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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 4.6875em;float: left;line-height: 0.733em;padding: 0.05em 0.1em 0 0;font-family: times, serif, georgia\">C\u003c/span>alifornia’s water managers appear to have violated state law when they hired a consultant to help plan Gov. Jerry Brown’s $16 billion project to build two massive water tunnels, state auditors said Thursday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The audit also faulted the state \u003ca href=\"http://www.water.ca.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Department of Water Resources\u003c/a> for not finishing a cost-benefit analysis as the price of the tunnels climbs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The audit is the latest blow to Brown’s plan to build twin tunnels east of San Francisco to deliver water from the Sacramento River mostly to farms and cities hundreds of miles away in central and Southern California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last month, the nation’s largest supplier of irrigation water to farms voted not to help fund the project.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">The project “is in complete disarray.”\u003cbr>\n\u003ccite> Barbara Barrigan-Parrilla, Restore the Delta\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The unexpected complexity of the project has resulted in significant delays and cost increases, auditors said. As of June, planning costs alone had reached $280 million, double the department’s initial 2009 cost estimate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The costs included nearly $14 million to \u003ca href=\"http://hgcpm.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Hallmark Group\u003c/a>, a Sacramento-based company that the audit says “does not appear to possess the technical credentials or experience on relevant projects.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The audit “found that DWR did not follow state law when it replaced the program manager,” and that the department needed to seek competitive bids or at least demonstrate that Hallmark was qualified.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An email from an unnamed department whistleblower that was cited in the audit said, “No allowing other firms to apply for the work, no following the code.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brown’s office referred a request for comment to the Department of Water Resources.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>Proposed Tunnel Route\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/10/Delta_tunnel.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-1916226\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/10/Delta_tunnel.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1180\" height=\"1212\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/10/Delta_tunnel.png 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/10/Delta_tunnel-160x164.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/10/Delta_tunnel-800x822.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/10/Delta_tunnel-768x789.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/10/Delta_tunnel-1020x1048.png 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/10/Delta_tunnel-960x986.png 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/10/Delta_tunnel-240x247.png 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/10/Delta_tunnel-375x385.png 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/10/Delta_tunnel-520x534.png 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/10/Delta_tunnel-32x32.png 32w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/10/Delta_tunnel-50x50.png 50w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1180px) 100vw, 1180px\">\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n“We must respectfully disagree” that state law wasn’t followed, the department said in its response.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hallmark’s primary goal was cost-control, where it has done an outstanding job, officials wrote.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The department and the Hallmark Group both said auditors misunderstood the firm’s role in the project by assuming Hallmark was primarily doing construction project management that requires a licensed engineer or general contractor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The two, 35-mile (56-kilometer) tunnels would be the state’s most ambitious water project in more than a half-century and would reconfigure the way water flows from Northern California to the southern system of canals and reservoirs managed by state and federal officials.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The water is used by much of the nation’s most populous state while allowing California to lead the nation in agricultural production.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Barbara Barrigan-Parrilla, executive director of the opposition group Restore the Delta, said in a statement that the state audit and a federal audit show poor planning and a misuse of taxpayer money, arguing that the project “is in complete disarray.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The group’s policy analyst, Tim Stroshane, added that the state audit showed the department used “sweetheart deals” to hire contractors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Department spokeswoman Erin Mellon said in an email that officials will consider auditors’ recommendations, but the audit validates the exhaustive work the department has done to propose the best project for California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Assemblywoman Susan Talamantes Eggman, a Stockton Democrat and one of the legislative opponents of the tunnels who sought the audit, said it shows that after 11 years of planning there still are more questions than answers about whether the project is feasible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The department released a draft economic analysis of the massive project last year. 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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The costs included nearly $14 million to \u003ca href=\"http://hgcpm.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Hallmark Group\u003c/a>, a Sacramento-based company that the audit says “does not appear to possess the technical credentials or experience on relevant projects.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The audit “found that DWR did not follow state law when it replaced the program manager,” and that the department needed to seek competitive bids or at least demonstrate that Hallmark was qualified.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An email from an unnamed department whistleblower that was cited in the audit said, “No allowing other firms to apply for the work, no following the code.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brown’s office referred a request for comment to the Department of Water Resources.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>Proposed Tunnel Route\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/10/Delta_tunnel.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-1916226\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/10/Delta_tunnel.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1180\" height=\"1212\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/10/Delta_tunnel.png 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/10/Delta_tunnel-160x164.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/10/Delta_tunnel-800x822.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/10/Delta_tunnel-768x789.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/10/Delta_tunnel-1020x1048.png 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/10/Delta_tunnel-960x986.png 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/10/Delta_tunnel-240x247.png 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/10/Delta_tunnel-375x385.png 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/10/Delta_tunnel-520x534.png 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/10/Delta_tunnel-32x32.png 32w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/10/Delta_tunnel-50x50.png 50w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1180px) 100vw, 1180px\">\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n“We must respectfully disagree” that state law wasn’t followed, the department said in its response.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hallmark’s primary goal was cost-control, where it has done an outstanding job, officials wrote.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The department and the Hallmark Group both said auditors misunderstood the firm’s role in the project by assuming Hallmark was primarily doing construction project management that requires a licensed engineer or general contractor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The two, 35-mile (56-kilometer) tunnels would be the state’s most ambitious water project in more than a half-century and would reconfigure the way water flows from Northern California to the southern system of canals and reservoirs managed by state and federal officials.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The water is used by much of the nation’s most populous state while allowing California to lead the nation in agricultural production.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Barbara Barrigan-Parrilla, executive director of the opposition group Restore the Delta, said in a statement that the state audit and a federal audit show poor planning and a misuse of taxpayer money, arguing that the project “is in complete disarray.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The group’s policy analyst, Tim Stroshane, added that the state audit showed the department used “sweetheart deals” to hire contractors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Department spokeswoman Erin Mellon said in an email that officials will consider auditors’ recommendations, but the audit validates the exhaustive work the department has done to propose the best project for California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Assemblywoman Susan Talamantes Eggman, a Stockton Democrat and one of the legislative opponents of the tunnels who sought the audit, said it shows that after 11 years of planning there still are more questions than answers about whether the project is feasible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The department released a draft economic analysis of the massive project last year. Auditors said, however, that a final analysis is critical in determining whether water contractors are willing and able to pay for the construction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Department officials said a final analysis is premature until it is known which water agencies will help pay for the project.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last month, the board of the giant Westlands Water District voted to end its participation in the project.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Project backers noted that other water districts have since voted to back the project.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They say the tunnels are vital to skirt the vulnerable Sacramento-San Joaquin River Delta and protect imperiled fish and water deliveries.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Joachim Frank, who shares this year’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/2017/press.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Nobel Prize in Chemistry \u003c/a>with two other researchers for developing a method to generate three-dimensional images of the molecules of life, says the potential use of the method is “immense.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Speaking by phone, Frank told a news conference after the Nobel announcement Wednesday that the method, called cryo-electron microscopy, meant medicine no longer focuses on organs but “looks at the processes in the cell.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘I was totally overwhelmed, I thought the chances of winning the Nobel Prize were minuscule because there are so many other discoveries that happen everyday. I was speechless.\u003ccite>Biophysicist Joachim Frank\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.kva.se/en/startsida\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Swedish Royal Academy of Sciences\u003c/a> said Wednesday that their method, called cryo-electron microscopy, allows researchers to “freeze biomolecules” mid-movement and visualize processes they have never previously seen.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Frank, based at New York’s Columbia University, shares the $1.1 million prize with Jacques Dubochet of the University of Lausanne and Richard Henderson of MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology in Cambridge, Britain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The development, the Academy said, “is decisive for both the basic understanding of life’s chemistry and for the development of pharmaceuticals.” The Zika virus, for example, was \u003ca href=\"https://www.nih.gov/news-events/nih-research-matters/zika-virus-structure-revealed\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">analyzed using this method\u003c/a>. The virus’s anatomic structure was discovered in only a few months using this technique, which is important for creating new drugs or vaccine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1916168\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 770px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/10/Microscopy.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1916168\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/10/Microscopy.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"770\" height=\"483\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/10/Microscopy.jpg 770w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/10/Microscopy-160x100.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/10/Microscopy-768x482.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/10/Microscopy-240x151.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/10/Microscopy-375x235.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/10/Microscopy-520x326.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 770px) 100vw, 770px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The electron microscope’s resolution has radically improved, from showing shapeless blobs to now visualizing proteins at atomic resolution. \u003ccite>(Martin Hogbom)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The Nobel Prize for Chemistry rewards researchers for major advances in studying the infinitesimal bits of material that are the building blocks of life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Recent prizes have gone to scientists who developed \u003ca href=\"https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/2016/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">molecular “machines”\u003c/a>—molecules with controllable motions—and who mapped how \u003ca href=\"https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/2015/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">cells repair damaged DNA\u003c/a>, leading to improved cancer treatments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s the third Nobel announced this week and final science-related award.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/2017/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">literature winner\u003c/a> will be named Thursday and the \u003ca href=\"https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/2017/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">peace prize\u003c/a> will be announced Friday.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Joachim Frank, who shares this year’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/2017/press.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Nobel Prize in Chemistry \u003c/a>with two other researchers for developing a method to generate three-dimensional images of the molecules of life, says the potential use of the method is “immense.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Speaking by phone, Frank told a news conference after the Nobel announcement Wednesday that the method, called cryo-electron microscopy, meant medicine no longer focuses on organs but “looks at the processes in the cell.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘I was totally overwhelmed, I thought the chances of winning the Nobel Prize were minuscule because there are so many other discoveries that happen everyday. I was speechless.\u003ccite>Biophysicist Joachim Frank\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.kva.se/en/startsida\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Swedish Royal Academy of Sciences\u003c/a> said Wednesday that their method, called cryo-electron microscopy, allows researchers to “freeze biomolecules” mid-movement and visualize processes they have never previously seen.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Frank, based at New York’s Columbia University, shares the $1.1 million prize with Jacques Dubochet of the University of Lausanne and Richard Henderson of MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology in Cambridge, Britain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The development, the Academy said, “is decisive for both the basic understanding of life’s chemistry and for the development of pharmaceuticals.” The Zika virus, for example, was \u003ca href=\"https://www.nih.gov/news-events/nih-research-matters/zika-virus-structure-revealed\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">analyzed using this method\u003c/a>. The virus’s anatomic structure was discovered in only a few months using this technique, which is important for creating new drugs or vaccine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1916168\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 770px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/10/Microscopy.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1916168\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/10/Microscopy.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"770\" height=\"483\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/10/Microscopy.jpg 770w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/10/Microscopy-160x100.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/10/Microscopy-768x482.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/10/Microscopy-240x151.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/10/Microscopy-375x235.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/10/Microscopy-520x326.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 770px) 100vw, 770px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The electron microscope’s resolution has radically improved, from showing shapeless blobs to now visualizing proteins at atomic resolution. \u003ccite>(Martin Hogbom)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The Nobel Prize for Chemistry rewards researchers for major advances in studying the infinitesimal bits of material that are the building blocks of life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Recent prizes have gone to scientists who developed \u003ca href=\"https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/2016/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">molecular “machines”\u003c/a>—molecules with controllable motions—and who mapped how \u003ca href=\"https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/2015/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">cells repair damaged DNA\u003c/a>, leading to improved cancer treatments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s the third Nobel announced this week and final science-related award.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/2017/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">literature winner\u003c/a> will be named Thursday and the \u003ca href=\"https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/2017/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">peace prize\u003c/a> will be announced Friday.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Nobel Prize Winners Detected Ripples in Fabric of Universe",
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"content": "\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://www.nobelprize.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Nobel Physics Prize 2017\u003c/a> has been awarded to three scientists for their roles in detecting faint ripples flying through the universe called gravitational waves—proof of a theory developed by Albert Einstein a century ago and that scientists say fundamentally alters our understanding of the universe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sweden’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.kva.se/en/startsida\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Royal Academy of Sciences\u003c/a> announced Tuesday that the winners are \u003ca href=\"https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/2017/weiss-facts.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Rainer Weiss\u003c/a> of the \u003ca href=\"http://web.mit.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Massachusetts Institute of Technology\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/2017/barish-facts.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Barry Barish\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/2017/thorne-facts.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Kip Thorne\u003c/a> of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.caltech.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">California Institute of Technology\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://twitter.com/NobelPrize/status/915196891519963136\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The three were key to the first observation of gravitational waves in September 2015. When the discovery was announced several months later, it was a sensation not only among scientists but the general public.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The scientists were honored for a combination of highly advanced theory and ingenious equipment design.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a win for the human race as a whole. These gravitational waves will be powerful ways for the human race to explore the universe,” said Thorne, speaking by phone with \u003ca href=\"https://www.ap.org/en-us/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The Associated Press\u003c/a> from California shortly after the announcement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1916151\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 469px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/10/press-phy-50.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1916151\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/10/press-phy-50.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"469\" height=\"213\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/10/press-phy-50.jpg 469w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/10/press-phy-50-160x73.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/10/press-phy-50-240x109.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/10/press-phy-50-375x170.jpg 375w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 469px) 100vw, 469px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The world’s first captured gravitational waves were created in a violent collision between two black holes, 1.3 billion lightyears away. When these waves passed the Earth, 1.3 billion years later, they had weakened considerably: the disturbance in spacetime that LIGO measured was thousands of times smaller than an atomic nucleus. \u003ccite>(Johan Jarnestad/The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Ariel Goobar of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences said the winners’ work meant “we can study processes which were completely impossible, out of reach to us in the past.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The best comparison is when Galileo discovered the telescope, which allowed us to see that Jupiter had moons and all of a sudden we discovered that the universe was much vaster than we used to think about,” Goobar said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With the technology that the three developed “We may even see entirely new objects that we haven’t even imagined yet,” said Patrick Sutton, an astronomer at \u003ca href=\"https://www.cardiff.ac.uk/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cardiff University\u003c/a> in Wales.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Weiss, in a phone call with the announcement news conference at the Swedish academy, said “I view this more as a thing that recognizes the work of a thousand people.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gravitational waves are extremely faint ripples in the fabric of space and time, generated by some of the most violent events in the universe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The waves detected by the laureates came from the collision of two black holes some 1.3 billion light-years away. A light-year is about 5.88 trillion miles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The waves were predicted by Einstein a century ago as part of his theory of general relativity. General relativity says that gravity is caused by heavy objects bending space-time, which itself is the four-dimensional way that astronomers see the universe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The prize is “a win for Einstein, and a very big one,” Barish told the AP.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The German-born Weiss was awarded half of the $1.1 million prize amount and Thorne and Barish will split the other half.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Weiss in the 1970s designed a laser-based device that would detect gravitational waves. He, Thorne and Barish “ensured that four decades of effort led to gravitational waves finally being observed,” the Nobel announcement said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The laser device, called an interferometer, must be both exquisitely precise and extremely stable. “The beam must hit the mirrors precisely. They should hardly shake at all, not even when leaves fall from nearby trees,” according to a prize background paper.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The announcement said Einstein was convinced that gravitational waves could never be measured. The laureates used laser devices “to measure a change thousands of times smaller than an atomic nucleus.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a moment of poetry aimed at making the distant and infinitesimal phenomenon understandable to non-experts, the academy announcement said gravitational waves “are always created when a mass accelerates, like when an ice-skater pirouettes or a pair of black holes rotate around each other.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the past 25 years, the physics prize has been shared among multiple winners.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last year’s prize went to three British-born researchers who applied the mathematical discipline of topology to help understand the workings of exotic matter such as superconductors and superfluids.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Bob Lentz in Philadelphia, Michelle Moore in Phoenix, Arizona and science writer Malcolm Ritter in New York contributed to this story.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://www.nobelprize.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Nobel Physics Prize 2017\u003c/a> has been awarded to three scientists for their roles in detecting faint ripples flying through the universe called gravitational waves—proof of a theory developed by Albert Einstein a century ago and that scientists say fundamentally alters our understanding of the universe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sweden’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.kva.se/en/startsida\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Royal Academy of Sciences\u003c/a> announced Tuesday that the winners are \u003ca href=\"https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/2017/weiss-facts.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Rainer Weiss\u003c/a> of the \u003ca href=\"http://web.mit.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Massachusetts Institute of Technology\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/2017/barish-facts.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Barry Barish\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/2017/thorne-facts.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Kip Thorne\u003c/a> of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.caltech.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">California Institute of Technology\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\n\u003cp>The three were key to the first observation of gravitational waves in September 2015. When the discovery was announced several months later, it was a sensation not only among scientists but the general public.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The scientists were honored for a combination of highly advanced theory and ingenious equipment design.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a win for the human race as a whole. These gravitational waves will be powerful ways for the human race to explore the universe,” said Thorne, speaking by phone with \u003ca href=\"https://www.ap.org/en-us/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The Associated Press\u003c/a> from California shortly after the announcement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1916151\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 469px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/10/press-phy-50.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1916151\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/10/press-phy-50.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"469\" height=\"213\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/10/press-phy-50.jpg 469w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/10/press-phy-50-160x73.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/10/press-phy-50-240x109.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/10/press-phy-50-375x170.jpg 375w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 469px) 100vw, 469px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The world’s first captured gravitational waves were created in a violent collision between two black holes, 1.3 billion lightyears away. When these waves passed the Earth, 1.3 billion years later, they had weakened considerably: the disturbance in spacetime that LIGO measured was thousands of times smaller than an atomic nucleus. \u003ccite>(Johan Jarnestad/The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Ariel Goobar of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences said the winners’ work meant “we can study processes which were completely impossible, out of reach to us in the past.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The best comparison is when Galileo discovered the telescope, which allowed us to see that Jupiter had moons and all of a sudden we discovered that the universe was much vaster than we used to think about,” Goobar said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With the technology that the three developed “We may even see entirely new objects that we haven’t even imagined yet,” said Patrick Sutton, an astronomer at \u003ca href=\"https://www.cardiff.ac.uk/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cardiff University\u003c/a> in Wales.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Weiss, in a phone call with the announcement news conference at the Swedish academy, said “I view this more as a thing that recognizes the work of a thousand people.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gravitational waves are extremely faint ripples in the fabric of space and time, generated by some of the most violent events in the universe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The waves detected by the laureates came from the collision of two black holes some 1.3 billion light-years away. A light-year is about 5.88 trillion miles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The waves were predicted by Einstein a century ago as part of his theory of general relativity. General relativity says that gravity is caused by heavy objects bending space-time, which itself is the four-dimensional way that astronomers see the universe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The prize is “a win for Einstein, and a very big one,” Barish told the AP.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The German-born Weiss was awarded half of the $1.1 million prize amount and Thorne and Barish will split the other half.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Weiss in the 1970s designed a laser-based device that would detect gravitational waves. He, Thorne and Barish “ensured that four decades of effort led to gravitational waves finally being observed,” the Nobel announcement said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The laser device, called an interferometer, must be both exquisitely precise and extremely stable. “The beam must hit the mirrors precisely. They should hardly shake at all, not even when leaves fall from nearby trees,” according to a prize background paper.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The announcement said Einstein was convinced that gravitational waves could never be measured. The laureates used laser devices “to measure a change thousands of times smaller than an atomic nucleus.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a moment of poetry aimed at making the distant and infinitesimal phenomenon understandable to non-experts, the academy announcement said gravitational waves “are always created when a mass accelerates, like when an ice-skater pirouettes or a pair of black holes rotate around each other.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the past 25 years, the physics prize has been shared among multiple winners.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last year’s prize went to three British-born researchers who applied the mathematical discipline of topology to help understand the workings of exotic matter such as superconductors and superfluids.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Bob Lentz in Philadelphia, Michelle Moore in Phoenix, Arizona and science writer Malcolm Ritter in New York contributed to this story.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Three Americans won the \u003ca href=\"https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/2017/press.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine\u003c/a> on Monday for their discoveries about the body’s biological clock, opening up whole new fields of research and raising awareness about the importance of getting enough sleep.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/2017/hall-facts.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Jeffrey C. Hall\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/2017/rosbash-facts.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Michael Rosbash\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/2017/young-facts.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Michael W. Young\u003c/a> won the $1.1 million prize for their work on finding genetic mechanisms behind circadian rhythms, which adapt the workings of the body to different phases of the day, influencing sleep, behavior, hormone levels, body temperature and metabolism.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They “were able to peek inside our biological clock and elucidate its inner workings,” the Nobel citation said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://twitter.com/NobelPrize/status/914810606682812416\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Circadian dysfunction has been linked to sleep disorders, as well as depression, bipolar disorder, cognitive function, memory formation and some neurological diseases,” according to a Nobel background report.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The awardees’ work stems back to 1984, when Rosbash and Hall, both at \u003ca href=\"http://www.brandeis.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Brandeis\u003c/a>, along with Young isolated the “period gene” in fruit flies. Hall and Rosbash found that a protein encoded by the gene accumulated during the night and degraded during daytime. A decade later, Young discovered another “clock gene.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”spENWKGVET3OXF70fPQhNKCC79EbKPxt”]The work was done using fruit flies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I am very pleased for the fruit fly,” Rosbash, a 73-year-old professor at Brandeis University, told The Associated Press. He said he got the call about the award just after 5 a.m.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When the landline rings at that hour, normally it is because someone died,” he said. “I’m still a little overwhelmed.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But he added “I stand on the shoulders of giants. This is a very humbling award.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Young is at \u003ca href=\"https://www.rockefeller.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Rockefeller University\u003c/a>; Hall formerly was a visiting professor at the \u003ca href=\"https://umaine.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">University of Maine\u003c/a> but said his prize work was done at Brandeis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hall, 72, wryly noted that he was already awake when the call about the prize came around 5 a.m. because of age-related changes in his own circadian rhythms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I said ‘Is this a prank’?” he told the AP by telephone from Cambridge, Maine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The winners have raised “awareness of the importance of a proper sleep hygiene” said Juleen Zierath of the Nobel Assembly at the \u003ca href=\"http://ki.se/en/startpage\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Karolinska Institute\u003c/a>, which chooses the laureates. Carlos Ibanez, another assembly member, said the research was important in understanding how humans adapt to shiftwork.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Michael Hastings, a scientist at the \u003ca href=\"https://www.mrc.ac.uk/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">U.K. Medical Research Council\u003c/a>, said the discoveries had opened up a whole new field of study for biology and medicine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Until then, the body clock was viewed as a sort of black box,” Hastings told the AP. “We knew nothing about its operation. But what they did was get the genes that made the body clock, and once you’ve got the genes, you can take the field wherever you want to.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a field that has exploded massively, propelled by the discoveries by these guys,” he told the AP.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hall said scientists have known about circadian rhythms since the 1700s but the research team looked at the mechanics and underpinnings of how it works. He said understanding that can give researchers a chance to address the circadian rhythm disorders that contribute to sleep problems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Young said their research had disclosed “a beautiful mechanism” for how genes controlled body clocks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Asked at a New York news conference about possible medical breakthroughs from the work, Young said “we’re just starting with this.” But he noted that a genetic mutation had been found in some people who have chronic trouble getting to sleep at night.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our wellbeing is affected when there is a temporary mismatch between our external environment and this internal biological clock, for example when we travel across several time zones and experience ‘jet lag,’” the Nobel statement said, explaining the research. “There are also indications that chronic misalignment between our lifestyle and the rhythm dictated by our inner time keeper is associated with increased risk for various diseases.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That misalignment may be associated with diseases including cancer and degenerative neurological conditions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you understand how the normal process works, that gives you a chance, not an inevitability, but a chance to influence the internal workings of the clock and possibly to improve a patient’s wellbeing,” Hall said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think most of its practical applications lie ahead,” said Rosbash.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Three Americans won the \u003ca href=\"https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/2017/press.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine\u003c/a> on Monday for their discoveries about the body’s biological clock, opening up whole new fields of research and raising awareness about the importance of getting enough sleep.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/2017/hall-facts.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Jeffrey C. Hall\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/2017/rosbash-facts.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Michael Rosbash\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/2017/young-facts.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Michael W. Young\u003c/a> won the $1.1 million prize for their work on finding genetic mechanisms behind circadian rhythms, which adapt the workings of the body to different phases of the day, influencing sleep, behavior, hormone levels, body temperature and metabolism.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They “were able to peek inside our biological clock and elucidate its inner workings,” the Nobel citation said.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The awardees’ work stems back to 1984, when Rosbash and Hall, both at \u003ca href=\"http://www.brandeis.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Brandeis\u003c/a>, along with Young isolated the “period gene” in fruit flies. Hall and Rosbash found that a protein encoded by the gene accumulated during the night and degraded during daytime. A decade later, Young discovered another “clock gene.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>The work was done using fruit flies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I am very pleased for the fruit fly,” Rosbash, a 73-year-old professor at Brandeis University, told The Associated Press. He said he got the call about the award just after 5 a.m.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When the landline rings at that hour, normally it is because someone died,” he said. “I’m still a little overwhelmed.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But he added “I stand on the shoulders of giants. This is a very humbling award.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Young is at \u003ca href=\"https://www.rockefeller.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Rockefeller University\u003c/a>; Hall formerly was a visiting professor at the \u003ca href=\"https://umaine.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">University of Maine\u003c/a> but said his prize work was done at Brandeis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hall, 72, wryly noted that he was already awake when the call about the prize came around 5 a.m. because of age-related changes in his own circadian rhythms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I said ‘Is this a prank’?” he told the AP by telephone from Cambridge, Maine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The winners have raised “awareness of the importance of a proper sleep hygiene” said Juleen Zierath of the Nobel Assembly at the \u003ca href=\"http://ki.se/en/startpage\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Karolinska Institute\u003c/a>, which chooses the laureates. Carlos Ibanez, another assembly member, said the research was important in understanding how humans adapt to shiftwork.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Michael Hastings, a scientist at the \u003ca href=\"https://www.mrc.ac.uk/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">U.K. Medical Research Council\u003c/a>, said the discoveries had opened up a whole new field of study for biology and medicine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Until then, the body clock was viewed as a sort of black box,” Hastings told the AP. “We knew nothing about its operation. But what they did was get the genes that made the body clock, and once you’ve got the genes, you can take the field wherever you want to.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a field that has exploded massively, propelled by the discoveries by these guys,” he told the AP.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hall said scientists have known about circadian rhythms since the 1700s but the research team looked at the mechanics and underpinnings of how it works. He said understanding that can give researchers a chance to address the circadian rhythm disorders that contribute to sleep problems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Young said their research had disclosed “a beautiful mechanism” for how genes controlled body clocks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Asked at a New York news conference about possible medical breakthroughs from the work, Young said “we’re just starting with this.” But he noted that a genetic mutation had been found in some people who have chronic trouble getting to sleep at night.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our wellbeing is affected when there is a temporary mismatch between our external environment and this internal biological clock, for example when we travel across several time zones and experience ‘jet lag,’” the Nobel statement said, explaining the research. “There are also indications that chronic misalignment between our lifestyle and the rhythm dictated by our inner time keeper is associated with increased risk for various diseases.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That misalignment may be associated with diseases including cancer and degenerative neurological conditions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you understand how the normal process works, that gives you a chance, not an inevitability, but a chance to influence the internal workings of the clock and possibly to improve a patient’s wellbeing,” Hall said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think most of its practical applications lie ahead,” said Rosbash.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.iafastro.org/events/iac/iac-2017/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">International Astronautical Congress\u003c/a> gathered in Australia last week with sessions on nano-satellites and a talk called “\u003ca href=\"http://www.iafastro.org/events/iac/iac-2017/plenary-programme/50-ways-to-leave-your-earth/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">50 Ways to Leave Your Earth\u003c/a>.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Billionaire inventor \u003ca href=\"https://www.tesla.com/elon-musk\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Elon Musk\u003c/a> was there to taut one way to get off our home planet—a rocket his company \u003ca href=\"http://www.spacex.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">SpaceX\u003c/a> is developing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Musk said the Mars rocket will be ready to launch in 2022. We look at how realistic that plan is:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https://www.npr.org/player/embed/554854527/554854528\" width=\"100%\" height=\"290\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"NPR embedded audio player\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003cbr>\nCopyright 2017 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.iafastro.org/events/iac/iac-2017/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">International Astronautical Congress\u003c/a> gathered in Australia last week with sessions on nano-satellites and a talk called “\u003ca href=\"http://www.iafastro.org/events/iac/iac-2017/plenary-programme/50-ways-to-leave-your-earth/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">50 Ways to Leave Your Earth\u003c/a>.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Billionaire inventor \u003ca href=\"https://www.tesla.com/elon-musk\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Elon Musk\u003c/a> was there to taut one way to get off our home planet—a rocket his company \u003ca href=\"http://www.spacex.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">SpaceX\u003c/a> is developing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Musk said the Mars rocket will be ready to launch in 2022. We look at how realistic that plan is:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https://www.npr.org/player/embed/554854527/554854528\" width=\"100%\" height=\"290\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"NPR embedded audio player\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003cbr>\nCopyright 2017 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>California’s biggest water project in decades appears to be in limbo after a key irrigation district voted not to help underwrite Gov. Jerry Brown’s plan to build two giant tunnels that would re-engineer water transport in the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">For the last 75 years or so, we’ve tried to figure out how to move water from north to south.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The no-vote at the Fresno-based Westlands Water District — the largest agricultural water supplier in the U.S. — puts the $17 billion project’s funding on shaky ground. Will other water districts pick up the slack? Other large water agencies considering participating in the project are set to vote soon. Another key player, Los Angeles’ Metropolitan Water District , will vote on October 10. The Santa Clara Valley Water District, based in San Jose, will weigh in a week later. But with the loss of Westland’s support, some are left wondering if the controversial project is already doomed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”eS3Wtyt0HlhjkPmIJLtpGyOyKaR91T65″]KQED’s Brian Watt spoke with Paul Rogers, \u003cspan class=\"s1\">managing editor for KQED’s Science unit and the environment writer for the San Jose Mercury News\u003c/span>, about the delta tunnels project and what may lie ahead.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Brian Watt: This is a project that is touted as benefiting both the delta environment and water consumers. Remind us how these delta tunnels are supposed to work.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Paul Rogers: When you talk about water in California, the big picture is that three-quarters of all the rain and the snow falls in the northern part of the state and three-quarters of the people live in the south.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_868011\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-868011 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Delta_Desktop-800x822.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"822\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Delta_Desktop-800x822.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Delta_Desktop-400x411.png 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Delta_Desktop-768x789.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Delta_Desktop-1180x1212.png 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Delta_Desktop-960x986.png 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Delta_Desktop-32x32.png 32w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Delta_Desktop-50x50.png 50w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Delta_Desktop.png 1275w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Twin tunnels, 40 feet in diameter, would shuttle water from the Sacramento River, through the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta, to farms and cities to the south. \u003ccite>(KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>So, for the last 75 years or so, we’ve tried to figure out how to move water from north to south. Right now, in the delta we have these giant pumps near Tracy. What happens is when we pump water south, they grind up and kill fish like salmon and smelt and as those species have gotten endangered, less water at certain times of the year. So, Jerry Brown’s idea is let’s build these two tunnels, 40-feet high, costing three times what the Bay Bridge costs, to take the water from farther north in the delta and rely on these pumps less, so people can get the water more reliably.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Watt: The project has had some pretty vocal opponents.: some environmentalists, some members of the delta’s congressional delegation. But why did a huge farm irrigation district, Westlands, pull its support when its customer were supposed to benefit from it?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rogers: It’s a great question, you know, environmentalists have been against this thing all along. They argue that if you build these giant tunnels, it’ll make it easier for big corporate interests in the Central Valley and Los Angeles to take northern California’s water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But some of those farmers in the Westlands Water District near Fresno, their board voted recently, 7-to-1, to pull out of this plan. They were supposed to pay three billion of the 17 billion-dollar cost. They decided not to because, number one, it was a huge amount of money and it was going to raise what they paid for water. Number two, they weren’t being guaranteed by the Brown administration they were going to get any more water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That no-vote sent shock waves across the California water world because it meant the other agencies that might want to participate were going to have to pay a lot more.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Watt: So the Metropolitan Water District in L.A. has a big vote coming up on October 10. What do you think is going to happen?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”ITT6VAdYDMkzpdMDz03OHPhqpyKtDZl3″]Rogers: Some of the folks down there on that board have been raising questions about the cost. I think if I had to handicap it, I’d say that there’s probably about a 75 percent chance that they’ll vote for it. So that’ll be a big win for Governor Brown, but that doesn’t mean the project is done because there are other water agencies, like the Santa Clara Valley Water District in San Jose that still have yet to vote.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Brian Watt: So, where does this leave the project now? State water agencies and other big supporters say it’s far from dead.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rogers: It’s just fascinating. I think there have already been more than a dozen lawsuits filed against this project and even if water agencies approve it, it’s probably going to be held up in court for years. The Santa Clara Valley Water District is sort of wobbling. I think they may want a smaller project. So, it’s still hardly a sure thing. Jerry Brown leaves office in 15 months and his successors — his likely successors — are not huge supporters of this. They’re not opponents, but they’re not embracing it the way Brown does. So, I think in the next few weeks we’re really going to see whether or not this thing has a chance of being built or whether the final stake is driven through its heart.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Watt: What does Governor Brown think of this?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rogers: You know, it’s worth remembering that Governor Brown has two giant legacy construction projects: high speed rail and this tunnels project. His dad built a lot of big things around California when he was governor in the ’60s and this is Brown’s attempt to do that.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>California’s biggest water project in decades appears to be in limbo after a key irrigation district voted not to help underwrite Gov. Jerry Brown’s plan to build two giant tunnels that would re-engineer water transport in the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">For the last 75 years or so, we’ve tried to figure out how to move water from north to south.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The no-vote at the Fresno-based Westlands Water District — the largest agricultural water supplier in the U.S. — puts the $17 billion project’s funding on shaky ground. Will other water districts pick up the slack? Other large water agencies considering participating in the project are set to vote soon. Another key player, Los Angeles’ Metropolitan Water District , will vote on October 10. The Santa Clara Valley Water District, based in San Jose, will weigh in a week later. But with the loss of Westland’s support, some are left wondering if the controversial project is already doomed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>KQED’s Brian Watt spoke with Paul Rogers, \u003cspan class=\"s1\">managing editor for KQED’s Science unit and the environment writer for the San Jose Mercury News\u003c/span>, about the delta tunnels project and what may lie ahead.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Brian Watt: This is a project that is touted as benefiting both the delta environment and water consumers. Remind us how these delta tunnels are supposed to work.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Paul Rogers: When you talk about water in California, the big picture is that three-quarters of all the rain and the snow falls in the northern part of the state and three-quarters of the people live in the south.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_868011\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-868011 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Delta_Desktop-800x822.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"822\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Delta_Desktop-800x822.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Delta_Desktop-400x411.png 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Delta_Desktop-768x789.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Delta_Desktop-1180x1212.png 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Delta_Desktop-960x986.png 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Delta_Desktop-32x32.png 32w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Delta_Desktop-50x50.png 50w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Delta_Desktop.png 1275w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Twin tunnels, 40 feet in diameter, would shuttle water from the Sacramento River, through the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta, to farms and cities to the south. \u003ccite>(KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>So, for the last 75 years or so, we’ve tried to figure out how to move water from north to south. Right now, in the delta we have these giant pumps near Tracy. What happens is when we pump water south, they grind up and kill fish like salmon and smelt and as those species have gotten endangered, less water at certain times of the year. So, Jerry Brown’s idea is let’s build these two tunnels, 40-feet high, costing three times what the Bay Bridge costs, to take the water from farther north in the delta and rely on these pumps less, so people can get the water more reliably.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Watt: The project has had some pretty vocal opponents.: some environmentalists, some members of the delta’s congressional delegation. But why did a huge farm irrigation district, Westlands, pull its support when its customer were supposed to benefit from it?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rogers: It’s a great question, you know, environmentalists have been against this thing all along. They argue that if you build these giant tunnels, it’ll make it easier for big corporate interests in the Central Valley and Los Angeles to take northern California’s water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But some of those farmers in the Westlands Water District near Fresno, their board voted recently, 7-to-1, to pull out of this plan. They were supposed to pay three billion of the 17 billion-dollar cost. They decided not to because, number one, it was a huge amount of money and it was going to raise what they paid for water. Number two, they weren’t being guaranteed by the Brown administration they were going to get any more water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That no-vote sent shock waves across the California water world because it meant the other agencies that might want to participate were going to have to pay a lot more.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Watt: So the Metropolitan Water District in L.A. has a big vote coming up on October 10. What do you think is going to happen?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>Rogers: Some of the folks down there on that board have been raising questions about the cost. I think if I had to handicap it, I’d say that there’s probably about a 75 percent chance that they’ll vote for it. So that’ll be a big win for Governor Brown, but that doesn’t mean the project is done because there are other water agencies, like the Santa Clara Valley Water District in San Jose that still have yet to vote.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Brian Watt: So, where does this leave the project now? State water agencies and other big supporters say it’s far from dead.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rogers: It’s just fascinating. I think there have already been more than a dozen lawsuits filed against this project and even if water agencies approve it, it’s probably going to be held up in court for years. The Santa Clara Valley Water District is sort of wobbling. I think they may want a smaller project. So, it’s still hardly a sure thing. Jerry Brown leaves office in 15 months and his successors — his likely successors — are not huge supporters of this. They’re not opponents, but they’re not embracing it the way Brown does. So, I think in the next few weeks we’re really going to see whether or not this thing has a chance of being built or whether the final stake is driven through its heart.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Watt: What does Governor Brown think of this?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rogers: You know, it’s worth remembering that Governor Brown has two giant legacy construction projects: high speed rail and this tunnels project. His dad built a lot of big things around California when he was governor in the ’60s and this is Brown’s attempt to do that.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Why Is NASA Checking Out This Asteroid?",
"headTitle": "Why Is NASA Checking Out This Asteroid? | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 4.6875em;float: left;line-height: 0.733em;padding: 0.05em 0.1em 0 0;font-family: times, serif, georgia\">O\u003c/span>n September 22, a spaceship visited Earth—NASA can confirm that it wasn’t alien property. It was \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/osiris_rex_factsheet5-9.pdf\">NASA’s own OSIRIS-REx\u003c/a> probe, \u003ca href=\"https://www.newscientist.com/article/2148279-osiris-rex-spacecraft-zooms-by-earth-on-its-way-to-an-asteroid/\">swinging by Earth\u003c/a> in a gravitational \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/feature/goddard/2017/osiris-rex-spacecraft-slingshots-past-earth\">“slingshot” maneuver\u003c/a> designed to fling it toward a 2018 rendezvous with an asteroid named \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/content/goddard/bennus-journey\">Bennu\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The spacecraft will become NASA’s first mission ever to visit an asteroid, collect samples of its ancient materials, and return them to Earth for laboratory analysis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More than merely an asteroid-dust collector, however, this mission aims to give scientists a clearer understanding of \u003ca href=\"http://www.pbs.org/video/nova-sciencenow-origins-of-the-solar-system/\">the formation of the solar system,\u003c/a> the Earth, and the origin of life on our planet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Launched on September 8, 2016, \u003ca href=\"http://www.asteroidmission.org/\">OSIRIS-REx \u003c/a>—which stands for Origins, Spectral Interpretation, Resource Identification and Security-Regolith Explorer—will arrive at Bennu in August 2018, where it will map the asteroid’s surface in detail, and then graze to within a few meters of its surface to collect dust samples. It will then head back to Earth for an expected return in 2023.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1916013\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1916013\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/osirisrex-touchdown-nasa-800x300.jpg\" alt=\"Artist illustration of the OSIRIS-REx spacecraft performing its dust-sample collection maneuver prior to its return to Earth. \" width=\"800\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/osirisrex-touchdown-nasa-800x300.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/osirisrex-touchdown-nasa-160x60.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/osirisrex-touchdown-nasa-768x288.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/osirisrex-touchdown-nasa-1020x383.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/osirisrex-touchdown-nasa-1920x720.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/osirisrex-touchdown-nasa-1180x443.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/osirisrex-touchdown-nasa-960x360.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/osirisrex-touchdown-nasa-240x90.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/osirisrex-touchdown-nasa-375x141.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/osirisrex-touchdown-nasa-520x195.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Artist illustration of the OSIRIS-REx spacecraft performing its dust-sample collection maneuver prior to its return to Earth. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What Can Asteroids Tell Us About Life on Earth?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Asteroids—as well as comets—are the debris left over from the formation of our solar system, about 4.6 billion years ago, and are potential gold mines of information about the early conditions that shaped Earth and the other planets. They formed during the earliest times in the solar system, and have remained largely unchanged since then.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Earth, geological action and weathering alter terrestrial rocks over time, effectively erasing information about the earliest conditions on our planet. Attempting to reconstruct the environment that led to the origin of life on Earth by studying terrestrial rocks is a bit like trying to perceive an artist’s original painting on a canvass that has been painted over multiple times.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1916015\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1916015\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/bennu-goldstone-nasa-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"Radar images of Near-Earth Asteroid Bennu taken by the Goldstone Radio Telescope in the Mojave Desert.\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/bennu-goldstone-nasa-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/bennu-goldstone-nasa-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/bennu-goldstone-nasa-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/bennu-goldstone-nasa-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/bennu-goldstone-nasa-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/bennu-goldstone-nasa-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/bennu-goldstone-nasa-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/bennu-goldstone-nasa-520x293.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/bennu-goldstone-nasa.jpg 1100w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Radar images of Near-Earth Asteroid Bennu taken by the Goldstone Radio Telescope in the Mojave Desert. \u003ccite>(NASA/Goldstone Radio Telescope)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Were Oceans Filled by Asteroids Like Bennu?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bennu is a roughly 500-meter diameter Near-Earth Asteroid–one whose closest approach to the sun is less than 120 million miles. Not only is it close to Earth and relatively easy to visit, it is a “carbonaceous” asteroid—rich in carbon compounds, as well as other materials like water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This makes it \u003ca href=\"https://www.asteroidmission.org/why-bennu/\">a good candidate\u003c/a> for testing a theory that the young Earth may have been supplied with organic materials (compounds of carbon and hydrogen) and water from asteroids like Bennu colliding with our planet, during a period called the “\u003ca href=\"https://phys.org/news/2014-02-late-heavy-bombardment-affect-earth.html\">Late Heavy Bombardment\u003c/a>” between 3.8 and 4.1 billion years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We know that during this period, the moon, as well as Earth and the other planets of the inner solar system, were showered by large numbers of asteroids and comets—a fact that our moon and the planets Mercury and Mars testify to with tens of thousands of ancient impact craters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The materials carried by the impacting objects became part of the makeup of Earth’s crust, and are thought to have supplied some or much of Earth’s surface water and the organic compounds that set the stage for the appearance of life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1916016\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 699px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1916016\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/orbitofosirisrexandbennu.jpg\" alt=\"Bennu is a Near-Earth Asteroid whose orbital plane is tilted six degrees relative to Earth's. OSIRIS-REx's slingshot maneuver past Earth on September 22nd was necessary to boost the spacecraft to Bennu's orbital trajectory. \" width=\"699\" height=\"540\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/orbitofosirisrexandbennu.jpg 699w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/orbitofosirisrexandbennu-160x124.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/orbitofosirisrexandbennu-240x185.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/orbitofosirisrexandbennu-375x290.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/orbitofosirisrexandbennu-520x402.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 699px) 100vw, 699px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Bennu is a Near-Earth Asteroid whose orbital plane is tilted six degrees relative to Earth’s. OSIRIS-REx’s slingshot maneuver past Earth on September 22nd was necessary to boost the spacecraft to Bennu’s orbital trajectory. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Have Comets Fallen Out of Favor?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For many years, comets were singled out as a likely source of Earth’s water and organic materials. Comets are composed largely of water ice and chemicals like ammonia. More recently, we’ve also discovered organic hydrocarbon compounds mixed in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Attempts to match the chemical signatures of the water in Earth’s ocean with the water-ice in comets have yielded mixed results. Of several comets from which measurements have been obtained—most recently comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko \u003ca href=\"http://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-30414519\">visited by the European Rosetta\u003c/a> spacecraft in 2014—a trend has developed that points away from comets as a significant source of Earth’s fertile starting point.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the same time, the detection of water ice and carbon compounds within some asteroids has revealed that they are not merely bone-dry hunks of rock and metal as once assumed, strengthening the argument favoring asteroids as the main contributors of those precious materials. In 2015 \u003ca href=\"https://dawn.jpl.nasa.gov/\">NASA’s Dawn\u003c/a> spacecraft discovered that the former asteroid (now dwarf planet) Ceres may contain a mantle of ice greater in mass than all of Earth’s fresh water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Asteroids: Friend or Foe?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Recently there has been a lot of concern over the probabilities of Near-Earth Asteroids (of which Bennu is one) colliding with Earth and wreaking havoc and devastation to humans, Earth’s ecosystems, and even our civilization.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It is amusing to think that the first spacecraft mission sent to one of these potential Earth-colliding, flying mountains is aimed at understanding how objects such as these may have brought life to Earth in the first place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now that OSIRIS-REx has completed its slingshot maneuver past Earth, it should be smooth sailing all the way to Bennu. NASA will use the time to test the health of its systems and functions. Then, next August when the spacecraft is a little more than a million miles from the asteroid, it will use its thrusters to match course and speed with the asteroid to set up for a final approach.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "NASA's OSIRIS-REx probe will become the first to visit an asteroid, collect samples and return them to Earth for analysis.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 4.6875em;float: left;line-height: 0.733em;padding: 0.05em 0.1em 0 0;font-family: times, serif, georgia\">O\u003c/span>n September 22, a spaceship visited Earth—NASA can confirm that it wasn’t alien property. It was \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/osiris_rex_factsheet5-9.pdf\">NASA’s own OSIRIS-REx\u003c/a> probe, \u003ca href=\"https://www.newscientist.com/article/2148279-osiris-rex-spacecraft-zooms-by-earth-on-its-way-to-an-asteroid/\">swinging by Earth\u003c/a> in a gravitational \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/feature/goddard/2017/osiris-rex-spacecraft-slingshots-past-earth\">“slingshot” maneuver\u003c/a> designed to fling it toward a 2018 rendezvous with an asteroid named \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/content/goddard/bennus-journey\">Bennu\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The spacecraft will become NASA’s first mission ever to visit an asteroid, collect samples of its ancient materials, and return them to Earth for laboratory analysis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More than merely an asteroid-dust collector, however, this mission aims to give scientists a clearer understanding of \u003ca href=\"http://www.pbs.org/video/nova-sciencenow-origins-of-the-solar-system/\">the formation of the solar system,\u003c/a> the Earth, and the origin of life on our planet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Launched on September 8, 2016, \u003ca href=\"http://www.asteroidmission.org/\">OSIRIS-REx \u003c/a>—which stands for Origins, Spectral Interpretation, Resource Identification and Security-Regolith Explorer—will arrive at Bennu in August 2018, where it will map the asteroid’s surface in detail, and then graze to within a few meters of its surface to collect dust samples. It will then head back to Earth for an expected return in 2023.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1916013\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1916013\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/osirisrex-touchdown-nasa-800x300.jpg\" alt=\"Artist illustration of the OSIRIS-REx spacecraft performing its dust-sample collection maneuver prior to its return to Earth. \" width=\"800\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/osirisrex-touchdown-nasa-800x300.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/osirisrex-touchdown-nasa-160x60.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/osirisrex-touchdown-nasa-768x288.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/osirisrex-touchdown-nasa-1020x383.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/osirisrex-touchdown-nasa-1920x720.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/osirisrex-touchdown-nasa-1180x443.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/osirisrex-touchdown-nasa-960x360.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/osirisrex-touchdown-nasa-240x90.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/osirisrex-touchdown-nasa-375x141.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/osirisrex-touchdown-nasa-520x195.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Artist illustration of the OSIRIS-REx spacecraft performing its dust-sample collection maneuver prior to its return to Earth. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What Can Asteroids Tell Us About Life on Earth?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Asteroids—as well as comets—are the debris left over from the formation of our solar system, about 4.6 billion years ago, and are potential gold mines of information about the early conditions that shaped Earth and the other planets. They formed during the earliest times in the solar system, and have remained largely unchanged since then.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Earth, geological action and weathering alter terrestrial rocks over time, effectively erasing information about the earliest conditions on our planet. Attempting to reconstruct the environment that led to the origin of life on Earth by studying terrestrial rocks is a bit like trying to perceive an artist’s original painting on a canvass that has been painted over multiple times.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1916015\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1916015\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/bennu-goldstone-nasa-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"Radar images of Near-Earth Asteroid Bennu taken by the Goldstone Radio Telescope in the Mojave Desert.\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/bennu-goldstone-nasa-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/bennu-goldstone-nasa-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/bennu-goldstone-nasa-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/bennu-goldstone-nasa-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/bennu-goldstone-nasa-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/bennu-goldstone-nasa-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/bennu-goldstone-nasa-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/bennu-goldstone-nasa-520x293.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/bennu-goldstone-nasa.jpg 1100w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Radar images of Near-Earth Asteroid Bennu taken by the Goldstone Radio Telescope in the Mojave Desert. \u003ccite>(NASA/Goldstone Radio Telescope)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Were Oceans Filled by Asteroids Like Bennu?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bennu is a roughly 500-meter diameter Near-Earth Asteroid–one whose closest approach to the sun is less than 120 million miles. Not only is it close to Earth and relatively easy to visit, it is a “carbonaceous” asteroid—rich in carbon compounds, as well as other materials like water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This makes it \u003ca href=\"https://www.asteroidmission.org/why-bennu/\">a good candidate\u003c/a> for testing a theory that the young Earth may have been supplied with organic materials (compounds of carbon and hydrogen) and water from asteroids like Bennu colliding with our planet, during a period called the “\u003ca href=\"https://phys.org/news/2014-02-late-heavy-bombardment-affect-earth.html\">Late Heavy Bombardment\u003c/a>” between 3.8 and 4.1 billion years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We know that during this period, the moon, as well as Earth and the other planets of the inner solar system, were showered by large numbers of asteroids and comets—a fact that our moon and the planets Mercury and Mars testify to with tens of thousands of ancient impact craters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The materials carried by the impacting objects became part of the makeup of Earth’s crust, and are thought to have supplied some or much of Earth’s surface water and the organic compounds that set the stage for the appearance of life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1916016\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 699px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1916016\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/orbitofosirisrexandbennu.jpg\" alt=\"Bennu is a Near-Earth Asteroid whose orbital plane is tilted six degrees relative to Earth's. OSIRIS-REx's slingshot maneuver past Earth on September 22nd was necessary to boost the spacecraft to Bennu's orbital trajectory. \" width=\"699\" height=\"540\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/orbitofosirisrexandbennu.jpg 699w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/orbitofosirisrexandbennu-160x124.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/orbitofosirisrexandbennu-240x185.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/orbitofosirisrexandbennu-375x290.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/orbitofosirisrexandbennu-520x402.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 699px) 100vw, 699px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Bennu is a Near-Earth Asteroid whose orbital plane is tilted six degrees relative to Earth’s. OSIRIS-REx’s slingshot maneuver past Earth on September 22nd was necessary to boost the spacecraft to Bennu’s orbital trajectory. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Have Comets Fallen Out of Favor?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For many years, comets were singled out as a likely source of Earth’s water and organic materials. Comets are composed largely of water ice and chemicals like ammonia. More recently, we’ve also discovered organic hydrocarbon compounds mixed in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Attempts to match the chemical signatures of the water in Earth’s ocean with the water-ice in comets have yielded mixed results. Of several comets from which measurements have been obtained—most recently comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko \u003ca href=\"http://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-30414519\">visited by the European Rosetta\u003c/a> spacecraft in 2014—a trend has developed that points away from comets as a significant source of Earth’s fertile starting point.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the same time, the detection of water ice and carbon compounds within some asteroids has revealed that they are not merely bone-dry hunks of rock and metal as once assumed, strengthening the argument favoring asteroids as the main contributors of those precious materials. In 2015 \u003ca href=\"https://dawn.jpl.nasa.gov/\">NASA’s Dawn\u003c/a> spacecraft discovered that the former asteroid (now dwarf planet) Ceres may contain a mantle of ice greater in mass than all of Earth’s fresh water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Asteroids: Friend or Foe?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Recently there has been a lot of concern over the probabilities of Near-Earth Asteroids (of which Bennu is one) colliding with Earth and wreaking havoc and devastation to humans, Earth’s ecosystems, and even our civilization.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It is amusing to think that the first spacecraft mission sent to one of these potential Earth-colliding, flying mountains is aimed at understanding how objects such as these may have brought life to Earth in the first place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now that OSIRIS-REx has completed its slingshot maneuver past Earth, it should be smooth sailing all the way to Bennu. NASA will use the time to test the health of its systems and functions. Then, next August when the spacecraft is a little more than a million miles from the asteroid, it will use its thrusters to match course and speed with the asteroid to set up for a final approach.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Paul Doherty, the Exploratorium's Beloved Senior Scientist, Dies at 69",
"headTitle": "Paul Doherty, the Exploratorium’s Beloved Senior Scientist, Dies at 69 | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Paul Doherty’s wife, Ellen Henson, loved watching his hands when he taught. An animated, enthusiastic speaker, Doherty used movement to lend his words extra meaning. His teaching paired his brilliant, scientifically astute mind with an intuitive understanding of his audience.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The celebrated teacher and senior scientist at San Francisco’s Exploratorium museum died last month, after a return of cancer that had been in remission.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘One of the most important lessons he taught was to love what you’re doing so that others love doing it with you.’\u003ccite> Bree Barnett Dreyfuss\u003cbr>\nAmador Valley High School\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>For the past three decades, Doherty has been a key figure at the Exploratorium’s Teacher Institute, where the museum is \u003ca href=\"https://www.exploratorium.edu/support/doherty-fund\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">creating a fund\u003c/a> in his name. The institute trains and mentors middle and high school math and science teachers. He has authored several books; the most recent, “\u003ca href=\"https://www.amazon.com/Then-Youre-Dead-Swallowed-Barreling/dp/0143108441\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">And Then You’re Dead: What Really Happens If You Get Swallowed by a Whale, Are Shot from a Cannon, or Go Barreling over Niagara\u003c/a>,” written with Cody Cassidy, was published in April.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Doherty was chosen as “Best Science Demonstrator” at the World Congress of Museums in Helsinki in 1996. The National Science Teachers Association selected him in 2003 for the Faraday Science Communicator Award. And seven years ago, he traveled to India as part of a team from the Exploratorium, invited by the Dalai Llama to \u003ca href=\"http://www.exo.net/~pauld/workshops/ScienceForMonks/Geshe%20Project/Science%20for%20Geshes2.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">teach science to Buddhist Monks\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Colleagues say Doherty’s most lasting legacy will be his infectious warmth and enthusiasm for teaching science, and inspiring science teachers to bring their passion and curiosity to the classroom.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“One of the most important lessons he taught,” says Bree Barnett Dreyfuss, a high school physics teacher at Amador Valley High School in Pleasanton, “was to love what you’re doing so that others love doing it with you.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1916020\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 768px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1916020\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/142.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"768\" height=\"1024\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/142.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/142-160x213.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/142-240x320.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/142-375x500.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/142-520x693.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Paul Doherty atop Mount Clarence King, Kings Canyon National Park. July 2007 \u003ccite>(Hal Murray)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Throughout his life, Doherty loved being outdoors and was an avid mountain climber. He climbed the face of El Capitan and made the first ascent of a 20,000-foot peak in the Sierra Nevada de Lagunas Bravas in the Andes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“He could out-climb and out-bike most 20-year-olds,” says Eric Muller, senior science and math educator at the Exploratorium.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In interviews, friends and colleagues say they were continually astounded by the depth and breath of Doherty’s knowledge. Yet, they say, he was unfailingly humble, and not afraid to say, “I don’t know, but let’s find out.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Everything was an experiment — it was never about providing an answer,” says Barnett Dreyfuss. “I was so fearful of not knowing the content, of having kids question me and not being able to answer. To see that it was OK to not know everything, and that my job was to teach— not to be an encyclopedia— was a big thing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Barnett Dreyfuss went through the Teacher Institute more than a decade ago when she started teaching.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I learned more from three weeks of Paul talking than I did in my entire undergraduate,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4aJ36-TlPD4\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was in college that Doherty found his love of teaching.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I would go climb a mountain and see something beautiful,” he says in an \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ce1qVgeynls\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Exploratorium video,\u003c/a> “and then I would bring people to show them, to share with them the beauty that I found.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After doing this for weeks on end, he says, he realized that he was both a scientist and a teacher.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Doherty received his doctorate in physics from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1974. The following year he moved to Michigan and began teaching at Oakland University, covering a spectrum of subjects including physics, astronomy, geology and electronics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That year, 1975, was also the year he married Ellen Henson, his wife of 42 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ellen says she was drawn to Paul for his “aliveness” and his relationship to “both sides” of nature. Since her girlhood, she says, she has loved stones. “I could take a handful of stones to Paul and show him,” she says. “And he would both appreciate the beauty of them and he knew what they were made of.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ce1qVgeynls\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He was ever the experimentalist, she says. They used laugh that their marriage vows implied a clause of “Thou shalt not use the home microwave for anything other than normal cooking of food.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was not the marriage vows, however, that she remembers as the key moment when they made their commitment to each other. It was the selecting of the stone that would be set in her wedding ring. Shortly after Paul’s proposal, in the small shop of a science museum where they were visiting a geology exhibit, they were both taken by a beautiful cabochon of moss agate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I still wear it,” says Ellen. Depending on the light or the angle of view, she says, the stone reveals new rich detail. “That was how we saw our marriage. Multi-faceted. With many layers.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The couple moved to the Bay Area in 1986, where Doherty joined the Exploratorium’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.exploratorium.edu/education/teacher-institute\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Teacher Institute\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Beyond his raft of interests in the real world, Doherty was also active in the online virtual world of Second Life. He helped created what Linda Shore, a friend and former staff at the Teacher Institute, believes was the first science museum in Second Life: The Splo (as in the Ex-splo-ratorium). In the virtual museum, visitors can explore color, optical illusions and motion, in much the same way they can at the Exploratorium. (Shore, currently executive director at the Astronomical Society of the Pacific, has inherited the job of looking after The Splo.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BbgmVdgWbeY\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Sir Isaac Newton invites people to celebrate Pi Day (March 14) at The Splo in Second Life.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On special occasions at the Exploratorium, such as their evening ‘After Dark’ parties, Doherty would bring his avatar: Patio Plasma, to life, displaying what friends recall as a “fabulous fashion sense.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of his lasting legacies, colleagues say, will be the culture of inclusion, understanding, acceptance and honesty that Doherty helped foster at the museum and in the educational community.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Paul led by example. His way of being in the world, his complete and constant enthusiasm for life and learning was a constant mentorship,” says Lori Lambertson, also on staff at the Teacher Institute. “He moved so easily. Everybody turned to him. He had time for everybody.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Through the Teacher Institute, his mentoring of museum staff (especially the high-school aged “\u003ca href=\"https://explainers.exploratorium.edu/highschool/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Explainers\u003c/a>” who engage the public at exhibits) the lectures he gave worldwide and his books, Paul Doherty’s influence reached hundreds of thousands, if not millions, of people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When he was diagnosed with cancer, Lambertson says, “he told a colleague, ‘I’ve had a good life. Everything now is icing.'”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Gifts to the Exploratorium’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.exploratorium.edu/support/doherty-fund\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Paul Doherty Fund \u003c/a>will support the Teacher Institute, the professional development program for middle school and high school math and science teachers. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Paul Doherty’s wife, Ellen Henson, loved watching his hands when he taught. An animated, enthusiastic speaker, Doherty used movement to lend his words extra meaning. His teaching paired his brilliant, scientifically astute mind with an intuitive understanding of his audience.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The celebrated teacher and senior scientist at San Francisco’s Exploratorium museum died last month, after a return of cancer that had been in remission.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘One of the most important lessons he taught was to love what you’re doing so that others love doing it with you.’\u003ccite> Bree Barnett Dreyfuss\u003cbr>\nAmador Valley High School\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>For the past three decades, Doherty has been a key figure at the Exploratorium’s Teacher Institute, where the museum is \u003ca href=\"https://www.exploratorium.edu/support/doherty-fund\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">creating a fund\u003c/a> in his name. The institute trains and mentors middle and high school math and science teachers. He has authored several books; the most recent, “\u003ca href=\"https://www.amazon.com/Then-Youre-Dead-Swallowed-Barreling/dp/0143108441\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">And Then You’re Dead: What Really Happens If You Get Swallowed by a Whale, Are Shot from a Cannon, or Go Barreling over Niagara\u003c/a>,” written with Cody Cassidy, was published in April.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Doherty was chosen as “Best Science Demonstrator” at the World Congress of Museums in Helsinki in 1996. The National Science Teachers Association selected him in 2003 for the Faraday Science Communicator Award. And seven years ago, he traveled to India as part of a team from the Exploratorium, invited by the Dalai Llama to \u003ca href=\"http://www.exo.net/~pauld/workshops/ScienceForMonks/Geshe%20Project/Science%20for%20Geshes2.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">teach science to Buddhist Monks\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Colleagues say Doherty’s most lasting legacy will be his infectious warmth and enthusiasm for teaching science, and inspiring science teachers to bring their passion and curiosity to the classroom.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“One of the most important lessons he taught,” says Bree Barnett Dreyfuss, a high school physics teacher at Amador Valley High School in Pleasanton, “was to love what you’re doing so that others love doing it with you.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1916020\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 768px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1916020\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/142.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"768\" height=\"1024\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/142.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/142-160x213.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/142-240x320.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/142-375x500.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/142-520x693.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Paul Doherty atop Mount Clarence King, Kings Canyon National Park. July 2007 \u003ccite>(Hal Murray)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Throughout his life, Doherty loved being outdoors and was an avid mountain climber. He climbed the face of El Capitan and made the first ascent of a 20,000-foot peak in the Sierra Nevada de Lagunas Bravas in the Andes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“He could out-climb and out-bike most 20-year-olds,” says Eric Muller, senior science and math educator at the Exploratorium.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In interviews, friends and colleagues say they were continually astounded by the depth and breath of Doherty’s knowledge. Yet, they say, he was unfailingly humble, and not afraid to say, “I don’t know, but let’s find out.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Everything was an experiment — it was never about providing an answer,” says Barnett Dreyfuss. “I was so fearful of not knowing the content, of having kids question me and not being able to answer. To see that it was OK to not know everything, and that my job was to teach— not to be an encyclopedia— was a big thing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Barnett Dreyfuss went through the Teacher Institute more than a decade ago when she started teaching.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I learned more from three weeks of Paul talking than I did in my entire undergraduate,” she says.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/4aJ36-TlPD4'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/4aJ36-TlPD4'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>It was in college that Doherty found his love of teaching.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I would go climb a mountain and see something beautiful,” he says in an \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ce1qVgeynls\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Exploratorium video,\u003c/a> “and then I would bring people to show them, to share with them the beauty that I found.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After doing this for weeks on end, he says, he realized that he was both a scientist and a teacher.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Doherty received his doctorate in physics from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1974. The following year he moved to Michigan and began teaching at Oakland University, covering a spectrum of subjects including physics, astronomy, geology and electronics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That year, 1975, was also the year he married Ellen Henson, his wife of 42 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ellen says she was drawn to Paul for his “aliveness” and his relationship to “both sides” of nature. Since her girlhood, she says, she has loved stones. “I could take a handful of stones to Paul and show him,” she says. “And he would both appreciate the beauty of them and he knew what they were made of.”\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/Ce1qVgeynls'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/Ce1qVgeynls'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>He was ever the experimentalist, she says. They used laugh that their marriage vows implied a clause of “Thou shalt not use the home microwave for anything other than normal cooking of food.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was not the marriage vows, however, that she remembers as the key moment when they made their commitment to each other. It was the selecting of the stone that would be set in her wedding ring. Shortly after Paul’s proposal, in the small shop of a science museum where they were visiting a geology exhibit, they were both taken by a beautiful cabochon of moss agate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I still wear it,” says Ellen. Depending on the light or the angle of view, she says, the stone reveals new rich detail. “That was how we saw our marriage. Multi-faceted. With many layers.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The couple moved to the Bay Area in 1986, where Doherty joined the Exploratorium’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.exploratorium.edu/education/teacher-institute\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Teacher Institute\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Beyond his raft of interests in the real world, Doherty was also active in the online virtual world of Second Life. He helped created what Linda Shore, a friend and former staff at the Teacher Institute, believes was the first science museum in Second Life: The Splo (as in the Ex-splo-ratorium). In the virtual museum, visitors can explore color, optical illusions and motion, in much the same way they can at the Exploratorium. (Shore, currently executive director at the Astronomical Society of the Pacific, has inherited the job of looking after The Splo.)\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/BbgmVdgWbeY'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/BbgmVdgWbeY'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cem>Sir Isaac Newton invites people to celebrate Pi Day (March 14) at The Splo in Second Life.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On special occasions at the Exploratorium, such as their evening ‘After Dark’ parties, Doherty would bring his avatar: Patio Plasma, to life, displaying what friends recall as a “fabulous fashion sense.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of his lasting legacies, colleagues say, will be the culture of inclusion, understanding, acceptance and honesty that Doherty helped foster at the museum and in the educational community.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Paul led by example. His way of being in the world, his complete and constant enthusiasm for life and learning was a constant mentorship,” says Lori Lambertson, also on staff at the Teacher Institute. “He moved so easily. Everybody turned to him. He had time for everybody.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Through the Teacher Institute, his mentoring of museum staff (especially the high-school aged “\u003ca href=\"https://explainers.exploratorium.edu/highschool/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Explainers\u003c/a>” who engage the public at exhibits) the lectures he gave worldwide and his books, Paul Doherty’s influence reached hundreds of thousands, if not millions, of people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When he was diagnosed with cancer, Lambertson says, “he told a colleague, ‘I’ve had a good life. Everything now is icing.'”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Gifts to the Exploratorium’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.exploratorium.edu/support/doherty-fund\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Paul Doherty Fund \u003c/a>will support the Teacher Institute, the professional development program for middle school and high school math and science teachers. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>The United States and Mexico have agreed to renew and expand a far-reaching conservation agreement that governs how they manage the overused Colorado River, which supplies water to millions of people and to farms in both nations, U.S. water district officials said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”78CMgpVcn3bgT2DwDwFduyfK16Xm08qw”]The agreement to be signed Wednesday calls for the U.S. to invest $31.5 million in conservation improvements in Mexico’s water infrastructure to reduce losses to leaks and other problems, according to officials of U.S. water districts who have seen summaries of the agreement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The water that the improvements save would be shared by users in both nations and by environmental restoration projects\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The deal also calls on Mexico to develop specific plans for reducing consumption if the river runs too low to supply everyone’s needs, said Bill Hasencamp of the Metropolitan Water District of Southern California, which supplies water to about 19 million people in and around Los Angeles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Major river consumers in the U.S. would be required to agree on their own shortage plan before Mexico produces one, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The deal will extend a previous agreement that both countries would share the burden of water supply cutbacks if the river runs low, Hasencamp said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The International Boundary and Water Commission, which has members from both countries and oversees U.S.-Mexico treaties on borders and rivers, declined to release a copy of the agreement before Wednesday’s signing ceremony in Santa Fe, New Mexico.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Officials with the Mexican foreign ministry said in an email Tuesday they had no immediate comment, but U.S. officials who have been briefed on the details said the deal will help both sides.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s good news for both nations, for water users in the U.S. and Mexico,” said Chuck Collum of the Central Arizona Project, another Colorado River user that will help fund the infrastructure improvements in Mexico.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The agreement provides more certainty in how the two countries will deal with the risk of a shortage and recognizes the danger the river faces, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s an acknowledgement that the U.S. and Mexico both share risk due to a hotter and drier future,” Collum said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Colorado River is in the midst of a prolonged regional drought, and some climate scientists have said global warming is already reducing the amount of water it carries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A study published in February by researchers from the University of Arizona and Colorado State University said climate change could cut the river’s flow by one-third by the end of the century.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The river begins in the mountains of Colorado and winds 1,400 miles (2,250 kilometers) to Mexico, although heavy use means it usually dries up before it reaches its delta on the Gulf of California where Mexico’s Sonora and Baja California states meet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Along the way, it supplies water to about 40 million people and 6,300 square miles (16,300 square kilometers) of farmland in the United States alone. Equivalent figures for Mexico weren’t immediately available.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The deal being signed Wednesday, known as Minute 323, is an amendment to a 1944 U.S.-Mexico treaty that lays out how the two nations share the river. The treaty promises Mexico 1.5 million acre-feet (1.9 billion cubic meters) of water annually.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The U.S. uses the rest. The average annual flow in the river is about 16.4 million acre-feet (20 billion cubic meters), according the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation, which manages the river in the United States.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One acre-foot (1,200 cubic meters) is enough to supply a typical U.S. family for a year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new agreement, which will be in force for nine years, does not include a repeat of the historic 2014 “pulse” that sent about 105,000 acre-feet (130 million cubic meters) of water surging into river’s delta in Mexico, the U.S. water officials said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That was an environmental experiment that brought water and life to the dried-out delta for the first time in years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the agreement does include up to 210,000 acre-feet (260 million cubic meters) for environmental restoration projects, according to a briefing from Southern California’s Imperial Irrigation District, one of the funders of the Mexican infrastructure projects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Details of those projects were not immediately available.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The United States and Mexico have agreed to renew and expand a far-reaching conservation agreement that governs how they manage the overused Colorado River, which supplies water to millions of people and to farms in both nations, U.S. water district officials said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>The agreement to be signed Wednesday calls for the U.S. to invest $31.5 million in conservation improvements in Mexico’s water infrastructure to reduce losses to leaks and other problems, according to officials of U.S. water districts who have seen summaries of the agreement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The water that the improvements save would be shared by users in both nations and by environmental restoration projects\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The deal also calls on Mexico to develop specific plans for reducing consumption if the river runs too low to supply everyone’s needs, said Bill Hasencamp of the Metropolitan Water District of Southern California, which supplies water to about 19 million people in and around Los Angeles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Major river consumers in the U.S. would be required to agree on their own shortage plan before Mexico produces one, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The deal will extend a previous agreement that both countries would share the burden of water supply cutbacks if the river runs low, Hasencamp said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The International Boundary and Water Commission, which has members from both countries and oversees U.S.-Mexico treaties on borders and rivers, declined to release a copy of the agreement before Wednesday’s signing ceremony in Santa Fe, New Mexico.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Officials with the Mexican foreign ministry said in an email Tuesday they had no immediate comment, but U.S. officials who have been briefed on the details said the deal will help both sides.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s good news for both nations, for water users in the U.S. and Mexico,” said Chuck Collum of the Central Arizona Project, another Colorado River user that will help fund the infrastructure improvements in Mexico.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The agreement provides more certainty in how the two countries will deal with the risk of a shortage and recognizes the danger the river faces, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s an acknowledgement that the U.S. and Mexico both share risk due to a hotter and drier future,” Collum said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Colorado River is in the midst of a prolonged regional drought, and some climate scientists have said global warming is already reducing the amount of water it carries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A study published in February by researchers from the University of Arizona and Colorado State University said climate change could cut the river’s flow by one-third by the end of the century.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The river begins in the mountains of Colorado and winds 1,400 miles (2,250 kilometers) to Mexico, although heavy use means it usually dries up before it reaches its delta on the Gulf of California where Mexico’s Sonora and Baja California states meet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Along the way, it supplies water to about 40 million people and 6,300 square miles (16,300 square kilometers) of farmland in the United States alone. Equivalent figures for Mexico weren’t immediately available.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The deal being signed Wednesday, known as Minute 323, is an amendment to a 1944 U.S.-Mexico treaty that lays out how the two nations share the river. The treaty promises Mexico 1.5 million acre-feet (1.9 billion cubic meters) of water annually.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The U.S. uses the rest. The average annual flow in the river is about 16.4 million acre-feet (20 billion cubic meters), according the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation, which manages the river in the United States.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One acre-foot (1,200 cubic meters) is enough to supply a typical U.S. family for a year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new agreement, which will be in force for nine years, does not include a repeat of the historic 2014 “pulse” that sent about 105,000 acre-feet (130 million cubic meters) of water surging into river’s delta in Mexico, the U.S. water officials said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That was an environmental experiment that brought water and life to the dried-out delta for the first time in years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the agreement does include up to 210,000 acre-feet (260 million cubic meters) for environmental restoration projects, according to a briefing from Southern California’s Imperial Irrigation District, one of the funders of the Mexican infrastructure projects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Details of those projects were not immediately available.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "There's Something Fishy About These Trees ... | Deep Look",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cem>Video Produced by Josh Cassidy.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[dl_subscribe]For salmon lovers in California, October is “the peak of the return” when hundreds of thousands of \u003ca href=\"https://www.nwf.org/Wildlife/Wildlife-Library/Amphibians-Reptiles-and-Fish/Chinook-Salmon.aspx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Chinook salmon\u003c/a> leave the open ocean and swim back to their ancestral streams to spawn and die. All along the Pacific coast, starting in the early summer and stretching as late as December, salmon wait offshore for the right time to complete their journey inland.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1915447\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/DL417-Salmon-swim-past.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1915447\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/DL417-Salmon-swim-past.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Chum salmon swim up Salmon Creek in Juneau, Alaska. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In Alaska, the season starts in late June, when salmon head to streams in lush coastal forests. Although this annual migration is welcomed by fishermen who catch the salmon offshore, scientists are finding a much broader and holistic function of the spawning salmon: feeding the forest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Millions of salmon make this migratory journey–called running–every year, and their silvery bodies all but obscure the rivers they pass through. This throng of salmon flesh coming into Alaska’s forests is a mass movement of nutrients from the salt waters of the ocean to the forest floor. Decomposing salmon on the sides of streams not only fertilize the soil beneath them, they also provide the base of a complex food web that depends upon them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Feeding the Forest\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Incoming salmon keep forest soils fertile. Due to gravity and erosion, forests continuously lose soil and nutrients to the water. Migrating salmon reverse this process by eating fish and krill at sea and bringing nutrient-rich body mass back into the forest. When bears pull hundreds of thousands salmon onto the shores of coastal rivers every year, the decomposing fish, rich in nitrogen that help trees and shrubs grow, enhance the soil.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1915451\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/DL417-Salmon-dead-face.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-1915451\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/DL417-Salmon-dead-face-1020x574.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/DL417-Salmon-dead-face-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/DL417-Salmon-dead-face-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/DL417-Salmon-dead-face-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/DL417-Salmon-dead-face-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/DL417-Salmon-dead-face-1920x1080.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/DL417-Salmon-dead-face-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/DL417-Salmon-dead-face-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/DL417-Salmon-dead-face-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/DL417-Salmon-dead-face-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/DL417-Salmon-dead-face-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Decomposing salmon provide nutrients like nitrogen to coastal forests. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Their mass migration into the forest is like a pipeline of nutrients from the sea.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://web.uvic.ca/~reimlab/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Tom Reimchen\u003c/a>, a forest ecologist at the University of Victoria in British Columbia, said nutrients derived from the open ocean can be observed in old-growth trees, hundreds of years old, as well as the animals that live on them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You can visualize, right at the top of these giant trees,” said Reimchen, “a little spider, and it’s got salmon in its body.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Reimchen and his research group track how nitrogen from the ocean spreads through the forest. They use isotope analysis to identify a heavy version of nitrogen atoms, called N\u003csup>15\u003c/sup>, that is relatively abundant in marine algae but very rare on land. When he finds N\u003csup>15\u003c/sup> in the forest, Reimchen knows it likely traveled thousands of miles in the body of a salmon to get there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1915449\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/DL417-Salmon-stream.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1915449\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/DL417-Salmon-stream.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Salmon bring nutrients from the ocean into coastal forests along the Pacific Northwest. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Around salmon-rich rivers, 40 to 80 percent of the nitrogen in shrubs and trees originates in the open ocean, he said. And the salmon signature isotope can be found as far inland as the Rocky Mountains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Forest Diversity \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s a cascading effect on the food web. Salmon are primarily eaten by bears, who pull them out of streams and eat, on average, about half of each fish. The rest is consumed by gulls, ravens, crows, eagles–and insects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A decomposing salmon can provide food for up to 55 insect species. One of the most significant is the blowfly, whose maggot offspring will pick a fish carcass to the bone in a few days. After maturing, these blowflies travel throughout the forest, providing food for spiders and birds, and even pollinating forest flowers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1915454\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/DL417-Salmon-eagle-eats-L.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1915454\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/DL417-Salmon-eagle-eats-L.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Bald eagles take advantage of the onslaught of spawning salmon. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Black bears and grizzly bears will migrate from great distances for their yearly salmon feast. On average, a bear can pull up 500 to 700 salmon in a single season. But lots of other animals eat the fish and the flies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you go in the fall to river that has 100,000 chum salmon, you’ll find 5,000 gulls, 400 crows, 50 ravens, 50 eagles, 30 bears, plus a whole litany of insect species,” Reimchen said. “In the summer, you find a diversity of songbird species.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Without the salmon, he said, you won’t see nearly as many.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Alaska, salmon populations are high compared to the rest of the Pacific coast. Salmon are the lifeblood of Alaska, a foundational species in forest ecosystems and a leading industry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In the coastal regions of Alaska, all the way up to the Artic, salmon still form a backbone of the economy,” said Rich Mattson, who works at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.dipac.net/\">DIPAC salmon hatchery\u003c/a> in Juneau.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Southeastern Alaska, where this \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/user/KQEDDeepLook\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Deep Look\u003c/a> video footage was taken, fisheries employ a fifth of the population and bring in half a billion dollars every year. In this small region, salmon accounts for \u003ca href=\"http://ebooks.alaskaseafood.org/ASMI_Seafood_Impacts_Dec2015/pubData/source/ASMI%20Alaska%20Seafood%20Impacts%20Final%20Dec2015%20-%20low%20res.pdf\">72 percent of fishing revenue\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To support the industry, salmon hatcheries raise baby salmon and release them into the wild to boost natural populations. About 20 to 30 percent of Alaskan salmon catches come from hatcheries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Lost Salmon \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But in other areas, salmon populations have \u003ca href=\"http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1577/1548-8446(2000)025%3C0015%3AAEOHAC%3E2.0.CO%3B2\">plummeted\u003c/a>. In California, some have decreased by 98 percent, and in Oregon and Washington, historic populations have been cut in half due to human development, pollution and damming of rivers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the biggest threats to current salmon populations in California is a lack of water flowing through rivers and streams in springtime, which is often caused by diversions for farms and cities, and drought, according to John McManus, director of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.goldengatesalmon.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Golden Gate Salmon Association\u003c/a> in Petaluma.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The straightening and channeling of rivers also threatens the survival of young salmon on the way from spawning grounds to the ocean in the spring, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When the rivers used to expand and flood, baby salmon used to go out on the floodplains and it was a smorgasbord out there,” he said, “lots of insects and bugs for them to eat.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This valuable food source is gone now that humans have “tamed the rivers”, as McManus puts it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s unclear what the exact impact of these population losses are to Pacific ecosystems, but according to Reimchen, a lack of salmon has a major impact on coastal forests. In his research, Reimchen found that trees will grow half as fast in forests patches with no salmon, compared to salmon-rich patches. This dramatic decrease in populations also threatens the complex web of life, which depends on an annual influx of salmon from the ocean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s a tight coupling–absolutely unambiguously, between historic reduction in numbers of salmon and the species that depend on them,” said Reimchen, referring to bears, eagles, gulls and songbirds, among countless others.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you take salmon out of the picture, the forest doesn’t disappear,” he said. “It is just a completely different place–it’s not as rich.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In California, the end of the historic 2011-2016 drought is good news for salmon and the ecosystems that depend on them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The need for spring flows is still acute,” McManus said. “The last couple of years we’ve had better spring flows due to the winter rains. We believe we have a couple of good salmon years on the horizon.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>For salmon lovers in California, October is “the peak of the return” when hundreds of thousands of \u003ca href=\"https://www.nwf.org/Wildlife/Wildlife-Library/Amphibians-Reptiles-and-Fish/Chinook-Salmon.aspx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Chinook salmon\u003c/a> leave the open ocean and swim back to their ancestral streams to spawn and die. All along the Pacific coast, starting in the early summer and stretching as late as December, salmon wait offshore for the right time to complete their journey inland.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1915447\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/DL417-Salmon-swim-past.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1915447\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/DL417-Salmon-swim-past.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Chum salmon swim up Salmon Creek in Juneau, Alaska. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In Alaska, the season starts in late June, when salmon head to streams in lush coastal forests. Although this annual migration is welcomed by fishermen who catch the salmon offshore, scientists are finding a much broader and holistic function of the spawning salmon: feeding the forest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Millions of salmon make this migratory journey–called running–every year, and their silvery bodies all but obscure the rivers they pass through. This throng of salmon flesh coming into Alaska’s forests is a mass movement of nutrients from the salt waters of the ocean to the forest floor. Decomposing salmon on the sides of streams not only fertilize the soil beneath them, they also provide the base of a complex food web that depends upon them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Feeding the Forest\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Incoming salmon keep forest soils fertile. Due to gravity and erosion, forests continuously lose soil and nutrients to the water. Migrating salmon reverse this process by eating fish and krill at sea and bringing nutrient-rich body mass back into the forest. When bears pull hundreds of thousands salmon onto the shores of coastal rivers every year, the decomposing fish, rich in nitrogen that help trees and shrubs grow, enhance the soil.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1915451\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/DL417-Salmon-dead-face.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-1915451\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/DL417-Salmon-dead-face-1020x574.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/DL417-Salmon-dead-face-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/DL417-Salmon-dead-face-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/DL417-Salmon-dead-face-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/DL417-Salmon-dead-face-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/DL417-Salmon-dead-face-1920x1080.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/DL417-Salmon-dead-face-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/DL417-Salmon-dead-face-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/DL417-Salmon-dead-face-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/DL417-Salmon-dead-face-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/DL417-Salmon-dead-face-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Decomposing salmon provide nutrients like nitrogen to coastal forests. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Their mass migration into the forest is like a pipeline of nutrients from the sea.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://web.uvic.ca/~reimlab/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Tom Reimchen\u003c/a>, a forest ecologist at the University of Victoria in British Columbia, said nutrients derived from the open ocean can be observed in old-growth trees, hundreds of years old, as well as the animals that live on them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You can visualize, right at the top of these giant trees,” said Reimchen, “a little spider, and it’s got salmon in its body.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Reimchen and his research group track how nitrogen from the ocean spreads through the forest. They use isotope analysis to identify a heavy version of nitrogen atoms, called N\u003csup>15\u003c/sup>, that is relatively abundant in marine algae but very rare on land. When he finds N\u003csup>15\u003c/sup> in the forest, Reimchen knows it likely traveled thousands of miles in the body of a salmon to get there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1915449\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/DL417-Salmon-stream.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1915449\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/DL417-Salmon-stream.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Salmon bring nutrients from the ocean into coastal forests along the Pacific Northwest. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Around salmon-rich rivers, 40 to 80 percent of the nitrogen in shrubs and trees originates in the open ocean, he said. And the salmon signature isotope can be found as far inland as the Rocky Mountains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Forest Diversity \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s a cascading effect on the food web. Salmon are primarily eaten by bears, who pull them out of streams and eat, on average, about half of each fish. The rest is consumed by gulls, ravens, crows, eagles–and insects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A decomposing salmon can provide food for up to 55 insect species. One of the most significant is the blowfly, whose maggot offspring will pick a fish carcass to the bone in a few days. After maturing, these blowflies travel throughout the forest, providing food for spiders and birds, and even pollinating forest flowers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1915454\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/DL417-Salmon-eagle-eats-L.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1915454\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/DL417-Salmon-eagle-eats-L.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Bald eagles take advantage of the onslaught of spawning salmon. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Black bears and grizzly bears will migrate from great distances for their yearly salmon feast. On average, a bear can pull up 500 to 700 salmon in a single season. But lots of other animals eat the fish and the flies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you go in the fall to river that has 100,000 chum salmon, you’ll find 5,000 gulls, 400 crows, 50 ravens, 50 eagles, 30 bears, plus a whole litany of insect species,” Reimchen said. “In the summer, you find a diversity of songbird species.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Without the salmon, he said, you won’t see nearly as many.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Alaska, salmon populations are high compared to the rest of the Pacific coast. Salmon are the lifeblood of Alaska, a foundational species in forest ecosystems and a leading industry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In the coastal regions of Alaska, all the way up to the Artic, salmon still form a backbone of the economy,” said Rich Mattson, who works at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.dipac.net/\">DIPAC salmon hatchery\u003c/a> in Juneau.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Southeastern Alaska, where this \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/user/KQEDDeepLook\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Deep Look\u003c/a> video footage was taken, fisheries employ a fifth of the population and bring in half a billion dollars every year. In this small region, salmon accounts for \u003ca href=\"http://ebooks.alaskaseafood.org/ASMI_Seafood_Impacts_Dec2015/pubData/source/ASMI%20Alaska%20Seafood%20Impacts%20Final%20Dec2015%20-%20low%20res.pdf\">72 percent of fishing revenue\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To support the industry, salmon hatcheries raise baby salmon and release them into the wild to boost natural populations. About 20 to 30 percent of Alaskan salmon catches come from hatcheries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Lost Salmon \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But in other areas, salmon populations have \u003ca href=\"http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1577/1548-8446(2000)025%3C0015%3AAEOHAC%3E2.0.CO%3B2\">plummeted\u003c/a>. In California, some have decreased by 98 percent, and in Oregon and Washington, historic populations have been cut in half due to human development, pollution and damming of rivers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the biggest threats to current salmon populations in California is a lack of water flowing through rivers and streams in springtime, which is often caused by diversions for farms and cities, and drought, according to John McManus, director of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.goldengatesalmon.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Golden Gate Salmon Association\u003c/a> in Petaluma.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The straightening and channeling of rivers also threatens the survival of young salmon on the way from spawning grounds to the ocean in the spring, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When the rivers used to expand and flood, baby salmon used to go out on the floodplains and it was a smorgasbord out there,” he said, “lots of insects and bugs for them to eat.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This valuable food source is gone now that humans have “tamed the rivers”, as McManus puts it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s unclear what the exact impact of these population losses are to Pacific ecosystems, but according to Reimchen, a lack of salmon has a major impact on coastal forests. In his research, Reimchen found that trees will grow half as fast in forests patches with no salmon, compared to salmon-rich patches. This dramatic decrease in populations also threatens the complex web of life, which depends on an annual influx of salmon from the ocean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s a tight coupling–absolutely unambiguously, between historic reduction in numbers of salmon and the species that depend on them,” said Reimchen, referring to bears, eagles, gulls and songbirds, among countless others.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you take salmon out of the picture, the forest doesn’t disappear,” he said. “It is just a completely different place–it’s not as rich.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In California, the end of the historic 2011-2016 drought is good news for salmon and the ecosystems that depend on them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The need for spring flows is still acute,” McManus said. “The last couple of years we’ve had better spring flows due to the winter rains. We believe we have a couple of good salmon years on the horizon.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"slug": "many-california-meadows-will-vanish-heres-why-it-matters",
"title": "Many California Meadows Will Vanish, Here's Why It Matters",
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"headTitle": "Many California Meadows Will Vanish, Here’s Why It Matters | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cp>Mountain meadows are starting to get some respect. For over a century, meadows were the first alpine environments targeted for development, grazing and farming, because they tend to be flat and packed with rich soil and nutritious plants. But we’re starting to understand that meadows have a much more important role to play for society at large.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Meadows, it turns out, are water banks. As winter snows melt, the runoff flows into meadows, where deep organic soil holds the moisture like a sponge and then releases it slowly. This helps minimize downstream flooding during spring. Meadows release that runoff over a longer period, helping stretch valuable water supplies through the long, dry summer months.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/community/2017/02/03/work-grows-to-restore-mountain-meadows-as-water-banks\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">[contextly_sidebar id=”rMy85ZSPDVf9YcAoxVojPBzo568cUzDy”]Efforts are underway\u003c/span>\u003c/a> to restore meadows, which have lost some of their water-holding ability as they’ve been compacted and eroded by grazing, logging and other activity. Unfortunately, a new threat has emerged: climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">A \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"http://www.ucmerced.edu/news/2017/study-critical-sierra-meadows-being-overtaken-forest\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">new study\u003c/span>\u003c/a> by researchers at University of California, Merced, found that Sierra Nevada meadows are shrinking due to encroachment by trees—primarily lodgepole pines. And not just some meadows, but virtually all meadows throughout the Sierra Nevada.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Warmer temperatures are likely to blame, according to the study, creating conditions more favorable to trees. As a result, lodgepole pines are creeping into areas that have been historically meadow environments, sinking deeper roots that create a new year-round water drain on meadow environments.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">And the future doesn’t look good. As temperatures warm further due to climate change, more trees are expected to encroach on meadows. The authors reach a startling conclusion: By the end of this century, the average meadow will shift entirely to forest. Eventually, meadows may only be found in sparse locations at high elevation, where lodgepole pines can’t thrive.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">What are the implications for biodiversity, for water supply and flood prevention? A lot of these answers aren’t yet known. But to find out more, Water Deeply recently talked to Lara Kueppers, a co-author of the study and a research scientist at the Sierra Nevada Research Institute, based at \u003cspan class=\"caps\">U.C.\u003c/span> Merced.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1915969\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 318px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/Lara_Kueppers.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-1915969\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/Lara_Kueppers.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"318\" height=\"410\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/Lara_Kueppers.jpg 597w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/Lara_Kueppers-160x206.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/Lara_Kueppers-240x309.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/Lara_Kueppers-375x482.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/Lara_Kueppers-520x669.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 318px) 100vw, 318px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Lara Kueppers is a research scientist at the Sierra Nevada Research Institute, based at U.C. Merced, and co-author of a new study about disappearing meadows in the Sierra Nevada. \u003ccite>(Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Water Deeply: What’s unique about this study?\u003c/span>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Lara Kueppers: I think the main thing is the extent of ground-based observations that we did. When you are in the field observing just a single meadow or a small number of meadows, you can sort of draw conclusions about those few meadows you looked at. But we were really after a large area and wanting to understand: Is this phenomenon something that’s widespread across a big section of the Sierra? So we surveyed meadows across a pretty broad area, from Sequoia-Kings Canyon National Park on up to the Lake Tahoe area.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">The other way people try and cover a lot of ground is usually by using satellite images. But we were interested in the number of trees that were coming into these meadows that might be smaller and difficult to detect remotely. So being on the ground enabled us to do that.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">I think in the end we surveyed over 340 meadows. Not all with the same level of intensity.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">\u003cb>Water Deeply:\u003c/b> \u003cb>Are meadows really likely to disappear by the end of the century?\u003c/b>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Kueppers: The conclusion isn’t that all meadows will disappear. The conclusion is that the average meadow will disappear. Basically, what we were finding is that many meadows are experiencing encroachment. There are some that aren’t, however, and those may continue to be resistant to encroachment in the future.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">So, for example, in some meadows at higher elevations, where lodgepole pine isn’t abundant, you don’t see the same kind of encroachment as you do at lower elevations. But anyone who hikes in the backcountry of the Sierra has surely noticed trees creeping into meadows, if you return over time.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">That’s why we say the “average” meadow, because a lot of those meadows that are out there are experiencing encroachment. It may not be full encroachment by the end of the century, but it will have experienced some encroachment.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1915973\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/4940052096_3e1f0c9e83_o-e1506346506112.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1915973\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/4940052096_3e1f0c9e83_o-e1506346506112.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1280\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/4940052096_3e1f0c9e83_o-e1506346506112.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/4940052096_3e1f0c9e83_o-e1506346506112-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/4940052096_3e1f0c9e83_o-e1506346506112-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/4940052096_3e1f0c9e83_o-e1506346506112-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/4940052096_3e1f0c9e83_o-e1506346506112-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/4940052096_3e1f0c9e83_o-e1506346506112-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/4940052096_3e1f0c9e83_o-e1506346506112-960x640.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/4940052096_3e1f0c9e83_o-e1506346506112-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/4940052096_3e1f0c9e83_o-e1506346506112-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/4940052096_3e1f0c9e83_o-e1506346506112-520x347.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Crescent Meadow in Sequoia National Park. \u003ccite>(Henry Huey/flickr)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Water Deeply: Your results show that climate change is a major reason for meadow shrinkage. How did you reach that conclusion?\u003c/span>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kueppers: If by climate change you mean human-caused climate change, we actually didn’t examine that question. What we were focused on is figuring out what are the causes of encroachment we see in terms of specific factors. So we looked at landscape factors like topographic position, elevation, what are the tree species around the meadow. Then we also looked at climate factors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We found that climate factors are important drivers of the patterns we’re seeing, but we didn’t really try to quantify whether past human-caused climate change was complicit in that. We don’t really conclude the encroachment we’ve seen so far has been caused by human-caused climate change. Our conclusion is that climate is an important driver of encroachment. And then we said, let’s look to the future and projections of climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Given what we know about factors that seem to lead to tree recruitment in these meadows, that’s what led us to the conclusion that future climate change is going to be a really strong contributor to encroachment. For example, temperature is one of the important factors that explains variability in the number of [tree] recruits in a meadow in any given year. So when we look at future temperatures increasing, we see that drives an increase in the number of trees in the meadows.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Water Deeply:\u003c/b> \u003cb>How does snowpack affect meadow encroachment?\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kueppers: High snowpack actually promotes encroachment. We think that’s in part because, if there’s low snowpack, over winter these young trees can be exposed to very cold temperatures, and that can be detrimental to their ability to grow and survive. So when you have high snowpack, the really young juvenile trees are buried in snow, and protected over the winter. Then they can emerge and grow really strong in the summer.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">Meadows collect snowmelt, store it and release it slowly during the spring and summer.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The other thing snowpack is important for is a sustainable source of water in the drier meadows during spring and summer. These meadows are collecting meltwater, not just from the meadow itself but from the surrounding watershed, because the meadows are in topographically low locations. Again, when these trees are young and getting established, if the meadow dries out they’re going to have a hard time making it through the summer. But if there’s a high snowpack, there’s that sustained input of water and they’re less liable to dry out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Water Deeply:\u003c/b> \u003cb>How big of a role do meadows play in water storage?\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Kueppers: They’re an integral part of the hydrology of the High Sierra. A big role that many meadows play is sort of as a regulator in the water system. They collect snowmelt from the surrounding slopes and they store it and sort of release it slowly over the spring and summer season. They can absorb a large amount of water and then release it. Some is coming from surface runoff, but other water is coming underground through cracks in the rock and then emerging in the meadows.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The soil, especially in the wettest part of meadows, is very organically rich. That’s because, over time as these grasses and other sedges and wildflowers that are well adapted to the meadows grow and die, the organic matter decomposes very slowly because there’s so much water around. So this organic matter just builds up, and more organic-rich soil can hold more water. And they release that water slowly over the summer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: What are the water-supply implications of shrinking meadows?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kueppers: We don’t fully know what the full-sum impact might be. There are a couple different ways that trees encroaching into meadows could alter hydrology. One explanation we have would be that trees typically use more water than the meadow grasses and wildlife. As a consequence, as trees become more abundant and larger, they would use more of the water coming into meadows, which means less water would flow downstream.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another is that as the meadows dry, if the trees are using more of the water, there would be faster decomposition of organic matter, and that organic matter wouldn’t necessarily be replaced in kind by the trees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">If there are fewer roots with the trees than there were with the grasses and forbs, then the amount of organic matter flowing might not keep up with the losses from the drying conditions. So you would lose that sponginess in the soil, and it would weaken its ability to absorb and release that water over time.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Water Deeply: Will the Sierra look different in future?\u003c/span>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Kueppers: I think there will still be some meadows. There will still be areas that remain wet. You just might have to look harder. You probably will have to go higher to get to them. Maybe not over our lifetimes, but in our children’s lifetimes. Luckily for us, changes happen very slowly. So while we can see signs of this process underway, at least all of us can still enjoy the meadows for what they are right now.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Water Deeply: What can we do to reverse this trend of meadow loss?\u003c/span>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"fin\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Kueppers: Our simple modeling exercise suggests that supporting solutions to climate change is a really important part of slowing meadow encroachment, because the critical factor driving encroachment overtime is the temperature increase. Another thing we can do is really limit the direct effects on meadows, such as trampling by grazing animals, because that just contributes to impacts on these meadows.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"fin\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This article originally appeared on \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://mail.kqed.org/owa/redir.aspx?C=9e4bb0e1a7d74f24ba4684ef2533053d&URL=https%3a%2f%2fwww.newsdeeply.com%2fwater\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Water Deeply\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, and you can find it \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/community/2017/09/25/why-disappearing-sierra-nevada-meadows-are-bad-news-for-water\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">here\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. For important news about the California drought, you can \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"http://waterdeeply.us5.list-manage.com/subscribe?u=8b78e9a34ff7443ec1e8c62c6&id=2947becb78\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">sign up\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> to the Water Deeply email list.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Meadows play an important role in water storage and flood prevention. But a new study shows that warming temperatures and resulting tree encroachment could doom these landscapes, except at very high elevations.",
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"title": "Many California Meadows Will Vanish, Here's Why It Matters | KQED",
"description": "Meadows play an important role in water storage and flood prevention. But a new study shows that warming temperatures and resulting tree encroachment could doom these landscapes, except at very high elevations.",
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"headline": "Many California Meadows Will Vanish, Here's Why It Matters",
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"nprByline": "\u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/contributor/matt-weiser\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Matt Weiser\u003c/a>\u003c/br>\u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/\" target=\"_blank\">Water Deeply\u003c/a>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Mountain meadows are starting to get some respect. For over a century, meadows were the first alpine environments targeted for development, grazing and farming, because they tend to be flat and packed with rich soil and nutritious plants. But we’re starting to understand that meadows have a much more important role to play for society at large.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Meadows, it turns out, are water banks. As winter snows melt, the runoff flows into meadows, where deep organic soil holds the moisture like a sponge and then releases it slowly. This helps minimize downstream flooding during spring. Meadows release that runoff over a longer period, helping stretch valuable water supplies through the long, dry summer months.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/community/2017/02/03/work-grows-to-restore-mountain-meadows-as-water-banks\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>Efforts are underway\u003c/span>\u003c/a> to restore meadows, which have lost some of their water-holding ability as they’ve been compacted and eroded by grazing, logging and other activity. Unfortunately, a new threat has emerged: climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">A \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"http://www.ucmerced.edu/news/2017/study-critical-sierra-meadows-being-overtaken-forest\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">new study\u003c/span>\u003c/a> by researchers at University of California, Merced, found that Sierra Nevada meadows are shrinking due to encroachment by trees—primarily lodgepole pines. And not just some meadows, but virtually all meadows throughout the Sierra Nevada.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Warmer temperatures are likely to blame, according to the study, creating conditions more favorable to trees. As a result, lodgepole pines are creeping into areas that have been historically meadow environments, sinking deeper roots that create a new year-round water drain on meadow environments.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">And the future doesn’t look good. As temperatures warm further due to climate change, more trees are expected to encroach on meadows. The authors reach a startling conclusion: By the end of this century, the average meadow will shift entirely to forest. Eventually, meadows may only be found in sparse locations at high elevation, where lodgepole pines can’t thrive.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">What are the implications for biodiversity, for water supply and flood prevention? A lot of these answers aren’t yet known. But to find out more, Water Deeply recently talked to Lara Kueppers, a co-author of the study and a research scientist at the Sierra Nevada Research Institute, based at \u003cspan class=\"caps\">U.C.\u003c/span> Merced.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1915969\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 318px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/Lara_Kueppers.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-1915969\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/Lara_Kueppers.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"318\" height=\"410\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/Lara_Kueppers.jpg 597w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/Lara_Kueppers-160x206.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/Lara_Kueppers-240x309.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/Lara_Kueppers-375x482.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/Lara_Kueppers-520x669.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 318px) 100vw, 318px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Lara Kueppers is a research scientist at the Sierra Nevada Research Institute, based at U.C. Merced, and co-author of a new study about disappearing meadows in the Sierra Nevada. \u003ccite>(Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Water Deeply: What’s unique about this study?\u003c/span>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Lara Kueppers: I think the main thing is the extent of ground-based observations that we did. When you are in the field observing just a single meadow or a small number of meadows, you can sort of draw conclusions about those few meadows you looked at. But we were really after a large area and wanting to understand: Is this phenomenon something that’s widespread across a big section of the Sierra? So we surveyed meadows across a pretty broad area, from Sequoia-Kings Canyon National Park on up to the Lake Tahoe area.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">The other way people try and cover a lot of ground is usually by using satellite images. But we were interested in the number of trees that were coming into these meadows that might be smaller and difficult to detect remotely. So being on the ground enabled us to do that.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">I think in the end we surveyed over 340 meadows. Not all with the same level of intensity.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">\u003cb>Water Deeply:\u003c/b> \u003cb>Are meadows really likely to disappear by the end of the century?\u003c/b>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Kueppers: The conclusion isn’t that all meadows will disappear. The conclusion is that the average meadow will disappear. Basically, what we were finding is that many meadows are experiencing encroachment. There are some that aren’t, however, and those may continue to be resistant to encroachment in the future.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">So, for example, in some meadows at higher elevations, where lodgepole pine isn’t abundant, you don’t see the same kind of encroachment as you do at lower elevations. But anyone who hikes in the backcountry of the Sierra has surely noticed trees creeping into meadows, if you return over time.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">That’s why we say the “average” meadow, because a lot of those meadows that are out there are experiencing encroachment. It may not be full encroachment by the end of the century, but it will have experienced some encroachment.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1915973\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/4940052096_3e1f0c9e83_o-e1506346506112.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1915973\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/4940052096_3e1f0c9e83_o-e1506346506112.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1280\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/4940052096_3e1f0c9e83_o-e1506346506112.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/4940052096_3e1f0c9e83_o-e1506346506112-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/4940052096_3e1f0c9e83_o-e1506346506112-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/4940052096_3e1f0c9e83_o-e1506346506112-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/4940052096_3e1f0c9e83_o-e1506346506112-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/4940052096_3e1f0c9e83_o-e1506346506112-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/4940052096_3e1f0c9e83_o-e1506346506112-960x640.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/4940052096_3e1f0c9e83_o-e1506346506112-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/4940052096_3e1f0c9e83_o-e1506346506112-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/4940052096_3e1f0c9e83_o-e1506346506112-520x347.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Crescent Meadow in Sequoia National Park. \u003ccite>(Henry Huey/flickr)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Water Deeply: Your results show that climate change is a major reason for meadow shrinkage. How did you reach that conclusion?\u003c/span>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kueppers: If by climate change you mean human-caused climate change, we actually didn’t examine that question. What we were focused on is figuring out what are the causes of encroachment we see in terms of specific factors. So we looked at landscape factors like topographic position, elevation, what are the tree species around the meadow. Then we also looked at climate factors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We found that climate factors are important drivers of the patterns we’re seeing, but we didn’t really try to quantify whether past human-caused climate change was complicit in that. We don’t really conclude the encroachment we’ve seen so far has been caused by human-caused climate change. Our conclusion is that climate is an important driver of encroachment. And then we said, let’s look to the future and projections of climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Given what we know about factors that seem to lead to tree recruitment in these meadows, that’s what led us to the conclusion that future climate change is going to be a really strong contributor to encroachment. For example, temperature is one of the important factors that explains variability in the number of [tree] recruits in a meadow in any given year. So when we look at future temperatures increasing, we see that drives an increase in the number of trees in the meadows.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Water Deeply:\u003c/b> \u003cb>How does snowpack affect meadow encroachment?\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kueppers: High snowpack actually promotes encroachment. We think that’s in part because, if there’s low snowpack, over winter these young trees can be exposed to very cold temperatures, and that can be detrimental to their ability to grow and survive. So when you have high snowpack, the really young juvenile trees are buried in snow, and protected over the winter. Then they can emerge and grow really strong in the summer.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">Meadows collect snowmelt, store it and release it slowly during the spring and summer.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The other thing snowpack is important for is a sustainable source of water in the drier meadows during spring and summer. These meadows are collecting meltwater, not just from the meadow itself but from the surrounding watershed, because the meadows are in topographically low locations. Again, when these trees are young and getting established, if the meadow dries out they’re going to have a hard time making it through the summer. But if there’s a high snowpack, there’s that sustained input of water and they’re less liable to dry out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Water Deeply:\u003c/b> \u003cb>How big of a role do meadows play in water storage?\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Kueppers: They’re an integral part of the hydrology of the High Sierra. A big role that many meadows play is sort of as a regulator in the water system. They collect snowmelt from the surrounding slopes and they store it and sort of release it slowly over the spring and summer season. They can absorb a large amount of water and then release it. Some is coming from surface runoff, but other water is coming underground through cracks in the rock and then emerging in the meadows.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The soil, especially in the wettest part of meadows, is very organically rich. That’s because, over time as these grasses and other sedges and wildflowers that are well adapted to the meadows grow and die, the organic matter decomposes very slowly because there’s so much water around. So this organic matter just builds up, and more organic-rich soil can hold more water. And they release that water slowly over the summer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: What are the water-supply implications of shrinking meadows?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kueppers: We don’t fully know what the full-sum impact might be. There are a couple different ways that trees encroaching into meadows could alter hydrology. One explanation we have would be that trees typically use more water than the meadow grasses and wildlife. As a consequence, as trees become more abundant and larger, they would use more of the water coming into meadows, which means less water would flow downstream.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another is that as the meadows dry, if the trees are using more of the water, there would be faster decomposition of organic matter, and that organic matter wouldn’t necessarily be replaced in kind by the trees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">If there are fewer roots with the trees than there were with the grasses and forbs, then the amount of organic matter flowing might not keep up with the losses from the drying conditions. So you would lose that sponginess in the soil, and it would weaken its ability to absorb and release that water over time.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Water Deeply: Will the Sierra look different in future?\u003c/span>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Kueppers: I think there will still be some meadows. There will still be areas that remain wet. You just might have to look harder. You probably will have to go higher to get to them. Maybe not over our lifetimes, but in our children’s lifetimes. Luckily for us, changes happen very slowly. So while we can see signs of this process underway, at least all of us can still enjoy the meadows for what they are right now.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Water Deeply: What can we do to reverse this trend of meadow loss?\u003c/span>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"fin\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Kueppers: Our simple modeling exercise suggests that supporting solutions to climate change is a really important part of slowing meadow encroachment, because the critical factor driving encroachment overtime is the temperature increase. Another thing we can do is really limit the direct effects on meadows, such as trampling by grazing animals, because that just contributes to impacts on these meadows.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"fin\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This article originally appeared on \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://mail.kqed.org/owa/redir.aspx?C=9e4bb0e1a7d74f24ba4684ef2533053d&URL=https%3a%2f%2fwww.newsdeeply.com%2fwater\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Water Deeply\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, and you can find it \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/community/2017/09/25/why-disappearing-sierra-nevada-meadows-are-bad-news-for-water\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">here\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. For important news about the California drought, you can \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"http://waterdeeply.us5.list-manage.com/subscribe?u=8b78e9a34ff7443ec1e8c62c6&id=2947becb78\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">sign up\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> to the Water Deeply email list.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"slug": "california-cities-will-flood-so-why-arent-we-ready",
"title": "California Cities Will Flood, So Why Aren’t We Ready?",
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"content": "\u003cp>After big natural disasters like Hurricanes Harvey and Irma, federal officials often tighten up flood protection standards. That’s what happened in California after Hurricane Katrina twelve years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But many flood-prone communities are still struggling to meet those standards, including Sacramento, one of the riskiest flood zones in the country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some residents there nervously watched as the floodwaters rose in Houston.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“One of our friends actually had to be evacuated out of the Woodlands,” says Cynthia Hextell of Natomas, a suburb north of downtown Sacramento.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1915944\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 450px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1915944\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/Levee_NCC_V02_170903.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"450\" height=\"800\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A levee breach in Natomas would potentially flood the entire area.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“That definitely was a reality check,” she says. “You’re thinking: could that happen? Because I’m sure the people in Houston didn’t think it could happen to them.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hextell knows how people do—and don’t—think about risk. She’s also a realtor in Natomas, where rows of tidy housing developments have been springing up since the early 2000s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There is such a demand up here,” she says. “In the past month, I’ve probably helped six families move up from the Bay Area.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But flood risk generally isn’t on the minds of potential buyers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Never,” Hextell says. “I have never had that come up.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the only thing keeping Natomas homes dry is a ring of levees, 42-miles around. The homes are built in a low-lying area surrounded by rivers and canals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“During a flood event, the flood depth would be 10- to-25 feet,” says Jim McDonald, a principal planner for the City of Sacramento.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sacramento doesn’t have hurricanes to worry about. Instead, it’s the huge winter storms that hit the Sierra Nevada.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The city was built at the confluence of the Sacramento and American Rivers, which drain a watershed the size of West Virginia. More than a century ago, it used to become an inland sea during really wet years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”fB7OHryLtSbvhWNpnN2PJuyhoXsW2dt2″]The aging levees, built with river sediment or fill, aren’t in great shape.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We realized a lot of the city didn’t have 100-year flood protection once we took another look at our levees,” says McDonald.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After Hurricane Katrina, federal flood planners tightened up the standards for levees, making them safer. That meant Natomas was no longer up to par.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Federal rules require 100-year flood protection, which is a storm that has a 1-in-100 chance of happening every year, or a 26 percent chance cumulatively over a 30-year mortgage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Natomas was only rated for a 33-year storm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So there was a de facto building moratorium since 2008,” McDonald says. No new construction was permitted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s pretty scary when you think about it,” says Rick Johnson, director of the Sacramento Area Flood Control Agency. “We have over a hundred thousand people living out there.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1915943\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1915943\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/web-PJH_Natomas-housing-016-800x651.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"651\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/web-PJH_Natomas-housing-016.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/web-PJH_Natomas-housing-016-160x130.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/web-PJH_Natomas-housing-016-768x625.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/web-PJH_Natomas-housing-016-240x195.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/web-PJH_Natomas-housing-016-375x305.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/web-PJH_Natomas-housing-016-520x423.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Natomas, a suburb in Sacramento, sits in a low-lying area protected only by levees. \u003ccite>(Paul Hames/California Department of Water Resources)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>New Orleans used to top the list of American cities most at risk from river flooding.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They’ve rebuilt New Orleans to the point where their level of protection is higher that ours right now,” he says. “So we’re the most at-risk community in the country.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Protecting the whole city will cost $4.4 billion and take nearly a decade more, with $1 billion to spend in Natomas alone. But money from Congress has been slow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They were for a while doing authorizations for water acts every two\u003cbr>\nyears,” he says. “But after 2007 they didn’t do another one until 2014.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Johnson says even now, there’s a lot of competition for those dollars. Sacramento has to fight for a share every year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So the city decided to start construction before any federal funds came in by using state money and by taxing local residents. An average homeowner pays about $75 a year in local taxes, depending on the home’s size and location.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re trying to get the worst parts done first,” Johnson says. “I’m glad we went ahead, because if not, we’d just be getting started right now.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘But here’s the fundamental problem: what Harvey revealed for us is that our flood defenses will eventually be overrun.’\u003ccite>Jeffrey Mount, Public Policy Institute of California\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The city has completed about 18 miles of levee improvements in Natomas so far. In 2015, the federal government declared that enough work had been done to lift the building moratorium.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The federal government has become an unreliable partner,” says Jeffrey Mount, a flood expert at the Public Policy Institute of California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He says communities are starting to tax themselves to pay for flood improvements, but that creates a bizarre incentive to keep growing their tax base.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Do they stop growing?” he says. “Well, if they stop growing, you can’t pay for new infrastructure. So you’re caught in this cycle where you need to put people at risk in order to reduce risk, to pay for the reduction in risk. And we know how that ends. Badly.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mount says Sacramento is doing something right: elected leaders have stayed focused on the problem and the city is going for 250-to-300-year storm protection, higher than the federal standard.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After Katrina, California officials required urban areas to have 200-year storm protection.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“But here’s the fundamental problem: what Harvey revealed for us is that our flood defenses will eventually be overrun,” Mount says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hurricane Harvey was a 1,000-year storm, if not greater. With a warming climate, the risk is changing because storms could be more intense.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In all, more than a million people live and work in floodplains in California. So, a lot of communities are ultimately relying on what Mount calls the Clint Eastwood approach to flood management.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Hope we get lucky,” he says. “You feel lucky, punk?”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"headline": "California Cities Will Flood, So Why Aren’t We Ready?",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>After big natural disasters like Hurricanes Harvey and Irma, federal officials often tighten up flood protection standards. That’s what happened in California after Hurricane Katrina twelve years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But many flood-prone communities are still struggling to meet those standards, including Sacramento, one of the riskiest flood zones in the country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some residents there nervously watched as the floodwaters rose in Houston.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“One of our friends actually had to be evacuated out of the Woodlands,” says Cynthia Hextell of Natomas, a suburb north of downtown Sacramento.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1915944\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 450px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1915944\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/Levee_NCC_V02_170903.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"450\" height=\"800\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A levee breach in Natomas would potentially flood the entire area.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“That definitely was a reality check,” she says. “You’re thinking: could that happen? Because I’m sure the people in Houston didn’t think it could happen to them.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hextell knows how people do—and don’t—think about risk. She’s also a realtor in Natomas, where rows of tidy housing developments have been springing up since the early 2000s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There is such a demand up here,” she says. “In the past month, I’ve probably helped six families move up from the Bay Area.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But flood risk generally isn’t on the minds of potential buyers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Never,” Hextell says. “I have never had that come up.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the only thing keeping Natomas homes dry is a ring of levees, 42-miles around. The homes are built in a low-lying area surrounded by rivers and canals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“During a flood event, the flood depth would be 10- to-25 feet,” says Jim McDonald, a principal planner for the City of Sacramento.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sacramento doesn’t have hurricanes to worry about. Instead, it’s the huge winter storms that hit the Sierra Nevada.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The city was built at the confluence of the Sacramento and American Rivers, which drain a watershed the size of West Virginia. More than a century ago, it used to become an inland sea during really wet years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>The aging levees, built with river sediment or fill, aren’t in great shape.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We realized a lot of the city didn’t have 100-year flood protection once we took another look at our levees,” says McDonald.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After Hurricane Katrina, federal flood planners tightened up the standards for levees, making them safer. That meant Natomas was no longer up to par.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Federal rules require 100-year flood protection, which is a storm that has a 1-in-100 chance of happening every year, or a 26 percent chance cumulatively over a 30-year mortgage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Natomas was only rated for a 33-year storm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So there was a de facto building moratorium since 2008,” McDonald says. No new construction was permitted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s pretty scary when you think about it,” says Rick Johnson, director of the Sacramento Area Flood Control Agency. “We have over a hundred thousand people living out there.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1915943\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1915943\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/web-PJH_Natomas-housing-016-800x651.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"651\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/web-PJH_Natomas-housing-016.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/web-PJH_Natomas-housing-016-160x130.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/web-PJH_Natomas-housing-016-768x625.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/web-PJH_Natomas-housing-016-240x195.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/web-PJH_Natomas-housing-016-375x305.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/web-PJH_Natomas-housing-016-520x423.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Natomas, a suburb in Sacramento, sits in a low-lying area protected only by levees. \u003ccite>(Paul Hames/California Department of Water Resources)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>New Orleans used to top the list of American cities most at risk from river flooding.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They’ve rebuilt New Orleans to the point where their level of protection is higher that ours right now,” he says. “So we’re the most at-risk community in the country.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Protecting the whole city will cost $4.4 billion and take nearly a decade more, with $1 billion to spend in Natomas alone. But money from Congress has been slow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They were for a while doing authorizations for water acts every two\u003cbr>\nyears,” he says. “But after 2007 they didn’t do another one until 2014.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Johnson says even now, there’s a lot of competition for those dollars. Sacramento has to fight for a share every year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So the city decided to start construction before any federal funds came in by using state money and by taxing local residents. An average homeowner pays about $75 a year in local taxes, depending on the home’s size and location.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re trying to get the worst parts done first,” Johnson says. “I’m glad we went ahead, because if not, we’d just be getting started right now.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘But here’s the fundamental problem: what Harvey revealed for us is that our flood defenses will eventually be overrun.’\u003ccite>Jeffrey Mount, Public Policy Institute of California\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The city has completed about 18 miles of levee improvements in Natomas so far. In 2015, the federal government declared that enough work had been done to lift the building moratorium.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The federal government has become an unreliable partner,” says Jeffrey Mount, a flood expert at the Public Policy Institute of California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He says communities are starting to tax themselves to pay for flood improvements, but that creates a bizarre incentive to keep growing their tax base.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Do they stop growing?” he says. “Well, if they stop growing, you can’t pay for new infrastructure. So you’re caught in this cycle where you need to put people at risk in order to reduce risk, to pay for the reduction in risk. And we know how that ends. Badly.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mount says Sacramento is doing something right: elected leaders have stayed focused on the problem and the city is going for 250-to-300-year storm protection, higher than the federal standard.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After Katrina, California officials required urban areas to have 200-year storm protection.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“But here’s the fundamental problem: what Harvey revealed for us is that our flood defenses will eventually be overrun,” Mount says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hurricane Harvey was a 1,000-year storm, if not greater. With a warming climate, the risk is changing because storms could be more intense.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In all, more than a million people live and work in floodplains in California. So, a lot of communities are ultimately relying on what Mount calls the Clint Eastwood approach to flood management.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Hope we get lucky,” he says. “You feel lucky, punk?”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"id": "city-arts",
"title": "City Arts & Lectures",
"info": "A one-hour radio program to hear celebrated writers, artists and thinkers address contemporary ideas and values, often discussing the creative process. Please note: tapes or transcripts are not available",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/05/cityartsandlecture-300x300.jpg",
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"airtime": "SUN 1pm-2pm, TUE 10pm, WED 1am",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "City Arts & Lectures"
},
"link": "https://www.cityarts.net",
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"rss": "https://www.cityarts.net/feed/"
}
},
"closealltabs": {
"id": "closealltabs",
"title": "Close All Tabs",
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"info": "Close All Tabs breaks down how digital culture shapes our world through thoughtful insights and irreverent humor.",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/closealltabs",
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"order": 1
},
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"id": "code-switch-life-kit",
"title": "Code Switch / Life Kit",
"info": "\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />",
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"meta": {
"site": "radio",
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},
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"id": "commonwealth-club",
"title": "Commonwealth Club of California Podcast",
"info": "The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.",
"airtime": "THU 10pm, FRI 1am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Commonwealth-Club-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "Commonwealth Club of California"
},
"link": "/radio/program/commonwealth-club",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cDovL3d3dy5jb21tb253ZWFsdGhjbHViLm9yZy9hdWRpby9wb2RjYXN0L3dlZWtseS54bWw",
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}
},
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"id": "forum",
"title": "Forum",
"tagline": "The conversation starts here",
"info": "KQED’s live call-in program discussing local, state, national and international issues, as well as in-depth interviews.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 9am-11am, 10pm-11pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Forum-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Forum with Mina Kim and Alexis Madrigal",
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 9
},
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM5NTU3MzgxNjMz",
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"freakonomics-radio": {
"id": "freakonomics-radio",
"title": "Freakonomics Radio",
"info": "Freakonomics Radio is a one-hour award-winning podcast and public-radio project hosted by Stephen Dubner, with co-author Steve Levitt as a regular guest. It is produced in partnership with WNYC.",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "http://freakonomics.com/",
"airtime": "SUN 1am-2am, SAT 3pm-4pm",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "WNYC"
},
"link": "/radio/program/freakonomics-radio",
"subscribe": {
"npr": "https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/4s8b",
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/freakonomics-radio/id354668519",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/podcasts/WNYC-Podcasts/Freakonomics-Radio-p272293/",
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},
"fresh-air": {
"id": "fresh-air",
"title": "Fresh Air",
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"link": "/radio/program/fresh-air",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=214089682&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/381444908/podcast.xml"
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"info": "A live production of NPR and WBUR Boston, in collaboration with stations across the country, Here & Now reflects the fluid world of news as it's happening in the middle of the day, with timely, in-depth news, interviews and conversation. Hosted by Robin Young, Jeremy Hobson and Tonya Mosley.",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510051/podcast.xml"
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},
"hidden-brain": {
"id": "hidden-brain",
"title": "Hidden Brain",
"info": "Shankar Vedantam uses science and storytelling to reveal the unconscious patterns that drive human behavior, shape our choices and direct our relationships.",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/series/423302056/hidden-brain",
"airtime": "SUN 7pm-8pm",
"meta": {
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"source": "NPR"
},
"link": "/radio/program/hidden-brain",
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},
"how-i-built-this": {
"id": "how-i-built-this",
"title": "How I Built This with Guy Raz",
"info": "Guy Raz dives into the stories behind some of the world's best known companies. How I Built This weaves a narrative journey about innovators, entrepreneurs and idealists—and the movements they built.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/05/howIBuiltThis.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510313/how-i-built-this",
"airtime": "SUN 7:30pm-8pm",
"meta": {
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"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/how-i-built-this",
"subscribe": {
"npr": "https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/3zxy",
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/how-i-built-this-with-guy-raz/id1150510297?mt=2",
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},
"hyphenacion": {
"id": "hyphenacion",
"title": "Hyphenación",
"tagline": "Where conversation and cultura meet",
"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/Hyphenacion_FinalAssets_PodcastTile.png",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/hyphenacion",
"meta": {
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"order": 15
},
"link": "/podcasts/hyphenacion",
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"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/2p3Fifq96nw9BPcmFdIq0o?si=39209f7b25774f38",
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"amazon": "https://music.amazon.com/podcasts/6c3dd23c-93fb-4aab-97ba-1725fa6315f1/hyphenaci%C3%B3n",
"rss": "https://feeds.megaphone.fm/KQINC2275451163"
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},
"jerrybrown": {
"id": "jerrybrown",
"title": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown",
"tagline": "Lessons from a lifetime in politics",
"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-Political-Mind-of-Jerry-Brown-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED The Political Mind of Jerry Brown",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 18
},
"link": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/id1492194549",
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}
},
"latino-usa": {
"id": "latino-usa",
"title": "Latino USA",
"airtime": "MON 1am-2am, SUN 6pm-7pm",
"info": "Latino USA, the radio journal of news and culture, is the only national, English-language radio program produced from a Latino perspective.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/latinoUsa.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://latinousa.org/",
"meta": {
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"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/latino-usa",
"subscribe": {
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=79681317&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510016/podcast.xml"
}
},
"marketplace": {
"id": "marketplace",
"title": "Marketplace",
"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Marketplace-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.marketplace.org/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "American Public Media"
},
"link": "/radio/program/marketplace",
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"rss": "https://feeds.publicradio.org/public_feeds/marketplace-pm/rss/rss"
}
},
"masters-of-scale": {
"id": "masters-of-scale",
"title": "Masters of Scale",
"info": "Masters of Scale is an original podcast in which LinkedIn co-founder and Greylock Partner Reid Hoffman sets out to describe and prove theories that explain how great entrepreneurs take their companies from zero to a gazillion in ingenious fashion.",
"airtime": "Every other Wednesday June 12 through October 16 at 8pm (repeats Thursdays at 2am)",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Masters-of-Scale-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://mastersofscale.com/",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "WaitWhat"
},
"link": "/radio/program/masters-of-scale",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "http://mastersofscale.app.link/",
"rss": "https://rss.art19.com/masters-of-scale"
}
},
"mindshift": {
"id": "mindshift",
"title": "MindShift",
"tagline": "A podcast about the future of learning and how we raise our kids",
"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/mindshift/",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 12
},
"link": "/podcasts/mindshift",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5",
"npr": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/464615685/mind-shift-podcast",
"stitcher": "https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/stories-teachers-share",
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}
},
"morning-edition": {
"id": "morning-edition",
"title": "Morning Edition",
"info": "\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. Hosts Steve Inskeep, David Greene and Rachel Martin bring you the latest breaking news and features to prepare you for the day.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 3am-9am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Morning-Edition-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/programs/morning-edition/",
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"link": "/radio/program/morning-edition"
},
"onourwatch": {
"id": "onourwatch",
"title": "On Our Watch",
"tagline": "Deeply-reported investigative journalism",
"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/On-Our-Watch-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "On Our Watch from NPR and KQED",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 11
},
"link": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/id1567098962",
"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5ucHIub3JnLzUxMDM2MC9wb2RjYXN0LnhtbD9zYz1nb29nbGVwb2RjYXN0cw",
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"stitcher": "https://www.stitcher.com/show/on-our-watch",
"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510360/podcast.xml"
}
},
"on-the-media": {
"id": "on-the-media",
"title": "On The Media",
"info": "Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. For one hour a week, the show tries to lift the veil from the process of \"making media,\" especially news media, because it's through that lens that we see the world and the world sees us",
"airtime": "SUN 2pm-3pm, MON 12am-1am",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/onTheMedia.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.wnycstudios.org/shows/otm",
"meta": {
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"source": "wnyc"
},
"link": "/radio/program/on-the-media",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/on-the-media/id73330715?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/On-the-Media-p69/",
"rss": "http://feeds.wnyc.org/onthemedia"
}
},
"pbs-newshour": {
"id": "pbs-newshour",
"title": "PBS NewsHour",
"info": "Analysis, background reports and updates from the PBS NewsHour putting today's news in context.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 3pm-4pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/PBS-News-Hour-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.pbs.org/newshour/",
"meta": {
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"source": "pbs"
},
"link": "/radio/program/pbs-newshour",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/pbs-newshour-full-show/id394432287?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/PBS-NewsHour---Full-Show-p425698/",
"rss": "https://www.pbs.org/newshour/feeds/rss/podcasts/show"
}
},
"perspectives": {
"id": "perspectives",
"title": "Perspectives",
"tagline": "KQED's series of daily listener commentaries since 1991",
"info": "KQED's series of daily listener commentaries since 1991.",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/Perspectives_Tile_Final.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Perspectives",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/perspectives/",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 14
},
"link": "/perspectives",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/id73801135",
"npr": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/432309616/perspectives",
"rss": "https://ww2.kqed.org/perspectives/category/perspectives/feed/",
"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93dzIua3FlZC5vcmcvcGVyc3BlY3RpdmVzL2NhdGVnb3J5L3BlcnNwZWN0aXZlcy9mZWVkLw"
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},
"planet-money": {
"id": "planet-money",
"title": "Planet Money",
"info": "The economy explained. Imagine you could call up a friend and say, Meet me at the bar and tell me what's going on with the economy. Now imagine that's actually a fun evening.",
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