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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Updated: Saturday, October 14, 2017, 3:00\u003c/strong>\u003c/em>\u003cem>\u003cstrong> p.m. \u003c/strong>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The multiple wildfires burning across a swath of Northern California have consumed more than 220,000 acres, while firefighters continue to make progress containing the fires. The causes are still under investigation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The fires are burning from Napa and Sonoma counties out to Nevada County and up to Mendocino, and have killed 37 people, making these the most deadly fires in California history. Hundreds more people are still missing. More than 5,700 structures have been destroyed, which is nearly twice the previous most destructive fire in California, the 1991 Oakland Hills Tunnel Fire. On Monday, Governor Jerry Brown \u003ca href=\"https://www.gov.ca.gov/news.php?id=19994\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">declared a state of emergency\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“October, November we do see some of our most destructive and damaging wildfires historically,” says \u003ca href=\"http://calfire.ca.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">CalFire\u003c/a> information officer Heather Williams.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fires that tear through neighborhoods and shopping centers have become more common as California’s population booms and development sprawls into vegetated areas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/10/Zd5Ps.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-1916726 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/10/Zd5Ps.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1180\" height=\"1330\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/10/Zd5Ps.png 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/10/Zd5Ps-160x180.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/10/Zd5Ps-800x902.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/10/Zd5Ps-768x866.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/10/Zd5Ps-1020x1150.png 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/10/Zd5Ps-960x1082.png 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/10/Zd5Ps-240x271.png 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/10/Zd5Ps-375x423.png 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/10/Zd5Ps-520x586.png 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1180px) 100vw, 1180px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We saw how quickly these fires spread into these suburbs and communities,” says Williams, speaking of the Tubbs Fire in Santa Rosa.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cumulatively, the current fires are also the deadliest. The second most deadly was Los Angeles’ Griffith Park Fire where 29 people died, followed by the Oakland Hills Tunnel Fire where 25 people perished.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In terms of acreage, the current wildfires rank at number 5 among the top 20 biggest. The largest California wildfire in history, the Cedar Fire, burned 273,246 acres and the twentieth biggest, Ventura’s Wheeler Fire, burned 118,000 acres. Combined, the fires burning in California right now total more than 220,000 acres.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The thing we are seeing is that fire season is lasting longer,” says Williams, “it’s almost year-round now.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The CalFire spokeswoman says it could be weeks or months before all the fires are fully contained and the true extent of the damage is calculated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>For continual fire updates, check \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/tag/north-bay-fires-information/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">KQED News\u003c/a>. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cstrong>[contextly_sidebar id=”8O4YlWcYEC7yOhQSqGeijRsHM41kb8hI”]Updated at 12:30 p.m. ET\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Trump administration will scuttle an Obama-era clean power plan aimed at reducing greenhouse gas emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The administrator of the \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Environmental Protection Agency\u003c/a>, Scott Pruitt, made the announcement in Hazard, Ky., on Monday, saying the rule hurt coal-fired plants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The EPA and no federal agency should ever use its authority to say to you we are going to declare war on any sector of our economy,” Pruitt said, speaking at an event with Senate Majority Leader Mitch McConnell of Kentucky.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That rule really was about picking winners and losers,” the EPA administrator said, adding that the rule change would be signed on Tuesday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The announcement had been anticipated. It would eliminate the Clean Power Plan that was put on hold by the U.S. Supreme Court and therefore never implemented.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A draft document obtained by NPR and other outlets says the administration will also issue an Advanced Notice of Proposed Rulemaking “in the near future” to take comments on whether and how it should replace the CPP.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to \u003ca href=\"https://www.yahoo.com/news/epa-chief-says-administration-roll-150239621.html?soc_trk=gcm&soc_src=64b31474-394c-3a35-b934-8da7f3dd60f2&.tsrc=notification-brknews\">The Associated Press\u003c/a>, the EPA is “expected to declare the Obama-era rule exceeded federal law by setting emissions standards that power plants could not reasonably meet.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Coal-fired power plants generate roughly 40 percent of the electricity globally, but generate more than 70 percent of the carbon dioxide, according to the \u003ca href=\"https://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/partner-country-series---emissions-reduction-through-upgrade-of-coal-fired-power-plants.html\">International Energy Agency.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The vast majority of scientists worldwide say that carbon dioxide is a leading contributor to climate change. President Trump, however, has called climate change a hoax perpetrated by China to make U.S. manufacturing non-competitive, but he also said he had an open mind toward efforts to control it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In June, \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2017/06/01/530748899/watch-live-trump-announces-decision-on-paris-climate-agreement\">Trump announced that the U.S. would pull out of the Paris Accord\u003c/a>, an international agreement that set a limit on greenhouse gas emissions. At the time, the president said staying in the deal, which is aimed at capping average global temperature increases, “could cost America as much as 2.7 million lost jobs by 2025” and would cause the loss of close to $3 trillion in GDP.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, the claims of potential job losses have been\u003ca href=\"http://www.factcheck.org/2017/06/factchecking-trumps-climate-speech/\"> disputed by economists and climate scientists.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2017 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=EPA+Chief+Announces+Reversal+Of+Obama-Era+Curbs+On+Coal+Plants&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv>\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>Updated at 12:30 p.m. ET\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Trump administration will scuttle an Obama-era clean power plan aimed at reducing greenhouse gas emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The administrator of the \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Environmental Protection Agency\u003c/a>, Scott Pruitt, made the announcement in Hazard, Ky., on Monday, saying the rule hurt coal-fired plants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The EPA and no federal agency should ever use its authority to say to you we are going to declare war on any sector of our economy,” Pruitt said, speaking at an event with Senate Majority Leader Mitch McConnell of Kentucky.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That rule really was about picking winners and losers,” the EPA administrator said, adding that the rule change would be signed on Tuesday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The announcement had been anticipated. It would eliminate the Clean Power Plan that was put on hold by the U.S. Supreme Court and therefore never implemented.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A draft document obtained by NPR and other outlets says the administration will also issue an Advanced Notice of Proposed Rulemaking “in the near future” to take comments on whether and how it should replace the CPP.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to \u003ca href=\"https://www.yahoo.com/news/epa-chief-says-administration-roll-150239621.html?soc_trk=gcm&soc_src=64b31474-394c-3a35-b934-8da7f3dd60f2&.tsrc=notification-brknews\">The Associated Press\u003c/a>, the EPA is “expected to declare the Obama-era rule exceeded federal law by setting emissions standards that power plants could not reasonably meet.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Coal-fired power plants generate roughly 40 percent of the electricity globally, but generate more than 70 percent of the carbon dioxide, according to the \u003ca href=\"https://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/partner-country-series---emissions-reduction-through-upgrade-of-coal-fired-power-plants.html\">International Energy Agency.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The vast majority of scientists worldwide say that carbon dioxide is a leading contributor to climate change. President Trump, however, has called climate change a hoax perpetrated by China to make U.S. manufacturing non-competitive, but he also said he had an open mind toward efforts to control it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In June, \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2017/06/01/530748899/watch-live-trump-announces-decision-on-paris-climate-agreement\">Trump announced that the U.S. would pull out of the Paris Accord\u003c/a>, an international agreement that set a limit on greenhouse gas emissions. At the time, the president said staying in the deal, which is aimed at capping average global temperature increases, “could cost America as much as 2.7 million lost jobs by 2025” and would cause the loss of close to $3 trillion in GDP.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, the claims of potential job losses have been\u003ca href=\"http://www.factcheck.org/2017/06/factchecking-trumps-climate-speech/\"> disputed by economists and climate scientists.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2017 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=EPA+Chief+Announces+Reversal+Of+Obama-Era+Curbs+On+Coal+Plants&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv>\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 4.6875em;float: left;line-height: 0.733em;padding: 0.05em 0.1em 0 0;font-family: times, serif, georgia\">C\u003c/span>alifornia’s water managers appear to have violated state law when they hired a consultant to help plan Gov. Jerry Brown’s $16 billion project to build two massive water tunnels, state auditors said Thursday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The audit also faulted the state \u003ca href=\"http://www.water.ca.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Department of Water Resources\u003c/a> for not finishing a cost-benefit analysis as the price of the tunnels climbs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The audit is the latest blow to Brown’s plan to build twin tunnels east of San Francisco to deliver water from the Sacramento River mostly to farms and cities hundreds of miles away in central and Southern California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last month, the nation’s largest supplier of irrigation water to farms voted not to help fund the project.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">The project “is in complete disarray.”\u003cbr>\n\u003ccite> Barbara Barrigan-Parrilla, Restore the Delta\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The unexpected complexity of the project has resulted in significant delays and cost increases, auditors said. As of June, planning costs alone had reached $280 million, double the department’s initial 2009 cost estimate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The costs included nearly $14 million to \u003ca href=\"http://hgcpm.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Hallmark Group\u003c/a>, a Sacramento-based company that the audit says “does not appear to possess the technical credentials or experience on relevant projects.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The audit “found that DWR did not follow state law when it replaced the program manager,” and that the department needed to seek competitive bids or at least demonstrate that Hallmark was qualified.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An email from an unnamed department whistleblower that was cited in the audit said, “No allowing other firms to apply for the work, no following the code.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brown’s office referred a request for comment to the Department of Water Resources.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>Proposed Tunnel Route\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/10/Delta_tunnel.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-1916226\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/10/Delta_tunnel.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1180\" height=\"1212\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/10/Delta_tunnel.png 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/10/Delta_tunnel-160x164.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/10/Delta_tunnel-800x822.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/10/Delta_tunnel-768x789.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/10/Delta_tunnel-1020x1048.png 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/10/Delta_tunnel-960x986.png 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/10/Delta_tunnel-240x247.png 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/10/Delta_tunnel-375x385.png 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/10/Delta_tunnel-520x534.png 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/10/Delta_tunnel-32x32.png 32w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/10/Delta_tunnel-50x50.png 50w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1180px) 100vw, 1180px\">\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n“We must respectfully disagree” that state law wasn’t followed, the department said in its response.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hallmark’s primary goal was cost-control, where it has done an outstanding job, officials wrote.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The department and the Hallmark Group both said auditors misunderstood the firm’s role in the project by assuming Hallmark was primarily doing construction project management that requires a licensed engineer or general contractor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The two, 35-mile (56-kilometer) tunnels would be the state’s most ambitious water project in more than a half-century and would reconfigure the way water flows from Northern California to the southern system of canals and reservoirs managed by state and federal officials.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The water is used by much of the nation’s most populous state while allowing California to lead the nation in agricultural production.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Barbara Barrigan-Parrilla, executive director of the opposition group Restore the Delta, said in a statement that the state audit and a federal audit show poor planning and a misuse of taxpayer money, arguing that the project “is in complete disarray.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The group’s policy analyst, Tim Stroshane, added that the state audit showed the department used “sweetheart deals” to hire contractors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Department spokeswoman Erin Mellon said in an email that officials will consider auditors’ recommendations, but the audit validates the exhaustive work the department has done to propose the best project for California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Assemblywoman Susan Talamantes Eggman, a Stockton Democrat and one of the legislative opponents of the tunnels who sought the audit, said it shows that after 11 years of planning there still are more questions than answers about whether the project is feasible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The department released a draft economic analysis of the massive project last year. Auditors said, however, that a final analysis is critical in determining whether water contractors are willing and able to pay for the construction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Department officials said a final analysis is premature until it is known which water agencies will help pay for the project.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last month, the board of the giant Westlands Water District voted to end its participation in the project.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Project backers noted that other water districts have since voted to back the project.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They say the tunnels are vital to skirt the vulnerable Sacramento-San Joaquin River Delta and protect imperiled fish and water deliveries.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The costs included nearly $14 million to \u003ca href=\"http://hgcpm.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Hallmark Group\u003c/a>, a Sacramento-based company that the audit says “does not appear to possess the technical credentials or experience on relevant projects.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The audit “found that DWR did not follow state law when it replaced the program manager,” and that the department needed to seek competitive bids or at least demonstrate that Hallmark was qualified.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An email from an unnamed department whistleblower that was cited in the audit said, “No allowing other firms to apply for the work, no following the code.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brown’s office referred a request for comment to the Department of Water Resources.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>Proposed Tunnel Route\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/10/Delta_tunnel.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-1916226\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/10/Delta_tunnel.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1180\" height=\"1212\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/10/Delta_tunnel.png 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/10/Delta_tunnel-160x164.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/10/Delta_tunnel-800x822.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/10/Delta_tunnel-768x789.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/10/Delta_tunnel-1020x1048.png 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/10/Delta_tunnel-960x986.png 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/10/Delta_tunnel-240x247.png 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/10/Delta_tunnel-375x385.png 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/10/Delta_tunnel-520x534.png 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/10/Delta_tunnel-32x32.png 32w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/10/Delta_tunnel-50x50.png 50w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1180px) 100vw, 1180px\">\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n“We must respectfully disagree” that state law wasn’t followed, the department said in its response.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hallmark’s primary goal was cost-control, where it has done an outstanding job, officials wrote.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The department and the Hallmark Group both said auditors misunderstood the firm’s role in the project by assuming Hallmark was primarily doing construction project management that requires a licensed engineer or general contractor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The two, 35-mile (56-kilometer) tunnels would be the state’s most ambitious water project in more than a half-century and would reconfigure the way water flows from Northern California to the southern system of canals and reservoirs managed by state and federal officials.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The water is used by much of the nation’s most populous state while allowing California to lead the nation in agricultural production.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Barbara Barrigan-Parrilla, executive director of the opposition group Restore the Delta, said in a statement that the state audit and a federal audit show poor planning and a misuse of taxpayer money, arguing that the project “is in complete disarray.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The group’s policy analyst, Tim Stroshane, added that the state audit showed the department used “sweetheart deals” to hire contractors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Department spokeswoman Erin Mellon said in an email that officials will consider auditors’ recommendations, but the audit validates the exhaustive work the department has done to propose the best project for California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Assemblywoman Susan Talamantes Eggman, a Stockton Democrat and one of the legislative opponents of the tunnels who sought the audit, said it shows that after 11 years of planning there still are more questions than answers about whether the project is feasible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The department released a draft economic analysis of the massive project last year. Auditors said, however, that a final analysis is critical in determining whether water contractors are willing and able to pay for the construction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Department officials said a final analysis is premature until it is known which water agencies will help pay for the project.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last month, the board of the giant Westlands Water District voted to end its participation in the project.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Project backers noted that other water districts have since voted to back the project.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They say the tunnels are vital to skirt the vulnerable Sacramento-San Joaquin River Delta and protect imperiled fish and water deliveries.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Joachim Frank, who shares this year’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/2017/press.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Nobel Prize in Chemistry \u003c/a>with two other researchers for developing a method to generate three-dimensional images of the molecules of life, says the potential use of the method is “immense.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Speaking by phone, Frank told a news conference after the Nobel announcement Wednesday that the method, called cryo-electron microscopy, meant medicine no longer focuses on organs but “looks at the processes in the cell.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘I was totally overwhelmed, I thought the chances of winning the Nobel Prize were minuscule because there are so many other discoveries that happen everyday. I was speechless.\u003ccite>Biophysicist Joachim Frank\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.kva.se/en/startsida\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Swedish Royal Academy of Sciences\u003c/a> said Wednesday that their method, called cryo-electron microscopy, allows researchers to “freeze biomolecules” mid-movement and visualize processes they have never previously seen.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Frank, based at New York’s Columbia University, shares the $1.1 million prize with Jacques Dubochet of the University of Lausanne and Richard Henderson of MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology in Cambridge, Britain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The development, the Academy said, “is decisive for both the basic understanding of life’s chemistry and for the development of pharmaceuticals.” The Zika virus, for example, was \u003ca href=\"https://www.nih.gov/news-events/nih-research-matters/zika-virus-structure-revealed\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">analyzed using this method\u003c/a>. The virus’s anatomic structure was discovered in only a few months using this technique, which is important for creating new drugs or vaccine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1916168\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 770px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/10/Microscopy.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1916168\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/10/Microscopy.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"770\" height=\"483\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/10/Microscopy.jpg 770w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/10/Microscopy-160x100.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/10/Microscopy-768x482.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/10/Microscopy-240x151.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/10/Microscopy-375x235.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/10/Microscopy-520x326.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 770px) 100vw, 770px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The electron microscope’s resolution has radically improved, from showing shapeless blobs to now visualizing proteins at atomic resolution. \u003ccite>(Martin Hogbom)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The Nobel Prize for Chemistry rewards researchers for major advances in studying the infinitesimal bits of material that are the building blocks of life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Recent prizes have gone to scientists who developed \u003ca href=\"https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/2016/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">molecular “machines”\u003c/a>—molecules with controllable motions—and who mapped how \u003ca href=\"https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/2015/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">cells repair damaged DNA\u003c/a>, leading to improved cancer treatments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s the third Nobel announced this week and final science-related award.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/2017/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">literature winner\u003c/a> will be named Thursday and the \u003ca href=\"https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/2017/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">peace prize\u003c/a> will be announced Friday.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Joachim Frank, who shares this year’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/2017/press.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Nobel Prize in Chemistry \u003c/a>with two other researchers for developing a method to generate three-dimensional images of the molecules of life, says the potential use of the method is “immense.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Speaking by phone, Frank told a news conference after the Nobel announcement Wednesday that the method, called cryo-electron microscopy, meant medicine no longer focuses on organs but “looks at the processes in the cell.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘I was totally overwhelmed, I thought the chances of winning the Nobel Prize were minuscule because there are so many other discoveries that happen everyday. I was speechless.\u003ccite>Biophysicist Joachim Frank\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.kva.se/en/startsida\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Swedish Royal Academy of Sciences\u003c/a> said Wednesday that their method, called cryo-electron microscopy, allows researchers to “freeze biomolecules” mid-movement and visualize processes they have never previously seen.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Frank, based at New York’s Columbia University, shares the $1.1 million prize with Jacques Dubochet of the University of Lausanne and Richard Henderson of MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology in Cambridge, Britain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The development, the Academy said, “is decisive for both the basic understanding of life’s chemistry and for the development of pharmaceuticals.” The Zika virus, for example, was \u003ca href=\"https://www.nih.gov/news-events/nih-research-matters/zika-virus-structure-revealed\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">analyzed using this method\u003c/a>. The virus’s anatomic structure was discovered in only a few months using this technique, which is important for creating new drugs or vaccine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1916168\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 770px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/10/Microscopy.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1916168\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/10/Microscopy.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"770\" height=\"483\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/10/Microscopy.jpg 770w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/10/Microscopy-160x100.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/10/Microscopy-768x482.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/10/Microscopy-240x151.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/10/Microscopy-375x235.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/10/Microscopy-520x326.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 770px) 100vw, 770px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The electron microscope’s resolution has radically improved, from showing shapeless blobs to now visualizing proteins at atomic resolution. \u003ccite>(Martin Hogbom)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The Nobel Prize for Chemistry rewards researchers for major advances in studying the infinitesimal bits of material that are the building blocks of life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Recent prizes have gone to scientists who developed \u003ca href=\"https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/2016/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">molecular “machines”\u003c/a>—molecules with controllable motions—and who mapped how \u003ca href=\"https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/2015/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">cells repair damaged DNA\u003c/a>, leading to improved cancer treatments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s the third Nobel announced this week and final science-related award.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/2017/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">literature winner\u003c/a> will be named Thursday and the \u003ca href=\"https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/2017/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">peace prize\u003c/a> will be announced Friday.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Nobel Prize Winners Detected Ripples in Fabric of Universe",
"headTitle": "Nobel Prize Winners Detected Ripples in Fabric of Universe | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://www.nobelprize.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Nobel Physics Prize 2017\u003c/a> has been awarded to three scientists for their roles in detecting faint ripples flying through the universe called gravitational waves—proof of a theory developed by Albert Einstein a century ago and that scientists say fundamentally alters our understanding of the universe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sweden’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.kva.se/en/startsida\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Royal Academy of Sciences\u003c/a> announced Tuesday that the winners are \u003ca href=\"https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/2017/weiss-facts.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Rainer Weiss\u003c/a> of the \u003ca href=\"http://web.mit.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Massachusetts Institute of Technology\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/2017/barish-facts.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Barry Barish\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/2017/thorne-facts.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Kip Thorne\u003c/a> of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.caltech.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">California Institute of Technology\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://twitter.com/NobelPrize/status/915196891519963136\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The three were key to the first observation of gravitational waves in September 2015. When the discovery was announced several months later, it was a sensation not only among scientists but the general public.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The scientists were honored for a combination of highly advanced theory and ingenious equipment design.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a win for the human race as a whole. These gravitational waves will be powerful ways for the human race to explore the universe,” said Thorne, speaking by phone with \u003ca href=\"https://www.ap.org/en-us/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The Associated Press\u003c/a> from California shortly after the announcement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1916151\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 469px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/10/press-phy-50.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1916151\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/10/press-phy-50.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"469\" height=\"213\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/10/press-phy-50.jpg 469w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/10/press-phy-50-160x73.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/10/press-phy-50-240x109.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/10/press-phy-50-375x170.jpg 375w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 469px) 100vw, 469px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The world’s first captured gravitational waves were created in a violent collision between two black holes, 1.3 billion lightyears away. When these waves passed the Earth, 1.3 billion years later, they had weakened considerably: the disturbance in spacetime that LIGO measured was thousands of times smaller than an atomic nucleus. \u003ccite>(Johan Jarnestad/The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Ariel Goobar of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences said the winners’ work meant “we can study processes which were completely impossible, out of reach to us in the past.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The best comparison is when Galileo discovered the telescope, which allowed us to see that Jupiter had moons and all of a sudden we discovered that the universe was much vaster than we used to think about,” Goobar said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With the technology that the three developed “We may even see entirely new objects that we haven’t even imagined yet,” said Patrick Sutton, an astronomer at \u003ca href=\"https://www.cardiff.ac.uk/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cardiff University\u003c/a> in Wales.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Weiss, in a phone call with the announcement news conference at the Swedish academy, said “I view this more as a thing that recognizes the work of a thousand people.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gravitational waves are extremely faint ripples in the fabric of space and time, generated by some of the most violent events in the universe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The waves detected by the laureates came from the collision of two black holes some 1.3 billion light-years away. A light-year is about 5.88 trillion miles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The waves were predicted by Einstein a century ago as part of his theory of general relativity. General relativity says that gravity is caused by heavy objects bending space-time, which itself is the four-dimensional way that astronomers see the universe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The prize is “a win for Einstein, and a very big one,” Barish told the AP.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The German-born Weiss was awarded half of the $1.1 million prize amount and Thorne and Barish will split the other half.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Weiss in the 1970s designed a laser-based device that would detect gravitational waves. He, Thorne and Barish “ensured that four decades of effort led to gravitational waves finally being observed,” the Nobel announcement said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The laser device, called an interferometer, must be both exquisitely precise and extremely stable. “The beam must hit the mirrors precisely. They should hardly shake at all, not even when leaves fall from nearby trees,” according to a prize background paper.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The announcement said Einstein was convinced that gravitational waves could never be measured. The laureates used laser devices “to measure a change thousands of times smaller than an atomic nucleus.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a moment of poetry aimed at making the distant and infinitesimal phenomenon understandable to non-experts, the academy announcement said gravitational waves “are always created when a mass accelerates, like when an ice-skater pirouettes or a pair of black holes rotate around each other.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the past 25 years, the physics prize has been shared among multiple winners.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last year’s prize went to three British-born researchers who applied the mathematical discipline of topology to help understand the workings of exotic matter such as superconductors and superfluids.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Bob Lentz in Philadelphia, Michelle Moore in Phoenix, Arizona and science writer Malcolm Ritter in New York contributed to this story.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://www.nobelprize.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Nobel Physics Prize 2017\u003c/a> has been awarded to three scientists for their roles in detecting faint ripples flying through the universe called gravitational waves—proof of a theory developed by Albert Einstein a century ago and that scientists say fundamentally alters our understanding of the universe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sweden’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.kva.se/en/startsida\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Royal Academy of Sciences\u003c/a> announced Tuesday that the winners are \u003ca href=\"https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/2017/weiss-facts.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Rainer Weiss\u003c/a> of the \u003ca href=\"http://web.mit.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Massachusetts Institute of Technology\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/2017/barish-facts.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Barry Barish\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/2017/thorne-facts.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Kip Thorne\u003c/a> of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.caltech.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">California Institute of Technology\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a win for the human race as a whole. These gravitational waves will be powerful ways for the human race to explore the universe,” said Thorne, speaking by phone with \u003ca href=\"https://www.ap.org/en-us/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The Associated Press\u003c/a> from California shortly after the announcement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1916151\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 469px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/10/press-phy-50.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1916151\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/10/press-phy-50.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"469\" height=\"213\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/10/press-phy-50.jpg 469w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/10/press-phy-50-160x73.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/10/press-phy-50-240x109.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/10/press-phy-50-375x170.jpg 375w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 469px) 100vw, 469px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The world’s first captured gravitational waves were created in a violent collision between two black holes, 1.3 billion lightyears away. When these waves passed the Earth, 1.3 billion years later, they had weakened considerably: the disturbance in spacetime that LIGO measured was thousands of times smaller than an atomic nucleus. \u003ccite>(Johan Jarnestad/The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Ariel Goobar of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences said the winners’ work meant “we can study processes which were completely impossible, out of reach to us in the past.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The best comparison is when Galileo discovered the telescope, which allowed us to see that Jupiter had moons and all of a sudden we discovered that the universe was much vaster than we used to think about,” Goobar said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With the technology that the three developed “We may even see entirely new objects that we haven’t even imagined yet,” said Patrick Sutton, an astronomer at \u003ca href=\"https://www.cardiff.ac.uk/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cardiff University\u003c/a> in Wales.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Weiss, in a phone call with the announcement news conference at the Swedish academy, said “I view this more as a thing that recognizes the work of a thousand people.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gravitational waves are extremely faint ripples in the fabric of space and time, generated by some of the most violent events in the universe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The waves detected by the laureates came from the collision of two black holes some 1.3 billion light-years away. A light-year is about 5.88 trillion miles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The waves were predicted by Einstein a century ago as part of his theory of general relativity. General relativity says that gravity is caused by heavy objects bending space-time, which itself is the four-dimensional way that astronomers see the universe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The prize is “a win for Einstein, and a very big one,” Barish told the AP.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The German-born Weiss was awarded half of the $1.1 million prize amount and Thorne and Barish will split the other half.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Weiss in the 1970s designed a laser-based device that would detect gravitational waves. He, Thorne and Barish “ensured that four decades of effort led to gravitational waves finally being observed,” the Nobel announcement said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The laser device, called an interferometer, must be both exquisitely precise and extremely stable. “The beam must hit the mirrors precisely. They should hardly shake at all, not even when leaves fall from nearby trees,” according to a prize background paper.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The announcement said Einstein was convinced that gravitational waves could never be measured. The laureates used laser devices “to measure a change thousands of times smaller than an atomic nucleus.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a moment of poetry aimed at making the distant and infinitesimal phenomenon understandable to non-experts, the academy announcement said gravitational waves “are always created when a mass accelerates, like when an ice-skater pirouettes or a pair of black holes rotate around each other.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the past 25 years, the physics prize has been shared among multiple winners.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last year’s prize went to three British-born researchers who applied the mathematical discipline of topology to help understand the workings of exotic matter such as superconductors and superfluids.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Bob Lentz in Philadelphia, Michelle Moore in Phoenix, Arizona and science writer Malcolm Ritter in New York contributed to this story.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Three Americans won the \u003ca href=\"https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/2017/press.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine\u003c/a> on Monday for their discoveries about the body’s biological clock, opening up whole new fields of research and raising awareness about the importance of getting enough sleep.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/2017/hall-facts.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Jeffrey C. Hall\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/2017/rosbash-facts.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Michael Rosbash\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/2017/young-facts.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Michael W. Young\u003c/a> won the $1.1 million prize for their work on finding genetic mechanisms behind circadian rhythms, which adapt the workings of the body to different phases of the day, influencing sleep, behavior, hormone levels, body temperature and metabolism.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They “were able to peek inside our biological clock and elucidate its inner workings,” the Nobel citation said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://twitter.com/NobelPrize/status/914810606682812416\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Circadian dysfunction has been linked to sleep disorders, as well as depression, bipolar disorder, cognitive function, memory formation and some neurological diseases,” according to a Nobel background report.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The awardees’ work stems back to 1984, when Rosbash and Hall, both at \u003ca href=\"http://www.brandeis.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Brandeis\u003c/a>, along with Young isolated the “period gene” in fruit flies. Hall and Rosbash found that a protein encoded by the gene accumulated during the night and degraded during daytime. A decade later, Young discovered another “clock gene.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”spENWKGVET3OXF70fPQhNKCC79EbKPxt”]The work was done using fruit flies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I am very pleased for the fruit fly,” Rosbash, a 73-year-old professor at Brandeis University, told The Associated Press. He said he got the call about the award just after 5 a.m.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When the landline rings at that hour, normally it is because someone died,” he said. “I’m still a little overwhelmed.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But he added “I stand on the shoulders of giants. This is a very humbling award.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Young is at \u003ca href=\"https://www.rockefeller.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Rockefeller University\u003c/a>; Hall formerly was a visiting professor at the \u003ca href=\"https://umaine.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">University of Maine\u003c/a> but said his prize work was done at Brandeis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hall, 72, wryly noted that he was already awake when the call about the prize came around 5 a.m. because of age-related changes in his own circadian rhythms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I said ‘Is this a prank’?” he told the AP by telephone from Cambridge, Maine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The winners have raised “awareness of the importance of a proper sleep hygiene” said Juleen Zierath of the Nobel Assembly at the \u003ca href=\"http://ki.se/en/startpage\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Karolinska Institute\u003c/a>, which chooses the laureates. Carlos Ibanez, another assembly member, said the research was important in understanding how humans adapt to shiftwork.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Michael Hastings, a scientist at the \u003ca href=\"https://www.mrc.ac.uk/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">U.K. Medical Research Council\u003c/a>, said the discoveries had opened up a whole new field of study for biology and medicine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Until then, the body clock was viewed as a sort of black box,” Hastings told the AP. “We knew nothing about its operation. But what they did was get the genes that made the body clock, and once you’ve got the genes, you can take the field wherever you want to.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a field that has exploded massively, propelled by the discoveries by these guys,” he told the AP.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hall said scientists have known about circadian rhythms since the 1700s but the research team looked at the mechanics and underpinnings of how it works. He said understanding that can give researchers a chance to address the circadian rhythm disorders that contribute to sleep problems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Young said their research had disclosed “a beautiful mechanism” for how genes controlled body clocks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Asked at a New York news conference about possible medical breakthroughs from the work, Young said “we’re just starting with this.” But he noted that a genetic mutation had been found in some people who have chronic trouble getting to sleep at night.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our wellbeing is affected when there is a temporary mismatch between our external environment and this internal biological clock, for example when we travel across several time zones and experience ‘jet lag,’” the Nobel statement said, explaining the research. “There are also indications that chronic misalignment between our lifestyle and the rhythm dictated by our inner time keeper is associated with increased risk for various diseases.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That misalignment may be associated with diseases including cancer and degenerative neurological conditions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you understand how the normal process works, that gives you a chance, not an inevitability, but a chance to influence the internal workings of the clock and possibly to improve a patient’s wellbeing,” Hall said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think most of its practical applications lie ahead,” said Rosbash.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Three Americans won the \u003ca href=\"https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/2017/press.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine\u003c/a> on Monday for their discoveries about the body’s biological clock, opening up whole new fields of research and raising awareness about the importance of getting enough sleep.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/2017/hall-facts.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Jeffrey C. Hall\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/2017/rosbash-facts.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Michael Rosbash\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/2017/young-facts.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Michael W. Young\u003c/a> won the $1.1 million prize for their work on finding genetic mechanisms behind circadian rhythms, which adapt the workings of the body to different phases of the day, influencing sleep, behavior, hormone levels, body temperature and metabolism.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They “were able to peek inside our biological clock and elucidate its inner workings,” the Nobel citation said.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The awardees’ work stems back to 1984, when Rosbash and Hall, both at \u003ca href=\"http://www.brandeis.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Brandeis\u003c/a>, along with Young isolated the “period gene” in fruit flies. Hall and Rosbash found that a protein encoded by the gene accumulated during the night and degraded during daytime. A decade later, Young discovered another “clock gene.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>The work was done using fruit flies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I am very pleased for the fruit fly,” Rosbash, a 73-year-old professor at Brandeis University, told The Associated Press. He said he got the call about the award just after 5 a.m.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When the landline rings at that hour, normally it is because someone died,” he said. “I’m still a little overwhelmed.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But he added “I stand on the shoulders of giants. This is a very humbling award.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Young is at \u003ca href=\"https://www.rockefeller.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Rockefeller University\u003c/a>; Hall formerly was a visiting professor at the \u003ca href=\"https://umaine.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">University of Maine\u003c/a> but said his prize work was done at Brandeis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hall, 72, wryly noted that he was already awake when the call about the prize came around 5 a.m. because of age-related changes in his own circadian rhythms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I said ‘Is this a prank’?” he told the AP by telephone from Cambridge, Maine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The winners have raised “awareness of the importance of a proper sleep hygiene” said Juleen Zierath of the Nobel Assembly at the \u003ca href=\"http://ki.se/en/startpage\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Karolinska Institute\u003c/a>, which chooses the laureates. Carlos Ibanez, another assembly member, said the research was important in understanding how humans adapt to shiftwork.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Michael Hastings, a scientist at the \u003ca href=\"https://www.mrc.ac.uk/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">U.K. Medical Research Council\u003c/a>, said the discoveries had opened up a whole new field of study for biology and medicine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Until then, the body clock was viewed as a sort of black box,” Hastings told the AP. “We knew nothing about its operation. But what they did was get the genes that made the body clock, and once you’ve got the genes, you can take the field wherever you want to.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a field that has exploded massively, propelled by the discoveries by these guys,” he told the AP.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hall said scientists have known about circadian rhythms since the 1700s but the research team looked at the mechanics and underpinnings of how it works. He said understanding that can give researchers a chance to address the circadian rhythm disorders that contribute to sleep problems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Young said their research had disclosed “a beautiful mechanism” for how genes controlled body clocks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Asked at a New York news conference about possible medical breakthroughs from the work, Young said “we’re just starting with this.” But he noted that a genetic mutation had been found in some people who have chronic trouble getting to sleep at night.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our wellbeing is affected when there is a temporary mismatch between our external environment and this internal biological clock, for example when we travel across several time zones and experience ‘jet lag,’” the Nobel statement said, explaining the research. “There are also indications that chronic misalignment between our lifestyle and the rhythm dictated by our inner time keeper is associated with increased risk for various diseases.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That misalignment may be associated with diseases including cancer and degenerative neurological conditions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you understand how the normal process works, that gives you a chance, not an inevitability, but a chance to influence the internal workings of the clock and possibly to improve a patient’s wellbeing,” Hall said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think most of its practical applications lie ahead,” said Rosbash.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.iafastro.org/events/iac/iac-2017/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">International Astronautical Congress\u003c/a> gathered in Australia last week with sessions on nano-satellites and a talk called “\u003ca href=\"http://www.iafastro.org/events/iac/iac-2017/plenary-programme/50-ways-to-leave-your-earth/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">50 Ways to Leave Your Earth\u003c/a>.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Billionaire inventor \u003ca href=\"https://www.tesla.com/elon-musk\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Elon Musk\u003c/a> was there to taut one way to get off our home planet—a rocket his company \u003ca href=\"http://www.spacex.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">SpaceX\u003c/a> is developing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Musk said the Mars rocket will be ready to launch in 2022. We look at how realistic that plan is:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https://www.npr.org/player/embed/554854527/554854528\" width=\"100%\" height=\"290\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"NPR embedded audio player\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003cbr>\nCopyright 2017 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cp>California’s biggest water project in decades appears to be in limbo after a key irrigation district voted not to help underwrite Gov. Jerry Brown’s plan to build two giant tunnels that would re-engineer water transport in the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">For the last 75 years or so, we’ve tried to figure out how to move water from north to south.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The no-vote at the Fresno-based Westlands Water District — the largest agricultural water supplier in the U.S. — puts the $17 billion project’s funding on shaky ground. Will other water districts pick up the slack? Other large water agencies considering participating in the project are set to vote soon. Another key player, Los Angeles’ Metropolitan Water District , will vote on October 10. The Santa Clara Valley Water District, based in San Jose, will weigh in a week later. But with the loss of Westland’s support, some are left wondering if the controversial project is already doomed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”eS3Wtyt0HlhjkPmIJLtpGyOyKaR91T65″]KQED’s Brian Watt spoke with Paul Rogers, \u003cspan class=\"s1\">managing editor for KQED’s Science unit and the environment writer for the San Jose Mercury News\u003c/span>, about the delta tunnels project and what may lie ahead.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Brian Watt: This is a project that is touted as benefiting both the delta environment and water consumers. Remind us how these delta tunnels are supposed to work.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Paul Rogers: When you talk about water in California, the big picture is that three-quarters of all the rain and the snow falls in the northern part of the state and three-quarters of the people live in the south.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_868011\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-868011 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Delta_Desktop-800x822.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"822\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Delta_Desktop-800x822.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Delta_Desktop-400x411.png 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Delta_Desktop-768x789.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Delta_Desktop-1180x1212.png 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Delta_Desktop-960x986.png 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Delta_Desktop-32x32.png 32w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Delta_Desktop-50x50.png 50w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Delta_Desktop.png 1275w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Twin tunnels, 40 feet in diameter, would shuttle water from the Sacramento River, through the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta, to farms and cities to the south. \u003ccite>(KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>So, for the last 75 years or so, we’ve tried to figure out how to move water from north to south. Right now, in the delta we have these giant pumps near Tracy. What happens is when we pump water south, they grind up and kill fish like salmon and smelt and as those species have gotten endangered, less water at certain times of the year. So, Jerry Brown’s idea is let’s build these two tunnels, 40-feet high, costing three times what the Bay Bridge costs, to take the water from farther north in the delta and rely on these pumps less, so people can get the water more reliably.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Watt: The project has had some pretty vocal opponents.: some environmentalists, some members of the delta’s congressional delegation. But why did a huge farm irrigation district, Westlands, pull its support when its customer were supposed to benefit from it?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rogers: It’s a great question, you know, environmentalists have been against this thing all along. They argue that if you build these giant tunnels, it’ll make it easier for big corporate interests in the Central Valley and Los Angeles to take northern California’s water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But some of those farmers in the Westlands Water District near Fresno, their board voted recently, 7-to-1, to pull out of this plan. They were supposed to pay three billion of the 17 billion-dollar cost. They decided not to because, number one, it was a huge amount of money and it was going to raise what they paid for water. Number two, they weren’t being guaranteed by the Brown administration they were going to get any more water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That no-vote sent shock waves across the California water world because it meant the other agencies that might want to participate were going to have to pay a lot more.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Watt: So the Metropolitan Water District in L.A. has a big vote coming up on October 10. What do you think is going to happen?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”ITT6VAdYDMkzpdMDz03OHPhqpyKtDZl3″]Rogers: Some of the folks down there on that board have been raising questions about the cost. I think if I had to handicap it, I’d say that there’s probably about a 75 percent chance that they’ll vote for it. So that’ll be a big win for Governor Brown, but that doesn’t mean the project is done because there are other water agencies, like the Santa Clara Valley Water District in San Jose that still have yet to vote.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Brian Watt: So, where does this leave the project now? State water agencies and other big supporters say it’s far from dead.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rogers: It’s just fascinating. I think there have already been more than a dozen lawsuits filed against this project and even if water agencies approve it, it’s probably going to be held up in court for years. The Santa Clara Valley Water District is sort of wobbling. I think they may want a smaller project. So, it’s still hardly a sure thing. Jerry Brown leaves office in 15 months and his successors — his likely successors — are not huge supporters of this. They’re not opponents, but they’re not embracing it the way Brown does. So, I think in the next few weeks we’re really going to see whether or not this thing has a chance of being built or whether the final stake is driven through its heart.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Watt: What does Governor Brown think of this?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rogers: You know, it’s worth remembering that Governor Brown has two giant legacy construction projects: high speed rail and this tunnels project. His dad built a lot of big things around California when he was governor in the ’60s and this is Brown’s attempt to do that.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>California’s biggest water project in decades appears to be in limbo after a key irrigation district voted not to help underwrite Gov. Jerry Brown’s plan to build two giant tunnels that would re-engineer water transport in the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">For the last 75 years or so, we’ve tried to figure out how to move water from north to south.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The no-vote at the Fresno-based Westlands Water District — the largest agricultural water supplier in the U.S. — puts the $17 billion project’s funding on shaky ground. Will other water districts pick up the slack? Other large water agencies considering participating in the project are set to vote soon. Another key player, Los Angeles’ Metropolitan Water District , will vote on October 10. The Santa Clara Valley Water District, based in San Jose, will weigh in a week later. But with the loss of Westland’s support, some are left wondering if the controversial project is already doomed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>KQED’s Brian Watt spoke with Paul Rogers, \u003cspan class=\"s1\">managing editor for KQED’s Science unit and the environment writer for the San Jose Mercury News\u003c/span>, about the delta tunnels project and what may lie ahead.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Brian Watt: This is a project that is touted as benefiting both the delta environment and water consumers. Remind us how these delta tunnels are supposed to work.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Paul Rogers: When you talk about water in California, the big picture is that three-quarters of all the rain and the snow falls in the northern part of the state and three-quarters of the people live in the south.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_868011\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-868011 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Delta_Desktop-800x822.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"822\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Delta_Desktop-800x822.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Delta_Desktop-400x411.png 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Delta_Desktop-768x789.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Delta_Desktop-1180x1212.png 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Delta_Desktop-960x986.png 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Delta_Desktop-32x32.png 32w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Delta_Desktop-50x50.png 50w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Delta_Desktop.png 1275w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Twin tunnels, 40 feet in diameter, would shuttle water from the Sacramento River, through the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta, to farms and cities to the south. \u003ccite>(KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>So, for the last 75 years or so, we’ve tried to figure out how to move water from north to south. Right now, in the delta we have these giant pumps near Tracy. What happens is when we pump water south, they grind up and kill fish like salmon and smelt and as those species have gotten endangered, less water at certain times of the year. So, Jerry Brown’s idea is let’s build these two tunnels, 40-feet high, costing three times what the Bay Bridge costs, to take the water from farther north in the delta and rely on these pumps less, so people can get the water more reliably.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Watt: The project has had some pretty vocal opponents.: some environmentalists, some members of the delta’s congressional delegation. But why did a huge farm irrigation district, Westlands, pull its support when its customer were supposed to benefit from it?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rogers: It’s a great question, you know, environmentalists have been against this thing all along. They argue that if you build these giant tunnels, it’ll make it easier for big corporate interests in the Central Valley and Los Angeles to take northern California’s water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But some of those farmers in the Westlands Water District near Fresno, their board voted recently, 7-to-1, to pull out of this plan. They were supposed to pay three billion of the 17 billion-dollar cost. They decided not to because, number one, it was a huge amount of money and it was going to raise what they paid for water. Number two, they weren’t being guaranteed by the Brown administration they were going to get any more water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That no-vote sent shock waves across the California water world because it meant the other agencies that might want to participate were going to have to pay a lot more.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Watt: So the Metropolitan Water District in L.A. has a big vote coming up on October 10. What do you think is going to happen?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>Rogers: Some of the folks down there on that board have been raising questions about the cost. I think if I had to handicap it, I’d say that there’s probably about a 75 percent chance that they’ll vote for it. So that’ll be a big win for Governor Brown, but that doesn’t mean the project is done because there are other water agencies, like the Santa Clara Valley Water District in San Jose that still have yet to vote.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Brian Watt: So, where does this leave the project now? State water agencies and other big supporters say it’s far from dead.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rogers: It’s just fascinating. I think there have already been more than a dozen lawsuits filed against this project and even if water agencies approve it, it’s probably going to be held up in court for years. The Santa Clara Valley Water District is sort of wobbling. I think they may want a smaller project. So, it’s still hardly a sure thing. Jerry Brown leaves office in 15 months and his successors — his likely successors — are not huge supporters of this. They’re not opponents, but they’re not embracing it the way Brown does. So, I think in the next few weeks we’re really going to see whether or not this thing has a chance of being built or whether the final stake is driven through its heart.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Watt: What does Governor Brown think of this?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rogers: You know, it’s worth remembering that Governor Brown has two giant legacy construction projects: high speed rail and this tunnels project. His dad built a lot of big things around California when he was governor in the ’60s and this is Brown’s attempt to do that.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Why Is NASA Checking Out This Asteroid?",
"headTitle": "Why Is NASA Checking Out This Asteroid? | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 4.6875em;float: left;line-height: 0.733em;padding: 0.05em 0.1em 0 0;font-family: times, serif, georgia\">O\u003c/span>n September 22, a spaceship visited Earth—NASA can confirm that it wasn’t alien property. It was \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/osiris_rex_factsheet5-9.pdf\">NASA’s own OSIRIS-REx\u003c/a> probe, \u003ca href=\"https://www.newscientist.com/article/2148279-osiris-rex-spacecraft-zooms-by-earth-on-its-way-to-an-asteroid/\">swinging by Earth\u003c/a> in a gravitational \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/feature/goddard/2017/osiris-rex-spacecraft-slingshots-past-earth\">“slingshot” maneuver\u003c/a> designed to fling it toward a 2018 rendezvous with an asteroid named \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/content/goddard/bennus-journey\">Bennu\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The spacecraft will become NASA’s first mission ever to visit an asteroid, collect samples of its ancient materials, and return them to Earth for laboratory analysis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More than merely an asteroid-dust collector, however, this mission aims to give scientists a clearer understanding of \u003ca href=\"http://www.pbs.org/video/nova-sciencenow-origins-of-the-solar-system/\">the formation of the solar system,\u003c/a> the Earth, and the origin of life on our planet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Launched on September 8, 2016, \u003ca href=\"http://www.asteroidmission.org/\">OSIRIS-REx \u003c/a>—which stands for Origins, Spectral Interpretation, Resource Identification and Security-Regolith Explorer—will arrive at Bennu in August 2018, where it will map the asteroid’s surface in detail, and then graze to within a few meters of its surface to collect dust samples. It will then head back to Earth for an expected return in 2023.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1916013\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1916013\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/osirisrex-touchdown-nasa-800x300.jpg\" alt=\"Artist illustration of the OSIRIS-REx spacecraft performing its dust-sample collection maneuver prior to its return to Earth. \" width=\"800\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/osirisrex-touchdown-nasa-800x300.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/osirisrex-touchdown-nasa-160x60.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/osirisrex-touchdown-nasa-768x288.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/osirisrex-touchdown-nasa-1020x383.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/osirisrex-touchdown-nasa-1920x720.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/osirisrex-touchdown-nasa-1180x443.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/osirisrex-touchdown-nasa-960x360.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/osirisrex-touchdown-nasa-240x90.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/osirisrex-touchdown-nasa-375x141.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/osirisrex-touchdown-nasa-520x195.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Artist illustration of the OSIRIS-REx spacecraft performing its dust-sample collection maneuver prior to its return to Earth. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What Can Asteroids Tell Us About Life on Earth?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Asteroids—as well as comets—are the debris left over from the formation of our solar system, about 4.6 billion years ago, and are potential gold mines of information about the early conditions that shaped Earth and the other planets. They formed during the earliest times in the solar system, and have remained largely unchanged since then.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Earth, geological action and weathering alter terrestrial rocks over time, effectively erasing information about the earliest conditions on our planet. Attempting to reconstruct the environment that led to the origin of life on Earth by studying terrestrial rocks is a bit like trying to perceive an artist’s original painting on a canvass that has been painted over multiple times.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1916015\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1916015\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/bennu-goldstone-nasa-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"Radar images of Near-Earth Asteroid Bennu taken by the Goldstone Radio Telescope in the Mojave Desert.\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/bennu-goldstone-nasa-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/bennu-goldstone-nasa-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/bennu-goldstone-nasa-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/bennu-goldstone-nasa-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/bennu-goldstone-nasa-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/bennu-goldstone-nasa-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/bennu-goldstone-nasa-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/bennu-goldstone-nasa-520x293.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/bennu-goldstone-nasa.jpg 1100w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Radar images of Near-Earth Asteroid Bennu taken by the Goldstone Radio Telescope in the Mojave Desert. \u003ccite>(NASA/Goldstone Radio Telescope)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Were Oceans Filled by Asteroids Like Bennu?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bennu is a roughly 500-meter diameter Near-Earth Asteroid–one whose closest approach to the sun is less than 120 million miles. Not only is it close to Earth and relatively easy to visit, it is a “carbonaceous” asteroid—rich in carbon compounds, as well as other materials like water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This makes it \u003ca href=\"https://www.asteroidmission.org/why-bennu/\">a good candidate\u003c/a> for testing a theory that the young Earth may have been supplied with organic materials (compounds of carbon and hydrogen) and water from asteroids like Bennu colliding with our planet, during a period called the “\u003ca href=\"https://phys.org/news/2014-02-late-heavy-bombardment-affect-earth.html\">Late Heavy Bombardment\u003c/a>” between 3.8 and 4.1 billion years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We know that during this period, the moon, as well as Earth and the other planets of the inner solar system, were showered by large numbers of asteroids and comets—a fact that our moon and the planets Mercury and Mars testify to with tens of thousands of ancient impact craters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The materials carried by the impacting objects became part of the makeup of Earth’s crust, and are thought to have supplied some or much of Earth’s surface water and the organic compounds that set the stage for the appearance of life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1916016\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 699px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1916016\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/orbitofosirisrexandbennu.jpg\" alt=\"Bennu is a Near-Earth Asteroid whose orbital plane is tilted six degrees relative to Earth's. OSIRIS-REx's slingshot maneuver past Earth on September 22nd was necessary to boost the spacecraft to Bennu's orbital trajectory. \" width=\"699\" height=\"540\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/orbitofosirisrexandbennu.jpg 699w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/orbitofosirisrexandbennu-160x124.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/orbitofosirisrexandbennu-240x185.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/orbitofosirisrexandbennu-375x290.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/orbitofosirisrexandbennu-520x402.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 699px) 100vw, 699px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Bennu is a Near-Earth Asteroid whose orbital plane is tilted six degrees relative to Earth’s. OSIRIS-REx’s slingshot maneuver past Earth on September 22nd was necessary to boost the spacecraft to Bennu’s orbital trajectory. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Have Comets Fallen Out of Favor?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For many years, comets were singled out as a likely source of Earth’s water and organic materials. Comets are composed largely of water ice and chemicals like ammonia. More recently, we’ve also discovered organic hydrocarbon compounds mixed in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Attempts to match the chemical signatures of the water in Earth’s ocean with the water-ice in comets have yielded mixed results. Of several comets from which measurements have been obtained—most recently comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko \u003ca href=\"http://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-30414519\">visited by the European Rosetta\u003c/a> spacecraft in 2014—a trend has developed that points away from comets as a significant source of Earth’s fertile starting point.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the same time, the detection of water ice and carbon compounds within some asteroids has revealed that they are not merely bone-dry hunks of rock and metal as once assumed, strengthening the argument favoring asteroids as the main contributors of those precious materials. In 2015 \u003ca href=\"https://dawn.jpl.nasa.gov/\">NASA’s Dawn\u003c/a> spacecraft discovered that the former asteroid (now dwarf planet) Ceres may contain a mantle of ice greater in mass than all of Earth’s fresh water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Asteroids: Friend or Foe?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Recently there has been a lot of concern over the probabilities of Near-Earth Asteroids (of which Bennu is one) colliding with Earth and wreaking havoc and devastation to humans, Earth’s ecosystems, and even our civilization.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It is amusing to think that the first spacecraft mission sent to one of these potential Earth-colliding, flying mountains is aimed at understanding how objects such as these may have brought life to Earth in the first place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now that OSIRIS-REx has completed its slingshot maneuver past Earth, it should be smooth sailing all the way to Bennu. NASA will use the time to test the health of its systems and functions. Then, next August when the spacecraft is a little more than a million miles from the asteroid, it will use its thrusters to match course and speed with the asteroid to set up for a final approach.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "NASA's OSIRIS-REx probe will become the first to visit an asteroid, collect samples and return them to Earth for analysis.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 4.6875em;float: left;line-height: 0.733em;padding: 0.05em 0.1em 0 0;font-family: times, serif, georgia\">O\u003c/span>n September 22, a spaceship visited Earth—NASA can confirm that it wasn’t alien property. It was \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/osiris_rex_factsheet5-9.pdf\">NASA’s own OSIRIS-REx\u003c/a> probe, \u003ca href=\"https://www.newscientist.com/article/2148279-osiris-rex-spacecraft-zooms-by-earth-on-its-way-to-an-asteroid/\">swinging by Earth\u003c/a> in a gravitational \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/feature/goddard/2017/osiris-rex-spacecraft-slingshots-past-earth\">“slingshot” maneuver\u003c/a> designed to fling it toward a 2018 rendezvous with an asteroid named \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/content/goddard/bennus-journey\">Bennu\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The spacecraft will become NASA’s first mission ever to visit an asteroid, collect samples of its ancient materials, and return them to Earth for laboratory analysis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More than merely an asteroid-dust collector, however, this mission aims to give scientists a clearer understanding of \u003ca href=\"http://www.pbs.org/video/nova-sciencenow-origins-of-the-solar-system/\">the formation of the solar system,\u003c/a> the Earth, and the origin of life on our planet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Launched on September 8, 2016, \u003ca href=\"http://www.asteroidmission.org/\">OSIRIS-REx \u003c/a>—which stands for Origins, Spectral Interpretation, Resource Identification and Security-Regolith Explorer—will arrive at Bennu in August 2018, where it will map the asteroid’s surface in detail, and then graze to within a few meters of its surface to collect dust samples. It will then head back to Earth for an expected return in 2023.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1916013\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1916013\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/osirisrex-touchdown-nasa-800x300.jpg\" alt=\"Artist illustration of the OSIRIS-REx spacecraft performing its dust-sample collection maneuver prior to its return to Earth. \" width=\"800\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/osirisrex-touchdown-nasa-800x300.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/osirisrex-touchdown-nasa-160x60.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/osirisrex-touchdown-nasa-768x288.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/osirisrex-touchdown-nasa-1020x383.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/osirisrex-touchdown-nasa-1920x720.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/osirisrex-touchdown-nasa-1180x443.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/osirisrex-touchdown-nasa-960x360.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/osirisrex-touchdown-nasa-240x90.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/osirisrex-touchdown-nasa-375x141.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/osirisrex-touchdown-nasa-520x195.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Artist illustration of the OSIRIS-REx spacecraft performing its dust-sample collection maneuver prior to its return to Earth. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What Can Asteroids Tell Us About Life on Earth?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Asteroids—as well as comets—are the debris left over from the formation of our solar system, about 4.6 billion years ago, and are potential gold mines of information about the early conditions that shaped Earth and the other planets. They formed during the earliest times in the solar system, and have remained largely unchanged since then.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Earth, geological action and weathering alter terrestrial rocks over time, effectively erasing information about the earliest conditions on our planet. Attempting to reconstruct the environment that led to the origin of life on Earth by studying terrestrial rocks is a bit like trying to perceive an artist’s original painting on a canvass that has been painted over multiple times.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1916015\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1916015\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/bennu-goldstone-nasa-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"Radar images of Near-Earth Asteroid Bennu taken by the Goldstone Radio Telescope in the Mojave Desert.\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/bennu-goldstone-nasa-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/bennu-goldstone-nasa-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/bennu-goldstone-nasa-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/bennu-goldstone-nasa-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/bennu-goldstone-nasa-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/bennu-goldstone-nasa-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/bennu-goldstone-nasa-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/bennu-goldstone-nasa-520x293.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/bennu-goldstone-nasa.jpg 1100w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Radar images of Near-Earth Asteroid Bennu taken by the Goldstone Radio Telescope in the Mojave Desert. \u003ccite>(NASA/Goldstone Radio Telescope)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Were Oceans Filled by Asteroids Like Bennu?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bennu is a roughly 500-meter diameter Near-Earth Asteroid–one whose closest approach to the sun is less than 120 million miles. Not only is it close to Earth and relatively easy to visit, it is a “carbonaceous” asteroid—rich in carbon compounds, as well as other materials like water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This makes it \u003ca href=\"https://www.asteroidmission.org/why-bennu/\">a good candidate\u003c/a> for testing a theory that the young Earth may have been supplied with organic materials (compounds of carbon and hydrogen) and water from asteroids like Bennu colliding with our planet, during a period called the “\u003ca href=\"https://phys.org/news/2014-02-late-heavy-bombardment-affect-earth.html\">Late Heavy Bombardment\u003c/a>” between 3.8 and 4.1 billion years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We know that during this period, the moon, as well as Earth and the other planets of the inner solar system, were showered by large numbers of asteroids and comets—a fact that our moon and the planets Mercury and Mars testify to with tens of thousands of ancient impact craters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The materials carried by the impacting objects became part of the makeup of Earth’s crust, and are thought to have supplied some or much of Earth’s surface water and the organic compounds that set the stage for the appearance of life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1916016\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 699px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1916016\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/orbitofosirisrexandbennu.jpg\" alt=\"Bennu is a Near-Earth Asteroid whose orbital plane is tilted six degrees relative to Earth's. OSIRIS-REx's slingshot maneuver past Earth on September 22nd was necessary to boost the spacecraft to Bennu's orbital trajectory. \" width=\"699\" height=\"540\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/orbitofosirisrexandbennu.jpg 699w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/orbitofosirisrexandbennu-160x124.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/orbitofosirisrexandbennu-240x185.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/orbitofosirisrexandbennu-375x290.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/orbitofosirisrexandbennu-520x402.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 699px) 100vw, 699px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Bennu is a Near-Earth Asteroid whose orbital plane is tilted six degrees relative to Earth’s. OSIRIS-REx’s slingshot maneuver past Earth on September 22nd was necessary to boost the spacecraft to Bennu’s orbital trajectory. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Have Comets Fallen Out of Favor?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For many years, comets were singled out as a likely source of Earth’s water and organic materials. Comets are composed largely of water ice and chemicals like ammonia. More recently, we’ve also discovered organic hydrocarbon compounds mixed in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Attempts to match the chemical signatures of the water in Earth’s ocean with the water-ice in comets have yielded mixed results. Of several comets from which measurements have been obtained—most recently comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko \u003ca href=\"http://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-30414519\">visited by the European Rosetta\u003c/a> spacecraft in 2014—a trend has developed that points away from comets as a significant source of Earth’s fertile starting point.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the same time, the detection of water ice and carbon compounds within some asteroids has revealed that they are not merely bone-dry hunks of rock and metal as once assumed, strengthening the argument favoring asteroids as the main contributors of those precious materials. In 2015 \u003ca href=\"https://dawn.jpl.nasa.gov/\">NASA’s Dawn\u003c/a> spacecraft discovered that the former asteroid (now dwarf planet) Ceres may contain a mantle of ice greater in mass than all of Earth’s fresh water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Asteroids: Friend or Foe?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Recently there has been a lot of concern over the probabilities of Near-Earth Asteroids (of which Bennu is one) colliding with Earth and wreaking havoc and devastation to humans, Earth’s ecosystems, and even our civilization.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It is amusing to think that the first spacecraft mission sent to one of these potential Earth-colliding, flying mountains is aimed at understanding how objects such as these may have brought life to Earth in the first place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now that OSIRIS-REx has completed its slingshot maneuver past Earth, it should be smooth sailing all the way to Bennu. NASA will use the time to test the health of its systems and functions. Then, next August when the spacecraft is a little more than a million miles from the asteroid, it will use its thrusters to match course and speed with the asteroid to set up for a final approach.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Paul Doherty, the Exploratorium's Beloved Senior Scientist, Dies at 69",
"headTitle": "Paul Doherty, the Exploratorium’s Beloved Senior Scientist, Dies at 69 | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Paul Doherty’s wife, Ellen Henson, loved watching his hands when he taught. An animated, enthusiastic speaker, Doherty used movement to lend his words extra meaning. His teaching paired his brilliant, scientifically astute mind with an intuitive understanding of his audience.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The celebrated teacher and senior scientist at San Francisco’s Exploratorium museum died last month, after a return of cancer that had been in remission.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘One of the most important lessons he taught was to love what you’re doing so that others love doing it with you.’\u003ccite> Bree Barnett Dreyfuss\u003cbr>\nAmador Valley High School\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>For the past three decades, Doherty has been a key figure at the Exploratorium’s Teacher Institute, where the museum is \u003ca href=\"https://www.exploratorium.edu/support/doherty-fund\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">creating a fund\u003c/a> in his name. The institute trains and mentors middle and high school math and science teachers. He has authored several books; the most recent, “\u003ca href=\"https://www.amazon.com/Then-Youre-Dead-Swallowed-Barreling/dp/0143108441\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">And Then You’re Dead: What Really Happens If You Get Swallowed by a Whale, Are Shot from a Cannon, or Go Barreling over Niagara\u003c/a>,” written with Cody Cassidy, was published in April.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Doherty was chosen as “Best Science Demonstrator” at the World Congress of Museums in Helsinki in 1996. The National Science Teachers Association selected him in 2003 for the Faraday Science Communicator Award. And seven years ago, he traveled to India as part of a team from the Exploratorium, invited by the Dalai Llama to \u003ca href=\"http://www.exo.net/~pauld/workshops/ScienceForMonks/Geshe%20Project/Science%20for%20Geshes2.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">teach science to Buddhist Monks\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Colleagues say Doherty’s most lasting legacy will be his infectious warmth and enthusiasm for teaching science, and inspiring science teachers to bring their passion and curiosity to the classroom.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“One of the most important lessons he taught,” says Bree Barnett Dreyfuss, a high school physics teacher at Amador Valley High School in Pleasanton, “was to love what you’re doing so that others love doing it with you.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1916020\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 768px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1916020\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/142.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"768\" height=\"1024\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/142.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/142-160x213.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/142-240x320.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/142-375x500.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/142-520x693.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Paul Doherty atop Mount Clarence King, Kings Canyon National Park. July 2007 \u003ccite>(Hal Murray)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Throughout his life, Doherty loved being outdoors and was an avid mountain climber. He climbed the face of El Capitan and made the first ascent of a 20,000-foot peak in the Sierra Nevada de Lagunas Bravas in the Andes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“He could out-climb and out-bike most 20-year-olds,” says Eric Muller, senior science and math educator at the Exploratorium.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In interviews, friends and colleagues say they were continually astounded by the depth and breath of Doherty’s knowledge. Yet, they say, he was unfailingly humble, and not afraid to say, “I don’t know, but let’s find out.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Everything was an experiment — it was never about providing an answer,” says Barnett Dreyfuss. “I was so fearful of not knowing the content, of having kids question me and not being able to answer. To see that it was OK to not know everything, and that my job was to teach— not to be an encyclopedia— was a big thing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Barnett Dreyfuss went through the Teacher Institute more than a decade ago when she started teaching.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I learned more from three weeks of Paul talking than I did in my entire undergraduate,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4aJ36-TlPD4\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was in college that Doherty found his love of teaching.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I would go climb a mountain and see something beautiful,” he says in an \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ce1qVgeynls\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Exploratorium video,\u003c/a> “and then I would bring people to show them, to share with them the beauty that I found.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After doing this for weeks on end, he says, he realized that he was both a scientist and a teacher.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Doherty received his doctorate in physics from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1974. The following year he moved to Michigan and began teaching at Oakland University, covering a spectrum of subjects including physics, astronomy, geology and electronics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That year, 1975, was also the year he married Ellen Henson, his wife of 42 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ellen says she was drawn to Paul for his “aliveness” and his relationship to “both sides” of nature. Since her girlhood, she says, she has loved stones. “I could take a handful of stones to Paul and show him,” she says. “And he would both appreciate the beauty of them and he knew what they were made of.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ce1qVgeynls\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He was ever the experimentalist, she says. They used laugh that their marriage vows implied a clause of “Thou shalt not use the home microwave for anything other than normal cooking of food.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was not the marriage vows, however, that she remembers as the key moment when they made their commitment to each other. It was the selecting of the stone that would be set in her wedding ring. Shortly after Paul’s proposal, in the small shop of a science museum where they were visiting a geology exhibit, they were both taken by a beautiful cabochon of moss agate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I still wear it,” says Ellen. Depending on the light or the angle of view, she says, the stone reveals new rich detail. “That was how we saw our marriage. Multi-faceted. With many layers.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The couple moved to the Bay Area in 1986, where Doherty joined the Exploratorium’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.exploratorium.edu/education/teacher-institute\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Teacher Institute\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Beyond his raft of interests in the real world, Doherty was also active in the online virtual world of Second Life. He helped created what Linda Shore, a friend and former staff at the Teacher Institute, believes was the first science museum in Second Life: The Splo (as in the Ex-splo-ratorium). In the virtual museum, visitors can explore color, optical illusions and motion, in much the same way they can at the Exploratorium. (Shore, currently executive director at the Astronomical Society of the Pacific, has inherited the job of looking after The Splo.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BbgmVdgWbeY\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Sir Isaac Newton invites people to celebrate Pi Day (March 14) at The Splo in Second Life.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On special occasions at the Exploratorium, such as their evening ‘After Dark’ parties, Doherty would bring his avatar: Patio Plasma, to life, displaying what friends recall as a “fabulous fashion sense.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of his lasting legacies, colleagues say, will be the culture of inclusion, understanding, acceptance and honesty that Doherty helped foster at the museum and in the educational community.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Paul led by example. His way of being in the world, his complete and constant enthusiasm for life and learning was a constant mentorship,” says Lori Lambertson, also on staff at the Teacher Institute. “He moved so easily. Everybody turned to him. He had time for everybody.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Through the Teacher Institute, his mentoring of museum staff (especially the high-school aged “\u003ca href=\"https://explainers.exploratorium.edu/highschool/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Explainers\u003c/a>” who engage the public at exhibits) the lectures he gave worldwide and his books, Paul Doherty’s influence reached hundreds of thousands, if not millions, of people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When he was diagnosed with cancer, Lambertson says, “he told a colleague, ‘I’ve had a good life. Everything now is icing.'”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Gifts to the Exploratorium’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.exploratorium.edu/support/doherty-fund\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Paul Doherty Fund \u003c/a>will support the Teacher Institute, the professional development program for middle school and high school math and science teachers. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Paul Doherty’s wife, Ellen Henson, loved watching his hands when he taught. An animated, enthusiastic speaker, Doherty used movement to lend his words extra meaning. His teaching paired his brilliant, scientifically astute mind with an intuitive understanding of his audience.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The celebrated teacher and senior scientist at San Francisco’s Exploratorium museum died last month, after a return of cancer that had been in remission.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘One of the most important lessons he taught was to love what you’re doing so that others love doing it with you.’\u003ccite> Bree Barnett Dreyfuss\u003cbr>\nAmador Valley High School\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>For the past three decades, Doherty has been a key figure at the Exploratorium’s Teacher Institute, where the museum is \u003ca href=\"https://www.exploratorium.edu/support/doherty-fund\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">creating a fund\u003c/a> in his name. The institute trains and mentors middle and high school math and science teachers. He has authored several books; the most recent, “\u003ca href=\"https://www.amazon.com/Then-Youre-Dead-Swallowed-Barreling/dp/0143108441\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">And Then You’re Dead: What Really Happens If You Get Swallowed by a Whale, Are Shot from a Cannon, or Go Barreling over Niagara\u003c/a>,” written with Cody Cassidy, was published in April.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Doherty was chosen as “Best Science Demonstrator” at the World Congress of Museums in Helsinki in 1996. The National Science Teachers Association selected him in 2003 for the Faraday Science Communicator Award. And seven years ago, he traveled to India as part of a team from the Exploratorium, invited by the Dalai Llama to \u003ca href=\"http://www.exo.net/~pauld/workshops/ScienceForMonks/Geshe%20Project/Science%20for%20Geshes2.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">teach science to Buddhist Monks\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Colleagues say Doherty’s most lasting legacy will be his infectious warmth and enthusiasm for teaching science, and inspiring science teachers to bring their passion and curiosity to the classroom.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“One of the most important lessons he taught,” says Bree Barnett Dreyfuss, a high school physics teacher at Amador Valley High School in Pleasanton, “was to love what you’re doing so that others love doing it with you.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1916020\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 768px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1916020\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/142.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"768\" height=\"1024\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/142.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/142-160x213.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/142-240x320.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/142-375x500.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/142-520x693.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Paul Doherty atop Mount Clarence King, Kings Canyon National Park. July 2007 \u003ccite>(Hal Murray)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Throughout his life, Doherty loved being outdoors and was an avid mountain climber. He climbed the face of El Capitan and made the first ascent of a 20,000-foot peak in the Sierra Nevada de Lagunas Bravas in the Andes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“He could out-climb and out-bike most 20-year-olds,” says Eric Muller, senior science and math educator at the Exploratorium.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In interviews, friends and colleagues say they were continually astounded by the depth and breath of Doherty’s knowledge. Yet, they say, he was unfailingly humble, and not afraid to say, “I don’t know, but let’s find out.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Everything was an experiment — it was never about providing an answer,” says Barnett Dreyfuss. “I was so fearful of not knowing the content, of having kids question me and not being able to answer. To see that it was OK to not know everything, and that my job was to teach— not to be an encyclopedia— was a big thing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Barnett Dreyfuss went through the Teacher Institute more than a decade ago when she started teaching.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I learned more from three weeks of Paul talking than I did in my entire undergraduate,” she says.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/4aJ36-TlPD4'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/4aJ36-TlPD4'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>It was in college that Doherty found his love of teaching.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I would go climb a mountain and see something beautiful,” he says in an \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ce1qVgeynls\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Exploratorium video,\u003c/a> “and then I would bring people to show them, to share with them the beauty that I found.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After doing this for weeks on end, he says, he realized that he was both a scientist and a teacher.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Doherty received his doctorate in physics from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1974. The following year he moved to Michigan and began teaching at Oakland University, covering a spectrum of subjects including physics, astronomy, geology and electronics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That year, 1975, was also the year he married Ellen Henson, his wife of 42 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ellen says she was drawn to Paul for his “aliveness” and his relationship to “both sides” of nature. Since her girlhood, she says, she has loved stones. “I could take a handful of stones to Paul and show him,” she says. “And he would both appreciate the beauty of them and he knew what they were made of.”\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/Ce1qVgeynls'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/Ce1qVgeynls'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>He was ever the experimentalist, she says. They used laugh that their marriage vows implied a clause of “Thou shalt not use the home microwave for anything other than normal cooking of food.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was not the marriage vows, however, that she remembers as the key moment when they made their commitment to each other. It was the selecting of the stone that would be set in her wedding ring. Shortly after Paul’s proposal, in the small shop of a science museum where they were visiting a geology exhibit, they were both taken by a beautiful cabochon of moss agate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I still wear it,” says Ellen. Depending on the light or the angle of view, she says, the stone reveals new rich detail. “That was how we saw our marriage. Multi-faceted. With many layers.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The couple moved to the Bay Area in 1986, where Doherty joined the Exploratorium’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.exploratorium.edu/education/teacher-institute\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Teacher Institute\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Beyond his raft of interests in the real world, Doherty was also active in the online virtual world of Second Life. He helped created what Linda Shore, a friend and former staff at the Teacher Institute, believes was the first science museum in Second Life: The Splo (as in the Ex-splo-ratorium). In the virtual museum, visitors can explore color, optical illusions and motion, in much the same way they can at the Exploratorium. (Shore, currently executive director at the Astronomical Society of the Pacific, has inherited the job of looking after The Splo.)\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/BbgmVdgWbeY'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/BbgmVdgWbeY'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cem>Sir Isaac Newton invites people to celebrate Pi Day (March 14) at The Splo in Second Life.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On special occasions at the Exploratorium, such as their evening ‘After Dark’ parties, Doherty would bring his avatar: Patio Plasma, to life, displaying what friends recall as a “fabulous fashion sense.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of his lasting legacies, colleagues say, will be the culture of inclusion, understanding, acceptance and honesty that Doherty helped foster at the museum and in the educational community.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Paul led by example. His way of being in the world, his complete and constant enthusiasm for life and learning was a constant mentorship,” says Lori Lambertson, also on staff at the Teacher Institute. “He moved so easily. Everybody turned to him. He had time for everybody.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Through the Teacher Institute, his mentoring of museum staff (especially the high-school aged “\u003ca href=\"https://explainers.exploratorium.edu/highschool/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Explainers\u003c/a>” who engage the public at exhibits) the lectures he gave worldwide and his books, Paul Doherty’s influence reached hundreds of thousands, if not millions, of people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When he was diagnosed with cancer, Lambertson says, “he told a colleague, ‘I’ve had a good life. Everything now is icing.'”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Gifts to the Exploratorium’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.exploratorium.edu/support/doherty-fund\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Paul Doherty Fund \u003c/a>will support the Teacher Institute, the professional development program for middle school and high school math and science teachers. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>The United States and Mexico have agreed to renew and expand a far-reaching conservation agreement that governs how they manage the overused Colorado River, which supplies water to millions of people and to farms in both nations, U.S. water district officials said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”78CMgpVcn3bgT2DwDwFduyfK16Xm08qw”]The agreement to be signed Wednesday calls for the U.S. to invest $31.5 million in conservation improvements in Mexico’s water infrastructure to reduce losses to leaks and other problems, according to officials of U.S. water districts who have seen summaries of the agreement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The water that the improvements save would be shared by users in both nations and by environmental restoration projects\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The deal also calls on Mexico to develop specific plans for reducing consumption if the river runs too low to supply everyone’s needs, said Bill Hasencamp of the Metropolitan Water District of Southern California, which supplies water to about 19 million people in and around Los Angeles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Major river consumers in the U.S. would be required to agree on their own shortage plan before Mexico produces one, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The deal will extend a previous agreement that both countries would share the burden of water supply cutbacks if the river runs low, Hasencamp said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The International Boundary and Water Commission, which has members from both countries and oversees U.S.-Mexico treaties on borders and rivers, declined to release a copy of the agreement before Wednesday’s signing ceremony in Santa Fe, New Mexico.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Officials with the Mexican foreign ministry said in an email Tuesday they had no immediate comment, but U.S. officials who have been briefed on the details said the deal will help both sides.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s good news for both nations, for water users in the U.S. and Mexico,” said Chuck Collum of the Central Arizona Project, another Colorado River user that will help fund the infrastructure improvements in Mexico.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The agreement provides more certainty in how the two countries will deal with the risk of a shortage and recognizes the danger the river faces, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s an acknowledgement that the U.S. and Mexico both share risk due to a hotter and drier future,” Collum said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Colorado River is in the midst of a prolonged regional drought, and some climate scientists have said global warming is already reducing the amount of water it carries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A study published in February by researchers from the University of Arizona and Colorado State University said climate change could cut the river’s flow by one-third by the end of the century.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The river begins in the mountains of Colorado and winds 1,400 miles (2,250 kilometers) to Mexico, although heavy use means it usually dries up before it reaches its delta on the Gulf of California where Mexico’s Sonora and Baja California states meet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Along the way, it supplies water to about 40 million people and 6,300 square miles (16,300 square kilometers) of farmland in the United States alone. Equivalent figures for Mexico weren’t immediately available.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The deal being signed Wednesday, known as Minute 323, is an amendment to a 1944 U.S.-Mexico treaty that lays out how the two nations share the river. The treaty promises Mexico 1.5 million acre-feet (1.9 billion cubic meters) of water annually.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The U.S. uses the rest. The average annual flow in the river is about 16.4 million acre-feet (20 billion cubic meters), according the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation, which manages the river in the United States.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One acre-foot (1,200 cubic meters) is enough to supply a typical U.S. family for a year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new agreement, which will be in force for nine years, does not include a repeat of the historic 2014 “pulse” that sent about 105,000 acre-feet (130 million cubic meters) of water surging into river’s delta in Mexico, the U.S. water officials said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That was an environmental experiment that brought water and life to the dried-out delta for the first time in years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the agreement does include up to 210,000 acre-feet (260 million cubic meters) for environmental restoration projects, according to a briefing from Southern California’s Imperial Irrigation District, one of the funders of the Mexican infrastructure projects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Details of those projects were not immediately available.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "The two countries expanded an agreement concerning how they manage the over-tapped Colorado River.",
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"nprByline": "\u003ca href=\"https://apnews.com/search/dan%20elliott\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Dan Elliott\u003c/a>\u003c/br>Associated Press",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The United States and Mexico have agreed to renew and expand a far-reaching conservation agreement that governs how they manage the overused Colorado River, which supplies water to millions of people and to farms in both nations, U.S. water district officials said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>The agreement to be signed Wednesday calls for the U.S. to invest $31.5 million in conservation improvements in Mexico’s water infrastructure to reduce losses to leaks and other problems, according to officials of U.S. water districts who have seen summaries of the agreement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The water that the improvements save would be shared by users in both nations and by environmental restoration projects\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The deal also calls on Mexico to develop specific plans for reducing consumption if the river runs too low to supply everyone’s needs, said Bill Hasencamp of the Metropolitan Water District of Southern California, which supplies water to about 19 million people in and around Los Angeles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Major river consumers in the U.S. would be required to agree on their own shortage plan before Mexico produces one, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The deal will extend a previous agreement that both countries would share the burden of water supply cutbacks if the river runs low, Hasencamp said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The International Boundary and Water Commission, which has members from both countries and oversees U.S.-Mexico treaties on borders and rivers, declined to release a copy of the agreement before Wednesday’s signing ceremony in Santa Fe, New Mexico.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Officials with the Mexican foreign ministry said in an email Tuesday they had no immediate comment, but U.S. officials who have been briefed on the details said the deal will help both sides.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s good news for both nations, for water users in the U.S. and Mexico,” said Chuck Collum of the Central Arizona Project, another Colorado River user that will help fund the infrastructure improvements in Mexico.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The agreement provides more certainty in how the two countries will deal with the risk of a shortage and recognizes the danger the river faces, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s an acknowledgement that the U.S. and Mexico both share risk due to a hotter and drier future,” Collum said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Colorado River is in the midst of a prolonged regional drought, and some climate scientists have said global warming is already reducing the amount of water it carries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A study published in February by researchers from the University of Arizona and Colorado State University said climate change could cut the river’s flow by one-third by the end of the century.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The river begins in the mountains of Colorado and winds 1,400 miles (2,250 kilometers) to Mexico, although heavy use means it usually dries up before it reaches its delta on the Gulf of California where Mexico’s Sonora and Baja California states meet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Along the way, it supplies water to about 40 million people and 6,300 square miles (16,300 square kilometers) of farmland in the United States alone. Equivalent figures for Mexico weren’t immediately available.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The deal being signed Wednesday, known as Minute 323, is an amendment to a 1944 U.S.-Mexico treaty that lays out how the two nations share the river. The treaty promises Mexico 1.5 million acre-feet (1.9 billion cubic meters) of water annually.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The U.S. uses the rest. The average annual flow in the river is about 16.4 million acre-feet (20 billion cubic meters), according the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation, which manages the river in the United States.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One acre-foot (1,200 cubic meters) is enough to supply a typical U.S. family for a year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new agreement, which will be in force for nine years, does not include a repeat of the historic 2014 “pulse” that sent about 105,000 acre-feet (130 million cubic meters) of water surging into river’s delta in Mexico, the U.S. water officials said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That was an environmental experiment that brought water and life to the dried-out delta for the first time in years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the agreement does include up to 210,000 acre-feet (260 million cubic meters) for environmental restoration projects, according to a briefing from Southern California’s Imperial Irrigation District, one of the funders of the Mexican infrastructure projects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Details of those projects were not immediately available.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
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"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
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"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
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"tagline": "Politics from a personal perspective",
"info": "Political Breakdown is a new series that explores the political intersection of California and the nation. Each week hosts Scott Shafer and Marisa Lagos are joined with a new special guest to unpack politics -- with personality — and offer an insider’s glimpse at how politics happens.",
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"info": "Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.",
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"pri-the-world": {
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"info": "Each weekday, host Marco Werman and his team of producers bring you the world's most interesting stories in an hour of radio that reminds us just how small our planet really is.",
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"radiolab": {
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"info": "A two-time Peabody Award-winner, Radiolab is an investigation told through sounds and stories, and centered around one big idea. In the Radiolab world, information sounds like music and science and culture collide. Hosted by Jad Abumrad and Robert Krulwich, the show is designed for listeners who demand skepticism, but appreciate wonder. WNYC Studios is the producer of other leading podcasts including Freakonomics Radio, Death, Sex & Money, On the Media and many more.",
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"reveal": {
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"title": "Reveal",
"info": "Created by The Center for Investigative Reporting and PRX, Reveal is public radios first one-hour weekly radio show and podcast dedicated to investigative reporting. Credible, fact based and without a partisan agenda, Reveal combines the power and artistry of driveway moment storytelling with data-rich reporting on critically important issues. The result is stories that inform and inspire, arming our listeners with information to right injustices, hold the powerful accountable and improve lives.Reveal is hosted by Al Letson and showcases the award-winning work of CIR and newsrooms large and small across the nation. In a radio and podcast market crowded with choices, Reveal focuses on important and often surprising stories that illuminate the world for our listeners.",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.revealnews.org/episodes/",
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},
"rightnowish": {
"id": "rightnowish",
"title": "Rightnowish",
"tagline": "Art is where you find it",
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