in 100 Years, Report Says",
"headTitle": "Most of California’s Salmon and Trout Could be Extinct in 100 Years, Report Says | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Conservation groups, fishing organizations and biologists have been working tirelessly for decades to protect California’s trout and salmon. They have restored floodplains where juveniles find food and shelter, are arranging to remove obstructive dams from the Klamath River and are constantly badgering water agencies to maintain suitable flows in important spawning streams.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But a new report released Tuesday suggests their efforts may be largely for naught. Three-fourths of California’s native species and subspecies of salmonids may be extinct within 100 years, according to biologists at UC Davis and the watershed advocacy group California Trout. In their study, “\u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"http://caltrout.org/sos/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">State of the Salmonids \u003cspan class=\"caps\">II\u003c/span>: Fish in Hot Water\u003c/a>,” the authors warned that climate change impacts and the severe degradation of habitat of wild rivers that continues to this day could extinguish almost half of California’s 32 types of native salmon and trout within 50 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Maintaining populations of wild salmon and trout is important since it essentially requires maintaining healthy sources of clean, cold water, which is good for much more than just fish. “Resilient fish populations indicate healthy waters, important for drinking water, agriculture, commerce and the health of people and the environments in which we live,” the report notes. “Declining fish populations indicate degraded waters, which threaten the health and economic well-being of all Californians.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">River water just a few degrees above a critical threshold can easily kill salmon and trout at any of their life stages.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>According to the report, the most threatened of California’s native salmonids are the southern steelhead, the winter-run Sacramento River Chinook salmon and the Central California coho salmon. The bull trout, last seen in California in the McCloud River in 1975, is already locally extinct. The coastal rainbow trout, the biologists said, may be California’s only native salmonid to survive for the long haul in any abundance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The scientists wrote that agricultural demands for river water, population growth and alteration of the San Francisco Bay and Delta ecosystem are major factors affecting salmonids’ long-term survival odds. Fish hatcheries that boost catchable numbers of salmon and steelhead but dilute native species’ gene pools are also problematic. Wildfires, which are getting bigger and more frequent, also pose a threat to mountain trout populations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>No single stressor, however, is likely to outweigh the broad and devastating impacts of climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is the major, overarching anthropogenic threat affecting salmonids in California,” the authors wrote.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>River water just a few degrees above a critical threshold can easily kill salmon and trout at any of their life stages, from fertilized egg to spawning adult. This makes rising temperatures especially worrisome. Because mountain snowpack will melt earlier and faster each year under warmer conditions, streams may swell more rapidly to flood stages in the spring, then quickly diminish again in the hot, dry summer months – precisely when certain runs of fish need cold water the most.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Warming trends could also upend wind and current cycles that drive ocean upwelling, which brings nutrients to the surface and provides food for salmon. Even sea level rise, caused by the melting of polar ice caps, will impact salmon by submerging valuable marshland and lagoons where young fish find shelter and food, the report states.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the authors said there is hope for preserving fish populations. Curtis Knight, executive director of California Trout, said at a press conference Tuesday that restoring mountain meadows could be one effective strategy for keeping spawning streams flowing all year. That’s because meadows can absorb water like giant sponges and release it slowly into creeks through the dry summer months – a service currently provided by summer snowpack but which is threatened by global warming. [contextly_sidebar id=”e2GY1Y97n10ptpmylbto1I9omPPwLiJt”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The authors also recommended restoring floodplains alongside rivers. Research by California Trout has demonstrated that flooding seasonal cropland in the Sacramento Valley can significantly improve survival rates of juvenile Chinook salmon born far upstream. Inundated floodplains provide young fish with abundant food as well as refuge from predators and deadly irrigation pumps.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Report coauthor Peter Moyle, a biologist with \u003cspan class=\"caps\">U.C.\u003c/span> Davis’s Center for Watershed Sciences, wrote in a foreword to the study that preserving salmon and trout in California will make waves far beyond the state’s own waters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“[W]hat we Californians do to enhance the resilience of our native fishes is likely to set examples for the rest of the world,” Moyle wrote.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a statement, Knight said that keeping cold water flowing through a natural stream channel – the basic conditions that trout and salmon need – shouldn’t be a terribly difficult task in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"fin\">“We’re the innovators, the pioneers, one of the most important food-producing regions in the world, and the leaders in technology,” he wrote. “What would the loss of our native fish mean for who we are?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"fin\">\u003cem>This article originally appeared on \u003ca href=\"http://waterdeeply.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Water Deeply\u003c/a>, and you can find the original \u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/articles/2017/05/17/report-extinction-looming-for-most-of-californias-salmon-and-trout\">here\u003c/a>. For important news about the California drought, you can \u003ca href=\"http://nwsdp.ly/waterlist\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">sign up to the Water Deeply email list\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Climate change is the single biggest threat to native salmonids in California, according to a new study from California Trout and the University of California, Davis.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Conservation groups, fishing organizations and biologists have been working tirelessly for decades to protect California’s trout and salmon. They have restored floodplains where juveniles find food and shelter, are arranging to remove obstructive dams from the Klamath River and are constantly badgering water agencies to maintain suitable flows in important spawning streams.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But a new report released Tuesday suggests their efforts may be largely for naught. Three-fourths of California’s native species and subspecies of salmonids may be extinct within 100 years, according to biologists at UC Davis and the watershed advocacy group California Trout. In their study, “\u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"http://caltrout.org/sos/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">State of the Salmonids \u003cspan class=\"caps\">II\u003c/span>: Fish in Hot Water\u003c/a>,” the authors warned that climate change impacts and the severe degradation of habitat of wild rivers that continues to this day could extinguish almost half of California’s 32 types of native salmon and trout within 50 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Maintaining populations of wild salmon and trout is important since it essentially requires maintaining healthy sources of clean, cold water, which is good for much more than just fish. “Resilient fish populations indicate healthy waters, important for drinking water, agriculture, commerce and the health of people and the environments in which we live,” the report notes. “Declining fish populations indicate degraded waters, which threaten the health and economic well-being of all Californians.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">River water just a few degrees above a critical threshold can easily kill salmon and trout at any of their life stages.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>According to the report, the most threatened of California’s native salmonids are the southern steelhead, the winter-run Sacramento River Chinook salmon and the Central California coho salmon. The bull trout, last seen in California in the McCloud River in 1975, is already locally extinct. The coastal rainbow trout, the biologists said, may be California’s only native salmonid to survive for the long haul in any abundance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The scientists wrote that agricultural demands for river water, population growth and alteration of the San Francisco Bay and Delta ecosystem are major factors affecting salmonids’ long-term survival odds. Fish hatcheries that boost catchable numbers of salmon and steelhead but dilute native species’ gene pools are also problematic. Wildfires, which are getting bigger and more frequent, also pose a threat to mountain trout populations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>No single stressor, however, is likely to outweigh the broad and devastating impacts of climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is the major, overarching anthropogenic threat affecting salmonids in California,” the authors wrote.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>River water just a few degrees above a critical threshold can easily kill salmon and trout at any of their life stages, from fertilized egg to spawning adult. This makes rising temperatures especially worrisome. Because mountain snowpack will melt earlier and faster each year under warmer conditions, streams may swell more rapidly to flood stages in the spring, then quickly diminish again in the hot, dry summer months – precisely when certain runs of fish need cold water the most.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Warming trends could also upend wind and current cycles that drive ocean upwelling, which brings nutrients to the surface and provides food for salmon. Even sea level rise, caused by the melting of polar ice caps, will impact salmon by submerging valuable marshland and lagoons where young fish find shelter and food, the report states.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the authors said there is hope for preserving fish populations. Curtis Knight, executive director of California Trout, said at a press conference Tuesday that restoring mountain meadows could be one effective strategy for keeping spawning streams flowing all year. That’s because meadows can absorb water like giant sponges and release it slowly into creeks through the dry summer months – a service currently provided by summer snowpack but which is threatened by global warming. \u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The authors also recommended restoring floodplains alongside rivers. Research by California Trout has demonstrated that flooding seasonal cropland in the Sacramento Valley can significantly improve survival rates of juvenile Chinook salmon born far upstream. Inundated floodplains provide young fish with abundant food as well as refuge from predators and deadly irrigation pumps.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Report coauthor Peter Moyle, a biologist with \u003cspan class=\"caps\">U.C.\u003c/span> Davis’s Center for Watershed Sciences, wrote in a foreword to the study that preserving salmon and trout in California will make waves far beyond the state’s own waters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“[W]hat we Californians do to enhance the resilience of our native fishes is likely to set examples for the rest of the world,” Moyle wrote.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a statement, Knight said that keeping cold water flowing through a natural stream channel – the basic conditions that trout and salmon need – shouldn’t be a terribly difficult task in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"fin\">“We’re the innovators, the pioneers, one of the most important food-producing regions in the world, and the leaders in technology,” he wrote. “What would the loss of our native fish mean for who we are?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"fin\">\u003cem>This article originally appeared on \u003ca href=\"http://waterdeeply.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Water Deeply\u003c/a>, and you can find the original \u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/articles/2017/05/17/report-extinction-looming-for-most-of-californias-salmon-and-trout\">here\u003c/a>. For important news about the California drought, you can \u003ca href=\"http://nwsdp.ly/waterlist\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">sign up to the Water Deeply email list\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Oroville Crisis Triggers Rethinking of California Dam Management",
"headTitle": "Oroville Crisis Triggers Rethinking of California Dam Management | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Engineers at Oroville Dam are dialing back the volume of water tumbling down the dam’s crippled main spillway. They hope this will will be the “last spill” on the enormous concrete chute before work on replacing it can begin in earnest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But much like \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2017/02/28/photo-gallery-whats-left-of-oroville-dams-shattered-spillway/\">the spillway itself\u003c/a>, faith in the ability of the agency managing the project is showing some cracks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is an institutional failure,” says Ron Stork of Friends of the River, at a recent legislative oversight hearing. “That dam has not been safe since it was constructed.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">This is an institutional failure. That dam has not been safe since it was constructed.\u003ccite>Ron Stork of Friends of the River\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Stork is partly referring to the Dept. of Water Resources’ choice to build the dam’s emergency spillway with no concrete reinforcement. Massive erosion on the bare earthen slope is what triggered mass evacuations in February, when weeks of heavy precipitation pushed Oroville Lake over the rim of the spillway, threatening a potentially catastrophic flood.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Inspections Lacking\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But maintenance of the dam since its completion in 1968 has also undermined faith in the department.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The inspections over the years have been cursory,” says State Senator Jim Nielsen (R-Tehama). “That’s very alarming.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nielsen and fellow legislators from both the senate and assembly seem to have drawn little comfort so far from a series of oversight hearings at the Capitol.\u003cbr>\nhttp://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2017/05/WEBOrovilleUpdate2way170515.mp3\u003cbr>\n“It gets to be more disturbing, the more information that we get,” says Nielsen, who recalls asking how often core samples were taken at the dam site to check the integrity of the spillway structures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When I ask the question, ‘Have you been doing boring,’ and I get a boring look back, that scares the heck out of me.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>DWR has admitted that the vast majority of inspections were “visual,” and that maintenance recommended by inspectors wasn’t always performed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Whatever has gone on before — obviously — in terms of the inspections, has not been sufficient, by any reckoning,” says Nielsen, who is looking into a reorganization of the agency that inspects state dams. The Division of Safey of Dams is currently nested within DWR.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to DWR’s website:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>“The California Water Code entrusts this regulatory power to the Department of Water Resources which delegates the program to the Division of Safety of Dams.”\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Some lawmakers suggest that wresting control of that office from DWR might make give it more clout, though state resources chief John Laird has defended the current regime.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think it is fair to say that California has what independent experts consider the strongest dam inspections program in the country,” he told legislators last week, “but it’s obviously clear that we can do better.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Breaking Up is Hard To Do\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nonetheless, some have suggested that Oroville might be better managed in the hands of another entity entirely, though it’s unclear what that might be or how such a transition could occur.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s at least a question that we should have,” says Assemblyman James Gallagher (R-Yuba City), who was one of more than 180,000 ordered to evacuate along the Feather River in February. “Is this the best agency to be operating the dam up there?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other dams in California are operated by the federal Bureau of Reclamation, Army Corps of Engineers, and in some cases, local water authorities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“No matter who operates it, there needs to be a change in the process up there,” says Gallagher.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“To me, this didn’t happen because of Mother Nature,” he adds. “It happened because of organizational issues and things that we did not do in design, construction, and in our maintenance and operations.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>DWR’s acting director Bill Croyle is promising a full “forensic” review of the February incident sometime this fall. An extremely preliminary \u003ca href=\"http://www.water.ca.gov/oroville-spillway/pdf/2017/Memorandum_050517.pdf\">three-page report\u003c/a> issued last week by a team of consultants listed an array of possible contributing factors, ranging from thin or inconsistent concrete thickness on the main spillway, to weak, weathered rock on the emergency spillway (\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2017/04/07/how-incompetent-rock-led-to-the-oroville-dam-crisis/\">see our April 7 story\u003c/a> on the geological flaws and \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2017/04/18/report-design-building-and-upkeep-flaws-led-to-oroville-spillway-failure/\">Dan Brekke’s April 18 story\u003c/a> on potential causes for the spillway collapse).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We don’t have all the answers,” Croyle told lawmakers. “We don’t know why it failed yet. We won’t know for a while.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even so, DWR is surging ahead with the reconstruction, racing to have a workable spillway in place before the rains return in November. Even while recognizing the urgency, some lawmakers are uneasy with a fast-track construction program before the final failure analysis is in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Assemblyman Jim Frazier (D-Oakley) seemed to sum up the trepidation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We did it wrong 50 years ago,” he said. “Now we’re paying for it. Let’s do it right this time.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Engineers at Oroville Dam are dialing back the volume of water tumbling down the dam’s crippled main spillway. They hope this will will be the “last spill” on the enormous concrete chute before work on replacing it can begin in earnest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But much like \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2017/02/28/photo-gallery-whats-left-of-oroville-dams-shattered-spillway/\">the spillway itself\u003c/a>, faith in the ability of the agency managing the project is showing some cracks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is an institutional failure,” says Ron Stork of Friends of the River, at a recent legislative oversight hearing. “That dam has not been safe since it was constructed.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">This is an institutional failure. That dam has not been safe since it was constructed.\u003ccite>Ron Stork of Friends of the River\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Stork is partly referring to the Dept. of Water Resources’ choice to build the dam’s emergency spillway with no concrete reinforcement. Massive erosion on the bare earthen slope is what triggered mass evacuations in February, when weeks of heavy precipitation pushed Oroville Lake over the rim of the spillway, threatening a potentially catastrophic flood.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Inspections Lacking\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But maintenance of the dam since its completion in 1968 has also undermined faith in the department.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The inspections over the years have been cursory,” says State Senator Jim Nielsen (R-Tehama). “That’s very alarming.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nielsen and fellow legislators from both the senate and assembly seem to have drawn little comfort so far from a series of oversight hearings at the Capitol.\u003cbr>\nhttp://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2017/05/WEBOrovilleUpdate2way170515.mp3\u003cbr>\n“It gets to be more disturbing, the more information that we get,” says Nielsen, who recalls asking how often core samples were taken at the dam site to check the integrity of the spillway structures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When I ask the question, ‘Have you been doing boring,’ and I get a boring look back, that scares the heck out of me.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>DWR has admitted that the vast majority of inspections were “visual,” and that maintenance recommended by inspectors wasn’t always performed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Whatever has gone on before — obviously — in terms of the inspections, has not been sufficient, by any reckoning,” says Nielsen, who is looking into a reorganization of the agency that inspects state dams. The Division of Safey of Dams is currently nested within DWR.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to DWR’s website:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>“The California Water Code entrusts this regulatory power to the Department of Water Resources which delegates the program to the Division of Safety of Dams.”\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Some lawmakers suggest that wresting control of that office from DWR might make give it more clout, though state resources chief John Laird has defended the current regime.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think it is fair to say that California has what independent experts consider the strongest dam inspections program in the country,” he told legislators last week, “but it’s obviously clear that we can do better.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Breaking Up is Hard To Do\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nonetheless, some have suggested that Oroville might be better managed in the hands of another entity entirely, though it’s unclear what that might be or how such a transition could occur.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s at least a question that we should have,” says Assemblyman James Gallagher (R-Yuba City), who was one of more than 180,000 ordered to evacuate along the Feather River in February. “Is this the best agency to be operating the dam up there?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other dams in California are operated by the federal Bureau of Reclamation, Army Corps of Engineers, and in some cases, local water authorities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“No matter who operates it, there needs to be a change in the process up there,” says Gallagher.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“To me, this didn’t happen because of Mother Nature,” he adds. “It happened because of organizational issues and things that we did not do in design, construction, and in our maintenance and operations.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>DWR’s acting director Bill Croyle is promising a full “forensic” review of the February incident sometime this fall. An extremely preliminary \u003ca href=\"http://www.water.ca.gov/oroville-spillway/pdf/2017/Memorandum_050517.pdf\">three-page report\u003c/a> issued last week by a team of consultants listed an array of possible contributing factors, ranging from thin or inconsistent concrete thickness on the main spillway, to weak, weathered rock on the emergency spillway (\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2017/04/07/how-incompetent-rock-led-to-the-oroville-dam-crisis/\">see our April 7 story\u003c/a> on the geological flaws and \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2017/04/18/report-design-building-and-upkeep-flaws-led-to-oroville-spillway-failure/\">Dan Brekke’s April 18 story\u003c/a> on potential causes for the spillway collapse).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We don’t have all the answers,” Croyle told lawmakers. “We don’t know why it failed yet. We won’t know for a while.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even so, DWR is surging ahead with the reconstruction, racing to have a workable spillway in place before the rains return in November. Even while recognizing the urgency, some lawmakers are uneasy with a fast-track construction program before the final failure analysis is in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Assemblyman Jim Frazier (D-Oakley) seemed to sum up the trepidation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We did it wrong 50 years ago,” he said. “Now we’re paying for it. Let’s do it right this time.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "How the Colorado River’s Future Depends on California's Salton Sea",
"headTitle": "How the Colorado River’s Future Depends on California’s Salton Sea | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>California’s largest lake, the Salton Sea, is an accident. It was created in 1905 when a levee broke on an irrigation canal, flooding a giant desert playa. Today it has become a sticking point in \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2016/11/16/drought-on-colorado-river-sparks-revolutionary-idea-sharing-water/\">negotiations between three states\u003c/a> over the future of the Colorado River.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\"> The Salton Sea now is a major stopover for birds on the Pacific Flyway. A total of 424 bird species have been observed on the Salton Sea so far.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The three states – California, Arizona and Nevada – are in the midst of negotiating a \u003ca href=\"http://www.cap-az.com/departments/planning/colorado-river-programs/drought-contingency\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">drought contingency plan\u003c/a> (DCP). It would commit each state to reducing diversions from the Colorado River in order to prevent Lake Mead from shrinking to disastrously low levels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California is relying on \u003ca href=\"http://www.iid.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Imperial Irrigation District\u003c/a> to make a significant contribution, because it is the largest single diverter of Colorado River water. But if the district reduces its diversions, that will mean less farm runoff draining into the \u003ca href=\"http://saltonsea.ca.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Salton Sea\u003c/a>. This means the sea will shrink, causing a cascade of ecological problems for which the district is partly liable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To help us understand all this, Water Deeply recently spoke with Michael Cohen, a senior research associate at the \u003ca href=\"http://pacinst.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Pacific Institute\u003c/a>, a water policy think-tank based in Oakland. Cohen specializes in Salton Sea and Colorado River issues.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1642517\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/Cohen-800x561.jpeg\" alt=\"Michael Cohen of the Pacific Institute\" width=\"800\" height=\"561\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1642517\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/Cohen-800x561.jpeg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/Cohen-160x112.jpeg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/Cohen-768x538.jpeg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/Cohen-240x168.jpeg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/Cohen-375x263.jpeg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/Cohen-520x364.jpeg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/Cohen.jpeg 812w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Michael Cohen of the Pacific Institute studies the Salton Sea and its implications for water management in the Colorado River system. \u003ccite>(Michael Cohen)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: Why is the drought contingency plan (DCP) important?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Michael Cohen: The DCP is important because, essentially, the Colorado River is over-allocated. Particularly in the lower basin, they have what’s called a structural deficit: In normal years, 1.2 million acre-feet [1.5 billion cubic meters] more water flows out of Lake Mead than flows in. So Lake Mead drops by roughly 12ft [3.6m] per year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Given that trajectory, it pretty quickly reaches dead pool, meaning there’s no water left in Mead, which then means no water for Southern California and the Central Arizona Project, and 90 percent of the Las Vegas metro area’s water supply dries up. So you’re talking about 30 million people who depend on Lake Mead. Not to mention 1 million acres [400,000 hectares] of irrigated land. And it’s a major hydropower producer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lake Mead is pretty critical to the Southwest generally. They’re trying with the DCP to avert this structural deficit and reduce the amount of water we’re taking out of Mead, to get it closer into balance with actual supply.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: How is the Salton Sea connected to these negotiations?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cohen: The DCP is connected to the Salton Sea because the plan expects that Imperial Irrigation District (IID) would take less water from the Colorado River. When Lake Mead drops to elevation 1,045, California is expected to reduce its take from the Colorado River, for the first time, by 200,000 acre-feet [250 million cubic meters]. In the most recent DCP terms I saw, Imperial Irrigation District would provide 60 percent of that reduction, so IID would reduce its take of the river by 120,000 acre-feet [150 million cubic meters].\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: Can the DCP proceed without Imperial Irrigation District?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cohen: In theory it could, because the other California parties, the largest being Metropolitan Water District of Southern California, could say they’ll step up and meet California’s obligations. But in practice, Met is less likely to forego that amount of water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>IID has certainly stated they need some assurances on the Salton Sea before they move forward on the DCP. They’re a key player. Without IID, California can’t meet its DCP obligations. A 200,000–350,000 acre-foot [250–430 million cubic meters] reduction is counting on IID participation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: What effect does this have on the Salton Sea?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1642516\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/CO-River-Basin-800x601.jpg\" alt=\"A map shows the location of the Salton Sea and the Colorado River Basin.\" width=\"800\" height=\"601\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1642516\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/CO-River-Basin-800x601.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/CO-River-Basin-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/CO-River-Basin-768x577.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/CO-River-Basin-1020x766.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/CO-River-Basin-1180x887.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/CO-River-Basin-960x721.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/CO-River-Basin-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/CO-River-Basin-375x282.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/CO-River-Basin-520x391.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/CO-River-Basin.jpg 1400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A map shows the location of the Salton Sea and the Colorado River Basin. \u003ccite>(Central Basin Water District)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Cohen: Somewhere in the order of 85 percent of the water flowing to the Salton Sea comes from the Imperial Valley. Essentially, it’s surface water and tile drainage from farm fields. As IID takes less water from the Colorado River, that means less water flows to the Salton Sea. Because the Salton Sea is a terminal lake, when less water flows in, the Salton Sea shrinks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So the concern is that, because of the DCP, the Salton Sea would be smaller than it would be otherwise. As the sea shrinks, some of that land is exposed, and dust blows off that land.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under existing regulations of the local air district, the landowner is responsible for dust that’s emitted off lands in the Imperial Valley. IID is a major landowner, particularly at the southern end of the Salton Sea, and IID is liable for a lot of the dust getting blown off the Salton Sea. So as the sea shrinks, it represents a direct cost to IID. That’s the crux of it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under the \u003ca href=\"http://www.sdcwa.org/quantification-settlement-agreement\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Quantification Settlement Agreement (QSA)\u003c/a> of 2003 (a water transfer from IID to San Diego), there was an agreement that said as the Salton Sea shrinks, essentially the state of California backstops liability or mitigation requirements.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The QSA parties – Imperial Irrigation District, San Diego County Water Authority and Coachella Valley Water District – have met their responsibility to pay into a mitigation fund. But they capped it because they didn’t know what the total cost would be, although they knew it would be huge. So the state of California said, “We will assume liability for costs that exceed the costs these parties agreed to.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>IID has put the state on notice that it hasn’t lived up to its part of the deal, which is to put together a mitigation plan to deal with the Salton Sea as it shrinks. And now there are negotiations over the DCP, which is essentially going to exacerbate the situation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: Has there been any progress on that state’s mitigation plan?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cohen: The state came out [in March] with what they’re calling a “\u003ca href=\"http://resources.ca.gov/salton-sea/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">draft 10-year plan for the Salton Sea.\u003c/a>” The QSA allowed 15 years to come up with a plan, and it said in the interim we’re going to require IID to deliver mitigation water to offset the impacts of the transfer to San Diego.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But this is the 15th year. So at the end of this year, that requirement goes away. And next year, the Salton Sea is going to start dropping very rapidly because it will no longer get that mitigation water from IID. All of a sudden, it’s going to receive 10–15 percent less water. So, essentially, it’s going over a cliff. IID is seeing this and saying, “Hold on, we need to deal with this problem before we move on to the DCP.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state really needed to do this plan five-plus years ago so these projects were being implemented now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: Why is it a problem if the Salton Sea shrinks?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cohen: There are two main challenges. One is that it exposes lakebed, which creates dust, and that’s a major public health threat. The Imperial and Coachella valleys already fail to meet air-quality requirements, and asthma rates are already higher than the state average. So, your baseline is an already-bad air-quality situation, which is going to be exacerbated as the Salton Sea shrinks and more dust blows off that lakebed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The next concern is that as the Salton Sea shrinks, it gets much saltier and other water-quality parameters also decline. Which means that, first, the fish die off. That’s already started to happen. Then a lot of the food sources for the birds die off.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Salton Sea now is a major stopover for birds on the Pacific Flyway. A total of 424 bird species have been observed on the Salton Sea so far. And of course, in California there are far fewer wetlands than there were historically. We’ve dried up 90–95 percent of the wetlands in California. So these migratory birds have far fewer places to rest and refuel. The Salton Sea has filled that niche. As water quality continues to degrade, it’s no longer going to be able to provide that function.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: Will the state’s 10-year plan satisfy IID?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cohen: I think that remains to be seen. IID was not satisfied with the draft they saw last December. But my hope is that California takes those concerns into consideration and redrafts the plan to meet those concerns.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: What are the restoration costs at the Salton Sea?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cohen: We don’t know what the total cost is because it depends how much is dedicated to water quality versus air quality and how they allocate those costs. Odds are, we’re looking at $1 billion-plus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But one of the benefits of the Salton Sea is we don’t need to pay for everything at once. Those projects can be phased in over time so you can pay for them over time. You can just build them as the sea recedes and you get benefits as you go.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I’m hopeful that the pieces are starting to line up and we can start to see some progress. I think the governor is paying attention to this, the legislature is paying more attention. It’s a little late, but I think there’s still an opportunity to make a real difference.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In some respects, dramatic change is inevitable at the Salton Sea. Essentially, what we’re going to shift from is a Salton Sea people recognize now to a very different, very managed system. But this managed system can still provide a lot of benefits. It could still be a very functional ecosystem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This article originally appeared on \u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Water Deeply\u003c/a>, and you can find it \u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/community/2017/05/16/how-the-colorado-rivers-future-depends-on-the-salton-sea\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">here\u003c/a>. For important news about the California drought, you can \u003ca href=\"http://waterdeeply.us5.list-manage.com/subscribe?u=8b78e9a34ff7443ec1e8c62c6&id=2947becb78\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">sign up\u003c/a> to the Water Deeply email list.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "California’s giant desert lake is key to negotiations over the future of Colorado River water supplies. It’s a battle between millions of water users and a complex and troubled ecosystem.",
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"description": "California’s giant desert lake is key to negotiations over the future of Colorado River water supplies. It’s a battle between millions of water users and a complex and troubled ecosystem.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>California’s largest lake, the Salton Sea, is an accident. It was created in 1905 when a levee broke on an irrigation canal, flooding a giant desert playa. Today it has become a sticking point in \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2016/11/16/drought-on-colorado-river-sparks-revolutionary-idea-sharing-water/\">negotiations between three states\u003c/a> over the future of the Colorado River.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\"> The Salton Sea now is a major stopover for birds on the Pacific Flyway. A total of 424 bird species have been observed on the Salton Sea so far.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The three states – California, Arizona and Nevada – are in the midst of negotiating a \u003ca href=\"http://www.cap-az.com/departments/planning/colorado-river-programs/drought-contingency\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">drought contingency plan\u003c/a> (DCP). It would commit each state to reducing diversions from the Colorado River in order to prevent Lake Mead from shrinking to disastrously low levels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California is relying on \u003ca href=\"http://www.iid.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Imperial Irrigation District\u003c/a> to make a significant contribution, because it is the largest single diverter of Colorado River water. But if the district reduces its diversions, that will mean less farm runoff draining into the \u003ca href=\"http://saltonsea.ca.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Salton Sea\u003c/a>. This means the sea will shrink, causing a cascade of ecological problems for which the district is partly liable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To help us understand all this, Water Deeply recently spoke with Michael Cohen, a senior research associate at the \u003ca href=\"http://pacinst.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Pacific Institute\u003c/a>, a water policy think-tank based in Oakland. Cohen specializes in Salton Sea and Colorado River issues.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1642517\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/Cohen-800x561.jpeg\" alt=\"Michael Cohen of the Pacific Institute\" width=\"800\" height=\"561\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1642517\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/Cohen-800x561.jpeg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/Cohen-160x112.jpeg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/Cohen-768x538.jpeg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/Cohen-240x168.jpeg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/Cohen-375x263.jpeg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/Cohen-520x364.jpeg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/Cohen.jpeg 812w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Michael Cohen of the Pacific Institute studies the Salton Sea and its implications for water management in the Colorado River system. \u003ccite>(Michael Cohen)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: Why is the drought contingency plan (DCP) important?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Michael Cohen: The DCP is important because, essentially, the Colorado River is over-allocated. Particularly in the lower basin, they have what’s called a structural deficit: In normal years, 1.2 million acre-feet [1.5 billion cubic meters] more water flows out of Lake Mead than flows in. So Lake Mead drops by roughly 12ft [3.6m] per year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Given that trajectory, it pretty quickly reaches dead pool, meaning there’s no water left in Mead, which then means no water for Southern California and the Central Arizona Project, and 90 percent of the Las Vegas metro area’s water supply dries up. So you’re talking about 30 million people who depend on Lake Mead. Not to mention 1 million acres [400,000 hectares] of irrigated land. And it’s a major hydropower producer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lake Mead is pretty critical to the Southwest generally. They’re trying with the DCP to avert this structural deficit and reduce the amount of water we’re taking out of Mead, to get it closer into balance with actual supply.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: How is the Salton Sea connected to these negotiations?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cohen: The DCP is connected to the Salton Sea because the plan expects that Imperial Irrigation District (IID) would take less water from the Colorado River. When Lake Mead drops to elevation 1,045, California is expected to reduce its take from the Colorado River, for the first time, by 200,000 acre-feet [250 million cubic meters]. In the most recent DCP terms I saw, Imperial Irrigation District would provide 60 percent of that reduction, so IID would reduce its take of the river by 120,000 acre-feet [150 million cubic meters].\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: Can the DCP proceed without Imperial Irrigation District?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cohen: In theory it could, because the other California parties, the largest being Metropolitan Water District of Southern California, could say they’ll step up and meet California’s obligations. But in practice, Met is less likely to forego that amount of water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>IID has certainly stated they need some assurances on the Salton Sea before they move forward on the DCP. They’re a key player. Without IID, California can’t meet its DCP obligations. A 200,000–350,000 acre-foot [250–430 million cubic meters] reduction is counting on IID participation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: What effect does this have on the Salton Sea?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1642516\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/CO-River-Basin-800x601.jpg\" alt=\"A map shows the location of the Salton Sea and the Colorado River Basin.\" width=\"800\" height=\"601\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1642516\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/CO-River-Basin-800x601.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/CO-River-Basin-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/CO-River-Basin-768x577.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/CO-River-Basin-1020x766.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/CO-River-Basin-1180x887.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/CO-River-Basin-960x721.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/CO-River-Basin-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/CO-River-Basin-375x282.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/CO-River-Basin-520x391.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/CO-River-Basin.jpg 1400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A map shows the location of the Salton Sea and the Colorado River Basin. \u003ccite>(Central Basin Water District)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Cohen: Somewhere in the order of 85 percent of the water flowing to the Salton Sea comes from the Imperial Valley. Essentially, it’s surface water and tile drainage from farm fields. As IID takes less water from the Colorado River, that means less water flows to the Salton Sea. Because the Salton Sea is a terminal lake, when less water flows in, the Salton Sea shrinks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So the concern is that, because of the DCP, the Salton Sea would be smaller than it would be otherwise. As the sea shrinks, some of that land is exposed, and dust blows off that land.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under existing regulations of the local air district, the landowner is responsible for dust that’s emitted off lands in the Imperial Valley. IID is a major landowner, particularly at the southern end of the Salton Sea, and IID is liable for a lot of the dust getting blown off the Salton Sea. So as the sea shrinks, it represents a direct cost to IID. That’s the crux of it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under the \u003ca href=\"http://www.sdcwa.org/quantification-settlement-agreement\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Quantification Settlement Agreement (QSA)\u003c/a> of 2003 (a water transfer from IID to San Diego), there was an agreement that said as the Salton Sea shrinks, essentially the state of California backstops liability or mitigation requirements.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The QSA parties – Imperial Irrigation District, San Diego County Water Authority and Coachella Valley Water District – have met their responsibility to pay into a mitigation fund. But they capped it because they didn’t know what the total cost would be, although they knew it would be huge. So the state of California said, “We will assume liability for costs that exceed the costs these parties agreed to.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>IID has put the state on notice that it hasn’t lived up to its part of the deal, which is to put together a mitigation plan to deal with the Salton Sea as it shrinks. And now there are negotiations over the DCP, which is essentially going to exacerbate the situation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: Has there been any progress on that state’s mitigation plan?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cohen: The state came out [in March] with what they’re calling a “\u003ca href=\"http://resources.ca.gov/salton-sea/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">draft 10-year plan for the Salton Sea.\u003c/a>” The QSA allowed 15 years to come up with a plan, and it said in the interim we’re going to require IID to deliver mitigation water to offset the impacts of the transfer to San Diego.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But this is the 15th year. So at the end of this year, that requirement goes away. And next year, the Salton Sea is going to start dropping very rapidly because it will no longer get that mitigation water from IID. All of a sudden, it’s going to receive 10–15 percent less water. So, essentially, it’s going over a cliff. IID is seeing this and saying, “Hold on, we need to deal with this problem before we move on to the DCP.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state really needed to do this plan five-plus years ago so these projects were being implemented now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: Why is it a problem if the Salton Sea shrinks?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cohen: There are two main challenges. One is that it exposes lakebed, which creates dust, and that’s a major public health threat. The Imperial and Coachella valleys already fail to meet air-quality requirements, and asthma rates are already higher than the state average. So, your baseline is an already-bad air-quality situation, which is going to be exacerbated as the Salton Sea shrinks and more dust blows off that lakebed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The next concern is that as the Salton Sea shrinks, it gets much saltier and other water-quality parameters also decline. Which means that, first, the fish die off. That’s already started to happen. Then a lot of the food sources for the birds die off.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Salton Sea now is a major stopover for birds on the Pacific Flyway. A total of 424 bird species have been observed on the Salton Sea so far. And of course, in California there are far fewer wetlands than there were historically. We’ve dried up 90–95 percent of the wetlands in California. So these migratory birds have far fewer places to rest and refuel. The Salton Sea has filled that niche. As water quality continues to degrade, it’s no longer going to be able to provide that function.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: Will the state’s 10-year plan satisfy IID?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cohen: I think that remains to be seen. IID was not satisfied with the draft they saw last December. But my hope is that California takes those concerns into consideration and redrafts the plan to meet those concerns.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: What are the restoration costs at the Salton Sea?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cohen: We don’t know what the total cost is because it depends how much is dedicated to water quality versus air quality and how they allocate those costs. Odds are, we’re looking at $1 billion-plus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But one of the benefits of the Salton Sea is we don’t need to pay for everything at once. Those projects can be phased in over time so you can pay for them over time. You can just build them as the sea recedes and you get benefits as you go.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I’m hopeful that the pieces are starting to line up and we can start to see some progress. I think the governor is paying attention to this, the legislature is paying more attention. It’s a little late, but I think there’s still an opportunity to make a real difference.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In some respects, dramatic change is inevitable at the Salton Sea. Essentially, what we’re going to shift from is a Salton Sea people recognize now to a very different, very managed system. But this managed system can still provide a lot of benefits. It could still be a very functional ecosystem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This article originally appeared on \u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Water Deeply\u003c/a>, and you can find it \u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/community/2017/05/16/how-the-colorado-rivers-future-depends-on-the-salton-sea\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">here\u003c/a>. For important news about the California drought, you can \u003ca href=\"http://waterdeeply.us5.list-manage.com/subscribe?u=8b78e9a34ff7443ec1e8c62c6&id=2947becb78\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">sign up\u003c/a> to the Water Deeply email list.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "NASA's Curiosity Delivers a Great Puzzle For Scientists",
"headTitle": "NASA’s Curiosity Delivers a Great Puzzle For Scientists | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>NASA’s \u003ca href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/msl/mission/overview/\">Mars Science Laboratory\u003c/a>, the rover Curiosity, has dug up a surprise from the rocks of Mars, one that poses a vexing puzzle to scientists. A conspicuous \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/feature/jpl/nasas-curiosity-rover-sharpens-paradox-of-ancient-mars\">lack of carbonate\u003c/a> minerals in the sedimentary rocks of Gale Crater is challenging modern theories for how Mars’ early environment could have been warm enough to support liquid water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1621304\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1621304\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/Curiosity-PIA16937_rsz-1600x1067-c_NASA_JPL-Caltech_MSSS-800x534.jpg\" alt=\"Curiosity "selfie" taken at the site "John Klein" in Mars' Gale Crater.\" width=\"800\" height=\"534\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/Curiosity-PIA16937_rsz-1600x1067-c_NASA_JPL-Caltech_MSSS-800x534.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/Curiosity-PIA16937_rsz-1600x1067-c_NASA_JPL-Caltech_MSSS-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/Curiosity-PIA16937_rsz-1600x1067-c_NASA_JPL-Caltech_MSSS-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/Curiosity-PIA16937_rsz-1600x1067-c_NASA_JPL-Caltech_MSSS-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/Curiosity-PIA16937_rsz-1600x1067-c_NASA_JPL-Caltech_MSSS-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/Curiosity-PIA16937_rsz-1600x1067-c_NASA_JPL-Caltech_MSSS-960x640.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/Curiosity-PIA16937_rsz-1600x1067-c_NASA_JPL-Caltech_MSSS-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/Curiosity-PIA16937_rsz-1600x1067-c_NASA_JPL-Caltech_MSSS-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/Curiosity-PIA16937_rsz-1600x1067-c_NASA_JPL-Caltech_MSSS-520x347.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/Curiosity-PIA16937_rsz-1600x1067-c_NASA_JPL-Caltech_MSSS.jpg 1600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Curiosity “selfie” taken at the site “John Klein” in Mars’ Gale Crater. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-CalTech)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Today, Mars’ atmosphere is too thin for water to exist in a liquid state for long. Atmospheric pressure at Mars’ surface is only a hundredth that of Earth, making Mars a cold, dry desert. Wind-swept landscapes streaked by dust-devils and punctuated by a seasonal global dust storm constitute most of the action to be found on Mars today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Quest for Water\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It is in this desolate setting that Curiosity landed in August 2012, lowered to the floor of \u003ca href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/msl/mission/timeline/prelaunch/landingsiteselection/aboutgalecrater/\">Gale Crater\u003c/a> by a rocket-propelled winch system. Its mission goal was simple: to investigate whether Mars’ environment ever supported liquid surface water, a vital ingredient for the formation of life as we understand it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gale Crater was chosen as a good site for the rover to search for evidence of that warmer, wetter past. Not only was the 96-mile wide impact basin a possible ancient lake bed, but a \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/image-feature/jpl/pia19839/strata-at-base-of-mount-sharp\">mountain of sediment\u003c/a> at its center—Mount Sharp–presented an accessible index of Mars’ past, its sedimentary layers like the pages of a book spanning billions of years of Mars’ geologic history.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1621301\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1621301\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/CheMin-mudstone-mineralogy-PIA21146-NASA_JPL-Caltech-800x460.jpg\" alt=\"A profile of the mineralogical analysis results of Curiosity's CheMin instrument at different locations along its route from the floor of Gale Crater up the slopes of Mount Sharp. \" width=\"800\" height=\"460\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/CheMin-mudstone-mineralogy-PIA21146-NASA_JPL-Caltech-800x460.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/CheMin-mudstone-mineralogy-PIA21146-NASA_JPL-Caltech-160x92.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/CheMin-mudstone-mineralogy-PIA21146-NASA_JPL-Caltech-768x442.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/CheMin-mudstone-mineralogy-PIA21146-NASA_JPL-Caltech-1020x586.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/CheMin-mudstone-mineralogy-PIA21146-NASA_JPL-Caltech-1180x678.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/CheMin-mudstone-mineralogy-PIA21146-NASA_JPL-Caltech-960x552.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/CheMin-mudstone-mineralogy-PIA21146-NASA_JPL-Caltech-240x138.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/CheMin-mudstone-mineralogy-PIA21146-NASA_JPL-Caltech-375x216.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/CheMin-mudstone-mineralogy-PIA21146-NASA_JPL-Caltech-520x299.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/CheMin-mudstone-mineralogy-PIA21146-NASA_JPL-Caltech.jpg 1708w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A profile of the mineralogical analysis results of Curiosity’s CheMin instrument at different locations along its route from the floor of Gale Crater up the slopes of Mount Sharp. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-CalTech)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In the nearly 5 years since landing in the bottom-lands of the dry lake bed, \u003ca href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/multimedia/images/2017/curiositys-traverse-map-through-sol-1686\">Curiosity has driven over 10.1 miles\u003c/a> and climbed a vertical distance of about 600 feet. Along the way, it has found ample signs of the existence of the ancient lake, including water-formed minerals, stream beds, dry deltas, and layer upon layer of sediments from the lake’s muddy floor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Explaining a Wetter Past\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An \u003ca href=\"https://www.sciencenewsforstudents.org/article/new-evidence-wet-mars\">abundance of evidence\u003c/a> from numerous missions to Mars tell us that in its youth Mars possessed a thicker atmosphere and a robust water cycle, perhaps not unlike Earth’s, with precipitation, vast river networks, lakes, and seas. But coming up with an explanation for how Mars was warm enough to support liquid water has been a challenge for scientists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1621302\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1621302\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/PIA19080-NASA_JPL-Caltech-800x500.jpg\" alt=\"Artist illustration of the ancient lake in Gale Crater, billions of years in Mars' past. \" width=\"800\" height=\"500\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/PIA19080-NASA_JPL-Caltech-800x500.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/PIA19080-NASA_JPL-Caltech-160x100.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/PIA19080-NASA_JPL-Caltech-768x480.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/PIA19080-NASA_JPL-Caltech-1020x638.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/PIA19080-NASA_JPL-Caltech-1920x1200.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/PIA19080-NASA_JPL-Caltech-1180x738.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/PIA19080-NASA_JPL-Caltech-960x600.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/PIA19080-NASA_JPL-Caltech-240x150.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/PIA19080-NASA_JPL-Caltech-375x234.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/PIA19080-NASA_JPL-Caltech-520x325.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Artist illustration of the ancient lake in Gale Crater, billions of years in Mars’ past. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-CalTech)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Adding to the challenge, billions of years ago when the planet’s waters were flowing, the young sun did not burn so brightly, shedding only two-thirds the solar energy that it does today. So, it may not be enough merely that Mars’ atmosphere was once thicker. Some other factor had to be involved to keep the waters from freezing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A leading theory has been that the early Martian atmosphere contained a lot of carbon dioxide, the “greenhouse gas” responsible for heating Venus’ atmosphere to oven-like temperatures and\u003ca href=\"https://phys.org/news/2015-08-ice-age-greenhouse-gas-factor.html\"> saving Earth from total glaciation\u003c/a>. A greenhouse gas traps solar energy in the form of heat, acting like an insulating blanket for a planet that would otherwise be colder.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>So, Problem Solved?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not quite, according to measurements made by the Curiosity rover’s “\u003ca href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/msl/mission/instruments/spectrometers/chemin/\">CheMin\u003c/a>” instrument.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An abundance of carbon dioxide in Mars’ early atmosphere, interacting with other chemicals in the Martian waters, would have produced carbonate minerals, which should have been deposited in the sediments of bodies of water like the lake bed of Gale Crater. Curiosity has been looking for those carbonates, but turned up nil.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The lack of detection of carbonates implies that there was at best a trace of carbon dioxide in Mars’ early atmosphere. To thaw Mars’ water ice, there would need to have been at least a hundred times that amount, which would have produced ample quantities of carbonates for Curiosity’s CheMin to detect.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other theories exist, such as that the waters of the lake in Gale Crater were once topped with a layer of ice. But so far evidence of an ice cover has not been found.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mars has always posed great mysteries to human curiosity and science, and continues to deliver them even today. Certainly, the apparent mismatch of evidence between a wet Mars with a robust water cycle and a Mars too cold to support it is compelling scientists to seek other explanations. Further exploration may help solve this puzzle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though Curiosity is showing signs of wear and tear from its mountain climbing endeavor, such as holes in the thin tread of its aluminum wheels, the mission continues to roll onward and upward. As Curiosity reaches ever higher and younger sediments, a clearer picture of Mars’ watery past should develop.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "A conspicuous lack of carbonate minerals in the sedimentary rocks of Gale Crater is challenging modern theories for how Mars' early environment could have been warm enough to support liquid water.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>NASA’s \u003ca href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/msl/mission/overview/\">Mars Science Laboratory\u003c/a>, the rover Curiosity, has dug up a surprise from the rocks of Mars, one that poses a vexing puzzle to scientists. A conspicuous \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/feature/jpl/nasas-curiosity-rover-sharpens-paradox-of-ancient-mars\">lack of carbonate\u003c/a> minerals in the sedimentary rocks of Gale Crater is challenging modern theories for how Mars’ early environment could have been warm enough to support liquid water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1621304\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1621304\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/Curiosity-PIA16937_rsz-1600x1067-c_NASA_JPL-Caltech_MSSS-800x534.jpg\" alt=\"Curiosity "selfie" taken at the site "John Klein" in Mars' Gale Crater.\" width=\"800\" height=\"534\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/Curiosity-PIA16937_rsz-1600x1067-c_NASA_JPL-Caltech_MSSS-800x534.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/Curiosity-PIA16937_rsz-1600x1067-c_NASA_JPL-Caltech_MSSS-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/Curiosity-PIA16937_rsz-1600x1067-c_NASA_JPL-Caltech_MSSS-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/Curiosity-PIA16937_rsz-1600x1067-c_NASA_JPL-Caltech_MSSS-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/Curiosity-PIA16937_rsz-1600x1067-c_NASA_JPL-Caltech_MSSS-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/Curiosity-PIA16937_rsz-1600x1067-c_NASA_JPL-Caltech_MSSS-960x640.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/Curiosity-PIA16937_rsz-1600x1067-c_NASA_JPL-Caltech_MSSS-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/Curiosity-PIA16937_rsz-1600x1067-c_NASA_JPL-Caltech_MSSS-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/Curiosity-PIA16937_rsz-1600x1067-c_NASA_JPL-Caltech_MSSS-520x347.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/Curiosity-PIA16937_rsz-1600x1067-c_NASA_JPL-Caltech_MSSS.jpg 1600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Curiosity “selfie” taken at the site “John Klein” in Mars’ Gale Crater. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-CalTech)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Today, Mars’ atmosphere is too thin for water to exist in a liquid state for long. Atmospheric pressure at Mars’ surface is only a hundredth that of Earth, making Mars a cold, dry desert. Wind-swept landscapes streaked by dust-devils and punctuated by a seasonal global dust storm constitute most of the action to be found on Mars today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Quest for Water\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It is in this desolate setting that Curiosity landed in August 2012, lowered to the floor of \u003ca href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/msl/mission/timeline/prelaunch/landingsiteselection/aboutgalecrater/\">Gale Crater\u003c/a> by a rocket-propelled winch system. Its mission goal was simple: to investigate whether Mars’ environment ever supported liquid surface water, a vital ingredient for the formation of life as we understand it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gale Crater was chosen as a good site for the rover to search for evidence of that warmer, wetter past. Not only was the 96-mile wide impact basin a possible ancient lake bed, but a \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/image-feature/jpl/pia19839/strata-at-base-of-mount-sharp\">mountain of sediment\u003c/a> at its center—Mount Sharp–presented an accessible index of Mars’ past, its sedimentary layers like the pages of a book spanning billions of years of Mars’ geologic history.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1621301\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1621301\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/CheMin-mudstone-mineralogy-PIA21146-NASA_JPL-Caltech-800x460.jpg\" alt=\"A profile of the mineralogical analysis results of Curiosity's CheMin instrument at different locations along its route from the floor of Gale Crater up the slopes of Mount Sharp. \" width=\"800\" height=\"460\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/CheMin-mudstone-mineralogy-PIA21146-NASA_JPL-Caltech-800x460.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/CheMin-mudstone-mineralogy-PIA21146-NASA_JPL-Caltech-160x92.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/CheMin-mudstone-mineralogy-PIA21146-NASA_JPL-Caltech-768x442.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/CheMin-mudstone-mineralogy-PIA21146-NASA_JPL-Caltech-1020x586.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/CheMin-mudstone-mineralogy-PIA21146-NASA_JPL-Caltech-1180x678.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/CheMin-mudstone-mineralogy-PIA21146-NASA_JPL-Caltech-960x552.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/CheMin-mudstone-mineralogy-PIA21146-NASA_JPL-Caltech-240x138.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/CheMin-mudstone-mineralogy-PIA21146-NASA_JPL-Caltech-375x216.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/CheMin-mudstone-mineralogy-PIA21146-NASA_JPL-Caltech-520x299.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/CheMin-mudstone-mineralogy-PIA21146-NASA_JPL-Caltech.jpg 1708w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A profile of the mineralogical analysis results of Curiosity’s CheMin instrument at different locations along its route from the floor of Gale Crater up the slopes of Mount Sharp. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-CalTech)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In the nearly 5 years since landing in the bottom-lands of the dry lake bed, \u003ca href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/multimedia/images/2017/curiositys-traverse-map-through-sol-1686\">Curiosity has driven over 10.1 miles\u003c/a> and climbed a vertical distance of about 600 feet. Along the way, it has found ample signs of the existence of the ancient lake, including water-formed minerals, stream beds, dry deltas, and layer upon layer of sediments from the lake’s muddy floor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Explaining a Wetter Past\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An \u003ca href=\"https://www.sciencenewsforstudents.org/article/new-evidence-wet-mars\">abundance of evidence\u003c/a> from numerous missions to Mars tell us that in its youth Mars possessed a thicker atmosphere and a robust water cycle, perhaps not unlike Earth’s, with precipitation, vast river networks, lakes, and seas. But coming up with an explanation for how Mars was warm enough to support liquid water has been a challenge for scientists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1621302\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1621302\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/PIA19080-NASA_JPL-Caltech-800x500.jpg\" alt=\"Artist illustration of the ancient lake in Gale Crater, billions of years in Mars' past. \" width=\"800\" height=\"500\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/PIA19080-NASA_JPL-Caltech-800x500.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/PIA19080-NASA_JPL-Caltech-160x100.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/PIA19080-NASA_JPL-Caltech-768x480.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/PIA19080-NASA_JPL-Caltech-1020x638.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/PIA19080-NASA_JPL-Caltech-1920x1200.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/PIA19080-NASA_JPL-Caltech-1180x738.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/PIA19080-NASA_JPL-Caltech-960x600.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/PIA19080-NASA_JPL-Caltech-240x150.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/PIA19080-NASA_JPL-Caltech-375x234.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/PIA19080-NASA_JPL-Caltech-520x325.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Artist illustration of the ancient lake in Gale Crater, billions of years in Mars’ past. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-CalTech)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Adding to the challenge, billions of years ago when the planet’s waters were flowing, the young sun did not burn so brightly, shedding only two-thirds the solar energy that it does today. So, it may not be enough merely that Mars’ atmosphere was once thicker. Some other factor had to be involved to keep the waters from freezing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A leading theory has been that the early Martian atmosphere contained a lot of carbon dioxide, the “greenhouse gas” responsible for heating Venus’ atmosphere to oven-like temperatures and\u003ca href=\"https://phys.org/news/2015-08-ice-age-greenhouse-gas-factor.html\"> saving Earth from total glaciation\u003c/a>. A greenhouse gas traps solar energy in the form of heat, acting like an insulating blanket for a planet that would otherwise be colder.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>So, Problem Solved?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not quite, according to measurements made by the Curiosity rover’s “\u003ca href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/msl/mission/instruments/spectrometers/chemin/\">CheMin\u003c/a>” instrument.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An abundance of carbon dioxide in Mars’ early atmosphere, interacting with other chemicals in the Martian waters, would have produced carbonate minerals, which should have been deposited in the sediments of bodies of water like the lake bed of Gale Crater. Curiosity has been looking for those carbonates, but turned up nil.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The lack of detection of carbonates implies that there was at best a trace of carbon dioxide in Mars’ early atmosphere. To thaw Mars’ water ice, there would need to have been at least a hundred times that amount, which would have produced ample quantities of carbonates for Curiosity’s CheMin to detect.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other theories exist, such as that the waters of the lake in Gale Crater were once topped with a layer of ice. But so far evidence of an ice cover has not been found.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mars has always posed great mysteries to human curiosity and science, and continues to deliver them even today. Certainly, the apparent mismatch of evidence between a wet Mars with a robust water cycle and a Mars too cold to support it is compelling scientists to seek other explanations. Further exploration may help solve this puzzle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though Curiosity is showing signs of wear and tear from its mountain climbing endeavor, such as holes in the thin tread of its aluminum wheels, the mission continues to roll onward and upward. As Curiosity reaches ever higher and younger sediments, a clearer picture of Mars’ watery past should develop.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"slug": "decorator-crabs-make-high-fashion-at-low-tide",
"title": "Decorator Crabs Make High Fashion at Low Tide",
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"content": "\u003cp>[dl_subscribe]As fans of the hit TV show \u003ca href=\"http://www.mylifetime.com/shows/project-runway?cmpid=paidsearch_M_Project+Runway&s_kwcid=AL!4852!10!16483475610!27099212686&ef_id=UFi7rwAASzIeOQTn:20170501234242:s\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Project Runway\u003c/a> know, in fashion one day you’re in, and the next day you’re out. Nowhere is this truer than in the animal kingdom. One minute you’re a crab minding your own business in a tide pool, and the next, you’re a seagull’s snack.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unless you’re a decorator crab, that is, and you use this season’s seaweed to save your life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are nearly 700 species of decorator crabs around the world—about a dozen of them in California, where they live in tide pools and kelp forests. They camouflage by decorating their heads, or their entire bodies depending on the species, with pieces of seaweed, anemones or other materials around them, which they attach securely to a natural Velcro that grows right on their bodies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s not a glue or anything; they have these hooked hairs all over their shells,” said \u003ca href=\"https://stachlab.wordpress.com/people/jay-stachowicz/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">biologist Jay Stachowicz\u003c/a>, who studies decorator crabs at the University of California, Davis. “Through microscope photography we can see that it looks just like Velcro, except probably even better, even more hooked.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These golden-colored hairs are thick and curled to form long rows. Some species of decorator crabs have these rows of hooked hairs only on their heads; others, on their entire bodies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1604726\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_410DecoratorCrabs_HOOKS_UNDER_MICROSCOPE.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1604726\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_410DecoratorCrabs_HOOKS_UNDER_MICROSCOPE.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_410DecoratorCrabs_HOOKS_UNDER_MICROSCOPE.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_410DecoratorCrabs_HOOKS_UNDER_MICROSCOPE-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_410DecoratorCrabs_HOOKS_UNDER_MICROSCOPE-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_410DecoratorCrabs_HOOKS_UNDER_MICROSCOPE-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_410DecoratorCrabs_HOOKS_UNDER_MICROSCOPE-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_410DecoratorCrabs_HOOKS_UNDER_MICROSCOPE-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_410DecoratorCrabs_HOOKS_UNDER_MICROSCOPE-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_410DecoratorCrabs_HOOKS_UNDER_MICROSCOPE-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_410DecoratorCrabs_HOOKS_UNDER_MICROSCOPE-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_410DecoratorCrabs_HOOKS_UNDER_MICROSCOPE-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Decorator crabs have Velcro-like hooked hairs on their shell into which they tuck pieces of seaweed that help them camouflage. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Crabs have been evolving this unique way of camouflaging for millions of years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“One of the arguments for how it came to be is that it started as a food storage behavior,” said Stachowicz. “Then by accident somebody stuck something on them that wasn’t that good to eat, but it made them much less likely to be eaten. And so it was successful and went on from there.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At his lab at \u003ca href=\"http://bml.ucdavis.edu/\">UC Davis’ Bodega Marine Lab\u003c/a> in Bodega Bay, Stachowicz collects crabs off the coast, places them in tanks, gives them some seaweed and watches them go to work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1604727\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_410DecoratorCrabs_BIOLOGIST_JAY_STACHOWICZ_AT_BODEGA_MARINE_LAB.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1604727\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_410DecoratorCrabs_BIOLOGIST_JAY_STACHOWICZ_AT_BODEGA_MARINE_LAB.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_410DecoratorCrabs_BIOLOGIST_JAY_STACHOWICZ_AT_BODEGA_MARINE_LAB.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_410DecoratorCrabs_BIOLOGIST_JAY_STACHOWICZ_AT_BODEGA_MARINE_LAB-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_410DecoratorCrabs_BIOLOGIST_JAY_STACHOWICZ_AT_BODEGA_MARINE_LAB-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_410DecoratorCrabs_BIOLOGIST_JAY_STACHOWICZ_AT_BODEGA_MARINE_LAB-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_410DecoratorCrabs_BIOLOGIST_JAY_STACHOWICZ_AT_BODEGA_MARINE_LAB-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_410DecoratorCrabs_BIOLOGIST_JAY_STACHOWICZ_AT_BODEGA_MARINE_LAB-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_410DecoratorCrabs_BIOLOGIST_JAY_STACHOWICZ_AT_BODEGA_MARINE_LAB-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_410DecoratorCrabs_BIOLOGIST_JAY_STACHOWICZ_AT_BODEGA_MARINE_LAB-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_410DecoratorCrabs_BIOLOGIST_JAY_STACHOWICZ_AT_BODEGA_MARINE_LAB-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_410DecoratorCrabs_BIOLOGIST_JAY_STACHOWICZ_AT_BODEGA_MARINE_LAB-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Biologist Jay Stachowicz points to the tide pools next to the University of California, Davis Bodega Marine Laboratory, in Bodega Bay, California, one of the places where he collects decorator crabs for his research. \u003ccite>(Gabriela Quirós/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The process is more exciting than watching Project Runway contestants create their confections, if you consider that the crabs are making it work with much simpler tools than the designers. And the stakes are much higher.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1604725\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 720px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_410DecoratorCrabs_PUGETTIA_RICHII_DECORATES_720.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1604725\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_410DecoratorCrabs_PUGETTIA_RICHII_DECORATES_720.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"720\" height=\"405\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The top of a Cryptic kelp crab’s head is covered in thick, curled hairs onto which it attaches pieces of seaweed to camouflage. The seaweed covers two antennae located below the crab’s head that flutter constantly and could call the attention of predators. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1604732\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_410DecoratorCrabs_PUGETTIA_RICHII_PROFILE.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1604732\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_410DecoratorCrabs_PUGETTIA_RICHII_PROFILE.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_410DecoratorCrabs_PUGETTIA_RICHII_PROFILE.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_410DecoratorCrabs_PUGETTIA_RICHII_PROFILE-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_410DecoratorCrabs_PUGETTIA_RICHII_PROFILE-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_410DecoratorCrabs_PUGETTIA_RICHII_PROFILE-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_410DecoratorCrabs_PUGETTIA_RICHII_PROFILE-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_410DecoratorCrabs_PUGETTIA_RICHII_PROFILE-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_410DecoratorCrabs_PUGETTIA_RICHII_PROFILE-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_410DecoratorCrabs_PUGETTIA_RICHII_PROFILE-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_410DecoratorCrabs_PUGETTIA_RICHII_PROFILE-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_410DecoratorCrabs_PUGETTIA_RICHII_PROFILE-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This Cryptic kelp crab has made itself a hat out of purple seaweed. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>A pink Cryptic kelp crab cuts a piece of purple seaweed with one of its claws.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“For smaller crabs in particular, it’s important that the algae be small enough to fit within the rows of hooked hairs,” said Stachowicz. “So very small, slender seaweed or sheet-like seaweeds are often chosen because they attach well.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then the crab holds the piece of seaweed above its head, the only part of its body where it has hooked hairs—four rows of them, up and down its long nose. It moves the piece of seaweed back and forth, until it’s tightly wedged inside the hooks. The crab gives the seaweed a little tug with one claw, and sure enough, the seaweed stays put. Then it repeats the process, but on the other side of its nose. The result is a “hat” of bushy seaweed that protrudes beyond its head.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With the seaweed, the crab is concealing two of its four antennae, short protuberances located near its mouth. These antennae are constantly aflutter. The crab uses them to smell, and they could call the attention of predators even when the crab remains still. By hiding the movement of the antennae, the seaweed visor protects the crab from birds pecking around in the tide pools and aquatic predators like fish and octopuses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Crabs like this Cryptic kelp crab might be able to make do with decorating just their heads. That’s because they have another way of camouflaging: their shells can change color to mimic the algae around them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But other crabs have to rely solely on decorating for their protection and have evolved hooked hairs all over their bodies. They’re what Stachowicz calls “extreme” decorators.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1604724\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 720px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_410DecoratorCrabs_LOXORHYNCHUS_CRISPATUS_DECORATES_720.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1604724\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_410DecoratorCrabs_LOXORHYNCHUS_CRISPATUS_DECORATES_720.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"720\" height=\"405\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A moss crab attaches a piece of seaweed to its head to camouflage against predators. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The moss crab, for example, is so covered in greenish golden hairs that it looks like a Barbie-sized furry toy robot. Some of its many hairs aren’t made specifically for holding seaweed. They have sensation in them so that when the crab moves its claw back and forth in front of its head, the hairs below the claw help it sense that its face is uncovered.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So the moss crab gets to work creating itself a suitable outfit. It breaks off a piece of pink algae. Then it slides it in and out of its mouth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“By ‘tasting’ the item, they can identify whether it is something they perceive as food or decoration,” said Stachowicz. “In some decorators, chemically nasty items are sensed this way and used as decoration.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1604729\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_410DecoratorCrabs_STRAWBERRY_ANEMONE_ON_LOXORHYNCHUS_CRISPATUS_CRAB.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1604729\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_410DecoratorCrabs_STRAWBERRY_ANEMONE_ON_LOXORHYNCHUS_CRISPATUS_CRAB.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_410DecoratorCrabs_STRAWBERRY_ANEMONE_ON_LOXORHYNCHUS_CRISPATUS_CRAB.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_410DecoratorCrabs_STRAWBERRY_ANEMONE_ON_LOXORHYNCHUS_CRISPATUS_CRAB-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_410DecoratorCrabs_STRAWBERRY_ANEMONE_ON_LOXORHYNCHUS_CRISPATUS_CRAB-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_410DecoratorCrabs_STRAWBERRY_ANEMONE_ON_LOXORHYNCHUS_CRISPATUS_CRAB-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_410DecoratorCrabs_STRAWBERRY_ANEMONE_ON_LOXORHYNCHUS_CRISPATUS_CRAB-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_410DecoratorCrabs_STRAWBERRY_ANEMONE_ON_LOXORHYNCHUS_CRISPATUS_CRAB-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_410DecoratorCrabs_STRAWBERRY_ANEMONE_ON_LOXORHYNCHUS_CRISPATUS_CRAB-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_410DecoratorCrabs_STRAWBERRY_ANEMONE_ON_LOXORHYNCHUS_CRISPATUS_CRAB-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_410DecoratorCrabs_STRAWBERRY_ANEMONE_ON_LOXORHYNCHUS_CRISPATUS_CRAB-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_410DecoratorCrabs_STRAWBERRY_ANEMONE_ON_LOXORHYNCHUS_CRISPATUS_CRAB-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A strawberry anemone grows on a moss crab in Bodega Bay, California. Anemones have stingers that keep predators away from the crab. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Moss crabs like the one that Stachowicz has collected also decorate themselves with strawberry anemones, bright-orange animals that provide the crab extra protection by warding off predators with their stingers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over time, the anemones and seaweed can grow and spread on the crab’s shell, fed by nutrients from the crab itself. The fanciful outfit can become a heavy load; but ultimately, it’s worth it. Being fabulous just might save the crab’s life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Jacob Shea and Elliott Kennerson contributed reporting.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>As fans of the hit TV show \u003ca href=\"http://www.mylifetime.com/shows/project-runway?cmpid=paidsearch_M_Project+Runway&s_kwcid=AL!4852!10!16483475610!27099212686&ef_id=UFi7rwAASzIeOQTn:20170501234242:s\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Project Runway\u003c/a> know, in fashion one day you’re in, and the next day you’re out. Nowhere is this truer than in the animal kingdom. One minute you’re a crab minding your own business in a tide pool, and the next, you’re a seagull’s snack.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unless you’re a decorator crab, that is, and you use this season’s seaweed to save your life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are nearly 700 species of decorator crabs around the world—about a dozen of them in California, where they live in tide pools and kelp forests. They camouflage by decorating their heads, or their entire bodies depending on the species, with pieces of seaweed, anemones or other materials around them, which they attach securely to a natural Velcro that grows right on their bodies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s not a glue or anything; they have these hooked hairs all over their shells,” said \u003ca href=\"https://stachlab.wordpress.com/people/jay-stachowicz/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">biologist Jay Stachowicz\u003c/a>, who studies decorator crabs at the University of California, Davis. “Through microscope photography we can see that it looks just like Velcro, except probably even better, even more hooked.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These golden-colored hairs are thick and curled to form long rows. Some species of decorator crabs have these rows of hooked hairs only on their heads; others, on their entire bodies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1604726\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_410DecoratorCrabs_HOOKS_UNDER_MICROSCOPE.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1604726\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_410DecoratorCrabs_HOOKS_UNDER_MICROSCOPE.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_410DecoratorCrabs_HOOKS_UNDER_MICROSCOPE.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_410DecoratorCrabs_HOOKS_UNDER_MICROSCOPE-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_410DecoratorCrabs_HOOKS_UNDER_MICROSCOPE-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_410DecoratorCrabs_HOOKS_UNDER_MICROSCOPE-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_410DecoratorCrabs_HOOKS_UNDER_MICROSCOPE-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_410DecoratorCrabs_HOOKS_UNDER_MICROSCOPE-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_410DecoratorCrabs_HOOKS_UNDER_MICROSCOPE-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_410DecoratorCrabs_HOOKS_UNDER_MICROSCOPE-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_410DecoratorCrabs_HOOKS_UNDER_MICROSCOPE-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_410DecoratorCrabs_HOOKS_UNDER_MICROSCOPE-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Decorator crabs have Velcro-like hooked hairs on their shell into which they tuck pieces of seaweed that help them camouflage. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Crabs have been evolving this unique way of camouflaging for millions of years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“One of the arguments for how it came to be is that it started as a food storage behavior,” said Stachowicz. “Then by accident somebody stuck something on them that wasn’t that good to eat, but it made them much less likely to be eaten. And so it was successful and went on from there.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At his lab at \u003ca href=\"http://bml.ucdavis.edu/\">UC Davis’ Bodega Marine Lab\u003c/a> in Bodega Bay, Stachowicz collects crabs off the coast, places them in tanks, gives them some seaweed and watches them go to work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1604727\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_410DecoratorCrabs_BIOLOGIST_JAY_STACHOWICZ_AT_BODEGA_MARINE_LAB.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1604727\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_410DecoratorCrabs_BIOLOGIST_JAY_STACHOWICZ_AT_BODEGA_MARINE_LAB.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_410DecoratorCrabs_BIOLOGIST_JAY_STACHOWICZ_AT_BODEGA_MARINE_LAB.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_410DecoratorCrabs_BIOLOGIST_JAY_STACHOWICZ_AT_BODEGA_MARINE_LAB-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_410DecoratorCrabs_BIOLOGIST_JAY_STACHOWICZ_AT_BODEGA_MARINE_LAB-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_410DecoratorCrabs_BIOLOGIST_JAY_STACHOWICZ_AT_BODEGA_MARINE_LAB-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_410DecoratorCrabs_BIOLOGIST_JAY_STACHOWICZ_AT_BODEGA_MARINE_LAB-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_410DecoratorCrabs_BIOLOGIST_JAY_STACHOWICZ_AT_BODEGA_MARINE_LAB-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_410DecoratorCrabs_BIOLOGIST_JAY_STACHOWICZ_AT_BODEGA_MARINE_LAB-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_410DecoratorCrabs_BIOLOGIST_JAY_STACHOWICZ_AT_BODEGA_MARINE_LAB-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_410DecoratorCrabs_BIOLOGIST_JAY_STACHOWICZ_AT_BODEGA_MARINE_LAB-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_410DecoratorCrabs_BIOLOGIST_JAY_STACHOWICZ_AT_BODEGA_MARINE_LAB-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Biologist Jay Stachowicz points to the tide pools next to the University of California, Davis Bodega Marine Laboratory, in Bodega Bay, California, one of the places where he collects decorator crabs for his research. \u003ccite>(Gabriela Quirós/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The process is more exciting than watching Project Runway contestants create their confections, if you consider that the crabs are making it work with much simpler tools than the designers. And the stakes are much higher.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1604725\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 720px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_410DecoratorCrabs_PUGETTIA_RICHII_DECORATES_720.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1604725\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_410DecoratorCrabs_PUGETTIA_RICHII_DECORATES_720.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"720\" height=\"405\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The top of a Cryptic kelp crab’s head is covered in thick, curled hairs onto which it attaches pieces of seaweed to camouflage. The seaweed covers two antennae located below the crab’s head that flutter constantly and could call the attention of predators. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1604732\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_410DecoratorCrabs_PUGETTIA_RICHII_PROFILE.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1604732\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_410DecoratorCrabs_PUGETTIA_RICHII_PROFILE.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_410DecoratorCrabs_PUGETTIA_RICHII_PROFILE.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_410DecoratorCrabs_PUGETTIA_RICHII_PROFILE-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_410DecoratorCrabs_PUGETTIA_RICHII_PROFILE-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_410DecoratorCrabs_PUGETTIA_RICHII_PROFILE-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_410DecoratorCrabs_PUGETTIA_RICHII_PROFILE-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_410DecoratorCrabs_PUGETTIA_RICHII_PROFILE-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_410DecoratorCrabs_PUGETTIA_RICHII_PROFILE-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_410DecoratorCrabs_PUGETTIA_RICHII_PROFILE-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_410DecoratorCrabs_PUGETTIA_RICHII_PROFILE-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_410DecoratorCrabs_PUGETTIA_RICHII_PROFILE-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This Cryptic kelp crab has made itself a hat out of purple seaweed. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>A pink Cryptic kelp crab cuts a piece of purple seaweed with one of its claws.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“For smaller crabs in particular, it’s important that the algae be small enough to fit within the rows of hooked hairs,” said Stachowicz. “So very small, slender seaweed or sheet-like seaweeds are often chosen because they attach well.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then the crab holds the piece of seaweed above its head, the only part of its body where it has hooked hairs—four rows of them, up and down its long nose. It moves the piece of seaweed back and forth, until it’s tightly wedged inside the hooks. The crab gives the seaweed a little tug with one claw, and sure enough, the seaweed stays put. Then it repeats the process, but on the other side of its nose. The result is a “hat” of bushy seaweed that protrudes beyond its head.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With the seaweed, the crab is concealing two of its four antennae, short protuberances located near its mouth. These antennae are constantly aflutter. The crab uses them to smell, and they could call the attention of predators even when the crab remains still. By hiding the movement of the antennae, the seaweed visor protects the crab from birds pecking around in the tide pools and aquatic predators like fish and octopuses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Crabs like this Cryptic kelp crab might be able to make do with decorating just their heads. That’s because they have another way of camouflaging: their shells can change color to mimic the algae around them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But other crabs have to rely solely on decorating for their protection and have evolved hooked hairs all over their bodies. They’re what Stachowicz calls “extreme” decorators.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1604724\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 720px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_410DecoratorCrabs_LOXORHYNCHUS_CRISPATUS_DECORATES_720.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1604724\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_410DecoratorCrabs_LOXORHYNCHUS_CRISPATUS_DECORATES_720.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"720\" height=\"405\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A moss crab attaches a piece of seaweed to its head to camouflage against predators. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The moss crab, for example, is so covered in greenish golden hairs that it looks like a Barbie-sized furry toy robot. Some of its many hairs aren’t made specifically for holding seaweed. They have sensation in them so that when the crab moves its claw back and forth in front of its head, the hairs below the claw help it sense that its face is uncovered.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So the moss crab gets to work creating itself a suitable outfit. It breaks off a piece of pink algae. Then it slides it in and out of its mouth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“By ‘tasting’ the item, they can identify whether it is something they perceive as food or decoration,” said Stachowicz. “In some decorators, chemically nasty items are sensed this way and used as decoration.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1604729\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_410DecoratorCrabs_STRAWBERRY_ANEMONE_ON_LOXORHYNCHUS_CRISPATUS_CRAB.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1604729\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_410DecoratorCrabs_STRAWBERRY_ANEMONE_ON_LOXORHYNCHUS_CRISPATUS_CRAB.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_410DecoratorCrabs_STRAWBERRY_ANEMONE_ON_LOXORHYNCHUS_CRISPATUS_CRAB.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_410DecoratorCrabs_STRAWBERRY_ANEMONE_ON_LOXORHYNCHUS_CRISPATUS_CRAB-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_410DecoratorCrabs_STRAWBERRY_ANEMONE_ON_LOXORHYNCHUS_CRISPATUS_CRAB-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_410DecoratorCrabs_STRAWBERRY_ANEMONE_ON_LOXORHYNCHUS_CRISPATUS_CRAB-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_410DecoratorCrabs_STRAWBERRY_ANEMONE_ON_LOXORHYNCHUS_CRISPATUS_CRAB-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_410DecoratorCrabs_STRAWBERRY_ANEMONE_ON_LOXORHYNCHUS_CRISPATUS_CRAB-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_410DecoratorCrabs_STRAWBERRY_ANEMONE_ON_LOXORHYNCHUS_CRISPATUS_CRAB-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_410DecoratorCrabs_STRAWBERRY_ANEMONE_ON_LOXORHYNCHUS_CRISPATUS_CRAB-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_410DecoratorCrabs_STRAWBERRY_ANEMONE_ON_LOXORHYNCHUS_CRISPATUS_CRAB-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_410DecoratorCrabs_STRAWBERRY_ANEMONE_ON_LOXORHYNCHUS_CRISPATUS_CRAB-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A strawberry anemone grows on a moss crab in Bodega Bay, California. Anemones have stingers that keep predators away from the crab. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Moss crabs like the one that Stachowicz has collected also decorate themselves with strawberry anemones, bright-orange animals that provide the crab extra protection by warding off predators with their stingers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over time, the anemones and seaweed can grow and spread on the crab’s shell, fed by nutrients from the crab itself. The fanciful outfit can become a heavy load; but ultimately, it’s worth it. Being fabulous just might save the crab’s life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Jacob Shea and Elliott Kennerson contributed reporting.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Epic NorCal Snowpack Melting in Warm Spring Temperatures",
"headTitle": "Epic NorCal Snowpack Melting in Warm Spring Temperatures | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Warming springtime temperatures in California are expected to accelerate melting of the state’s record snowpack, sending water surging down a major river in Yosemite National Park that could overflow its banks, officials said Monday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Reservoirs downstream from the Sierra Nevada have been lowered in anticipation of the heavier-than-normal runoff, said reservoirs managers. The current snowpack is double its normal size.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The snowmelt flows downhill during warm months into reservoirs and canals, which supply one-third of the water used by residents of the most populous U.S. state. It also irrigates crops in the nation’s most productive farming state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Forecasters warned that they expect the Merced River within Yosemite will hit flood stage in the middle of the week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nearly twice as much snow as normal blankets the 400-mile (644-kilometer) Sierra Nevada, a big contrast compared two years ago at the height of California’s drought when barely any measureable snow remained, state water managers said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1602512\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DK_snow_-survey_8534_05_01_2017-800x566.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"566\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1602512\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DK_snow_-survey_8534_05_01_2017-800x566.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DK_snow_-survey_8534_05_01_2017-160x113.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DK_snow_-survey_8534_05_01_2017-768x543.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DK_snow_-survey_8534_05_01_2017-1020x721.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DK_snow_-survey_8534_05_01_2017-1920x1358.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DK_snow_-survey_8534_05_01_2017-1180x834.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DK_snow_-survey_8534_05_01_2017-960x679.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DK_snow_-survey_8534_05_01_2017-240x170.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DK_snow_-survey_8534_05_01_2017-375x265.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DK_snow_-survey_8534_05_01_2017-520x368.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Frank Gehrke chief of the California Cooperative Snow Surveys Program and Wes McCandless a contract analyst, conduct the final snow survey for the 2017 snow season at Phillips Station in the Sierra Nevada Mountains in Northern California. \u003ccite>(ale Kolke/California Department of Water Resources)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“What goes up must come down,” said Doug Carlson, a spokesman for the California Department of Water Resources. “The snow that’s sitting on the mountains will come down.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The California Cooperative Snow Surveys Program on Monday was measuring how much water the snow holds, which should give officials an indication of how much water will be released by the snowpack.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The snowy winter has been especially cruel to wildlife in the mountains — killing off bighorn sheep and lengthening hibernation periods for bears.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During California’s drought, the iconic Sierra Nevada bighorn sheep moved from lower elevations higher up into the mountains in search of food, said Jason Holley, a wildlife biologist for the California Department of Fish and Wildlife.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the heavy snow may have killed 100 of the 600 or so bighorn, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They’ve triggered some avalanches,” Holley said. “Others go caught in areas with no natural food.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The snowdrifts have also kept many bears hibernating in the remote wilderness inside their dens one month longer than normal because food is still scarce, Holley said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1602511\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1602511 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/Mammoth_Jan_14_2017-800x513.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"513\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/Mammoth_Jan_14_2017-800x513.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/Mammoth_Jan_14_2017-160x103.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/Mammoth_Jan_14_2017-768x493.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/Mammoth_Jan_14_2017-1020x654.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/Mammoth_Jan_14_2017-960x616.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/Mammoth_Jan_14_2017-240x154.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/Mammoth_Jan_14_2017-375x241.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/Mammoth_Jan_14_2017-520x334.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/Mammoth_Jan_14_2017.jpg 1060w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">It’s been a record year for snow in Northern California. Here, a Planet Labs satellite captures the snowpack in Mammoth on January 14, 2017. \u003ccite>(Image provided by \u003ca href=\"https://www.planet.com/\" target=\"_blank\">Planet Labs\u003c/a>)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Hikers heading to the mountains are sure to find damaged roads leading to prized campgrounds that may not be repaired until next year, said Stanislaus National Forest officials.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Yosemite National Park, rangers warned that visitors will need to be careful when they are near swift-flowing rivers and waterfalls with much higher water flows than normal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Inexperienced hikers heading into the mountains should be prepared for snow lasting longer than normal this spring and should hike with more experienced people or consider heading to coastal mountains not covered in snow, said Kathryn Phillips, director of the Sierra Club California\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Not only is it technically difficult, it is pretty uncomfortable,” Phillips said. “If you’ve never done it before, go with somebody who has.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "As the snow melts, there's a moderate flood risk on the Merced River in Yosemite and on the Truckee River near Lake Tahoe this week. Officials say more hot weather could cause increased risk in the weeks and months ahead. \r\n\r\n",
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"description": "As the snow melts, there's a moderate flood risk on the Merced River in Yosemite and on the Truckee River near Lake Tahoe this week. Officials say more hot weather could cause increased risk in the weeks and months ahead. \r\n\r\n",
"title": "Epic NorCal Snowpack Melting in Warm Spring Temperatures | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Warming springtime temperatures in California are expected to accelerate melting of the state’s record snowpack, sending water surging down a major river in Yosemite National Park that could overflow its banks, officials said Monday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Reservoirs downstream from the Sierra Nevada have been lowered in anticipation of the heavier-than-normal runoff, said reservoirs managers. The current snowpack is double its normal size.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The snowmelt flows downhill during warm months into reservoirs and canals, which supply one-third of the water used by residents of the most populous U.S. state. It also irrigates crops in the nation’s most productive farming state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Forecasters warned that they expect the Merced River within Yosemite will hit flood stage in the middle of the week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nearly twice as much snow as normal blankets the 400-mile (644-kilometer) Sierra Nevada, a big contrast compared two years ago at the height of California’s drought when barely any measureable snow remained, state water managers said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1602512\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DK_snow_-survey_8534_05_01_2017-800x566.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"566\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1602512\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DK_snow_-survey_8534_05_01_2017-800x566.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DK_snow_-survey_8534_05_01_2017-160x113.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DK_snow_-survey_8534_05_01_2017-768x543.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DK_snow_-survey_8534_05_01_2017-1020x721.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DK_snow_-survey_8534_05_01_2017-1920x1358.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DK_snow_-survey_8534_05_01_2017-1180x834.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DK_snow_-survey_8534_05_01_2017-960x679.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DK_snow_-survey_8534_05_01_2017-240x170.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DK_snow_-survey_8534_05_01_2017-375x265.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DK_snow_-survey_8534_05_01_2017-520x368.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Frank Gehrke chief of the California Cooperative Snow Surveys Program and Wes McCandless a contract analyst, conduct the final snow survey for the 2017 snow season at Phillips Station in the Sierra Nevada Mountains in Northern California. \u003ccite>(ale Kolke/California Department of Water Resources)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“What goes up must come down,” said Doug Carlson, a spokesman for the California Department of Water Resources. “The snow that’s sitting on the mountains will come down.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The California Cooperative Snow Surveys Program on Monday was measuring how much water the snow holds, which should give officials an indication of how much water will be released by the snowpack.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The snowy winter has been especially cruel to wildlife in the mountains — killing off bighorn sheep and lengthening hibernation periods for bears.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During California’s drought, the iconic Sierra Nevada bighorn sheep moved from lower elevations higher up into the mountains in search of food, said Jason Holley, a wildlife biologist for the California Department of Fish and Wildlife.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the heavy snow may have killed 100 of the 600 or so bighorn, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They’ve triggered some avalanches,” Holley said. “Others go caught in areas with no natural food.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The snowdrifts have also kept many bears hibernating in the remote wilderness inside their dens one month longer than normal because food is still scarce, Holley said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1602511\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1602511 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/Mammoth_Jan_14_2017-800x513.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"513\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/Mammoth_Jan_14_2017-800x513.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/Mammoth_Jan_14_2017-160x103.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/Mammoth_Jan_14_2017-768x493.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/Mammoth_Jan_14_2017-1020x654.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/Mammoth_Jan_14_2017-960x616.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/Mammoth_Jan_14_2017-240x154.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/Mammoth_Jan_14_2017-375x241.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/Mammoth_Jan_14_2017-520x334.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/Mammoth_Jan_14_2017.jpg 1060w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">It’s been a record year for snow in Northern California. Here, a Planet Labs satellite captures the snowpack in Mammoth on January 14, 2017. \u003ccite>(Image provided by \u003ca href=\"https://www.planet.com/\" target=\"_blank\">Planet Labs\u003c/a>)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Hikers heading to the mountains are sure to find damaged roads leading to prized campgrounds that may not be repaired until next year, said Stanislaus National Forest officials.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Yosemite National Park, rangers warned that visitors will need to be careful when they are near swift-flowing rivers and waterfalls with much higher water flows than normal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Inexperienced hikers heading into the mountains should be prepared for snow lasting longer than normal this spring and should hike with more experienced people or consider heading to coastal mountains not covered in snow, said Kathryn Phillips, director of the Sierra Club California\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Not only is it technically difficult, it is pretty uncomfortable,” Phillips said. “If you’ve never done it before, go with somebody who has.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"slug": "reversing-climate-change-california-author-offers-100-reasons-to-hope",
"title": "Reversing Climate Change? California Author Offers 100 Reasons to Hope",
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"headTitle": "Reversing Climate Change? California Author Offers 100 Reasons to Hope | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cp>Global climate change is a such a dramatic and vast event, it can be hard to find reasons to believe we can change the momentum.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Environmentalist Paul Hawken, in his new book, offers 100 reasons to hope. Hawken is a seasoned advocate for the power of human action to address climate change. He co-founded the retail and catalog company \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smith_%26_Hawken\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Smith & Hawken\u003c/a> and has written several best-selling books.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His latest is called \u003cem>\u003ca href=\"http://www.drawdown.org/the-book/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Drawdown: The Most Comprehensive Plan Ever Proposed to Reduce Global Warming\u003c/a>\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>KQED’s \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/author/dkatayama/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Devin Katayama\u003c/a> spoke with Paul Hawken about his book and what each one of us can do to “draw down” the atmosphere’s carbon load.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">\u003cb>Katayama: You call this the most comprehensive plan ever proposed to reduce global warming. That’s a pretty bold statement.\u003c/b>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Hawken: Not only bold, it’s cheeky and rash [but] it is the most comprehensive plan to reverse global warming because no one has ever proposed a plan. In three years of research, with over 200 scientists and research fellows, we discovered that there is a de facto plan afoot in the world to reduce global warming but it’s not top down. It’s not from some person or some institution. It’s a collective wisdom, if you will.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1592341\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1592341\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/PaulHawken1-800x601.jpg\" alt=\"In his new book Paul Hawken lays out a 100 point plan for slowing and reversing human-caused climate change.\" width=\"800\" height=\"601\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/PaulHawken1-800x601.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/PaulHawken1-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/PaulHawken1-768x577.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/PaulHawken1-1020x766.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/PaulHawken1-1920x1442.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/PaulHawken1-1180x886.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/PaulHawken1-960x721.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/PaulHawken1-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/PaulHawken1-375x282.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/PaulHawken1-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">In his new book, Paul Hawken lays out a 100 point plan for slowing and reversing human-caused climate change. \u003ccite>(Paul Hawken)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">\u003cb>\u003cb>Katayama\u003c/b>: And so you did talk to a ton of scientists and you came up with this whole list of things that the world needs to do in the coming decades to really tackle climate change. What are some of the recommendations that you learned?\u003c/b>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Hawken: We don’t make recommendations. We map, measure and model the 100 most substantive solutions. And we went through hundreds of solutions and tested and did the math. All the data are based on peer reviewed science.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">\u003cb>\u003cb>Katayama\u003c/b>: Well let’s talk about one of the solutions in your book. It’s called the micro-grid and it’s this really fascinating example of zero-carbon energy, this idea that a neighborhood can be its own energy supplier. Tell us why that is and how these micro-grids work.\u003c/b>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Hawken: The micro-grid is really localization of energy. We hear a lot about local food, and farm to fork; this is sun to home. You’re gathering your energy locally, but you’re actually in a small grid and you’re sharing it in a way that allows for peaks and valleys of the energy, different sources of energy. And in developing countries they can’t afford power grids. They’re too remote. They don’t have the money in the first place. They don’t have centralized energy generation plants. And for them they can \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leapfrogging\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">leapfrog\u003c/a> where we are today to a very different system, where they use micro-wind and solar and larger wind turbines.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft wp-image-1592343\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/Drawdown_coverhires-800x1024.jpg\" alt=\"Drawdown_coverhires\" width=\"300\" height=\"384\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/Drawdown_coverhires-800x1024.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/Drawdown_coverhires-160x205.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/Drawdown_coverhires-768x983.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/Drawdown_coverhires-1020x1305.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/Drawdown_coverhires-1920x2457.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/Drawdown_coverhires-1180x1510.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/Drawdown_coverhires-960x1228.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/Drawdown_coverhires-240x307.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/Drawdown_coverhires-375x480.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/Drawdown_coverhires-520x665.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\">They then can create an energy grid that supplies all the needs they have. You see this throughout India and Africa and eventually we’re going to see it in the United States, not because we’re a low income country but because it’ll be cheaper. Because people [will] have energy storage in their homes, they’ll have energy generation on their roofs and they’ll hook up to each other and it’ll be cheaper than what we’re paying today.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">\u003cb>\u003cb>Katayama: \u003c/b>As you look ahead, what industries or business do you think stand to make the most progress?\u003c/b>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Hawken: I think the biggest industry that can influence global warming is the food industry, and that surprised us when we did the modeling and assumed it would be energy. But actually, food has the biggest impact in terms of reversing [climate change] in reducing energy use and sequestering carbon. [It can] bring carbon back down from the atmosphere by photosynthesis and store it in the soil. Our recommendations are actually is profitable, regenerative farming techniques create more productivity. [Regenerative farming] has so many benefits and it’s such an exciting area for people to go into. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">\u003cb>\u003cb>Katayama\u003c/b>: What about individuals? What can I do in my home to help out?\u003c/b>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Hawken: The number one thing you can do, and I’m starting to do it now too by the way (which I thought I did before, but wasn’t so aware of it) is reduce food waste. Americans waste 40 percent of the food that we produce. And it takes a lot of energy to produce that food, not just on a farm level but shipping and storage and packing and distribution and processing. It takes 14 or 15 calories for every calorie you consume, and then you toss it. Not in San Francisco, but in most cities in the world and certainly in the United States, that food then goes to landfills and produces methane, a greenhouse gas which is 34 times more powerful than CO2. So, reducing food waste.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">And now, my wife calls me \u003cem>animalito\u003c/em> [or “little animal”]. She’s Spanish and calls me that because I’m eating everything you’d normally throw away.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cem>This interview was edited and abridged for clarity.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\n\u003c/p>\n",
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"excerpt": "In his new book, Bay Area environmentalist Paul Hawken describes 100 ways to slow or even reverse climate change.",
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"title": "Reversing Climate Change? California Author Offers 100 Reasons to Hope | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Global climate change is a such a dramatic and vast event, it can be hard to find reasons to believe we can change the momentum.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Environmentalist Paul Hawken, in his new book, offers 100 reasons to hope. Hawken is a seasoned advocate for the power of human action to address climate change. He co-founded the retail and catalog company \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smith_%26_Hawken\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Smith & Hawken\u003c/a> and has written several best-selling books.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His latest is called \u003cem>\u003ca href=\"http://www.drawdown.org/the-book/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Drawdown: The Most Comprehensive Plan Ever Proposed to Reduce Global Warming\u003c/a>\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>KQED’s \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/author/dkatayama/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Devin Katayama\u003c/a> spoke with Paul Hawken about his book and what each one of us can do to “draw down” the atmosphere’s carbon load.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">\u003cb>Katayama: You call this the most comprehensive plan ever proposed to reduce global warming. That’s a pretty bold statement.\u003c/b>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Hawken: Not only bold, it’s cheeky and rash [but] it is the most comprehensive plan to reverse global warming because no one has ever proposed a plan. In three years of research, with over 200 scientists and research fellows, we discovered that there is a de facto plan afoot in the world to reduce global warming but it’s not top down. It’s not from some person or some institution. It’s a collective wisdom, if you will.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1592341\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1592341\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/PaulHawken1-800x601.jpg\" alt=\"In his new book Paul Hawken lays out a 100 point plan for slowing and reversing human-caused climate change.\" width=\"800\" height=\"601\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/PaulHawken1-800x601.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/PaulHawken1-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/PaulHawken1-768x577.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/PaulHawken1-1020x766.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/PaulHawken1-1920x1442.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/PaulHawken1-1180x886.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/PaulHawken1-960x721.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/PaulHawken1-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/PaulHawken1-375x282.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/PaulHawken1-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">In his new book, Paul Hawken lays out a 100 point plan for slowing and reversing human-caused climate change. \u003ccite>(Paul Hawken)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">\u003cb>\u003cb>Katayama\u003c/b>: And so you did talk to a ton of scientists and you came up with this whole list of things that the world needs to do in the coming decades to really tackle climate change. What are some of the recommendations that you learned?\u003c/b>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Hawken: We don’t make recommendations. We map, measure and model the 100 most substantive solutions. And we went through hundreds of solutions and tested and did the math. All the data are based on peer reviewed science.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">\u003cb>\u003cb>Katayama\u003c/b>: Well let’s talk about one of the solutions in your book. It’s called the micro-grid and it’s this really fascinating example of zero-carbon energy, this idea that a neighborhood can be its own energy supplier. Tell us why that is and how these micro-grids work.\u003c/b>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Hawken: The micro-grid is really localization of energy. We hear a lot about local food, and farm to fork; this is sun to home. You’re gathering your energy locally, but you’re actually in a small grid and you’re sharing it in a way that allows for peaks and valleys of the energy, different sources of energy. And in developing countries they can’t afford power grids. They’re too remote. They don’t have the money in the first place. They don’t have centralized energy generation plants. And for them they can \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leapfrogging\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">leapfrog\u003c/a> where we are today to a very different system, where they use micro-wind and solar and larger wind turbines.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft wp-image-1592343\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/Drawdown_coverhires-800x1024.jpg\" alt=\"Drawdown_coverhires\" width=\"300\" height=\"384\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/Drawdown_coverhires-800x1024.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/Drawdown_coverhires-160x205.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/Drawdown_coverhires-768x983.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/Drawdown_coverhires-1020x1305.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/Drawdown_coverhires-1920x2457.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/Drawdown_coverhires-1180x1510.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/Drawdown_coverhires-960x1228.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/Drawdown_coverhires-240x307.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/Drawdown_coverhires-375x480.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/Drawdown_coverhires-520x665.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\">They then can create an energy grid that supplies all the needs they have. You see this throughout India and Africa and eventually we’re going to see it in the United States, not because we’re a low income country but because it’ll be cheaper. Because people [will] have energy storage in their homes, they’ll have energy generation on their roofs and they’ll hook up to each other and it’ll be cheaper than what we’re paying today.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">\u003cb>\u003cb>Katayama: \u003c/b>As you look ahead, what industries or business do you think stand to make the most progress?\u003c/b>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Hawken: I think the biggest industry that can influence global warming is the food industry, and that surprised us when we did the modeling and assumed it would be energy. But actually, food has the biggest impact in terms of reversing [climate change] in reducing energy use and sequestering carbon. [It can] bring carbon back down from the atmosphere by photosynthesis and store it in the soil. Our recommendations are actually is profitable, regenerative farming techniques create more productivity. [Regenerative farming] has so many benefits and it’s such an exciting area for people to go into. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">\u003cb>\u003cb>Katayama\u003c/b>: What about individuals? What can I do in my home to help out?\u003c/b>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Hawken: The number one thing you can do, and I’m starting to do it now too by the way (which I thought I did before, but wasn’t so aware of it) is reduce food waste. Americans waste 40 percent of the food that we produce. And it takes a lot of energy to produce that food, not just on a farm level but shipping and storage and packing and distribution and processing. It takes 14 or 15 calories for every calorie you consume, and then you toss it. Not in San Francisco, but in most cities in the world and certainly in the United States, that food then goes to landfills and produces methane, a greenhouse gas which is 34 times more powerful than CO2. So, reducing food waste.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">And now, my wife calls me \u003cem>animalito\u003c/em> [or “little animal”]. She’s Spanish and calls me that because I’m eating everything you’d normally throw away.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cem>This interview was edited and abridged for clarity.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\n\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Trump Signs Executive Order on Offshore Drilling, Marine Sanctuaries",
"headTitle": "Trump Signs Executive Order on Offshore Drilling, Marine Sanctuaries | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>President Trump \u003ca href=\"https://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2017/04/28/presidential-executive-order-implementing-america-first-offshore-energy\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">signed an executive orde\u003c/a>r Friday that aims to expand offshore drilling for oil and gas, in a move welcomed by the oil and gas industry and greeted with alarm by environmental groups.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Renewed offshore energy production will reduce the cost of energy, create countless new jobs, and make America more secure and far more energy independent,” Trump said before signing the document. He said previous restrictions on exploration and production deprive the U.S. of “potentially thousands and thousands of jobs and billions of dollars in wealth.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https://www.npr.org/player/embed/525959808/525970331\" width=\"100%\" height=\"290\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"NPR embedded audio player\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003cbr>\nThe order directs Interior Secretary Ryan Zinke to review a five-year plan in which President Obama banned drilling in parts of the Pacific, Arctic, and Atlantic Oceans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the parts of the order that could affect California is a provision that \u003ca href=\"http://www.mercurynews.com/2017/04/28/new-oil-drilling-off-california-coast-trump-signs-order-seeking-to-expand-drilling/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">requires the Secretary of Commerce to review\u003c/a> any new or expanded national marine sanctuaries over the last 10 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2015 president Obama \u003ca href=\"http://sanctuaries.noaa.gov/news/press/2015/california-expansion.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">doubled the size of Cordell Bank and Gulf of the Farallones\u003c/a> national marine sanctuaries off northern California, extending them from Bodega Bay to about 50 miles north to Point Arena in Mendocino County.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If those were undone, that could leave that part of the Sonoma coast open to new oil drilling.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California has not had any new offshore oil leases allowed in federal waters since 1984. And \u003ca href=\"http://www.pressdemocrat.com/news/6934371-181/trumps-move-to-expand-offshore?artslide=0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">opponents, including Senator Dianne Feinstein, have promised to fight\u003c/a> any attempts to open up the state’s coastline to new drilling.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Zinke told reporters Thursday night that will be a long process, and a complex one, acknowledging that not all areas have oil or gas, and not all coastal communities want offshore drilling.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Zinke said revenue from offshore leasing had dropped by $15 billion during the Obama administration, with some of that due to the dropping price of oil, “but not all of it.” He added that 94 percent of the nation’s outer continental shelf is currently off limits for development of any kind.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The oil and gas industry is enthusiastic about today’s executive order. In a statement, Jack Gerard of the American Petroleum Institute said expanding drilling in the Eastern Gulf of Mexico in particular “could create thousands of jobs and provide billions of dollars in government revenue.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Along the Atlantic coast, though, more than 100 cities and towns have passed resolutions against offshore drilling. In Kure Beach, N.C., Mayor Emilie Swearingen said tourism is the second largest industry in the state. “We don’t want the devastation from an oil spill,” she said. “It’s not whether it would happen, but when it would happen.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>George Edwardson, president of the Inupiat Community of the Arctic Slope, said his council may consider filing suit at some point to challenge an expansion of offshore drilling. “Most of our food comes from the ocean,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Zinke told reporters the administration will not remove the “stringent environmental safeguards already in place.” He also said he was optimistic about the development of offshore wind energy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Obama administration’s drilling bans will remain in place for now. But even if they are eventually rolled back, there are questions about how effective the executive order will be in spurring new drilling. The price of oil is relatively low, hovering at about $50 a barrel, and offshore drilling is an expensive endeavor, especially in places like the Arctic. When asked whether the administration had been approached by any companies interested in drilling in the Arctic, Zinke said, “No.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s also not clear whether the Trump administration can reverse a separate offshore drilling ban that Obama announced a month before leaving office. He used an obscure provision of the 1953 \u003ca href=\"https://www.boem.gov/Outer-Continental-Shelf-Lands-Act/\">Outer Continental Shelf Lands Act\u003c/a> to issue what he called a permanent ban on offshore drilling in large parts of the Arctic and Atlantic Oceans. Obama administration officials said at the time that the law had no provision to reverse such a ban. When asked about this, Zinke said only that “everything” is under review, and “whatever recommendation I make I’m sure we’ll have the legal authority to complete it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During Trump’s remarks, he stressed that the executive order “reverses the previous administration’s Arctic leasing ban.” The full text of the order has not yet been released.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The environmental group Oceana described expanding offshore drilling as a “huge, bad stupid mistake.” In a statement, the group’s Senior Vice President for U.S. Oceans Jacqueline Savitz said Trump was siding “with his oil industry allies, in a move disguised as a job creator.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The executive order also imposes a halt on designating or expanding any National Marine Sanctuary, unless the action “includes a timely, full accounting from the Department of the Interior of any energy or mineral resource potential in the designated area.” Zinke says the administration will have 180 days to review all such designations and expansions over the past decade. He likened this to another executive order this week that directs a review of national monuments on public lands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last year Obama made headlines when he quadrupled the size of a marine sanctuary in Hawaii. He also created the Atlantic Ocean’s first marine monument, preserving roughly 130 miles of sea canyons and underwater mountains off New England.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2017 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Trump+Signs+Executive+Order+On+Offshore+Drilling+And+Marine+Sanctuaries&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">\u003cem>KQED producers contributed to this story.\u003c/em>\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>President Trump \u003ca href=\"https://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2017/04/28/presidential-executive-order-implementing-america-first-offshore-energy\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">signed an executive orde\u003c/a>r Friday that aims to expand offshore drilling for oil and gas, in a move welcomed by the oil and gas industry and greeted with alarm by environmental groups.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Renewed offshore energy production will reduce the cost of energy, create countless new jobs, and make America more secure and far more energy independent,” Trump said before signing the document. He said previous restrictions on exploration and production deprive the U.S. of “potentially thousands and thousands of jobs and billions of dollars in wealth.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https://www.npr.org/player/embed/525959808/525970331\" width=\"100%\" height=\"290\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"NPR embedded audio player\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003cbr>\nThe order directs Interior Secretary Ryan Zinke to review a five-year plan in which President Obama banned drilling in parts of the Pacific, Arctic, and Atlantic Oceans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the parts of the order that could affect California is a provision that \u003ca href=\"http://www.mercurynews.com/2017/04/28/new-oil-drilling-off-california-coast-trump-signs-order-seeking-to-expand-drilling/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">requires the Secretary of Commerce to review\u003c/a> any new or expanded national marine sanctuaries over the last 10 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2015 president Obama \u003ca href=\"http://sanctuaries.noaa.gov/news/press/2015/california-expansion.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">doubled the size of Cordell Bank and Gulf of the Farallones\u003c/a> national marine sanctuaries off northern California, extending them from Bodega Bay to about 50 miles north to Point Arena in Mendocino County.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If those were undone, that could leave that part of the Sonoma coast open to new oil drilling.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California has not had any new offshore oil leases allowed in federal waters since 1984. And \u003ca href=\"http://www.pressdemocrat.com/news/6934371-181/trumps-move-to-expand-offshore?artslide=0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">opponents, including Senator Dianne Feinstein, have promised to fight\u003c/a> any attempts to open up the state’s coastline to new drilling.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Zinke told reporters Thursday night that will be a long process, and a complex one, acknowledging that not all areas have oil or gas, and not all coastal communities want offshore drilling.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Zinke said revenue from offshore leasing had dropped by $15 billion during the Obama administration, with some of that due to the dropping price of oil, “but not all of it.” He added that 94 percent of the nation’s outer continental shelf is currently off limits for development of any kind.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The oil and gas industry is enthusiastic about today’s executive order. In a statement, Jack Gerard of the American Petroleum Institute said expanding drilling in the Eastern Gulf of Mexico in particular “could create thousands of jobs and provide billions of dollars in government revenue.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Along the Atlantic coast, though, more than 100 cities and towns have passed resolutions against offshore drilling. In Kure Beach, N.C., Mayor Emilie Swearingen said tourism is the second largest industry in the state. “We don’t want the devastation from an oil spill,” she said. “It’s not whether it would happen, but when it would happen.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>George Edwardson, president of the Inupiat Community of the Arctic Slope, said his council may consider filing suit at some point to challenge an expansion of offshore drilling. “Most of our food comes from the ocean,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Zinke told reporters the administration will not remove the “stringent environmental safeguards already in place.” He also said he was optimistic about the development of offshore wind energy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Obama administration’s drilling bans will remain in place for now. But even if they are eventually rolled back, there are questions about how effective the executive order will be in spurring new drilling. The price of oil is relatively low, hovering at about $50 a barrel, and offshore drilling is an expensive endeavor, especially in places like the Arctic. When asked whether the administration had been approached by any companies interested in drilling in the Arctic, Zinke said, “No.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s also not clear whether the Trump administration can reverse a separate offshore drilling ban that Obama announced a month before leaving office. He used an obscure provision of the 1953 \u003ca href=\"https://www.boem.gov/Outer-Continental-Shelf-Lands-Act/\">Outer Continental Shelf Lands Act\u003c/a> to issue what he called a permanent ban on offshore drilling in large parts of the Arctic and Atlantic Oceans. Obama administration officials said at the time that the law had no provision to reverse such a ban. When asked about this, Zinke said only that “everything” is under review, and “whatever recommendation I make I’m sure we’ll have the legal authority to complete it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During Trump’s remarks, he stressed that the executive order “reverses the previous administration’s Arctic leasing ban.” The full text of the order has not yet been released.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The environmental group Oceana described expanding offshore drilling as a “huge, bad stupid mistake.” In a statement, the group’s Senior Vice President for U.S. Oceans Jacqueline Savitz said Trump was siding “with his oil industry allies, in a move disguised as a job creator.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The executive order also imposes a halt on designating or expanding any National Marine Sanctuary, unless the action “includes a timely, full accounting from the Department of the Interior of any energy or mineral resource potential in the designated area.” Zinke says the administration will have 180 days to review all such designations and expansions over the past decade. He likened this to another executive order this week that directs a review of national monuments on public lands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last year Obama made headlines when he quadrupled the size of a marine sanctuary in Hawaii. He also created the Atlantic Ocean’s first marine monument, preserving roughly 130 miles of sea canyons and underwater mountains off New England.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2017 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Trump+Signs+Executive+Order+On+Offshore+Drilling+And+Marine+Sanctuaries&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">\u003cem>KQED producers contributed to this story.\u003c/em>\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
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"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
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"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
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"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
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"tagline": "Politics from a personal perspective",
"info": "Political Breakdown is a new series that explores the political intersection of California and the nation. Each week hosts Scott Shafer and Marisa Lagos are joined with a new special guest to unpack politics -- with personality — and offer an insider’s glimpse at how politics happens.",
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"possible": {
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"info": "Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.",
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"pri-the-world": {
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"radiolab": {
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"info": "A two-time Peabody Award-winner, Radiolab is an investigation told through sounds and stories, and centered around one big idea. In the Radiolab world, information sounds like music and science and culture collide. Hosted by Jad Abumrad and Robert Krulwich, the show is designed for listeners who demand skepticism, but appreciate wonder. WNYC Studios is the producer of other leading podcasts including Freakonomics Radio, Death, Sex & Money, On the Media and many more.",
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"reveal": {
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"info": "Created by The Center for Investigative Reporting and PRX, Reveal is public radios first one-hour weekly radio show and podcast dedicated to investigative reporting. Credible, fact based and without a partisan agenda, Reveal combines the power and artistry of driveway moment storytelling with data-rich reporting on critically important issues. The result is stories that inform and inspire, arming our listeners with information to right injustices, hold the powerful accountable and improve lives.Reveal is hosted by Al Letson and showcases the award-winning work of CIR and newsrooms large and small across the nation. In a radio and podcast market crowded with choices, Reveal focuses on important and often surprising stories that illuminate the world for our listeners.",
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},
"rightnowish": {
"id": "rightnowish",
"title": "Rightnowish",
"tagline": "Art is where you find it",
"info": "Rightnowish digs into life in the Bay Area right now… ish. Journalist Pendarvis Harshaw takes us to galleries painted on the sides of liquor stores in West Oakland. We'll dance in warehouses in the Bayview, make smoothies with kids in South Berkeley, and listen to classical music in a 1984 Cutlass Supreme in Richmond. Every week, Pen talks to movers and shakers about how the Bay Area shapes what they create, and how they shape the place we call home.",
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"order": 16
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},
"science-friday": {
"id": "science-friday",
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"info": "Science Friday is a weekly science talk show, broadcast live over public radio stations nationwide. Each week, the show focuses on science topics that are in the news and tries to bring an educated, balanced discussion to bear on the scientific issues at hand. Panels of expert guests join host Ira Flatow, a veteran science journalist, to discuss science and to take questions from listeners during the call-in portion of the program.",
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"snap-judgment": {
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