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"title": "Report: 'Long-Term Systemic Failure' Led to Oroville Dam Crisis",
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"content": "\u003cp>An independent report by national dam engineering experts says “long-term systemic failures” led to the collapse last year of two spillways at the nation’s tallest dam, and subsequent mass evacuations of areas near Oroville in Butte County.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://damsafety.org/sites/default/files/files/Independent%20Forensic%20Team%20Report%20Final%2001-05-18.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">nearly 600-page report\u003c/a> prepared jointly by the \u003ca href=\"https://damsafety.org/article/oroville-investigation-team-update\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Association of State Dam Safety Officials\u003c/a> and United States Society on Dams cites a string of failures from flaws in the dam’s original design and construction in the 1960s, to the bedrock upon which it was built, to lapses in ongoing inspections over the decades since.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to the report:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>“The seriousness of the weak as-constructed conditions and lack of repair durability was not recognized during numerous inspections and review processes over the almost 50-year history of the project.”\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>In the wake of the crisis, the questionable rigor of routine dam inspections and lack of response to inspectors’ recommendations became a \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2017/05/16/oroville-crisis-triggers-rethinking-of-california-dam-management/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">focus of state legislators\u003c/a>, who went as far as suggesting that the dam’s management be wrested away from the California Dept. of Water Resources.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The latest report balks at blaming any “individual, group or organization,” instead spreading responsibility over virtually everyone involved in the dam’s design, construction and operation. But members of the Independent Forensic Team who wrote the report noted that:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>“DWR has been somewhat overconfident and complacent regarding the integrity of its civil infrastructure and has tended to emphasize shorter-term operational considerations. Combined with cost pressures, this resulted in strained internal relationships and inadequate priority for dam safety.”\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>In a statement, DWR Director Grant Davis (who joined the agency since last year’s crisis), said the report is “consistent” with the findings of the agency’s own independent review, and that lessons from that were “fully incorporated in the design of the reconstructed spillways.” DWR rushed to complete a partial rebuild of the dam’s spillways before the start of the current wet season, last November.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But almost as soon as work on the replacement spillways wound up, \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2017/11/27/feds-ask-state-to-explain-cracks-in-new-concrete-on-oroville-spillway/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">concerns arose about cracks\u003c/a> appearing in newly-poured concrete on the main spillway.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Davis offered assurance that DWR would “carefully assess this report, share it with the entire dam safety community and incorporate the lessons learned going forward to ensure California continues to lead the nation on dam safety.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During intense winter storms last February, water levels behind the 770-foot-high dam rose to the point where the dam’s principal spillway broke down under pressure from necessary releases into the river. When the dam’s earthen “auxiliary” or emergency spillway began to disintegrate as well, evacuation orders went out to about 800,000 people in Oroville and other communities downstream of the dam.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The IFT report issued today called the near-disaster at Oroville “a wake-up call for everyone involved in dam safety.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>An independent report by national dam engineering experts says “long-term systemic failures” led to the collapse last year of two spillways at the nation’s tallest dam, and subsequent mass evacuations of areas near Oroville in Butte County.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://damsafety.org/sites/default/files/files/Independent%20Forensic%20Team%20Report%20Final%2001-05-18.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">nearly 600-page report\u003c/a> prepared jointly by the \u003ca href=\"https://damsafety.org/article/oroville-investigation-team-update\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Association of State Dam Safety Officials\u003c/a> and United States Society on Dams cites a string of failures from flaws in the dam’s original design and construction in the 1960s, to the bedrock upon which it was built, to lapses in ongoing inspections over the decades since.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to the report:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>“The seriousness of the weak as-constructed conditions and lack of repair durability was not recognized during numerous inspections and review processes over the almost 50-year history of the project.”\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>In the wake of the crisis, the questionable rigor of routine dam inspections and lack of response to inspectors’ recommendations became a \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2017/05/16/oroville-crisis-triggers-rethinking-of-california-dam-management/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">focus of state legislators\u003c/a>, who went as far as suggesting that the dam’s management be wrested away from the California Dept. of Water Resources.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The latest report balks at blaming any “individual, group or organization,” instead spreading responsibility over virtually everyone involved in the dam’s design, construction and operation. But members of the Independent Forensic Team who wrote the report noted that:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>“DWR has been somewhat overconfident and complacent regarding the integrity of its civil infrastructure and has tended to emphasize shorter-term operational considerations. Combined with cost pressures, this resulted in strained internal relationships and inadequate priority for dam safety.”\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>In a statement, DWR Director Grant Davis (who joined the agency since last year’s crisis), said the report is “consistent” with the findings of the agency’s own independent review, and that lessons from that were “fully incorporated in the design of the reconstructed spillways.” DWR rushed to complete a partial rebuild of the dam’s spillways before the start of the current wet season, last November.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But almost as soon as work on the replacement spillways wound up, \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2017/11/27/feds-ask-state-to-explain-cracks-in-new-concrete-on-oroville-spillway/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">concerns arose about cracks\u003c/a> appearing in newly-poured concrete on the main spillway.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Davis offered assurance that DWR would “carefully assess this report, share it with the entire dam safety community and incorporate the lessons learned going forward to ensure California continues to lead the nation on dam safety.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During intense winter storms last February, water levels behind the 770-foot-high dam rose to the point where the dam’s principal spillway broke down under pressure from necessary releases into the river. When the dam’s earthen “auxiliary” or emergency spillway began to disintegrate as well, evacuation orders went out to about 800,000 people in Oroville and other communities downstream of the dam.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The IFT report issued today called the near-disaster at Oroville “a wake-up call for everyone involved in dam safety.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "California Legislators Introduce Bill to Block Trump's Offshore Drilling Push",
"headTitle": "California Legislators Introduce Bill to Block Trump’s Offshore Drilling Push | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>The Trump Administration is \u003ca href=\"https://www.doi.gov/pressreleases/secretary-zinke-announces-plan-unleashing-americas-offshore-oil-and-gas-potential\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">proposing a major expansion\u003c/a> of offshore oil leasing nationwide, including off the California Coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It would be the first West Coast oil lease sale since the 1980s, but that doesn’t mean it’s a done deal. State and local officials could easily throw a wrench in the plans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is not going to be easy,” said Richard Charter, a senior fellow with the Ocean Foundation and long-time offshore drilling opponent. “I think the Pacific part of this five-year leasing plan is dead on arrival.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Becoming an “Energy Superpower”\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”GLIZk81EAOtUBr7fLzR8YaTqpq1RGR9N”]The Department of the Interior is proposing lease sales from Northern to Southern California beginning in 2020, as well as in Alaska and on the Atlantic Coast. Exactly where those oil leases are would be determined later in the planning process.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is the largest number of lease sales ever proposed,” said Interior Secretary Ryan Zinke. “This is a clear difference between energy weakness and energy dominance.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>West Coast elected officials were quick to condemn the plan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They’ve chosen to forget the utter devastation of past offshore oil spills to wildlife and to the fishing, recreation and tourism industries in our states,” Governor Jerry Brown said in a joint statement with Oregon Governor Kate Brown and Washington Governor Jay Inslee. “They’ve chosen to ignore the science that tells us our climate is changing and we must reduce our dependence on fossil fuels.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Cities and Counties Pull Up the Welcome Mat\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The leases would be offered in federal waters, which begin three miles offshore and extend to 200 miles offshore.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But oil companies must bring that oil onshore to refine and sell it. That’s where they run into state and local jurisdictions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During the last federal push to open up oil drilling in the 1980s, the City of Santa Cruz passed a measure that banned new onshore oil facilities, including pipelines, unless it went to a public vote.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”aACJd54kqkEhCwjasMqRFK8ulSLjsge2″]Many other California cities and counties followed suit, including Sonoma, San Mateo, Monterey and San Luis Obispo Counties. These “onshore facilities” ordinances survived a legal challenge from an oil industry association in 1990.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They still stand today and those tend to have a chilling effect on leasing by an oil company because they aren’t going to have anywhere to take any oil or gas they might find,” said Charter. “I think there’s going to be more pretty soon after today’s announcement.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>California Legislators Respond With New Bill\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California has banned offshore oil drilling in state waters, which extend from the coastline to three miles offshore. But state legislators are looking at taking it a step farther.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State Senator Hannah-Beth Jackson (D-Santa Barbara) is \u003ca href=\"http://sd19.senate.ca.gov/news/2018-01-04-jackson-and-muratsuchi-reintroduce-legislation-halt-new-federal-offshore-oil\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">introducing SB 834\u003c/a>, which would ban new pipelines, piers, wharves, or other infrastructure that would go through state waters. A similar bill died in committee last year. A companion bill, AB 1775, is being introduced by Assemblymember Al Muratsuchi (D-Torrance).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That could dissuade oil companies from buying oil leases. Without a pipeline to bring oil onshore, oil companies would have to turn to other means, like using ships for transport, which is generally seen as riskier and more expensive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The State Lands Commission, which has jurisdiction over state waters, has already adopted a resolution that directs staff “to take appropriate actions to ensure that any oil and gas product from new drilling never makes landfall in California,” according to commission chair Lieutenant Governor Gavin Newsom.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Price of Oil\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Economics is perhaps the largest factor in determining whether new oil rigs appear off the California coast. Oil prices have been low and offshore drilling is generally much more expensive than exploration on land.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, oil industry groups applauded the Administration’s drilling push.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This new offshore leasing plan is an important step towards harnessing our nation’s energy potential for the benefit of American energy consumers,” said the American Petroleum Institute’s Erik Milito in a statement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In comments to the Department of the Interior, Chevron expressed interest in opening the Pacific Coast for leasing, but \u003ca href=\"https://www.regulations.gov/document?D=BOEM-2017-0050-49497\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">ranked Southern California as seventh\u003c/a> on their priority list, after regions in the Gulf and Atlantic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our priorities in offshore exploration are in the Gulf of Mexico and understanding the potential of the Atlantic waters off the East Coast,” Chevron said in an email.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, many environmental groups believe that today’s oil prices wouldn’t stop oil companies from speculating on leases now and waiting for the conditions to change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The economics aren’t there now,” said Charter. “But because they can acquire leases and hold them, they can drill later.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Trump Administration’s plan could take up to two years to finalize with the first leases being offered in California in 2020. The public comment period opens on January 8 and the Department of the Interior will \u003ca href=\"https://www.boem.gov/National-Program-Participate/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">hold a meeting\u003c/a> in Sacramento on February 8.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "There's a lot state and local governments could do to stand in the way of offshore drilling in federal waters.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The Trump Administration is \u003ca href=\"https://www.doi.gov/pressreleases/secretary-zinke-announces-plan-unleashing-americas-offshore-oil-and-gas-potential\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">proposing a major expansion\u003c/a> of offshore oil leasing nationwide, including off the California Coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It would be the first West Coast oil lease sale since the 1980s, but that doesn’t mean it’s a done deal. State and local officials could easily throw a wrench in the plans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is not going to be easy,” said Richard Charter, a senior fellow with the Ocean Foundation and long-time offshore drilling opponent. “I think the Pacific part of this five-year leasing plan is dead on arrival.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Becoming an “Energy Superpower”\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>The Department of the Interior is proposing lease sales from Northern to Southern California beginning in 2020, as well as in Alaska and on the Atlantic Coast. Exactly where those oil leases are would be determined later in the planning process.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is the largest number of lease sales ever proposed,” said Interior Secretary Ryan Zinke. “This is a clear difference between energy weakness and energy dominance.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>West Coast elected officials were quick to condemn the plan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They’ve chosen to forget the utter devastation of past offshore oil spills to wildlife and to the fishing, recreation and tourism industries in our states,” Governor Jerry Brown said in a joint statement with Oregon Governor Kate Brown and Washington Governor Jay Inslee. “They’ve chosen to ignore the science that tells us our climate is changing and we must reduce our dependence on fossil fuels.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Cities and Counties Pull Up the Welcome Mat\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The leases would be offered in federal waters, which begin three miles offshore and extend to 200 miles offshore.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But oil companies must bring that oil onshore to refine and sell it. That’s where they run into state and local jurisdictions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During the last federal push to open up oil drilling in the 1980s, the City of Santa Cruz passed a measure that banned new onshore oil facilities, including pipelines, unless it went to a public vote.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>Many other California cities and counties followed suit, including Sonoma, San Mateo, Monterey and San Luis Obispo Counties. These “onshore facilities” ordinances survived a legal challenge from an oil industry association in 1990.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They still stand today and those tend to have a chilling effect on leasing by an oil company because they aren’t going to have anywhere to take any oil or gas they might find,” said Charter. “I think there’s going to be more pretty soon after today’s announcement.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>California Legislators Respond With New Bill\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California has banned offshore oil drilling in state waters, which extend from the coastline to three miles offshore. But state legislators are looking at taking it a step farther.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State Senator Hannah-Beth Jackson (D-Santa Barbara) is \u003ca href=\"http://sd19.senate.ca.gov/news/2018-01-04-jackson-and-muratsuchi-reintroduce-legislation-halt-new-federal-offshore-oil\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">introducing SB 834\u003c/a>, which would ban new pipelines, piers, wharves, or other infrastructure that would go through state waters. A similar bill died in committee last year. A companion bill, AB 1775, is being introduced by Assemblymember Al Muratsuchi (D-Torrance).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That could dissuade oil companies from buying oil leases. Without a pipeline to bring oil onshore, oil companies would have to turn to other means, like using ships for transport, which is generally seen as riskier and more expensive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The State Lands Commission, which has jurisdiction over state waters, has already adopted a resolution that directs staff “to take appropriate actions to ensure that any oil and gas product from new drilling never makes landfall in California,” according to commission chair Lieutenant Governor Gavin Newsom.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Price of Oil\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Economics is perhaps the largest factor in determining whether new oil rigs appear off the California coast. Oil prices have been low and offshore drilling is generally much more expensive than exploration on land.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, oil industry groups applauded the Administration’s drilling push.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This new offshore leasing plan is an important step towards harnessing our nation’s energy potential for the benefit of American energy consumers,” said the American Petroleum Institute’s Erik Milito in a statement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In comments to the Department of the Interior, Chevron expressed interest in opening the Pacific Coast for leasing, but \u003ca href=\"https://www.regulations.gov/document?D=BOEM-2017-0050-49497\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">ranked Southern California as seventh\u003c/a> on their priority list, after regions in the Gulf and Atlantic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our priorities in offshore exploration are in the Gulf of Mexico and understanding the potential of the Atlantic waters off the East Coast,” Chevron said in an email.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, many environmental groups believe that today’s oil prices wouldn’t stop oil companies from speculating on leases now and waiting for the conditions to change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The economics aren’t there now,” said Charter. “But because they can acquire leases and hold them, they can drill later.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Trump Administration’s plan could take up to two years to finalize with the first leases being offered in California in 2020. The public comment period opens on January 8 and the Department of the Interior will \u003ca href=\"https://www.boem.gov/National-Program-Participate/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">hold a meeting\u003c/a> in Sacramento on February 8.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Trump Administration Opens Door To Dramatic Expansion Of Offshore Energy Leases",
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"content": "\u003cp>The Trump administration is proposing dramatic changes to policies on offshore leasing for oil and gas, opening the door to radically expand drilling in waters that were protected by the Obama administration.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s the “largest number of lease sales ever proposed, ” Interior Secretary Ryan Zinke told reporters. The proposed plan to sell offshore drilling leases in the Atlantic, Pacific and Arctic over a five-year period was detailed Thursday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The plan would determine the size, timing and location of leasing activities, and would replace Obama’s 2017-2022 program. It includes all but one of 26 “planning areas” in federal waters off U.S. coastlines, comprising about 90 percent of the outer continental shelf.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Zinke emphasized that “this is a draft program.” The plan has a comment period of 60 days, in which authorities will hear from states, the public and other stakeholders. It would take effect in 2019\u003cstrong>. \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The proposed change is welcomed by the oil and gas industry. In a statement, the National Ocean Industries Association praised Zinke “for offering the broadest possible acreage for potential inclusion in our nation’s next offshore leasing program.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, environmental organizations are alarmed and stress that it could place wildlife and coastal communities at risk of a spill.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The proposal would expose the Arctic waters — our last undeveloped ocean —to drilling, put the Atlantic coast on the chopping block for the first time since 1983, open the Pacific coast — which has not seen federal drilling for decades, and further threaten the debilitated Gulf of Mexico,” said a statement signed by 64 organizations and environmental groups.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last April, Trump \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2017/04/27/525959808/trump-to-sign-executive-order-on-offshore-drilling-and-marine-sanctuaries\">directed Zinke\u003c/a> to review the Obama administration’s five-year plan. The areas reviewed included portions of the Pacific, Arctic and Atlantic oceans where the previous administration had not allowed drilling.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Trump administration has touted the change as an “America-first offshore energy strategy.” Before signing the order, Trump said “renewed offshore energy production will reduce the cost of energy, create countless new jobs, and make America more secure and far more energy independent.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Legal experts have raised questions about whether the Trump administration actually has the power to change portions of Obama’s policies, such as reversing the Arctic leasing ban.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shortly before Obama left office he “used an obscure provision of the 1953 \u003ca href=\"https://www.boem.gov/Outer-Continental-Shelf-Lands-Act/\">Outer Continental Shelf Lands Act\u003c/a> to issue what he called a permanent ban on offshore drilling in large parts of the Arctic and Atlantic Oceans,” as NPR has reported. The Obama administration said it could not be reversed, because there is no provision to do so in that law.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trump’s executive order explicitly mentions the Outer Continental Shelf Lands Act and says it is simply modifying the text of the Obama memorandum. Interior’s Principal Deputy Assistant Secretary Kate MacGregor told reporters Thursday that she believes previous protections were “overturned.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And as NPR previously reported, it’s also not clear how much new drilling would actually happen even if it is allowed. The current price of oil is about $60 a barrel — fairly low — and “offshore drilling is an expensive endeavor, especially in places like the Arctic,” as NPR has said. MacGregor said she is expecting companies to be “very interested” in new lease offerings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Separately, the Trump administration is \u003ca href=\"https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2017-12-29/pdf/2017-27309.pdf\">seeking to relax a rule\u003c/a> requiring equipment used by oil and gas companies in offshore drilling to be certified by third-party inspectors\u003cstrong>. “\u003c/strong>Now they’re going to use some industry-set recommendations — recommended practices instead of these third-party inspectors,” Inside Energy executive editor Alisa Barba \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2018/01/01/574932180/trump-reexamines-regulations-regarding-fracking-oil-drilling\">told NPR\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is time for a paradigm shift in the way we regulate the [outer continental shelf],” said \u003ca href=\"https://www.bsee.gov/newsroom/latest-news/statements-and-releases/press-releases/bsee-proposes-revisions-to-production\">Bureau of Safety and Environmental Enforcement Director Scott Angelle\u003c/a>. “There was an assumption made previously that only more rules would increase safety, but ultimately it is not an either/or proposition. We can actually increase domestic energy production \u003cem>and\u003c/em> increase safety and environmental protection.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That proposed rule appeared in the Federal Register last Friday and is open to public comment until Jan. 29.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The BSEE, the federal regulator of the offshore energy industry, was set up in response to 2010’s Deepwater Horizon oil spill, which dumped millions of gallons of oil into the Gulf of Mexico and killed 11 people. \u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Trump+Administration+Opens+Door+To+Dramatic+Expansion+Of+Offshore+Energy+Leases&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The Trump administration is proposing dramatic changes to policies on offshore leasing for oil and gas, opening the door to radically expand drilling in waters that were protected by the Obama administration.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s the “largest number of lease sales ever proposed, ” Interior Secretary Ryan Zinke told reporters. The proposed plan to sell offshore drilling leases in the Atlantic, Pacific and Arctic over a five-year period was detailed Thursday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The plan would determine the size, timing and location of leasing activities, and would replace Obama’s 2017-2022 program. It includes all but one of 26 “planning areas” in federal waters off U.S. coastlines, comprising about 90 percent of the outer continental shelf.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Zinke emphasized that “this is a draft program.” The plan has a comment period of 60 days, in which authorities will hear from states, the public and other stakeholders. It would take effect in 2019\u003cstrong>. \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The proposed change is welcomed by the oil and gas industry. In a statement, the National Ocean Industries Association praised Zinke “for offering the broadest possible acreage for potential inclusion in our nation’s next offshore leasing program.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, environmental organizations are alarmed and stress that it could place wildlife and coastal communities at risk of a spill.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The proposal would expose the Arctic waters — our last undeveloped ocean —to drilling, put the Atlantic coast on the chopping block for the first time since 1983, open the Pacific coast — which has not seen federal drilling for decades, and further threaten the debilitated Gulf of Mexico,” said a statement signed by 64 organizations and environmental groups.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last April, Trump \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2017/04/27/525959808/trump-to-sign-executive-order-on-offshore-drilling-and-marine-sanctuaries\">directed Zinke\u003c/a> to review the Obama administration’s five-year plan. The areas reviewed included portions of the Pacific, Arctic and Atlantic oceans where the previous administration had not allowed drilling.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Trump administration has touted the change as an “America-first offshore energy strategy.” Before signing the order, Trump said “renewed offshore energy production will reduce the cost of energy, create countless new jobs, and make America more secure and far more energy independent.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Legal experts have raised questions about whether the Trump administration actually has the power to change portions of Obama’s policies, such as reversing the Arctic leasing ban.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shortly before Obama left office he “used an obscure provision of the 1953 \u003ca href=\"https://www.boem.gov/Outer-Continental-Shelf-Lands-Act/\">Outer Continental Shelf Lands Act\u003c/a> to issue what he called a permanent ban on offshore drilling in large parts of the Arctic and Atlantic Oceans,” as NPR has reported. The Obama administration said it could not be reversed, because there is no provision to do so in that law.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trump’s executive order explicitly mentions the Outer Continental Shelf Lands Act and says it is simply modifying the text of the Obama memorandum. Interior’s Principal Deputy Assistant Secretary Kate MacGregor told reporters Thursday that she believes previous protections were “overturned.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And as NPR previously reported, it’s also not clear how much new drilling would actually happen even if it is allowed. The current price of oil is about $60 a barrel — fairly low — and “offshore drilling is an expensive endeavor, especially in places like the Arctic,” as NPR has said. MacGregor said she is expecting companies to be “very interested” in new lease offerings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Separately, the Trump administration is \u003ca href=\"https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2017-12-29/pdf/2017-27309.pdf\">seeking to relax a rule\u003c/a> requiring equipment used by oil and gas companies in offshore drilling to be certified by third-party inspectors\u003cstrong>. “\u003c/strong>Now they’re going to use some industry-set recommendations — recommended practices instead of these third-party inspectors,” Inside Energy executive editor Alisa Barba \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2018/01/01/574932180/trump-reexamines-regulations-regarding-fracking-oil-drilling\">told NPR\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is time for a paradigm shift in the way we regulate the [outer continental shelf],” said \u003ca href=\"https://www.bsee.gov/newsroom/latest-news/statements-and-releases/press-releases/bsee-proposes-revisions-to-production\">Bureau of Safety and Environmental Enforcement Director Scott Angelle\u003c/a>. “There was an assumption made previously that only more rules would increase safety, but ultimately it is not an either/or proposition. We can actually increase domestic energy production \u003cem>and\u003c/em> increase safety and environmental protection.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That proposed rule appeared in the Federal Register last Friday and is open to public comment until Jan. 29.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The BSEE, the federal regulator of the offshore energy industry, was set up in response to 2010’s Deepwater Horizon oil spill, which dumped millions of gallons of oil into the Gulf of Mexico and killed 11 people. \u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Trump+Administration+Opens+Door+To+Dramatic+Expansion+Of+Offshore+Energy+Leases&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Sierra Snow Season Bogged Down by Warm Storms, Dry December",
"headTitle": "Sierra Snow Season Bogged Down by Warm Storms, Dry December | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>It’s that time of year, when state water managers begin their series of monthly snow surveys — and the initial news is bleak.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The snow that’s presently sitting on the Sierra Nevada range is packing only \u003ca href=\"http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cgi-progs/snowsurvey_sno/DLYSWEQ\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">24 percent of the water content\u003c/a> considered normal for this date. That’s worrisome as the Sierra’s “frozen reservoir” of snow typically holds about a third of California’s water supply.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘The snowpack is just not really building in the Sierra.’\u003ccite>Nina Oakley, climatologist\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“The snowpack is just not really building in the Sierra,” laments Nina Oakley, a climatologist with the Western Regional Climate Center in Reno.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are two main culprits: first a stubborn bubble of high-pressure that was parked along the California coast for most of December, diverting potential storms around the state, into the Pacific Northwest and Alaska. That put a pinch on total precipitation for the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“November was a fairly good month,” recalls Cory Mueller, a forecaster in Sacramento. “We were running about normal, but then as we went into December we had that ridge build in and that really cut off the precipitation.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>December is historically California’s wettest month, counted on to deliver about 20 percent of the total precipitation in any given year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Secondly, the wet systems that have managed to sneak in from the Pacific Ocean have been on the warm side, dropping snow at only the highest elevations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1918603\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2048px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/DSouUWPVAAAllq2.jpg_large.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1918603\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/DSouUWPVAAAllq2.jpg_large.jpg\" alt=\"Mostly-barren winter meadow in the Sierra.\" width=\"2048\" height=\"1536\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/DSouUWPVAAAllq2.jpg_large.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/DSouUWPVAAAllq2.jpg_large-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/DSouUWPVAAAllq2.jpg_large-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/DSouUWPVAAAllq2.jpg_large-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/DSouUWPVAAAllq2.jpg_large-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/DSouUWPVAAAllq2.jpg_large-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/DSouUWPVAAAllq2.jpg_large-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/DSouUWPVAAAllq2.jpg_large-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/DSouUWPVAAAllq2.jpg_large-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/DSouUWPVAAAllq2.jpg_large-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/DSouUWPVAAAllq2.jpg_large-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2048px) 100vw, 2048px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">It’s been another winter of scant snow in the Sierra, so far. \u003ccite>(Calif. Dept. of Water Resources)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The picture is even more grim in Southern California, much of which has yet to see any significant precipitation this season. Santa Barbara, which should be closing in on six inches of rain by now, \u003ca href=\"http://www.cnrfc.noaa.gov/awipsProducts/RNOWRKCLI.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">has logged\u003c/a> just .07 inches for the season — that’s 1 percent of normal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it might be too soon to starting dropping the “D-word.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Just coming out of a multi-year drought with the wet year of 2016-2017 and then looking at the potential for going back into drought, it is concerning,” says Oakley. “But we live in an area where precipitation is highly variable from year to year.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And from month to month. Extended dry periods are common during the California winter, though they’re more likely to occur in January, giving rise to the skiers’ snarky appellation of “June-uary.” And just as abruptly as the tap can shut off, it can open up again.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As soon as we have that ridge break down and open the storm corridor, and if we can get several big storms into the region, we can recover what we lost in previous months,” says Oakley hopefully. “So it can certainly turn around.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>It’s that time of year, when state water managers begin their series of monthly snow surveys — and the initial news is bleak.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The snow that’s presently sitting on the Sierra Nevada range is packing only \u003ca href=\"http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cgi-progs/snowsurvey_sno/DLYSWEQ\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">24 percent of the water content\u003c/a> considered normal for this date. That’s worrisome as the Sierra’s “frozen reservoir” of snow typically holds about a third of California’s water supply.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘The snowpack is just not really building in the Sierra.’\u003ccite>Nina Oakley, climatologist\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“The snowpack is just not really building in the Sierra,” laments Nina Oakley, a climatologist with the Western Regional Climate Center in Reno.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are two main culprits: first a stubborn bubble of high-pressure that was parked along the California coast for most of December, diverting potential storms around the state, into the Pacific Northwest and Alaska. That put a pinch on total precipitation for the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“November was a fairly good month,” recalls Cory Mueller, a forecaster in Sacramento. “We were running about normal, but then as we went into December we had that ridge build in and that really cut off the precipitation.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>December is historically California’s wettest month, counted on to deliver about 20 percent of the total precipitation in any given year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Secondly, the wet systems that have managed to sneak in from the Pacific Ocean have been on the warm side, dropping snow at only the highest elevations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1918603\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2048px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/DSouUWPVAAAllq2.jpg_large.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1918603\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/DSouUWPVAAAllq2.jpg_large.jpg\" alt=\"Mostly-barren winter meadow in the Sierra.\" width=\"2048\" height=\"1536\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/DSouUWPVAAAllq2.jpg_large.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/DSouUWPVAAAllq2.jpg_large-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/DSouUWPVAAAllq2.jpg_large-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/DSouUWPVAAAllq2.jpg_large-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/DSouUWPVAAAllq2.jpg_large-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/DSouUWPVAAAllq2.jpg_large-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/DSouUWPVAAAllq2.jpg_large-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/DSouUWPVAAAllq2.jpg_large-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/DSouUWPVAAAllq2.jpg_large-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/DSouUWPVAAAllq2.jpg_large-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/DSouUWPVAAAllq2.jpg_large-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2048px) 100vw, 2048px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">It’s been another winter of scant snow in the Sierra, so far. \u003ccite>(Calif. Dept. of Water Resources)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The picture is even more grim in Southern California, much of which has yet to see any significant precipitation this season. Santa Barbara, which should be closing in on six inches of rain by now, \u003ca href=\"http://www.cnrfc.noaa.gov/awipsProducts/RNOWRKCLI.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">has logged\u003c/a> just .07 inches for the season — that’s 1 percent of normal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it might be too soon to starting dropping the “D-word.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Just coming out of a multi-year drought with the wet year of 2016-2017 and then looking at the potential for going back into drought, it is concerning,” says Oakley. “But we live in an area where precipitation is highly variable from year to year.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And from month to month. Extended dry periods are common during the California winter, though they’re more likely to occur in January, giving rise to the skiers’ snarky appellation of “June-uary.” And just as abruptly as the tap can shut off, it can open up again.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As soon as we have that ridge break down and open the storm corridor, and if we can get several big storms into the region, we can recover what we lost in previous months,” says Oakley hopefully. “So it can certainly turn around.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Starfish are making a comeback on the West Coast, four years after a mysterious syndrome killed millions of them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From 2013 to 2014, Sea Star Wasting Syndrome hit sea stars from British Columbia to Mexico. The starfish would develop lesions and then disintegrate, their arms turning into blobs of goo.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”p8jentL3zYUQO7udYYQpgOamD1RBeBDH”]The cause is unclear but researchers say it may be a virus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But now, the species is rebounding. Sea stars are being spotted in Southern California tide pools and elsewhere, the Orange County Register \u003ca href=\"https://www.ocregister.com/2017/12/26/after-mysterious-die-off-sea-stars-making-a-comeback/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">reported\u003c/a> Tuesday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They are coming back, big time,” Darryl Deleske, aquarist for the Cabrillo Marine Aquarium in Los Angeles, told the newspaper.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_28137\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 720px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-28137\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/sea-stars.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"720\" height=\"483\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">When the tide is out, the rocky shores of Gulf of the Farallones National Marine Sanctuary reveal hundreds of invertebrates, like these sea stars. \u003ccite>(Joe Heath)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“It’s a huge difference,” Deleske said. “A couple of years ago, you wouldn’t find any. I dove all the way as far as Canada, specifically looking for sea stars, and found not a single one.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Similar die-offs of starfish on the West Coast were reported in the 1970s, ’80s and ’90s, but the latest outbreak was far larger and more widespread, according to a \u003ca href=\"https://www.eeb.ucsc.edu/pacificrockyintertidal/data-products/sea-star-wasting/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">report by researchers\u003c/a> at the University of California Santa Cruz.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Beginning with ochre stars off Washington state, the disease spread, killing off mottled stars, leather stars, sunflower stars, rainbows and six-armed stars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It hit Southern California by December 2013.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When it did (arrive), you just started to see them melt everywhere,” said Deleske. “You’d see an arm here, an arm there.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”wDEWp8GYIEBmIsi48clNqLOaaN7cwkHP”]The recovery has been promising.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Four adult sea stars, each about 7 to 8 inches long, were spotted this month at Crystal Cove State Park in Newport Beach.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a treasure we always hope to find,’ said Kaitlin Magliano, education coordinator at the Crystal Cove Conservancy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We lost all of them,” she said. “It’s good to see we have some surviving and thriving . Maybe the next generation will be more resilient.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The stars aren’t out of danger yet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The wasting syndrome never completely disappeared in Northern and Central California and it has reappeared in the Salish Sea region of Washington state, according to a November report by the UC Santa Cruz.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Starfish are making a comeback on the West Coast, four years after a mysterious syndrome killed millions of them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From 2013 to 2014, Sea Star Wasting Syndrome hit sea stars from British Columbia to Mexico. The starfish would develop lesions and then disintegrate, their arms turning into blobs of goo.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>The cause is unclear but researchers say it may be a virus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But now, the species is rebounding. Sea stars are being spotted in Southern California tide pools and elsewhere, the Orange County Register \u003ca href=\"https://www.ocregister.com/2017/12/26/after-mysterious-die-off-sea-stars-making-a-comeback/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">reported\u003c/a> Tuesday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They are coming back, big time,” Darryl Deleske, aquarist for the Cabrillo Marine Aquarium in Los Angeles, told the newspaper.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_28137\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 720px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-28137\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/sea-stars.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"720\" height=\"483\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">When the tide is out, the rocky shores of Gulf of the Farallones National Marine Sanctuary reveal hundreds of invertebrates, like these sea stars. \u003ccite>(Joe Heath)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“It’s a huge difference,” Deleske said. “A couple of years ago, you wouldn’t find any. I dove all the way as far as Canada, specifically looking for sea stars, and found not a single one.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Similar die-offs of starfish on the West Coast were reported in the 1970s, ’80s and ’90s, but the latest outbreak was far larger and more widespread, according to a \u003ca href=\"https://www.eeb.ucsc.edu/pacificrockyintertidal/data-products/sea-star-wasting/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">report by researchers\u003c/a> at the University of California Santa Cruz.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Beginning with ochre stars off Washington state, the disease spread, killing off mottled stars, leather stars, sunflower stars, rainbows and six-armed stars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It hit Southern California by December 2013.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When it did (arrive), you just started to see them melt everywhere,” said Deleske. “You’d see an arm here, an arm there.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>The recovery has been promising.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Four adult sea stars, each about 7 to 8 inches long, were spotted this month at Crystal Cove State Park in Newport Beach.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a treasure we always hope to find,’ said Kaitlin Magliano, education coordinator at the Crystal Cove Conservancy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We lost all of them,” she said. “It’s good to see we have some surviving and thriving . Maybe the next generation will be more resilient.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The stars aren’t out of danger yet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The wasting syndrome never completely disappeared in Northern and Central California and it has reappeared in the Salish Sea region of Washington state, according to a November report by the UC Santa Cruz.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Our 10 Most Read Science Stories of 2017",
"headTitle": "Our 10 Most Read Science Stories of 2017 | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>From drought, to floods, to getting liquefied when you die, we look back at the most read KQED science stories of 2017.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2017/01/25/before-and-after-the-rains-impact-on-three-california-reservoirs/\">Before and After: The Rain’s Impact on Three California Reservoirs\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1352123\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1352123\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/Header_Folsom_V02-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/Header_Folsom_V02-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/Header_Folsom_V02-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/Header_Folsom_V02-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/Header_Folsom_V02-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/Header_Folsom_V02.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/Header_Folsom_V02-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/Header_Folsom_V02-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/Header_Folsom_V02-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/Header_Folsom_V02-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/Header_Folsom_V02-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Folsom Lake on Oct. 26, 2015. Right: Folsom Lake on Jan. 14, 2017. \u003ccite>(Images provided by \u003ca href=\"https://www.planet.com/\" target=\"_blank\">Planet Labs\u003c/a>)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Seeing is believing. Our readers really enjoyed viewing the differences in California’s largest reservoirs after the drought-busting rains of last winter, as captured by satellite images from San Francisco-based \u003ca href=\"https://www.planet.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Planet Labs\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2017/10/15/california-third-gender-nonbinary/\">California Now Recognizes a Third Gender\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_334581\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-334581\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2020/01/Max-e1493051858120-800x708.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"708\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Max, a 13-year-old Californian who identifies as agender, one of multiple gender identities that fall into the umbrella of ‘nonbinary.’ The state will allow residents to choose nonbinary as an official gender on drivers licenses and birth certificates starting in 2019.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Gender is no longer either male or female, according to the state of California. In October Gov. Jerry Brown signed legislation into law requiring a third gender option for driver’s licenses and birth certificates. \u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2017/04/10/heres-what-californias-wildflower-super-bloom-looks-like-from-space/\">Here’s What California’s Wildflower ‘Super Bloom’ Looks Like From Space\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1540495\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1540495\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/Main_feature_sized_for_web-800x450.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/Main_feature_sized_for_web-800x450.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/Main_feature_sized_for_web-160x90.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/Main_feature_sized_for_web-768x432.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/Main_feature_sized_for_web-1020x574.png 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/Main_feature_sized_for_web-1180x664.png 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/Main_feature_sized_for_web-960x540.png 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/Main_feature_sized_for_web-240x135.png 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/Main_feature_sized_for_web-375x211.png 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/Main_feature_sized_for_web-520x292.png 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/Main_feature_sized_for_web.png 1892w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Wildflowers north of Los Padres National Forest in early December 2016 (before the winter rains) and in late March during the wildflower super bloom. \u003ccite>(Images provided by \u003ca href=\"https://www.planet.com/\" target=\"_blank\">Planet Labs\u003c/a>)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>What is better than a wildflower super bloom? Seeing it from space. It was a fantastic spring for wildflower lovers, who flocked to fields of poppies, lupine and golden brush. In another collaboration with \u003ca href=\"https://www.planet.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Planet Labs\u003c/a>, high resolution satellite imagery reveals dense and colorful wildflower fields in Southern California following the epic winter rains. \u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2017/04/24/boy-girl-both-neither-a-new-generation-overthrows-gender/\">Boy? Girl? Both? Neither? A New Generation Overthrows Gender\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_329386\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2020/01/genderphoto6-e1486745816629.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-329386\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2020/01/genderphoto6-800x1067.jpg\" alt=\"Davi Mühlinghaus-Anderson, 20, identifies as gender neutral. \" width=\"800\" height=\"1067\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Davi Mühlinghaus-Anderson, 20, identifies as gender neutral. (Jon Brooks/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In a story that captured both our attention and our readers, we explored the lives of several young people who do not identify as male or female. Expect to hear more about this topic, as recent studies and polls suggest we are in the midst of a gender revolution, both in terms of expression and identity. \u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2017/08/22/daddy-longlegs-risk-life-and-especially-limb-to-survive/\">Daddy Longlegs Risk Life…and Especially Limb…to Survive\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>https://youtu.be/tjDmH8zhp6o\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not pulling your leg here: When attacked, daddy longlegs deliberately release their limbs to escape. Watch to see autotomy, the voluntary release of a body part, in action.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2017/09/20/want-to-cut-your-carbon-footprint-get-liquefied-when-youre-dead/\">Governor Signs Law Allowing Californians to Choose to Liquefy Their Remains\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_428960\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 641px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-428960\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2017/07/Picture-of-bone-fragments.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"641\" height=\"480\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The bones left over after a water cremation. The fragments will be pulverized into a powder, which can be memorialized in an urn.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>This year Gov. Jerry Brown signed into law the bill that legalizes a method of disposing of human remains commonly called ‘water cremation’. The process doesn’t actually use water, but a chemical that speeds up decomposition of bodies and leaves behind only sterile water, bones, and medical implants or devices.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2017/03/13/can-probiotics-help-your-depression-what-we-know-what-we-dont/\">Can Probiotics Help Your Depression? What We Know, What We Don’t\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_353891\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-353891\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2017/03/BacteriaImage_Blue_Mills-800x543.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"543\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Bifidobacteria are found naturally in the intestines of humans and are also common in probiotic foods.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>What if your psychiatrist prescribed yogurt and vegetables as an antidepressant? Researchers at the intersection of psychiatry and biochemistry think adding beneficial bacteria to our diet could be a treatment for anxiety and depression. But there are still many unknowns about which foods can help.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2017/04/14/photos-your-pics-of-californias-super-bloom/\">PHOTOS: Your Pics of California’s ‘Super Bloom’\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1555936\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1555936\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/elliotmcgucken-at-Carrizo-Plain-3-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/elliotmcgucken-at-Carrizo-Plain-3-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/elliotmcgucken-at-Carrizo-Plain-3-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/elliotmcgucken-at-Carrizo-Plain-3-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/elliotmcgucken-at-Carrizo-Plain-3-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/elliotmcgucken-at-Carrizo-Plain-3-960x640.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/elliotmcgucken-at-Carrizo-Plain-3-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/elliotmcgucken-at-Carrizo-Plain-3-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/elliotmcgucken-at-Carrizo-Plain-3-520x347.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/elliotmcgucken-at-Carrizo-Plain-3.jpg 1080w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Carrizo Plain \u003ccite>(From @elliotmcgucken, via Instagram)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>We asked our social media fans for your photos of California’s wildflower ‘Super Bloom” spectacle, and you delivered! Here’s a sampling of the \u003ca href=\"https://www.instagram.com/explore/tags/casuperbloom/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">#CASuperBloom.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2017/01/25/food-as-medicine-its-not-just-a-fringe-idea-anymore/\">Food as Medicine is No Longer a Fringe Idea\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_310908\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-310908\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2016/12/shop-with-doc-800x460.jpg\" alt=\"Dr. Daniel Nadeau gives Allison Scott a few tips on getting kids to eat healthy, at Ralph's Supermarket in Huntington Beach.\" width=\"800\" height=\"460\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Dr. Daniel Nadeau gives Allison Scott a few tips on getting kids to eat healthy, at Ralph’s Supermarket in Huntington Beach.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>What we put in our bodies can be medicine. Literally. Food wisdom now finds its way into hospitals and even medical schools.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2017/05/02/suicides-push-medical-schools-to-finally-address-student-mental-health/\">Medical Student Suicides Prompt Schools to Finally Take Action\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_381345\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-381345\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2017/04/IMG_1536.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"640\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Sean Petro, at age 24, one year before his suicide while attending the USC Keck School of Medicine.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After aspiring doctors receive a prized acceptance letter to medical school, they face a daunting reality. Suicides in medical schools, as well as studies showing an alarming number of medical students consider ending their lives, have prompted schools and residency programs to provide more support for mental health.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>From drought, to floods, to getting liquefied when you die, we look back at the most read KQED science stories of 2017.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2017/01/25/before-and-after-the-rains-impact-on-three-california-reservoirs/\">Before and After: The Rain’s Impact on Three California Reservoirs\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1352123\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1352123\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/Header_Folsom_V02-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/Header_Folsom_V02-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/Header_Folsom_V02-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/Header_Folsom_V02-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/Header_Folsom_V02-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/Header_Folsom_V02.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/Header_Folsom_V02-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/Header_Folsom_V02-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/Header_Folsom_V02-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/Header_Folsom_V02-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/Header_Folsom_V02-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Folsom Lake on Oct. 26, 2015. Right: Folsom Lake on Jan. 14, 2017. \u003ccite>(Images provided by \u003ca href=\"https://www.planet.com/\" target=\"_blank\">Planet Labs\u003c/a>)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Seeing is believing. Our readers really enjoyed viewing the differences in California’s largest reservoirs after the drought-busting rains of last winter, as captured by satellite images from San Francisco-based \u003ca href=\"https://www.planet.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Planet Labs\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2017/10/15/california-third-gender-nonbinary/\">California Now Recognizes a Third Gender\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_334581\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-334581\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2020/01/Max-e1493051858120-800x708.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"708\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Max, a 13-year-old Californian who identifies as agender, one of multiple gender identities that fall into the umbrella of ‘nonbinary.’ The state will allow residents to choose nonbinary as an official gender on drivers licenses and birth certificates starting in 2019.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Gender is no longer either male or female, according to the state of California. In October Gov. Jerry Brown signed legislation into law requiring a third gender option for driver’s licenses and birth certificates. \u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2017/04/10/heres-what-californias-wildflower-super-bloom-looks-like-from-space/\">Here’s What California’s Wildflower ‘Super Bloom’ Looks Like From Space\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1540495\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1540495\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/Main_feature_sized_for_web-800x450.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/Main_feature_sized_for_web-800x450.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/Main_feature_sized_for_web-160x90.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/Main_feature_sized_for_web-768x432.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/Main_feature_sized_for_web-1020x574.png 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/Main_feature_sized_for_web-1180x664.png 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/Main_feature_sized_for_web-960x540.png 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/Main_feature_sized_for_web-240x135.png 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/Main_feature_sized_for_web-375x211.png 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/Main_feature_sized_for_web-520x292.png 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/Main_feature_sized_for_web.png 1892w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Wildflowers north of Los Padres National Forest in early December 2016 (before the winter rains) and in late March during the wildflower super bloom. \u003ccite>(Images provided by \u003ca href=\"https://www.planet.com/\" target=\"_blank\">Planet Labs\u003c/a>)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>What is better than a wildflower super bloom? Seeing it from space. It was a fantastic spring for wildflower lovers, who flocked to fields of poppies, lupine and golden brush. In another collaboration with \u003ca href=\"https://www.planet.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Planet Labs\u003c/a>, high resolution satellite imagery reveals dense and colorful wildflower fields in Southern California following the epic winter rains. \u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2017/04/24/boy-girl-both-neither-a-new-generation-overthrows-gender/\">Boy? Girl? Both? Neither? A New Generation Overthrows Gender\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_329386\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2020/01/genderphoto6-e1486745816629.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-329386\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2020/01/genderphoto6-800x1067.jpg\" alt=\"Davi Mühlinghaus-Anderson, 20, identifies as gender neutral. \" width=\"800\" height=\"1067\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Davi Mühlinghaus-Anderson, 20, identifies as gender neutral. (Jon Brooks/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In a story that captured both our attention and our readers, we explored the lives of several young people who do not identify as male or female. Expect to hear more about this topic, as recent studies and polls suggest we are in the midst of a gender revolution, both in terms of expression and identity. \u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2017/08/22/daddy-longlegs-risk-life-and-especially-limb-to-survive/\">Daddy Longlegs Risk Life…and Especially Limb…to Survive\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/tjDmH8zhp6o'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/tjDmH8zhp6o'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not pulling your leg here: When attacked, daddy longlegs deliberately release their limbs to escape. Watch to see autotomy, the voluntary release of a body part, in action.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2017/09/20/want-to-cut-your-carbon-footprint-get-liquefied-when-youre-dead/\">Governor Signs Law Allowing Californians to Choose to Liquefy Their Remains\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_428960\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 641px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-428960\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2017/07/Picture-of-bone-fragments.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"641\" height=\"480\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The bones left over after a water cremation. The fragments will be pulverized into a powder, which can be memorialized in an urn.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>This year Gov. Jerry Brown signed into law the bill that legalizes a method of disposing of human remains commonly called ‘water cremation’. The process doesn’t actually use water, but a chemical that speeds up decomposition of bodies and leaves behind only sterile water, bones, and medical implants or devices.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2017/03/13/can-probiotics-help-your-depression-what-we-know-what-we-dont/\">Can Probiotics Help Your Depression? What We Know, What We Don’t\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_353891\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-353891\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2017/03/BacteriaImage_Blue_Mills-800x543.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"543\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Bifidobacteria are found naturally in the intestines of humans and are also common in probiotic foods.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>What if your psychiatrist prescribed yogurt and vegetables as an antidepressant? Researchers at the intersection of psychiatry and biochemistry think adding beneficial bacteria to our diet could be a treatment for anxiety and depression. But there are still many unknowns about which foods can help.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2017/04/14/photos-your-pics-of-californias-super-bloom/\">PHOTOS: Your Pics of California’s ‘Super Bloom’\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1555936\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1555936\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/elliotmcgucken-at-Carrizo-Plain-3-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/elliotmcgucken-at-Carrizo-Plain-3-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/elliotmcgucken-at-Carrizo-Plain-3-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/elliotmcgucken-at-Carrizo-Plain-3-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/elliotmcgucken-at-Carrizo-Plain-3-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/elliotmcgucken-at-Carrizo-Plain-3-960x640.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/elliotmcgucken-at-Carrizo-Plain-3-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/elliotmcgucken-at-Carrizo-Plain-3-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/elliotmcgucken-at-Carrizo-Plain-3-520x347.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/elliotmcgucken-at-Carrizo-Plain-3.jpg 1080w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Carrizo Plain \u003ccite>(From @elliotmcgucken, via Instagram)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>We asked our social media fans for your photos of California’s wildflower ‘Super Bloom” spectacle, and you delivered! Here’s a sampling of the \u003ca href=\"https://www.instagram.com/explore/tags/casuperbloom/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">#CASuperBloom.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2017/01/25/food-as-medicine-its-not-just-a-fringe-idea-anymore/\">Food as Medicine is No Longer a Fringe Idea\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_310908\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-310908\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2016/12/shop-with-doc-800x460.jpg\" alt=\"Dr. Daniel Nadeau gives Allison Scott a few tips on getting kids to eat healthy, at Ralph's Supermarket in Huntington Beach.\" width=\"800\" height=\"460\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Dr. Daniel Nadeau gives Allison Scott a few tips on getting kids to eat healthy, at Ralph’s Supermarket in Huntington Beach.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>What we put in our bodies can be medicine. Literally. Food wisdom now finds its way into hospitals and even medical schools.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2017/05/02/suicides-push-medical-schools-to-finally-address-student-mental-health/\">Medical Student Suicides Prompt Schools to Finally Take Action\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_381345\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-381345\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2017/04/IMG_1536.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"640\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Sean Petro, at age 24, one year before his suicide while attending the USC Keck School of Medicine.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After aspiring doctors receive a prized acceptance letter to medical school, they face a daunting reality. Suicides in medical schools, as well as studies showing an alarming number of medical students consider ending their lives, have prompted schools and residency programs to provide more support for mental health.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Why California Wildfires Threaten the State's Climate Goals",
"headTitle": "Why California Wildfires Threaten the State’s Climate Goals | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Beyond the devastation and personal tragedy of the fires that have ravaged California in recent months, another disaster looms: an alarming uptick in unhealthy air and the sudden release of the carbon dioxide that drives climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As millions of acres burn in a cycle of longer and more intense fire seasons, the extensive efforts of industry and regulators to protect the environment can be partly undone in one firestorm.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘Dead trees don’t sequester carbon.’\u003ccite>Jim Branham, Sierra Nevada Conservancy\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>In particular, as raging blazes pump more carbon into the atmosphere, state officials are grappling with the potential effect on California’s ability to adequately reduce \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2014/12/12/what-are-greenhouse-gases-and-where-do-they-come-from/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">greenhouse gas emissions\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state’s environmental regulations are known to be stringent, but they have limits: They apply only to human-caused emissions. Carbon and other pollution generated by wildfires is outside the grasp of state law.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The kinds of fires we’re seeing now generate millions of tons of GHG emissions. This is significant,” said Dave Clegern, a spokesman for the \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/homepage\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">state Air Resources Board\u003c/a>, a regulatory body.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In less than one week, for example, October’s wine-country fires discharged harmful emissions equal to that of every car, truck and big rig on the state’s roads in a year. The calculations from the subsequent fires in Southern California are not yet available, but given the duration and scope of the multiple blazes, the more recent complex of fires could well exceed that level.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”FCDzfDY4M9NyiAbQSwmYSWobyhtIRKSo”]The greenhouse gases released when forests burn not only do immediate harm, discharging carbon dioxide and other planet-warming gases, but also continue to inflict damage long after the fires are put out. In a state where emissions from nearly every industry are tightly regulated, if wildfires were treated like other carbon emitters, Mother Nature would be castigated, fined and shut down.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The air board estimates that between 2001 and 2010, wildfires generated approximately 120million tons of carbon. But Clegern said a direct comparison with regulated emissions is difficult, in part because of limited monitoring data.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Nature doesn’t follow the rules very well,” said Jim Branham, Executive Officer at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.sierranevadaconservancy.ca.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Sierra Nevada Conservancy\u003c/a>, a state agency that has created a plan to better harness California’s forests in reducing carbon in the atmosphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As is so often the case in environmental catastrophes, one thing leads to another, creating what Branham calls the double whammy: Burning trees not only release powerful pollutants known as black carbon, but once a forest is gone, its prodigious ability to absorb carbon from the atmosphere and store it is lost, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists estimate that in severely burned areas, only a fraction of a scorched tree’s emissions are released during the fire, perhaps as little as 15 percent. The bulk of greenhouse gases are released over months and years as the plant dies and decomposes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/graphic.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright size-full wp-image-1918371\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/graphic.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1537\" height=\"2048\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/graphic.png 1537w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/graphic-160x213.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/graphic-800x1066.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/graphic-768x1023.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/graphic-1020x1359.png 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/graphic-1180x1572.png 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/graphic-960x1279.png 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/graphic-240x320.png 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/graphic-375x500.png 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/graphic-520x693.png 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1537px) 100vw, 1537px\">\u003c/a>And if a burned-out forest is replaced by chaparral or brush, that landscape loses more than 90 percent of its capacity to take in and retain carbon, according to the Conservancy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Severe fires have the capacity to inflict profound damage in a short span. The \u003ca href=\"https://www.fs.fed.us/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">U.S. Forest Service\u003c/a> estimates that the \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2013/12/27/rim-fire-ecosystem-damage-estimated-at-800-million/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">2013 Rim Fire\u003c/a> in central California spewed out the equivalent of the carbon dioxide emissions from 3 million cars. That is a setback to the state’s effort to get cars off the road, another critical tool for reducing greenhouse gases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The role of wildfire as a major source of pollution was identified a decade ago, when a study conducted by the \u003ca href=\"https://ncar.ucar.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">National Center for Atmospheric Research\u003c/a> concluded that “a severe fire season lasting only one or two months can release as much carbon as the annual emissions from the entire transportation or energy sector of an individual state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>”It’s a measure of the dramatic ramping up of fires in the West that today a single fire can meet that threshold.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The entire equation has been made worse by the state’s epidemic of tree death, caused by drought, disease and insect infestation. The U.S. Forest Service this week updated its estimate of dead trees across California to 129 million. That loss alone could be a blow to the state’s vision of a low-carbon future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Dead trees don’t sequester carbon,” Branham said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Forests as carbon-chewers are part of the state’s strategy for cutting greenhouse-gas emissions significantly by 2020 and beyond—a goal that could be undermined by nature’s caprice. The air board will direct state agencies to determine more precisely how much carbon can be absorbed by California’s variety of landscapes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Air quality, too, is subject to state, as well as local and federal, regulations. But those standards go out the window in large fires, when soot and ash blanketing entire regions can be seen from space.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The federal \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Environmental Protection Agency\u003c/a>, which sets air pollution standards nationally, has an “exceptional events” rule that exempts states from fines under certain extraordinary conditions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California has invoked the rule during wildfires at least once before, in 2008, for fires in the Sacramento area. The request was accepted, according to the air board.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More recently, Sean Raffuse, an analyst at the \u003ca href=\"https://aqrc.ucdavis.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Air Quality Research Center at UC Davis\u003c/a>, came up with the “back of the envelope” calculations for October’s Sonoma County fires.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Raffuse said he used federal emissions inventories from fires and calculated that five days of ashy spew from the northern California blazes equated to the annual air pollution from every vehicle in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those kinds of computations are seldom replicated, largely for lack of the necessary instruments present at fire sites. But things are changing. Researchers have been attempting to better understand the full range of environmental damage wrought by wildfires. One tool is drones that can be flown through smoke plumes to collect samples for analysis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We don’t have the means to measure emissions from a wildfire like we do from a tailpipe,” Branham said. “We are lagging well behind in understanding and having hard data of the effects of these fires. And most of the data are chasing reality.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"https://calmatters.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">CALmatters.org\u003c/a> is a nonprofit, nonpartisan media venture explaining California policies and politics.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Beyond the personal tragedy of the Southern California fires, another disaster looms: the sudden release of carbon dioxide that drives climate change.",
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"description": "Beyond the personal tragedy of the Southern California fires, another disaster looms: the sudden release of carbon dioxide that drives climate change.",
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"nprByline": "\u003ca href=\"https://calmatters.org/articles/author/julie-cart/\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Julie Cart\u003c/a>\u003c/br>\u003ca href=\"https://calmatters.org/\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">CALmatters\u003c/a>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Beyond the devastation and personal tragedy of the fires that have ravaged California in recent months, another disaster looms: an alarming uptick in unhealthy air and the sudden release of the carbon dioxide that drives climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As millions of acres burn in a cycle of longer and more intense fire seasons, the extensive efforts of industry and regulators to protect the environment can be partly undone in one firestorm.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘Dead trees don’t sequester carbon.’\u003ccite>Jim Branham, Sierra Nevada Conservancy\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>In particular, as raging blazes pump more carbon into the atmosphere, state officials are grappling with the potential effect on California’s ability to adequately reduce \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2014/12/12/what-are-greenhouse-gases-and-where-do-they-come-from/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">greenhouse gas emissions\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state’s environmental regulations are known to be stringent, but they have limits: They apply only to human-caused emissions. Carbon and other pollution generated by wildfires is outside the grasp of state law.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The kinds of fires we’re seeing now generate millions of tons of GHG emissions. This is significant,” said Dave Clegern, a spokesman for the \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/homepage\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">state Air Resources Board\u003c/a>, a regulatory body.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In less than one week, for example, October’s wine-country fires discharged harmful emissions equal to that of every car, truck and big rig on the state’s roads in a year. The calculations from the subsequent fires in Southern California are not yet available, but given the duration and scope of the multiple blazes, the more recent complex of fires could well exceed that level.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>The greenhouse gases released when forests burn not only do immediate harm, discharging carbon dioxide and other planet-warming gases, but also continue to inflict damage long after the fires are put out. In a state where emissions from nearly every industry are tightly regulated, if wildfires were treated like other carbon emitters, Mother Nature would be castigated, fined and shut down.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The air board estimates that between 2001 and 2010, wildfires generated approximately 120million tons of carbon. But Clegern said a direct comparison with regulated emissions is difficult, in part because of limited monitoring data.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Nature doesn’t follow the rules very well,” said Jim Branham, Executive Officer at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.sierranevadaconservancy.ca.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Sierra Nevada Conservancy\u003c/a>, a state agency that has created a plan to better harness California’s forests in reducing carbon in the atmosphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As is so often the case in environmental catastrophes, one thing leads to another, creating what Branham calls the double whammy: Burning trees not only release powerful pollutants known as black carbon, but once a forest is gone, its prodigious ability to absorb carbon from the atmosphere and store it is lost, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists estimate that in severely burned areas, only a fraction of a scorched tree’s emissions are released during the fire, perhaps as little as 15 percent. The bulk of greenhouse gases are released over months and years as the plant dies and decomposes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/graphic.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright size-full wp-image-1918371\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/graphic.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1537\" height=\"2048\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/graphic.png 1537w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/graphic-160x213.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/graphic-800x1066.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/graphic-768x1023.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/graphic-1020x1359.png 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/graphic-1180x1572.png 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/graphic-960x1279.png 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/graphic-240x320.png 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/graphic-375x500.png 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/graphic-520x693.png 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1537px) 100vw, 1537px\">\u003c/a>And if a burned-out forest is replaced by chaparral or brush, that landscape loses more than 90 percent of its capacity to take in and retain carbon, according to the Conservancy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Severe fires have the capacity to inflict profound damage in a short span. The \u003ca href=\"https://www.fs.fed.us/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">U.S. Forest Service\u003c/a> estimates that the \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2013/12/27/rim-fire-ecosystem-damage-estimated-at-800-million/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">2013 Rim Fire\u003c/a> in central California spewed out the equivalent of the carbon dioxide emissions from 3 million cars. That is a setback to the state’s effort to get cars off the road, another critical tool for reducing greenhouse gases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The role of wildfire as a major source of pollution was identified a decade ago, when a study conducted by the \u003ca href=\"https://ncar.ucar.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">National Center for Atmospheric Research\u003c/a> concluded that “a severe fire season lasting only one or two months can release as much carbon as the annual emissions from the entire transportation or energy sector of an individual state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>”It’s a measure of the dramatic ramping up of fires in the West that today a single fire can meet that threshold.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The entire equation has been made worse by the state’s epidemic of tree death, caused by drought, disease and insect infestation. The U.S. Forest Service this week updated its estimate of dead trees across California to 129 million. That loss alone could be a blow to the state’s vision of a low-carbon future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Dead trees don’t sequester carbon,” Branham said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Forests as carbon-chewers are part of the state’s strategy for cutting greenhouse-gas emissions significantly by 2020 and beyond—a goal that could be undermined by nature’s caprice. The air board will direct state agencies to determine more precisely how much carbon can be absorbed by California’s variety of landscapes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Air quality, too, is subject to state, as well as local and federal, regulations. But those standards go out the window in large fires, when soot and ash blanketing entire regions can be seen from space.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The federal \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Environmental Protection Agency\u003c/a>, which sets air pollution standards nationally, has an “exceptional events” rule that exempts states from fines under certain extraordinary conditions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California has invoked the rule during wildfires at least once before, in 2008, for fires in the Sacramento area. The request was accepted, according to the air board.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More recently, Sean Raffuse, an analyst at the \u003ca href=\"https://aqrc.ucdavis.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Air Quality Research Center at UC Davis\u003c/a>, came up with the “back of the envelope” calculations for October’s Sonoma County fires.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Raffuse said he used federal emissions inventories from fires and calculated that five days of ashy spew from the northern California blazes equated to the annual air pollution from every vehicle in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those kinds of computations are seldom replicated, largely for lack of the necessary instruments present at fire sites. But things are changing. Researchers have been attempting to better understand the full range of environmental damage wrought by wildfires. One tool is drones that can be flown through smoke plumes to collect samples for analysis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We don’t have the means to measure emissions from a wildfire like we do from a tailpipe,” Branham said. “We are lagging well behind in understanding and having hard data of the effects of these fires. And most of the data are chasing reality.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"https://calmatters.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">CALmatters.org\u003c/a> is a nonprofit, nonpartisan media venture explaining California policies and politics.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "What Are Those Weird, Pink Ponds in San Francisco Bay?",
"headTitle": "What Are Those Weird, Pink Ponds in San Francisco Bay? | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Passengers flying into Bay Area airports usually spot them out the window: huge, colorful ponds, hugging the shoreline of the bay. The patchwork of brown, green and pink looks like a bizarre quilt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They’re known as the “salt ponds,” and Bay Curious listener Ann Vercoutere has wondered about them since her childhood in the South Bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When you’d drive by on the old Bayshore Freeway, you’d see these big piles of salt,” she says. “So, my question is: what’s the process of how they go from dirty bay water into salt that comes out white from my salt shaker?”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>143 Billion Bowls of Popcorn\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Those giant piles of salt actually hold of piece of the Bay Area’s history going back to the Gold Rush and reflect the legacy of environmental change since then.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course, they also hold a lot of seasoning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The salt stack is 80 feet tall and about 800 feet wide,” says Maria Alizo-Martell of Cargill, Inc., standing next to the 500,000-ton pile. By rough estimate, it would season 143 billion bowls of popcorn, give or take, depending on how salty you like it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The piles are at Cargill’s Newark facility, where the final harvest takes place. But it begins in San Francisco Bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Salty water from the bay is captured in vast ponds, where it starts to evaporate because of heat from the sun and drying by the wind. At first, the ponds are green or brownish in color, like the bay itself.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1918307\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1918307 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/SP_V05_171212.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"400\" height=\"300\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Animation shows the movement of reddish salt brine through Cargill’s Newark ponds over the course of 2017. \u003ccite>(Images provided by Planet)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>As the salt water becomes more concentrated, it’s moved into other ponds where the color becomes more yellowish. Finally, in the last stage, the “pickle” brine, as it’s known, starts turning pink.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We like pink,” says Alizo-Martell with a chuckle, walking across a shallow pond with an inch of pink water. It covers a thick layer of crusty salt and looks like a giant, raspberry snow cone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[audio src=\"https://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/bay-curious/2017/12/salt-ponds.mp3\" Image=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/12/3526386886_f2139fe9ab_o-e1513209482229.jpg\" Title=\"LISTEN: What Are Those Weird, Pink Ponds in San Francisco Bay?\" program=\"Bay Curious\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Don’t Call it a “Salt Pond”\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>“This is what we call a crystallizer bed,” says Cargill’s Pat Mapelli. “This is very engineered, managed and manicured, where everything has been rolled, graded, sloped and compacted. Whereas a salt pond is essentially a diked off area that has been flooded with salt water.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The vibrant pink hue comes from a natural source: halobacterium and microscopic algae.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the water gets saltier, some microbes can’t hack it and they die off. But others are specially adapted to salty conditions and they flourish, changing the color of the water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1918310\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1918310\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/salt-ponds-web4-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/salt-ponds-web4-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/salt-ponds-web4-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/salt-ponds-web4-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/salt-ponds-web4-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/salt-ponds-web4.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/salt-ponds-web4-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/salt-ponds-web4-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/salt-ponds-web4-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/salt-ponds-web4-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/salt-ponds-web4-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Salt-loving microbes color the water before harvest. \u003ccite>(Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When they get stressed as the salinity increases, they produce that red color,” says Alizo-Martell.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The saltier the water, the redder the microbes get. That color aids in the salt-making process by absorbing sunlight and increasing evaporation. Clear water doesn’t absorb as much light.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once several inches of salt form, Cargill begins the harvest, which lasts from September to December.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s just beautiful,” says Alizo-Martell, picking up a handful of the flaky, white cubes. “It’s so weather dependent. You had a bad year, you get not much salt.” A lot of rain slows down the process.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1918312\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1918312\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/salt-ponds-web3-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/salt-ponds-web3-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/salt-ponds-web3-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/salt-ponds-web3-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/salt-ponds-web3-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/salt-ponds-web3.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/salt-ponds-web3-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/salt-ponds-web3-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/salt-ponds-web3-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/salt-ponds-web3-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/salt-ponds-web3-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The massive salt stack in Newark holds 500,000 tons. \u003ccite>(Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In all, it takes three years and a thousand gallons of bay water to produce just one pound of salt. From here, it goes to a refinery where it’s cleaned, sized and sold as sea salt, bearing the Morton’s or Diamond Crystal brand.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But only 3 percent of the salt ends up on our table. The rest supplies a huge range of industrial processes, from pharmaceuticals to food production, water treatment and road salt.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Gold Rush History\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Believe it or not, the Bay Area may not be what it is today without its salt. Harvesting salt from the Bay dates back to Native American groups like the Ohlone, but demand really picked up in the 1850s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As people migrated from the east to the west, mostly around the discovery of gold, there was a need for salt,” says Mapelli. “Everybody traveled with salt.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Without refrigeration, salt was how people preserved food.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It was almost worth its weight in gold,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Salt-making boomed through the 1970s, when Cargill bought the operation. 44,000 acres of the bay were in production then, but today, it’s just 8,000.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s because the market for salt shifted and so did our view of what San Francisco Bay should be. The salt ponds used to be marshes, which, around the time of the Gold Rush, were seen as wasteland.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1918311\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1918311\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/salt-ponds-web5-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/salt-ponds-web5-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/salt-ponds-web5-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/salt-ponds-web5-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/salt-ponds-web5-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/salt-ponds-web5.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/salt-ponds-web5-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/salt-ponds-web5-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/salt-ponds-web5-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/salt-ponds-web5-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/salt-ponds-web5-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Only three percent ends up as table salt. The rest goes to industry. \u003ccite>(Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“There was an encouragement by both the state and federal government to put what they considered wasteland or swamp and overflow lands into economic use,” Mapelli says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, the Bay has lost more than 80 percent of its marshes. So, in 2003, the federal and state governments bought thousands of acres of ponds from Cargill. In the biggest ecosystem restoration project on the West Coast, the ponds are being reconnected to the Bay and restored to their original status as marshlands to support wildlife and act as buffers against rising sea levels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For Bay Curious questioner Ann Vercoutere, the ponds are one of the few things that haven’t changed from her childhood in the South Bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When she was a kid in Mountain View, “there were lots of orchards around,” she says. “Some of our summer jobs were going to work picking Italian prune plums with the migrant workers. Shoreline Amphitheater was the city dump. That was always a fun Saturday to go with our dad and pick through the dump and look for stuff.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, the salt ponds border some of the most expensive real estate in the nation, not far from gleaming tech campuses. The chances of starting a large, industrial salt-making operation in the Bay today are effectively zilch, for financial and environmental reasons.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because of the long, colorful history, Cargill still holds rights to make salt, which really, is the only way salt-harvesting has stuck around amid the intense development pressure of the Bay Area.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Passengers flying into Bay Area airports usually spot them out the window: huge, colorful ponds, hugging the shoreline of the bay. The patchwork of brown, green and pink looks like a bizarre quilt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They’re known as the “salt ponds,” and Bay Curious listener Ann Vercoutere has wondered about them since her childhood in the South Bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When you’d drive by on the old Bayshore Freeway, you’d see these big piles of salt,” she says. “So, my question is: what’s the process of how they go from dirty bay water into salt that comes out white from my salt shaker?”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>143 Billion Bowls of Popcorn\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Those giant piles of salt actually hold of piece of the Bay Area’s history going back to the Gold Rush and reflect the legacy of environmental change since then.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course, they also hold a lot of seasoning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The salt stack is 80 feet tall and about 800 feet wide,” says Maria Alizo-Martell of Cargill, Inc., standing next to the 500,000-ton pile. By rough estimate, it would season 143 billion bowls of popcorn, give or take, depending on how salty you like it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The piles are at Cargill’s Newark facility, where the final harvest takes place. But it begins in San Francisco Bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Salty water from the bay is captured in vast ponds, where it starts to evaporate because of heat from the sun and drying by the wind. At first, the ponds are green or brownish in color, like the bay itself.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1918307\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1918307 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/SP_V05_171212.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"400\" height=\"300\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Animation shows the movement of reddish salt brine through Cargill’s Newark ponds over the course of 2017. \u003ccite>(Images provided by Planet)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>As the salt water becomes more concentrated, it’s moved into other ponds where the color becomes more yellowish. Finally, in the last stage, the “pickle” brine, as it’s known, starts turning pink.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We like pink,” says Alizo-Martell with a chuckle, walking across a shallow pond with an inch of pink water. It covers a thick layer of crusty salt and looks like a giant, raspberry snow cone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Don’t Call it a “Salt Pond”\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>“This is what we call a crystallizer bed,” says Cargill’s Pat Mapelli. “This is very engineered, managed and manicured, where everything has been rolled, graded, sloped and compacted. Whereas a salt pond is essentially a diked off area that has been flooded with salt water.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The vibrant pink hue comes from a natural source: halobacterium and microscopic algae.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the water gets saltier, some microbes can’t hack it and they die off. But others are specially adapted to salty conditions and they flourish, changing the color of the water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1918310\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1918310\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/salt-ponds-web4-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/salt-ponds-web4-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/salt-ponds-web4-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/salt-ponds-web4-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/salt-ponds-web4-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/salt-ponds-web4.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/salt-ponds-web4-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/salt-ponds-web4-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/salt-ponds-web4-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/salt-ponds-web4-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/salt-ponds-web4-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Salt-loving microbes color the water before harvest. \u003ccite>(Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When they get stressed as the salinity increases, they produce that red color,” says Alizo-Martell.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The saltier the water, the redder the microbes get. That color aids in the salt-making process by absorbing sunlight and increasing evaporation. Clear water doesn’t absorb as much light.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once several inches of salt form, Cargill begins the harvest, which lasts from September to December.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s just beautiful,” says Alizo-Martell, picking up a handful of the flaky, white cubes. “It’s so weather dependent. You had a bad year, you get not much salt.” A lot of rain slows down the process.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1918312\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1918312\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/salt-ponds-web3-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/salt-ponds-web3-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/salt-ponds-web3-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/salt-ponds-web3-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/salt-ponds-web3-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/salt-ponds-web3.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/salt-ponds-web3-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/salt-ponds-web3-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/salt-ponds-web3-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/salt-ponds-web3-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/salt-ponds-web3-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The massive salt stack in Newark holds 500,000 tons. \u003ccite>(Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In all, it takes three years and a thousand gallons of bay water to produce just one pound of salt. From here, it goes to a refinery where it’s cleaned, sized and sold as sea salt, bearing the Morton’s or Diamond Crystal brand.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But only 3 percent of the salt ends up on our table. The rest supplies a huge range of industrial processes, from pharmaceuticals to food production, water treatment and road salt.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Gold Rush History\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Believe it or not, the Bay Area may not be what it is today without its salt. Harvesting salt from the Bay dates back to Native American groups like the Ohlone, but demand really picked up in the 1850s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As people migrated from the east to the west, mostly around the discovery of gold, there was a need for salt,” says Mapelli. “Everybody traveled with salt.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Without refrigeration, salt was how people preserved food.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It was almost worth its weight in gold,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Salt-making boomed through the 1970s, when Cargill bought the operation. 44,000 acres of the bay were in production then, but today, it’s just 8,000.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s because the market for salt shifted and so did our view of what San Francisco Bay should be. The salt ponds used to be marshes, which, around the time of the Gold Rush, were seen as wasteland.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1918311\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1918311\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/salt-ponds-web5-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/salt-ponds-web5-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/salt-ponds-web5-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/salt-ponds-web5-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/salt-ponds-web5-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/salt-ponds-web5.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/salt-ponds-web5-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/salt-ponds-web5-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/salt-ponds-web5-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/salt-ponds-web5-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/salt-ponds-web5-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Only three percent ends up as table salt. The rest goes to industry. \u003ccite>(Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“There was an encouragement by both the state and federal government to put what they considered wasteland or swamp and overflow lands into economic use,” Mapelli says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, the Bay has lost more than 80 percent of its marshes. So, in 2003, the federal and state governments bought thousands of acres of ponds from Cargill. In the biggest ecosystem restoration project on the West Coast, the ponds are being reconnected to the Bay and restored to their original status as marshlands to support wildlife and act as buffers against rising sea levels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For Bay Curious questioner Ann Vercoutere, the ponds are one of the few things that haven’t changed from her childhood in the South Bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When she was a kid in Mountain View, “there were lots of orchards around,” she says. “Some of our summer jobs were going to work picking Italian prune plums with the migrant workers. Shoreline Amphitheater was the city dump. That was always a fun Saturday to go with our dad and pick through the dump and look for stuff.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, the salt ponds border some of the most expensive real estate in the nation, not far from gleaming tech campuses. The chances of starting a large, industrial salt-making operation in the Bay today are effectively zilch, for financial and environmental reasons.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because of the long, colorful history, Cargill still holds rights to make salt, which really, is the only way salt-harvesting has stuck around amid the intense development pressure of the Bay Area.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "California Drought Kills 27 Million More Trees",
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"content": "\u003cp>Another 27 million trees died in California last year due to the lingering effects of drought, according to new aerial survey data from the U.S. Forest Service. That brings the total number of trees killed statewide to a staggering 129 million since 2010.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a typical year, about one million trees die across California. But beginning in 2014,\u003ca href=\"http://egis.fire.ca.gov/TreeMortalityViewer/\"> that number began ticking up \u003c/a>as aerial surveyors with the U.S. Forest Service started to notice entire hillsides turning yellow, brown and orange. At the height of the drought, in 2016, \u003ca href=\"http://www.scpr.org/news/2016/11/21/66332/scientists-offer-front-lines-look-at-california-s/\">they counted 62 million dead trees\u003c/a> in a single year (here is a \u003ca href=\"https://www.fs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_DOCUMENTS/fseprd565841.pdf\">map\u003c/a> of the mortality progression).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https://giphy.com/embed/l3mZi99vRrtGLFEKk\" align=\"alignright\" width=\"100%\" frameborder=\"0\" class=\"giphy-embed\" height=\"500\" scrolling=\"yes\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Adrian Das, a forest ecologist with the U.S. Geological Survey, \u003ca href=\"http://www.scpr.org/news/2017/08/01/74208/the-standing-dead-the-towering-emotional-and-finan/\">previously told KPCC\u003c/a> that he wasn’t surprised that after a single wet winter, trees were still dying.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The trees have been weakened and under a lot of stress and we have these beetle populations that are doing well,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Drought often kills trees indirectly. By depriving them of water, trees become weakened and unable to ward off diseases, fungus or bark beetles, which are always present in the forest but explode in numbers when trees are unable to fight them off.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last winter, more rain and snow fell on parts of the Sierra Nevada than in the previous four years combined. Some trees have recovered, and the death rate is slowing down.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The lower rate could also be a result that so many trees have already died, so there’s just not much left to be killed, said Stephanie Gomes with the U.S. Forest Service’s tree mortality task force.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Indeed, this year’s data shows species with lower death rates in the past are dying in different parts of the state. Previously, \u003ca href=\"http://www.scpr.org/news/2017/01/30/68520/new-map-ids-epicenter-of-sierra-nevada-tree-mortal/\">the hardest-hit species and regions \u003c/a>of California were pines at lower elevations in the Southern Sierra Nevada, where the highest temperatures sucked water out of soil, depriving trees of what little moisture existed. Now, Gomes said death rates are increasingly in higher elevations among fir trees in northern reaches of the mountains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Part of the problem, scientists say, is that forests throughout the West have too many trees. Historically, many forests used to experience fire more frequently than they do now, which resulted in saplings and small trees dying in the blazes and leaving many forests more open. In the past century, firefighters put out those fires, meaning more small trees were able to survive and forests became crowded.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, climate change is forcing more trees to compete for a dwindling amount of water. As temperatures rise due to increasing greenhouse gas emissions,\u003ca href=\"http://www.ldeo.columbia.edu/news-events/warming-climate-deepening-california-drought\">more water gets sucked back into the sky \u003c/a>and out of the soil and the ground.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gomes said the U.S. Forest Service is trying to compensate by thinning out forests either through logging or with prescribed fires so trees don’t have as much competition for water. The agency will also be prioritizing removing dead trees that may pose a safety risk, such as those growing along highways, campgrounds, and power lines. But it is difficult for the agency to do this work when more than half its budget every year goes to fighting wildfires.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As fire suppression costs continue to grow as a percentage of the Forest Service’s budget, funding is shrinking for non-fire programs that protect watersheds and restore forests, making them more resilient to wildfire and drought,” Randy Moore, Regional Forester of the U.S. Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Region, wrote in the news release.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"nprByline": "\u003ca href=\"https://www.scpr.org/about/people/staff/emily-guerin\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Emily Guerin\u003c/a>\u003c/br>KPCC",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Another 27 million trees died in California last year due to the lingering effects of drought, according to new aerial survey data from the U.S. Forest Service. That brings the total number of trees killed statewide to a staggering 129 million since 2010.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a typical year, about one million trees die across California. But beginning in 2014,\u003ca href=\"http://egis.fire.ca.gov/TreeMortalityViewer/\"> that number began ticking up \u003c/a>as aerial surveyors with the U.S. Forest Service started to notice entire hillsides turning yellow, brown and orange. At the height of the drought, in 2016, \u003ca href=\"http://www.scpr.org/news/2016/11/21/66332/scientists-offer-front-lines-look-at-california-s/\">they counted 62 million dead trees\u003c/a> in a single year (here is a \u003ca href=\"https://www.fs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_DOCUMENTS/fseprd565841.pdf\">map\u003c/a> of the mortality progression).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https://giphy.com/embed/l3mZi99vRrtGLFEKk\" align=\"alignright\" width=\"100%\" frameborder=\"0\" class=\"giphy-embed\" height=\"500\" scrolling=\"yes\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Adrian Das, a forest ecologist with the U.S. Geological Survey, \u003ca href=\"http://www.scpr.org/news/2017/08/01/74208/the-standing-dead-the-towering-emotional-and-finan/\">previously told KPCC\u003c/a> that he wasn’t surprised that after a single wet winter, trees were still dying.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The trees have been weakened and under a lot of stress and we have these beetle populations that are doing well,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Drought often kills trees indirectly. By depriving them of water, trees become weakened and unable to ward off diseases, fungus or bark beetles, which are always present in the forest but explode in numbers when trees are unable to fight them off.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last winter, more rain and snow fell on parts of the Sierra Nevada than in the previous four years combined. Some trees have recovered, and the death rate is slowing down.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The lower rate could also be a result that so many trees have already died, so there’s just not much left to be killed, said Stephanie Gomes with the U.S. Forest Service’s tree mortality task force.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Indeed, this year’s data shows species with lower death rates in the past are dying in different parts of the state. Previously, \u003ca href=\"http://www.scpr.org/news/2017/01/30/68520/new-map-ids-epicenter-of-sierra-nevada-tree-mortal/\">the hardest-hit species and regions \u003c/a>of California were pines at lower elevations in the Southern Sierra Nevada, where the highest temperatures sucked water out of soil, depriving trees of what little moisture existed. Now, Gomes said death rates are increasingly in higher elevations among fir trees in northern reaches of the mountains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Part of the problem, scientists say, is that forests throughout the West have too many trees. Historically, many forests used to experience fire more frequently than they do now, which resulted in saplings and small trees dying in the blazes and leaving many forests more open. In the past century, firefighters put out those fires, meaning more small trees were able to survive and forests became crowded.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, climate change is forcing more trees to compete for a dwindling amount of water. As temperatures rise due to increasing greenhouse gas emissions,\u003ca href=\"http://www.ldeo.columbia.edu/news-events/warming-climate-deepening-california-drought\">more water gets sucked back into the sky \u003c/a>and out of the soil and the ground.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gomes said the U.S. Forest Service is trying to compensate by thinning out forests either through logging or with prescribed fires so trees don’t have as much competition for water. The agency will also be prioritizing removing dead trees that may pose a safety risk, such as those growing along highways, campgrounds, and power lines. But it is difficult for the agency to do this work when more than half its budget every year goes to fighting wildfires.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As fire suppression costs continue to grow as a percentage of the Forest Service’s budget, funding is shrinking for non-fire programs that protect watersheds and restore forests, making them more resilient to wildfire and drought,” Randy Moore, Regional Forester of the U.S. Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Region, wrote in the news release.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "San Francisco Federal Court Takes Up Young People's Climate Change Suit",
"headTitle": "San Francisco Federal Court Takes Up Young People’s Climate Change Suit | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Spot quiz: who said this?\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>\u003cem>“This generation has altered the composition of the atmosphere on a global scale through…a steady increase in carbon dioxide from the burning of fossil fuels.”\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Time’s up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those were the words of President Lyndon Johnson — in 1965. And you might call him “Exhibit A” in a lawsuit moving through the courts this week, and brought by plaintiffs far too young to remember LBJ.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The suit goes back two years to when plaintiffs who now range in age from 12 to 21, sued the Obama Administration over what they consider the U.S. government’s decades-long complicity in the acceleration of global warming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is a social rights violation, contributing and promoting climate change,” says Kelsey Juliana of Eugene, Oregon, “because it affects our economy, it affects housing opportunities, it affects — in very serious ways — health.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Juliana is the lead plaintiff in the case,\u003ca href=\"https://www.ourchildrenstrust.org/us/federal-lawsuit\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> \u003cem>Juliana v. United States\u003c/em>\u003c/a>, which is still battling to get to trial.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘I feel like, as a whole, society right now should be ashamed.’\u003ccite>Avery McRae, age 12\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“The reality is that our government is just not keeping up with the times,” says the 21-year-old, “and is not keeping up with the urgency and the direness of this climate crisis, which is really why this case is so important and so pressing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Juliana and her fellow “youth plaintiffs” contend that the federal government has shirked its duty to protect them from the ravages of a changing climate, and thus “infringed on [their] fundamental constitutional rights to life, liberty, and property,” according to the \u003ca href=\"http://blogs2.law.columbia.edu/climate-change-litigation/wp-content/uploads/sites/16/case-documents/2015/20150910_docket-615-cv-1517_complaint-1.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">original 2015 complaint\u003c/a>, filed in Oregon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After numerous hearings and reams of court filings, the young plaintiffs are now headed to the 9th Circuit Court of Appeals in San Francisco on Monday, where a panel of three judges will hear oral arguments on whether the case can move forward.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>UPDATE: On Dec. 11, Judges heard oral arguments on the government’s motion. For details, Scott Waldman offers this excellent \u003ca href=\"https://www.eenews.net/climatewire/2017/12/12/stories/1060068695\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">summary for Climatewire\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The Trump administration is very scared of our case,” says Phil Gregory, a Burlingame-based lawyer who is representing the youth plaintiffs pro bono.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Really? The federal government? Scared of a bunch of kids?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What it will do is place the science in the courtroom,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1918244\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2000px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/DSC-CUincourt_3907.jpeg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1918244\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/DSC-CUincourt_3907.jpeg\" alt=\"Youth plaintiff Kelsey Juliana speaks during a press conference in front of the U.S. Supreme Court in Washington, flanked by co-plaintiffs in their climate suit against the federal government.\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1250\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Youth plaintiff Kelsey Juliana speaks during a press conference in front of the U.S. Supreme Court in Washington, flanked by co-plaintiffs in their climate suit against the federal government. \u003ccite>(Robin Loznak)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>That is, the Trump administration might have to convince the court that the science linking global warming to things like rising seas and catastrophic wildfires is still too uncertain to constitute a danger (the science endorsed in numerous reports from U.S. government agencies, which the plaintiffs say sort of makes their case).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though the Justice Department declined to comment for this story, its \u003ca href=\"http://climatecasechart.com/case/juliana-v-united-states/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">court filings\u003c/a> have sought to have the case thrown out. In a motion filed last summer, the government argued that trying the case would place “a staggering burden” on the Trump administration, as it would have to dig up federal documents about climate change and energy policy going back decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While he admires the plaintiffs’ pluck, legal expert David Levine says he’d be surprised if the case actually gets to trial.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I mean it really is swinging for the fences,” says the UC Hastings law professor, “to have this small group of plaintiffs trying to bring this case against the federal government to effect massive change in policy.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But plaintiff Jacob Lebel, now 20, says without that massive change in policy, his generation will bear the consequences.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Years from now, Trump and his cabinet—they won’t be the ones dealing with starvation and refugees and resource wars and all that stuff,” says Lebel. “We’re the ones who are gonna be dealing with that. As young people, we think about that every single day.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lebel and his fellow plaintiffs want the courts to force the federal government to set a course that would drastically cut the burning of fossil fuels and dial back atmospheric carbon dioxide — the principal greenhouse gas — from more than 400 parts per million to about 350, a level that scientists have said could stabilize the climate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But is a courtroom the right place to settle the science of climate change?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a little bit like you’re going into a casino,” says Some, like Stanford \u003ca href=\"https://dge.carnegiescience.edu/labs/caldeiralab/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">climate scientist Ken Caldeira\u003c/a>, “because you don’t know what judge you’re gonna get and what ruling you’re gonna get. So if it ends up embodying bad science into bad law, then that could be bad.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Bad” because it could give the feds a free pass on climate policy — or as the plaintiffs see it, permission to continue ignoring it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I feel like, as a whole, society right now should be ashamed,” says Avery McRae.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the youngest plaintiff in the case, she might have the most at stake. But at the ripe old age of 12, she’s not naive about what’s blocking progress on climate at the policy level.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think that a lot of the choices being made are being made for money,” she laments, “and what a sad thought that we’re putting that before all the beings on this earth. We’re really needing to take action now, and that’s one of the most important things about our lawsuit.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As if to underscore the urgency, \u003ca href=\"https://patricktbrown.org/2017/11/29/greater-future-global-warming-inferred-from-earths-recent-energy-budget/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">a new study\u003c/a> published just last week by Caldeira’s team at Stanford suggests that most forecast models have likely been understating the pace of global warming.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Spot quiz: who said this?\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>\u003cem>“This generation has altered the composition of the atmosphere on a global scale through…a steady increase in carbon dioxide from the burning of fossil fuels.”\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Time’s up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those were the words of President Lyndon Johnson — in 1965. And you might call him “Exhibit A” in a lawsuit moving through the courts this week, and brought by plaintiffs far too young to remember LBJ.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The suit goes back two years to when plaintiffs who now range in age from 12 to 21, sued the Obama Administration over what they consider the U.S. government’s decades-long complicity in the acceleration of global warming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is a social rights violation, contributing and promoting climate change,” says Kelsey Juliana of Eugene, Oregon, “because it affects our economy, it affects housing opportunities, it affects — in very serious ways — health.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Juliana is the lead plaintiff in the case,\u003ca href=\"https://www.ourchildrenstrust.org/us/federal-lawsuit\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> \u003cem>Juliana v. United States\u003c/em>\u003c/a>, which is still battling to get to trial.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘I feel like, as a whole, society right now should be ashamed.’\u003ccite>Avery McRae, age 12\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“The reality is that our government is just not keeping up with the times,” says the 21-year-old, “and is not keeping up with the urgency and the direness of this climate crisis, which is really why this case is so important and so pressing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Juliana and her fellow “youth plaintiffs” contend that the federal government has shirked its duty to protect them from the ravages of a changing climate, and thus “infringed on [their] fundamental constitutional rights to life, liberty, and property,” according to the \u003ca href=\"http://blogs2.law.columbia.edu/climate-change-litigation/wp-content/uploads/sites/16/case-documents/2015/20150910_docket-615-cv-1517_complaint-1.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">original 2015 complaint\u003c/a>, filed in Oregon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After numerous hearings and reams of court filings, the young plaintiffs are now headed to the 9th Circuit Court of Appeals in San Francisco on Monday, where a panel of three judges will hear oral arguments on whether the case can move forward.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>UPDATE: On Dec. 11, Judges heard oral arguments on the government’s motion. For details, Scott Waldman offers this excellent \u003ca href=\"https://www.eenews.net/climatewire/2017/12/12/stories/1060068695\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">summary for Climatewire\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The Trump administration is very scared of our case,” says Phil Gregory, a Burlingame-based lawyer who is representing the youth plaintiffs pro bono.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Really? The federal government? Scared of a bunch of kids?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What it will do is place the science in the courtroom,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1918244\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2000px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/DSC-CUincourt_3907.jpeg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1918244\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/DSC-CUincourt_3907.jpeg\" alt=\"Youth plaintiff Kelsey Juliana speaks during a press conference in front of the U.S. Supreme Court in Washington, flanked by co-plaintiffs in their climate suit against the federal government.\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1250\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Youth plaintiff Kelsey Juliana speaks during a press conference in front of the U.S. Supreme Court in Washington, flanked by co-plaintiffs in their climate suit against the federal government. \u003ccite>(Robin Loznak)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>That is, the Trump administration might have to convince the court that the science linking global warming to things like rising seas and catastrophic wildfires is still too uncertain to constitute a danger (the science endorsed in numerous reports from U.S. government agencies, which the plaintiffs say sort of makes their case).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though the Justice Department declined to comment for this story, its \u003ca href=\"http://climatecasechart.com/case/juliana-v-united-states/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">court filings\u003c/a> have sought to have the case thrown out. In a motion filed last summer, the government argued that trying the case would place “a staggering burden” on the Trump administration, as it would have to dig up federal documents about climate change and energy policy going back decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While he admires the plaintiffs’ pluck, legal expert David Levine says he’d be surprised if the case actually gets to trial.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I mean it really is swinging for the fences,” says the UC Hastings law professor, “to have this small group of plaintiffs trying to bring this case against the federal government to effect massive change in policy.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But plaintiff Jacob Lebel, now 20, says without that massive change in policy, his generation will bear the consequences.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Years from now, Trump and his cabinet—they won’t be the ones dealing with starvation and refugees and resource wars and all that stuff,” says Lebel. “We’re the ones who are gonna be dealing with that. As young people, we think about that every single day.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lebel and his fellow plaintiffs want the courts to force the federal government to set a course that would drastically cut the burning of fossil fuels and dial back atmospheric carbon dioxide — the principal greenhouse gas — from more than 400 parts per million to about 350, a level that scientists have said could stabilize the climate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But is a courtroom the right place to settle the science of climate change?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a little bit like you’re going into a casino,” says Some, like Stanford \u003ca href=\"https://dge.carnegiescience.edu/labs/caldeiralab/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">climate scientist Ken Caldeira\u003c/a>, “because you don’t know what judge you’re gonna get and what ruling you’re gonna get. So if it ends up embodying bad science into bad law, then that could be bad.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Bad” because it could give the feds a free pass on climate policy — or as the plaintiffs see it, permission to continue ignoring it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I feel like, as a whole, society right now should be ashamed,” says Avery McRae.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the youngest plaintiff in the case, she might have the most at stake. But at the ripe old age of 12, she’s not naive about what’s blocking progress on climate at the policy level.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think that a lot of the choices being made are being made for money,” she laments, “and what a sad thought that we’re putting that before all the beings on this earth. We’re really needing to take action now, and that’s one of the most important things about our lawsuit.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As if to underscore the urgency, \u003ca href=\"https://patricktbrown.org/2017/11/29/greater-future-global-warming-inferred-from-earths-recent-energy-budget/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">a new study\u003c/a> published just last week by Caldeira’s team at Stanford suggests that most forecast models have likely been understating the pace of global warming.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>At least one young woman suffered eye damage as a result of unsafe viewing of the recent total solar eclipse, according to a report published Thursday, but it doesn’t appear that many such injuries occurred.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”TLby82AtiGw9MQhQUFjwqs3XgUyQfbHg”]Doctors in New York say a woman in her 20s came in three days after looking at the Aug. 21 eclipse without protective glasses. She had peeked several times, for about six seconds, when the sun was only partially covered by the moon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Four hours later, she started experiencing blurred and distorted vision and saw a central black spot in her left eye. The doctors studied her eyes with several different imaging technologies, \u003ca href=\"https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamaophthalmology/fullarticle/2665184\">described \u003c/a>in the journal \u003cem>JAMA Ophthalmology,\u003c/em> and were able to observe the damage at the cellular level.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We were very surprised at how precisely concordant the imaged damage was with the crescent shape of the eclipse itself,” noted \u003ca href=\"http://www.mountsinai.org/profiles/avnish-a-deobhakta\">Dr. Avnish Deobhakta\u003c/a>, a retina surgeon at New York Eye and Ear Infirmary of Mount Sinai in New York, in an email to NPR.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1918221\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 392px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/figure2_enl-985658f134a9a75a78dbade25333fad69c8d527d.jpe\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1918221\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/figure2_enl-985658f134a9a75a78dbade25333fad69c8d527d.jpe\" alt=\"\" width=\"392\" height=\"1090\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/figure2_enl-985658f134a9a75a78dbade25333fad69c8d527d.jpe 392w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/figure2_enl-985658f134a9a75a78dbade25333fad69c8d527d-160x445.jpe 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/figure2_enl-985658f134a9a75a78dbade25333fad69c8d527d-240x667.jpe 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/figure2_enl-985658f134a9a75a78dbade25333fad69c8d527d-375x1043.jpe 375w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 392px) 100vw, 392px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The area between the yellow brackets in the top photo shows the damage to the center part of the retina. The middle image is a type of visual field test and the bottom image uses optical coherence tomography. \u003ccite>(David Hume Kennerly/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>He says this was the most severely injured patient they saw after the eclipse. All in all, 22 people came to their urgent care clinic with concerns about possible eclipse-related damage, and most of them complained of blurred vision. Of those, only three showed some degree of abnormality in the retina. Two of them had only mild changes, however, and their symptoms have gone away.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The young woman described in this case report, at last check, still has not recovered normal vision. “But we have not been able to follow up with her as closely as we’d like. We would like to see her back in the New Year,” says Deobhakta.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ralph Chou, an expert on eclipse-related eye damage at the University of Waterloo, says he got a report from a colleague of one similar eye injury in Pennsylvania. “This young man had played it safe by only looking at the eclipsing sun with one eye,” notes Chou. “He looked with one eye and he got fried.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While it’s possible that other eye specialists are treating patients but have not publicly reported on them, says Chou, “right now, we haven’t really seen any indication of a lot of cases. … It’s certainly not like what we saw in the United Kingdom after the August 1999 eclipse, where they did a survey and got information on a number of cases of eye damage as a result of observing that eclipse.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Given that some \u003ca href=\"http://ns.umich.edu/new/releases/25108-a-record-number-of-americans-viewed-the-2017-solar-eclipse\">215 million\u003c/a> adult Americans watched the eclipse, says Chou, “it makes us feel like the whole public education campaign was pretty successful.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Injured eyes can often recover in the months following an eclipse, he notes, but if people’s damaged vision hasn’t been improving by now, that means it’s probably permanent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you still have your special solar glasses and have treated them well, says Chou, you can put them away in a safe place and use them again in 2024, when we’ll get the next total solar eclipse over the continental United States.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2017 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Here%27s+What+It+Looks+Like+When+You+Fry+Your+Eye+In+An+Eclipse&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>At least one young woman suffered eye damage as a result of unsafe viewing of the recent total solar eclipse, according to a report published Thursday, but it doesn’t appear that many such injuries occurred.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>Doctors in New York say a woman in her 20s came in three days after looking at the Aug. 21 eclipse without protective glasses. She had peeked several times, for about six seconds, when the sun was only partially covered by the moon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Four hours later, she started experiencing blurred and distorted vision and saw a central black spot in her left eye. The doctors studied her eyes with several different imaging technologies, \u003ca href=\"https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamaophthalmology/fullarticle/2665184\">described \u003c/a>in the journal \u003cem>JAMA Ophthalmology,\u003c/em> and were able to observe the damage at the cellular level.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We were very surprised at how precisely concordant the imaged damage was with the crescent shape of the eclipse itself,” noted \u003ca href=\"http://www.mountsinai.org/profiles/avnish-a-deobhakta\">Dr. Avnish Deobhakta\u003c/a>, a retina surgeon at New York Eye and Ear Infirmary of Mount Sinai in New York, in an email to NPR.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1918221\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 392px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/figure2_enl-985658f134a9a75a78dbade25333fad69c8d527d.jpe\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1918221\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/figure2_enl-985658f134a9a75a78dbade25333fad69c8d527d.jpe\" alt=\"\" width=\"392\" height=\"1090\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/figure2_enl-985658f134a9a75a78dbade25333fad69c8d527d.jpe 392w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/figure2_enl-985658f134a9a75a78dbade25333fad69c8d527d-160x445.jpe 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/figure2_enl-985658f134a9a75a78dbade25333fad69c8d527d-240x667.jpe 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/figure2_enl-985658f134a9a75a78dbade25333fad69c8d527d-375x1043.jpe 375w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 392px) 100vw, 392px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The area between the yellow brackets in the top photo shows the damage to the center part of the retina. The middle image is a type of visual field test and the bottom image uses optical coherence tomography. \u003ccite>(David Hume Kennerly/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>He says this was the most severely injured patient they saw after the eclipse. All in all, 22 people came to their urgent care clinic with concerns about possible eclipse-related damage, and most of them complained of blurred vision. Of those, only three showed some degree of abnormality in the retina. Two of them had only mild changes, however, and their symptoms have gone away.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The young woman described in this case report, at last check, still has not recovered normal vision. “But we have not been able to follow up with her as closely as we’d like. We would like to see her back in the New Year,” says Deobhakta.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ralph Chou, an expert on eclipse-related eye damage at the University of Waterloo, says he got a report from a colleague of one similar eye injury in Pennsylvania. “This young man had played it safe by only looking at the eclipsing sun with one eye,” notes Chou. “He looked with one eye and he got fried.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While it’s possible that other eye specialists are treating patients but have not publicly reported on them, says Chou, “right now, we haven’t really seen any indication of a lot of cases. … It’s certainly not like what we saw in the United Kingdom after the August 1999 eclipse, where they did a survey and got information on a number of cases of eye damage as a result of observing that eclipse.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Given that some \u003ca href=\"http://ns.umich.edu/new/releases/25108-a-record-number-of-americans-viewed-the-2017-solar-eclipse\">215 million\u003c/a> adult Americans watched the eclipse, says Chou, “it makes us feel like the whole public education campaign was pretty successful.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Injured eyes can often recover in the months following an eclipse, he notes, but if people’s damaged vision hasn’t been improving by now, that means it’s probably permanent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you still have your special solar glasses and have treated them well, says Chou, you can put them away in a safe place and use them again in 2024, when we’ll get the next total solar eclipse over the continental United States.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2017 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Here%27s+What+It+Looks+Like+When+You+Fry+Your+Eye+In+An+Eclipse&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>High-ranking U.S.-based Volkswagen executive Oliver Schmidt has been \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2017/12/06/business/oliver-schmidt-volkswagen.html?hp&action=click&pgtype=Homepage&clickSource=story-heading&module=second-column-region®ion=top-news&WT.nav=top-news&_r=1\">sentenced\u003c/a> to seven years in prison and ordered to pay a $400,000 fine for his part in a decade-long diesel-emissions cheating scandal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Schmidt was the chief of Volkswagen’s engineering and environmental office in Michigan. In August, he \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2017/08/04/business/volkswagen-diesel-oliver-schmidt.html\">pleaded guilty\u003c/a> to charges of conspiracy to defraud the federal government and violation of the Clean Air Act by participating in a scheme to circumvent federal emissions tests with rigged devices in diesel cars. Federal regulators uncovered the plot in 2015.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Volkswagen already has admitted guilt to charges of conspiracy to commit wire fraud, customs violations and obstruction of justice, as well as violation of the Clean Air Act. The German company has paid more than $20 billion in fines and settlements.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a letter to U.S. District Judge Sean Cox of Detroit, Schmidt acknowledged his guilt. Reading a written \u003ca href=\"https://www.reuters.com/article/us-volkswagen-emissions/volkswagen-executive-sentenced-to-seven-years-for-u-s-emissions-fraud-idUSKBN1E01W1\">statement\u003c/a> in court, Schmidt broke down saying, “I made bad decisions and for that I am sorry.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Federal prosecutors also have charged eight other current or former Volkswagen executives, as \u003cem>The New York Times\u003c/em> reports:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>“But most of the people suspected of taking part in a conspiracy to defraud United States regulators are out of reach of American justice in Germany, which normally does not extradite its own citizens. Mr. Schmidt may well turn out to suffer the harshest punishment for the emissions fraud even though he was not by any means the only participant or the highest ranking.”\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Schmidt was arrested in January while vacationing in Miami with his wife.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2017 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Senior+Volkswagen+Executive+Sentenced+In+Diesel-Emissions+Scandal&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>High-ranking U.S.-based Volkswagen executive Oliver Schmidt has been \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2017/12/06/business/oliver-schmidt-volkswagen.html?hp&action=click&pgtype=Homepage&clickSource=story-heading&module=second-column-region®ion=top-news&WT.nav=top-news&_r=1\">sentenced\u003c/a> to seven years in prison and ordered to pay a $400,000 fine for his part in a decade-long diesel-emissions cheating scandal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Schmidt was the chief of Volkswagen’s engineering and environmental office in Michigan. In August, he \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2017/08/04/business/volkswagen-diesel-oliver-schmidt.html\">pleaded guilty\u003c/a> to charges of conspiracy to defraud the federal government and violation of the Clean Air Act by participating in a scheme to circumvent federal emissions tests with rigged devices in diesel cars. Federal regulators uncovered the plot in 2015.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Volkswagen already has admitted guilt to charges of conspiracy to commit wire fraud, customs violations and obstruction of justice, as well as violation of the Clean Air Act. The German company has paid more than $20 billion in fines and settlements.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a letter to U.S. District Judge Sean Cox of Detroit, Schmidt acknowledged his guilt. Reading a written \u003ca href=\"https://www.reuters.com/article/us-volkswagen-emissions/volkswagen-executive-sentenced-to-seven-years-for-u-s-emissions-fraud-idUSKBN1E01W1\">statement\u003c/a> in court, Schmidt broke down saying, “I made bad decisions and for that I am sorry.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Federal prosecutors also have charged eight other current or former Volkswagen executives, as \u003cem>The New York Times\u003c/em> reports:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>“But most of the people suspected of taking part in a conspiracy to defraud United States regulators are out of reach of American justice in Germany, which normally does not extradite its own citizens. Mr. Schmidt may well turn out to suffer the harshest punishment for the emissions fraud even though he was not by any means the only participant or the highest ranking.”\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Schmidt was arrested in January while vacationing in Miami with his wife.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2017 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Senior+Volkswagen+Executive+Sentenced+In+Diesel-Emissions+Scandal&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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