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"content": "\u003cp>The long-anticipated \u003ca href=\"https://jwst.nasa.gov/\">James Webb Space Telescope\u003c/a> is a few steps closer to launch, after being subjected to a series of rigorous \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/image-feature/goddard/2017/nasas-webb-telescope-ghostly-lights-out-inspection\">space-readiness tests\u003c/a> in the world’s largest “clean room” at NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today NASA offered members of the public a peak into that giant chamber, and the preparations being made on what–if all goes well–will become the largest telescope ever sent into space. The Webb is scheduled for launch from French Guiana in October 2018.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An international collaboration between NASA, the European Space Agency, and the Canadian Space Agency, the James Webb Space Telescope is the successor to NASA’s Hubble Space Telescope.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And anyone aware of \u003ca href=\"http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2005/04/photogalleries/hubble/index.html\">Hubble’s scientific achievements\u003c/a> can imagine what Webb might open our eyes to. In its 27-year career, Hubble has probed invisible “\u003ca href=\"http://hubblesite.org/news_release/news/2015-10/31-dark-matter\">dark matter\u003c/a>” in space, found \u003ca href=\"http://www.spacetelescope.org/news/heic1706/\">supermassive blackholes\u003c/a> in the cores of galaxies, defined the \u003ca href=\"http://hubblesite.org/hubble_discoveries/breakthroughs/cosmology\">age of the cosmos\u003c/a>, glimpsed some of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.astronomy.com/news/2016/03/most-distant-galaxy-hubble-breaks-cosmic-distance-record\">most distant objects in space\u003c/a> and time…and the list goes on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hubble is a tough act to follow. So what’s different about Webb? The size!\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1510518\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1510518\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/jwst-in-cleanroom.jpg\" alt=\"The James Webb Space Telescope with its 18-segment primary mirror fully assembled, in NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center's giant clean room in Greenbelt, Maryland.\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/jwst-in-cleanroom.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/jwst-in-cleanroom-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/jwst-in-cleanroom-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/jwst-in-cleanroom-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/jwst-in-cleanroom-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/jwst-in-cleanroom-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The James Webb Space Telescope with its 18-segment primary mirror fully assembled, in NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center’s giant clean room in Greenbelt, Maryland. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Hubble’s primary light-collecting mirror has a diameter of 8 feet. Webb’s primary mirror, an array of 18 hexagonal sections of light-weight, gold-coated beryllium, measures over 21 feet across!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Part of the reason for Hubble’s relatively small primary mirror is that the entire telescope had to fit inside the cargo bay of the Space Shuttle that carried it into orbit. If Webb’s much larger mirror were a single piece of material, getting it into space would be an almost insurmountable engineering challenge.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Webb’s multi-mirror design allows the array to be “folded up” into a compact space. Once Webb arrives at its destination, the mirror sections will open up and fit together into a single functional mirror.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Seeing the Universe in a Different Light\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hubble is a “visible light” telescope, observing light with wavelengths visible to the human eye. The source of visible light in the universe is primarily hot things, like stars—and by extension galaxies, which are composed of stars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1510523\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1510523\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/m31red_spitzer_big-800x440.jpg\" alt=\"The Andromeda Galaxy revealed in visible light (lower left) and infrared light (top, lower right). Infrared reveals features produced by cooler objects and structures, such as dust and cooler gas clouds. \" width=\"800\" height=\"440\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/m31red_spitzer_big-800x440.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/m31red_spitzer_big-160x88.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/m31red_spitzer_big-768x422.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/m31red_spitzer_big-1020x561.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/m31red_spitzer_big-1920x1056.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/m31red_spitzer_big-1180x649.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/m31red_spitzer_big-960x528.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/m31red_spitzer_big-240x132.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/m31red_spitzer_big-375x206.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/m31red_spitzer_big-520x286.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Andromeda Galaxy revealed in visible light (lower left) and infrared light (top, lower right). Infrared reveals features produced by cooler objects and structures, such as dust and cooler gas clouds. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-CalTech/K. Gordon (U. of Arizona)/NOAO/Spitzer Space Telescope)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Webb is an \u003cem>infrared\u003c/em> telescope. Its suite of light detectors—cameras for capturing images, spectrometers for analyzing chemical composition—are sensitive to \u003ca href=\"http://coolcosmos.ipac.caltech.edu/cosmic_classroom/ir_tutorial/\">lower-energy infrared light\u003c/a>. So, Webb will observe emissions from cooler objects, like molecular clouds containing organic molecules, disks of material forming new planetary systems, and the atmospheres of distant extrasolar planets, to name only a few.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Location, Location, Location\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The venerable Hubble orbits the Earth, only 300 miles above our planet’s surface—so at any given moment, half of Hubble’s view of space is blocked by a huge, glaring planet. And since Hubble makes an orbit every 95 minutes, it can only observe a celestial object for less than an hour before its line of sight is blocked by the Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Webb will orbit the sun at a special location called \u003ca href=\"https://jwst.nasa.gov/orbit.html\">Earth’s “L2” Lagrange point\u003c/a>, a million miles farther out. At the L2 point, the Earth and the sun work together to form a sort of gravitational “pocket” in which a spacecraft can remain almost stationary with very little assistance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Webb will move along with the Earth as they both orbit the sun, like a balloon tethered to a running child, and not wander off to some distant place in the solar system. Since it’s not orbiting the Earth as Hubble does, Webb’s line of sight to celestial objects of interest won’t be routinely cut off—and at a million miles away, Earth doesn’t block much of the view.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Webb is also equipped with a tennis-court-sized sun-shade, which will shield it not only from the Sun’s intense radiation, but also from the infrared emissions of the Earth and moon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1510521\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1510521\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/sunshield.jpg\" alt=\"The Webb's giant, multi-layered sunshield, which will block almost all of the radiation from the sun, moon, and Earth. \" width=\"640\" height=\"426\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/sunshield.jpg 640w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/sunshield-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/sunshield-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/sunshield-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/sunshield-520x346.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Webb’s giant, multi-layered sunshield, which will block almost all of the radiation from the sun, moon, and Earth. \u003ccite>(NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Keeping Webb cool is critical to its ability to sense the faint infrared emanations from distant objects. If warmed by the sun, Webb’s own optics and sensors would glow with infrared light, thus seeing those faint objects would be difficult—like looking out a window on a nighttime scene from inside a brightly lit house.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What Will Webb Show Us?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hubble has observed some of the most \u003ca href=\"http://www.astronomy.com/news/2016/03/most-distant-galaxy-hubble-breaks-cosmic-distance-record\">distant galaxies in space\u003c/a>—and since it takes time for their light to travel to us, the farther away they are, the further back in time we see them. When we look at a galaxy that is a billion light years away, it is sort of like watching a video that was recorded a billion years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Webb will see further back in time by observing infrared emissions of the gases that eventually formed the earliest galaxies, before their stars were born and began emitting visible light.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Closer to home, Webb will analyze confirmed \u003ca href=\"http://exoplanetarchive.ipac.caltech.edu/\">extrasolar planets\u003c/a>—especially exoplanets similar to Earth in size and distance from their star. Recently, \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-telescope-reveals-largest-batch-of-earth-size-habitable-zone-planets-around\">seven approximately Earth-sized planets\u003c/a> were confirmed orbiting the same star, only 40 light years from us. Three of these planets are at the right distance from their star, TRAPPIST-1, that liquid water could exist on their surfaces.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1510520\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1510520\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/trappist-1-art-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"Artist concept of an exoplanet with possible surface water in the TRAPPIST-1 system, 40 light years from our solar system.\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Artist concept of an exoplanet with possible surface water in the TRAPPIST-1 system, 40 light years from our solar system. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-CalTech)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Webb will look for infrared emissions from exoplanet atmospheres—if present—and analyze their chemical compositions. If a planet has a liquid water cycle, then there should be water vapor present in its atmosphere. And, if it possesses life, there should be chemical telltales of its activity, such as molecular oxygen or methane.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The James Webb Space Telescope still has a few tests to get through before it is certified space-worthy—just like an astronaut being examined by the doctor who will give them a thumbs-up to launch—but the cosmic revelations it may ultimately bring should be well worth the wait.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The long-anticipated \u003ca href=\"https://jwst.nasa.gov/\">James Webb Space Telescope\u003c/a> is a few steps closer to launch, after being subjected to a series of rigorous \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/image-feature/goddard/2017/nasas-webb-telescope-ghostly-lights-out-inspection\">space-readiness tests\u003c/a> in the world’s largest “clean room” at NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today NASA offered members of the public a peak into that giant chamber, and the preparations being made on what–if all goes well–will become the largest telescope ever sent into space. The Webb is scheduled for launch from French Guiana in October 2018.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An international collaboration between NASA, the European Space Agency, and the Canadian Space Agency, the James Webb Space Telescope is the successor to NASA’s Hubble Space Telescope.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And anyone aware of \u003ca href=\"http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2005/04/photogalleries/hubble/index.html\">Hubble’s scientific achievements\u003c/a> can imagine what Webb might open our eyes to. In its 27-year career, Hubble has probed invisible “\u003ca href=\"http://hubblesite.org/news_release/news/2015-10/31-dark-matter\">dark matter\u003c/a>” in space, found \u003ca href=\"http://www.spacetelescope.org/news/heic1706/\">supermassive blackholes\u003c/a> in the cores of galaxies, defined the \u003ca href=\"http://hubblesite.org/hubble_discoveries/breakthroughs/cosmology\">age of the cosmos\u003c/a>, glimpsed some of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.astronomy.com/news/2016/03/most-distant-galaxy-hubble-breaks-cosmic-distance-record\">most distant objects in space\u003c/a> and time…and the list goes on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hubble is a tough act to follow. So what’s different about Webb? The size!\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1510518\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1510518\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/jwst-in-cleanroom.jpg\" alt=\"The James Webb Space Telescope with its 18-segment primary mirror fully assembled, in NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center's giant clean room in Greenbelt, Maryland.\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/jwst-in-cleanroom.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/jwst-in-cleanroom-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/jwst-in-cleanroom-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/jwst-in-cleanroom-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/jwst-in-cleanroom-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/jwst-in-cleanroom-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The James Webb Space Telescope with its 18-segment primary mirror fully assembled, in NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center’s giant clean room in Greenbelt, Maryland. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Hubble’s primary light-collecting mirror has a diameter of 8 feet. Webb’s primary mirror, an array of 18 hexagonal sections of light-weight, gold-coated beryllium, measures over 21 feet across!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Part of the reason for Hubble’s relatively small primary mirror is that the entire telescope had to fit inside the cargo bay of the Space Shuttle that carried it into orbit. If Webb’s much larger mirror were a single piece of material, getting it into space would be an almost insurmountable engineering challenge.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Webb’s multi-mirror design allows the array to be “folded up” into a compact space. Once Webb arrives at its destination, the mirror sections will open up and fit together into a single functional mirror.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Seeing the Universe in a Different Light\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hubble is a “visible light” telescope, observing light with wavelengths visible to the human eye. The source of visible light in the universe is primarily hot things, like stars—and by extension galaxies, which are composed of stars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1510523\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1510523\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/m31red_spitzer_big-800x440.jpg\" alt=\"The Andromeda Galaxy revealed in visible light (lower left) and infrared light (top, lower right). Infrared reveals features produced by cooler objects and structures, such as dust and cooler gas clouds. \" width=\"800\" height=\"440\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/m31red_spitzer_big-800x440.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/m31red_spitzer_big-160x88.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/m31red_spitzer_big-768x422.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/m31red_spitzer_big-1020x561.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/m31red_spitzer_big-1920x1056.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/m31red_spitzer_big-1180x649.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/m31red_spitzer_big-960x528.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/m31red_spitzer_big-240x132.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/m31red_spitzer_big-375x206.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/m31red_spitzer_big-520x286.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Andromeda Galaxy revealed in visible light (lower left) and infrared light (top, lower right). Infrared reveals features produced by cooler objects and structures, such as dust and cooler gas clouds. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-CalTech/K. Gordon (U. of Arizona)/NOAO/Spitzer Space Telescope)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Webb is an \u003cem>infrared\u003c/em> telescope. Its suite of light detectors—cameras for capturing images, spectrometers for analyzing chemical composition—are sensitive to \u003ca href=\"http://coolcosmos.ipac.caltech.edu/cosmic_classroom/ir_tutorial/\">lower-energy infrared light\u003c/a>. So, Webb will observe emissions from cooler objects, like molecular clouds containing organic molecules, disks of material forming new planetary systems, and the atmospheres of distant extrasolar planets, to name only a few.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Location, Location, Location\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The venerable Hubble orbits the Earth, only 300 miles above our planet’s surface—so at any given moment, half of Hubble’s view of space is blocked by a huge, glaring planet. And since Hubble makes an orbit every 95 minutes, it can only observe a celestial object for less than an hour before its line of sight is blocked by the Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Webb will orbit the sun at a special location called \u003ca href=\"https://jwst.nasa.gov/orbit.html\">Earth’s “L2” Lagrange point\u003c/a>, a million miles farther out. At the L2 point, the Earth and the sun work together to form a sort of gravitational “pocket” in which a spacecraft can remain almost stationary with very little assistance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Webb will move along with the Earth as they both orbit the sun, like a balloon tethered to a running child, and not wander off to some distant place in the solar system. Since it’s not orbiting the Earth as Hubble does, Webb’s line of sight to celestial objects of interest won’t be routinely cut off—and at a million miles away, Earth doesn’t block much of the view.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Webb is also equipped with a tennis-court-sized sun-shade, which will shield it not only from the Sun’s intense radiation, but also from the infrared emissions of the Earth and moon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1510521\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1510521\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/sunshield.jpg\" alt=\"The Webb's giant, multi-layered sunshield, which will block almost all of the radiation from the sun, moon, and Earth. \" width=\"640\" height=\"426\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/sunshield.jpg 640w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/sunshield-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/sunshield-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/sunshield-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/sunshield-520x346.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Webb’s giant, multi-layered sunshield, which will block almost all of the radiation from the sun, moon, and Earth. \u003ccite>(NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Keeping Webb cool is critical to its ability to sense the faint infrared emanations from distant objects. If warmed by the sun, Webb’s own optics and sensors would glow with infrared light, thus seeing those faint objects would be difficult—like looking out a window on a nighttime scene from inside a brightly lit house.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What Will Webb Show Us?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hubble has observed some of the most \u003ca href=\"http://www.astronomy.com/news/2016/03/most-distant-galaxy-hubble-breaks-cosmic-distance-record\">distant galaxies in space\u003c/a>—and since it takes time for their light to travel to us, the farther away they are, the further back in time we see them. When we look at a galaxy that is a billion light years away, it is sort of like watching a video that was recorded a billion years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Webb will see further back in time by observing infrared emissions of the gases that eventually formed the earliest galaxies, before their stars were born and began emitting visible light.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Closer to home, Webb will analyze confirmed \u003ca href=\"http://exoplanetarchive.ipac.caltech.edu/\">extrasolar planets\u003c/a>—especially exoplanets similar to Earth in size and distance from their star. Recently, \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-telescope-reveals-largest-batch-of-earth-size-habitable-zone-planets-around\">seven approximately Earth-sized planets\u003c/a> were confirmed orbiting the same star, only 40 light years from us. Three of these planets are at the right distance from their star, TRAPPIST-1, that liquid water could exist on their surfaces.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1510520\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1510520\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/trappist-1-art-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"Artist concept of an exoplanet with possible surface water in the TRAPPIST-1 system, 40 light years from our solar system.\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Artist concept of an exoplanet with possible surface water in the TRAPPIST-1 system, 40 light years from our solar system. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-CalTech)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Webb will look for infrared emissions from exoplanet atmospheres—if present—and analyze their chemical compositions. If a planet has a liquid water cycle, then there should be water vapor present in its atmosphere. And, if it possesses life, there should be chemical telltales of its activity, such as molecular oxygen or methane.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The James Webb Space Telescope still has a few tests to get through before it is certified space-worthy—just like an astronaut being examined by the doctor who will give them a thumbs-up to launch—but the cosmic revelations it may ultimately bring should be well worth the wait.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "See How One Year's Snowpack Buried the California Drought",
"headTitle": "See How One Year’s Snowpack Buried the California Drought | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>It might be appropriate that California water managers designate April 1 as the date when the Sierra snowpack is presumed to be at its peak for the season. It tends to be unpredictable. But this year’s bounty is no April Fool.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The water content of the \u003ca href=\"http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cdecapp/snowapp/sweq.action\">Sierra Nevada snowpack\u003c/a> currently stands at 164 percent of normal for this date (the official April 1 snow survey being held on March 30 this year, fudging for the weekend). Two years ago, it stood at 5 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The difference is starkly illustrated in satellite imagery that \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">KQED\u003c/a> has compiled from \u003ca href=\"https://www.planet.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Planet Labs\u003c/a>, comparing three well-known parts of the Sierra this year, side-by-side with the same spots in 2015. (Use the vertical slider to compare side-by-side images.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1515789\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 346px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1515789\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/SnowpackLocator02.jpg\" alt=\"SnowpackLocator02\" width=\"346\" height=\"371\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/SnowpackLocator02.jpg 700w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/SnowpackLocator02-160x171.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/SnowpackLocator02-240x257.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/SnowpackLocator02-375x402.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/SnowpackLocator02-520x557.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 346px) 100vw, 346px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">These three locations are shown in the satellite images below. \u003ccite>(Teodros Hailye/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>After \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2017/02/02/astounding-snowpack-bodes-well-for-summer-water-supply/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">a blitz of winter storms\u003c/a> from late December into February, it looked like this year’s snowpack might be headed for a record. NASA snow hydrologist Tom Painter says it was like taking the entire average annual flow of the Colorado River and dumping it on the Sierra in about six weeks’ time. But the parade of Pacific storms has slowed to a trickle in March and California’s precipitation season winds down in April.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s another reason why this year’s snow is unlikely to surpass the record year of 1983: temperature.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Part of the difference this year is that the storms are coming in warm,” says hydrologist Roger Bales, “So areas that maybe in 1983 got snow accumulation, are now getting rainfall.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bales, who directs the \u003ca href=\"http://snri.ucmerced.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Sierra Nevada Research Institute\u003c/a> at UC Merced, sees this as part of a long-term trend.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" frameborder=\"0\" class=\"juxtapose\" width=\"100%\" height=\"480\" src=\"https://cdn.knightlab.com/libs/juxtapose/latest/embed/index.html?uid=006692d2-1572-11e7-9577-0edaf8f81e27\" scrolling=\"yes\">\u003c/iframe>\u003cbr>\n“It’s really that warmer-temperature regime that we’re moving into,” he says. “Our best outlooks using climate models suggest [that] as we continue to put more greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, we’re going to see, on average, warmer winter temperatures.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bales says the evidence is already on the ground, the “snow line” (elevation where it becomes cold enough for rain to turn to snow) having moved uphill “a few hundred feet” in recent decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" frameborder=\"0\" class=\"juxtapose\" width=\"100%\" height=\"480\" src=\"https://cdn.knightlab.com/libs/juxtapose/latest/embed/index.html?uid=f48c26b6-14e0-11e7-9577-0edaf8f81e27\" scrolling=\"yes\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re getting more of those warm storms where the snow line is up 8,000 or 9,000 feet in the mountains.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the record, that 1983 snowpack was at 230 percent—more than double—the “normal” amount around April 1.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" frameborder=\"0\" class=\"juxtapose\" width=\"100%\" height=\"480\" src=\"https://cdn.knightlab.com/libs/juxtapose/latest/embed/index.html?uid=79c97436-14dd-11e7-9577-0edaf8f81e27\" scrolling=\"yes\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By almost any measure, however, this has been a banner year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/03/31/record-low-sierra-snowpack-will-drive-home-drought-impacts/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">two years ago\u003c/a> that Governor Jerry Brown stood on a barren slope near Echo Summit, using the stark backdrop to announce the first-ever statewide mandatory water restrictions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If he decides to make a return visit today, he’d better bring snowshoes. He’d be standing on closer to 10 feet of snow.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Satellite views reveal a banner year for snow in the Sierra Nevada. The snowpack, which provides one-third of California's water supply, is 164 percent of normal, up from just 5 percent two years ago.",
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"description": "Satellite views reveal a banner year for snow in the Sierra Nevada. The snowpack, which provides one-third of California's water supply, is 164 percent of normal, up from just 5 percent two years ago.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>It might be appropriate that California water managers designate April 1 as the date when the Sierra snowpack is presumed to be at its peak for the season. It tends to be unpredictable. But this year’s bounty is no April Fool.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The water content of the \u003ca href=\"http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cdecapp/snowapp/sweq.action\">Sierra Nevada snowpack\u003c/a> currently stands at 164 percent of normal for this date (the official April 1 snow survey being held on March 30 this year, fudging for the weekend). Two years ago, it stood at 5 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The difference is starkly illustrated in satellite imagery that \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">KQED\u003c/a> has compiled from \u003ca href=\"https://www.planet.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Planet Labs\u003c/a>, comparing three well-known parts of the Sierra this year, side-by-side with the same spots in 2015. (Use the vertical slider to compare side-by-side images.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1515789\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 346px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1515789\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/SnowpackLocator02.jpg\" alt=\"SnowpackLocator02\" width=\"346\" height=\"371\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/SnowpackLocator02.jpg 700w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/SnowpackLocator02-160x171.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/SnowpackLocator02-240x257.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/SnowpackLocator02-375x402.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/SnowpackLocator02-520x557.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 346px) 100vw, 346px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">These three locations are shown in the satellite images below. \u003ccite>(Teodros Hailye/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>After \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2017/02/02/astounding-snowpack-bodes-well-for-summer-water-supply/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">a blitz of winter storms\u003c/a> from late December into February, it looked like this year’s snowpack might be headed for a record. NASA snow hydrologist Tom Painter says it was like taking the entire average annual flow of the Colorado River and dumping it on the Sierra in about six weeks’ time. But the parade of Pacific storms has slowed to a trickle in March and California’s precipitation season winds down in April.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s another reason why this year’s snow is unlikely to surpass the record year of 1983: temperature.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Part of the difference this year is that the storms are coming in warm,” says hydrologist Roger Bales, “So areas that maybe in 1983 got snow accumulation, are now getting rainfall.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bales, who directs the \u003ca href=\"http://snri.ucmerced.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Sierra Nevada Research Institute\u003c/a> at UC Merced, sees this as part of a long-term trend.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" frameborder=\"0\" class=\"juxtapose\" width=\"100%\" height=\"480\" src=\"https://cdn.knightlab.com/libs/juxtapose/latest/embed/index.html?uid=006692d2-1572-11e7-9577-0edaf8f81e27\" scrolling=\"yes\">\u003c/iframe>\u003cbr>\n“It’s really that warmer-temperature regime that we’re moving into,” he says. “Our best outlooks using climate models suggest [that] as we continue to put more greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, we’re going to see, on average, warmer winter temperatures.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bales says the evidence is already on the ground, the “snow line” (elevation where it becomes cold enough for rain to turn to snow) having moved uphill “a few hundred feet” in recent decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" frameborder=\"0\" class=\"juxtapose\" width=\"100%\" height=\"480\" src=\"https://cdn.knightlab.com/libs/juxtapose/latest/embed/index.html?uid=f48c26b6-14e0-11e7-9577-0edaf8f81e27\" scrolling=\"yes\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re getting more of those warm storms where the snow line is up 8,000 or 9,000 feet in the mountains.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the record, that 1983 snowpack was at 230 percent—more than double—the “normal” amount around April 1.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" frameborder=\"0\" class=\"juxtapose\" width=\"100%\" height=\"480\" src=\"https://cdn.knightlab.com/libs/juxtapose/latest/embed/index.html?uid=79c97436-14dd-11e7-9577-0edaf8f81e27\" scrolling=\"yes\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By almost any measure, however, this has been a banner year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/03/31/record-low-sierra-snowpack-will-drive-home-drought-impacts/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">two years ago\u003c/a> that Governor Jerry Brown stood on a barren slope near Echo Summit, using the stark backdrop to announce the first-ever statewide mandatory water restrictions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If he decides to make a return visit today, he’d better bring snowshoes. He’d be standing on closer to 10 feet of snow.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"headTitle": "President Trump Orders Rollback of Climate Change Policies | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Declaring “the start of a new era” in energy production, President Donald Trump signed an executive order Tuesday that he said would revive the coal industry and create jobs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The move makes good on his campaign pledge to unravel former President Barack Obama’s plan to curb global warming. The order seeks to suspend, rescind or flag for review more than a half-dozen measures in an effort to boost domestic energy production in the form of fossil fuels.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘Climate change is real and will not be wished away by rhetoric or denial.’\u003ccite>Gov. Jerry Brown, California,\u003cbr>\nGov. Andrew Cuomo, New York\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Democratic Govs. Jerry Brown of California and Andrew Cuomo of New York issued a joint statement Tuesday saying they’re still committed to their own emissions targets. The two states have set aggressive goals to reduce greenhouse gas emissions 80 percent below 1990 levels by 2050. Their targets are stricter than the Obama power plant rule Trump seeks to eliminate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Climate change is real and will not be wished away by rhetoric or denial,” the two governors said in the statement. “Dismantling the Clean Power Plan and other critical climate programs is profoundly misguided and shockingly ignores basic science. With this move, the Administration will endanger public health, our environment and our economic prosperity.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trump has repeatedly criticized the power plant rule and others as an attack on American workers and the struggling coal industry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Environmental activists, including former Vice President Al Gore, denounced the plan. But Trump said the effort would allow workers to “succeed on a level playing field for the first time in a long time.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That is what this is all about: bringing back our jobs, bringing back our dreams and making America wealthy again,” Trump said, during a ceremony at the Environmental Protection Agency headquarters, attended by a number of coal miners.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”3r1z4IlFYFzVnboUqLggbsORLXX6KaCE”]The order initiates a review of the Clean Power Plan, which restricts greenhouse gas emissions at coal-fired power plants. The regulation, which was the former president’s signature effort to curb carbon emissions, has been the subject of long-running legal challenges by Republican-led states and those who profit from burning oil, coal and gas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But just as Obama’s climate efforts were often stymied by legal challenges, environmental groups are promising to fight Trump’s pro-fossil fuel agenda in court.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trump has called global warming a “hoax” invented by the Chinese, and has repeatedly criticized the power-plant rule as an attack on American workers and the struggling U.S. coal industry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition to pulling back from the Clean Power Plan, the administration will also lift a 14-month-old moratorium on new coal leases on federal lands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Obama administration had imposed a three-year moratorium on new federal coal leases in January 2016, arguing that the $1 billion-a-year program must be modernized to ensure a fair financial return to taxpayers and address climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trump accused his predecessor of waging a “war on coal” and boasted in a speech to Congress that he has made “a historic effort to massively reduce job-crushing regulations,” including some that threaten “the future and livelihoods of our great coal miners.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The order will also chip away at other regulations, including scrapping language on the “social cost” of greenhouse gases. It will initiate a review of efforts to reduce the emission of methane in oil and natural gas production as well as a Bureau of Land Management hydraulic fracturing rule, to determine whether those reflect the president’s policy priorities.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘These executive actions are a welcome departure from the previous administration’s strategy of making energy more expensive through costly, job-killing regulations that choked our economy.’\u003ccite>Thomas J. Donohue,\u003cbr>U.S. Chamber of Commerce\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp> It will also rescind Obama-era executive orders and memoranda, including one that addressed climate change and national security and one that sought to prepare the country for the impacts of climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The administration is still in discussion about whether it intends to withdraw from the Paris Agreement on climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trump’s order could make it more difficult, though not impossible, for the U.S. to achieve its carbon reduction goals. The president’s promises to boost coal jobs run counter to market forces, such as U.S. utilities converting coal-fired power plants to cheaper, cleaner-burning natural gas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trump’s Environmental Protection Agency chief, Scott Pruitt, alarmed environmental groups and scientists earlier this month when he said he does not believe carbon dioxide is a primary contributor to global warming. The statement is at odds with mainstream scientific consensus and Pruitt’s own agency.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The overwhelming majority of peer-reviewed studies and climate scientists agree the planet is warming, mostly due to man-made sources, including carbon dioxide, methane, halocarbons and nitrogen oxide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Opponents say Obama’s effort would have killed coal-mining jobs and driven up electricity costs. The Obama administration, some Democratic-led states and environmental groups counter that it would spur thousands of clean-energy jobs and help the U.S. meet ambitious goals to reduce carbon pollution set by the international agreement signed in Paris.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trump’s order on coal-fired power plants follows an executive order he signed last month mandating a review of an Obama-era rule aimed at protecting small streams and wetlands from development and pollution. The order instructs the EPA and Army Corps of Engineers to review a rule that redefined “waters of the United States” protected under the Clean Water Act to include smaller creeks and wetlands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While Republicans have blamed Obama-era environmental regulations for the loss of coal jobs, federal data shows that U.S. mines have been shedding jobs for decades under presidents from both parties as a result of increasing automation and competition from natural gas, which has become more abundant through hydraulic fracturing. Another factor is the plummeting cost of solar panels and wind turbines, which now can produce emissions-free electricity cheaper than burning coal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to an Energy Department analysis released in January, coal mining now accounts for fewer than 75,000 U.S. jobs. By contrast, renewable energy — including wind, solar and biofuels — now accounts for more than 650,000 U.S. jobs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Trump administration’s plans drew praise from business groups and condemnation from environmental groups.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>U.S. Chamber of Commerce President Thomas J. Donohue praised the president for taking “bold steps to make regulatory relief and energy security a top priority.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These executive actions are a welcome departure from the previous administration’s strategy of making energy more expensive through costly, job-killing regulations that choked our economy,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Former Vice President Al Gore blasted the order as “a misguided step away from a sustainable, carbon-free future for ourselves and generations to come.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is essential, not only to our planet, but also to our economic future, that the United States continues to serve as a global leader in solving the climate crisis by transitioning to clean energy, a transition that will continue to gain speed due to the increasing competiveness of solar and wind,” he said in a statement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Associated Press writer Michael Biesecker contributed to this report. Follow Daly and Colvin on Twitter at https://twitter.com/MatthewDalyWDC and https://twitter.com/colvinj\u003cbr>\n\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Declaring “the start of a new era” in energy production, President Donald Trump signed an executive order Tuesday that he said would revive the coal industry and create jobs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The move makes good on his campaign pledge to unravel former President Barack Obama’s plan to curb global warming. The order seeks to suspend, rescind or flag for review more than a half-dozen measures in an effort to boost domestic energy production in the form of fossil fuels.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘Climate change is real and will not be wished away by rhetoric or denial.’\u003ccite>Gov. Jerry Brown, California,\u003cbr>\nGov. Andrew Cuomo, New York\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Democratic Govs. Jerry Brown of California and Andrew Cuomo of New York issued a joint statement Tuesday saying they’re still committed to their own emissions targets. The two states have set aggressive goals to reduce greenhouse gas emissions 80 percent below 1990 levels by 2050. Their targets are stricter than the Obama power plant rule Trump seeks to eliminate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Climate change is real and will not be wished away by rhetoric or denial,” the two governors said in the statement. “Dismantling the Clean Power Plan and other critical climate programs is profoundly misguided and shockingly ignores basic science. With this move, the Administration will endanger public health, our environment and our economic prosperity.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trump has repeatedly criticized the power plant rule and others as an attack on American workers and the struggling coal industry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Environmental activists, including former Vice President Al Gore, denounced the plan. But Trump said the effort would allow workers to “succeed on a level playing field for the first time in a long time.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That is what this is all about: bringing back our jobs, bringing back our dreams and making America wealthy again,” Trump said, during a ceremony at the Environmental Protection Agency headquarters, attended by a number of coal miners.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>The order initiates a review of the Clean Power Plan, which restricts greenhouse gas emissions at coal-fired power plants. The regulation, which was the former president’s signature effort to curb carbon emissions, has been the subject of long-running legal challenges by Republican-led states and those who profit from burning oil, coal and gas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But just as Obama’s climate efforts were often stymied by legal challenges, environmental groups are promising to fight Trump’s pro-fossil fuel agenda in court.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trump has called global warming a “hoax” invented by the Chinese, and has repeatedly criticized the power-plant rule as an attack on American workers and the struggling U.S. coal industry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition to pulling back from the Clean Power Plan, the administration will also lift a 14-month-old moratorium on new coal leases on federal lands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Obama administration had imposed a three-year moratorium on new federal coal leases in January 2016, arguing that the $1 billion-a-year program must be modernized to ensure a fair financial return to taxpayers and address climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trump accused his predecessor of waging a “war on coal” and boasted in a speech to Congress that he has made “a historic effort to massively reduce job-crushing regulations,” including some that threaten “the future and livelihoods of our great coal miners.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The order will also chip away at other regulations, including scrapping language on the “social cost” of greenhouse gases. It will initiate a review of efforts to reduce the emission of methane in oil and natural gas production as well as a Bureau of Land Management hydraulic fracturing rule, to determine whether those reflect the president’s policy priorities.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘These executive actions are a welcome departure from the previous administration’s strategy of making energy more expensive through costly, job-killing regulations that choked our economy.’\u003ccite>Thomas J. Donohue,\u003cbr>U.S. Chamber of Commerce\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp> It will also rescind Obama-era executive orders and memoranda, including one that addressed climate change and national security and one that sought to prepare the country for the impacts of climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The administration is still in discussion about whether it intends to withdraw from the Paris Agreement on climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trump’s order could make it more difficult, though not impossible, for the U.S. to achieve its carbon reduction goals. The president’s promises to boost coal jobs run counter to market forces, such as U.S. utilities converting coal-fired power plants to cheaper, cleaner-burning natural gas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trump’s Environmental Protection Agency chief, Scott Pruitt, alarmed environmental groups and scientists earlier this month when he said he does not believe carbon dioxide is a primary contributor to global warming. The statement is at odds with mainstream scientific consensus and Pruitt’s own agency.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The overwhelming majority of peer-reviewed studies and climate scientists agree the planet is warming, mostly due to man-made sources, including carbon dioxide, methane, halocarbons and nitrogen oxide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Opponents say Obama’s effort would have killed coal-mining jobs and driven up electricity costs. The Obama administration, some Democratic-led states and environmental groups counter that it would spur thousands of clean-energy jobs and help the U.S. meet ambitious goals to reduce carbon pollution set by the international agreement signed in Paris.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trump’s order on coal-fired power plants follows an executive order he signed last month mandating a review of an Obama-era rule aimed at protecting small streams and wetlands from development and pollution. The order instructs the EPA and Army Corps of Engineers to review a rule that redefined “waters of the United States” protected under the Clean Water Act to include smaller creeks and wetlands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While Republicans have blamed Obama-era environmental regulations for the loss of coal jobs, federal data shows that U.S. mines have been shedding jobs for decades under presidents from both parties as a result of increasing automation and competition from natural gas, which has become more abundant through hydraulic fracturing. Another factor is the plummeting cost of solar panels and wind turbines, which now can produce emissions-free electricity cheaper than burning coal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to an Energy Department analysis released in January, coal mining now accounts for fewer than 75,000 U.S. jobs. By contrast, renewable energy — including wind, solar and biofuels — now accounts for more than 650,000 U.S. jobs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Trump administration’s plans drew praise from business groups and condemnation from environmental groups.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>U.S. Chamber of Commerce President Thomas J. Donohue praised the president for taking “bold steps to make regulatory relief and energy security a top priority.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These executive actions are a welcome departure from the previous administration’s strategy of making energy more expensive through costly, job-killing regulations that choked our economy,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Former Vice President Al Gore blasted the order as “a misguided step away from a sustainable, carbon-free future for ourselves and generations to come.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is essential, not only to our planet, but also to our economic future, that the United States continues to serve as a global leader in solving the climate crisis by transitioning to clean energy, a transition that will continue to gain speed due to the increasing competiveness of solar and wind,” he said in a statement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Associated Press writer Michael Biesecker contributed to this report. Follow Daly and Colvin on Twitter at https://twitter.com/MatthewDalyWDC and https://twitter.com/colvinj\u003cbr>\n\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Trump Takes Aim at a Centerpiece of Obama's Environmental Legacy",
"headTitle": "Trump Takes Aim at a Centerpiece of Obama’s Environmental Legacy | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>President Trump will sign sweeping executive orders Tuesday that take aim at a number of his predecessor’s climate policies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The wide-ranging orders and accompanying memorandums will seek to undo the centerpiece of former President Obama’s environmental legacy and national efforts to address climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It could also jeopardize America’s current role in international efforts to confront climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A senior White House official says the goal is to make the U.S. energy-independent and to get the Environmental Protection Agency back to its core mission of maintaining clean air and water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a symbolic gesture, the president is expected to sign the documents at EPA headquarters.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>Trump’s Regulatory Targets\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>The major regulation targeted by the executive order will be the Clean Power Plan, Obama’s signature climate measure that restricts greenhouse gas emissions from coal-fired power plants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trump will order a review of that and a number of other climate efforts, including:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>a federal moratorium on coal leasing\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>a measure that requires federal agencies to consider climate change during their rule-making process\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>the “social cost of carbon,” which puts a dollar figure on carbon pollution\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>“In taking a sledgehammer to U.S. climate action, the administration will push the country backward, making it harder and more expensive to reduce emissions,” said Andrew Steer, president and CEO of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.wri.org//\">World Resources Institute\u003c/a>, in a statement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Climate science is clear and unwavering: mounting greenhouse gas emissions are warming our planet, putting people and business in harm’s way.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some energy companies are celebrating the anticipated move. Trump is expected to be accompanied by energy executives when he signs the order.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a written statement, \u003ca href=\"http://www.api.org/\">American Petroleum Institute\u003c/a> president and CEO Jack Gerard said, “We look forward to working with the Trump administration and Congress on forward-looking energy policies that will help ensure the United States continues leading the world in the production and refining of oil and natural gas, and in the reduction of carbon emissions.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The current head of the EPA, former Oklahoma Attorney General Scott Pruitt, is a longtime critic of environmental regulation. \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2017/03/09/519499975/epa-head-scott-pruitt-doubts-basic-consensus-on-climate-change\">Earlier this month\u003c/a> Pruitt said carbon dioxide is not a primary contributor to climate change, rejecting established science. Before becoming EPA administrator, Pruitt joined dozens of other state attorneys general who sued the agency to halt the Clean Power Plan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While some of the policies that Trump is targeting will be easy to overturn, the Clean Power Plan could prove more complicated. Environmental law experts say it could take the administration years to fully undo it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here’s more on that policy and some of the others that Trump is expected to address later today:\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>The Clean Power Plan\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>The Clean Power Plan is a set of national standards that are designed to slow human-caused climate change by limiting carbon pollution from power plants. The power sector accounts for \u003ca href=\"http://www.eia.gov/tools/faqs/faq.cfm?id=77&t=11\">almost 40 percent\u003c/a> of the country’s carbon dioxide emissions. The Clean Power Plan would cut those emissions and carbon pollution 32 percent below 2005 levels by the year 2030.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When he introduced it \u003ca href=\"https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2015/08/03/remarks-president-announcing-clean-power-plan\">in 2015\u003c/a>, Obama called the Clean Power Plan “the single most important step America has ever taken in the fight against climate change.” It’s the centerpiece of the U.S. commitment to the Paris climate agreement. Donald Trump and Republicans though, have called the plan a “job-killer” and have pledged to kill it instead.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The senior White House official said today’s executive orders do not address the Paris climate deal. “Whether we stay in or out is still under discussion.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trump’s executive orders kick off a rule-making process with the goal of ending the Clean Power Plan. But they won’t end the policy outright, nor do they say how his administration will get rid of it, and the devil may be in the details. Any effort to repeal the rule could prove lengthy, difficult and fraught with litigation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Once you have something like the Clean Power Plan — a final rule-making — then that can’t be withdrawn using any process other than the one that was used to create it,” says Nathan Richardson, a visiting fellow at \u003ca href=\"http://www.rff.org/\">Resources for the Future\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That means notices, public comment and a rule-making procedure that could take years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Trump administration has time. Currently, the Clean Power Plan is held up in federal court after lawsuits from industry groups and states challenged its legality. A ruling could be months away and any decision — for or against the plan — will likely be appealed to the U.S. Supreme Court.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Congress could also step in and amend the Clean Air Act to say the EPA shouldn’t regulate greenhouse gases, nullifying the Clean Power Plan, but that could prove politically challenging.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>Moratorium on Federal Coal Leases\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>The Obama administration placed a moratorium on new coal leases on federal lands \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/01/15/463164790/u-s-moratorium-on-new-coal-leases-to-be-announced-friday\">in January 2016\u003c/a>, citing concerns over pricing and pollution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During the estimated three-year hold on leasing, the \u003ca href=\"https://www.doi.gov/pressreleases/secretary-jewell-launches-comprehensive-review-federal-coal-program\">Department of the Interior said\u003c/a> it was going to review the country’s coal-leasing program to make sure it was providing “a fair return to taxpayers and reflect its impacts on the environment, while continuing to help meet our energy needs.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Federal lands account for roughly \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/01/15/463164790/u-s-moratorium-on-new-coal-leases-to-be-announced-friday\">40 percent of all\u003c/a> U.S. coal production. Hundreds of millions of tons of coal are mined on federal lands every year, generating nearly $1.3 billion for the government in 2015.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Environmental groups say that money doesn’t offset the societal costs of pollution from coal mining and consumption. Burning coal is a leading cause of carbon dioxide emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trump’s order to lift the moratorium should take immediate effect, allowing the Bureau of Land Management to issue new coal leases on federal lands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it’s not at all clear there will be any immediate rush for new leases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Coal production fell in 2016,” says Robert Godby, director of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.uwyo.edu/cee/\">Center for Energy Economics and Public Policy\u003c/a> at the University of Wyoming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, it’s fallen for several years as utilities have switched to cheaper natural gas. That means existing coal reserves have grown bigger.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The coal market is so weak,” Godby says, “and some companies are coming out of bankruptcy.” He says they simply don’t have the cash to make the enormous investment required to lease federal land for future coal production.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Godby says the decline in coal leasing — and the loss of hundreds of millions of dollars a year in royalties — has been painful for Wyoming. The state had been using the money to build new schools, but is now facing a large budget deficit.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>The Social Cost of Carbon\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>The “social cost of carbon” is another Obama-era policy that directed government agencies to factor in the effects of climate change on their rule-making. It essentially put a \u003ca href=\"http://blog.ucsusa.org/rachel-cleetus/the-social-cost-of-carbon-underscores-an-obvious-fact-climate-change-is-costly\">price tag on carbon emissions\u003c/a> and told agencies to factor that price tag in when making a regulation. The current cost is \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/climatechange/social-cost-carbon\">$36 per metric ton\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trump is expected to try to neuter the policy by directing the EPA to lower that cost to the point where it won’t have much weight in policy-making. An all-out elimination of the cost would likely have left the administration with weaker \u003ca href=\"http://media.ca7.uscourts.gov/cgi-bin/rssExec.pl?Submit=Display&Path=Y2016/D08-08/C:14-2159:J:Ripple:aut:T:fnOp:N:1807496:S:0\">legal standing\u003c/a> should it be challenged in court.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Trump administration is aiming to cut federal climate change efforts across government. Trump’s budget \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2017/03/16/520399205/trumps-budget-slashes-climate-change-funding\">called for steep cuts\u003c/a> to climate change research, domestic programs to combat climate change and funding for international climate efforts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mick Mulvaney, director of the Office of Management and Budget, has told reporters that federal funding to fight climate change is “a waste of your money.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2017 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Trump+Takes+Aim+At+A+Centerpiece+Of+Obama%27s+Environmental+Legacy&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "The Trump administration aims to roll back the Clean Power Plan, which limits emissions from power plants, lift the moratorium on federal coal leases and change the \"social cost of carbon\" policy.",
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"description": "The Trump administration aims to roll back the Clean Power Plan, which limits emissions from power plants, lift the moratorium on federal coal leases and change the "social cost of carbon" policy.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>President Trump will sign sweeping executive orders Tuesday that take aim at a number of his predecessor’s climate policies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The wide-ranging orders and accompanying memorandums will seek to undo the centerpiece of former President Obama’s environmental legacy and national efforts to address climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It could also jeopardize America’s current role in international efforts to confront climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A senior White House official says the goal is to make the U.S. energy-independent and to get the Environmental Protection Agency back to its core mission of maintaining clean air and water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a symbolic gesture, the president is expected to sign the documents at EPA headquarters.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>Trump’s Regulatory Targets\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>The major regulation targeted by the executive order will be the Clean Power Plan, Obama’s signature climate measure that restricts greenhouse gas emissions from coal-fired power plants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trump will order a review of that and a number of other climate efforts, including:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>a federal moratorium on coal leasing\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>a measure that requires federal agencies to consider climate change during their rule-making process\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>the “social cost of carbon,” which puts a dollar figure on carbon pollution\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>“In taking a sledgehammer to U.S. climate action, the administration will push the country backward, making it harder and more expensive to reduce emissions,” said Andrew Steer, president and CEO of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.wri.org//\">World Resources Institute\u003c/a>, in a statement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Climate science is clear and unwavering: mounting greenhouse gas emissions are warming our planet, putting people and business in harm’s way.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some energy companies are celebrating the anticipated move. Trump is expected to be accompanied by energy executives when he signs the order.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a written statement, \u003ca href=\"http://www.api.org/\">American Petroleum Institute\u003c/a> president and CEO Jack Gerard said, “We look forward to working with the Trump administration and Congress on forward-looking energy policies that will help ensure the United States continues leading the world in the production and refining of oil and natural gas, and in the reduction of carbon emissions.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The current head of the EPA, former Oklahoma Attorney General Scott Pruitt, is a longtime critic of environmental regulation. \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2017/03/09/519499975/epa-head-scott-pruitt-doubts-basic-consensus-on-climate-change\">Earlier this month\u003c/a> Pruitt said carbon dioxide is not a primary contributor to climate change, rejecting established science. Before becoming EPA administrator, Pruitt joined dozens of other state attorneys general who sued the agency to halt the Clean Power Plan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While some of the policies that Trump is targeting will be easy to overturn, the Clean Power Plan could prove more complicated. Environmental law experts say it could take the administration years to fully undo it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here’s more on that policy and some of the others that Trump is expected to address later today:\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>The Clean Power Plan\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>The Clean Power Plan is a set of national standards that are designed to slow human-caused climate change by limiting carbon pollution from power plants. The power sector accounts for \u003ca href=\"http://www.eia.gov/tools/faqs/faq.cfm?id=77&t=11\">almost 40 percent\u003c/a> of the country’s carbon dioxide emissions. The Clean Power Plan would cut those emissions and carbon pollution 32 percent below 2005 levels by the year 2030.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When he introduced it \u003ca href=\"https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2015/08/03/remarks-president-announcing-clean-power-plan\">in 2015\u003c/a>, Obama called the Clean Power Plan “the single most important step America has ever taken in the fight against climate change.” It’s the centerpiece of the U.S. commitment to the Paris climate agreement. Donald Trump and Republicans though, have called the plan a “job-killer” and have pledged to kill it instead.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The senior White House official said today’s executive orders do not address the Paris climate deal. “Whether we stay in or out is still under discussion.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trump’s executive orders kick off a rule-making process with the goal of ending the Clean Power Plan. But they won’t end the policy outright, nor do they say how his administration will get rid of it, and the devil may be in the details. Any effort to repeal the rule could prove lengthy, difficult and fraught with litigation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Once you have something like the Clean Power Plan — a final rule-making — then that can’t be withdrawn using any process other than the one that was used to create it,” says Nathan Richardson, a visiting fellow at \u003ca href=\"http://www.rff.org/\">Resources for the Future\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That means notices, public comment and a rule-making procedure that could take years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Trump administration has time. Currently, the Clean Power Plan is held up in federal court after lawsuits from industry groups and states challenged its legality. A ruling could be months away and any decision — for or against the plan — will likely be appealed to the U.S. Supreme Court.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Congress could also step in and amend the Clean Air Act to say the EPA shouldn’t regulate greenhouse gases, nullifying the Clean Power Plan, but that could prove politically challenging.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>Moratorium on Federal Coal Leases\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>The Obama administration placed a moratorium on new coal leases on federal lands \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/01/15/463164790/u-s-moratorium-on-new-coal-leases-to-be-announced-friday\">in January 2016\u003c/a>, citing concerns over pricing and pollution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During the estimated three-year hold on leasing, the \u003ca href=\"https://www.doi.gov/pressreleases/secretary-jewell-launches-comprehensive-review-federal-coal-program\">Department of the Interior said\u003c/a> it was going to review the country’s coal-leasing program to make sure it was providing “a fair return to taxpayers and reflect its impacts on the environment, while continuing to help meet our energy needs.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Federal lands account for roughly \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/01/15/463164790/u-s-moratorium-on-new-coal-leases-to-be-announced-friday\">40 percent of all\u003c/a> U.S. coal production. Hundreds of millions of tons of coal are mined on federal lands every year, generating nearly $1.3 billion for the government in 2015.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Environmental groups say that money doesn’t offset the societal costs of pollution from coal mining and consumption. Burning coal is a leading cause of carbon dioxide emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trump’s order to lift the moratorium should take immediate effect, allowing the Bureau of Land Management to issue new coal leases on federal lands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it’s not at all clear there will be any immediate rush for new leases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Coal production fell in 2016,” says Robert Godby, director of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.uwyo.edu/cee/\">Center for Energy Economics and Public Policy\u003c/a> at the University of Wyoming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, it’s fallen for several years as utilities have switched to cheaper natural gas. That means existing coal reserves have grown bigger.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The coal market is so weak,” Godby says, “and some companies are coming out of bankruptcy.” He says they simply don’t have the cash to make the enormous investment required to lease federal land for future coal production.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Godby says the decline in coal leasing — and the loss of hundreds of millions of dollars a year in royalties — has been painful for Wyoming. The state had been using the money to build new schools, but is now facing a large budget deficit.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>The Social Cost of Carbon\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>The “social cost of carbon” is another Obama-era policy that directed government agencies to factor in the effects of climate change on their rule-making. It essentially put a \u003ca href=\"http://blog.ucsusa.org/rachel-cleetus/the-social-cost-of-carbon-underscores-an-obvious-fact-climate-change-is-costly\">price tag on carbon emissions\u003c/a> and told agencies to factor that price tag in when making a regulation. The current cost is \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/climatechange/social-cost-carbon\">$36 per metric ton\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trump is expected to try to neuter the policy by directing the EPA to lower that cost to the point where it won’t have much weight in policy-making. An all-out elimination of the cost would likely have left the administration with weaker \u003ca href=\"http://media.ca7.uscourts.gov/cgi-bin/rssExec.pl?Submit=Display&Path=Y2016/D08-08/C:14-2159:J:Ripple:aut:T:fnOp:N:1807496:S:0\">legal standing\u003c/a> should it be challenged in court.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Trump administration is aiming to cut federal climate change efforts across government. Trump’s budget \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2017/03/16/520399205/trumps-budget-slashes-climate-change-funding\">called for steep cuts\u003c/a> to climate change research, domestic programs to combat climate change and funding for international climate efforts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mick Mulvaney, director of the Office of Management and Budget, has told reporters that federal funding to fight climate change is “a waste of your money.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2017 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Trump+Takes+Aim+At+A+Centerpiece+Of+Obama%27s+Environmental+Legacy&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Drones on Monterey Beaches Frighten Seals During Mating Season",
"headTitle": "Drones on Monterey Beaches Frighten Seals During Mating Season | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://montereybay.noaa.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">national marine sanctuary in Monterey Bay\u003c/a> is cracking down on drones flying over nursing seals and their young during mating season.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hopkins Beach, at the center of the sanctuary\u003cem>, \u003c/em>is where about 100 harbor seals sleep, mate and give birth from February through June.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Elephant seal pups also roam California beaches this time of year—most notably at \u003ca href=\"http://www.parks.ca.gov/?page_id=523\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Año Nuevo State Park\u003c/a> where seal moms depart in mid-March.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”RKt5P8IXj9h8ti6vQh5whkkPteLVSVNk”] This year marks the first time that \u003ca href=\"http://www.marinemammalcenter.org/?referrer=https://www.google.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The Marine Mammal Center\u003c/a>, based in Sausalito, has received complaints about amateur drones “harassing” seals. The center performs wild animal rescues and rehabilitation of distressed and injured animals in Northern California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Drones are totally foreign to these animals,” says Laura Chapman, a rescue coordinator with The Marine Mammal Center. “They make a sound that they [the animals] don’t expect.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Seals nap during the day so if they’re startled by a buzzing drone it interrupts their sleep cycle, says Chapman.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What we want people to be aware of is that if an animal is looking at you, if they’re looking at the drone, that animal is being harassed.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chapman says noisy drones flying above the beach can cause the animals to alter their natural behavior during their prime reproductive and pupping season, when mother seals need to bond with their young.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Harbor seals only have about five weeks to nurse and teach their young how to survive before the baby animals are on their own.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These animals are really sensitive and they need that time, the pups need that time with mom,” says Chapman.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1500230\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2048px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1500230\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/14315814206_43739cc671_k.jpg\" alt=\"Seals sun themselves on the beach adjacent to the Hopkins Marine Station in Pacific Grove, California.\" width=\"2048\" height=\"1365\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/14315814206_43739cc671_k.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/14315814206_43739cc671_k-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/14315814206_43739cc671_k-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/14315814206_43739cc671_k-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/14315814206_43739cc671_k-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/14315814206_43739cc671_k-1920x1280.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/14315814206_43739cc671_k-1180x786.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/14315814206_43739cc671_k-960x640.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/14315814206_43739cc671_k-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/14315814206_43739cc671_k-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/14315814206_43739cc671_k-520x347.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2048px) 100vw, 2048px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Seals sun themselves on the beach adjacent to the Hopkins Marine Station in Pacific Grove, California. \u003ccite>(\u003ca href=\"https://www.flickr.com/photos/ian_e_abbott/14315814206/in/photolist-7pFBRo-r9K5FA-Jq1ktp-qUsrf1-jfgbxk-8bwoqu-nP3hNS-4P3fo4-7TjLvN-xKd8fn-7tHiJR-5NkLGw-e6NcFg-6eGp5Z-a7jVAF-4j5B3K-mXSbYY-8qnrTu-e6TQmj-i7dAKj-GhA8ty-72WRNW-CHzgiz-3452aH-6eLjHC-SrDLyw-7uwEzc-ofqtjj-3452aD-9GMXE1-ozNhzc-7pgUMf-4f5NUe-CjFMUz-FNAuMh-D9M7Hr-n4XKsj-n4VUFe-n4W52X-n4XKeJ-n4XKbY-n4W4TF-n4XJYy-n4W4MD-n4W4Na-9wMyAV\" target=\"_blank\">Ian Abbott/flickr\u003c/a>)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The biggest concern, says Chapman, is that easily frightened moms will abandon their pups.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Marine Mammal Center doesn’t know how often this is happening due to drones, but they’re concerned that the number of abandonment incidents could rise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Humans are already having an impact on the seals—from kayakers encroaching on the seals’ turf to off-leash dogs barking at the animals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over the past decade, The Marine Mammal Center has handled 140 cases where humans harmed seals or sea lions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The disturbances include seal moms abandoning their pups because of human presence, and well-meaning visitors attempting to “rescue” the animals by picking them up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2014, for example\u003cem>,\u003c/em> a family hoisted a baby seal they thought was abandoned into their minivan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s not the best case scenario for the animal to be picked up and driven around in a minivan,” says Chapman. “The best case is that mom would come back for her pup.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Protecting the Seals\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Docents at the \u003ca href=\"http://montereybay.noaa.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary\u003c/a> say drones flying over Monterey beaches aren’t just a nuisance—they’re breaking the law.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://www.faa.gov/uas/media/Sec_331_336_UAS.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Federal Aviation Administration\u003c/a> bans drone use within five miles of an airport without prior approval and the \u003ca href=\"http://www.montereyairport.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Monterey Regional Airport\u003c/a> is just 3.5 nautical miles from a harbor seal rookery near the Monterey Bay Aquarium.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1500662\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 410px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1500662\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/harbor-seal_aquarium.jpg\" alt='A California harbor seal near \"tank reef\" and underwater diving spot in Monterey.' width=\"410\" height=\"614\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/harbor-seal_aquarium.jpg 410w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/harbor-seal_aquarium-160x240.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/harbor-seal_aquarium-240x359.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/harbor-seal_aquarium-375x562.jpg 375w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 410px) 100vw, 410px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A California harbor seal near “tank reef” an underwater diving spot in Monterey.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>And the federal \u003ca href=\"http://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/pr/dontfeedorharass.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Marine Mammal Protection Act\u003c/a> safeguards seals from harassment and requires beach-goers to stay 150 feet away from them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The marine sanctuary in Monterey is monitoring drone use, relying on volunteers to tell drone users to take their vehicles out of the sky.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Thom Akeman, a docent with the sanctuary, regularly patrols Hopkins Beach where harbor seals breed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He’s approached several drone operators, asking them to stay away from the resting animals. Akeman says he’s not sure why people are flying drones over the beach, and whether or not they’re capturing video footage. But he says his priority is convincing drone hobbyists to take the aircraft out of the sky.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“About half the time they’re very cooperative,” says Akeman. “Other times they’re very belligerent because they think they have a right to fly anywhere.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Akeman has a tip for concerned beach-goers. If you’re strolling along a Monterey beach and happen to see a drone, notify one of the docents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As for a stranded seal pup, Laura Chapman says don’t try and rescue it. Give the animal space, let the mother return and if you’re still concerned, call the Marine Mammal Center.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Drone hobbyists flying unmanned-aircraft over California beaches are spooking seals during prime mating and pupping season.",
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"description": "Drone hobbyists flying unmanned-aircraft over California beaches are spooking seals during prime mating and pupping season.",
"title": "Drones on Monterey Beaches Frighten Seals During Mating Season | KQED",
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"headline": "Drones on Monterey Beaches Frighten Seals During Mating Season",
"datePublished": "2017-03-27T10:31:14-07:00",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://montereybay.noaa.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">national marine sanctuary in Monterey Bay\u003c/a> is cracking down on drones flying over nursing seals and their young during mating season.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hopkins Beach, at the center of the sanctuary\u003cem>, \u003c/em>is where about 100 harbor seals sleep, mate and give birth from February through June.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Elephant seal pups also roam California beaches this time of year—most notably at \u003ca href=\"http://www.parks.ca.gov/?page_id=523\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Año Nuevo State Park\u003c/a> where seal moms depart in mid-March.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp> This year marks the first time that \u003ca href=\"http://www.marinemammalcenter.org/?referrer=https://www.google.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The Marine Mammal Center\u003c/a>, based in Sausalito, has received complaints about amateur drones “harassing” seals. The center performs wild animal rescues and rehabilitation of distressed and injured animals in Northern California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Drones are totally foreign to these animals,” says Laura Chapman, a rescue coordinator with The Marine Mammal Center. “They make a sound that they [the animals] don’t expect.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Seals nap during the day so if they’re startled by a buzzing drone it interrupts their sleep cycle, says Chapman.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What we want people to be aware of is that if an animal is looking at you, if they’re looking at the drone, that animal is being harassed.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chapman says noisy drones flying above the beach can cause the animals to alter their natural behavior during their prime reproductive and pupping season, when mother seals need to bond with their young.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Harbor seals only have about five weeks to nurse and teach their young how to survive before the baby animals are on their own.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These animals are really sensitive and they need that time, the pups need that time with mom,” says Chapman.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1500230\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2048px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1500230\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/14315814206_43739cc671_k.jpg\" alt=\"Seals sun themselves on the beach adjacent to the Hopkins Marine Station in Pacific Grove, California.\" width=\"2048\" height=\"1365\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/14315814206_43739cc671_k.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/14315814206_43739cc671_k-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/14315814206_43739cc671_k-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/14315814206_43739cc671_k-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/14315814206_43739cc671_k-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/14315814206_43739cc671_k-1920x1280.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/14315814206_43739cc671_k-1180x786.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/14315814206_43739cc671_k-960x640.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/14315814206_43739cc671_k-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/14315814206_43739cc671_k-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/14315814206_43739cc671_k-520x347.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2048px) 100vw, 2048px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Seals sun themselves on the beach adjacent to the Hopkins Marine Station in Pacific Grove, California. \u003ccite>(\u003ca href=\"https://www.flickr.com/photos/ian_e_abbott/14315814206/in/photolist-7pFBRo-r9K5FA-Jq1ktp-qUsrf1-jfgbxk-8bwoqu-nP3hNS-4P3fo4-7TjLvN-xKd8fn-7tHiJR-5NkLGw-e6NcFg-6eGp5Z-a7jVAF-4j5B3K-mXSbYY-8qnrTu-e6TQmj-i7dAKj-GhA8ty-72WRNW-CHzgiz-3452aH-6eLjHC-SrDLyw-7uwEzc-ofqtjj-3452aD-9GMXE1-ozNhzc-7pgUMf-4f5NUe-CjFMUz-FNAuMh-D9M7Hr-n4XKsj-n4VUFe-n4W52X-n4XKeJ-n4XKbY-n4W4TF-n4XJYy-n4W4MD-n4W4Na-9wMyAV\" target=\"_blank\">Ian Abbott/flickr\u003c/a>)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The biggest concern, says Chapman, is that easily frightened moms will abandon their pups.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Marine Mammal Center doesn’t know how often this is happening due to drones, but they’re concerned that the number of abandonment incidents could rise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Humans are already having an impact on the seals—from kayakers encroaching on the seals’ turf to off-leash dogs barking at the animals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over the past decade, The Marine Mammal Center has handled 140 cases where humans harmed seals or sea lions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The disturbances include seal moms abandoning their pups because of human presence, and well-meaning visitors attempting to “rescue” the animals by picking them up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2014, for example\u003cem>,\u003c/em> a family hoisted a baby seal they thought was abandoned into their minivan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s not the best case scenario for the animal to be picked up and driven around in a minivan,” says Chapman. “The best case is that mom would come back for her pup.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Protecting the Seals\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Docents at the \u003ca href=\"http://montereybay.noaa.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary\u003c/a> say drones flying over Monterey beaches aren’t just a nuisance—they’re breaking the law.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://www.faa.gov/uas/media/Sec_331_336_UAS.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Federal Aviation Administration\u003c/a> bans drone use within five miles of an airport without prior approval and the \u003ca href=\"http://www.montereyairport.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Monterey Regional Airport\u003c/a> is just 3.5 nautical miles from a harbor seal rookery near the Monterey Bay Aquarium.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1500662\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 410px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1500662\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/harbor-seal_aquarium.jpg\" alt='A California harbor seal near \"tank reef\" and underwater diving spot in Monterey.' width=\"410\" height=\"614\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/harbor-seal_aquarium.jpg 410w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/harbor-seal_aquarium-160x240.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/harbor-seal_aquarium-240x359.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/harbor-seal_aquarium-375x562.jpg 375w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 410px) 100vw, 410px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A California harbor seal near “tank reef” an underwater diving spot in Monterey.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>And the federal \u003ca href=\"http://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/pr/dontfeedorharass.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Marine Mammal Protection Act\u003c/a> safeguards seals from harassment and requires beach-goers to stay 150 feet away from them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The marine sanctuary in Monterey is monitoring drone use, relying on volunteers to tell drone users to take their vehicles out of the sky.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Thom Akeman, a docent with the sanctuary, regularly patrols Hopkins Beach where harbor seals breed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He’s approached several drone operators, asking them to stay away from the resting animals. Akeman says he’s not sure why people are flying drones over the beach, and whether or not they’re capturing video footage. But he says his priority is convincing drone hobbyists to take the aircraft out of the sky.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“About half the time they’re very cooperative,” says Akeman. “Other times they’re very belligerent because they think they have a right to fly anywhere.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Akeman has a tip for concerned beach-goers. If you’re strolling along a Monterey beach and happen to see a drone, notify one of the docents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As for a stranded seal pup, Laura Chapman says don’t try and rescue it. Give the animal space, let the mother return and if you’re still concerned, call the Marine Mammal Center.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Nature Provides Its Own Flood Control. Time to Use It?",
"headTitle": "Nature Provides Its Own Flood Control. Time to Use It? | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>After millions of dollars of flood damage and mass evacuations this year, California is grappling with how to update its aging flood infrastructure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That has some calling for a new approach to flood control – one that mimics nature instead of trying to contain it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s being tried in a handful of places in California, including here just below Oroville Dam, where massive flows on the Feather River put levees to the test this winter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It looks like a bomb’s gone off,” says John Carlon of River Partners, a non-profit that does river restoration. “That’s what it looks like.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">Everybody thinks living next to the river is a great idea, until it floods.\u003ccite>Carson Jeffres, UC Davis Center for Watershed Sciences\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>He’s looking at a levee on the Feather River, about half an hour north of Sacramento. It has a huge gouge where it meets the riverbank.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You can see this hole that develops and then it just starts eating away,” he says. “And on the other side of that is thousands of acres that would flood if it just eats through that little hole.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Feather River levees were hit with a huge amount of water: almost 60 million gallons per minute during the worst storms last month. So this levee will need repairs, which is pretty common for aging infrastructure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This levee is at least 80 years old,” Carlon says. “It’s actually old and outdated.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1502425\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1502425\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/Carlon-web.jpg\" alt=\"John Carlon of River Partners on the Feather River.\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1274\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/Carlon-web.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/Carlon-web-160x106.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/Carlon-web-800x531.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/Carlon-web-768x510.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/Carlon-web-1020x677.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/Carlon-web-1180x783.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/Carlon-web-960x637.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/Carlon-web-240x159.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/Carlon-web-375x249.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/Carlon-web-520x345.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">John Carlon of River Partners, on the Feather River. \u003ccite>(Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But just a bit downriver near Marysville, there’s a project that reflects some newer thinking.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The riverbank is covered in cottonwoods, willows and sycamores. They’re caked in mud, almost over our heads, showing just how high the floodwaters rose. It makes Carlon grin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s absolutely amazing to see,” he says. “It’s designed to take that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This area used to look like what we saw upstream, where the levees are right next to river. But here, the levee was moved back by a quarter mile or so, making space between the river and the levee.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the river is running high, this area acts as a floodplain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The water just spreads out, flows across the whole 700 acres, slows down and has the ability to soak in,” Carlon says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Giving the floodwater somewhere to go takes pressure off the levees. It also creates habitat for young fish, like endangered salmon and steelhead.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Folks around here call them floodplain fatties, because they grow super-fast in a really short amount of time,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Carlon says flooding is part of the natural cycle for rivers in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re trying to work with nature rather than continually fight against nature,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The way we battle to control nature now, with levees and concrete. is not very adaptable, Carlon says.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">A natural approach to flood protection is a lot more flexible and resilient.\u003ccite>John Carlon, River Partners\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“A natural approach to flood protection is a lot more flexible and resilient,” he says. “Another way to think of this, these are pressure relief valves in the system.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Everybody thinks living next to the river is a great idea, until it floods,” says Carson Jeffres, a researcher at the UC Davis Center for Watershed Sciences.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1502427\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1542px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1502427\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/levee1-web.jpg\" alt=\"A damaged levee on the Feather River, downstream of Oroville Dam.\" width=\"1542\" height=\"927\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/levee1-web.jpg 1542w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/levee1-web-160x96.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/levee1-web-800x481.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/levee1-web-768x462.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/levee1-web-1020x613.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/levee1-web-1180x709.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/levee1-web-960x577.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/levee1-web-240x144.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/levee1-web-375x225.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/levee1-web-520x313.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1542px) 100vw, 1542px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A damaged levee on the Feather River, downstream of Oroville Dam. \u003ccite>(Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Jeffres says flood plain restoration makes a lot of sense when you take climate change into account.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s always a bigger storm out there and the events are predicted to become more extreme,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But moving levees isn’t easy to do. For one, there are cities and towns built right next to rivers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You’re not going to displace people,” he says. “That’s the hard thing. So you really have to find those places that are primarily agriculture.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another restoration project is underway along the Napa River, where flooding is an ongoing problem. But funding these projects can be challenging.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s interesting how flood plain restoration is considered expensive but then when disaster happens, all of a sudden it’s relatively cheap,” Jeffres says. “And so this is really an investment in our infrastructure to minimize costs down the road.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California is now deciding how to spend billions of dollars on improving flood protection infrastructure. The Central Valley Flood Control Board is expected to finalize a new flood control plan later this year.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "A new approach to flood control favors restoring natural floodplains along rivers whose aging levees are failing. ",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>After millions of dollars of flood damage and mass evacuations this year, California is grappling with how to update its aging flood infrastructure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That has some calling for a new approach to flood control – one that mimics nature instead of trying to contain it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s being tried in a handful of places in California, including here just below Oroville Dam, where massive flows on the Feather River put levees to the test this winter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It looks like a bomb’s gone off,” says John Carlon of River Partners, a non-profit that does river restoration. “That’s what it looks like.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">Everybody thinks living next to the river is a great idea, until it floods.\u003ccite>Carson Jeffres, UC Davis Center for Watershed Sciences\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>He’s looking at a levee on the Feather River, about half an hour north of Sacramento. It has a huge gouge where it meets the riverbank.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You can see this hole that develops and then it just starts eating away,” he says. “And on the other side of that is thousands of acres that would flood if it just eats through that little hole.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Feather River levees were hit with a huge amount of water: almost 60 million gallons per minute during the worst storms last month. So this levee will need repairs, which is pretty common for aging infrastructure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This levee is at least 80 years old,” Carlon says. “It’s actually old and outdated.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1502425\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1502425\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/Carlon-web.jpg\" alt=\"John Carlon of River Partners on the Feather River.\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1274\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/Carlon-web.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/Carlon-web-160x106.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/Carlon-web-800x531.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/Carlon-web-768x510.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/Carlon-web-1020x677.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/Carlon-web-1180x783.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/Carlon-web-960x637.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/Carlon-web-240x159.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/Carlon-web-375x249.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/Carlon-web-520x345.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">John Carlon of River Partners, on the Feather River. \u003ccite>(Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But just a bit downriver near Marysville, there’s a project that reflects some newer thinking.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The riverbank is covered in cottonwoods, willows and sycamores. They’re caked in mud, almost over our heads, showing just how high the floodwaters rose. It makes Carlon grin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s absolutely amazing to see,” he says. “It’s designed to take that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This area used to look like what we saw upstream, where the levees are right next to river. But here, the levee was moved back by a quarter mile or so, making space between the river and the levee.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the river is running high, this area acts as a floodplain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The water just spreads out, flows across the whole 700 acres, slows down and has the ability to soak in,” Carlon says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Giving the floodwater somewhere to go takes pressure off the levees. It also creates habitat for young fish, like endangered salmon and steelhead.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Folks around here call them floodplain fatties, because they grow super-fast in a really short amount of time,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Carlon says flooding is part of the natural cycle for rivers in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re trying to work with nature rather than continually fight against nature,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The way we battle to control nature now, with levees and concrete. is not very adaptable, Carlon says.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">A natural approach to flood protection is a lot more flexible and resilient.\u003ccite>John Carlon, River Partners\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“A natural approach to flood protection is a lot more flexible and resilient,” he says. “Another way to think of this, these are pressure relief valves in the system.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Everybody thinks living next to the river is a great idea, until it floods,” says Carson Jeffres, a researcher at the UC Davis Center for Watershed Sciences.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1502427\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1542px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1502427\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/levee1-web.jpg\" alt=\"A damaged levee on the Feather River, downstream of Oroville Dam.\" width=\"1542\" height=\"927\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/levee1-web.jpg 1542w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/levee1-web-160x96.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/levee1-web-800x481.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/levee1-web-768x462.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/levee1-web-1020x613.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/levee1-web-1180x709.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/levee1-web-960x577.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/levee1-web-240x144.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/levee1-web-375x225.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/levee1-web-520x313.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1542px) 100vw, 1542px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A damaged levee on the Feather River, downstream of Oroville Dam. \u003ccite>(Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Jeffres says flood plain restoration makes a lot of sense when you take climate change into account.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s always a bigger storm out there and the events are predicted to become more extreme,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But moving levees isn’t easy to do. For one, there are cities and towns built right next to rivers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You’re not going to displace people,” he says. “That’s the hard thing. So you really have to find those places that are primarily agriculture.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another restoration project is underway along the Napa River, where flooding is an ongoing problem. But funding these projects can be challenging.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s interesting how flood plain restoration is considered expensive but then when disaster happens, all of a sudden it’s relatively cheap,” Jeffres says. “And so this is really an investment in our infrastructure to minimize costs down the road.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California is now deciding how to spend billions of dollars on improving flood protection infrastructure. The Central Valley Flood Control Board is expected to finalize a new flood control plan later this year.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "New Coastal Commission Director Says Trump Threatens California Coast",
"headTitle": "New Coastal Commission Director Says Trump Threatens California Coast | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>The new executive director of the California Coastal Commission, Jack Ainsworth, says his appointment demonstrates the Commission’s commitment to coastal protection and that his recommendations to Commissioners will be based on science and facts. Ainsworth took the helm as executive director in February, after a tumultuous year in which environmental advocates accused the Commission of firing the previous director to please developers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>KQED’s Brian Watt talked with Ainsworth recently about his priorities, and how he plans to handle threats from the Trump administration to undo environmental protections. Here’s a transcript of that conversation, edited for brevity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Watt: Let’s imagine you have a crystal ball. What do you want to see along California’s coast in fifty years, given the challenges of balancing development and protection?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ainsworth: One would be one continuous coastal trail along the entire state of California, and we’re working towards that goal right now. The other thing is I want to see is sandy beaches along our coastline. I want to see communities that are not affected by the rising seas we see from climate change. The rising sea levels over the next 50 to 100 years are going to be the biggest threat to California. So ensuring we are building and planning for resilient communities is really going to be a critical part of what we’re about going forward. We have an $18 billion coastal tourism and recreation economy in California and that is threatened.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1486132\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1486132\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/03/IMG_0956-002-800x577.jpg\" alt=\"Jack Ainsworth, Executive Director of the California Coastal Commission\" width=\"800\" height=\"577\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/03/IMG_0956-002-800x577.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/03/IMG_0956-002-160x115.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/03/IMG_0956-002-768x554.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/03/IMG_0956-002-1020x735.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/03/IMG_0956-002-1920x1384.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/03/IMG_0956-002-1180x851.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/03/IMG_0956-002-960x692.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/03/IMG_0956-002-240x173.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/03/IMG_0956-002-375x270.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/03/IMG_0956-002-520x375.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Jack Ainsworth, executive director of the California Coastal Commission \u003ccite>(California Coastal Commission)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Watt: Well let’s talk about California and this new administration. President Trump has called climate change a “hoax.” He’s promised to cut regulations. Is the current atmosphere in Washington a threat to California’s coastline?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ainsworth: Absolutely. It is one of the most significant threats we’ve had in many, many years. The administration is proposing significant cuts to NOAA’s budget, and the Commission receives 10 percent of its budget through coastal zone management grants to California, and if we lose that funding it will mean laying off staff.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Watt: Are you worried about offshore drilling and a potential fight over that issue in this administration?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nAinsworth: Yes, opening up of the federal oil and gas leases offshore is a significant concern for the Commission, as well as weakening what we call our “federal consistency authority” under the Coastal Zone Management Act. The Commission has the authority to review federal projects both in federal waters three miles offshore, and within our state waters and on land. So weakening that authority is a concern as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Watt: You know that a lot of things that the Commission does, like protecting the coast from mega-development and keeping access in the public’s hands, can be very political. How tough are you now as executive director with Californians who might want to use their wealth to block beach access for the public?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ainsworth: This is a battle that we’ve had over the 40-year life of the Coastal Act on providing access to the shoreline. That is one of the primary mandates of the Coastal Act. And I can tell you, from my position as executive director, that is one of my highest priorities going forward — is not only protecting it for the residents of those areas, but for all Californians and those Californians that may not have had access to the coast, particularly those in disadvantaged communities, and communities of color.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Watt: How are you going to address that?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nAinsworth: One of the ways of accessing the coast is the ability to stay overnight at the coast at an affordable accommodation. And so working to realize those types of low cost accommodations along the shoreline is one way of dealing with it. The other part of it is through our public education grants directed at underserved communities for trips to the beach, for marine and environmental education programs. There are many children within 20 miles from the coast that have never seen the coast. And that is a real tragedy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Watt: The Commission has had a pretty bumpy ride recently. The firing last year of the previous director, Charles Lester, angered a lot of people in the environmental community. What are you doing to heal any tensions or any lingering distrust right now?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nAinsworth: It was upsetting, the loss of our executive director, to staff. We felt it could have represented an attack on the coastal program. But in the end, with my appointment — I’ve been a long-time employee of the commission and I have the trust and confidence of staff — I think that showed that the Commission was committed to this program moving forward and the protection of our coastal resources and public access. The important thing is, our recommendations from the staff going forward need to be based on the facts, sound science and the law.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Watt: So the fight that could arise when a millionaire wants to essentially buy the beach, you’re ready?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ainsworth: Yes, I am. I’m ready. We’ve had battles over the years and we’ve proven that we will aggressively defend access to the coast, and that is my commitment to the people of the state of California.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"nprByline": "\u003cstrong>Patricia Flynn\u003c/strong>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The new executive director of the California Coastal Commission, Jack Ainsworth, says his appointment demonstrates the Commission’s commitment to coastal protection and that his recommendations to Commissioners will be based on science and facts. Ainsworth took the helm as executive director in February, after a tumultuous year in which environmental advocates accused the Commission of firing the previous director to please developers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>KQED’s Brian Watt talked with Ainsworth recently about his priorities, and how he plans to handle threats from the Trump administration to undo environmental protections. Here’s a transcript of that conversation, edited for brevity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Watt: Let’s imagine you have a crystal ball. What do you want to see along California’s coast in fifty years, given the challenges of balancing development and protection?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ainsworth: One would be one continuous coastal trail along the entire state of California, and we’re working towards that goal right now. The other thing is I want to see is sandy beaches along our coastline. I want to see communities that are not affected by the rising seas we see from climate change. The rising sea levels over the next 50 to 100 years are going to be the biggest threat to California. So ensuring we are building and planning for resilient communities is really going to be a critical part of what we’re about going forward. We have an $18 billion coastal tourism and recreation economy in California and that is threatened.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1486132\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1486132\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/03/IMG_0956-002-800x577.jpg\" alt=\"Jack Ainsworth, Executive Director of the California Coastal Commission\" width=\"800\" height=\"577\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/03/IMG_0956-002-800x577.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/03/IMG_0956-002-160x115.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/03/IMG_0956-002-768x554.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/03/IMG_0956-002-1020x735.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/03/IMG_0956-002-1920x1384.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/03/IMG_0956-002-1180x851.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/03/IMG_0956-002-960x692.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/03/IMG_0956-002-240x173.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/03/IMG_0956-002-375x270.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/03/IMG_0956-002-520x375.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Jack Ainsworth, executive director of the California Coastal Commission \u003ccite>(California Coastal Commission)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Watt: Well let’s talk about California and this new administration. President Trump has called climate change a “hoax.” He’s promised to cut regulations. Is the current atmosphere in Washington a threat to California’s coastline?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ainsworth: Absolutely. It is one of the most significant threats we’ve had in many, many years. The administration is proposing significant cuts to NOAA’s budget, and the Commission receives 10 percent of its budget through coastal zone management grants to California, and if we lose that funding it will mean laying off staff.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Watt: Are you worried about offshore drilling and a potential fight over that issue in this administration?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nAinsworth: Yes, opening up of the federal oil and gas leases offshore is a significant concern for the Commission, as well as weakening what we call our “federal consistency authority” under the Coastal Zone Management Act. The Commission has the authority to review federal projects both in federal waters three miles offshore, and within our state waters and on land. So weakening that authority is a concern as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Watt: You know that a lot of things that the Commission does, like protecting the coast from mega-development and keeping access in the public’s hands, can be very political. How tough are you now as executive director with Californians who might want to use their wealth to block beach access for the public?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ainsworth: This is a battle that we’ve had over the 40-year life of the Coastal Act on providing access to the shoreline. That is one of the primary mandates of the Coastal Act. And I can tell you, from my position as executive director, that is one of my highest priorities going forward — is not only protecting it for the residents of those areas, but for all Californians and those Californians that may not have had access to the coast, particularly those in disadvantaged communities, and communities of color.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Watt: How are you going to address that?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nAinsworth: One of the ways of accessing the coast is the ability to stay overnight at the coast at an affordable accommodation. And so working to realize those types of low cost accommodations along the shoreline is one way of dealing with it. The other part of it is through our public education grants directed at underserved communities for trips to the beach, for marine and environmental education programs. There are many children within 20 miles from the coast that have never seen the coast. And that is a real tragedy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Watt: The Commission has had a pretty bumpy ride recently. The firing last year of the previous director, Charles Lester, angered a lot of people in the environmental community. What are you doing to heal any tensions or any lingering distrust right now?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nAinsworth: It was upsetting, the loss of our executive director, to staff. We felt it could have represented an attack on the coastal program. But in the end, with my appointment — I’ve been a long-time employee of the commission and I have the trust and confidence of staff — I think that showed that the Commission was committed to this program moving forward and the protection of our coastal resources and public access. The important thing is, our recommendations from the staff going forward need to be based on the facts, sound science and the law.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Watt: So the fight that could arise when a millionaire wants to essentially buy the beach, you’re ready?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ainsworth: Yes, I am. I’m ready. We’ve had battles over the years and we’ve proven that we will aggressively defend access to the coast, and that is my commitment to the people of the state of California.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Want to Cut Carbon Emissions? Try Growing Cement Bricks With Bacteria",
"headTitle": "Want to Cut Carbon Emissions? Try Growing Cement Bricks With Bacteria | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Ginger Krieg Dosier’s inspiration for changing the ground beneath our feet was a seashell she picked up on a beach at 8 years old.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To understand how, go outside and stand on a sidewalk. OK, look down. Odds are you’re staring at one of biggest contributors of greenhouse gases on the planet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cement is the glue that holds together the stones, pebbles or whatever tough material goes into your concrete bricks and sidewalks. But its production creates more carbon emissions than all the airplanes and ships in the world. Manufacture a ton of cement, and you’ll inject a ton of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">Cement-making produces more fossil fuel emissions each year than all the emissions created by airplanes and ships.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Young Ginger wasn’t thinking about such matters when she grabbed the shell from the sand.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The 8-year-old version of myself was really looking at the beauty of the seashell, but also trying to understand how it was grown underwater,” Ginger Krieg Dosier told NewsHour. “It was so hard and durable. Very similar to your own bones. That was where the seed started.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That seed, plus 30-odd years, blossomed into a way to grow (yes, grow!) cement and concrete bricks without emitting carbon dioxide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1485918\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 650px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1485918\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/bacteria2bricks.gif\" alt=\"BioMASON bacteria poured into red sand to start the biocement-making process. \" width=\"650\" height=\"366\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">BioMASON bacteria poured into red sand to start the biocement-making process. \u003ccite>(Matthew Ehrichs)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>From Second Bedroom to Biocement\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cement-making accounts for about 5 percent of all industrial and fossil fuel emissions each year. Nonetheless, it’s a sizeable amount—more than all the emissions created by airplanes and ships. The scientific zeitgeist argues that human-made carbon emissions\u003ca href=\"http://www.pbs.org/newshour/updates/why-the-paris-talks-wont-prevent-2-degrees-of-global-warming/\"> must reach net zero\u003c/a> to avoid 2 degrees Celsius of global warming and the destabilization of the Earth’s environment through climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Krieg Dosier is the CEO and cofounder of \u003ca href=\"http://biomason.com/\">bioMASON\u003c/a>, a biotechnology startup in Raleigh, North Carolina, that has spent the past four years using bacteria to grow cement and make bricks. This microbial business venture is a departure—and not a microscopic one—from the industry norm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Portland cement, by far the most common variety of the material in the world, starts as a rocky blend of limestone and clay. This mineral mixture gets heated inside a rotating kiln to 2,500 to 2,800 degrees Fahrenheit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of the two billion tons of CO2 emissions created each year by cement production, half come from fossil fuels burned as an energy source for the kilns. The energy \u003ca href=\"http://www.cement.org/concrete-basics/manufacturing/cement-industry-overview\">used to bake one ton of cement\u003c/a> could power the \u003ca href=\"https://www.eia.gov/tools/faqs/faq.cfm?id=97&t=3\">average U.S. home for more than a month\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1485920\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-1485920\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/CementCO2production-1020x574.jpg\" alt=\"Top 10 producers of cement-related carbon dioxide emissions in 2015 (in megatonnes of CO2). China produced three times as much cement as the next nine top producers. \" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/CementCO2production-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/CementCO2production-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/CementCO2production-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/CementCO2production-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/CementCO2production-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/CementCO2production-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/CementCO2production-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/CementCO2production-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/CementCO2production-520x293.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/CementCO2production.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Top 10 producers of cement-related carbon dioxide emissions in 2015 (in megatonnes of CO2). China produced three times as much cement as the next nine top producers. \u003ccite>(Global Carbon Atlas)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The remaining emissions are due to calcination, a chemical process triggered by heating the limestone to split it into calcium oxide and carbon dioxide (CO2). The calcium oxide progresses through a series of reactions to become cement’s binding base, while the CO2—a greenhouse gas that contributes to global warming—enters the atmosphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jackson sees three possible options for escaping cement’s emission. One, manufacturers could switch from fossil fuels to renewable power like wind and solar—though that only cuts about half the carbon emissions. Two, scientists could develop \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26630247\">technology to recapture carbon from the air\u003c/a>, which some are trying to do. Or, the CO2 emissions could be eliminated from the get-go.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Anything we could do to reduce it [cement’s carbon emissions] would be helpful,” said Robert Jackson, a Stanford University environmental scientist and chairman of the Global Carbon Project, a research collective that monitors greenhouse gas emissions. “In general, carbon dioxide emissions have been going up from cement because, as we have more people on the earth and countries like China industrialize, we’re producing a lot more cement than we did 10, 20 or 30 years ago.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A decade ago, Krieg Dosier was contemplating this pollution problem as a freshly minted architect and assistant professor of architecture at North Carolina State University. Her thoughts turned back to seashells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Seashells—the protective outer layer made by some marine animals—are composed of calcium carbonate, the hard stuff found in limestone. (Hard corals, your teeth and bones are made of the same material). She wondered if biologically made—or biomineralized—calcium carbonate could replace cement and make concrete bricks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When she wasn’t teaching, she conducted side research and landed upon bacteria as a source of calcium carbonate. Microorganisms like bacteria and algae \u003ca href=\"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/222985351_Ca-Carbonates_Precipitation_and_Limestone_Genesis_-_the_Microbiogeologist_Point_of_View\">can feed on organic waste—dead corpses, poop—to form limestone deposits\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1485922\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-1485922\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/seashells_corals_crabs-1020x720.jpg\" alt=\"All the marine organisms in this picture produce calcium carbonate to harden their shells or exoskeletons. Pictured: brittle star, calico box crab, sand dollar, stony coral, conch, whelk, augers (many), olive, scallop and barnacle. \" width=\"640\" height=\"452\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/seashells_corals_crabs-1020x720.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/seashells_corals_crabs-160x113.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/seashells_corals_crabs-800x565.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/seashells_corals_crabs-768x542.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/seashells_corals_crabs-960x678.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/seashells_corals_crabs-240x169.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/seashells_corals_crabs-375x265.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/seashells_corals_crabs-520x367.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/seashells_corals_crabs.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">All the marine organisms in this picture produce calcium carbonate to harden their shells or exoskeletons. Pictured: brittle star, calico box crab, sand dollar, stony coral, conch, whelk, augers (many), olive, scallop and barnacle. \u003ccite>(Ed Reschke/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In nature, the process is slow with calcium carbonate-making bacteria. The right conditions may occur once every few years. So Krieg Dosier, along with her husband and fellow architect Michael Dosier, became home brewers of calcium carbonate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“My husband and I did a lot of work early on with the process where we had microorganisms growing in our second bedroom,” Krieg Dosier said. “It was a pretty awesome lab. It was a safe lab. We did have ways of sterilizing, ways of keeping the culture alive in incubators.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By that time, the Dosiers had moved to the United Arab Emirates to teach architecture at a university. The location provided plentiful sand, raw material for making bioconcrete. “There’s not a lot of uses for sand that’s that fine, so it became a good testing material for us,” Krieg Dosier said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After years of toil and 111 failed experiments, the Dosiers landed on the right brewing conditions for bioMASON cement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>BioMASON’s innovation hinges on a rod-shaped bacteria called Bacillus. They use a Bacillus strain that’s naturally occurring (no genetic modification) and it doesn’t cause disease. This particular microbe is found everywhere, including inside limestone caves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1485818\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1485818\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/bacteria-800x518.jpg\" alt=\"BioMASON’s “microorganism mat”—a collection of Bacillus bacteria stitched together by exuded calcium carbonate. \" width=\"800\" height=\"518\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/bacteria-800x518.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/bacteria-160x104.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/bacteria-768x497.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/bacteria-240x155.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/bacteria-375x243.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/bacteria-520x336.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/bacteria.jpg 816w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">BioMASON’s “microorganism mat”—a collection of Bacillus bacteria stitched together by exuded calcium carbonate. \u003ccite>(Photo courtesy of Ginger Krieg Dosier/bioMASON)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“The organism creates a microenvironment that enables the formation of this calcium carbonate [limestone] crystal,” said Michael Dosier, chief technology officer at bioMASON and Ginger’s husband. “That’s effectively how it’s evolved in nature over billions of years.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But rather than take months or years to harden, bioMASON’s bacteria cement finishes the deed in two to three days. The whole process happens at room temperature, without the need for burning fossil fuels or calcination.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you started with the same raw materials, and didn’t have to cook the limestone to a couple thousand degrees, it would definitely reduce the carbon dioxide emissions,” Jackson told NewsHour via Skype. “The notion of using bio-products is happening all around the world and for many industrial processes, so I think it’s a good idea to try.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1485924\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-1485924\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/glass_beads-1020x439.jpg\" alt=\"Left: Glass beads (1 millimeter in diameter) covered by bioMASON bacteria (imperceptible at this magnification) and stitched together by biocement. Right: Magnified version of left reveals biocement as it coats glass beads. \" width=\"640\" height=\"275\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/glass_beads-1020x439.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/glass_beads-160x69.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/glass_beads-800x344.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/glass_beads-768x331.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/glass_beads-1180x508.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/glass_beads-960x413.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/glass_beads-240x103.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/glass_beads-375x161.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/glass_beads-520x224.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/glass_beads.jpg 1422w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Left: Glass beads (1 millimeter in diameter) covered by bioMASON bacteria (imperceptible at this magnification) and stitched together by biocement. Right: Magnified version of left reveals biocement as it coats glass beads. \u003ccite>(Ginger Krieg Dosier/bioMASON)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>BioMASON’s microbe not only skips the high heat, it also absorbs CO2 from the air to make the calcium carbonate, Ginger said. While we’re standing in inside one of bioMASON’s labs, Michael squirts a bit of calcium into bacteria primed in a proprietary chemical cocktail. Calcium carbonate crystals form almost instantaneously.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The calcium carbonate literally forms around the cell’s microorganism, basically encapsulating them in between the grains of sand,” Ginger said. “So you’re literally stitching them together and filling in between the grains of sand with bio-cement.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Biobricks Worldwide\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Inside bioMASON’s labs, a handful of architects experiment with aesthetic elements of the bricks. The biocement itself carries an off-white, almost translucent crystal that readily absorbs colors and adapts to different textures. They can make bricks look old and burnt without using fire, or ones with logos that glow in the dark. Some bricks feature drawings that only appear in the rain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To make bricks, bioMASON engineers start by pouring a pitcher of primed bacteria into a mixer full of foundation material, such as sand or pebbles. Paddles churn the concoction, so the bacteria slip evenly in-between the particles of the rocky material.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1485926\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1485926\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/hopper.gif\" alt=\"After pressing, bioMASON bricks spend three to four days hardening inside shipping containers. \" width=\"600\" height=\"338\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">After pressing, bioMASON bricks spend three to four days hardening inside shipping containers. \u003ccite>(Matthew Ehrichs)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Next, the tank holding the brew tips upward, and the goop slides into machine called “the hopper.” The wet biocement funnels into the hopper’s brick molds, and a hydraulic plate covers them. Flip a switch, and the plate presses into the material while vibrating furiously.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Imagine you put sand into a cup, and it just sits kind of fluffy,” Michael said. “But if you put a plate on top and vibrate it, those particles shift around until they nestle and find their home.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The nestled bricks slide out of the hopper like bread rolls and get rolled into a shipping container, where they harden over three to four days. A few from each batch run through a series of quality control tests—erosion, freeze/thaw—to meet \u003ca href=\"https://www.astm.org/\">international industry standards\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We figure out how much force can be applied to the material itself” through compression, Ginger said in one of bioMASON’s labs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1485927\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1014px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1485927\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/Installation_SFO.png\" alt=\"Installation of bioMASON bricks in San Francisco courtyard. \" width=\"1014\" height=\"763\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/Installation_SFO.png 1014w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/Installation_SFO-160x120.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/Installation_SFO-800x602.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/Installation_SFO-768x578.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/Installation_SFO-960x722.png 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/Installation_SFO-240x181.png 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/Installation_SFO-375x282.png 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/Installation_SFO-520x391.png 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1014px) 100vw, 1014px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Installation of bioMASON bricks in San Francisco courtyard. \u003ccite>(Photo courtesy of Ginger Krieg Dosier/bioMASON)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>As she spoke, engineer Stephen “The Crusher” McAllister applied 26,000 pounds of force to a shoe box-sized block before it broke. This degree of stress would occur in a thin-facing brick wall of a three-story building. Preliminary installations—two courtyards in San Francisco and a series of small walls—are testing the bricks’ resilience in the real world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>BioMASON is now looking to scale up production. The company moved in May 2016 to a large warehouse on the outskirts of Raleigh, where their 20-person team churns up to 10,000 bricks at a time with the hopper. Ginger said the costs of biocement are difficult to compare with regular cement, given the source components are different, but right now in general, bioMASON production runs at parity or below.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the future, the company plans to put the entire assembly line—mixer, hopper and all—into shipping containers, so that biocement can be made anywhere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We don’t need a fuel source. We don’t need high energy, so we are looking at being able to detach,” Ginger said. And by doing so, they may cement a brighter future for our planet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Editor’s note:\u003c/strong> \u003cem>BioMASON receives a small business grant from the National Science Foundation. The NSF is also a supporter of the PBS NewsHour.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "A North Carolina startup grows biocement bricks to circumvent the hefty fossil fuel consumption needed for normal cement. ",
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"title": "Want to Cut Carbon Emissions? Try Growing Cement Bricks With Bacteria | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Ginger Krieg Dosier’s inspiration for changing the ground beneath our feet was a seashell she picked up on a beach at 8 years old.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To understand how, go outside and stand on a sidewalk. OK, look down. Odds are you’re staring at one of biggest contributors of greenhouse gases on the planet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cement is the glue that holds together the stones, pebbles or whatever tough material goes into your concrete bricks and sidewalks. But its production creates more carbon emissions than all the airplanes and ships in the world. Manufacture a ton of cement, and you’ll inject a ton of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">Cement-making produces more fossil fuel emissions each year than all the emissions created by airplanes and ships.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Young Ginger wasn’t thinking about such matters when she grabbed the shell from the sand.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The 8-year-old version of myself was really looking at the beauty of the seashell, but also trying to understand how it was grown underwater,” Ginger Krieg Dosier told NewsHour. “It was so hard and durable. Very similar to your own bones. That was where the seed started.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That seed, plus 30-odd years, blossomed into a way to grow (yes, grow!) cement and concrete bricks without emitting carbon dioxide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1485918\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 650px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1485918\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/bacteria2bricks.gif\" alt=\"BioMASON bacteria poured into red sand to start the biocement-making process. \" width=\"650\" height=\"366\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">BioMASON bacteria poured into red sand to start the biocement-making process. \u003ccite>(Matthew Ehrichs)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>From Second Bedroom to Biocement\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cement-making accounts for about 5 percent of all industrial and fossil fuel emissions each year. Nonetheless, it’s a sizeable amount—more than all the emissions created by airplanes and ships. The scientific zeitgeist argues that human-made carbon emissions\u003ca href=\"http://www.pbs.org/newshour/updates/why-the-paris-talks-wont-prevent-2-degrees-of-global-warming/\"> must reach net zero\u003c/a> to avoid 2 degrees Celsius of global warming and the destabilization of the Earth’s environment through climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Krieg Dosier is the CEO and cofounder of \u003ca href=\"http://biomason.com/\">bioMASON\u003c/a>, a biotechnology startup in Raleigh, North Carolina, that has spent the past four years using bacteria to grow cement and make bricks. This microbial business venture is a departure—and not a microscopic one—from the industry norm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Portland cement, by far the most common variety of the material in the world, starts as a rocky blend of limestone and clay. This mineral mixture gets heated inside a rotating kiln to 2,500 to 2,800 degrees Fahrenheit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of the two billion tons of CO2 emissions created each year by cement production, half come from fossil fuels burned as an energy source for the kilns. The energy \u003ca href=\"http://www.cement.org/concrete-basics/manufacturing/cement-industry-overview\">used to bake one ton of cement\u003c/a> could power the \u003ca href=\"https://www.eia.gov/tools/faqs/faq.cfm?id=97&t=3\">average U.S. home for more than a month\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1485920\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-1485920\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/CementCO2production-1020x574.jpg\" alt=\"Top 10 producers of cement-related carbon dioxide emissions in 2015 (in megatonnes of CO2). China produced three times as much cement as the next nine top producers. \" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/CementCO2production-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/CementCO2production-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/CementCO2production-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/CementCO2production-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/CementCO2production-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/CementCO2production-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/CementCO2production-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/CementCO2production-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/CementCO2production-520x293.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/CementCO2production.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Top 10 producers of cement-related carbon dioxide emissions in 2015 (in megatonnes of CO2). China produced three times as much cement as the next nine top producers. \u003ccite>(Global Carbon Atlas)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The remaining emissions are due to calcination, a chemical process triggered by heating the limestone to split it into calcium oxide and carbon dioxide (CO2). The calcium oxide progresses through a series of reactions to become cement’s binding base, while the CO2—a greenhouse gas that contributes to global warming—enters the atmosphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jackson sees three possible options for escaping cement’s emission. One, manufacturers could switch from fossil fuels to renewable power like wind and solar—though that only cuts about half the carbon emissions. Two, scientists could develop \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26630247\">technology to recapture carbon from the air\u003c/a>, which some are trying to do. Or, the CO2 emissions could be eliminated from the get-go.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Anything we could do to reduce it [cement’s carbon emissions] would be helpful,” said Robert Jackson, a Stanford University environmental scientist and chairman of the Global Carbon Project, a research collective that monitors greenhouse gas emissions. “In general, carbon dioxide emissions have been going up from cement because, as we have more people on the earth and countries like China industrialize, we’re producing a lot more cement than we did 10, 20 or 30 years ago.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A decade ago, Krieg Dosier was contemplating this pollution problem as a freshly minted architect and assistant professor of architecture at North Carolina State University. Her thoughts turned back to seashells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Seashells—the protective outer layer made by some marine animals—are composed of calcium carbonate, the hard stuff found in limestone. (Hard corals, your teeth and bones are made of the same material). She wondered if biologically made—or biomineralized—calcium carbonate could replace cement and make concrete bricks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When she wasn’t teaching, she conducted side research and landed upon bacteria as a source of calcium carbonate. Microorganisms like bacteria and algae \u003ca href=\"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/222985351_Ca-Carbonates_Precipitation_and_Limestone_Genesis_-_the_Microbiogeologist_Point_of_View\">can feed on organic waste—dead corpses, poop—to form limestone deposits\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1485922\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-1485922\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/seashells_corals_crabs-1020x720.jpg\" alt=\"All the marine organisms in this picture produce calcium carbonate to harden their shells or exoskeletons. Pictured: brittle star, calico box crab, sand dollar, stony coral, conch, whelk, augers (many), olive, scallop and barnacle. \" width=\"640\" height=\"452\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/seashells_corals_crabs-1020x720.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/seashells_corals_crabs-160x113.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/seashells_corals_crabs-800x565.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/seashells_corals_crabs-768x542.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/seashells_corals_crabs-960x678.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/seashells_corals_crabs-240x169.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/seashells_corals_crabs-375x265.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/seashells_corals_crabs-520x367.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/seashells_corals_crabs.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">All the marine organisms in this picture produce calcium carbonate to harden their shells or exoskeletons. Pictured: brittle star, calico box crab, sand dollar, stony coral, conch, whelk, augers (many), olive, scallop and barnacle. \u003ccite>(Ed Reschke/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In nature, the process is slow with calcium carbonate-making bacteria. The right conditions may occur once every few years. So Krieg Dosier, along with her husband and fellow architect Michael Dosier, became home brewers of calcium carbonate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“My husband and I did a lot of work early on with the process where we had microorganisms growing in our second bedroom,” Krieg Dosier said. “It was a pretty awesome lab. It was a safe lab. We did have ways of sterilizing, ways of keeping the culture alive in incubators.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By that time, the Dosiers had moved to the United Arab Emirates to teach architecture at a university. The location provided plentiful sand, raw material for making bioconcrete. “There’s not a lot of uses for sand that’s that fine, so it became a good testing material for us,” Krieg Dosier said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After years of toil and 111 failed experiments, the Dosiers landed on the right brewing conditions for bioMASON cement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>BioMASON’s innovation hinges on a rod-shaped bacteria called Bacillus. They use a Bacillus strain that’s naturally occurring (no genetic modification) and it doesn’t cause disease. This particular microbe is found everywhere, including inside limestone caves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1485818\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1485818\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/bacteria-800x518.jpg\" alt=\"BioMASON’s “microorganism mat”—a collection of Bacillus bacteria stitched together by exuded calcium carbonate. \" width=\"800\" height=\"518\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/bacteria-800x518.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/bacteria-160x104.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/bacteria-768x497.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/bacteria-240x155.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/bacteria-375x243.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/bacteria-520x336.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/bacteria.jpg 816w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">BioMASON’s “microorganism mat”—a collection of Bacillus bacteria stitched together by exuded calcium carbonate. \u003ccite>(Photo courtesy of Ginger Krieg Dosier/bioMASON)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“The organism creates a microenvironment that enables the formation of this calcium carbonate [limestone] crystal,” said Michael Dosier, chief technology officer at bioMASON and Ginger’s husband. “That’s effectively how it’s evolved in nature over billions of years.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But rather than take months or years to harden, bioMASON’s bacteria cement finishes the deed in two to three days. The whole process happens at room temperature, without the need for burning fossil fuels or calcination.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you started with the same raw materials, and didn’t have to cook the limestone to a couple thousand degrees, it would definitely reduce the carbon dioxide emissions,” Jackson told NewsHour via Skype. “The notion of using bio-products is happening all around the world and for many industrial processes, so I think it’s a good idea to try.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1485924\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-1485924\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/glass_beads-1020x439.jpg\" alt=\"Left: Glass beads (1 millimeter in diameter) covered by bioMASON bacteria (imperceptible at this magnification) and stitched together by biocement. Right: Magnified version of left reveals biocement as it coats glass beads. \" width=\"640\" height=\"275\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/glass_beads-1020x439.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/glass_beads-160x69.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/glass_beads-800x344.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/glass_beads-768x331.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/glass_beads-1180x508.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/glass_beads-960x413.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/glass_beads-240x103.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/glass_beads-375x161.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/glass_beads-520x224.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/glass_beads.jpg 1422w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Left: Glass beads (1 millimeter in diameter) covered by bioMASON bacteria (imperceptible at this magnification) and stitched together by biocement. Right: Magnified version of left reveals biocement as it coats glass beads. \u003ccite>(Ginger Krieg Dosier/bioMASON)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>BioMASON’s microbe not only skips the high heat, it also absorbs CO2 from the air to make the calcium carbonate, Ginger said. While we’re standing in inside one of bioMASON’s labs, Michael squirts a bit of calcium into bacteria primed in a proprietary chemical cocktail. Calcium carbonate crystals form almost instantaneously.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The calcium carbonate literally forms around the cell’s microorganism, basically encapsulating them in between the grains of sand,” Ginger said. “So you’re literally stitching them together and filling in between the grains of sand with bio-cement.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Biobricks Worldwide\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Inside bioMASON’s labs, a handful of architects experiment with aesthetic elements of the bricks. The biocement itself carries an off-white, almost translucent crystal that readily absorbs colors and adapts to different textures. They can make bricks look old and burnt without using fire, or ones with logos that glow in the dark. Some bricks feature drawings that only appear in the rain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To make bricks, bioMASON engineers start by pouring a pitcher of primed bacteria into a mixer full of foundation material, such as sand or pebbles. Paddles churn the concoction, so the bacteria slip evenly in-between the particles of the rocky material.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1485926\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1485926\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/hopper.gif\" alt=\"After pressing, bioMASON bricks spend three to four days hardening inside shipping containers. \" width=\"600\" height=\"338\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">After pressing, bioMASON bricks spend three to four days hardening inside shipping containers. \u003ccite>(Matthew Ehrichs)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Next, the tank holding the brew tips upward, and the goop slides into machine called “the hopper.” The wet biocement funnels into the hopper’s brick molds, and a hydraulic plate covers them. Flip a switch, and the plate presses into the material while vibrating furiously.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Imagine you put sand into a cup, and it just sits kind of fluffy,” Michael said. “But if you put a plate on top and vibrate it, those particles shift around until they nestle and find their home.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The nestled bricks slide out of the hopper like bread rolls and get rolled into a shipping container, where they harden over three to four days. A few from each batch run through a series of quality control tests—erosion, freeze/thaw—to meet \u003ca href=\"https://www.astm.org/\">international industry standards\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We figure out how much force can be applied to the material itself” through compression, Ginger said in one of bioMASON’s labs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1485927\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1014px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1485927\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/Installation_SFO.png\" alt=\"Installation of bioMASON bricks in San Francisco courtyard. \" width=\"1014\" height=\"763\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/Installation_SFO.png 1014w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/Installation_SFO-160x120.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/Installation_SFO-800x602.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/Installation_SFO-768x578.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/Installation_SFO-960x722.png 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/Installation_SFO-240x181.png 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/Installation_SFO-375x282.png 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/Installation_SFO-520x391.png 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1014px) 100vw, 1014px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Installation of bioMASON bricks in San Francisco courtyard. \u003ccite>(Photo courtesy of Ginger Krieg Dosier/bioMASON)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>As she spoke, engineer Stephen “The Crusher” McAllister applied 26,000 pounds of force to a shoe box-sized block before it broke. This degree of stress would occur in a thin-facing brick wall of a three-story building. Preliminary installations—two courtyards in San Francisco and a series of small walls—are testing the bricks’ resilience in the real world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>BioMASON is now looking to scale up production. The company moved in May 2016 to a large warehouse on the outskirts of Raleigh, where their 20-person team churns up to 10,000 bricks at a time with the hopper. Ginger said the costs of biocement are difficult to compare with regular cement, given the source components are different, but right now in general, bioMASON production runs at parity or below.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the future, the company plans to put the entire assembly line—mixer, hopper and all—into shipping containers, so that biocement can be made anywhere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We don’t need a fuel source. We don’t need high energy, so we are looking at being able to detach,” Ginger said. And by doing so, they may cement a brighter future for our planet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Editor’s note:\u003c/strong> \u003cem>BioMASON receives a small business grant from the National Science Foundation. The NSF is also a supporter of the PBS NewsHour.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Russian and U. S. Scientists Team Up to Explore Earth's Sister Planet, Venus",
"headTitle": "Russian and U. S. Scientists Team Up to Explore Earth’s Sister Planet, Venus | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Despite ongoing political tensions between the United States and Russia, the stage is set for a new collaboration between the two countries’ space agencies on a groundbreaking mission to explore the planet Venus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In late January, a team of Russian and U. S. scientists delivered a \u003ca href=\"http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/docs/Venera-D_Final_Report_170213.pdf\">report\u003c/a> to both NASA and \u003ca href=\"http://www.iki.rssi.ru/eng/\">the Russian space agency \u003c/a>that outlines how our two countries can work together on a Russian mission, Venera-D, already in development.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Both space agencies share a similar scientific curiosity about Venus and possess valuable expertise in robotic spacecraft and planetary exploration that can be of great benefit to the mission.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Venera-D\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.russianspaceweb.com/venera_d.html\">Venera-D\u003c/a> spacecraft is planned for launch sometime around 2025. The mission is set to include an orbital robotic spacecraft that will map Venus’ surface using more powerful radar imaging techniques than in the past two missions. Both countries sent spacecraft to map the surface in the 1980s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1478140\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1478140\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/venus180hem_magellan_big.jpg\" alt=\"A global radar map of Venus from NASA's Magellan spacecraft. Radar penetrates Venus' thick atmosphere and cloud layers to reveal the volcanic topography of Venus' surface. \" width=\"1024\" height=\"1024\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/venus180hem_magellan_big.jpg 1024w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/venus180hem_magellan_big-160x160.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/venus180hem_magellan_big-800x800.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/venus180hem_magellan_big-768x768.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/venus180hem_magellan_big-1020x1020.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/venus180hem_magellan_big-960x960.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/venus180hem_magellan_big-240x240.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/venus180hem_magellan_big-375x375.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/venus180hem_magellan_big-520x520.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/venus180hem_magellan_big-32x32.jpg 32w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/venus180hem_magellan_big-50x50.jpg 50w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/venus180hem_magellan_big-64x64.jpg 64w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/venus180hem_magellan_big-96x96.jpg 96w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/venus180hem_magellan_big-128x128.jpg 128w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/venus180hem_magellan_big-150x150.jpg 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A global radar map of Venus from NASA’s Magellan spacecraft. Radar penetrates Venus’ thick atmosphere and cloud layers to reveal the volcanic topography of Venus’ surface. \u003ccite>(NASA/Magellan)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The mission will also include a robotic lander able to withstand the searing, high-pressure environment on Venus’ surface for a longer duration than past landing missions. The 1982 Venera 13 lander is the current record-holder: it survived for 127 minutes before succumbing to the extreme surface conditions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1478119\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1080px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1478119\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/venera13.jpg\" alt=\"Photographs of Venus' surface captured by the Soviet Union's Venera 13 lander in 1982.\" width=\"1080\" height=\"504\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/venera13.jpg 1080w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/venera13-160x75.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/venera13-800x373.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/venera13-768x358.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/venera13-1020x476.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/venera13-960x448.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/venera13-240x112.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/venera13-375x175.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/venera13-520x243.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1080px) 100vw, 1080px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photographs of Venus’ surface captured by the Soviet Union’s Venera 13 lander in 1982. \u003ccite>(Russian Space Agency)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Another idea being explored by the joint Russian-U.S. team is a solar-powered, dirigible-borne robot\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>that would float around in Venus’ upper atmosphere for up to three months, analyzing the atmospheric composition and weather and the planet’s surface below.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Venus’ Dark Attraction\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/venus\">Venus \u003c/a>has long been a subject of scientific intrigue and mystery, as well as exploration, even though other planetary destinations, such as Mars, grab a lot more public attention. Exploration of Mars has revealed a world that was once much more Earth-like, possessing surface water and environmental conditions possibly suitable to support life—and what could capture someone’s curiosity more than that?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But in many ways, Venus is at least as interesting as Mars. Venus is often referred to as “Earth’s twin,” being Earth’s nearest planetary neighbor, of almost equal size and very similar chemical and mineral composition, though their similarities seem to end there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The atmosphere of Venus is made almost entirely of carbon dioxide, a “greenhouse gas” that captures solar energy to heat the planet’s surface to 462 degrees Celsius, day and night. Atmospheric pressure on Venus’ surface is about 90 times that of Earth—equal to the water pressure half a mile deep in Earth’s oceans. A stove-top pressure cooker comes nowhere near the temperature and pressure of Venus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Venus also rotates backward, and so slowly that a single Venusian day lasts a grueling 243 Earth days. And Venus’ famous global shroud of cloud is composed of sulfuric acid, which may produce corrosive rain that evaporates before reaching the ground. There is also a lot of evidence of widespread\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>volcanic activity\u003cstrong>,\u003c/strong> both past and present.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Was Venus More Like Earth’s Twin in the Past?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As inhospitable to human life and robotic machinery as Venus’ surface is today, there is speculation that long ago Venus may have possessed \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/feature/goddard/2016/nasa-climate-modeling-suggests-venus-may-have-been-habitable\">oceans of liquid water\u003c/a>. If true, this would raise the possibility that Venus could have been home to some form of life in the past—something we have speculated about the planet \u003ca href=\"http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/mars/indepth\">Mars \u003c/a>as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1478130\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 760px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1478130\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/earth-mars-venus-atmospheres.jpg\" alt=\"Earth and its two possibly once Earth-like neighbors, Venus and Mars. \" width=\"760\" height=\"507\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/earth-mars-venus-atmospheres.jpg 760w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/earth-mars-venus-atmospheres-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/earth-mars-venus-atmospheres-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/earth-mars-venus-atmospheres-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/earth-mars-venus-atmospheres-520x347.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 760px) 100vw, 760px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mars, Earth, and Venus. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>If Venus—and Mars, for that matter—were once more Earth-like, with oceans of water and environments suitable to sustain life, then both planets today would be valuable troves of information for scientists in understanding how planets like the Earth change over time. What factors caused Earth, Venus, and Mars to evolve in such different directions? We may explore the possible future of our own planet by studying the examples of Venus and Mars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientific curiosity about our world and universe often transcends political rivalries. Present-day tensions between the U. S. and Russia may be a source of anxiety, but there may be some reason for optimism in the willingness of their scientists to work together for to better understand the workings of the world we all live in.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "A report submitted both to NASA and the Space Sciences Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences at the end of January has set the stage for a collaboration between the two agencies on a new mission of exploration to the planet Venus. ",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Despite ongoing political tensions between the United States and Russia, the stage is set for a new collaboration between the two countries’ space agencies on a groundbreaking mission to explore the planet Venus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In late January, a team of Russian and U. S. scientists delivered a \u003ca href=\"http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/docs/Venera-D_Final_Report_170213.pdf\">report\u003c/a> to both NASA and \u003ca href=\"http://www.iki.rssi.ru/eng/\">the Russian space agency \u003c/a>that outlines how our two countries can work together on a Russian mission, Venera-D, already in development.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Both space agencies share a similar scientific curiosity about Venus and possess valuable expertise in robotic spacecraft and planetary exploration that can be of great benefit to the mission.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Venera-D\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.russianspaceweb.com/venera_d.html\">Venera-D\u003c/a> spacecraft is planned for launch sometime around 2025. The mission is set to include an orbital robotic spacecraft that will map Venus’ surface using more powerful radar imaging techniques than in the past two missions. Both countries sent spacecraft to map the surface in the 1980s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1478140\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1478140\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/venus180hem_magellan_big.jpg\" alt=\"A global radar map of Venus from NASA's Magellan spacecraft. Radar penetrates Venus' thick atmosphere and cloud layers to reveal the volcanic topography of Venus' surface. \" width=\"1024\" height=\"1024\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/venus180hem_magellan_big.jpg 1024w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/venus180hem_magellan_big-160x160.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/venus180hem_magellan_big-800x800.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/venus180hem_magellan_big-768x768.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/venus180hem_magellan_big-1020x1020.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/venus180hem_magellan_big-960x960.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/venus180hem_magellan_big-240x240.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/venus180hem_magellan_big-375x375.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/venus180hem_magellan_big-520x520.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/venus180hem_magellan_big-32x32.jpg 32w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/venus180hem_magellan_big-50x50.jpg 50w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/venus180hem_magellan_big-64x64.jpg 64w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/venus180hem_magellan_big-96x96.jpg 96w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/venus180hem_magellan_big-128x128.jpg 128w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/venus180hem_magellan_big-150x150.jpg 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A global radar map of Venus from NASA’s Magellan spacecraft. Radar penetrates Venus’ thick atmosphere and cloud layers to reveal the volcanic topography of Venus’ surface. \u003ccite>(NASA/Magellan)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The mission will also include a robotic lander able to withstand the searing, high-pressure environment on Venus’ surface for a longer duration than past landing missions. The 1982 Venera 13 lander is the current record-holder: it survived for 127 minutes before succumbing to the extreme surface conditions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1478119\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1080px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1478119\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/venera13.jpg\" alt=\"Photographs of Venus' surface captured by the Soviet Union's Venera 13 lander in 1982.\" width=\"1080\" height=\"504\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/venera13.jpg 1080w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/venera13-160x75.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/venera13-800x373.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/venera13-768x358.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/venera13-1020x476.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/venera13-960x448.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/venera13-240x112.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/venera13-375x175.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/venera13-520x243.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1080px) 100vw, 1080px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photographs of Venus’ surface captured by the Soviet Union’s Venera 13 lander in 1982. \u003ccite>(Russian Space Agency)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Another idea being explored by the joint Russian-U.S. team is a solar-powered, dirigible-borne robot\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>that would float around in Venus’ upper atmosphere for up to three months, analyzing the atmospheric composition and weather and the planet’s surface below.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Venus’ Dark Attraction\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/venus\">Venus \u003c/a>has long been a subject of scientific intrigue and mystery, as well as exploration, even though other planetary destinations, such as Mars, grab a lot more public attention. Exploration of Mars has revealed a world that was once much more Earth-like, possessing surface water and environmental conditions possibly suitable to support life—and what could capture someone’s curiosity more than that?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But in many ways, Venus is at least as interesting as Mars. Venus is often referred to as “Earth’s twin,” being Earth’s nearest planetary neighbor, of almost equal size and very similar chemical and mineral composition, though their similarities seem to end there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The atmosphere of Venus is made almost entirely of carbon dioxide, a “greenhouse gas” that captures solar energy to heat the planet’s surface to 462 degrees Celsius, day and night. Atmospheric pressure on Venus’ surface is about 90 times that of Earth—equal to the water pressure half a mile deep in Earth’s oceans. A stove-top pressure cooker comes nowhere near the temperature and pressure of Venus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Venus also rotates backward, and so slowly that a single Venusian day lasts a grueling 243 Earth days. And Venus’ famous global shroud of cloud is composed of sulfuric acid, which may produce corrosive rain that evaporates before reaching the ground. There is also a lot of evidence of widespread\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>volcanic activity\u003cstrong>,\u003c/strong> both past and present.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Was Venus More Like Earth’s Twin in the Past?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As inhospitable to human life and robotic machinery as Venus’ surface is today, there is speculation that long ago Venus may have possessed \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/feature/goddard/2016/nasa-climate-modeling-suggests-venus-may-have-been-habitable\">oceans of liquid water\u003c/a>. If true, this would raise the possibility that Venus could have been home to some form of life in the past—something we have speculated about the planet \u003ca href=\"http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/mars/indepth\">Mars \u003c/a>as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1478130\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 760px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1478130\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/earth-mars-venus-atmospheres.jpg\" alt=\"Earth and its two possibly once Earth-like neighbors, Venus and Mars. \" width=\"760\" height=\"507\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/earth-mars-venus-atmospheres.jpg 760w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/earth-mars-venus-atmospheres-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/earth-mars-venus-atmospheres-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/earth-mars-venus-atmospheres-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/earth-mars-venus-atmospheres-520x347.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 760px) 100vw, 760px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mars, Earth, and Venus. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>If Venus—and Mars, for that matter—were once more Earth-like, with oceans of water and environments suitable to sustain life, then both planets today would be valuable troves of information for scientists in understanding how planets like the Earth change over time. What factors caused Earth, Venus, and Mars to evolve in such different directions? We may explore the possible future of our own planet by studying the examples of Venus and Mars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientific curiosity about our world and universe often transcends political rivalries. Present-day tensions between the U. S. and Russia may be a source of anxiety, but there may be some reason for optimism in the willingness of their scientists to work together for to better understand the workings of the world we all live in.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "The Extraordinary Effort to Save the White Abalone",
"headTitle": "The Extraordinary Effort to Save the White Abalone | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 4.6875em;float: left;line-height: 0.733em;padding: 0.05em 0.1em 0 0;font-family: times, serif, georgia\">O\u003c/span>n a rainy winter evening, biologist \u003ca href=\"http://kristinaquilino.weebly.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Kristin Aquilino\u003c/a> was rummaging through the trunk of her pickup truck in the \u003ca href=\"http://bml.ucdavis.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Bodega Marine Lab\u003c/a> parking lot. She was looking for a rubber spatula—a tool she needed to pry a recently captured white abalone from inside an ice chest brimming with seawater.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Aquilino had driven the rare animal 385 miles from Los Angeles, where it was captured off the coast, and where small numbers of this endangered species can still be found. She was about to introduce the 7-inch marine snail to its new home, a research facility at UC Davis’ Bodega Marine Lab in Bodega Bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1483680\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 1000px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1483680\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/maggie-carson-jurow-npr-5656.jpg\" alt=\"Kristen Aquilino searches for a spatula so she can remove a wild-caught white abalone from inside a cooler that transported the animal from Los Angeles to San Francisco.\" width=\"1000\" height=\"667\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/maggie-carson-jurow-npr-5656.jpg 1000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/maggie-carson-jurow-npr-5656-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/maggie-carson-jurow-npr-5656-800x534.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/maggie-carson-jurow-npr-5656-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/maggie-carson-jurow-npr-5656-960x640.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/maggie-carson-jurow-npr-5656-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/maggie-carson-jurow-npr-5656-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/maggie-carson-jurow-npr-5656-520x347.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Kristen Aquilino searches for a spatula so she can remove a wild-caught white abalone from inside a cooler that transported the animal from Los Angeles to San Francisco. \u003ccite>(Maggie Carson Jurow)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Now Aquilino had the unenviable task of trying to pry loose the creature’s squishy orange foot without injuring it. Any nick to this male abalone’s flesh, or chip to its shell, could cause the snail to bleed uncontrollably since its fluid doesn’t clot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’ve been studying these animals for years and this is one of the few wild white abalone I’ve seen,” says Aquilino, an abalone expert at the Bodega Marine Lab.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s because there are more white abalone living in captivity than there are in the wild. And the mollusk suctioning Aquilino’s hands is the first wild white abalone scientists have collected from the ocean in more than a decade.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These rare creatures are incredibly difficult for divers to find in the deep waters where they live.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve been working for six to seven years to find loner abalone along the coast,” says fish biologist \u003ca href=\"http://www.habitat.noaa.gov/restoration/connection/davewitting.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Dave Witting\u003c/a> from the \u003ca href=\"http://www.noaa.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1484296\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 346px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-1484296\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/maggie-carson-jurow-npr-5660.jpg\" alt='A wild white abalone was covered in so much algae that scientists say he was \"extremely hard\" to find.' width=\"346\" height=\"342\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/maggie-carson-jurow-npr-5660.jpg 1000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/maggie-carson-jurow-npr-5660-160x158.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/maggie-carson-jurow-npr-5660-800x789.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/maggie-carson-jurow-npr-5660-768x757.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/maggie-carson-jurow-npr-5660-960x947.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/maggie-carson-jurow-npr-5660-240x237.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/maggie-carson-jurow-npr-5660-375x370.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/maggie-carson-jurow-npr-5660-520x513.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/maggie-carson-jurow-npr-5660-32x32.jpg 32w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/maggie-carson-jurow-npr-5660-50x50.jpg 50w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/maggie-carson-jurow-npr-5660-64x64.jpg 64w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/maggie-carson-jurow-npr-5660-96x96.jpg 96w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/maggie-carson-jurow-npr-5660-128x128.jpg 128w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 346px) 100vw, 346px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A wild white abalone was covered in so much algae that scientists say he was “extremely hard” to find. \u003ccite>(Maggie Carson Jurow)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“We spoke to old abalone divers who are long retired now, but, basically we picked their brains and found some locations,” says Witting, who collected the male abalone that Aquilino drove to Bodega Marine Lab. “\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">He was extremely hard to find,” says Witting. “\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">It looked like a fuzzy rock.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not only was the abalone difficult to spot, but Witting needed a special Endangered Species Act permit to collect him—a permit that took two years to acquire. So the animal’s arrival at Bodega Marine Lab was historic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is a big moment,” said Aquilino. “They will go extinct in 10 to 15 years if there’s not a program to place them back in the wild.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Aquilino gingerly placed the snail inside a bright blue bucket at the lab, where her 12-person research team runs a captive breeding program to protect white abalone from dying off.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like all new abalone that arrive, he received a nickname: abalone 314 or “Pi.” Researchers were hoping Pi’s arrival would introduce new DNA into the aging captive population, creating stronger offspring with more genetic diversity—and a better chance for survival.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1427858\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1000px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1427858\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/02/abalone_ken-bailey.jpg\" alt=\"A free diver searches for abalone off the California coast.\" width=\"1000\" height=\"665\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/02/abalone_ken-bailey.jpg 1000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/02/abalone_ken-bailey-160x106.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/02/abalone_ken-bailey-800x532.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/02/abalone_ken-bailey-768x511.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/02/abalone_ken-bailey-960x638.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/02/abalone_ken-bailey-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/02/abalone_ken-bailey-375x249.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/02/abalone_ken-bailey-520x346.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A free diver searches for abalone off the California coast. \u003ccite>(Ken Bailey)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Path to Extinction\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>White abalone was once a delicacy at California seafood restaurants, the most highly prized of all abalone species for its soft meat. Then it disappeared from menus in 1993 when the fishery was closed due to overfishing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.amazon.com/Abalone-Worldwide-Haliotidae-Daniel-Geiger/dp/3939767433\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Buzz Owen\u003c/a>, a retired commercial and recreational abalone diver, recalls his abundant abalone catches back in the ’50s and ’60s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There was no limit on the number you could take,” says Owen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“My record was in 1961. After diving for nine hours near Catalina Island when I caught 83 dozen including some whites and greens and pinks. “That didn’t even dent this population.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1483445\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 768px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1483445\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/Abalone_shell_pile.png\" alt=\"These abalone shells in Monterey, California on September 5, 1930 sit outside a market after the tender meat was removed. White was so popular that it was nearly eaten to extinction.\" width=\"768\" height=\"546\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/Abalone_shell_pile.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/Abalone_shell_pile-160x114.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/Abalone_shell_pile-240x171.png 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/Abalone_shell_pile-375x267.png 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/Abalone_shell_pile-520x370.png 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">White abalone was so popular that it was nearly eaten to extinction. These shells sit outside a Monterey market in 1930. \u003ccite>(Richard S. Crocker/Online Archive of California)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Size limits on what divers could catch were intended to protect abalone so they could mature and reproduce. But it wasn’t enough to prevent the numbers from dwindling to a crisis point. The scattered survivors were too far apart for their ejected sperm and eggs to mingle, so spawning was rarely successful.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The government eventually realized closing the fishery wasn’t enough, so they made collection of all abalone a federal crime in 1997. (One exception for abalone diving remains: there’s still a legal, recreational red abalone fishery north of San Francisco.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then in 2001, white abalone became the first marine invertebrate to receive federal protection as an endangered species after the population had declined by almost \u003ca href=\"http://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/pr/species/esa/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">99 percent\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The success—or failure—of white abalone now depends on the breeding program at the Bodega Lab, and six other organizations, including the \u003ca href=\"https://www.wildlife.ca.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">California Department of Fish and Wildlife\u003c/a> and NOAA, that support the effort.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During the first captive breeding attempt at UC Santa Barbara in 2001, the parent abalone created 100,000 juveniles, but almost all of them died due to a fatal wasting disease called withering syndrome.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2003, the \u003ca href=\"http://cimwi.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Channel Islands Marine Resource Institute\u003c/a> in Santa Barbara bred the abalone again and after the Bodega lab received a permit in 2011, it bred animals in 2012.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Captive breeding was finally turning a corner. Between 2012 and 2014, the number of abalone that survived to be juveniles increased threefold.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[gallery type=\"rectangular\" size=\"medium\" ids=\"1483442,1484303,1484302\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are now 8,000 juveniles living in captivity at Bodega’s lab. They haven’t been released into the wild yet because scientists still need to test methods for introduction into the ocean—an environment the animals have never experienced.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re in a make-or-break situation right now with the wild population,” says Aquilino.\u003cb> \u003c/b>“We put them in this mess, so it’s up to us to save them.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>New Abalone Brings Hope \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When Pi arrived at the Bodega Lab, Aquilino was excited about breeding him in March. White abalone only spawn once a year so timing is critical. It would be the first breeding of a newly collected abalone in more than a decade.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But even hopeful stories don’t always turn out to be happy ones. In early February, 15 weeks after Pi’s arrival to Bodega, Aquilino sent an email with “cruddy news.” He didn’t survive.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">By 2019, scientists may be ready to release of thousands of young white abalone into the wild.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“We don’t know why,” she later explained over the phone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It was obviously very sudden and unexpected. He looked fine on Tuesday and then a day later he was no longer holding on to the side of the tank.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In late February, Jim Moore, a California Department of Fish and Wildlife shellfish health expert, examined the animal’s tissue, and says “Pi” may have developed a foot infection, though he couldn’t be sure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We may never be able to pinpoint cause of death, that is just the way it is sometimes,” says Moore.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But there was some good news for Aquilino and her team. A female white abalone recently captured off the coast of Southern California arrived at the Bodega lab just before Pi’s death—just in time for breeding. They named her “Green 312.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She was one of 13 animals that successfully spawned on March 1. For the scientists, it was a big deal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1483453 alignright\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/Map_partial.jpeg\" alt=\"Map_partial\" width=\"370\" height=\"407\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/Map_partial.jpeg 680w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/Map_partial-160x176.jpeg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/Map_partial-240x264.jpeg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/Map_partial-375x413.jpeg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/Map_partial-520x572.jpeg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 370px) 100vw, 370px\">“\u003cem>Pretty cool that there are new genes in the program for the first time in 14 years!!!\u003c/em>” Aquilino said in an email to colleagues a day after the event.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Green 312 and four other female abalone from the original captive group produced about 14 million eggs. By the next morning, scientists woke up to find millions of embryos.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I was lucky enough to witness one of the embryos from the wild female hatching under the scope this morning, Aquilino wrote, “which was a first for me and super duper exciting.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bodega Marine Lab and six other agencies have a \u003ca href=\"http://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/stories/2016/02/docs/white__abalone_spotlight_species_5_year_action_plan_final_web.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">five-year plan\u003c/a> and expect to be ready in about two years for a release of thousands of young white abalone into the wild.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We now have enough captive white abalone to start testing the best methods for reintroduction to the wild once a permit is in place,” says Aquilino, “and we’re hopeful.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 4.6875em;float: left;line-height: 0.733em;padding: 0.05em 0.1em 0 0;font-family: times, serif, georgia\">O\u003c/span>n a rainy winter evening, biologist \u003ca href=\"http://kristinaquilino.weebly.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Kristin Aquilino\u003c/a> was rummaging through the trunk of her pickup truck in the \u003ca href=\"http://bml.ucdavis.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Bodega Marine Lab\u003c/a> parking lot. She was looking for a rubber spatula—a tool she needed to pry a recently captured white abalone from inside an ice chest brimming with seawater.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Aquilino had driven the rare animal 385 miles from Los Angeles, where it was captured off the coast, and where small numbers of this endangered species can still be found. She was about to introduce the 7-inch marine snail to its new home, a research facility at UC Davis’ Bodega Marine Lab in Bodega Bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1483680\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 1000px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1483680\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/maggie-carson-jurow-npr-5656.jpg\" alt=\"Kristen Aquilino searches for a spatula so she can remove a wild-caught white abalone from inside a cooler that transported the animal from Los Angeles to San Francisco.\" width=\"1000\" height=\"667\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/maggie-carson-jurow-npr-5656.jpg 1000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/maggie-carson-jurow-npr-5656-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/maggie-carson-jurow-npr-5656-800x534.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/maggie-carson-jurow-npr-5656-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/maggie-carson-jurow-npr-5656-960x640.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/maggie-carson-jurow-npr-5656-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/maggie-carson-jurow-npr-5656-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/maggie-carson-jurow-npr-5656-520x347.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Kristen Aquilino searches for a spatula so she can remove a wild-caught white abalone from inside a cooler that transported the animal from Los Angeles to San Francisco. \u003ccite>(Maggie Carson Jurow)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Now Aquilino had the unenviable task of trying to pry loose the creature’s squishy orange foot without injuring it. Any nick to this male abalone’s flesh, or chip to its shell, could cause the snail to bleed uncontrollably since its fluid doesn’t clot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’ve been studying these animals for years and this is one of the few wild white abalone I’ve seen,” says Aquilino, an abalone expert at the Bodega Marine Lab.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s because there are more white abalone living in captivity than there are in the wild. And the mollusk suctioning Aquilino’s hands is the first wild white abalone scientists have collected from the ocean in more than a decade.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These rare creatures are incredibly difficult for divers to find in the deep waters where they live.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve been working for six to seven years to find loner abalone along the coast,” says fish biologist \u003ca href=\"http://www.habitat.noaa.gov/restoration/connection/davewitting.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Dave Witting\u003c/a> from the \u003ca href=\"http://www.noaa.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1484296\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 346px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-1484296\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/maggie-carson-jurow-npr-5660.jpg\" alt='A wild white abalone was covered in so much algae that scientists say he was \"extremely hard\" to find.' width=\"346\" height=\"342\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/maggie-carson-jurow-npr-5660.jpg 1000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/maggie-carson-jurow-npr-5660-160x158.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/maggie-carson-jurow-npr-5660-800x789.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/maggie-carson-jurow-npr-5660-768x757.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/maggie-carson-jurow-npr-5660-960x947.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/maggie-carson-jurow-npr-5660-240x237.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/maggie-carson-jurow-npr-5660-375x370.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/maggie-carson-jurow-npr-5660-520x513.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/maggie-carson-jurow-npr-5660-32x32.jpg 32w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/maggie-carson-jurow-npr-5660-50x50.jpg 50w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/maggie-carson-jurow-npr-5660-64x64.jpg 64w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/maggie-carson-jurow-npr-5660-96x96.jpg 96w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/maggie-carson-jurow-npr-5660-128x128.jpg 128w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 346px) 100vw, 346px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A wild white abalone was covered in so much algae that scientists say he was “extremely hard” to find. \u003ccite>(Maggie Carson Jurow)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“We spoke to old abalone divers who are long retired now, but, basically we picked their brains and found some locations,” says Witting, who collected the male abalone that Aquilino drove to Bodega Marine Lab. “\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">He was extremely hard to find,” says Witting. “\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">It looked like a fuzzy rock.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not only was the abalone difficult to spot, but Witting needed a special Endangered Species Act permit to collect him—a permit that took two years to acquire. So the animal’s arrival at Bodega Marine Lab was historic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is a big moment,” said Aquilino. “They will go extinct in 10 to 15 years if there’s not a program to place them back in the wild.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Aquilino gingerly placed the snail inside a bright blue bucket at the lab, where her 12-person research team runs a captive breeding program to protect white abalone from dying off.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like all new abalone that arrive, he received a nickname: abalone 314 or “Pi.” Researchers were hoping Pi’s arrival would introduce new DNA into the aging captive population, creating stronger offspring with more genetic diversity—and a better chance for survival.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1427858\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1000px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1427858\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/02/abalone_ken-bailey.jpg\" alt=\"A free diver searches for abalone off the California coast.\" width=\"1000\" height=\"665\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/02/abalone_ken-bailey.jpg 1000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/02/abalone_ken-bailey-160x106.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/02/abalone_ken-bailey-800x532.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/02/abalone_ken-bailey-768x511.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/02/abalone_ken-bailey-960x638.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/02/abalone_ken-bailey-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/02/abalone_ken-bailey-375x249.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/02/abalone_ken-bailey-520x346.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A free diver searches for abalone off the California coast. \u003ccite>(Ken Bailey)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Path to Extinction\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>White abalone was once a delicacy at California seafood restaurants, the most highly prized of all abalone species for its soft meat. Then it disappeared from menus in 1993 when the fishery was closed due to overfishing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.amazon.com/Abalone-Worldwide-Haliotidae-Daniel-Geiger/dp/3939767433\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Buzz Owen\u003c/a>, a retired commercial and recreational abalone diver, recalls his abundant abalone catches back in the ’50s and ’60s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There was no limit on the number you could take,” says Owen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“My record was in 1961. After diving for nine hours near Catalina Island when I caught 83 dozen including some whites and greens and pinks. “That didn’t even dent this population.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1483445\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 768px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1483445\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/Abalone_shell_pile.png\" alt=\"These abalone shells in Monterey, California on September 5, 1930 sit outside a market after the tender meat was removed. White was so popular that it was nearly eaten to extinction.\" width=\"768\" height=\"546\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/Abalone_shell_pile.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/Abalone_shell_pile-160x114.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/Abalone_shell_pile-240x171.png 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/Abalone_shell_pile-375x267.png 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/Abalone_shell_pile-520x370.png 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">White abalone was so popular that it was nearly eaten to extinction. These shells sit outside a Monterey market in 1930. \u003ccite>(Richard S. Crocker/Online Archive of California)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Size limits on what divers could catch were intended to protect abalone so they could mature and reproduce. But it wasn’t enough to prevent the numbers from dwindling to a crisis point. The scattered survivors were too far apart for their ejected sperm and eggs to mingle, so spawning was rarely successful.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The government eventually realized closing the fishery wasn’t enough, so they made collection of all abalone a federal crime in 1997. (One exception for abalone diving remains: there’s still a legal, recreational red abalone fishery north of San Francisco.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then in 2001, white abalone became the first marine invertebrate to receive federal protection as an endangered species after the population had declined by almost \u003ca href=\"http://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/pr/species/esa/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">99 percent\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The success—or failure—of white abalone now depends on the breeding program at the Bodega Lab, and six other organizations, including the \u003ca href=\"https://www.wildlife.ca.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">California Department of Fish and Wildlife\u003c/a> and NOAA, that support the effort.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During the first captive breeding attempt at UC Santa Barbara in 2001, the parent abalone created 100,000 juveniles, but almost all of them died due to a fatal wasting disease called withering syndrome.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2003, the \u003ca href=\"http://cimwi.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Channel Islands Marine Resource Institute\u003c/a> in Santa Barbara bred the abalone again and after the Bodega lab received a permit in 2011, it bred animals in 2012.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Captive breeding was finally turning a corner. Between 2012 and 2014, the number of abalone that survived to be juveniles increased threefold.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are now 8,000 juveniles living in captivity at Bodega’s lab. They haven’t been released into the wild yet because scientists still need to test methods for introduction into the ocean—an environment the animals have never experienced.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re in a make-or-break situation right now with the wild population,” says Aquilino.\u003cb> \u003c/b>“We put them in this mess, so it’s up to us to save them.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>New Abalone Brings Hope \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When Pi arrived at the Bodega Lab, Aquilino was excited about breeding him in March. White abalone only spawn once a year so timing is critical. It would be the first breeding of a newly collected abalone in more than a decade.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But even hopeful stories don’t always turn out to be happy ones. In early February, 15 weeks after Pi’s arrival to Bodega, Aquilino sent an email with “cruddy news.” He didn’t survive.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">By 2019, scientists may be ready to release of thousands of young white abalone into the wild.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“We don’t know why,” she later explained over the phone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It was obviously very sudden and unexpected. He looked fine on Tuesday and then a day later he was no longer holding on to the side of the tank.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In late February, Jim Moore, a California Department of Fish and Wildlife shellfish health expert, examined the animal’s tissue, and says “Pi” may have developed a foot infection, though he couldn’t be sure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We may never be able to pinpoint cause of death, that is just the way it is sometimes,” says Moore.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But there was some good news for Aquilino and her team. A female white abalone recently captured off the coast of Southern California arrived at the Bodega lab just before Pi’s death—just in time for breeding. They named her “Green 312.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She was one of 13 animals that successfully spawned on March 1. For the scientists, it was a big deal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1483453 alignright\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/Map_partial.jpeg\" alt=\"Map_partial\" width=\"370\" height=\"407\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/Map_partial.jpeg 680w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/Map_partial-160x176.jpeg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/Map_partial-240x264.jpeg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/Map_partial-375x413.jpeg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/Map_partial-520x572.jpeg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 370px) 100vw, 370px\">“\u003cem>Pretty cool that there are new genes in the program for the first time in 14 years!!!\u003c/em>” Aquilino said in an email to colleagues a day after the event.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Green 312 and four other female abalone from the original captive group produced about 14 million eggs. By the next morning, scientists woke up to find millions of embryos.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I was lucky enough to witness one of the embryos from the wild female hatching under the scope this morning, Aquilino wrote, “which was a first for me and super duper exciting.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bodega Marine Lab and six other agencies have a \u003ca href=\"http://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/stories/2016/02/docs/white__abalone_spotlight_species_5_year_action_plan_final_web.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">five-year plan\u003c/a> and expect to be ready in about two years for a release of thousands of young white abalone into the wild.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We now have enough captive white abalone to start testing the best methods for reintroduction to the wild once a permit is in place,” says Aquilino, “and we’re hopeful.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "WATCH: What Happened at Oroville Dam, and What Could Still Go Wrong",
"headTitle": "WATCH: What Happened at Oroville Dam, and What Could Still Go Wrong | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>In the weeks and months to come, investigators will no-doubt probe many potential reasons for the near-catastrophic failures at Oroville Dam in February. Those will range from decisions made more than 50 years ago, to the truly extraordinary weather of 2017.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But for the moment, the emergency at Oroville Dam has largely passed. The 180,000 people who were evacuated from their homes last month have returned, and construction crews continue to put millions of tons of rocks and concrete across a badly eroded hillside under the emergency spillway. In the coming months, crews will begin to fix the main concrete spillway, which developed a gaping hole on Feb. 7.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, officials with the state Department of Water Resources aren’t out of the woods yet. If a series of warm storms pounds California this spring, that could send billions of gallons of water raging into Lake Oroville again.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://youtu.be/nJ2R-bBh2xE\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\">\u003cem>(Graphics by Teodros Hailye/KQED) \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Sierra snowpack is at nearly double its historic average in some places, and will begin melting as the weather warms. Though officials are aiming to keep the lake level at roughly 50 feet below the lip of the emergency spillway, it has been rising again as unseasonably warm temperatures accelerate spring runoff from the upper Feather River watershed. Hydrologists warn that flows from the coming runoff season could yet again test Oroville’s patched-up infrastructure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another risk: As officials release water down the main broken spillway, the concrete could erode up toward the lake. If officials have to shut the gates of the emergency spillway, the lake could rise again quickly, increasing the risk of water going over the emergency spillway onto the vulnerable hillside.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Crews have been clearing debris out of the channel below Oroville Dam to reopen Hyatt Power Plant. Once it’s running, the plant pulls up to 15,000 cubic feet per second out of the reservoir to make power.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The California Department of Water Resources expects to resume use of the main spillway this week, but at half the volume compared to when operators were frantically trying to lower the lake to below the emergency overflow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Anatomy of a Near-Disaster\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Oroville drama began quietly enough, as prolonged winter storms — especially in January — began rapidly filling Lake Oroville, the reservoir behind the dam. California’s \u003ca href=\"http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cdecapp/resapp/getResGraphsMain.action\">second-largest\u003c/a> man-made reservoir behind Shasta Lake, Oroville is designed to hold more than 3.5 million acre-feet of water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1478690\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2000px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1478690 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/P2110332.jpg\" alt=\"A Cal Fire crew watches as water roars down Oroville's main spillway at 100,000 cubic-ft. per second.\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1500\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/P2110332.jpg 2000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/P2110332-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/P2110332-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/P2110332-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/P2110332-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/P2110332-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/P2110332-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/P2110332-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/P2110332-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/P2110332-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/P2110332-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2000px) 100vw, 2000px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A Cal Fire crew watches as water roars down Oroville’s main spillway. The force of it broke through the concrete and carved out a second, circular channel into the diversion pool below. \u003ccite>(Craig Miller/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>After record runoff caused the lake level to rise 70 feet in January, operators opened the dam’s main spillway to release water and create space in the lake for expected runoff.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But when the main spillway showed signs of disintegration, engineers dialed back releases to take pressure off the crippled structure. That caused the lake to rise even faster, eventually forcing water to tumble over the dam’s secondary, emergency spillway (also known as the auxiliary spillway) for the first time since the dam was completed in 1968.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Almost immediately, erosion began to eat away the emergency spillway, all but the upper lip of which is bare earth. Whole trees began washing into the diversion channel below.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1478689\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 485px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1478689\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/OrovilleAuxSpill.png\" alt=\"Oroville's emergency spillway as the lake level topped it in February.\" width=\"485\" height=\"358\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/OrovilleAuxSpill.png 485w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/OrovilleAuxSpill-160x118.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/OrovilleAuxSpill-240x177.png 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/OrovilleAuxSpill-375x277.png 375w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 485px) 100vw, 485px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Oroville’s emergency spillway as the lake level topped it in February. Critical erosion of the slope below had not yet begun. \u003ccite>(Calif. Dept. of Water Resources)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The hillside began eroding uphill, threatening to undercut the concrete lip of the emergency spillway, and on Sunday evening, February 12, Butte County Sheriff Kory Honae issued an evacuation order that sent tens of thousands of people in Oroville and other downstream communities scrambling for higher ground. (The evacuation order covered nearly 200,000 residents, but how many actually relocated is unknown.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In an attempt to lower the lake level, engineers were forced to resume massive flows down the main spillway, knowing that the 100,000 cubic-feet-per-second cascade would likely tear apart what remained of the enormous concrete chute.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Clearly they had no choice. Officials say the main body of the dam was never threatened, but had the lip of the auxiliary spillway collapsed, essentially the top 30 feet of the lake would have emptied, sending a wall of water down the Feather River valley, and likely causing the worst U.S. dam disaster since \u003ca href=\"http://www.geol.ucsb.edu/faculty/sylvester/Teton_Dam/narrative.html\">Idaho’s Teton Dam\u003c/a> collapsed in 1976. Cities such as Marysville and Yuba City would have been devastated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A long summer lies ahead, with hundreds of millions of dollars in repairs to do before the rainy season starts again next October.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Cities and towns downstream of Lake Oroville aren't out of danger yet. It all depends on weather, snowmelt, and a lot more work.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>In the weeks and months to come, investigators will no-doubt probe many potential reasons for the near-catastrophic failures at Oroville Dam in February. Those will range from decisions made more than 50 years ago, to the truly extraordinary weather of 2017.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But for the moment, the emergency at Oroville Dam has largely passed. The 180,000 people who were evacuated from their homes last month have returned, and construction crews continue to put millions of tons of rocks and concrete across a badly eroded hillside under the emergency spillway. In the coming months, crews will begin to fix the main concrete spillway, which developed a gaping hole on Feb. 7.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, officials with the state Department of Water Resources aren’t out of the woods yet. If a series of warm storms pounds California this spring, that could send billions of gallons of water raging into Lake Oroville again.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/nJ2R-bBh2xE'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/nJ2R-bBh2xE'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\">\u003cem>(Graphics by Teodros Hailye/KQED) \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Sierra snowpack is at nearly double its historic average in some places, and will begin melting as the weather warms. Though officials are aiming to keep the lake level at roughly 50 feet below the lip of the emergency spillway, it has been rising again as unseasonably warm temperatures accelerate spring runoff from the upper Feather River watershed. Hydrologists warn that flows from the coming runoff season could yet again test Oroville’s patched-up infrastructure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another risk: As officials release water down the main broken spillway, the concrete could erode up toward the lake. If officials have to shut the gates of the emergency spillway, the lake could rise again quickly, increasing the risk of water going over the emergency spillway onto the vulnerable hillside.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Crews have been clearing debris out of the channel below Oroville Dam to reopen Hyatt Power Plant. Once it’s running, the plant pulls up to 15,000 cubic feet per second out of the reservoir to make power.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The California Department of Water Resources expects to resume use of the main spillway this week, but at half the volume compared to when operators were frantically trying to lower the lake to below the emergency overflow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Anatomy of a Near-Disaster\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Oroville drama began quietly enough, as prolonged winter storms — especially in January — began rapidly filling Lake Oroville, the reservoir behind the dam. California’s \u003ca href=\"http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cdecapp/resapp/getResGraphsMain.action\">second-largest\u003c/a> man-made reservoir behind Shasta Lake, Oroville is designed to hold more than 3.5 million acre-feet of water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1478690\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2000px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1478690 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/P2110332.jpg\" alt=\"A Cal Fire crew watches as water roars down Oroville's main spillway at 100,000 cubic-ft. per second.\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1500\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/P2110332.jpg 2000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/P2110332-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/P2110332-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/P2110332-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/P2110332-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/P2110332-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/P2110332-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/P2110332-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/P2110332-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/P2110332-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/P2110332-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2000px) 100vw, 2000px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A Cal Fire crew watches as water roars down Oroville’s main spillway. The force of it broke through the concrete and carved out a second, circular channel into the diversion pool below. \u003ccite>(Craig Miller/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>After record runoff caused the lake level to rise 70 feet in January, operators opened the dam’s main spillway to release water and create space in the lake for expected runoff.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But when the main spillway showed signs of disintegration, engineers dialed back releases to take pressure off the crippled structure. That caused the lake to rise even faster, eventually forcing water to tumble over the dam’s secondary, emergency spillway (also known as the auxiliary spillway) for the first time since the dam was completed in 1968.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Almost immediately, erosion began to eat away the emergency spillway, all but the upper lip of which is bare earth. Whole trees began washing into the diversion channel below.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1478689\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 485px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1478689\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/OrovilleAuxSpill.png\" alt=\"Oroville's emergency spillway as the lake level topped it in February.\" width=\"485\" height=\"358\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/OrovilleAuxSpill.png 485w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/OrovilleAuxSpill-160x118.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/OrovilleAuxSpill-240x177.png 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/OrovilleAuxSpill-375x277.png 375w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 485px) 100vw, 485px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Oroville’s emergency spillway as the lake level topped it in February. Critical erosion of the slope below had not yet begun. \u003ccite>(Calif. Dept. of Water Resources)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The hillside began eroding uphill, threatening to undercut the concrete lip of the emergency spillway, and on Sunday evening, February 12, Butte County Sheriff Kory Honae issued an evacuation order that sent tens of thousands of people in Oroville and other downstream communities scrambling for higher ground. (The evacuation order covered nearly 200,000 residents, but how many actually relocated is unknown.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In an attempt to lower the lake level, engineers were forced to resume massive flows down the main spillway, knowing that the 100,000 cubic-feet-per-second cascade would likely tear apart what remained of the enormous concrete chute.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Clearly they had no choice. Officials say the main body of the dam was never threatened, but had the lip of the auxiliary spillway collapsed, essentially the top 30 feet of the lake would have emptied, sending a wall of water down the Feather River valley, and likely causing the worst U.S. dam disaster since \u003ca href=\"http://www.geol.ucsb.edu/faculty/sylvester/Teton_Dam/narrative.html\">Idaho’s Teton Dam\u003c/a> collapsed in 1976. Cities such as Marysville and Yuba City would have been devastated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A long summer lies ahead, with hundreds of millions of dollars in repairs to do before the rainy season starts again next October.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "California Oil Sees Ally in Trump, Even If He Can't Really Help Them",
"headTitle": "California Oil Sees Ally in Trump, Even If He Can’t Really Help Them | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>President Trump has vowed to bolster the country’s oil and gas industry by rolling back environmental regulations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it may not make much of a difference for California oil. The industry’s success is tied to a broad mix of influences, some outside the scope of federal law.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘If you ask me the biggest reason why I voted for Trump, it’s because they forgot the middle class. They completely forgot those guys that are out there working on that rig.’\u003ccite>Chad Hathaway, Hathaway LLC\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>In Kern County, in the heart of California’s oil country, 53 percent of voters chose Trump in November and support for the President is strong. The county, at the southern end of the Central Valley, produces 70 percent of the oil pumped out of the ground here and is one of this blue state’s pockets of dark red.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But ask most oil folks if they think Trump will make a difference to their industry, and the answer is largely the same.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Not really, no,” says Chad Hathaway, who owns a small oil company in Bakersfield.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Driving through town, you can’t miss how big oil is here — there are oil wells on the main streets of town.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“People are close,” says Hathaway. “We are family and when part of the family hurts, everybody feels it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>People here hit a low point last year when oil dropped to $26 a barrel, a quarter of what it was three years ago. Many companies laid off workers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hathaway, a tall, 40-year-old guy with a determined streak, rode out the downturn by cutting pay. In December, he was able to drill some new oil wells and hire a few people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1478359\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1478359\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/hathaway.jpg\" alt=\"Chad Hathaway owns an oil company in Bakersfield.\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1162\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/hathaway.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/hathaway-160x97.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/hathaway-800x484.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/hathaway-768x465.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/hathaway-1020x617.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/hathaway-1180x714.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/hathaway-960x581.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/hathaway-240x145.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/hathaway-375x227.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/hathaway-520x315.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Chad Hathaway owns an oil company in Bakersfield. \u003ccite>(Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“I had one of the roughnecks come up to me said, ‘You know what? My family, just having a job at Christmas time meant a lot to us,’” Hathaway says. “That’s meaningful.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And that’s what it came down to on election day, when Hathaway filled out his ballot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you ask me the biggest reason why I voted for Trump, it’s because they forgot the middle class,” he says about the Democrats. “They completely forgot those guys that are out there working on that rig.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To Hathaway, Kern County is a forgotten part of California, overlooked by cities on the coast where the economic upswing has returned full-force.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s like the people from LA and San Francisco,” he says. “They fly over this area all the time. They see all these farm fields and they can’t see the oil wells. But they don’t realize what we do to keep this state moving on daily basis.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hathaway is even a supporter of California’s booming solar industry. “I have a lot of solar,” he says. “I’m a huge solar guy. If it makes sense, I’ll do it. I am not stupid.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hathaway says he gets into Facebook battles with family members in the Bay Area who don’t understand\u003cb> \u003c/b>this part of the state, or his support for Trump.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They just don’t understand,” he says. “How are we so dumb down here to think that this guy is actually going to do something for us? Well, nobody else was doing it for us before.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But, as even Hathaway acknowledges, there may be little Trump can do for the state’s oil industry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California is the fourth-largest oil-producing state in the nation, but production has been declining since the mid-1980s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”VoMPoJgde3sCIYWFTjOsMMKIdT4Gjt6T”]That’s because the major economic driver for the industry is the price of oil. It rises and falls due to global market forces, including the international consortium OPEC, which is largely beyond President Trump’s reach.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The other reason is that California has a major say in environmental regulations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Ninety percent of my problems are with Sacramento,” Hathaway says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hathaway doesn’t disparage all environmental regulations. ““Some are good,” he says. “Some are meaningful. Some are not.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He was glad to see Trump get rid of a rule about air pollution, which regulated methane from oil and gas wells. Nonetheless, California \u003ca href=\"http://www.scpr.org/news/2017/02/08/68859/as-feds-roll-back-methane-rule-california-pushes-a/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">has its own version of that rule\u003c/a>. So Hathaway won’t see much of a difference.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But other people here in Kern County are feeling more optimistic, because there are policies where the federal government holds sway.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re in a good mood,” says Les Clark. He’s been in oil since 1965, but now runs a trade association called the Independent Oil Producers’ Agency.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We meet up in Taft, a small town west of Bakersfield that was built around oil. Clark’s granddaughter is playing in the Friday night basketball game at the high school, where he knows almost everyone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Clark says the federal government controls some rules, like ones relating to oil industry wastewater. The \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2017/01/17/california-says-oil-companies-can-keep-dumping-wastewater-during-state-review/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">federal EPA is currently reviewing\u003c/a> where oil companies can dispose of that water, so Clark thinks the Trump Administration could make it easier.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think it’s going to help us, yeah,” he says. “I think a lot of those guys, they understand that some of these regulations are very onerous.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, California lawmakers have said they plan to fight every inch of backsliding on environmental rules. A \u003ca href=\"http://sd24.senate.ca.gov/news/2017-02-23-senate-unveils-california-environmental-defense-act-public-lands-and-whistleblower\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">proposed legislative package\u003c/a> would lock in protections for water and air in the event the Trump Administration changes them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That federal-state push and pull is what Clark and others here in Kern County are watching. They’re waiting to see if Trump’s victory in November is actually a victory for them\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "In an occasional series on California's political divide, we travel to oil country to find out what people want from the Trump Administration.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>President Trump has vowed to bolster the country’s oil and gas industry by rolling back environmental regulations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it may not make much of a difference for California oil. The industry’s success is tied to a broad mix of influences, some outside the scope of federal law.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘If you ask me the biggest reason why I voted for Trump, it’s because they forgot the middle class. They completely forgot those guys that are out there working on that rig.’\u003ccite>Chad Hathaway, Hathaway LLC\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>In Kern County, in the heart of California’s oil country, 53 percent of voters chose Trump in November and support for the President is strong. The county, at the southern end of the Central Valley, produces 70 percent of the oil pumped out of the ground here and is one of this blue state’s pockets of dark red.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But ask most oil folks if they think Trump will make a difference to their industry, and the answer is largely the same.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Not really, no,” says Chad Hathaway, who owns a small oil company in Bakersfield.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Driving through town, you can’t miss how big oil is here — there are oil wells on the main streets of town.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“People are close,” says Hathaway. “We are family and when part of the family hurts, everybody feels it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>People here hit a low point last year when oil dropped to $26 a barrel, a quarter of what it was three years ago. Many companies laid off workers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hathaway, a tall, 40-year-old guy with a determined streak, rode out the downturn by cutting pay. In December, he was able to drill some new oil wells and hire a few people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1478359\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1478359\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/hathaway.jpg\" alt=\"Chad Hathaway owns an oil company in Bakersfield.\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1162\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/hathaway.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/hathaway-160x97.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/hathaway-800x484.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/hathaway-768x465.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/hathaway-1020x617.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/hathaway-1180x714.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/hathaway-960x581.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/hathaway-240x145.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/hathaway-375x227.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/hathaway-520x315.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Chad Hathaway owns an oil company in Bakersfield. \u003ccite>(Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“I had one of the roughnecks come up to me said, ‘You know what? My family, just having a job at Christmas time meant a lot to us,’” Hathaway says. “That’s meaningful.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And that’s what it came down to on election day, when Hathaway filled out his ballot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you ask me the biggest reason why I voted for Trump, it’s because they forgot the middle class,” he says about the Democrats. “They completely forgot those guys that are out there working on that rig.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To Hathaway, Kern County is a forgotten part of California, overlooked by cities on the coast where the economic upswing has returned full-force.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s like the people from LA and San Francisco,” he says. “They fly over this area all the time. They see all these farm fields and they can’t see the oil wells. But they don’t realize what we do to keep this state moving on daily basis.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hathaway is even a supporter of California’s booming solar industry. “I have a lot of solar,” he says. “I’m a huge solar guy. If it makes sense, I’ll do it. I am not stupid.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hathaway says he gets into Facebook battles with family members in the Bay Area who don’t understand\u003cb> \u003c/b>this part of the state, or his support for Trump.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They just don’t understand,” he says. “How are we so dumb down here to think that this guy is actually going to do something for us? Well, nobody else was doing it for us before.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But, as even Hathaway acknowledges, there may be little Trump can do for the state’s oil industry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California is the fourth-largest oil-producing state in the nation, but production has been declining since the mid-1980s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>That’s because the major economic driver for the industry is the price of oil. It rises and falls due to global market forces, including the international consortium OPEC, which is largely beyond President Trump’s reach.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The other reason is that California has a major say in environmental regulations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Ninety percent of my problems are with Sacramento,” Hathaway says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hathaway doesn’t disparage all environmental regulations. ““Some are good,” he says. “Some are meaningful. Some are not.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He was glad to see Trump get rid of a rule about air pollution, which regulated methane from oil and gas wells. Nonetheless, California \u003ca href=\"http://www.scpr.org/news/2017/02/08/68859/as-feds-roll-back-methane-rule-california-pushes-a/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">has its own version of that rule\u003c/a>. So Hathaway won’t see much of a difference.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But other people here in Kern County are feeling more optimistic, because there are policies where the federal government holds sway.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re in a good mood,” says Les Clark. He’s been in oil since 1965, but now runs a trade association called the Independent Oil Producers’ Agency.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We meet up in Taft, a small town west of Bakersfield that was built around oil. Clark’s granddaughter is playing in the Friday night basketball game at the high school, where he knows almost everyone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Clark says the federal government controls some rules, like ones relating to oil industry wastewater. The \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2017/01/17/california-says-oil-companies-can-keep-dumping-wastewater-during-state-review/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">federal EPA is currently reviewing\u003c/a> where oil companies can dispose of that water, so Clark thinks the Trump Administration could make it easier.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think it’s going to help us, yeah,” he says. “I think a lot of those guys, they understand that some of these regulations are very onerous.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, California lawmakers have said they plan to fight every inch of backsliding on environmental rules. A \u003ca href=\"http://sd24.senate.ca.gov/news/2017-02-23-senate-unveils-california-environmental-defense-act-public-lands-and-whistleblower\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">proposed legislative package\u003c/a> would lock in protections for water and air in the event the Trump Administration changes them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That federal-state push and pull is what Clark and others here in Kern County are watching. They’re waiting to see if Trump’s victory in November is actually a victory for them\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
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"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
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"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
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"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
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"politicalbreakdown": {
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"title": "Political Breakdown",
"tagline": "Politics from a personal perspective",
"info": "Political Breakdown is a new series that explores the political intersection of California and the nation. Each week hosts Scott Shafer and Marisa Lagos are joined with a new special guest to unpack politics -- with personality — and offer an insider’s glimpse at how politics happens.",
"airtime": "THU 6:30pm-7pm",
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"possible": {
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"title": "Possible",
"info": "Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.",
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"pri-the-world": {
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"title": "PRI's The World: Latest Edition",
"info": "Each weekday, host Marco Werman and his team of producers bring you the world's most interesting stories in an hour of radio that reminds us just how small our planet really is.",
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"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-World-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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},
"radiolab": {
"id": "radiolab",
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"info": "A two-time Peabody Award-winner, Radiolab is an investigation told through sounds and stories, and centered around one big idea. In the Radiolab world, information sounds like music and science and culture collide. Hosted by Jad Abumrad and Robert Krulwich, the show is designed for listeners who demand skepticism, but appreciate wonder. WNYC Studios is the producer of other leading podcasts including Freakonomics Radio, Death, Sex & Money, On the Media and many more.",
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},
"reveal": {
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"title": "Reveal",
"info": "Created by The Center for Investigative Reporting and PRX, Reveal is public radios first one-hour weekly radio show and podcast dedicated to investigative reporting. Credible, fact based and without a partisan agenda, Reveal combines the power and artistry of driveway moment storytelling with data-rich reporting on critically important issues. The result is stories that inform and inspire, arming our listeners with information to right injustices, hold the powerful accountable and improve lives.Reveal is hosted by Al Letson and showcases the award-winning work of CIR and newsrooms large and small across the nation. In a radio and podcast market crowded with choices, Reveal focuses on important and often surprising stories that illuminate the world for our listeners.",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.revealnews.org/episodes/",
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},
"rightnowish": {
"id": "rightnowish",
"title": "Rightnowish",
"tagline": "Art is where you find it",
"info": "Rightnowish digs into life in the Bay Area right now… ish. Journalist Pendarvis Harshaw takes us to galleries painted on the sides of liquor stores in West Oakland. We'll dance in warehouses in the Bayview, make smoothies with kids in South Berkeley, and listen to classical music in a 1984 Cutlass Supreme in Richmond. Every week, Pen talks to movers and shakers about how the Bay Area shapes what they create, and how they shape the place we call home.",
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"order": 16
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},
"science-friday": {
"id": "science-friday",
"title": "Science Friday",
"info": "Science Friday is a weekly science talk show, broadcast live over public radio stations nationwide. Each week, the show focuses on science topics that are in the news and tries to bring an educated, balanced discussion to bear on the scientific issues at hand. Panels of expert guests join host Ira Flatow, a veteran science journalist, to discuss science and to take questions from listeners during the call-in portion of the program.",
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