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Perhaps most interesting is Brian May of Queen who is not only a guitarist but also an astrophysicist, interested in rock of both the musical and astronomical variety.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Asteroid Awareness\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rocks falling from the sky and sparking explosive mayhem are not part of most people’s everyday experience–beyond the occasional sighting of a meteor flashing across the night sky.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://cneos.jpl.nasa.gov/about/target_earth.html\">In fact\u003c/a>, every day about 100 tons of material, mostly dust-sized particles and small bits of rock and metal, enter our atmosphere and drift downward to the surface. And every year, 25 to 30 asteroids—typically less than 100 feet across—\u003ca href=\"https://cneos.jpl.nasa.gov/ca/\">pass by Earth\u003c/a> at distances closer than our moon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1699484\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 700px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1699484\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/2014-JO25-Goldstone_FEA_NASA-JPL-Caltech-GSSR.jpg\" alt=\"Radar images of the asteroid 2014 JO25, captured by the Goldstone Observatory radio telescope last April when the 0.8-mile-long object passed by at a distance a little over a million miles. \" width=\"700\" height=\"343\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/2014-JO25-Goldstone_FEA_NASA-JPL-Caltech-GSSR.jpg 700w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/2014-JO25-Goldstone_FEA_NASA-JPL-Caltech-GSSR-160x78.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/2014-JO25-Goldstone_FEA_NASA-JPL-Caltech-GSSR-240x118.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/2014-JO25-Goldstone_FEA_NASA-JPL-Caltech-GSSR-375x184.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/2014-JO25-Goldstone_FEA_NASA-JPL-Caltech-GSSR-520x255.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Radar images of the asteroid 2014 JO25, captured by the Goldstone Observatory radio telescope last April when the 0.8-mile-long object passed by at a distance a little over a million miles. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech/GSSR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Larger objects have caused major disturbances, but are less frequent. The 1908 Tunguska event in Siberia was caused by an asteroid or comet that was between 200 to 620 feet across, which exploded in the atmosphere. The resulting blast flattened over 700 square miles of forest—an area about the size of Alameda County.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=svzB0QYNIWI\">2013 Chelyabinsk event\u003c/a> (another aerial explosion over Russia) inflicted considerable damage to buildings over a wide area with its shock wave, but was caused by a rock only 60 feet across.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Asteroids larger than 300 feet across will impact Earth’s surface and probably leave a crater, as well as cause devastation in the region they strike. This scale of impact happens on average every 10,000 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Asteroids larger than half a mile across will create global disturbances and can cause mass extinctions. This magnitude of impact happens on average every several hundred thousand years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Rubble of the Solar System\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Our solar system is home to uncounted \u003ca href=\"https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/asteroids\">millions of asteroids\u003c/a>, chunks of rock and metal ranging from a few hundred miles across to a few feet in size, and everything between. This interplanetary “rubble,” most of which orbits the sun in the Main Asteroid Belt between Mars and Jupiter, is material left over from the solar system’s formation five billion years ago—stuff that didn’t get rolled up into the formation of the planets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1701365\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 498px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1701365\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/Eros_rotation_Dec._3-4_2000.gif\" alt=\"The roughly 10-mile sized Near Earth Asteroid Eros, imaged by the NEAR-Shoemaker spacecraft in 2000. Though Eros' orbit comes close to Earth's, their paths do not cross. Eros is the first discovered, and second largest, Near Earth Asteroid.\" width=\"498\" height=\"390\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The roughly 10-mile sized Near Earth Asteroid Eros, imaged by the NEAR-Shoemaker spacecraft in 2000. Though Eros’ orbit comes close to Earth’s, their paths do not cross. Eros is the first discovered, and second largest, Near Earth Asteroid. \u003ccite>(NASA/NEAR-Shoemaker)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The largest asteroids—those that are tens or hundreds of miles in size—don’t concern us much regarding collision threats. These mostly reside within the Asteroid Belt and don’t come near the Earth. They’re large enough for us to detect at great distances, and astronomers know their orbital paths with high accuracy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The smallest bits of rock—those less than a hundred feet or so in size—are also not a major concern. Though they are small enough to elude detection until they get very close—literally coming at us out of the dark—they’re not big enough to cause major damage even if they hit, and may break up or explode in the atmosphere before impact, as the Chelyabinsk meteorite did.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Defending the Earth\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1701367\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 414px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/gravity-tractor-copy.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1701367\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/gravity-tractor-copy.jpg\" alt=\"Artist concept of a "gravity tractor" robotic spacecraft, a concept for gradually altering an asteroid's orbital trajectory through the gentle, but constant gravitational attraction between the object and the spacecraft.\" width=\"414\" height=\"303\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/gravity-tractor-copy.jpg 414w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/gravity-tractor-copy-160x117.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/gravity-tractor-copy-240x176.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/gravity-tractor-copy-375x274.jpg 375w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 414px) 100vw, 414px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Artist concept of a “gravity tractor” robotic spacecraft, a concept for gradually altering an asteroid’s orbital trajectory through the gentle, but constant gravitational attraction between the object and the spacecraft. \u003ccite>(B612 Foundation/Dan Durda)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But protecting ourselves from possible major future impacts is all about being aware of what’s out there, and predicting a possible strike far enough in advance to give us time to do something about it. With enough advance warning—a few years would be great—a relatively minor and well-placed “nudge” to an inbound NEO can make the difference between it hitting us and cruising safely by.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Developing the capability to give a NEO that nudge is one of the B612 Foundation’s primary objectives. Concepts like massive robotic “tugboat” spacecraft that would gradually alter an asteroid’s trajectory are being explored, as well as using a form of solar sail or reflector to harness sunlight pressure to deliver the needed nudge.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the early detection side of the equation, astronomers around the world, both professional and amateur, work to detect and track NEOs, and supply their observations to the \u003ca href=\"http://www.minorplanetcenter.net/iau/mpc.html\">International Astronomical Union’s Minor Planet Center\u003c/a>, which tracks all known NEOs and uses the observational data to calculate future impact probabilities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1701368\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1701368\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/ChabotNeoTeam-800x1200.jpg\" alt=\"Chabot astronomers Gerald McKeegan and Conrad Jung, using the 36-inch telescope, Nellie, to track Near Earth Objects.\" width=\"800\" height=\"1200\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/ChabotNeoTeam-800x1200.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/ChabotNeoTeam-160x240.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/ChabotNeoTeam-768x1152.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/ChabotNeoTeam-1020x1530.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/ChabotNeoTeam-1920x2880.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/ChabotNeoTeam-1180x1770.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/ChabotNeoTeam-960x1440.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/ChabotNeoTeam-240x360.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/ChabotNeoTeam-375x563.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/ChabotNeoTeam-520x780.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/ChabotNeoTeam.jpg 2000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Chabot astronomers Gerald McKeegan and Conrad Jung, using the 36-inch telescope, Nellie, to track Near Earth Objects. \u003ccite>(Chabot Space & Science Center)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.chabotspace.org/asteroid-search.htm\">Astronomers at Chabot Space & Science Center\u003c/a> participate in this world-wide effort, using our 36-inch reflecting telescope, “Nellie.” If you want to learn about this work first-hand, come up to Chabot on June 30th for a day of asteroid fun and fascination…and awareness.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "International Asteroid Day, on Friday, June 30th commemorates the anniversary of the \"Tunguska\" explosion over Siberia in 1908.\r\n\r\n",
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"description": "International Asteroid Day, on Friday, June 30th commemorates the anniversary of the "Tunguska" explosion over Siberia in 1908.\r\n\r\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Remember Friday, June 30th is \u003ca href=\"https://asteroidday.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">International Asteroid Day\u003c/a>—or have you forgotten that we share our neighborhood of the solar system with a million chunks of rock and metal? Many of these fragments even cross Earth’s orbit threatening a collision.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">Asteroids are left over bits from the solar system’s formation—stuff that didn’t get rolled up into the formation of the planets.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Set on the June 30th anniversary of the \u003ca href=\"https://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2008/30jun_tunguska\">“Tunguska” explosion and impact\u003c/a> over Siberia in 1908, International Asteroid Day is intended to raise awareness about the possibility of a “Near Earth Object” (NEO) hitting Earth. The goal is to solicit support for NEO research including detecting and tracking the objects, predicting future impacts, and developing technologies and techniques aimed at averting them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>International Asteroid Day was co-founded by Grigorij Richters, the \u003ca href=\"https://b612foundation.org/\">B612 Foundation\u003c/a> and Brian May of the rock band Queen. All three have an interest in asteroids: Richters’ film “\u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wxlSkotTkiw\">51 Degrees North\u003c/a>” depicts a fictional asteroid impact in London and the \u003ca href=\"https://b612foundation.org/\">B612 Foundation\u003c/a> is dedicated to defending the Earth from devastating asteroid impacts. Perhaps most interesting is Brian May of Queen who is not only a guitarist but also an astrophysicist, interested in rock of both the musical and astronomical variety.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Asteroid Awareness\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rocks falling from the sky and sparking explosive mayhem are not part of most people’s everyday experience–beyond the occasional sighting of a meteor flashing across the night sky.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://cneos.jpl.nasa.gov/about/target_earth.html\">In fact\u003c/a>, every day about 100 tons of material, mostly dust-sized particles and small bits of rock and metal, enter our atmosphere and drift downward to the surface. And every year, 25 to 30 asteroids—typically less than 100 feet across—\u003ca href=\"https://cneos.jpl.nasa.gov/ca/\">pass by Earth\u003c/a> at distances closer than our moon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1699484\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 700px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1699484\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/2014-JO25-Goldstone_FEA_NASA-JPL-Caltech-GSSR.jpg\" alt=\"Radar images of the asteroid 2014 JO25, captured by the Goldstone Observatory radio telescope last April when the 0.8-mile-long object passed by at a distance a little over a million miles. \" width=\"700\" height=\"343\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/2014-JO25-Goldstone_FEA_NASA-JPL-Caltech-GSSR.jpg 700w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/2014-JO25-Goldstone_FEA_NASA-JPL-Caltech-GSSR-160x78.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/2014-JO25-Goldstone_FEA_NASA-JPL-Caltech-GSSR-240x118.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/2014-JO25-Goldstone_FEA_NASA-JPL-Caltech-GSSR-375x184.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/2014-JO25-Goldstone_FEA_NASA-JPL-Caltech-GSSR-520x255.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Radar images of the asteroid 2014 JO25, captured by the Goldstone Observatory radio telescope last April when the 0.8-mile-long object passed by at a distance a little over a million miles. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech/GSSR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Larger objects have caused major disturbances, but are less frequent. The 1908 Tunguska event in Siberia was caused by an asteroid or comet that was between 200 to 620 feet across, which exploded in the atmosphere. The resulting blast flattened over 700 square miles of forest—an area about the size of Alameda County.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=svzB0QYNIWI\">2013 Chelyabinsk event\u003c/a> (another aerial explosion over Russia) inflicted considerable damage to buildings over a wide area with its shock wave, but was caused by a rock only 60 feet across.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Asteroids larger than 300 feet across will impact Earth’s surface and probably leave a crater, as well as cause devastation in the region they strike. This scale of impact happens on average every 10,000 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Asteroids larger than half a mile across will create global disturbances and can cause mass extinctions. This magnitude of impact happens on average every several hundred thousand years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Rubble of the Solar System\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Our solar system is home to uncounted \u003ca href=\"https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/asteroids\">millions of asteroids\u003c/a>, chunks of rock and metal ranging from a few hundred miles across to a few feet in size, and everything between. This interplanetary “rubble,” most of which orbits the sun in the Main Asteroid Belt between Mars and Jupiter, is material left over from the solar system’s formation five billion years ago—stuff that didn’t get rolled up into the formation of the planets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1701365\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 498px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1701365\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/Eros_rotation_Dec._3-4_2000.gif\" alt=\"The roughly 10-mile sized Near Earth Asteroid Eros, imaged by the NEAR-Shoemaker spacecraft in 2000. Though Eros' orbit comes close to Earth's, their paths do not cross. Eros is the first discovered, and second largest, Near Earth Asteroid.\" width=\"498\" height=\"390\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The roughly 10-mile sized Near Earth Asteroid Eros, imaged by the NEAR-Shoemaker spacecraft in 2000. Though Eros’ orbit comes close to Earth’s, their paths do not cross. Eros is the first discovered, and second largest, Near Earth Asteroid. \u003ccite>(NASA/NEAR-Shoemaker)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The largest asteroids—those that are tens or hundreds of miles in size—don’t concern us much regarding collision threats. These mostly reside within the Asteroid Belt and don’t come near the Earth. They’re large enough for us to detect at great distances, and astronomers know their orbital paths with high accuracy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The smallest bits of rock—those less than a hundred feet or so in size—are also not a major concern. Though they are small enough to elude detection until they get very close—literally coming at us out of the dark—they’re not big enough to cause major damage even if they hit, and may break up or explode in the atmosphere before impact, as the Chelyabinsk meteorite did.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Defending the Earth\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1701367\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 414px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/gravity-tractor-copy.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1701367\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/gravity-tractor-copy.jpg\" alt=\"Artist concept of a "gravity tractor" robotic spacecraft, a concept for gradually altering an asteroid's orbital trajectory through the gentle, but constant gravitational attraction between the object and the spacecraft.\" width=\"414\" height=\"303\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/gravity-tractor-copy.jpg 414w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/gravity-tractor-copy-160x117.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/gravity-tractor-copy-240x176.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/gravity-tractor-copy-375x274.jpg 375w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 414px) 100vw, 414px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Artist concept of a “gravity tractor” robotic spacecraft, a concept for gradually altering an asteroid’s orbital trajectory through the gentle, but constant gravitational attraction between the object and the spacecraft. \u003ccite>(B612 Foundation/Dan Durda)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But protecting ourselves from possible major future impacts is all about being aware of what’s out there, and predicting a possible strike far enough in advance to give us time to do something about it. With enough advance warning—a few years would be great—a relatively minor and well-placed “nudge” to an inbound NEO can make the difference between it hitting us and cruising safely by.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Developing the capability to give a NEO that nudge is one of the B612 Foundation’s primary objectives. Concepts like massive robotic “tugboat” spacecraft that would gradually alter an asteroid’s trajectory are being explored, as well as using a form of solar sail or reflector to harness sunlight pressure to deliver the needed nudge.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the early detection side of the equation, astronomers around the world, both professional and amateur, work to detect and track NEOs, and supply their observations to the \u003ca href=\"http://www.minorplanetcenter.net/iau/mpc.html\">International Astronomical Union’s Minor Planet Center\u003c/a>, which tracks all known NEOs and uses the observational data to calculate future impact probabilities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1701368\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1701368\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/ChabotNeoTeam-800x1200.jpg\" alt=\"Chabot astronomers Gerald McKeegan and Conrad Jung, using the 36-inch telescope, Nellie, to track Near Earth Objects.\" width=\"800\" height=\"1200\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/ChabotNeoTeam-800x1200.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/ChabotNeoTeam-160x240.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/ChabotNeoTeam-768x1152.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/ChabotNeoTeam-1020x1530.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/ChabotNeoTeam-1920x2880.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/ChabotNeoTeam-1180x1770.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/ChabotNeoTeam-960x1440.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/ChabotNeoTeam-240x360.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/ChabotNeoTeam-375x563.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/ChabotNeoTeam-520x780.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/ChabotNeoTeam.jpg 2000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Chabot astronomers Gerald McKeegan and Conrad Jung, using the 36-inch telescope, Nellie, to track Near Earth Objects. \u003ccite>(Chabot Space & Science Center)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.chabotspace.org/asteroid-search.htm\">Astronomers at Chabot Space & Science Center\u003c/a> participate in this world-wide effort, using our 36-inch reflecting telescope, “Nellie.” If you want to learn about this work first-hand, come up to Chabot on June 30th for a day of asteroid fun and fascination…and awareness.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Millions of drones could take to the skies over the next decade, doing everything from search-and-rescue to pizza delivery.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But with so many small flying robots whirring through the air, they’ll need a system to manage so much traffic safely and efficiently.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Ultimately, because of the huge economic pull that’s out there, there’s gonna be a lot of drones transiting the airspace,” predicts Brian Wynne, who heads the \u003ca href=\"http://www.auvsi.org/home\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Association for Unmanned Vehicle Systems International\u003c/a>. His group is projecting that drones will be an $86 billion industry within ten years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s airspace available to do that,” he says, “but we have to have the ability to run those very complex operations. That’s where Silicon Valley comes in. That’s where NASA comes in.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those “complex operations” are being worked out by engineers at \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/centers/ames/home/index.html\">NASA’s Ames Research Center\u003c/a> in Mountain View, which is developing an air traffic system for smaller, low-altitude drones. They’re now to the point of demonstrating coordinated flight plans at multiple test sites across the country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You could think of it as the very first instantiation of what the system may be like across the U.S. and across many partners,” NASA project lead Tom Prevot says of field tests going on now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1701876\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1600px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1701876\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/Ames-drones_Potter.jpeg\" alt=\"At NASA's Ames Research Center in Mountain View, Joey Rios, the drone traffic management project's technical lead, demonstrates how multiple drones flying close together can avoid colliding.\" width=\"1600\" height=\"1214\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/Ames-drones_Potter.jpeg 1600w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/Ames-drones_Potter-160x121.jpeg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/Ames-drones_Potter-800x607.jpeg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/Ames-drones_Potter-768x583.jpeg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/Ames-drones_Potter-1020x774.jpeg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/Ames-drones_Potter-1180x895.jpeg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/Ames-drones_Potter-960x728.jpeg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/Ames-drones_Potter-240x182.jpeg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/Ames-drones_Potter-375x285.jpeg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/Ames-drones_Potter-520x395.jpeg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1600px) 100vw, 1600px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">At NASA’s Ames Research Center in Mountain View, Joey Rios, the drone traffic management project’s technical lead, demonstrates how multiple drones flying close together can avoid colliding. \u003ccite>(Daniel Potter/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Standing in a dimly lit room at Ames before a wall of large screens, Prevot shows off real-time maps illustrating flight details at sites from Alaska to Nevada to Virginia. Partners helping test the system include the likes of Intel, Amazon and Google’s Project Wing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wynne calls it the “perfect example of how government and industry collaborate together — quite literally to design the next wave of aviation.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One challenge is to help drones “de-conflict” overlapping flight paths, in order to avoid midair collisions. This could lay the groundwork for a future where autonomous drones talk to each other directly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The current phase is known as Technical Capability Level 2. Like Level 1, which took place in 2015, it centers on \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/aero/nasa-drone-traffic-management-tests-take-off-in-reno\">less risky rural locations\u003c/a>, where if a drone happens to fall it will likely land in a field rather than a busy intersection. Subsequent stages will graduate to more challenging populated places.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It sets the stage to start to figure out when we go into suburban environments and when we interact with manned aviation.” explains technical lead Joey Rios. “So this is one of those key steps forward for us to \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/utm-factsheet-11-05-15.pdf\">build that full system\u003c/a>.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That full system presents some unprecedented challenges.\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When you’re talking about the larger (manned) aircraft that are flying in the airspace now, you’re talking on the order of thousands per day,” explains Rios. “But if these door-to-door deliveries are a thing, if public safety operations are a habitual thing, and people are always taking pictures of things, you could have hundreds of thousands (of drone flights) per day, or more. So we need a system that can handle that volume and is probably not modeled on exactly how today’s air-traffic control system is built.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NASA is set to spend another three years developing the technology before handing it off to the Federal Aviation Administration. It will ultimately fall to the FAA to regulate the oncoming blizzard of small commercial drones.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>KQED Science Editor Craig Miller contributed to this report.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Millions of drones could take to the skies over the next decade, doing everything from search-and-rescue to pizza delivery.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But with so many small flying robots whirring through the air, they’ll need a system to manage so much traffic safely and efficiently.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Ultimately, because of the huge economic pull that’s out there, there’s gonna be a lot of drones transiting the airspace,” predicts Brian Wynne, who heads the \u003ca href=\"http://www.auvsi.org/home\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Association for Unmanned Vehicle Systems International\u003c/a>. His group is projecting that drones will be an $86 billion industry within ten years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s airspace available to do that,” he says, “but we have to have the ability to run those very complex operations. That’s where Silicon Valley comes in. That’s where NASA comes in.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those “complex operations” are being worked out by engineers at \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/centers/ames/home/index.html\">NASA’s Ames Research Center\u003c/a> in Mountain View, which is developing an air traffic system for smaller, low-altitude drones. They’re now to the point of demonstrating coordinated flight plans at multiple test sites across the country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You could think of it as the very first instantiation of what the system may be like across the U.S. and across many partners,” NASA project lead Tom Prevot says of field tests going on now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1701876\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1600px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1701876\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/Ames-drones_Potter.jpeg\" alt=\"At NASA's Ames Research Center in Mountain View, Joey Rios, the drone traffic management project's technical lead, demonstrates how multiple drones flying close together can avoid colliding.\" width=\"1600\" height=\"1214\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/Ames-drones_Potter.jpeg 1600w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/Ames-drones_Potter-160x121.jpeg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/Ames-drones_Potter-800x607.jpeg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/Ames-drones_Potter-768x583.jpeg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/Ames-drones_Potter-1020x774.jpeg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/Ames-drones_Potter-1180x895.jpeg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/Ames-drones_Potter-960x728.jpeg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/Ames-drones_Potter-240x182.jpeg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/Ames-drones_Potter-375x285.jpeg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/Ames-drones_Potter-520x395.jpeg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1600px) 100vw, 1600px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">At NASA’s Ames Research Center in Mountain View, Joey Rios, the drone traffic management project’s technical lead, demonstrates how multiple drones flying close together can avoid colliding. \u003ccite>(Daniel Potter/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Standing in a dimly lit room at Ames before a wall of large screens, Prevot shows off real-time maps illustrating flight details at sites from Alaska to Nevada to Virginia. Partners helping test the system include the likes of Intel, Amazon and Google’s Project Wing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wynne calls it the “perfect example of how government and industry collaborate together — quite literally to design the next wave of aviation.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One challenge is to help drones “de-conflict” overlapping flight paths, in order to avoid midair collisions. This could lay the groundwork for a future where autonomous drones talk to each other directly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The current phase is known as Technical Capability Level 2. Like Level 1, which took place in 2015, it centers on \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/aero/nasa-drone-traffic-management-tests-take-off-in-reno\">less risky rural locations\u003c/a>, where if a drone happens to fall it will likely land in a field rather than a busy intersection. Subsequent stages will graduate to more challenging populated places.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It sets the stage to start to figure out when we go into suburban environments and when we interact with manned aviation.” explains technical lead Joey Rios. “So this is one of those key steps forward for us to \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/utm-factsheet-11-05-15.pdf\">build that full system\u003c/a>.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That full system presents some unprecedented challenges.\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When you’re talking about the larger (manned) aircraft that are flying in the airspace now, you’re talking on the order of thousands per day,” explains Rios. “But if these door-to-door deliveries are a thing, if public safety operations are a habitual thing, and people are always taking pictures of things, you could have hundreds of thousands (of drone flights) per day, or more. So we need a system that can handle that volume and is probably not modeled on exactly how today’s air-traffic control system is built.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NASA is set to spend another three years developing the technology before handing it off to the Federal Aviation Administration. It will ultimately fall to the FAA to regulate the oncoming blizzard of small commercial drones.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>KQED Science Editor Craig Miller contributed to this report.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>In Suitland, Maryland a giant warehouse holds the largest collection of whale bones in the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stacked from floor to ceiling are bones of sperm whales, gray whales, and the largest whales on Earth—blue whales, which can reach 380,000 pounds. Ancient whale fossils, tens of millions of years old, are also packed into the collection.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”TqYufiBNkGbvMLB7mlLCiPiWDpK8r6qt”]It’s the job of \u003ca href=\"http://paleobiology.si.edu/staff/individuals/pyenson.html\">Nick Pyenson\u003c/a> to try to figure out how these whales developed to what they are now. He sees himself as kind of a paleontologist detective. His more formal title is Curator of Fossil Marine Mammals for the Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I sat down with him to find out what it’s like to be a scientist at the top of their field. Like all scientists, Pyenson is a focused on making sense of the world around him.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here are some snippets from our conversation:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Why study whales?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For me, I got interested in whales because I thought they were fantastic vehicles to understand evolution. I think that’s the job of any paleontologist, is trying to understand what happened in the history of life that we didn’t see. It’s a big detective story. With whales, we know how amazing they are in the modern world. How did that ever come to be? If you want to be able to answer that question, that is when you turn to the fossil record. So that’s what got me broadly interested in where whales came from.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What’s the most frustrating part of your job?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The most frustrating thing about my job is that there are not enough hours in the day. I have way too many questions and not enough time for me to do what I want to do. Science takes time. So I have to be choosey. And also being a steward of the legacies. That’s something that really weighs heavily on me. I want to make sure the collection is as good, if not better, than when I received it, as it would be for somebody maybe 200 years from now. I want to make sure someone I will never meet will look at the fossils that I brought in to the museum and say, “Yeah, Nick didn’t screw it up too badly, he did an okay job.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What motivates you? When you wake up in the morning are you thinking whales?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>First I need a coffee before I do anything else. I get up in the morning because I love what I do. It’s tremendously exhilarating and exciting to me, to be able to walk through museum collections. It’s basically like walking through time. You get to encounter the remains of past worlds that would seem so strange that you would think you’re on a different planet – but you’re not. You’re on planet earth, but at a different time in the geologic past. With different organisms—some of which are extinct, some of which are around today. And you’re charged with that detective story, trying to figure things out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How would you describe yourself?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can think of me as a marine mammal detective through geologic time. I look to the past to track down whale bones to understand how whales came to be and where they’re going.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2017 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Travel+Through+Time+With+A+Whale+Detective+&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cp>[dl_subscribe]With summer just around the corner, Southern California beaches are ready to welcome the yearly arrival of some very unique and amorous guests. That’s right, the grunion are running!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California grunion are fish that spend their lives in the ocean. But when the tides are at their highest during spring and summer, grunion make a trip up onto beaches to mate and lay eggs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Grunion mate on beaches throughout Southern California and down into Mexico. The grunion runs are especially popular in coastal communities like Santa Barbara and San Diego.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During warm summer nights, crowds emerge to witness the grunion run. Some are there just to watch. Others scramble in the darkness to catch the fish and bring them home for a date with the grill or frying pan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Grunion ride in on the biggest waves, wiggling and flopping to get as far up onto the sand as possible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1689035\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/DL411-Grunion-run-500.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1689035\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/DL411-Grunion-run-500.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"277\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">California grunion spawning events can completely cover a section of beach. \u003ccite>(Michael Murrie/Pepperdine University)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“They’re not particularly agile on land but they’re able to do what they need to do,” said Karen Martin, a biology professor at Pepperdine University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Martin said she doesn’t get much sleep this time of year because California grunion typically run at night. Instead she can be found leading groups of students and researchers out to the coast where they use night-vision scopes and headlamps to search for the fish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By tracking the tides, Martin is able to estimate the time \u003ca href=\"http://www.grunion.org/\">when grunion are most likely to run\u003c/a>. But the exact timing and locations are anyone’s guess.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You have to know where to look,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s not like they run across the entire beach, usually it’s just one little area where you might be able to find them.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Female grunion use their tails to burrow down into the loose wet sand until they are buried up to their gills. That’s when they lay their translucent orange-yolked eggs. The eggs are tiny— each one a little smaller than a pea.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The male grunion do their best to join up with the females and that’s no easy feat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1689039\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/DL411-Grunion-flop-500.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1689039\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/DL411-Grunion-flop-500.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"278\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A grunion searches for a mate by flopping on the damp sand. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Grunion don’t appear particularly well adapted to getting around on the damp sand. Instead they bend their bodies and hurl themselves into the dark in search of mates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When they do meet up, the males curl their bodies around the females and fertilize the eggs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1689041\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/DL411-Grunion-laying-eggs-500.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1689041\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/DL411-Grunion-laying-eggs-500.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"277\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Female grunion burrow into the semi-liquid sand to deposit their eggs. \u003ccite>(Michael Murrie/ Pepperdine University)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“They’re not out very long,” Martin said. “But they’re not breathing air. They won’t survive very long like that, but when they’re out they don’t appear to be stressed out and panicking.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the deed is done, the grunion wiggle back out and catch the next big wave home.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The whole undertaking is a sight to behold and prompts the question of why a fish would want to risk coming out on land just to leave their next generation stranded in the dry sand.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I guess they just do it for the kids’ sake,” Martin said. “They get to develop in a protected area.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ocean is full of predators who would like to gobble up a tasty fish egg. The grunion eggs tend to be safer up on the beach if they can make it there without raising the attention of predators like birds and raccoons.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Each egg is encased in a thick clear layer called a chorion that serves to protect them from damage while allowing oxygen through to the developing fish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you touch them they almost feel like they’re made of plastic,” Martin said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1689042\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/DL411-Grunion-egg-eye-500.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1689042\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/DL411-Grunion-egg-eye-500.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"280\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The eyes of a developing grunion are clearly visible through the translucent chorion layer. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The chorion makes the eggs tough enough to survive being buried under the sand and keeps them from drying out while they develop.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And that sand may not be as dry as it seems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The surface might be totally dry but if you dig down a few inches where the eggs are then it’s still damp,” Martin said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The baby grunion wait for the next cycle of high tides to take them back out to sea. That typically means a two-week wait. But if that set of high tides turns out to be a dud, the grunion eggs can stay put for an extra two weeks to catch the following cycle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the high tides do return, the grunion get swept out by the waves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The cold seawater is the signal to hatch.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1689044\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/DL411-Grunion-hatch01-500.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1689044\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/DL411-Grunion-hatch01-500.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"276\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">When exposed to seawater, grunion secrete enzymes from glands in their tails that eat through the chorion allowing them to break free from the protective layer. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Spurred on by the agitation of getting bounced around in the waves, the grunion come bursting out of their chorions and swim off to live their lives in the sea.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The mating runs were first described in the early part of the 20th century, but the timing wasn’t linked to the tides until the 1940s. By then it was also becoming clear that people were catching grunion faster than they could be replaced.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To protect the grunion, the fishing season closes every year during the peak of the expected spawning period. During the open season there is no take limit but grunion can only be caught with hands without the use of nets or traps.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition to their dangerous mating strategy, grunion populations also contend with loss of sandy beach habitats and coastal pollution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These animals depend on their beaches,” said Martin. “The experience of watching them come surfing in on the waves… it goes along with our whole California thing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For more info about grunion head over to http://www.grunion.org/\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "During the highest tides, California grunion leave their watery home to mate and lay their eggs on sandy beaches. How will their young make it back to the ocean?",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>With summer just around the corner, Southern California beaches are ready to welcome the yearly arrival of some very unique and amorous guests. That’s right, the grunion are running!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California grunion are fish that spend their lives in the ocean. But when the tides are at their highest during spring and summer, grunion make a trip up onto beaches to mate and lay eggs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Grunion mate on beaches throughout Southern California and down into Mexico. The grunion runs are especially popular in coastal communities like Santa Barbara and San Diego.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During warm summer nights, crowds emerge to witness the grunion run. Some are there just to watch. Others scramble in the darkness to catch the fish and bring them home for a date with the grill or frying pan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Grunion ride in on the biggest waves, wiggling and flopping to get as far up onto the sand as possible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1689035\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/DL411-Grunion-run-500.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1689035\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/DL411-Grunion-run-500.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"277\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">California grunion spawning events can completely cover a section of beach. \u003ccite>(Michael Murrie/Pepperdine University)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“They’re not particularly agile on land but they’re able to do what they need to do,” said Karen Martin, a biology professor at Pepperdine University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Martin said she doesn’t get much sleep this time of year because California grunion typically run at night. Instead she can be found leading groups of students and researchers out to the coast where they use night-vision scopes and headlamps to search for the fish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By tracking the tides, Martin is able to estimate the time \u003ca href=\"http://www.grunion.org/\">when grunion are most likely to run\u003c/a>. But the exact timing and locations are anyone’s guess.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You have to know where to look,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s not like they run across the entire beach, usually it’s just one little area where you might be able to find them.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Female grunion use their tails to burrow down into the loose wet sand until they are buried up to their gills. That’s when they lay their translucent orange-yolked eggs. The eggs are tiny— each one a little smaller than a pea.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The male grunion do their best to join up with the females and that’s no easy feat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1689039\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/DL411-Grunion-flop-500.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1689039\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/DL411-Grunion-flop-500.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"278\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A grunion searches for a mate by flopping on the damp sand. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Grunion don’t appear particularly well adapted to getting around on the damp sand. Instead they bend their bodies and hurl themselves into the dark in search of mates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When they do meet up, the males curl their bodies around the females and fertilize the eggs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1689041\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/DL411-Grunion-laying-eggs-500.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1689041\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/DL411-Grunion-laying-eggs-500.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"277\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Female grunion burrow into the semi-liquid sand to deposit their eggs. \u003ccite>(Michael Murrie/ Pepperdine University)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“They’re not out very long,” Martin said. “But they’re not breathing air. They won’t survive very long like that, but when they’re out they don’t appear to be stressed out and panicking.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the deed is done, the grunion wiggle back out and catch the next big wave home.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The whole undertaking is a sight to behold and prompts the question of why a fish would want to risk coming out on land just to leave their next generation stranded in the dry sand.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I guess they just do it for the kids’ sake,” Martin said. “They get to develop in a protected area.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ocean is full of predators who would like to gobble up a tasty fish egg. The grunion eggs tend to be safer up on the beach if they can make it there without raising the attention of predators like birds and raccoons.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Each egg is encased in a thick clear layer called a chorion that serves to protect them from damage while allowing oxygen through to the developing fish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you touch them they almost feel like they’re made of plastic,” Martin said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1689042\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/DL411-Grunion-egg-eye-500.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1689042\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/DL411-Grunion-egg-eye-500.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"280\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The eyes of a developing grunion are clearly visible through the translucent chorion layer. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The chorion makes the eggs tough enough to survive being buried under the sand and keeps them from drying out while they develop.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And that sand may not be as dry as it seems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The surface might be totally dry but if you dig down a few inches where the eggs are then it’s still damp,” Martin said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The baby grunion wait for the next cycle of high tides to take them back out to sea. That typically means a two-week wait. But if that set of high tides turns out to be a dud, the grunion eggs can stay put for an extra two weeks to catch the following cycle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the high tides do return, the grunion get swept out by the waves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The cold seawater is the signal to hatch.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1689044\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/DL411-Grunion-hatch01-500.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1689044\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/DL411-Grunion-hatch01-500.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"276\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">When exposed to seawater, grunion secrete enzymes from glands in their tails that eat through the chorion allowing them to break free from the protective layer. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Spurred on by the agitation of getting bounced around in the waves, the grunion come bursting out of their chorions and swim off to live their lives in the sea.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The mating runs were first described in the early part of the 20th century, but the timing wasn’t linked to the tides until the 1940s. By then it was also becoming clear that people were catching grunion faster than they could be replaced.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To protect the grunion, the fishing season closes every year during the peak of the expected spawning period. During the open season there is no take limit but grunion can only be caught with hands without the use of nets or traps.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition to their dangerous mating strategy, grunion populations also contend with loss of sandy beach habitats and coastal pollution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These animals depend on their beaches,” said Martin. “The experience of watching them come surfing in on the waves… it goes along with our whole California thing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For more info about grunion head over to http://www.grunion.org/\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Scientists Discover a Scorched Planet With a Comet-Like Tail",
"headTitle": "Scientists Discover a Scorched Planet With a Comet-Like Tail | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Scientists have found a shockingly hot, massive, Jupiter-like planet that has a tail like a comet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is so hot that it is hotter than most stars that we know of out there,” says \u003ca href=\"http://www.astronomy.ohio-state.edu/~gaudi/\">Scott Gaudi\u003c/a> of Ohio State University in Columbus, Ohio, whose team \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/nature/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/nature22392.html\">describes\u003c/a> the scorching world called KELT-9b in the journal \u003cem>Nature\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”6iS3LfH6dxMzr5AUHORXk7ZUeyX3p0aX”]The planet, which is around three times more massive than Jupiter, orbits a blue star about 650 light-years away from Earth. This star is nearly twice as hot as our own sun, and this planet whips around it once every one and a half Earth days.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One side of the planet is locked in perpetual night. The other side always faces the searing heat of its host star and has a surface temperature of around 7,820 degrees Fahrenheit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s so hot that we think that there’s no molecules that can live on the day side of this planet,” Gaudi says. “Its day side would be very bright orange. Its night side would be very dark red. And it would have a cloud of evaporating hydrogen and helium, which would actually look violet.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The gas giant’s atmosphere is probably evaporating at a high rate, maybe even fast enough that it would all get blasted away before the star dies. All that would remain is a rocky, barren core — if the planet has one.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“For a long time, we went back and forth about whether or not this planet could possibly be real. In fact, I had a bet with my graduate student over a very nice bottle of single malt scotch,” Gaudi says. “Just for the record, I won.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In recent years, scientists have focused on finding small planets around small, cool stars, such as \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/08/24/490947403/this-planet-just-outside-our-solar-system-is-potentially-habitable\">Proxima Centauri\u003c/a>. That’s because, with today’s technology, it’s much easier to study the atmospheres of planets around those stars to look for hallmarks of a potentially habitable world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But as a result, scientists haven’t spent much time looking for planets around bigger, hotter stars. What’s more, these stars have certain characteristics that make finding their planets especially challenging.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So even though researchers have detected \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2013/11/05/242991030/galaxy-quest-just-how-many-earth-like-planets-are-out-there\">thousands\u003c/a> of planets orbiting other stars, they know of only a half-dozen that orbit hot, A-type stars, and none has been found orbiting even hotter B-type stars. This new planet’s star is just on the dividing line between those two types.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is certainly exciting to have spotted another rare system of A-type star plus planet. The A stars are the brightest stars in the sky, and likely most of the stars you know by name: Sirius, Vega, Altair, etc.,” says \u003ca href=\"https://asd.gsfc.nasa.gov/Marc.Kuchner/home.html\">Marc Kuchner\u003c/a>, an astrophysicist at NASA Goddard Space Flight Center. “Since A stars are so bright and yet still common, we tend to know a lot about them — their sizes and shapes and what they look like when they are young. So it’s been frustrating not to have many planets known around such stars to study.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Our own sun is a G-type star, which is pretty middle-of-the-road in terms of temperature. If you go outside at night and just look up, “the majority of the stars you can see are more luminous, or hotter, than the sun,” Gaudi says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While this new planet was detected with a relatively inexpensive \u003ca href=\"http://www.astronomy.ohio-state.edu/keltnorth/Home.html\">telescope\u003c/a> built using off-the-shelf technology, the team hopes to do follow-up studies using space telescopes such as \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/hubble/main/index.html\">Hubble\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/spitzer/main/index.html\">Spitzer\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That way, “we can really study a planet under the most extreme conditions, basically, that we’ve seen any kind of giant planet experience,” Gaudi says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.astro.ucsc.edu/faculty/profiles/singleton.php?&singleton=true&cruz_id=jfortney\">Jonathan Fortney\u003c/a> at the University of California, Santa Cruz, says he thinks the most interesting question is how warm the planet’s permanent night side might be.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What kinds of winds might operate to bring absorbed stellar energy to the night side?” Fortney wonders. “Understanding that could only come from viewing the thermal infrared radiation from the planet over the course of a whole orbit. That could certainly be done with the Spitzer Space Telescope.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He notes that KELT-9b’s surface temperature is so unusual that he wasn’t able to analyze it using his regular computer simulation of hot Jupiter-sized planets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In my database of the absorption coefficients of molecules and atoms, I never expected we would go beyond 3000 Kelvin,” Fortney says, “and here we are at 4000+ Kelvin!”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2017 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Scientists+Discover+A+Scorched+Planet+With+A+Comet-Like+Tail&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "The planet called KELT-9b is around three times more massive than Jupiter. It orbits a blue star about 650 light-years away from Earth that's nearly twice as hot as our own sun.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Scientists have found a shockingly hot, massive, Jupiter-like planet that has a tail like a comet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is so hot that it is hotter than most stars that we know of out there,” says \u003ca href=\"http://www.astronomy.ohio-state.edu/~gaudi/\">Scott Gaudi\u003c/a> of Ohio State University in Columbus, Ohio, whose team \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/nature/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/nature22392.html\">describes\u003c/a> the scorching world called KELT-9b in the journal \u003cem>Nature\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>The planet, which is around three times more massive than Jupiter, orbits a blue star about 650 light-years away from Earth. This star is nearly twice as hot as our own sun, and this planet whips around it once every one and a half Earth days.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One side of the planet is locked in perpetual night. The other side always faces the searing heat of its host star and has a surface temperature of around 7,820 degrees Fahrenheit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s so hot that we think that there’s no molecules that can live on the day side of this planet,” Gaudi says. “Its day side would be very bright orange. Its night side would be very dark red. And it would have a cloud of evaporating hydrogen and helium, which would actually look violet.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The gas giant’s atmosphere is probably evaporating at a high rate, maybe even fast enough that it would all get blasted away before the star dies. All that would remain is a rocky, barren core — if the planet has one.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“For a long time, we went back and forth about whether or not this planet could possibly be real. In fact, I had a bet with my graduate student over a very nice bottle of single malt scotch,” Gaudi says. “Just for the record, I won.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In recent years, scientists have focused on finding small planets around small, cool stars, such as \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/08/24/490947403/this-planet-just-outside-our-solar-system-is-potentially-habitable\">Proxima Centauri\u003c/a>. That’s because, with today’s technology, it’s much easier to study the atmospheres of planets around those stars to look for hallmarks of a potentially habitable world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But as a result, scientists haven’t spent much time looking for planets around bigger, hotter stars. What’s more, these stars have certain characteristics that make finding their planets especially challenging.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So even though researchers have detected \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2013/11/05/242991030/galaxy-quest-just-how-many-earth-like-planets-are-out-there\">thousands\u003c/a> of planets orbiting other stars, they know of only a half-dozen that orbit hot, A-type stars, and none has been found orbiting even hotter B-type stars. This new planet’s star is just on the dividing line between those two types.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is certainly exciting to have spotted another rare system of A-type star plus planet. The A stars are the brightest stars in the sky, and likely most of the stars you know by name: Sirius, Vega, Altair, etc.,” says \u003ca href=\"https://asd.gsfc.nasa.gov/Marc.Kuchner/home.html\">Marc Kuchner\u003c/a>, an astrophysicist at NASA Goddard Space Flight Center. “Since A stars are so bright and yet still common, we tend to know a lot about them — their sizes and shapes and what they look like when they are young. So it’s been frustrating not to have many planets known around such stars to study.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Our own sun is a G-type star, which is pretty middle-of-the-road in terms of temperature. If you go outside at night and just look up, “the majority of the stars you can see are more luminous, or hotter, than the sun,” Gaudi says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While this new planet was detected with a relatively inexpensive \u003ca href=\"http://www.astronomy.ohio-state.edu/keltnorth/Home.html\">telescope\u003c/a> built using off-the-shelf technology, the team hopes to do follow-up studies using space telescopes such as \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/hubble/main/index.html\">Hubble\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/spitzer/main/index.html\">Spitzer\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That way, “we can really study a planet under the most extreme conditions, basically, that we’ve seen any kind of giant planet experience,” Gaudi says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.astro.ucsc.edu/faculty/profiles/singleton.php?&singleton=true&cruz_id=jfortney\">Jonathan Fortney\u003c/a> at the University of California, Santa Cruz, says he thinks the most interesting question is how warm the planet’s permanent night side might be.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What kinds of winds might operate to bring absorbed stellar energy to the night side?” Fortney wonders. “Understanding that could only come from viewing the thermal infrared radiation from the planet over the course of a whole orbit. That could certainly be done with the Spitzer Space Telescope.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He notes that KELT-9b’s surface temperature is so unusual that he wasn’t able to analyze it using his regular computer simulation of hot Jupiter-sized planets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In my database of the absorption coefficients of molecules and atoms, I never expected we would go beyond 3000 Kelvin,” Fortney says, “and here we are at 4000+ Kelvin!”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2017 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Scientists+Discover+A+Scorched+Planet+With+A+Comet-Like+Tail&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Alan Alda’s father wanted him to become a doctor, but it wasn’t meant to be. “I failed chemistry really disastrously … ” Alda says. “I really didn’t want to be a doctor; I wanted to be a writer and an actor.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1696113\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 284px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/Alan-Alda.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1696113\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/Alan-Alda.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"284\" height=\"432\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/Alan-Alda.jpg 284w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/Alan-Alda-160x243.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/Alan-Alda-240x365.jpg 240w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 284px) 100vw, 284px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Alda’s book hits bookshelves on Tuesday June 6, 2017. Random House, 213 pages.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Which is exactly what happened, but Alda didn’t leave science behind entirely. His new book, \u003cem>If I Understood You, Would I Have This Look on My Face?, \u003c/em>is all about communication — and miscommunication — between scientists and civilians.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“People are dying because we can’t communicate in ways that allow us to understand one another,” he writes. “It sounds like an exaggeration, but I don’t think it is. When patients can’t relate to their doctors and don’t follow their orders, when engineers can’t convince a town that the dam could break, when a parent can’t win the trust of a child to warn her off a lethal drug. They can all be headed for a serious ending.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Alda explains why empathy is crucial to successful science conversations, and describes his work at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.aldakavlilearningcenter.org/explore\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Alan Alda Center For Communicating Science\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https://www.npr.org/player/embed/531271710/531444474\" width=\"100%\" height=\"290\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"NPR embedded audio player\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003ch3>Interview Highlights\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>On the experience that inspired the book\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I was at a dentist’s office in the chair ready to have him start an operation on my gum. So he’s got the scalpel ready to poke me in the face with it. He says, “Now, there will be some tethering.” I said, “Pardon me?” He said, “Tethering, there will be tethering.” I said, “What do you mean tethering.” He said, “TETHERING! TETHERING!” He started barking at me. I was too impressed by his surgical gown to say, “Put the knife down and tell me what you mean by tethering.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I let him go ahead with the operation and it turned out that it changed my smile, because he cut the little tissue between the upper part of your gum and your upper lip. And I was making a movie a couple of weeks later, and the cameraman said, “What are you sneering about? I thought you were supposed to smile.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it turned out that when I told the dentist that maybe it would be a better idea to tell people what was going on, firstly he said, “I \u003cem>told\u003c/em> you there were two steps to the operation.” And then he sent me a letter trying to maneuver me off of a lawsuit. And I had no interest in a lawsuit. I just wanted him to communicate better with his patients.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>On his improvisational theater program to help scientists learn to communicate better\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>First of all, it’s \u003cem>not \u003c/em>to encourage them to be funny. … It doesn’t make them comedians, it doesn’t make them actors. The reason for the improv exercises is to really get everybody accustomed to the idea that contact with the other person is essential, is a first step toward good communication. Because if you are thinking only about communication as having the perfect message regardless of how it lands on your audience, then you’re likely just to be spraying information at them and not really saying something to them that sticks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>On how he began reading scientific studies\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I followed the same path that humanity did, which was to start with superstition. I was interested in things like spiritualism and astrology, and one of the books I was reading was supposedly written by someone who had been dead for a couple hundred years but written recently through a medium. And I thought, if any of this is true, the physicist who lives across the street would probably know the answer. And I asked him about it and he said, “I don’t know, doesn’t sound familiar to me.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So I said, maybe the answer’s in the \u003cem>Scientific American.\u003c/em> And I started reading that, and I think one of the things that attracted me, engaged me right away, was that I saw there was a completely different way to think and to weigh things, which was on the basis of observation and evidence. And there’s something deeply moving about it and entertaining at the same time. That’s what I’m trying to get scientists to do — to share that excitement and passion that they have with those of us who don’t do that for a living.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>On why there’s such hostility to science \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I think it’s at least partly a communication issue. Trust is really important, because … we [don’t] have the time in our ordinary lives to get up to speed on … nanoscience or quantum mechanics. It’s kind of important to have trust that we feel toward those people who have spent their lives doing that. Science and the public have separated so much that many people in the public consider science just another opinion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>On scientists’ reluctance to speak in declaratives\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I think many of us feel: “Wait a minute, you told me a year ago red wine was good for me. Now you’re telling me it’s not. … What’s going on here? Can’t you make up your mind?” … That’s also a communication question. I think there are basic things about science that people should be helped to understand. For instance, any one study is not supposed to arrive at \u003cem>the\u003c/em> truth for all time. It gets us a little closer to truth. Almost every research paper that I read says at the end: “More research is called for.” I wish articles about science would include that more. This is not the final word.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>On his invitation to non-scientists \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s a beautiful experience to learn what science is up to. It’s just, just wonderful. So I recommend to anybody to open their mouths and let the hook catch them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Radio producer Ian Stewart, radio editor Ed McNulty, web producer Beth Novey, and Shots editor Nancy Shute contributed to this report.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2017 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Alan+Alda%27s+Experiment%3A+Helping+Scientists+Learn+To+Talk+To+The+Rest+Of+Us&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Alan Alda’s father wanted him to become a doctor, but it wasn’t meant to be. “I failed chemistry really disastrously … ” Alda says. “I really didn’t want to be a doctor; I wanted to be a writer and an actor.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1696113\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 284px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/Alan-Alda.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1696113\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/Alan-Alda.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"284\" height=\"432\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/Alan-Alda.jpg 284w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/Alan-Alda-160x243.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/Alan-Alda-240x365.jpg 240w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 284px) 100vw, 284px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Alda’s book hits bookshelves on Tuesday June 6, 2017. Random House, 213 pages.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Which is exactly what happened, but Alda didn’t leave science behind entirely. His new book, \u003cem>If I Understood You, Would I Have This Look on My Face?, \u003c/em>is all about communication — and miscommunication — between scientists and civilians.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“People are dying because we can’t communicate in ways that allow us to understand one another,” he writes. “It sounds like an exaggeration, but I don’t think it is. When patients can’t relate to their doctors and don’t follow their orders, when engineers can’t convince a town that the dam could break, when a parent can’t win the trust of a child to warn her off a lethal drug. They can all be headed for a serious ending.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Alda explains why empathy is crucial to successful science conversations, and describes his work at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.aldakavlilearningcenter.org/explore\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Alan Alda Center For Communicating Science\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https://www.npr.org/player/embed/531271710/531444474\" width=\"100%\" height=\"290\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"NPR embedded audio player\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003ch3>Interview Highlights\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>On the experience that inspired the book\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I was at a dentist’s office in the chair ready to have him start an operation on my gum. So he’s got the scalpel ready to poke me in the face with it. He says, “Now, there will be some tethering.” I said, “Pardon me?” He said, “Tethering, there will be tethering.” I said, “What do you mean tethering.” He said, “TETHERING! TETHERING!” He started barking at me. I was too impressed by his surgical gown to say, “Put the knife down and tell me what you mean by tethering.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I let him go ahead with the operation and it turned out that it changed my smile, because he cut the little tissue between the upper part of your gum and your upper lip. And I was making a movie a couple of weeks later, and the cameraman said, “What are you sneering about? I thought you were supposed to smile.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it turned out that when I told the dentist that maybe it would be a better idea to tell people what was going on, firstly he said, “I \u003cem>told\u003c/em> you there were two steps to the operation.” And then he sent me a letter trying to maneuver me off of a lawsuit. And I had no interest in a lawsuit. I just wanted him to communicate better with his patients.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>On his improvisational theater program to help scientists learn to communicate better\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>First of all, it’s \u003cem>not \u003c/em>to encourage them to be funny. … It doesn’t make them comedians, it doesn’t make them actors. The reason for the improv exercises is to really get everybody accustomed to the idea that contact with the other person is essential, is a first step toward good communication. Because if you are thinking only about communication as having the perfect message regardless of how it lands on your audience, then you’re likely just to be spraying information at them and not really saying something to them that sticks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>On how he began reading scientific studies\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I followed the same path that humanity did, which was to start with superstition. I was interested in things like spiritualism and astrology, and one of the books I was reading was supposedly written by someone who had been dead for a couple hundred years but written recently through a medium. And I thought, if any of this is true, the physicist who lives across the street would probably know the answer. And I asked him about it and he said, “I don’t know, doesn’t sound familiar to me.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So I said, maybe the answer’s in the \u003cem>Scientific American.\u003c/em> And I started reading that, and I think one of the things that attracted me, engaged me right away, was that I saw there was a completely different way to think and to weigh things, which was on the basis of observation and evidence. And there’s something deeply moving about it and entertaining at the same time. That’s what I’m trying to get scientists to do — to share that excitement and passion that they have with those of us who don’t do that for a living.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>On why there’s such hostility to science \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I think it’s at least partly a communication issue. Trust is really important, because … we [don’t] have the time in our ordinary lives to get up to speed on … nanoscience or quantum mechanics. It’s kind of important to have trust that we feel toward those people who have spent their lives doing that. Science and the public have separated so much that many people in the public consider science just another opinion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>On scientists’ reluctance to speak in declaratives\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I think many of us feel: “Wait a minute, you told me a year ago red wine was good for me. Now you’re telling me it’s not. … What’s going on here? Can’t you make up your mind?” … That’s also a communication question. I think there are basic things about science that people should be helped to understand. For instance, any one study is not supposed to arrive at \u003cem>the\u003c/em> truth for all time. It gets us a little closer to truth. Almost every research paper that I read says at the end: “More research is called for.” I wish articles about science would include that more. This is not the final word.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>On his invitation to non-scientists \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s a beautiful experience to learn what science is up to. It’s just, just wonderful. So I recommend to anybody to open their mouths and let the hook catch them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Radio producer Ian Stewart, radio editor Ed McNulty, web producer Beth Novey, and Shots editor Nancy Shute contributed to this report.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2017 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Alan+Alda%27s+Experiment%3A+Helping+Scientists+Learn+To+Talk+To+The+Rest+Of+Us&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>President Trump \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2017/06/01/530748899/trump-poised-to-announce-decision-on-paris-climate-agreement\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">announced Thursday\u003c/a> that the U.S. will leave the Paris climate deal.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">A Washington Post poll in January found just 31 percent of those surveyed supported withdrawing from the Paris deal, while 56 percent were opposed. \u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Here are five things that could be affected by the decision.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>1. The coal industry \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-trump-coal-idUSKBN1762YY\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Even coal companies had lobbied\u003c/a> the Trump administration to stay in the agreement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They said they needed a seat at the table during international climate discussions to advocate for coal’s place in the global energy mix. The industry also wants financial support for technology to capture and store carbon emissions, something that could keep coal plants operating longer even as cities, states and other countries work to address climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While President Trump had promised to “cancel” the Paris deal to boost coal, the decision is not likely to create more jobs. The industry is in a long-term decline as it faces competition from cheaper natural gas and — increasingly — wind and solar. Some utilities are also responding to customer demand for renewable power, and the policies of any one administration have little impact on those decisions. “As a utility, we’re trying to plan many years out into the future,” says Ron Roberts of Puget Sound Energy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>2. The climate\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The main goal of the Paris deal was to limit global temperature rise to 2 degrees Celsius (or, aspirationally, even 1.5 degrees). Beyond that point, scientists worry that catastrophic impacts of warming become irreversible. The various Paris pledges by each nation were not actually enough to achieve that target. And even with the environmental regulations passed under President Barack Obama, the U.S. was unlikely to meet its original commitment — to reduce carbon emissions by 26 to 28 percent below 2005 levels. Now, the U.S. may fall further from that goal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That said, U.S. carbon emissions will still probably continue to decline, at least for a few years. Market forces are pushing utilities to switch from coal to natural gas or renewable power. “We are on a path to reduce emissions below 2005 levels by about 15 to 17 percent in 2020,” \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2017/05/27/530337304/market-forces-may-impact-emissions-more-than-climate-agreements\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">says Kate Larsen of the Rhodium Group\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the Trump administration is rolling back a host of other climate regulations, and that impact will start to be felt in a few years. Economist Marc Hafstead of Resources for the Future says if economic growth picks up, leaving the Paris deal may mean overall U.S. emissions drop only by 10 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>3. U.S. global leadership\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trump’s top diplomat, Secretary of State Rex Tillerson, warned against leaving the Paris deal. It puts the U.S. in a very small camp; the only other countries not part of the agreement are Syria, which is in the midst of a civil war, and Nicaragua, which argued that the Paris accord did not go far enough to curb global emissions. Former Secretary of State John Kerry calls Trump’s decision “an irresponsible walking back of American leadership.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Instead of putting America first, Kerry tells NPR’s \u003cem>Morning Edition,\u003c/em> Trump is putting the nation last. Kerry accuses Trump of basing his decision on “alternative facts,” calling it “one of the most disastrous, shallow, untruthful decisions a president of the United States has made in my lifetime.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The European Union’s top climate change official, Miguel Arias Canete, calls it a “sad day for the global community” but adds that the “world can continue to count on Europe for global leadership in the fight against climate change.” China, too, is poised to take a stronger role on climate diplomacy. U.N. Secretary-General António Guterres is counting on that and argues there are economic benefits to this. “The sustainability train has left the station,” he said earlier this week. “Those who embrace green technologies will set the gold standard for economic leadership in the 21st century.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>4. President Trump’s public support (but maybe not the part that counts)\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most Americans want the U.S. to stay in the Paris climate accord. But in bucking that broad public opinion, Trump is playing to his base.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/page/2010-2019/WashingtonPost/2017/01/17/National-Politics/Polling/question_18485.xml?uuid=eV5GmNysEeaJAmEP5IZ5HA\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">A Washington Post poll\u003c/a> in January found just 31 percent of those surveyed supported withdrawing from the Paris deal, while 56 percent were opposed. But conservative Republicans are far less supportive of the Paris agreement than liberal Democrats, \u003ca href=\"http://www.pewinternet.org/2016/10/04/the-politics-of-climate/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">according to the Pew Research Center\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Before taking office, Trump repeatedly dismissed climate change as a hoax and suggested that Obama-era climate regulations put the U.S. at a competitive disadvantage. Many conservative Republicans share the president’s climate skepticism. And less than a third support measures like the Clean Power Plan — Obama’s principal tool for meeting America’s Paris climate commitments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pulling out of the Paris accords will undoubtedly anger many Americans, but it keeps a promise to Trump’s core supporters. As small-government activist Grover Norquist \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2017/05/30/us/politics/paris-climate-agreement-trump.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">told the New York Times\u003c/a>, “Everybody who hates Trump wants him to stay in Paris. Everybody who respects him, trusts him, voted for him, wishes for him to succeed, wants him to pull out.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>5. The U.S. economy\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>President Trump has repeatedly called the Paris accord a “bad deal” for the U.S. and said it will hurt the economy. One big outlay is the Green Climate Fund set up under the deal. Obama had committed the U.S. to contributing $3 billion to the fund, which aims to help developing countries adapt to climate change and develop low-emission energy technologies. Under Obama, the U.S. transferred $1 billion, but Trump’s budget proposal does not include payments for the rest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Opponents of the Paris agreement also say imposing regulations to reduce carbon emissions is too costly. “It’d be very, very expensive,” Oklahoma Sen. James Inhofe, who has denied climate change is real, told WBUR’s \u003cem>Here & Now.\u003c/em> “It’d constitute probably the largest tax increase in the history of America.” It’s not clear whether that is true, but the coal industry has spent many millions installing technology to curb its emissions in recent years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That said, the White House could easily have stayed in the Paris accord even as it opted not to pay into the climate fund or impose emissions cuts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course, supporters of Paris say if the U.S. withdrawal leads to more severe climate change, that would greatly harm the U.S. economy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Nate Rott, Chris Joyce, Michele Kelemen, Scott Horsley and Jennifer Ludden contributed to this report.\u003c/em> \u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2017 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=5+Changes+That+Could+Come+From+Leaving+The+Paris+Climate+Deal&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>President Trump \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2017/06/01/530748899/trump-poised-to-announce-decision-on-paris-climate-agreement\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">announced Thursday\u003c/a> that the U.S. will leave the Paris climate deal.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">A Washington Post poll in January found just 31 percent of those surveyed supported withdrawing from the Paris deal, while 56 percent were opposed. \u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Here are five things that could be affected by the decision.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>1. The coal industry \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-trump-coal-idUSKBN1762YY\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Even coal companies had lobbied\u003c/a> the Trump administration to stay in the agreement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They said they needed a seat at the table during international climate discussions to advocate for coal’s place in the global energy mix. The industry also wants financial support for technology to capture and store carbon emissions, something that could keep coal plants operating longer even as cities, states and other countries work to address climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While President Trump had promised to “cancel” the Paris deal to boost coal, the decision is not likely to create more jobs. The industry is in a long-term decline as it faces competition from cheaper natural gas and — increasingly — wind and solar. Some utilities are also responding to customer demand for renewable power, and the policies of any one administration have little impact on those decisions. “As a utility, we’re trying to plan many years out into the future,” says Ron Roberts of Puget Sound Energy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>2. The climate\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The main goal of the Paris deal was to limit global temperature rise to 2 degrees Celsius (or, aspirationally, even 1.5 degrees). Beyond that point, scientists worry that catastrophic impacts of warming become irreversible. The various Paris pledges by each nation were not actually enough to achieve that target. And even with the environmental regulations passed under President Barack Obama, the U.S. was unlikely to meet its original commitment — to reduce carbon emissions by 26 to 28 percent below 2005 levels. Now, the U.S. may fall further from that goal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That said, U.S. carbon emissions will still probably continue to decline, at least for a few years. Market forces are pushing utilities to switch from coal to natural gas or renewable power. “We are on a path to reduce emissions below 2005 levels by about 15 to 17 percent in 2020,” \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2017/05/27/530337304/market-forces-may-impact-emissions-more-than-climate-agreements\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">says Kate Larsen of the Rhodium Group\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the Trump administration is rolling back a host of other climate regulations, and that impact will start to be felt in a few years. Economist Marc Hafstead of Resources for the Future says if economic growth picks up, leaving the Paris deal may mean overall U.S. emissions drop only by 10 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>3. U.S. global leadership\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trump’s top diplomat, Secretary of State Rex Tillerson, warned against leaving the Paris deal. It puts the U.S. in a very small camp; the only other countries not part of the agreement are Syria, which is in the midst of a civil war, and Nicaragua, which argued that the Paris accord did not go far enough to curb global emissions. Former Secretary of State John Kerry calls Trump’s decision “an irresponsible walking back of American leadership.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Instead of putting America first, Kerry tells NPR’s \u003cem>Morning Edition,\u003c/em> Trump is putting the nation last. Kerry accuses Trump of basing his decision on “alternative facts,” calling it “one of the most disastrous, shallow, untruthful decisions a president of the United States has made in my lifetime.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The European Union’s top climate change official, Miguel Arias Canete, calls it a “sad day for the global community” but adds that the “world can continue to count on Europe for global leadership in the fight against climate change.” China, too, is poised to take a stronger role on climate diplomacy. U.N. Secretary-General António Guterres is counting on that and argues there are economic benefits to this. “The sustainability train has left the station,” he said earlier this week. “Those who embrace green technologies will set the gold standard for economic leadership in the 21st century.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>4. President Trump’s public support (but maybe not the part that counts)\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most Americans want the U.S. to stay in the Paris climate accord. But in bucking that broad public opinion, Trump is playing to his base.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/page/2010-2019/WashingtonPost/2017/01/17/National-Politics/Polling/question_18485.xml?uuid=eV5GmNysEeaJAmEP5IZ5HA\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">A Washington Post poll\u003c/a> in January found just 31 percent of those surveyed supported withdrawing from the Paris deal, while 56 percent were opposed. But conservative Republicans are far less supportive of the Paris agreement than liberal Democrats, \u003ca href=\"http://www.pewinternet.org/2016/10/04/the-politics-of-climate/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">according to the Pew Research Center\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Before taking office, Trump repeatedly dismissed climate change as a hoax and suggested that Obama-era climate regulations put the U.S. at a competitive disadvantage. Many conservative Republicans share the president’s climate skepticism. And less than a third support measures like the Clean Power Plan — Obama’s principal tool for meeting America’s Paris climate commitments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pulling out of the Paris accords will undoubtedly anger many Americans, but it keeps a promise to Trump’s core supporters. As small-government activist Grover Norquist \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2017/05/30/us/politics/paris-climate-agreement-trump.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">told the New York Times\u003c/a>, “Everybody who hates Trump wants him to stay in Paris. Everybody who respects him, trusts him, voted for him, wishes for him to succeed, wants him to pull out.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>5. The U.S. economy\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>President Trump has repeatedly called the Paris accord a “bad deal” for the U.S. and said it will hurt the economy. One big outlay is the Green Climate Fund set up under the deal. Obama had committed the U.S. to contributing $3 billion to the fund, which aims to help developing countries adapt to climate change and develop low-emission energy technologies. Under Obama, the U.S. transferred $1 billion, but Trump’s budget proposal does not include payments for the rest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Opponents of the Paris agreement also say imposing regulations to reduce carbon emissions is too costly. “It’d be very, very expensive,” Oklahoma Sen. James Inhofe, who has denied climate change is real, told WBUR’s \u003cem>Here & Now.\u003c/em> “It’d constitute probably the largest tax increase in the history of America.” It’s not clear whether that is true, but the coal industry has spent many millions installing technology to curb its emissions in recent years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That said, the White House could easily have stayed in the Paris accord even as it opted not to pay into the climate fund or impose emissions cuts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course, supporters of Paris say if the U.S. withdrawal leads to more severe climate change, that would greatly harm the U.S. economy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Nate Rott, Chris Joyce, Michele Kelemen, Scott Horsley and Jennifer Ludden contributed to this report.\u003c/em> \u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2017 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=5+Changes+That+Could+Come+From+Leaving+The+Paris+Climate+Deal&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "What Will Happen to California After Trump’s Exit From Paris Accord?",
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"content": "\u003cp>As President Trump announced the U.S. would leave the Paris climate accord, California’s political leaders quickly declared that the state would step up on the international stage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“He’s wrong on the science,” said California Governor Jerry Brown in a statement. “Totally wrong. California will resist this misguided and insane course of action. Trump is AWOL but California is on the field, ready for battle.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Governor Brown \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2017/06/01/gov-brown-denounces-trumps-insane-move-on-paris-accord/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">vowed to continue building his own international climate movement\u003c/a>. Around 170 jurisdictions, including states, provinces and cities around the world have signed onto Brown’s \u003ca href=\"http://under2mou.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Under2 MOU\u003c/a>, which means they’ve agreed to cut emissions by 2050.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Governor Brown is heading to China next week to hold climate meetings with many of the signatories. He also announced an alliance today with the governors of Washington and New York, looking to convene states that are committed to upholding the Paris accord.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What will that agreement accomplish? And what does the U.S. exit from the Paris agreement mean for California’s climate policies? We asked \u003ca href=\"https://law.stanford.edu/directory/michael-wara/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Michael Wara\u003c/a>, Associate Professor of Law at Stanford University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Does Governor Brown’s climate agreement have any teeth?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s a voluntary pledge. There’s no climate police that are going to come and knock on the State of California’s door if the state fails to meet its commitment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But I think it’s important to recognize that the same thing is true for nation states that are parties to the Paris agreement. The Paris agreement commitments are voluntary and the only thing that’s mandatory about Paris is the reporting obligations of state. They have to say what they actually end up doing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”5K7qTsq85ubuAw2BQvPBPIprdYe1xaRq”]So I think the Under2 MOU in a way establishes a very similar system but for states and other provinces that are interested in going further than their national governments will go.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It also creates kind of a system for sharing ideas and sharing what works. And in many ways you know that’s as important a contribution as the actual commitment. Because California has a long history dating from the 1950s inventing new ways to reduce air pollution. And one of the biggest benefits we can provide as a state is to share that expertise with the rest of the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Do you think California’s efforts will calm nerves on the international stage after President’s Trump speech?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unfortunately, I don’t think California can help fix the problem that President Trump is going to create by withdrawing from the Paris agreement. The U.S. is in the process of doing serious\u003cbr>\ndamage to its credibility as a partner and as an ally. I don’t think that the other nation states are going to act differently in the Paris Agreement context because of California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>California’s core climate policies, like renewable energy goals and clean car regulations, are state-level policies, so they won’t be affected by President Trump’s move. But what else might be at risk?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So the place where this might matter – and I think it remains to be seen – is in terms of California’s international efforts on climate that look more treaty-like. Like efforts to connect our cap-and-trade program with other cap-and-trade programs that are in Canada and to accept internationally based carbon offsets into our cap-and-trade market.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These kinds of policies that look a little bit like foreign affairs get more risky from a legal perspective when they’re out of line with what the State Department wants. There have been issues in the past with California taking a different position than the State Department and being forced by the Supreme Court to step back from that position because it was interfering with the U.S. policy.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>As President Trump announced the U.S. would leave the Paris climate accord, California’s political leaders quickly declared that the state would step up on the international stage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“He’s wrong on the science,” said California Governor Jerry Brown in a statement. “Totally wrong. California will resist this misguided and insane course of action. Trump is AWOL but California is on the field, ready for battle.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Governor Brown \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2017/06/01/gov-brown-denounces-trumps-insane-move-on-paris-accord/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">vowed to continue building his own international climate movement\u003c/a>. Around 170 jurisdictions, including states, provinces and cities around the world have signed onto Brown’s \u003ca href=\"http://under2mou.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Under2 MOU\u003c/a>, which means they’ve agreed to cut emissions by 2050.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Governor Brown is heading to China next week to hold climate meetings with many of the signatories. He also announced an alliance today with the governors of Washington and New York, looking to convene states that are committed to upholding the Paris accord.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What will that agreement accomplish? And what does the U.S. exit from the Paris agreement mean for California’s climate policies? We asked \u003ca href=\"https://law.stanford.edu/directory/michael-wara/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Michael Wara\u003c/a>, Associate Professor of Law at Stanford University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Does Governor Brown’s climate agreement have any teeth?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s a voluntary pledge. There’s no climate police that are going to come and knock on the State of California’s door if the state fails to meet its commitment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But I think it’s important to recognize that the same thing is true for nation states that are parties to the Paris agreement. The Paris agreement commitments are voluntary and the only thing that’s mandatory about Paris is the reporting obligations of state. They have to say what they actually end up doing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>So I think the Under2 MOU in a way establishes a very similar system but for states and other provinces that are interested in going further than their national governments will go.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It also creates kind of a system for sharing ideas and sharing what works. And in many ways you know that’s as important a contribution as the actual commitment. Because California has a long history dating from the 1950s inventing new ways to reduce air pollution. And one of the biggest benefits we can provide as a state is to share that expertise with the rest of the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Do you think California’s efforts will calm nerves on the international stage after President’s Trump speech?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unfortunately, I don’t think California can help fix the problem that President Trump is going to create by withdrawing from the Paris agreement. The U.S. is in the process of doing serious\u003cbr>\ndamage to its credibility as a partner and as an ally. I don’t think that the other nation states are going to act differently in the Paris Agreement context because of California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>California’s core climate policies, like renewable energy goals and clean car regulations, are state-level policies, so they won’t be affected by President Trump’s move. But what else might be at risk?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So the place where this might matter – and I think it remains to be seen – is in terms of California’s international efforts on climate that look more treaty-like. Like efforts to connect our cap-and-trade program with other cap-and-trade programs that are in Canada and to accept internationally based carbon offsets into our cap-and-trade market.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These kinds of policies that look a little bit like foreign affairs get more risky from a legal perspective when they’re out of line with what the State Department wants. There have been issues in the past with California taking a different position than the State Department and being forced by the Supreme Court to step back from that position because it was interfering with the U.S. policy.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "San Jose Students to Launch Science Experiment Into Space",
"headTitle": "San Jose Students to Launch Science Experiment Into Space | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>While most kids eagerly anticipate summer vacation, this week, a group of San Jose middler schoolers are anxiously waiting to see their science experiment sent into space.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over the school year, students at the \u003ca href=\"https://www.stratfordschools.com/find-your-campus/san-jose-middle-school\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Stratford School\u003c/a> developed a software program that uses a \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lego_Mindstorms_EV3\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">robotic kit\u003c/a> to determine how heat behaves in a microgravity environment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By 2:07pm PST on June 3, that program is scheduled for launch from the \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/centers/kennedy/home/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Kennedy Space Center\u003c/a> in Cape Canaveral, Florida to the International Space Station. The students’ project will be sent up on a SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket, during \u003ca href=\"http://www.space.com/37047-spacex-first-reused-dragon-spacecraft-launch-webcast.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">a three-day journey\u003c/a> to deliver cargo. [\u003ca href=\"http://www.space.com/17933-nasa-television-webcasts-live-space-tv.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Watch the launch live\u003c/a>.]\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1685760\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 395px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/IMG_5738.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1685760\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/IMG_5738-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"395\" height=\"297\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/IMG_5738-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/IMG_5738-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/IMG_5738-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/IMG_5738-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/IMG_5738-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/IMG_5738-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/IMG_5738-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/IMG_5738-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/IMG_5738-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/IMG_5738-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 395px) 100vw, 395px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A Lego robotic kit controls these relay switches which turn on a ceramic resistor that emits heat. By using sensors attached to Lego kit, the students measure temperature changes to understand how convection works. \u003ccite>(Lindsey Hoshaw/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“We as middle schoolers can send up our \u003cem>own\u003c/em> experiment to the International Space Station and get back our \u003cem>own\u003c/em> data from space, like, that’s just, like, amazing,” says eighth grader Nikhita Vaddineni, who led project communications for the team.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Not many middle schoolers have done that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Stratford students used a Lego-made kit\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>to gather information about how heat is distributed here on Earth. An electrically-charged ceramic rod emitted heat and two sensors\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>monitored how the heat either rose or fell due to gravity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“On the Earth, the cold air is heavier so it gets pulled down and the hot air rises because it’s lighter,” says the team’s electrical engineer Eric Wang.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“But in space there’s no gravity to pull the cold air down so it’ll spread evenly.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s the students’ hypothesis at least—that the heat will be distributed evenly. And the kids can see if that’s true once NASA launches the software program into space and tests that theory.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This [data] probably won’t help NASA,” admits eighth grade software programmer Ishir Vaidyanath.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1685920\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/IMG_5777.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1685920\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/IMG_5777-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/IMG_5777-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/IMG_5777-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/IMG_5777-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/IMG_5777-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/IMG_5777-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/IMG_5777-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/IMG_5777-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/IMG_5777-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/IMG_5777-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/IMG_5777-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The students with their math and engineering teacher Ben Guansing who oversaw the software project. \u003ccite>(Lindsey Hoshaw/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“But it helps us understand how fire might act in space.” And that helps the students understand physics, science and engineering. They get to create their own experiment and receive data from that project instead of relying on outside research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Vaidyanath and his classmates worked with San Jose’s \u003ca href=\"http://thequestinstitute.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Quest Institute\u003c/a> to get materials for their project. The non-profit promotes \u003ca href=\"http://www.livescience.com/43296-what-is-stem-education.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">STEM education\u003c/a> and gives students the materials they need to create science projects that can be tested on the International Space Station.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The project goal is to teach kids how to design, test and execute their own experiments. And the research has had positive, unintended consequences too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re sixth, seventh and eighth graders and we don’t really mix, we don’t talk to each other,” says Vaddineni. “This was a way to talk to each other more than normal, and now we’re friends.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About a week after the launch, the \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/main/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">International Space Station\u003c/a> will begin sending results from the software program that the kids designed. The students are excited to get data from their experiment—almost as excited as they are to start summer break.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>While most kids eagerly anticipate summer vacation, this week, a group of San Jose middler schoolers are anxiously waiting to see their science experiment sent into space.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over the school year, students at the \u003ca href=\"https://www.stratfordschools.com/find-your-campus/san-jose-middle-school\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Stratford School\u003c/a> developed a software program that uses a \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lego_Mindstorms_EV3\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">robotic kit\u003c/a> to determine how heat behaves in a microgravity environment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By 2:07pm PST on June 3, that program is scheduled for launch from the \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/centers/kennedy/home/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Kennedy Space Center\u003c/a> in Cape Canaveral, Florida to the International Space Station. The students’ project will be sent up on a SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket, during \u003ca href=\"http://www.space.com/37047-spacex-first-reused-dragon-spacecraft-launch-webcast.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">a three-day journey\u003c/a> to deliver cargo. [\u003ca href=\"http://www.space.com/17933-nasa-television-webcasts-live-space-tv.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Watch the launch live\u003c/a>.]\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1685760\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 395px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/IMG_5738.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1685760\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/IMG_5738-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"395\" height=\"297\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/IMG_5738-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/IMG_5738-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/IMG_5738-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/IMG_5738-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/IMG_5738-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/IMG_5738-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/IMG_5738-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/IMG_5738-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/IMG_5738-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/IMG_5738-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 395px) 100vw, 395px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A Lego robotic kit controls these relay switches which turn on a ceramic resistor that emits heat. By using sensors attached to Lego kit, the students measure temperature changes to understand how convection works. \u003ccite>(Lindsey Hoshaw/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“We as middle schoolers can send up our \u003cem>own\u003c/em> experiment to the International Space Station and get back our \u003cem>own\u003c/em> data from space, like, that’s just, like, amazing,” says eighth grader Nikhita Vaddineni, who led project communications for the team.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Not many middle schoolers have done that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Stratford students used a Lego-made kit\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>to gather information about how heat is distributed here on Earth. An electrically-charged ceramic rod emitted heat and two sensors\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>monitored how the heat either rose or fell due to gravity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“On the Earth, the cold air is heavier so it gets pulled down and the hot air rises because it’s lighter,” says the team’s electrical engineer Eric Wang.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“But in space there’s no gravity to pull the cold air down so it’ll spread evenly.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s the students’ hypothesis at least—that the heat will be distributed evenly. And the kids can see if that’s true once NASA launches the software program into space and tests that theory.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This [data] probably won’t help NASA,” admits eighth grade software programmer Ishir Vaidyanath.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1685920\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/IMG_5777.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1685920\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/IMG_5777-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/IMG_5777-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/IMG_5777-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/IMG_5777-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/IMG_5777-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/IMG_5777-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/IMG_5777-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/IMG_5777-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/IMG_5777-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/IMG_5777-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/IMG_5777-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The students with their math and engineering teacher Ben Guansing who oversaw the software project. \u003ccite>(Lindsey Hoshaw/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“But it helps us understand how fire might act in space.” And that helps the students understand physics, science and engineering. They get to create their own experiment and receive data from that project instead of relying on outside research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Vaidyanath and his classmates worked with San Jose’s \u003ca href=\"http://thequestinstitute.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Quest Institute\u003c/a> to get materials for their project. The non-profit promotes \u003ca href=\"http://www.livescience.com/43296-what-is-stem-education.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">STEM education\u003c/a> and gives students the materials they need to create science projects that can be tested on the International Space Station.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The project goal is to teach kids how to design, test and execute their own experiments. And the research has had positive, unintended consequences too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re sixth, seventh and eighth graders and we don’t really mix, we don’t talk to each other,” says Vaddineni. “This was a way to talk to each other more than normal, and now we’re friends.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About a week after the launch, the \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/main/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">International Space Station\u003c/a> will begin sending results from the software program that the kids designed. The students are excited to get data from their experiment—almost as excited as they are to start summer break.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Trump Expected to Remove U.S. From Paris Climate Agreement",
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"content": "\u003cp>President Donald Trump is expected to pull the United States from a landmark \u003ca href=\"http://unfccc.int/paris_agreement/items/9485.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">global climate agreement\u003c/a>, a White House official said Wednesday, though there could be “caveats in the language” announcing a withdrawal, leaving open the possibility that his decision isn’t final.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Exiting the deal would fulfill a central campaign pledge from the president, but would be certain to anger allies that spent years negotiating the accord to reduce carbon emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The official insisted on anonymity in order to discuss the decision before the official announcement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trump tweeted on Wednesday morning: “I will be announcing my decision on the Paris Accord over the next few days. MAKE AMERICA GREAT AGAIN!”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While Trump currently favors an exit, he has been known to change his thinking on major decisions and tends to seek counsel from a range of inside and outside advisers, many with differing agendas, until the last minute.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trump’s top aides have been divided on the accord. On Wednesday afternoon, Trump was to meet with Secretary of State Rex Tillerson, who has favored remaining in the deal. Chief strategist Steve Bannon supports an exit, while senior adviser Jared Kushner generally thinks the deal is bad, but would like to find a way to see if the U.S. emissions targets can be changed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nearly 200 nations, including the United States under President Barack Obama’s administration, agreed in 2015 to voluntarily reduce their greenhouse gas emissions in an effort to combat climate change. Withdrawing would leave the United States aligned only with Russia among the world’s industrialized economies in rejecting action to combat climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trump pledged during his presidential campaign to withdraw the U.S. from the pact immediately after taking office, but had wavered on the issue since winning the election.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During Trump’s overseas trip last week, European leaders pressed him to keep the U.S. in the pact. French President Emmanuel Macron spoke with Trump at length about the issue during a meeting in Brussels, and even at the Vatican, Cardinal Secretary of State Pietro Parolin made his own pro-Paris pitch to Trump and his advisers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>News of Trump’s expected decision drew swift reaction from the United Nations. The organization’s main Twitter page quoted Secretary-General Antonio Guterres as saying, “Climate change is undeniable. Climate change is unstoppable. Climate solutions provide opportunities that are unmatchable.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Sierra Club’s executive director, Michael Brune, called the expected move a “historic mistake which our grandchildren will look back on with stunned dismay at how a world leader could be so divorced from reality and morality.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trump claimed before taking office that climate change was a “hoax” created by the Chinese to hurt the U.S. economy. Such an assertion stands in defiance of broad scientific consensus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Trump’s chief White House economic adviser, Gary Cohn, told reporters during the trip abroad that Trump’s views on climate change were “evolving” following the president’s discussions with European leaders.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Word of Trump’s expected decision comes a day after the president met with Scott Pruitt, the administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency. Like his boss, Pruitt has questioned the consensus of climate scientists that the Earth is warming and that man-made climate emissions are to blame.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once in power, Trump and Pruitt have moved to delay or roll back federal regulations limiting greenhouse gas emissions while pledging to revive the long-struggling U.S. coal mines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What is not yet clear is whether Trump plans to initiate a formal withdrawal from the Paris accord, which under the terms of the agreement could take three years, or exit the underlying U.N. climate change treaty on which the accord was based.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Senate Majority Leader Mitch McConnell, R-Ky., and 21 other Republican sent Trump a letter last week urging him to follow through on his campaign pledge to pull out of the climate accord. Most of the senators who signed are from states that depend on the continued burning of coal, oil and gas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There have been influential voices urging Trump not to ditch the Paris accord. Forty Democratic senators sent Trump a letter urging him to stay in, saying a withdrawal would hurt America’s credibility and influence on the world stage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hundreds of high-profile businesses have spoken out in favor of the deal, including Apple, Google and Walmart. Even fossil fuel companies such as Exxon Mobil, BP and Shell say the United States should abide by the deal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The U.S. is the world’s second largest emitter of carbon, following only China. Beijing, however, has reaffirmed its commitment to meeting its targets under the Paris accord, recently canceling construction of about 100 coal-fired power plants and investing billions in massive wind and solar projects.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>President Donald Trump is expected to pull the United States from a landmark \u003ca href=\"http://unfccc.int/paris_agreement/items/9485.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">global climate agreement\u003c/a>, a White House official said Wednesday, though there could be “caveats in the language” announcing a withdrawal, leaving open the possibility that his decision isn’t final.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Exiting the deal would fulfill a central campaign pledge from the president, but would be certain to anger allies that spent years negotiating the accord to reduce carbon emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The official insisted on anonymity in order to discuss the decision before the official announcement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trump tweeted on Wednesday morning: “I will be announcing my decision on the Paris Accord over the next few days. MAKE AMERICA GREAT AGAIN!”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While Trump currently favors an exit, he has been known to change his thinking on major decisions and tends to seek counsel from a range of inside and outside advisers, many with differing agendas, until the last minute.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trump’s top aides have been divided on the accord. On Wednesday afternoon, Trump was to meet with Secretary of State Rex Tillerson, who has favored remaining in the deal. Chief strategist Steve Bannon supports an exit, while senior adviser Jared Kushner generally thinks the deal is bad, but would like to find a way to see if the U.S. emissions targets can be changed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nearly 200 nations, including the United States under President Barack Obama’s administration, agreed in 2015 to voluntarily reduce their greenhouse gas emissions in an effort to combat climate change. Withdrawing would leave the United States aligned only with Russia among the world’s industrialized economies in rejecting action to combat climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trump pledged during his presidential campaign to withdraw the U.S. from the pact immediately after taking office, but had wavered on the issue since winning the election.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During Trump’s overseas trip last week, European leaders pressed him to keep the U.S. in the pact. French President Emmanuel Macron spoke with Trump at length about the issue during a meeting in Brussels, and even at the Vatican, Cardinal Secretary of State Pietro Parolin made his own pro-Paris pitch to Trump and his advisers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>News of Trump’s expected decision drew swift reaction from the United Nations. The organization’s main Twitter page quoted Secretary-General Antonio Guterres as saying, “Climate change is undeniable. Climate change is unstoppable. Climate solutions provide opportunities that are unmatchable.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Sierra Club’s executive director, Michael Brune, called the expected move a “historic mistake which our grandchildren will look back on with stunned dismay at how a world leader could be so divorced from reality and morality.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trump claimed before taking office that climate change was a “hoax” created by the Chinese to hurt the U.S. economy. Such an assertion stands in defiance of broad scientific consensus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Trump’s chief White House economic adviser, Gary Cohn, told reporters during the trip abroad that Trump’s views on climate change were “evolving” following the president’s discussions with European leaders.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Word of Trump’s expected decision comes a day after the president met with Scott Pruitt, the administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency. Like his boss, Pruitt has questioned the consensus of climate scientists that the Earth is warming and that man-made climate emissions are to blame.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once in power, Trump and Pruitt have moved to delay or roll back federal regulations limiting greenhouse gas emissions while pledging to revive the long-struggling U.S. coal mines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What is not yet clear is whether Trump plans to initiate a formal withdrawal from the Paris accord, which under the terms of the agreement could take three years, or exit the underlying U.N. climate change treaty on which the accord was based.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Senate Majority Leader Mitch McConnell, R-Ky., and 21 other Republican sent Trump a letter last week urging him to follow through on his campaign pledge to pull out of the climate accord. Most of the senators who signed are from states that depend on the continued burning of coal, oil and gas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There have been influential voices urging Trump not to ditch the Paris accord. Forty Democratic senators sent Trump a letter urging him to stay in, saying a withdrawal would hurt America’s credibility and influence on the world stage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hundreds of high-profile businesses have spoken out in favor of the deal, including Apple, Google and Walmart. Even fossil fuel companies such as Exxon Mobil, BP and Shell say the United States should abide by the deal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The U.S. is the world’s second largest emitter of carbon, following only China. Beijing, however, has reaffirmed its commitment to meeting its targets under the Paris accord, recently canceling construction of about 100 coal-fired power plants and investing billions in massive wind and solar projects.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "How an Interview With a Shark Researcher Wound Up Starring a Shark",
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"content": "\u003cp>Sharks have been swarming around southern California beaches for weeks. \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">NPR\u003c/a> wanted to know more about why, so we placed a call to Chris Lowe, a professor in marine biology and head of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.csulb.edu/natural-sciences-mathematics-biological-sciences/explore/shark-lab\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Shark Lab\u003c/a> at \u003ca href=\"http://web.csulb.edu/sites/commencement-2017/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">California State University at Long Beach\u003c/a> — or rather, we tried. Lowe was offshore on a boat trapping sharks to tag, and at the appointed time for our interview, Lowe had his hands full … of shark.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>[contextly_sidebar id=”eJ0QXNOa8DNu6lO8Q91tUozjMG0obbS5″]\u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/programs/morning-edition/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Morning Edition\u003c/a>\u003c/em> producer Justin Richmond, who was on the boat with a microphone, delivered a play-by-play as Lowe and two of his students from Cal State Long Beach tugged on a net.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They’re literally catching a shark right now!” Justin said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was a great white shark — although not a big one. It was a baby, about six feet. The boat they were on was a 12-foot whaler.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The idea was to tug the shark alongside that little boat, then hoist it up on the deck of a bigger boat — yes, in an all-too-appropriate \u003cem>Jaws\u003c/em> reference, there was a bigger boat — and there, the researchers quickly performed surgery, implanting tracking devices on and in the baby shark, so she could be studied later.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All this action was happening only about 30 feet from Long Beach. In that neighborhood, Justin said, everybody has been talking about the sharks right there in shallow water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After Lowe gently lowered the baby shark back in the water, he was able to describe what he thinks is going on. Lowe says though these beaches have been hot spots of nurseries for white sharks, what is different now is global climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s changing our ocean temperatures, it’s changing our ocean currents,” he says. “What it’s doing is it’s making conditions more favorable for some of these babies.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Los Angeles-area beaches are basically the nursery for white sharks in the northeast Pacific, he says. “And we need those sharks. They’re really important in keeping our oceans healthy. So while the public always has some concerns about the fact that there are white sharks off their beaches, what they have to remember is that these are babies and they’re coming to these beaches for the same reason they do: they want a safe place to hang out and enjoy life.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lowe says that baby sharks are usually at least as afraid of people as we may be of them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/programs/morning-edition/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Morning Edition\u003c/a>\u003cem> producer Justin Richmond and \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/programs/morning-edition/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Morning Edition\u003c/a>\u003cem> editor Amy Isackson and digital producer Heidi Glenn contributed to this story.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2017 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=How+An+Interview+With+A+Shark+Researcher+Wound+Up+Starring+A+Shark&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Why have dozens of great white sharks turned up around Southern California beaches recently? Finding the answer led to a close-up view of a baby great white shark — and the researcher who caught her.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Sharks have been swarming around southern California beaches for weeks. \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">NPR\u003c/a> wanted to know more about why, so we placed a call to Chris Lowe, a professor in marine biology and head of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.csulb.edu/natural-sciences-mathematics-biological-sciences/explore/shark-lab\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Shark Lab\u003c/a> at \u003ca href=\"http://web.csulb.edu/sites/commencement-2017/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">California State University at Long Beach\u003c/a> — or rather, we tried. Lowe was offshore on a boat trapping sharks to tag, and at the appointed time for our interview, Lowe had his hands full … of shark.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/programs/morning-edition/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Morning Edition\u003c/a>\u003c/em> producer Justin Richmond, who was on the boat with a microphone, delivered a play-by-play as Lowe and two of his students from Cal State Long Beach tugged on a net.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They’re literally catching a shark right now!” Justin said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was a great white shark — although not a big one. It was a baby, about six feet. The boat they were on was a 12-foot whaler.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The idea was to tug the shark alongside that little boat, then hoist it up on the deck of a bigger boat — yes, in an all-too-appropriate \u003cem>Jaws\u003c/em> reference, there was a bigger boat — and there, the researchers quickly performed surgery, implanting tracking devices on and in the baby shark, so she could be studied later.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All this action was happening only about 30 feet from Long Beach. In that neighborhood, Justin said, everybody has been talking about the sharks right there in shallow water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After Lowe gently lowered the baby shark back in the water, he was able to describe what he thinks is going on. Lowe says though these beaches have been hot spots of nurseries for white sharks, what is different now is global climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s changing our ocean temperatures, it’s changing our ocean currents,” he says. “What it’s doing is it’s making conditions more favorable for some of these babies.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Los Angeles-area beaches are basically the nursery for white sharks in the northeast Pacific, he says. “And we need those sharks. They’re really important in keeping our oceans healthy. So while the public always has some concerns about the fact that there are white sharks off their beaches, what they have to remember is that these are babies and they’re coming to these beaches for the same reason they do: they want a safe place to hang out and enjoy life.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lowe says that baby sharks are usually at least as afraid of people as we may be of them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/programs/morning-edition/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Morning Edition\u003c/a>\u003cem> producer Justin Richmond and \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/programs/morning-edition/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Morning Edition\u003c/a>\u003cem> editor Amy Isackson and digital producer Heidi Glenn contributed to this story.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2017 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=How+An+Interview+With+A+Shark+Researcher+Wound+Up+Starring+A+Shark&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>President Trump’s budget proposal would cut federal funding for an earthquake early warning system for California, Oregon and Washington state, a development that seismology experts and some local leaders say would be the end of the project.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”J4vlCvkAeZWaVnmm0lxvnwklOEYnJScM”]The system being developed in conjunction with various universities is intended to provide critical seconds of warning when an earthquake has started and potentially dangerous shaking is imminent, allowing time for people to take cover and to slow or halt such things as critical industrial processes and transportation systems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A version of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.shakealert.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">ShakeAlert system\u003c/a> has been undergoing testing but still needs to have more seismic sensors installed in Northern California, Oregon and Washington. The proposed funding cuts for the next fiscal year starting Oct. 1 would come from the budget of the \u003ca href=\"https://www.usgs.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">U.S. Geological Survey\u003c/a>, a bureau of the \u003ca href=\"https://www.doi.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">U.S. Interior Department\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Veteran \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucy_Jones\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">seismologist Lucy Jones\u003c/a>, who recently retired from the U.S. Geological Survey after years of providing earthquake information to the public, said she was deeply disappointed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Eliminating the $10 million (per) year that the government has been spending would stop the program and waste the $23 million that has already been invested,” she said in a statement. “The talented scientists and technicians that are working on the project now will go to other jobs, so their experience and expertise would be lost.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rep. \u003ca href=\"https://schiff.house.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Adam Schiff\u003c/a>, a Los Angeles-area Democrat, said in a Facebook post that the system should not be stopped just as it is being expanded after years of work to educate the public and Congress on its benefits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Support for the early warning system in Congress is sustained, growing and bipartisan, and we will not accept this attempt by the president to cut a vital funding stream for a program that will protect life, property and critical infrastructure,” Schiff wrote.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rep. \u003ca href=\"https://calvert.house.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Ken Calvert\u003c/a>, a Republican who represents an inland Southern California district, is chairman of the Appropriations Subcommittee on the Interior and the Environment and has supported funding of the earthquake warning system in the past.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a statement Tuesday he did not mention the warning system specifically, but noted that the budget “proposes some reductions for agencies that fall within the Interior Subcommittee’s jurisdiction. Those agencies perform important work, so the members of our committee will be faced with making some difficult decisions.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A telephone message seeking comment was left Friday morning at Calvert’s district office in Corona.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Los Angeles, \u003ca href=\"http://www.cd12.org/welcome?splash=1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Councilman Mitch Englander \u003c/a>called the funding cuts “a threat to the lives of millions of people in California and beyond.”\u003cbr>\nEnglander’s district includes the epicenter of the deadly 1994 Northridge earthquake that caused billions of dollars in damage to Los Angeles and neighboring areas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When it comes to earthquakes, seconds matter,” he said in a statement. “A fully deployed early warning system would give time for elevators to shut down, hospitals to turn on backup generators, and people to take cover.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>President Trump’s budget proposal would cut federal funding for an earthquake early warning system for California, Oregon and Washington state, a development that seismology experts and some local leaders say would be the end of the project.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>The system being developed in conjunction with various universities is intended to provide critical seconds of warning when an earthquake has started and potentially dangerous shaking is imminent, allowing time for people to take cover and to slow or halt such things as critical industrial processes and transportation systems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A version of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.shakealert.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">ShakeAlert system\u003c/a> has been undergoing testing but still needs to have more seismic sensors installed in Northern California, Oregon and Washington. The proposed funding cuts for the next fiscal year starting Oct. 1 would come from the budget of the \u003ca href=\"https://www.usgs.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">U.S. Geological Survey\u003c/a>, a bureau of the \u003ca href=\"https://www.doi.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">U.S. Interior Department\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Veteran \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucy_Jones\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">seismologist Lucy Jones\u003c/a>, who recently retired from the U.S. Geological Survey after years of providing earthquake information to the public, said she was deeply disappointed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Eliminating the $10 million (per) year that the government has been spending would stop the program and waste the $23 million that has already been invested,” she said in a statement. “The talented scientists and technicians that are working on the project now will go to other jobs, so their experience and expertise would be lost.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rep. \u003ca href=\"https://schiff.house.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Adam Schiff\u003c/a>, a Los Angeles-area Democrat, said in a Facebook post that the system should not be stopped just as it is being expanded after years of work to educate the public and Congress on its benefits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Support for the early warning system in Congress is sustained, growing and bipartisan, and we will not accept this attempt by the president to cut a vital funding stream for a program that will protect life, property and critical infrastructure,” Schiff wrote.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rep. \u003ca href=\"https://calvert.house.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Ken Calvert\u003c/a>, a Republican who represents an inland Southern California district, is chairman of the Appropriations Subcommittee on the Interior and the Environment and has supported funding of the earthquake warning system in the past.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a statement Tuesday he did not mention the warning system specifically, but noted that the budget “proposes some reductions for agencies that fall within the Interior Subcommittee’s jurisdiction. Those agencies perform important work, so the members of our committee will be faced with making some difficult decisions.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A telephone message seeking comment was left Friday morning at Calvert’s district office in Corona.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Los Angeles, \u003ca href=\"http://www.cd12.org/welcome?splash=1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Councilman Mitch Englander \u003c/a>called the funding cuts “a threat to the lives of millions of people in California and beyond.”\u003cbr>\nEnglander’s district includes the epicenter of the deadly 1994 Northridge earthquake that caused billions of dollars in damage to Los Angeles and neighboring areas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When it comes to earthquakes, seconds matter,” he said in a statement. “A fully deployed early warning system would give time for elevators to shut down, hospitals to turn on backup generators, and people to take cover.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"info": "A one-hour radio program to hear celebrated writers, artists and thinkers address contemporary ideas and values, often discussing the creative process. Please note: tapes or transcripts are not available",
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"airtime": "SUN 1pm-2pm, TUE 10pm, WED 1am",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "City Arts & Lectures"
},
"link": "https://www.cityarts.net",
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"rss": "https://www.cityarts.net/feed/"
}
},
"closealltabs": {
"id": "closealltabs",
"title": "Close All Tabs",
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"info": "Close All Tabs breaks down how digital culture shapes our world through thoughtful insights and irreverent humor.",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/closealltabs",
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"order": 1
},
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"id": "code-switch-life-kit",
"title": "Code Switch / Life Kit",
"info": "\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />",
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"meta": {
"site": "radio",
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},
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"id": "commonwealth-club",
"title": "Commonwealth Club of California Podcast",
"info": "The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.",
"airtime": "THU 10pm, FRI 1am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Commonwealth-Club-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "Commonwealth Club of California"
},
"link": "/radio/program/commonwealth-club",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cDovL3d3dy5jb21tb253ZWFsdGhjbHViLm9yZy9hdWRpby9wb2RjYXN0L3dlZWtseS54bWw",
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}
},
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"id": "forum",
"title": "Forum",
"tagline": "The conversation starts here",
"info": "KQED’s live call-in program discussing local, state, national and international issues, as well as in-depth interviews.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 9am-11am, 10pm-11pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Forum-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Forum with Mina Kim and Alexis Madrigal",
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 9
},
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM5NTU3MzgxNjMz",
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"freakonomics-radio": {
"id": "freakonomics-radio",
"title": "Freakonomics Radio",
"info": "Freakonomics Radio is a one-hour award-winning podcast and public-radio project hosted by Stephen Dubner, with co-author Steve Levitt as a regular guest. It is produced in partnership with WNYC.",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "http://freakonomics.com/",
"airtime": "SUN 1am-2am, SAT 3pm-4pm",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "WNYC"
},
"link": "/radio/program/freakonomics-radio",
"subscribe": {
"npr": "https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/4s8b",
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/freakonomics-radio/id354668519",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/podcasts/WNYC-Podcasts/Freakonomics-Radio-p272293/",
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},
"fresh-air": {
"id": "fresh-air",
"title": "Fresh Air",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=214089682&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/381444908/podcast.xml"
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"info": "A live production of NPR and WBUR Boston, in collaboration with stations across the country, Here & Now reflects the fluid world of news as it's happening in the middle of the day, with timely, in-depth news, interviews and conversation. Hosted by Robin Young, Jeremy Hobson and Tonya Mosley.",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510051/podcast.xml"
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},
"hidden-brain": {
"id": "hidden-brain",
"title": "Hidden Brain",
"info": "Shankar Vedantam uses science and storytelling to reveal the unconscious patterns that drive human behavior, shape our choices and direct our relationships.",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/series/423302056/hidden-brain",
"airtime": "SUN 7pm-8pm",
"meta": {
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"source": "NPR"
},
"link": "/radio/program/hidden-brain",
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},
"how-i-built-this": {
"id": "how-i-built-this",
"title": "How I Built This with Guy Raz",
"info": "Guy Raz dives into the stories behind some of the world's best known companies. How I Built This weaves a narrative journey about innovators, entrepreneurs and idealists—and the movements they built.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/05/howIBuiltThis.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510313/how-i-built-this",
"airtime": "SUN 7:30pm-8pm",
"meta": {
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"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/how-i-built-this",
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"npr": "https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/3zxy",
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/how-i-built-this-with-guy-raz/id1150510297?mt=2",
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},
"hyphenacion": {
"id": "hyphenacion",
"title": "Hyphenación",
"tagline": "Where conversation and cultura meet",
"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/Hyphenacion_FinalAssets_PodcastTile.png",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/hyphenacion",
"meta": {
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"order": 15
},
"link": "/podcasts/hyphenacion",
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"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/2p3Fifq96nw9BPcmFdIq0o?si=39209f7b25774f38",
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"rss": "https://feeds.megaphone.fm/KQINC2275451163"
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},
"jerrybrown": {
"id": "jerrybrown",
"title": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown",
"tagline": "Lessons from a lifetime in politics",
"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-Political-Mind-of-Jerry-Brown-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED The Political Mind of Jerry Brown",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 18
},
"link": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/id1492194549",
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}
},
"latino-usa": {
"id": "latino-usa",
"title": "Latino USA",
"airtime": "MON 1am-2am, SUN 6pm-7pm",
"info": "Latino USA, the radio journal of news and culture, is the only national, English-language radio program produced from a Latino perspective.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/latinoUsa.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://latinousa.org/",
"meta": {
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"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/latino-usa",
"subscribe": {
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=79681317&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510016/podcast.xml"
}
},
"marketplace": {
"id": "marketplace",
"title": "Marketplace",
"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Marketplace-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.marketplace.org/",
"meta": {
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"source": "American Public Media"
},
"link": "/radio/program/marketplace",
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"rss": "https://feeds.publicradio.org/public_feeds/marketplace-pm/rss/rss"
}
},
"masters-of-scale": {
"id": "masters-of-scale",
"title": "Masters of Scale",
"info": "Masters of Scale is an original podcast in which LinkedIn co-founder and Greylock Partner Reid Hoffman sets out to describe and prove theories that explain how great entrepreneurs take their companies from zero to a gazillion in ingenious fashion.",
"airtime": "Every other Wednesday June 12 through October 16 at 8pm (repeats Thursdays at 2am)",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Masters-of-Scale-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://mastersofscale.com/",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "WaitWhat"
},
"link": "/radio/program/masters-of-scale",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "http://mastersofscale.app.link/",
"rss": "https://rss.art19.com/masters-of-scale"
}
},
"mindshift": {
"id": "mindshift",
"title": "MindShift",
"tagline": "A podcast about the future of learning and how we raise our kids",
"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/mindshift/",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 12
},
"link": "/podcasts/mindshift",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5",
"npr": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/464615685/mind-shift-podcast",
"stitcher": "https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/stories-teachers-share",
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}
},
"morning-edition": {
"id": "morning-edition",
"title": "Morning Edition",
"info": "\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. Hosts Steve Inskeep, David Greene and Rachel Martin bring you the latest breaking news and features to prepare you for the day.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 3am-9am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Morning-Edition-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/programs/morning-edition/",
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"link": "/radio/program/morning-edition"
},
"onourwatch": {
"id": "onourwatch",
"title": "On Our Watch",
"tagline": "Deeply-reported investigative journalism",
"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/On-Our-Watch-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "On Our Watch from NPR and KQED",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 11
},
"link": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/id1567098962",
"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5ucHIub3JnLzUxMDM2MC9wb2RjYXN0LnhtbD9zYz1nb29nbGVwb2RjYXN0cw",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510360/podcast.xml"
}
},
"on-the-media": {
"id": "on-the-media",
"title": "On The Media",
"info": "Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. For one hour a week, the show tries to lift the veil from the process of \"making media,\" especially news media, because it's through that lens that we see the world and the world sees us",
"airtime": "SUN 2pm-3pm, MON 12am-1am",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/onTheMedia.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.wnycstudios.org/shows/otm",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "wnyc"
},
"link": "/radio/program/on-the-media",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/on-the-media/id73330715?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/On-the-Media-p69/",
"rss": "http://feeds.wnyc.org/onthemedia"
}
},
"pbs-newshour": {
"id": "pbs-newshour",
"title": "PBS NewsHour",
"info": "Analysis, background reports and updates from the PBS NewsHour putting today's news in context.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 3pm-4pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/PBS-News-Hour-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.pbs.org/newshour/",
"meta": {
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"source": "pbs"
},
"link": "/radio/program/pbs-newshour",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/pbs-newshour-full-show/id394432287?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/PBS-NewsHour---Full-Show-p425698/",
"rss": "https://www.pbs.org/newshour/feeds/rss/podcasts/show"
}
},
"perspectives": {
"id": "perspectives",
"title": "Perspectives",
"tagline": "KQED's series of daily listener commentaries since 1991",
"info": "KQED's series of daily listener commentaries since 1991.",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/Perspectives_Tile_Final.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Perspectives",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/perspectives/",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 14
},
"link": "/perspectives",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/id73801135",
"npr": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/432309616/perspectives",
"rss": "https://ww2.kqed.org/perspectives/category/perspectives/feed/",
"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93dzIua3FlZC5vcmcvcGVyc3BlY3RpdmVzL2NhdGVnb3J5L3BlcnNwZWN0aXZlcy9mZWVkLw"
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},
"planet-money": {
"id": "planet-money",
"title": "Planet Money",
"info": "The economy explained. Imagine you could call up a friend and say, Meet me at the bar and tell me what's going on with the economy. Now imagine that's actually a fun evening.",
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