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"headTitle": "California’s Recurring Nightmare: Nearly Half the State is Back in Drought | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>After an \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2017/02/24/watch-how-fast-a-five-year-drought-can-disappear/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">all-too-brief reprieve\u003c/a>, the Golden State is once again starting to brown up — at least on government drought maps.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The U.S. Drought Monitor now has nearly \u003ca href=\"http://droughtmonitor.unl.edu/CurrentMap/StateDroughtMonitor.aspx?CA\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">48 percent of the state\u003c/a> categorized as being in at least “moderate drought.” More than 91 percent of the state is listed as at least “abnormally dry,” the precursor stage to drought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1920167\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1056px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/usdm_20180220_CA_text.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1920167 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/usdm_20180220_CA_text.jpg\" alt=\"US Drought Monitor map\" width=\"1056\" height=\"816\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/usdm_20180220_CA_text.jpg 1056w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/usdm_20180220_CA_text-160x124.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/usdm_20180220_CA_text-800x618.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/usdm_20180220_CA_text-768x593.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/usdm_20180220_CA_text-1020x788.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/usdm_20180220_CA_text-960x742.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/usdm_20180220_CA_text-240x185.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/usdm_20180220_CA_text-375x290.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/usdm_20180220_CA_text-520x402.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1056px) 100vw, 1056px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Click image to enlarge. \u003ccite>(Nat'l Drought Mitigation Center)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The term “drought,” is of course, \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2017/03/10/color-me-dry-drought-maps-blend-art-and-science-but-no-politics/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">highly subjective\u003c/a> and has different meanings to different people. But the gradually returning shades of yellow and brown to the widely cited map are unnerving to many, with the state’s most punishing drought on record so fresh in California’s collective memory.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1920165\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 543px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/PrecipOdds_180219.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1920165\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/PrecipOdds_180219.png\" alt=\"CNAP Probablities Map\" width=\"543\" height=\"544\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/PrecipOdds_180219.png 543w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/PrecipOdds_180219-160x160.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/PrecipOdds_180219-240x240.png 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/PrecipOdds_180219-375x376.png 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/PrecipOdds_180219-520x521.png 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/PrecipOdds_180219-32x32.png 32w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/PrecipOdds_180219-50x50.png 50w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/PrecipOdds_180219-64x64.png 64w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/PrecipOdds_180219-96x96.png 96w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/PrecipOdds_180219-128x128.png 128w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/PrecipOdds_180219-150x150.png 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 543px) 100vw, 543px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">By mid-February, a normal precipitation year was almost out of reach. \u003ccite>(Western Regional Climate Ctr.)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The stage is certainly being set for some sort of drought. This week as the State Water Resources Control Board considered permanent statewide restrictions on a list of wasteful water uses, members were told that, measured by a key collection of gauges in the northern Sierra Nevada, the December-through-February period has been California’s third driest on record (exceeded only by 1977 and 1991, when a “March Miracle” saved the wet season). In the central Sierra, this December through February was measured as the driest on record.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those three months typically provide the state with half of its total annual precipitation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the same time, forecasters at the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration project dry conditions to “develop or persist” in California over the next three months.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1920159\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 781px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/DroughtOutlook_1802.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1920159\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/DroughtOutlook_1802.png\" alt=\"NOAA 3-mo. Drought Outlook map\" width=\"781\" height=\"551\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/DroughtOutlook_1802.png 781w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/DroughtOutlook_1802-160x113.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/DroughtOutlook_1802-768x542.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/DroughtOutlook_1802-240x169.png 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/DroughtOutlook_1802-375x265.png 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/DroughtOutlook_1802-520x367.png 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 781px) 100vw, 781px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">NOAA’s three-month outlook does not bode well for California precipitation. \u003ccite>(NOAA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The weekly Drought Monitor \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2017/03/10/color-me-dry-drought-maps-blend-art-and-science-but-no-politics/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">maps are compiled\u003c/a> by a rotating stable of authors, in consultation with various government agencies, and they take into account more than 100 indicators. And while some have argued that they are given too much weight, John Leahigh, head of operations for California’s State Water Project, told the water board that an “ugly picture” is beginning to form of the state’s current water year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With the notable exception of Lake Oroville, which engineers have kept at cautiously low levels \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2017/10/23/rebuilding-oroville-spillway-with-the-rainy-season-just-around-the-corner/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">after last year’s near spillway disaster\u003c/a>, major reservoirs remain flush from last year’s precipitation. But Leahigh told regulators that expectations are “dramatically decreasing” for runoff from the state’s key watersheds to replenish water supplies this year.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>After an \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2017/02/24/watch-how-fast-a-five-year-drought-can-disappear/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">all-too-brief reprieve\u003c/a>, the Golden State is once again starting to brown up — at least on government drought maps.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The U.S. Drought Monitor now has nearly \u003ca href=\"http://droughtmonitor.unl.edu/CurrentMap/StateDroughtMonitor.aspx?CA\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">48 percent of the state\u003c/a> categorized as being in at least “moderate drought.” More than 91 percent of the state is listed as at least “abnormally dry,” the precursor stage to drought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1920167\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1056px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/usdm_20180220_CA_text.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1920167 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/usdm_20180220_CA_text.jpg\" alt=\"US Drought Monitor map\" width=\"1056\" height=\"816\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/usdm_20180220_CA_text.jpg 1056w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/usdm_20180220_CA_text-160x124.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/usdm_20180220_CA_text-800x618.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/usdm_20180220_CA_text-768x593.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/usdm_20180220_CA_text-1020x788.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/usdm_20180220_CA_text-960x742.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/usdm_20180220_CA_text-240x185.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/usdm_20180220_CA_text-375x290.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/usdm_20180220_CA_text-520x402.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1056px) 100vw, 1056px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Click image to enlarge. \u003ccite>(Nat'l Drought Mitigation Center)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The term “drought,” is of course, \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2017/03/10/color-me-dry-drought-maps-blend-art-and-science-but-no-politics/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">highly subjective\u003c/a> and has different meanings to different people. But the gradually returning shades of yellow and brown to the widely cited map are unnerving to many, with the state’s most punishing drought on record so fresh in California’s collective memory.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1920165\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 543px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/PrecipOdds_180219.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1920165\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/PrecipOdds_180219.png\" alt=\"CNAP Probablities Map\" width=\"543\" height=\"544\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/PrecipOdds_180219.png 543w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/PrecipOdds_180219-160x160.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/PrecipOdds_180219-240x240.png 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/PrecipOdds_180219-375x376.png 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/PrecipOdds_180219-520x521.png 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/PrecipOdds_180219-32x32.png 32w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/PrecipOdds_180219-50x50.png 50w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/PrecipOdds_180219-64x64.png 64w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/PrecipOdds_180219-96x96.png 96w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/PrecipOdds_180219-128x128.png 128w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/PrecipOdds_180219-150x150.png 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 543px) 100vw, 543px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">By mid-February, a normal precipitation year was almost out of reach. \u003ccite>(Western Regional Climate Ctr.)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The stage is certainly being set for some sort of drought. This week as the State Water Resources Control Board considered permanent statewide restrictions on a list of wasteful water uses, members were told that, measured by a key collection of gauges in the northern Sierra Nevada, the December-through-February period has been California’s third driest on record (exceeded only by 1977 and 1991, when a “March Miracle” saved the wet season). In the central Sierra, this December through February was measured as the driest on record.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those three months typically provide the state with half of its total annual precipitation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the same time, forecasters at the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration project dry conditions to “develop or persist” in California over the next three months.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1920159\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 781px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/DroughtOutlook_1802.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1920159\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/DroughtOutlook_1802.png\" alt=\"NOAA 3-mo. Drought Outlook map\" width=\"781\" height=\"551\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/DroughtOutlook_1802.png 781w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/DroughtOutlook_1802-160x113.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/DroughtOutlook_1802-768x542.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/DroughtOutlook_1802-240x169.png 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/DroughtOutlook_1802-375x265.png 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/DroughtOutlook_1802-520x367.png 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 781px) 100vw, 781px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">NOAA’s three-month outlook does not bode well for California precipitation. \u003ccite>(NOAA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The weekly Drought Monitor \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2017/03/10/color-me-dry-drought-maps-blend-art-and-science-but-no-politics/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">maps are compiled\u003c/a> by a rotating stable of authors, in consultation with various government agencies, and they take into account more than 100 indicators. And while some have argued that they are given too much weight, John Leahigh, head of operations for California’s State Water Project, told the water board that an “ugly picture” is beginning to form of the state’s current water year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With the notable exception of Lake Oroville, which engineers have kept at cautiously low levels \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2017/10/23/rebuilding-oroville-spillway-with-the-rainy-season-just-around-the-corner/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">after last year’s near spillway disaster\u003c/a>, major reservoirs remain flush from last year’s precipitation. But Leahigh told regulators that expectations are “dramatically decreasing” for runoff from the state’s key watersheds to replenish water supplies this year.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Salmonella Outbreak in 20 States Linked to Popular Herbal Supplement Kratom",
"headTitle": "Salmonella Outbreak in 20 States Linked to Popular Herbal Supplement Kratom | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>A popular herbal supplement that some people use in lieu of powerful opioid drugs has been linked to an outbreak of salmonella, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention reported Tuesday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So far 28 people in 20 states are believed to have been sickened by contaminated kratom, a plant native to Southeast Asia that’s variously ingested as pills or powder or brewed into tea. Eleven people have been hospitalized.[contextly_sidebar id=”mMDaODYL30i2OmcqGTTECgnVuAaxFwKG”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Laura Gieraltowski, the CDC’s foodborne outbreak team lead, said it’s not yet known how the kratom would have come to be contaminated with salmonella, noting it could have happened in processing, or the plants could have been contaminated in the field. But Gieraltowski said the CDC has seen outbreaks caused by supplements before, including powders used in smoothies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She suggested there are probably more cases that haven’t come to the attention of the medical community. Salmonella causes diarrhea, fever and stomach cramps that can last for up to a week, but most people recover without treatment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kratom can be purchased easily and legally — at least at present. But it is under intense scrutiny by the Food and Drug Administration. Earlier this month the agency reported that its studies had found the plant was an opioid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Kratom should not be used to treat medical conditions, nor should it be used as an alternative to prescription opioids,” FDA Commissioner Scott Gottlieb said in a statement. “There is no evidence to indicate that kratom is safe or effective for any medical use.”[contextly_sidebar id=”0EqC9euyWnTn90qV5iBBmDwqlID3iaF0″]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2016 the Drug Enforcement Administration touched off a firestorm when it announced that on an emergency basis it was going to unilaterally classify ingredients in the supplement as a Schedule I drug. Schedule I drugs are defined as having no accepted medical use and a high risk for abuse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other drugs in that classification include heroin, ecstasy and LSD.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The American Kratom Association and patients who use the supplement for pain control immediately pushed back on that decision. A few months later, in the autumn of 2016, the DEA said it would delay rendering a decision on kratom until the FDA was able to complete a scientific evaluation of the supplement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There have been several signs since then that the legal status of the supplement may be headed for a change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In an earlier statement issued last fall, Gottlieb warned that the agency knew of 36 deaths linked to kratom use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kratom goes by a variety of names including Thang, Kakuam, Thom, Ketom, and Biak.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The CDC said so far the outbreak investigation has not pointed to a common brand or supplier of the supplement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This story was originally published by \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">STAT\u003c/a>, an online publication of Boston Globe Media that covers health, medicine, and scientific discovery.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>A popular herbal supplement that some people use in lieu of powerful opioid drugs has been linked to an outbreak of salmonella, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention reported Tuesday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So far 28 people in 20 states are believed to have been sickened by contaminated kratom, a plant native to Southeast Asia that’s variously ingested as pills or powder or brewed into tea. Eleven people have been hospitalized.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Laura Gieraltowski, the CDC’s foodborne outbreak team lead, said it’s not yet known how the kratom would have come to be contaminated with salmonella, noting it could have happened in processing, or the plants could have been contaminated in the field. But Gieraltowski said the CDC has seen outbreaks caused by supplements before, including powders used in smoothies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She suggested there are probably more cases that haven’t come to the attention of the medical community. Salmonella causes diarrhea, fever and stomach cramps that can last for up to a week, but most people recover without treatment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kratom can be purchased easily and legally — at least at present. But it is under intense scrutiny by the Food and Drug Administration. Earlier this month the agency reported that its studies had found the plant was an opioid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Kratom should not be used to treat medical conditions, nor should it be used as an alternative to prescription opioids,” FDA Commissioner Scott Gottlieb said in a statement. “There is no evidence to indicate that kratom is safe or effective for any medical use.”\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2016 the Drug Enforcement Administration touched off a firestorm when it announced that on an emergency basis it was going to unilaterally classify ingredients in the supplement as a Schedule I drug. Schedule I drugs are defined as having no accepted medical use and a high risk for abuse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other drugs in that classification include heroin, ecstasy and LSD.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The American Kratom Association and patients who use the supplement for pain control immediately pushed back on that decision. A few months later, in the autumn of 2016, the DEA said it would delay rendering a decision on kratom until the FDA was able to complete a scientific evaluation of the supplement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There have been several signs since then that the legal status of the supplement may be headed for a change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In an earlier statement issued last fall, Gottlieb warned that the agency knew of 36 deaths linked to kratom use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kratom goes by a variety of names including Thang, Kakuam, Thom, Ketom, and Biak.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The CDC said so far the outbreak investigation has not pointed to a common brand or supplier of the supplement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This story was originally published by \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">STAT\u003c/a>, an online publication of Boston Globe Media that covers health, medicine, and scientific discovery.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Animals that live in the ocean communicate with sound — humpback whales, for example. But these voices could soon be drowned out by powerful sonic booms from vessels searching for oil and gas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>President Trump is \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2017/04/27/525959808/trump-to-sign-executive-order-on-offshore-drilling-and-marine-sanctuaries.\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">opening up the Atlantic Coast\u003c/a> to companies to explore for fresh reserves. And to explore, they will be making some of the loudest sounds ever heard in the ocean — sounds that, according to recent research, could harm marine animals from whales to plankton.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Five companies are currently applying for permits to use seismic air guns to survey thousands of miles of the seabed along the Atlantic Coast. If they get the permits, they could start later this year.[contextly_sidebar id=”8nVPYfKqrQKpGPzDTVsoLbKkQ4zqnKzm”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The air guns are devices towed behind a ship. They compress and then release air explosively, and the sound waves penetrate the seabed. When they bounce back to receivers, also towed from the ships, the sound waves paint a picture of reservoirs of oil and gas beneath the seabed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The sound blasts can also damage the ears and internal organs of marine animals. Ships will have to turn them off if they see whales or other marine mammals nearby.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But there’s growing evidence that these sounds may seriously affect animals swimming well outside the immediate danger zone. \u003ca href=\"http://scrippsscholars.ucsd.edu/athode\">Aaron Thode\u003c/a> is an oceanographer who’s studied the subject and advises the \u003ca href=\"https://www.mmc.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Marine Mammal Commission\u003c/a>, a federal agency that regulates activities affecting marine life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We don’t know what happens if animals are exposed constantly to sound over long periods of time in, say, a feeding area or a breeding area or what not,” Thode explains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Thode works at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography. He says whales have been observed retreating from the sound of air guns. That could cause them to abandon breeding or feeding grounds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Thode’s own research has shown that bowhead whales start calling more often to each other when there’s air gun noise, at least for a while. “At some point, you know, just as if a jet plane passes overhead, you just give up and wait for the sound to decrease,” Thode says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If the whales go silent, that not only has potential effects on their communication, but also on air gun surveyors. Federal rules require them to listen to for whale sounds and, if they hear them, to stop their air gun blasts. But if the whales aren’t making noise, their presence underwater won’t be known unless they’re sighted at the surface.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists believe that air gun sounds could “mask” communication by marine animals. Surveyors will be blasting several times a minute, for months at a time. Marine biologist \u003ca href=\"http://ece.duke.edu/faculty/douglas-nowacek\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Doug Nowacek\u003c/a> at Duke University worries that that kind of constant noise could cause a mother, for example, to lose track of its calf. “If they get separated by a few tens or hundreds of meters in an increasingly loud ocean,” he says, “you can consider it gone.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nowacek says recent scientific evidence suggests that these more subtle effects of air guns could extend a long way. “The levels that could still have and do have behavioral impacts extend out tens, and hundreds of miles away from those surveys,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And effects on smaller animals are emerging as well. Research in Australia shows that nearby air guns can actually kill shrimp-like plankton and their larvae. Even scallops have been observed recoiling from air gun sound.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Interior Secretary Ryan Zinke rolled out the offshore energy plan at a press conference in January. He promised that the government will protect the environment. “We do it right,” he said, “and we’re not going to skirt protections, we’re not going to give anyone a pass. We’re going to hold corporations accountable.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Interior Department completed an environmental impact study on seismic surveying in 2014 that runs several hundred pages. It says the effects on marine life will be moderate at worst. It points out that surveyors will stop their work if they see or hear whales within 500 yards and will keep away from places they’re known to frequent. “No significant impacts are expected to occur as a result of these seismic surveys,” the Interior Department stated. The department estimates that there may by 90 billion barrels of undiscovered oil and over 300 trillion cubic feet of natural gas under the outer continental shelf along the Atlantic Coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But more than 70 scientists have written to Trump asking him to cancel the surveys anyway. They note that the surveys cover regions populated by several kinds of whales that are close to extinction. “The magnitude of the proposed seismic activity is likely to have significant, long-lasting and widespread impacts on the reproduction and survival of fish and marine mammal populations in the region,” the letter stated. Doug Nowacek is one of the scientists who signed the letter, and he adds that there’s just not enough information to be sure the surveys are harmless. “There are numerous species off the Atlantic Coast that we don’t have any data whatsoever about their response to seismic,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists at the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration have been trying to take a census of what marine life lives along the continental shelf, where much of the surveying will take place. The region is heavily populated not only with several kinds of whales but dolphins and numerous other species, many of them commercially valuable. NOAA is still far from completing the task. Given that the surveys would cover tens of thousands of miles of ocean with potentially millions of sonic booms, there’s no doubt that marine animals will be exposed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Exploration companies maintain that there’s no evidence that seismic testing has killed marine mammals. However, for several years, scientists have been working with exploration companies to develop newer air guns that are quieter. Some of these have been tested and found to work effectively at locating oil and gas reservoirs but they are not used commercially.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Interior Department is expected to rule on the surveying permits in the next few weeks. Environmental and public interest groups are planning to legally challenge those permits if they are approved.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">http://www.npr.org/\u003c/a>.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Seismic+Surveys+Planned+Off+U.S.+Coast+Pose+Risk+To+Marine+Life&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Animals that live in the ocean communicate with sound — humpback whales, for example. But these voices could soon be drowned out by powerful sonic booms from vessels searching for oil and gas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>President Trump is \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2017/04/27/525959808/trump-to-sign-executive-order-on-offshore-drilling-and-marine-sanctuaries.\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">opening up the Atlantic Coast\u003c/a> to companies to explore for fresh reserves. And to explore, they will be making some of the loudest sounds ever heard in the ocean — sounds that, according to recent research, could harm marine animals from whales to plankton.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Five companies are currently applying for permits to use seismic air guns to survey thousands of miles of the seabed along the Atlantic Coast. If they get the permits, they could start later this year.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The air guns are devices towed behind a ship. They compress and then release air explosively, and the sound waves penetrate the seabed. When they bounce back to receivers, also towed from the ships, the sound waves paint a picture of reservoirs of oil and gas beneath the seabed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The sound blasts can also damage the ears and internal organs of marine animals. Ships will have to turn them off if they see whales or other marine mammals nearby.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But there’s growing evidence that these sounds may seriously affect animals swimming well outside the immediate danger zone. \u003ca href=\"http://scrippsscholars.ucsd.edu/athode\">Aaron Thode\u003c/a> is an oceanographer who’s studied the subject and advises the \u003ca href=\"https://www.mmc.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Marine Mammal Commission\u003c/a>, a federal agency that regulates activities affecting marine life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We don’t know what happens if animals are exposed constantly to sound over long periods of time in, say, a feeding area or a breeding area or what not,” Thode explains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Thode works at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography. He says whales have been observed retreating from the sound of air guns. That could cause them to abandon breeding or feeding grounds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Thode’s own research has shown that bowhead whales start calling more often to each other when there’s air gun noise, at least for a while. “At some point, you know, just as if a jet plane passes overhead, you just give up and wait for the sound to decrease,” Thode says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If the whales go silent, that not only has potential effects on their communication, but also on air gun surveyors. Federal rules require them to listen to for whale sounds and, if they hear them, to stop their air gun blasts. But if the whales aren’t making noise, their presence underwater won’t be known unless they’re sighted at the surface.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists believe that air gun sounds could “mask” communication by marine animals. Surveyors will be blasting several times a minute, for months at a time. Marine biologist \u003ca href=\"http://ece.duke.edu/faculty/douglas-nowacek\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Doug Nowacek\u003c/a> at Duke University worries that that kind of constant noise could cause a mother, for example, to lose track of its calf. “If they get separated by a few tens or hundreds of meters in an increasingly loud ocean,” he says, “you can consider it gone.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nowacek says recent scientific evidence suggests that these more subtle effects of air guns could extend a long way. “The levels that could still have and do have behavioral impacts extend out tens, and hundreds of miles away from those surveys,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And effects on smaller animals are emerging as well. Research in Australia shows that nearby air guns can actually kill shrimp-like plankton and their larvae. Even scallops have been observed recoiling from air gun sound.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Interior Secretary Ryan Zinke rolled out the offshore energy plan at a press conference in January. He promised that the government will protect the environment. “We do it right,” he said, “and we’re not going to skirt protections, we’re not going to give anyone a pass. We’re going to hold corporations accountable.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Interior Department completed an environmental impact study on seismic surveying in 2014 that runs several hundred pages. It says the effects on marine life will be moderate at worst. It points out that surveyors will stop their work if they see or hear whales within 500 yards and will keep away from places they’re known to frequent. “No significant impacts are expected to occur as a result of these seismic surveys,” the Interior Department stated. The department estimates that there may by 90 billion barrels of undiscovered oil and over 300 trillion cubic feet of natural gas under the outer continental shelf along the Atlantic Coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But more than 70 scientists have written to Trump asking him to cancel the surveys anyway. They note that the surveys cover regions populated by several kinds of whales that are close to extinction. “The magnitude of the proposed seismic activity is likely to have significant, long-lasting and widespread impacts on the reproduction and survival of fish and marine mammal populations in the region,” the letter stated. Doug Nowacek is one of the scientists who signed the letter, and he adds that there’s just not enough information to be sure the surveys are harmless. “There are numerous species off the Atlantic Coast that we don’t have any data whatsoever about their response to seismic,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists at the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration have been trying to take a census of what marine life lives along the continental shelf, where much of the surveying will take place. The region is heavily populated not only with several kinds of whales but dolphins and numerous other species, many of them commercially valuable. NOAA is still far from completing the task. Given that the surveys would cover tens of thousands of miles of ocean with potentially millions of sonic booms, there’s no doubt that marine animals will be exposed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Exploration companies maintain that there’s no evidence that seismic testing has killed marine mammals. However, for several years, scientists have been working with exploration companies to develop newer air guns that are quieter. Some of these have been tested and found to work effectively at locating oil and gas reservoirs but they are not used commercially.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>A team of engineers at Dartmouth College has invented a semiconductor chip that could someday give the camera in your phone the kind of vision even a superhero would envy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new technology comes from \u003ca href=\"https://engineering.dartmouth.edu/people/faculty/eric-fossum/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Eric Fossum\u003c/a>, a professor of engineering and his colleagues at \u003ca href=\"https://engineering.dartmouth.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Dartmouth’s \u003c/a>Thayer\u003ca href=\"https://engineering.dartmouth.edu/\"> School of Engineering\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This isn’t the first imaging technology Fossum has worked on. Twenty-five years ago, while working at NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory, he invented \u003ca href=\"https://spinoff.nasa.gov/Spinoff2017/cg_1.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">CMOS image sensor technology\u003c/a>.[contextly_sidebar id=”vhqcZQvIsIcNfwrGrCZbQ1WoiHn1Q0fq”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s about 4 billion cameras made every year with that CMOS image sensor technology,” Fossum says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The CMOS sensor chip turns light into electrical signals that can be processed to form digital images.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fossum calls his new technology QIS, for Quanta Image Sensor. Instead of pixels, QIS chips have what Fossum and his colleagues call “jots.” Each jot can detect a single particle of light, called a photon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What this chip can do because it’s sensitive to single photons is it can see in the dimmest possible light,” Fossum says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A regular light bulb produces more than a billion-billion photons per second. So a single photon is pretty dim.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other inventors have come up with chips that can see single photons, but these usually require special cooling equipment and are expensive to make.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fossum’s chip works at room temperature and uses standard manufacturing tools. He describes his new chip in \u003ca href=\"https://www.osapublishing.org/optica/fulltext.cfm?uri=optica-4-12-1474&id=377343\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">the journal Optica\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fossum envisions QIS will permit a new approach to creating digital images. Fast electronics allows each jot to be sampled 1,000 times per second. To build an image from the chip, the individual samples are added together and, using image processing software, a single image is produced.[contextly_sidebar id=”XUQfsoBJRd7lnXccS4QooUxAUzNQMEh2″]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It also could be useful to astronomers interested in collecting light from distant objects, or to military forced to work in low-light environments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s really cool,” says Sara Jensen, a microelectronic engineer at the Sandia National Laboratory in New Mexico. “I went and showed the paper around with some of the people I worked with in the camera field, and they were really excited about it. So I think it’s a really big deal.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As impressive as it may be, don’t expect to see the new chip in your cellphone any time soon. Fossum says it was more than two decades before his CMOS chip was in common use. He says the new chip is probably on a similar track.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Maybe even a slower track, because strangely I’m trying to compete against myself with this new technology,” he says. “The existing technology, my technology, is still pretty good.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fossum is betting his new technology will become popular. He’s formed a company called \u003ca href=\"https://www.gigajot.tech/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Gigajot Technology\u003c/a> to start marketing it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">http://www.npr.org/\u003c/a>.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Super+Sensitive+Sensor+Sees+What+You+Can%27t&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>A team of engineers at Dartmouth College has invented a semiconductor chip that could someday give the camera in your phone the kind of vision even a superhero would envy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new technology comes from \u003ca href=\"https://engineering.dartmouth.edu/people/faculty/eric-fossum/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Eric Fossum\u003c/a>, a professor of engineering and his colleagues at \u003ca href=\"https://engineering.dartmouth.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Dartmouth’s \u003c/a>Thayer\u003ca href=\"https://engineering.dartmouth.edu/\"> School of Engineering\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This isn’t the first imaging technology Fossum has worked on. Twenty-five years ago, while working at NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory, he invented \u003ca href=\"https://spinoff.nasa.gov/Spinoff2017/cg_1.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">CMOS image sensor technology\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s about 4 billion cameras made every year with that CMOS image sensor technology,” Fossum says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The CMOS sensor chip turns light into electrical signals that can be processed to form digital images.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fossum calls his new technology QIS, for Quanta Image Sensor. Instead of pixels, QIS chips have what Fossum and his colleagues call “jots.” Each jot can detect a single particle of light, called a photon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What this chip can do because it’s sensitive to single photons is it can see in the dimmest possible light,” Fossum says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A regular light bulb produces more than a billion-billion photons per second. So a single photon is pretty dim.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other inventors have come up with chips that can see single photons, but these usually require special cooling equipment and are expensive to make.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fossum’s chip works at room temperature and uses standard manufacturing tools. He describes his new chip in \u003ca href=\"https://www.osapublishing.org/optica/fulltext.cfm?uri=optica-4-12-1474&id=377343\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">the journal Optica\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fossum envisions QIS will permit a new approach to creating digital images. Fast electronics allows each jot to be sampled 1,000 times per second. To build an image from the chip, the individual samples are added together and, using image processing software, a single image is produced.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It also could be useful to astronomers interested in collecting light from distant objects, or to military forced to work in low-light environments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s really cool,” says Sara Jensen, a microelectronic engineer at the Sandia National Laboratory in New Mexico. “I went and showed the paper around with some of the people I worked with in the camera field, and they were really excited about it. So I think it’s a really big deal.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As impressive as it may be, don’t expect to see the new chip in your cellphone any time soon. Fossum says it was more than two decades before his CMOS chip was in common use. He says the new chip is probably on a similar track.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Maybe even a slower track, because strangely I’m trying to compete against myself with this new technology,” he says. “The existing technology, my technology, is still pretty good.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fossum is betting his new technology will become popular. He’s formed a company called \u003ca href=\"https://www.gigajot.tech/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Gigajot Technology\u003c/a> to start marketing it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">http://www.npr.org/\u003c/a>.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Super+Sensitive+Sensor+Sees+What+You+Can%27t&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "The Big Sort: What To Do With 2 Million Tons of Fire Debris",
"headTitle": "The Big Sort: What To Do With 2 Million Tons of Fire Debris | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>California’s biggest disaster cleanup in a century is now three-quarters complete, according to the Army Corps of Engineers. And like the North Bay fires that caused it, this massive response is one for the record books.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is a very complicated debris removal operation,” California Office of Emergency Services director Mark Ghilarducci \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yIW8ji8-fgw\">told\u003c/a> a Santa Rosa Town Hall in January. “The largest debris clearance operation we’ve seen since the 1906 earthquake.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But unlike after the 1906 quake, when people \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfmuseum.org/1906.2/swamp.html\">dumped\u003c/a> debris in the bay and took \u003ca href=\"https://calisphere.org/item/ad57c35b1381b65b99b4b5867fd86988/\">bricks\u003c/a> home in wheelbarrows to shore up their own property, current laws require that debris be safely removed, for the environment and public health. State and local officials also say they hope to recycle or re-use about half the recovered material.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1920029\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2000px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/IMG_9149.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1920029 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/IMG_9149.jpg\" alt=\"Piles of fire debris in Santa Rosa\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1500\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/IMG_9149.jpg 2000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/IMG_9149-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/IMG_9149-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/IMG_9149-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/IMG_9149-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/IMG_9149-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/IMG_9149-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/IMG_9149-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/IMG_9149-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/IMG_9149-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/IMG_9149-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2000px) 100vw, 2000px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Piles of fire debris await removal in a Santa Rosa parking lot. Millions of tons went to landfills and recycling centers. \u003ccite>(Craig Miller/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Debris Measured in Bridge Weights\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last October, ten to eleven thousand structures burned, on about six thousand parcels of land, spread out across 250 square miles, in four counties. All those numbers add up to about $1 billion in contracts to clean up Sonoma, Napa, Lake and Mendocino counties, issued by the Army Corps of Engineers under the authority of the Federal Emergency Management Agency. (CalRecycle, a state agency, is handling fire clean-up in three additional counties.)\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘It’s the largest debris clearance operation we’ve seen since the 1906 earthquake’\u003ccite>Mark Ghilarducci, CalOES\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>A typical residential parcel yields 200 to 250 tons of material. By the time cleanup is complete, thousands of truck trips will have removed about 2 million tons of debris: that’s double the weight of the Golden Gate Bridge.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/180217-Infographic.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-1920075\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/180217-Infographic-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/180217-Infographic-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/180217-Infographic-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/180217-Infographic-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/180217-Infographic-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/180217-Infographic-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/180217-Infographic-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/180217-Infographic-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/180217-Infographic-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/180217-Infographic-520x293.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/180217-Infographic.jpg 1280w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Tricky Business\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Household hazardous waste was the first problem to tackle: the propane tanks, motor oil, pesticides, paint hanging around garages or sheds. The Environmental Protection Agency and state toxic regulators helped crews pick it out of the rubble safely; they finished last fall.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a second phase, Army Corps contractors are separating concrete from ash and metal, for transport to different places. It’s finicky work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’m picking up rebar in little pieces; that’s a four-five-foot bucket and you’re trying to pick up a little bicycle or a night awning or a chair or something,” explained Kenny Drew, who was operating an excavator for contractor Ghilotti Bros. in Santa Rosa’s Coffey Park neighborhood. “We grab what we can, push it into a pile, separate that, and the rest goes to the dumps.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1920028\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2000px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/PC180613.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1920028\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/PC180613.jpg\" alt=\"Excavator removing fire debris\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1500\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/PC180613.jpg 2000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/PC180613-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/PC180613-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/PC180613-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/PC180613-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/PC180613-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/PC180613-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/PC180613-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/PC180613-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/PC180613-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/PC180613-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2000px) 100vw, 2000px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Excavator operator Kenny Drew slings a burned lawnmower into a dump truck. Metals are among the debris that can be recycled. \u003ccite>(Craig Miller/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What Goes Where\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Separated debris follows different routes to different fates. Drew’s crew will recycle usable metal for scrap. Once crushed, concrete can find a second use below asphalt in roads, or if pulverized, that material can be recycled for new concrete.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ashy wood and home debris, black, white, or gray, threatens public health if airborne or dumped into a river. Crews wet it down or fold it into a “burrito wrap” – a sheet to keep toxic particulates out of the air while it’s in the bed of a truck headed for the dump.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An array of regulations control landfill operations under normal circumstances, limiting how many trucks can go there each day, how much they can leave, and what materials a landfill can take in. But after the fires, state and county response managers obtained waivers for some of these rules. Consequently, some landfills are seeing five to eight times as much traffic, not to mention long lines. Every truck carrying disaster debris also requires special paperwork.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nevertheless, the cleanup itself is a declared health emergency. CalRecycle’s Lance Klug emphasizes that waivers don’t lower significant rules, or permit toxic and hazardous material from being dumped just anywhere. For example, local codes still prohibit draining your pool water, which could carry chlorine and ash, into a waterway.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Landfill Rush\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fire certainly speeds the consumption of landfill space, but may not shorten the lifespan of an expandable dump site. A supervisor in Lake County has said that fire debris will take up a third of the county’s available landfill — what the industry calls “airspace” — shaving about 4 years off the landfill’s projected life. Officials in Sonoma County and Cal Recycling acknowledge that landfills there may require expansion sooner than planned, but they say those in use have plenty of room left.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The scale of debris removal isn’t the only reason it’s shocking: fires this destructive haven’t commonly happened in the North Bay, so there’s no practiced history of responding to them. Along the Gulf Coast, where hurricanes like Katrina and Harvey have repeatedly wreaked havoc, tens of tons of debris have scattered across a dozen states. State officials and fire scientists say that if we become accustomed to catastrophic fires, we’ll have to also accustom ourselves to recovering from their wrath.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>KQED Science Editor Craig Miller contributed to this story.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>California’s biggest disaster cleanup in a century is now three-quarters complete, according to the Army Corps of Engineers. And like the North Bay fires that caused it, this massive response is one for the record books.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is a very complicated debris removal operation,” California Office of Emergency Services director Mark Ghilarducci \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yIW8ji8-fgw\">told\u003c/a> a Santa Rosa Town Hall in January. “The largest debris clearance operation we’ve seen since the 1906 earthquake.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But unlike after the 1906 quake, when people \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfmuseum.org/1906.2/swamp.html\">dumped\u003c/a> debris in the bay and took \u003ca href=\"https://calisphere.org/item/ad57c35b1381b65b99b4b5867fd86988/\">bricks\u003c/a> home in wheelbarrows to shore up their own property, current laws require that debris be safely removed, for the environment and public health. State and local officials also say they hope to recycle or re-use about half the recovered material.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1920029\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2000px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/IMG_9149.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1920029 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/IMG_9149.jpg\" alt=\"Piles of fire debris in Santa Rosa\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1500\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/IMG_9149.jpg 2000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/IMG_9149-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/IMG_9149-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/IMG_9149-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/IMG_9149-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/IMG_9149-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/IMG_9149-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/IMG_9149-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/IMG_9149-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/IMG_9149-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/IMG_9149-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2000px) 100vw, 2000px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Piles of fire debris await removal in a Santa Rosa parking lot. Millions of tons went to landfills and recycling centers. \u003ccite>(Craig Miller/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Debris Measured in Bridge Weights\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last October, ten to eleven thousand structures burned, on about six thousand parcels of land, spread out across 250 square miles, in four counties. All those numbers add up to about $1 billion in contracts to clean up Sonoma, Napa, Lake and Mendocino counties, issued by the Army Corps of Engineers under the authority of the Federal Emergency Management Agency. (CalRecycle, a state agency, is handling fire clean-up in three additional counties.)\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘It’s the largest debris clearance operation we’ve seen since the 1906 earthquake’\u003ccite>Mark Ghilarducci, CalOES\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>A typical residential parcel yields 200 to 250 tons of material. By the time cleanup is complete, thousands of truck trips will have removed about 2 million tons of debris: that’s double the weight of the Golden Gate Bridge.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/180217-Infographic.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-1920075\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/180217-Infographic-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/180217-Infographic-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/180217-Infographic-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/180217-Infographic-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/180217-Infographic-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/180217-Infographic-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/180217-Infographic-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/180217-Infographic-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/180217-Infographic-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/180217-Infographic-520x293.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/180217-Infographic.jpg 1280w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Tricky Business\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Household hazardous waste was the first problem to tackle: the propane tanks, motor oil, pesticides, paint hanging around garages or sheds. The Environmental Protection Agency and state toxic regulators helped crews pick it out of the rubble safely; they finished last fall.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a second phase, Army Corps contractors are separating concrete from ash and metal, for transport to different places. It’s finicky work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’m picking up rebar in little pieces; that’s a four-five-foot bucket and you’re trying to pick up a little bicycle or a night awning or a chair or something,” explained Kenny Drew, who was operating an excavator for contractor Ghilotti Bros. in Santa Rosa’s Coffey Park neighborhood. “We grab what we can, push it into a pile, separate that, and the rest goes to the dumps.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1920028\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2000px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/PC180613.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1920028\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/PC180613.jpg\" alt=\"Excavator removing fire debris\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1500\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/PC180613.jpg 2000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/PC180613-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/PC180613-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/PC180613-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/PC180613-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/PC180613-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/PC180613-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/PC180613-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/PC180613-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/PC180613-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/PC180613-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2000px) 100vw, 2000px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Excavator operator Kenny Drew slings a burned lawnmower into a dump truck. Metals are among the debris that can be recycled. \u003ccite>(Craig Miller/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What Goes Where\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Separated debris follows different routes to different fates. Drew’s crew will recycle usable metal for scrap. Once crushed, concrete can find a second use below asphalt in roads, or if pulverized, that material can be recycled for new concrete.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ashy wood and home debris, black, white, or gray, threatens public health if airborne or dumped into a river. Crews wet it down or fold it into a “burrito wrap” – a sheet to keep toxic particulates out of the air while it’s in the bed of a truck headed for the dump.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An array of regulations control landfill operations under normal circumstances, limiting how many trucks can go there each day, how much they can leave, and what materials a landfill can take in. But after the fires, state and county response managers obtained waivers for some of these rules. Consequently, some landfills are seeing five to eight times as much traffic, not to mention long lines. Every truck carrying disaster debris also requires special paperwork.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nevertheless, the cleanup itself is a declared health emergency. CalRecycle’s Lance Klug emphasizes that waivers don’t lower significant rules, or permit toxic and hazardous material from being dumped just anywhere. For example, local codes still prohibit draining your pool water, which could carry chlorine and ash, into a waterway.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Landfill Rush\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fire certainly speeds the consumption of landfill space, but may not shorten the lifespan of an expandable dump site. A supervisor in Lake County has said that fire debris will take up a third of the county’s available landfill — what the industry calls “airspace” — shaving about 4 years off the landfill’s projected life. Officials in Sonoma County and Cal Recycling acknowledge that landfills there may require expansion sooner than planned, but they say those in use have plenty of room left.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The scale of debris removal isn’t the only reason it’s shocking: fires this destructive haven’t commonly happened in the North Bay, so there’s no practiced history of responding to them. Along the Gulf Coast, where hurricanes like Katrina and Harvey have repeatedly wreaked havoc, tens of tons of debris have scattered across a dozen states. State officials and fire scientists say that if we become accustomed to catastrophic fires, we’ll have to also accustom ourselves to recovering from their wrath.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>KQED Science Editor Craig Miller contributed to this story.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "We'll Find A Planet Like Earth in the Next Decade, Say Astronomers",
"headTitle": "We’ll Find A Planet Like Earth in the Next Decade, Say Astronomers | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>The hunt for exoplanets has mostly been an exercise in counting pale, barely distinguishable dots spinning anonymously in space — until now. New and soon-to-come telescopes will have the ability to recognize signals of possible life on planetary cousins outside our solar system, without ever leaving Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘We have to admit the possibility that life may be more common than we guessed.’\u003ccite>Deborah Fisher, Yale University\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>At a panel of the \u003ca href=\"http://meetings.aaas.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">American Association for the Advancement of Science Meeting\u003c/a> in Austin, Texas this weekend, astronomers spoke wistfully of technological capabilities just around the corner.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“For the first time,” said Aki Roberge, research astrophysicist at NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center, “we actually have the information to design an experiment that can answer an ages old question, like, ‘Are there worlds like Earth among the stars and do any of them have life?’”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Roberge is the chief scientist helping design a space observatory called \u003ca href=\"http://asd.gsfc.nasa.gov/luvoir/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">LUVOIR\u003c/a> that would be a sort of super-charged Hubble, able to study the chemistry of planetary atmospheres outside our solar system — exoplanets — in the clearest detail yet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1920046\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-1920046\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/LUVOIR-concept_rsz-1600x1035-e1511130779923-1020x574.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/LUVOIR-concept_rsz-1600x1035-e1511130779923-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/LUVOIR-concept_rsz-1600x1035-e1511130779923-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/LUVOIR-concept_rsz-1600x1035-e1511130779923-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/LUVOIR-concept_rsz-1600x1035-e1511130779923-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/LUVOIR-concept_rsz-1600x1035-e1511130779923-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/LUVOIR-concept_rsz-1600x1035-e1511130779923-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/LUVOIR-concept_rsz-1600x1035-e1511130779923-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/LUVOIR-concept_rsz-1600x1035-e1511130779923-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/LUVOIR-concept_rsz-1600x1035-e1511130779923-520x293.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/LUVOIR-concept_rsz-1600x1035-e1511130779923.jpg 1600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Conceptual illustration of the LUVOIR space telescope. \u003ccite>(NASA / LUVOIR )\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>While LUVOIR would also be tasked with other astronomical quests (such as studying the formation and evolution of galaxies) the \u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/habex/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Habitable Exoplanet Imaging Mission\u003c/a> would, for the first time, be specially designed to directly image, with an optical/infrared space-based telescope, Earth-like exoplanets. If built, it will be the most sensitive instrument yet to detect signatures of habitability, such as water, on Earth-sized planets around Sun-like stars. If HabEx or LUVOIR can find carbon dioxide, methane, water or oxygen in planetary atmospheres it could indicate the planet is hosting life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Planning teams for these possible future missions will submit interim studies to NASA in March. The studies will be available to the public shortly after.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Deluge of Exoplanet Data\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once upon a time, the existence of planets beyond our solar system was an open question. Now, instruments like the Kepler Space Telescope find so many planets so frequently that astronomers are struggling to keep up.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\n\u003ch3>\u003ca href=\"https://exoplanets.nasa.gov/interactable/11/\">For a primer on how exoplanets are discovered visit NASA’s “5 Ways to Find a Planet”\u003c/a>\u003c/h3>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“There are more observations than we can actually get to in real time,” said Jessie Christiansen, staff scientist at NASA’s \u003ca href=\"http://nexsci.caltech.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Exoplanet Science Institute\u003c/a> in Pasadena, Calif.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For instance, Christiansen told the audience at the AAAS meeting, NASA’s K2 mission had just (on Thursday, February 15) \u003ca href=\"https://www.upi.com/Science_News/2018/02/15/95-new-exoplanets-discovered-during-NASAs-K2-mission/3011518722771/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">confirmed 95 new exoplanets\u003c/a>. But those discoveries, she said, were based on data from the first two and a half years of K2 data — the current mission of the Kepler Space Telescope.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“And we’re actually at the end of year four,” she said. “So you can see we’re getting a bit behind.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1920043\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-1920043\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/109_protodisklowest750h-1020x598.jpg\" alt=\"An artist's illustration of a young, sun-like star encircled by its disk of gas and dust. The gas and dust will in time form exoplanets. Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/T. Pyle\" width=\"640\" height=\"375\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/109_protodisklowest750h-1020x598.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/109_protodisklowest750h-160x94.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/109_protodisklowest750h-800x469.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/109_protodisklowest750h-768x450.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/109_protodisklowest750h-1180x691.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/109_protodisklowest750h-960x563.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/109_protodisklowest750h-240x141.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/109_protodisklowest750h-375x220.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/109_protodisklowest750h-520x305.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/109_protodisklowest750h.jpg 1280w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An artist’s illustration of a young, sun-like star surrounded by a disc of gas and dust. The gas and dust will in time condense and form exoplanets. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech/T. Pyle)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The growing menagerie of exoplanets — \u003ca href=\"https://exoplanetarchive.ipac.caltech.edu/\">3,700 at latest count\u003c/a> — almost beggars belief. (And the estimation of \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2018/02/16/first-detection-of-exoplanets-outside-the-milky-way-you-wont-believe-how-many-or-how-far/\">possible trillions of free-wandering “rogue” planets\u003c/a> is beyond what researchers like Christiansen and Roberge expected when they set out in their careers.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s absolutely amazing, the reality of what exists out there in worlds among the stars,” said Roberge. “They’re far more abundant, far more diverse than even, I think, the dreams of science fiction.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Out there, spinning in the dark expanse of space, are large rocky planets known as \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/06/13/kepler-10c-an-unexpected-heavyweight-earth/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">super-earths\u003c/a>, aquatic \u003ca href=\"https://www.space.com/20728-new-alien-planets-oceans-life.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">water worlds\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://www.space.com/26087-gas-dwarf-alien-planets-aas224.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">gas dwarfs\u003c/a> or superdense \u003ca href=\"https://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2012/10/121011-diamond-planet-space-solar-system-astronomy-science/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">diamond planets\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”AaaKAI88165SOz5iyMhSSlFqvX5i2Fgh”]We now know there are multi-planet systems aside from our own. Seven Earth-size planets, \u003ca href=\"https://exoplanets.nasa.gov/news/1481/new-clues-to-compositions-of-trappist-1-planets/\">all mostly made of rock\u003c/a>, huddle around the star TRAPPIST-1. Since the announcement of their discovery last year in \u003ca href=\"https://exoplanets.nasa.gov/news/1419\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">February 2017\u003c/a>, scientists have taken a closer look at the system. Research released early this month suggests some of the planets in the system \u003ca href=\"https://exoplanets.nasa.gov/news/1481/new-clues-to-compositions-of-trappist-1-planets/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">could harbor liquid water\u003c/a>, perhaps far more than the oceans of Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The first confirmed extra-solar planet was 51 Pegasi b; it was then an entirely new class of planet called a “hot Jupiter.” Based on their density and size, astronomers believe planets like 51 Pegasi b are large and gassy (similar to Jupiter) but based on their closeness to stars, the surface should be feverishly hot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1920044\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1600px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1920044\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/1483_STSCI-H-p1807a-m-1600x900.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1600\" height=\"900\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/1483_STSCI-H-p1807a-m-1600x900.jpg 1600w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/1483_STSCI-H-p1807a-m-1600x900-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/1483_STSCI-H-p1807a-m-1600x900-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/1483_STSCI-H-p1807a-m-1600x900-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/1483_STSCI-H-p1807a-m-1600x900-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/1483_STSCI-H-p1807a-m-1600x900-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/1483_STSCI-H-p1807a-m-1600x900-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/1483_STSCI-H-p1807a-m-1600x900-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/1483_STSCI-H-p1807a-m-1600x900-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/1483_STSCI-H-p1807a-m-1600x900-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1600px) 100vw, 1600px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An artist’s concept TRAPPIST-1, an ultra-cool dwarf, which has seven Earth-sized planets orbiting it. Some may hold liquid water. \u003ccite>(This artist's concept appeared on the Feb. 23, 2017 cover of the journal Nature announcing that the nearby star TRAPPIST-1, an ultra-cool dwarf, has seven Earth-sized planets orbiting it. Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Yet our characterizations of these planets is still relatively primitive. Researchers make educated guesses about the composition of a planet based on their density and closeness to their star. Whether they have liquid water or signs of microbial activity is unknown.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NASA’s Hubble Space Telescope has tried to \u003ca href=\"https://exoplanets.nasa.gov/news/1483/hubble-probes-atmospheres-of-exoplanets-in-trappist-1-habitable-zone/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">take an early look at the atmospheres\u003c/a> of these planets, but it’s not exactly designed for the job, being a general purpose (\u003ca href=\"https://news.nationalgeographic.com/2015/04/150423-hubble-anniversary-webb-telescope-space/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">though phenomenally successful\u003c/a>) telescope. It was able to rule out the presence of hydrogen in three of the TRAPPIST-1 planets, but not able to search for heavier gases, such as carbon dioxide, methane, water, and oxygen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”lNYaT38dkFWze9UGDlACdJ7iMveIvY4B”]NASA’s \u003ca href=\"https://tess.gsfc.nasa.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite\u003c/a>, slated to launch in the coming weeks, will primarily be a tool for counting and locating exoplanets. The \u003ca href=\"https://www.jwst.nasa.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">James Webb Space Telescope\u003c/a>, scheduled to launch in 2019, will follow up on exoplanets of interest and characterize atmospheric gases to a degree. To really see Earth-sized exoplanets up close and personal, though, astronomers will have to wait for LUVOIR or HabEx.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Now we can say most stars have planets,” said Yale astronomy professor Deborah Fisher at AAAS. “We have to admit the possibility that life may be more common than we guessed.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "New telescopes will soon show us details about the planets beyond our solar system -- details about the possibility of extraterrestrial life.",
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"title": "We'll Find A Planet Like Earth in the Next Decade, Say Astronomers | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The hunt for exoplanets has mostly been an exercise in counting pale, barely distinguishable dots spinning anonymously in space — until now. New and soon-to-come telescopes will have the ability to recognize signals of possible life on planetary cousins outside our solar system, without ever leaving Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘We have to admit the possibility that life may be more common than we guessed.’\u003ccite>Deborah Fisher, Yale University\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>At a panel of the \u003ca href=\"http://meetings.aaas.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">American Association for the Advancement of Science Meeting\u003c/a> in Austin, Texas this weekend, astronomers spoke wistfully of technological capabilities just around the corner.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“For the first time,” said Aki Roberge, research astrophysicist at NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center, “we actually have the information to design an experiment that can answer an ages old question, like, ‘Are there worlds like Earth among the stars and do any of them have life?’”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Roberge is the chief scientist helping design a space observatory called \u003ca href=\"http://asd.gsfc.nasa.gov/luvoir/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">LUVOIR\u003c/a> that would be a sort of super-charged Hubble, able to study the chemistry of planetary atmospheres outside our solar system — exoplanets — in the clearest detail yet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1920046\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-1920046\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/LUVOIR-concept_rsz-1600x1035-e1511130779923-1020x574.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/LUVOIR-concept_rsz-1600x1035-e1511130779923-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/LUVOIR-concept_rsz-1600x1035-e1511130779923-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/LUVOIR-concept_rsz-1600x1035-e1511130779923-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/LUVOIR-concept_rsz-1600x1035-e1511130779923-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/LUVOIR-concept_rsz-1600x1035-e1511130779923-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/LUVOIR-concept_rsz-1600x1035-e1511130779923-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/LUVOIR-concept_rsz-1600x1035-e1511130779923-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/LUVOIR-concept_rsz-1600x1035-e1511130779923-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/LUVOIR-concept_rsz-1600x1035-e1511130779923-520x293.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/LUVOIR-concept_rsz-1600x1035-e1511130779923.jpg 1600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Conceptual illustration of the LUVOIR space telescope. \u003ccite>(NASA / LUVOIR )\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>While LUVOIR would also be tasked with other astronomical quests (such as studying the formation and evolution of galaxies) the \u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/habex/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Habitable Exoplanet Imaging Mission\u003c/a> would, for the first time, be specially designed to directly image, with an optical/infrared space-based telescope, Earth-like exoplanets. If built, it will be the most sensitive instrument yet to detect signatures of habitability, such as water, on Earth-sized planets around Sun-like stars. If HabEx or LUVOIR can find carbon dioxide, methane, water or oxygen in planetary atmospheres it could indicate the planet is hosting life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Planning teams for these possible future missions will submit interim studies to NASA in March. The studies will be available to the public shortly after.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Deluge of Exoplanet Data\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once upon a time, the existence of planets beyond our solar system was an open question. Now, instruments like the Kepler Space Telescope find so many planets so frequently that astronomers are struggling to keep up.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\n\u003ch3>\u003ca href=\"https://exoplanets.nasa.gov/interactable/11/\">For a primer on how exoplanets are discovered visit NASA’s “5 Ways to Find a Planet”\u003c/a>\u003c/h3>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“There are more observations than we can actually get to in real time,” said Jessie Christiansen, staff scientist at NASA’s \u003ca href=\"http://nexsci.caltech.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Exoplanet Science Institute\u003c/a> in Pasadena, Calif.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For instance, Christiansen told the audience at the AAAS meeting, NASA’s K2 mission had just (on Thursday, February 15) \u003ca href=\"https://www.upi.com/Science_News/2018/02/15/95-new-exoplanets-discovered-during-NASAs-K2-mission/3011518722771/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">confirmed 95 new exoplanets\u003c/a>. But those discoveries, she said, were based on data from the first two and a half years of K2 data — the current mission of the Kepler Space Telescope.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“And we’re actually at the end of year four,” she said. “So you can see we’re getting a bit behind.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1920043\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-1920043\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/109_protodisklowest750h-1020x598.jpg\" alt=\"An artist's illustration of a young, sun-like star encircled by its disk of gas and dust. The gas and dust will in time form exoplanets. Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/T. Pyle\" width=\"640\" height=\"375\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/109_protodisklowest750h-1020x598.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/109_protodisklowest750h-160x94.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/109_protodisklowest750h-800x469.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/109_protodisklowest750h-768x450.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/109_protodisklowest750h-1180x691.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/109_protodisklowest750h-960x563.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/109_protodisklowest750h-240x141.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/109_protodisklowest750h-375x220.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/109_protodisklowest750h-520x305.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/109_protodisklowest750h.jpg 1280w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An artist’s illustration of a young, sun-like star surrounded by a disc of gas and dust. The gas and dust will in time condense and form exoplanets. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech/T. Pyle)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The growing menagerie of exoplanets — \u003ca href=\"https://exoplanetarchive.ipac.caltech.edu/\">3,700 at latest count\u003c/a> — almost beggars belief. (And the estimation of \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2018/02/16/first-detection-of-exoplanets-outside-the-milky-way-you-wont-believe-how-many-or-how-far/\">possible trillions of free-wandering “rogue” planets\u003c/a> is beyond what researchers like Christiansen and Roberge expected when they set out in their careers.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s absolutely amazing, the reality of what exists out there in worlds among the stars,” said Roberge. “They’re far more abundant, far more diverse than even, I think, the dreams of science fiction.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Out there, spinning in the dark expanse of space, are large rocky planets known as \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/06/13/kepler-10c-an-unexpected-heavyweight-earth/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">super-earths\u003c/a>, aquatic \u003ca href=\"https://www.space.com/20728-new-alien-planets-oceans-life.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">water worlds\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://www.space.com/26087-gas-dwarf-alien-planets-aas224.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">gas dwarfs\u003c/a> or superdense \u003ca href=\"https://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2012/10/121011-diamond-planet-space-solar-system-astronomy-science/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">diamond planets\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>We now know there are multi-planet systems aside from our own. Seven Earth-size planets, \u003ca href=\"https://exoplanets.nasa.gov/news/1481/new-clues-to-compositions-of-trappist-1-planets/\">all mostly made of rock\u003c/a>, huddle around the star TRAPPIST-1. Since the announcement of their discovery last year in \u003ca href=\"https://exoplanets.nasa.gov/news/1419\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">February 2017\u003c/a>, scientists have taken a closer look at the system. Research released early this month suggests some of the planets in the system \u003ca href=\"https://exoplanets.nasa.gov/news/1481/new-clues-to-compositions-of-trappist-1-planets/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">could harbor liquid water\u003c/a>, perhaps far more than the oceans of Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The first confirmed extra-solar planet was 51 Pegasi b; it was then an entirely new class of planet called a “hot Jupiter.” Based on their density and size, astronomers believe planets like 51 Pegasi b are large and gassy (similar to Jupiter) but based on their closeness to stars, the surface should be feverishly hot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1920044\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1600px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1920044\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/1483_STSCI-H-p1807a-m-1600x900.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1600\" height=\"900\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/1483_STSCI-H-p1807a-m-1600x900.jpg 1600w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/1483_STSCI-H-p1807a-m-1600x900-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/1483_STSCI-H-p1807a-m-1600x900-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/1483_STSCI-H-p1807a-m-1600x900-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/1483_STSCI-H-p1807a-m-1600x900-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/1483_STSCI-H-p1807a-m-1600x900-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/1483_STSCI-H-p1807a-m-1600x900-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/1483_STSCI-H-p1807a-m-1600x900-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/1483_STSCI-H-p1807a-m-1600x900-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/1483_STSCI-H-p1807a-m-1600x900-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1600px) 100vw, 1600px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An artist’s concept TRAPPIST-1, an ultra-cool dwarf, which has seven Earth-sized planets orbiting it. Some may hold liquid water. \u003ccite>(This artist's concept appeared on the Feb. 23, 2017 cover of the journal Nature announcing that the nearby star TRAPPIST-1, an ultra-cool dwarf, has seven Earth-sized planets orbiting it. Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Yet our characterizations of these planets is still relatively primitive. Researchers make educated guesses about the composition of a planet based on their density and closeness to their star. Whether they have liquid water or signs of microbial activity is unknown.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NASA’s Hubble Space Telescope has tried to \u003ca href=\"https://exoplanets.nasa.gov/news/1483/hubble-probes-atmospheres-of-exoplanets-in-trappist-1-habitable-zone/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">take an early look at the atmospheres\u003c/a> of these planets, but it’s not exactly designed for the job, being a general purpose (\u003ca href=\"https://news.nationalgeographic.com/2015/04/150423-hubble-anniversary-webb-telescope-space/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">though phenomenally successful\u003c/a>) telescope. It was able to rule out the presence of hydrogen in three of the TRAPPIST-1 planets, but not able to search for heavier gases, such as carbon dioxide, methane, water, and oxygen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>NASA’s \u003ca href=\"https://tess.gsfc.nasa.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite\u003c/a>, slated to launch in the coming weeks, will primarily be a tool for counting and locating exoplanets. The \u003ca href=\"https://www.jwst.nasa.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">James Webb Space Telescope\u003c/a>, scheduled to launch in 2019, will follow up on exoplanets of interest and characterize atmospheric gases to a degree. To really see Earth-sized exoplanets up close and personal, though, astronomers will have to wait for LUVOIR or HabEx.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Now we can say most stars have planets,” said Yale astronomy professor Deborah Fisher at AAAS. “We have to admit the possibility that life may be more common than we guessed.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Before-and-After Photos of Sierra Show Snow Levels Worse Than During Drought",
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"content": "\u003cp>California’s “frozen reservoir” is already melting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With California locked in the embrace of unseasonably dry weather and high temperatures, water content of the Sierra snowpack is currently 22 percent of the long-term average for early February. That’s \u003cem>less\u003c/em> than it was on this date in 2015, in the most dismal depths of California’s five-year drought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In these three graphic sliders of satellite images from Yosemite, Tahoe, and Mammoth Lakes, you can see the dramatic difference in the snowpack — a key source of water for the state — from just a year ago. The contrast is especially sharp versus this time last year, when record January snows had engorged the snowpack to 177 percent of “normal.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv style=\" width: 100%; position: relative; padding-top: 75.25%;\">\u003ciframe frameborder=\"0\" style=\"width: 100%; height: 100%; position: absolute;top: 0;left: 0;bottom: 0;right: 0;\" src=\"https://cdn.knightlab.com/libs/juxtapose/latest/embed/index.html?uid=f8ff776c-1281-11e8-b263-0edaf8f81e27\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>Experts say it’s too soon for hand-wringing over another drought; the state’s major reservoirs are still full, thanks to last winter’s relentless rains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The water that you have in storage is coming off a good year,” says meteorologist Jan Null. “That mitigates the fact that we’ve had an arguably abysmal precipitation year.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We’re not in a position where we were a couple of years ago, with widespread shortages,” he adds, though Null concedes that water supply can vary dramatically from place to place, depending on local sources.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv style=\" width: 100%; position: relative; padding-top: 75.25%;\">\u003ciframe frameborder=\"0\" style=\"width: 100%; height: 100%; position: absolute;top: 0;left: 0;bottom: 0;right: 0;\" src=\"https://cdn.knightlab.com/libs/juxtapose/latest/embed/index.html?uid=4e45b1c8-1282-11e8-b263-0edaf8f81e27\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>“Certain areas may only get what they store locally,” Null says. “The manager of a water district that doesn’t have multiple water sources, for example, might be looking at possible actions this summer.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Null says the diminished snowpack should be a wakeup call.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv style=\" width: 100%; position: relative; padding-top: 75.25%;\">\u003ciframe frameborder=\"0\" style=\"width: 100%; height: 100%; position: absolute;top: 0;left: 0;bottom: 0;right: 0;\" src=\"https://cdn.knightlab.com/libs/juxtapose/latest/embed/index.html?uid=fdaaeb6a-1282-11e8-b263-0edaf8f81e27\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think most areas will not be in dire shape,” he says. “But I would not be surprised to see stepped-up conservation efforts.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Dramatic images of this year's snowpack compared to last year show just how far below normal we are.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>California’s “frozen reservoir” is already melting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With California locked in the embrace of unseasonably dry weather and high temperatures, water content of the Sierra snowpack is currently 22 percent of the long-term average for early February. That’s \u003cem>less\u003c/em> than it was on this date in 2015, in the most dismal depths of California’s five-year drought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In these three graphic sliders of satellite images from Yosemite, Tahoe, and Mammoth Lakes, you can see the dramatic difference in the snowpack — a key source of water for the state — from just a year ago. The contrast is especially sharp versus this time last year, when record January snows had engorged the snowpack to 177 percent of “normal.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv style=\" width: 100%; position: relative; padding-top: 75.25%;\">\u003ciframe frameborder=\"0\" style=\"width: 100%; height: 100%; position: absolute;top: 0;left: 0;bottom: 0;right: 0;\" src=\"https://cdn.knightlab.com/libs/juxtapose/latest/embed/index.html?uid=f8ff776c-1281-11e8-b263-0edaf8f81e27\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>Experts say it’s too soon for hand-wringing over another drought; the state’s major reservoirs are still full, thanks to last winter’s relentless rains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The water that you have in storage is coming off a good year,” says meteorologist Jan Null. “That mitigates the fact that we’ve had an arguably abysmal precipitation year.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We’re not in a position where we were a couple of years ago, with widespread shortages,” he adds, though Null concedes that water supply can vary dramatically from place to place, depending on local sources.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv style=\" width: 100%; position: relative; padding-top: 75.25%;\">\u003ciframe frameborder=\"0\" style=\"width: 100%; height: 100%; position: absolute;top: 0;left: 0;bottom: 0;right: 0;\" src=\"https://cdn.knightlab.com/libs/juxtapose/latest/embed/index.html?uid=4e45b1c8-1282-11e8-b263-0edaf8f81e27\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>“Certain areas may only get what they store locally,” Null says. “The manager of a water district that doesn’t have multiple water sources, for example, might be looking at possible actions this summer.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Null says the diminished snowpack should be a wakeup call.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv style=\" width: 100%; position: relative; padding-top: 75.25%;\">\u003ciframe frameborder=\"0\" style=\"width: 100%; height: 100%; position: absolute;top: 0;left: 0;bottom: 0;right: 0;\" src=\"https://cdn.knightlab.com/libs/juxtapose/latest/embed/index.html?uid=fdaaeb6a-1282-11e8-b263-0edaf8f81e27\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think most areas will not be in dire shape,” he says. “But I would not be surprised to see stepped-up conservation efforts.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Love Is an Albatross. Literally. Watch These Birds Do a Courtship Dance",
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"content": "\u003cp>https://youtu.be/c4nB7kDXenA\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Every couple has a story of how they met, even a couple of seabirds. Meet Wisdom and Akeakamai. They are laysan albatrosses and they became life-long partners on the dance floor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Each step in the dance is combined usually with a call or a chuckle or a mutter,” says Breck Taylor, a seabird researcher at University of California, Santa Cruz. “And there’s one particular [step] when both birds point their bills to the sky, stare at each other eye to eye and moo like a cow.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Taylor says all albatrosses dance to find a mate. All that muttering and mooing pays off because dancing is crucial to help the pair bond.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1919898\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-1919898\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/32752108312_182c9cae05_k-1020x681.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"427\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/32752108312_182c9cae05_k-1020x681.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/32752108312_182c9cae05_k-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/32752108312_182c9cae05_k-800x534.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/32752108312_182c9cae05_k-768x513.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/32752108312_182c9cae05_k-1920x1282.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/32752108312_182c9cae05_k-1180x788.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/32752108312_182c9cae05_k-960x641.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/32752108312_182c9cae05_k-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/32752108312_182c9cae05_k-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/32752108312_182c9cae05_k-520x347.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/32752108312_182c9cae05_k.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Wisdom and a new chick, February 2017. \u003ccite>(Naomi Blinick/USFWS Volunteer)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“When you see [it] work well, it does your heart good because you know they’ve made it a long way on the way to the relationship.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After a pair chooses each other as steady dance partners, Taylor says they usually stay together for life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Albatrosses have the lowest divorce rate of any known bird. So they’re considered the most faithful and loyal bird that’s ever been studied.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”QvVwKwDt8W5GUGSrr5urKuu7gdmbo6kQ”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Wisdom is different. At the age of 67, she’s outlived at least one partner and is 12 years into her relationship with her current mate, Akeakamai.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She’s so old, she’s gotten the title of the oldest known wild nesting bird on the planet. She was banded back in 1956 on Midway Atoll — northwest of Hawaii — by legendary \u003ca href=\"https://www.fws.gov/refuges/about/ConservationHeroes/Chandler%20Robbins_07232012.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">ornithologist Chandler Robbins\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[audio src=\"https://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2018/02/AudioforAlbatrossLove.mp3\" Image=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/02/24806129731_17d65b475e_k-e1518502145832.jpg\" Title=\"Love Is an Albatross. Literally. Watch These Birds Do a Courtship Dance\" program=“KQED Science“]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What’s thought to be an old albatross is in the 50s so she’s already beaten the odds in that way,” says Taylor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even in her old age, she’s a supermom. She’s laid at least 37 eggs in her lifetime. But she can’t do it alone. She and Akeakamai take turns protecting their offspring.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For about half the year, one member of the pair will be away, for weeks at a time, to feed in the Pacific Ocean, sometimes making it as far as the California coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://youtu.be/qLqxy8Pq0Cc\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“One is almost always at sea while the other protects the chick. So it takes enormous coordination between the two to make it work. And it also takes trust that your partner will have taken care of your chick.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For Wisdom and her mate, they pulled it off again. Kelly Goodale is a wildlife biologist on Midway Atoll where Wisdom and Akeakamai lives. And she has some exciting news about the couple.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”lrWO5WVWxOIXD65fkkDJA8UyXL1eSHpi”]”As of February 6, last Tuesday, their chick hatched. So she was there for the hatching. And she stuck around for a few days when Akeakamai came back from his feeding trip.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then, Wisdom left to gather food for her family. She’s expected to return in a week or two.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These two birds work so well together and really rely on each other in order to be successful and to raise a chick. It’s so inspiring,” says Goodale.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From the standpoint of an outsider, it seems like these two birds have the ideal relationship. No word yet on how they deal with disagreements.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>The sound in the radio story was recorded by Jean Matuska. You can watch \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d1pJwOnYrs0&lc=z22vt5po5qi0wl4pu04t1aokg24q53ic4syebt2p2o11bk0h00410\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">her video here.\u003c/a> For more information about Wisdom, you can visit her \u003ca href=\"https://www.facebook.com/wisdomthealbatross\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Facebook page here\u003c/a> or the \u003ca href=\"http://usfwspacific.tumblr.com/post/168787067605/wisdom-the-oldest-known-albatross-returns-to\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service blog here.\u003c/a> \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/c4nB7kDXenA'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/c4nB7kDXenA'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>Every couple has a story of how they met, even a couple of seabirds. Meet Wisdom and Akeakamai. They are laysan albatrosses and they became life-long partners on the dance floor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Each step in the dance is combined usually with a call or a chuckle or a mutter,” says Breck Taylor, a seabird researcher at University of California, Santa Cruz. “And there’s one particular [step] when both birds point their bills to the sky, stare at each other eye to eye and moo like a cow.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Taylor says all albatrosses dance to find a mate. All that muttering and mooing pays off because dancing is crucial to help the pair bond.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1919898\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-1919898\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/32752108312_182c9cae05_k-1020x681.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"427\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/32752108312_182c9cae05_k-1020x681.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/32752108312_182c9cae05_k-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/32752108312_182c9cae05_k-800x534.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/32752108312_182c9cae05_k-768x513.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/32752108312_182c9cae05_k-1920x1282.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/32752108312_182c9cae05_k-1180x788.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/32752108312_182c9cae05_k-960x641.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/32752108312_182c9cae05_k-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/32752108312_182c9cae05_k-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/32752108312_182c9cae05_k-520x347.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/32752108312_182c9cae05_k.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Wisdom and a new chick, February 2017. \u003ccite>(Naomi Blinick/USFWS Volunteer)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“When you see [it] work well, it does your heart good because you know they’ve made it a long way on the way to the relationship.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What’s thought to be an old albatross is in the 50s so she’s already beaten the odds in that way,” says Taylor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even in her old age, she’s a supermom. She’s laid at least 37 eggs in her lifetime. But she can’t do it alone. She and Akeakamai take turns protecting their offspring.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For about half the year, one member of the pair will be away, for weeks at a time, to feed in the Pacific Ocean, sometimes making it as far as the California coast.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/qLqxy8Pq0Cc'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/qLqxy8Pq0Cc'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>“One is almost always at sea while the other protects the chick. So it takes enormous coordination between the two to make it work. And it also takes trust that your partner will have taken care of your chick.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For Wisdom and her mate, they pulled it off again. Kelly Goodale is a wildlife biologist on Midway Atoll where Wisdom and Akeakamai lives. And she has some exciting news about the couple.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>”As of February 6, last Tuesday, their chick hatched. So she was there for the hatching. And she stuck around for a few days when Akeakamai came back from his feeding trip.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then, Wisdom left to gather food for her family. She’s expected to return in a week or two.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These two birds work so well together and really rely on each other in order to be successful and to raise a chick. It’s so inspiring,” says Goodale.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From the standpoint of an outsider, it seems like these two birds have the ideal relationship. No word yet on how they deal with disagreements.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>The sound in the radio story was recorded by Jean Matuska. You can watch \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d1pJwOnYrs0&lc=z22vt5po5qi0wl4pu04t1aokg24q53ic4syebt2p2o11bk0h00410\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">her video here.\u003c/a> For more information about Wisdom, you can visit her \u003ca href=\"https://www.facebook.com/wisdomthealbatross\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Facebook page here\u003c/a> or the \u003ca href=\"http://usfwspacific.tumblr.com/post/168787067605/wisdom-the-oldest-known-albatross-returns-to\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service blog here.\u003c/a> \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Volunteer Regulators Banned a Monsanto Pesticide. So the Company Sued Each and Every One of Them",
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"content": "\u003cp>In Arkansas, there is a kind of David vs. Goliath battle underway over a weedkiller.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On one side, there is the giant Monsanto Company. On the other, a committee of 18 people, mostly farmers and small-business owners, that regulates the use of pesticides in the state. It has banned Monsanto’s latest way of killing weeds during the growing season.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Terry Fuller is on that committee. He never intended to pick a fight with a billion-dollar company. “I didn’t feel like I was leading the charge,” he says. “I felt like I was just trying to do my duty.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Terry Fuller and his identical twin, Jerry Fuller, grow soybeans and raise cattle near the tiny town of Poplar Grove, in eastern Arkansas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A big part of their business, though, is selling seeds to farmers. And in their storage shed, Terry Fuller shows me the product that has turned neighbors against one another and provoked that fight with Monsanto. The product is soybean seeds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fuller leans over and reads the label on one large bag. “7478XTS, so that is an Xtend soybean variety right there,” he says. “That’s dicamba-tolerant.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dicamba is a herbicide. It kills not only what farmers call broadleaf plants, which include many weeds, but also crops like soybeans. Not these soybeans, though. Monsanto tweaked the genes of these varieties, and now dicamba doesn’t bother them at all.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It means that farmers can plant these seeds and spray dicamba on their fields as the soybeans grow, and the weeds will die, but the crops are fine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When Fuller heard about this invention a few years ago, he thought it was great. “I absolutely wanted to spray dicamba in Arkansas and the rest of the nation,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The dicamba era arrived last summer. Farmers sprayed the chemical on their fields and say it worked splendidly. The problem was that when the weather turned hot, the weedkiller didn’t stay where it was supposed to. It seemed to evaporate and drift, sometimes for a mile or more, into fields of other crops that can’t tolerate dicamba. It left those crops stunted or with curled up leaves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I could not walk out of my house without seeing damage,” says Fuller.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Drifting dicamba hurt soybeans, backyard tomatoes, melons and orchards. Millions of acres of crops were affected, from Mississippi to Minnesota.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was a fiasco. And Terry Fuller had the power to stop it — at least in his own state. He’s a member of the Arkansas State Plant Board, which regulates pesticides and seeds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’m charged with protecting the citizens of the state of Arkansas, and it appears that I wasn’t doing a very good job of protecting the citizens and can’t even protect myself,” he says. Even trees in his own yard showed symptoms of exposure to dicamba.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This board on which Fuller serves is an unusual institution. Its meetings are public. The members — all men at the moment, mostly from small towns across the state — sit around a big table. They include farmers, seed dealers and a few people who work for big chemical companies. All of them volunteer their time. Two nonvoting university scientists are on the board, but there are no lawyers and no politicians.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And the members are proudly independent. The board is “self-governing, by the people, for the people,” says Ray Vester, who represented rice farmers on the board for 18 years, through 2016. Vester says it’s the best system of regulation he has ever seen. “Every other state, their boards are politically appointed by the party in power,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The board is made up of a wealth of the experience,” says George Tidwell, who runs a crop-dusting business and served on the board for 24 years, 15 of them as chairman. “Anything that came before the board, one to a half-dozen board members had personal experience with it. That’s the beauty of this board.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As pesticide regulators across the country debated how to respond to the dicamba debacle, Monsanto argued that the product can be used safely. The problems in 2017, the company said, were the result of mistakes in applying the chemical. In most states, regulators decided to let farmers continue to use dicamba but with some additional restrictions on how it’s used.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In most states, that decision was made behind closed doors. In Arkansas, though, the plant board argued about it around that meeting table — and anyone with an opinion could drive over to Fuller Seed and Supply, in Poplar Grove.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We had as many as 15 people at the office before seven o’clock in the morning, all waiting to see me, all on one side of the issue or the other,” says Fuller.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the end, the board decided that dicamba could not be adequately controlled in hot weather, and it banned dicamba spraying during the entire growing season, from April 15 through October. These are the toughest restrictions in the whole country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fuller and his fellow board members now are facing attacks from almost every side.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Monsanto sued the board and each individual member, calling their decision arbitrary, capricious and unlawful. Hundreds of farmers who say they need dicamba to control their weeds signed a petition calling for the board to reconsider.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Six farmers also filed a lawsuit, arguing that the makeup of the board violates the Arkansas Constitution because some of the members are selected by industries that the board regulates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We got angry; we didn’t feel that we were able to be heard,” says Michael McCarty, one of the farmers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>McCarty and the other farmers are proposing a compromise. They want the board to allow spraying of dicamba at least during the first part of the growing season, up to May 25, when the weather is not so hot and dicamba isn’t so prone to drift.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It gets very emotional,” McCarty says. “We like seeing our fields clean. We like them to be weed-free. And it was a beautiful area last year” when farmers were able to use dicamba on their soybean fields.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There is a chance that the plant board itself may not survive in its current form. Proposals have been floated in Arkansas’ legislature to move the board inside the state Department of Agriculture, make it less independent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fuller says the conversations he has had with neighbors and customers about the issue have been civil and neighborly. But he knows that some people are angry. “There’s two loaded guns in my office,” he says, and he chuckles. “I felt personally threatened somewhat.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He doesn’t regret his vote to shut down dicamba spraying. “I put forth a good effort, to the best of my ability, to protect the citizens of Arkansas,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=These+Citizen-Regulators+In+Arkansas+Defied+Monsanto.+Now+They%27re+Under+Attack&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>In Arkansas, there is a kind of David vs. Goliath battle underway over a weedkiller.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On one side, there is the giant Monsanto Company. On the other, a committee of 18 people, mostly farmers and small-business owners, that regulates the use of pesticides in the state. It has banned Monsanto’s latest way of killing weeds during the growing season.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Terry Fuller is on that committee. He never intended to pick a fight with a billion-dollar company. “I didn’t feel like I was leading the charge,” he says. “I felt like I was just trying to do my duty.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Terry Fuller and his identical twin, Jerry Fuller, grow soybeans and raise cattle near the tiny town of Poplar Grove, in eastern Arkansas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A big part of their business, though, is selling seeds to farmers. And in their storage shed, Terry Fuller shows me the product that has turned neighbors against one another and provoked that fight with Monsanto. The product is soybean seeds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fuller leans over and reads the label on one large bag. “7478XTS, so that is an Xtend soybean variety right there,” he says. “That’s dicamba-tolerant.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dicamba is a herbicide. It kills not only what farmers call broadleaf plants, which include many weeds, but also crops like soybeans. Not these soybeans, though. Monsanto tweaked the genes of these varieties, and now dicamba doesn’t bother them at all.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It means that farmers can plant these seeds and spray dicamba on their fields as the soybeans grow, and the weeds will die, but the crops are fine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When Fuller heard about this invention a few years ago, he thought it was great. “I absolutely wanted to spray dicamba in Arkansas and the rest of the nation,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The dicamba era arrived last summer. Farmers sprayed the chemical on their fields and say it worked splendidly. The problem was that when the weather turned hot, the weedkiller didn’t stay where it was supposed to. It seemed to evaporate and drift, sometimes for a mile or more, into fields of other crops that can’t tolerate dicamba. It left those crops stunted or with curled up leaves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I could not walk out of my house without seeing damage,” says Fuller.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Drifting dicamba hurt soybeans, backyard tomatoes, melons and orchards. Millions of acres of crops were affected, from Mississippi to Minnesota.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was a fiasco. And Terry Fuller had the power to stop it — at least in his own state. He’s a member of the Arkansas State Plant Board, which regulates pesticides and seeds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’m charged with protecting the citizens of the state of Arkansas, and it appears that I wasn’t doing a very good job of protecting the citizens and can’t even protect myself,” he says. Even trees in his own yard showed symptoms of exposure to dicamba.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This board on which Fuller serves is an unusual institution. Its meetings are public. The members — all men at the moment, mostly from small towns across the state — sit around a big table. They include farmers, seed dealers and a few people who work for big chemical companies. All of them volunteer their time. Two nonvoting university scientists are on the board, but there are no lawyers and no politicians.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And the members are proudly independent. The board is “self-governing, by the people, for the people,” says Ray Vester, who represented rice farmers on the board for 18 years, through 2016. Vester says it’s the best system of regulation he has ever seen. “Every other state, their boards are politically appointed by the party in power,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The board is made up of a wealth of the experience,” says George Tidwell, who runs a crop-dusting business and served on the board for 24 years, 15 of them as chairman. “Anything that came before the board, one to a half-dozen board members had personal experience with it. That’s the beauty of this board.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As pesticide regulators across the country debated how to respond to the dicamba debacle, Monsanto argued that the product can be used safely. The problems in 2017, the company said, were the result of mistakes in applying the chemical. In most states, regulators decided to let farmers continue to use dicamba but with some additional restrictions on how it’s used.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In most states, that decision was made behind closed doors. In Arkansas, though, the plant board argued about it around that meeting table — and anyone with an opinion could drive over to Fuller Seed and Supply, in Poplar Grove.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We had as many as 15 people at the office before seven o’clock in the morning, all waiting to see me, all on one side of the issue or the other,” says Fuller.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the end, the board decided that dicamba could not be adequately controlled in hot weather, and it banned dicamba spraying during the entire growing season, from April 15 through October. These are the toughest restrictions in the whole country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fuller and his fellow board members now are facing attacks from almost every side.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Monsanto sued the board and each individual member, calling their decision arbitrary, capricious and unlawful. Hundreds of farmers who say they need dicamba to control their weeds signed a petition calling for the board to reconsider.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Six farmers also filed a lawsuit, arguing that the makeup of the board violates the Arkansas Constitution because some of the members are selected by industries that the board regulates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We got angry; we didn’t feel that we were able to be heard,” says Michael McCarty, one of the farmers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>McCarty and the other farmers are proposing a compromise. They want the board to allow spraying of dicamba at least during the first part of the growing season, up to May 25, when the weather is not so hot and dicamba isn’t so prone to drift.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It gets very emotional,” McCarty says. “We like seeing our fields clean. We like them to be weed-free. And it was a beautiful area last year” when farmers were able to use dicamba on their soybean fields.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There is a chance that the plant board itself may not survive in its current form. Proposals have been floated in Arkansas’ legislature to move the board inside the state Department of Agriculture, make it less independent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fuller says the conversations he has had with neighbors and customers about the issue have been civil and neighborly. But he knows that some people are angry. “There’s two loaded guns in my office,” he says, and he chuckles. “I felt personally threatened somewhat.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He doesn’t regret his vote to shut down dicamba spraying. “I put forth a good effort, to the best of my ability, to protect the citizens of Arkansas,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=These+Citizen-Regulators+In+Arkansas+Defied+Monsanto.+Now+They%27re+Under+Attack&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "From Drugged Oysters to Birds Full of Plastic, Oceans Are Feeling the Burden of Pollution",
"headTitle": "From Drugged Oysters to Birds Full of Plastic, Oceans Are Feeling the Burden of Pollution | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Traces of life on land are increasingly showing up in oceans and in ocean life. Scientists are finding a growing presence of pharmaceuticals, small pieces of plastic and household chemicals in the bodies of Pacific razor clams, Pacific oysters and remote seabirds.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">For pharmaceuticals, there’s currently no federal guidelines in terms of what is a safe level of secondary consumption.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Researchers from Portland State University and the University of Alaska Fairbanks are presenting some of their findings at the \u003ca href=\"https://osm.agu.org/2018/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">2018 Ocean Sciences Meeting\u003c/a> in Portland.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”7CY6SSvMnQzvNIOZjCIwJrtkaPTkKA8S”]KQED’s Brian Watt spoke with two of the presenting scientists prior to the \u003ca href=\"https://osm.agu.org/2018/media-center/press-conferences/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Monday press conference\u003c/a>: Elise Granek, professor at PSU and Veronica Padula, from the University of Alaska Fairbanks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Watt: Dr. Granek, you and your students are looking for pollution from land, in sea life. What are you finding?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Granek: We are finding antibiotics, anti-fungal agents, and a chemical that’s used in detergents and counter cleaners and paints.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Watt: Is this popping up in all sea life? Or does it matter where the sea life is?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Granek: We are finding that for the pharmaceuticals, it does matter where they are. We see those compounds in oysters that we’ve transplanted to locations that are close to waste water treatment plant outfall pipes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1919779\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1919779 size-large\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/Photo-A-1020x765.jpg\" alt=\"Two women bend over bags of oysters on a tidal flat.\" width=\"640\" height=\"480\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/Photo-A-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/Photo-A-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/Photo-A-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/Photo-A-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/Photo-A-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/Photo-A-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/Photo-A-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/Photo-A-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/Photo-A-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/Photo-A-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Portland State researchers Amy Ehrhart (left) and Ashley Vizek place a rack with bags of juvenile oysters on a mudflat in the Coos Bay estuary in Oregon in July 2016. These oysters were left in the field for one year and then taken back to a lab to be analyzed for pharmaceutical contaminants. \u003ccite>(Amy Ehrhart)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Watt: What about the household chemicals?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Granek: As for the surfactants that we’re finding, it doesn’t seem to matter as much where the oysters have been transplanted. They seem to be so wide spread because they’re used in industrial and household applications, again in cleaners, in paints.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Watt: Are levels of these chemicals high enough to harm humans, if we eat these animals?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Granek: That is a great question, and one that we really don’t know the answer to. For pharmaceuticals, there’s currently no federal guidelines in terms of what is a safe level of consumption, both for pharmaceuticals and for these surfactants. They are not regulated the way chemicals like lead or mercury are regulated, with set federal guidelines of safe levels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Watt: Do you think what you found, applies to the California coast as well?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Granek: Yes. There has been some research in California, so we know that there are some pharmaceuticals, and some of these surfactants in animals in the ocean in California. In addition, because the California coast is much more developed and has a much higher human population, there’s likely much higher use of pharmaceuticals, and therefore higher levels of pharmaceuticals along the California coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong> Watt: I imagine that a lot of people along the California coast are going to want to know what they can do to help address this issue. What are your suggestions?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Granek: It’s really important for folks to properly dispose of their pharmaceuticals. Flushing pharmaceuticals down the toilet or down the sink, is a pathway for those pharmaceuticals to enter the marine environment. Instead, we would encourage folks to use drop boxes at pharmacies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1919784\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 421px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1919784 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/bird-release.jpg\" alt=\"A woman releases a bird over the ocean\" width=\"421\" height=\"280\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/bird-release.jpg 421w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/bird-release-160x106.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/bird-release-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/bird-release-375x249.jpg 375w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 421px) 100vw, 421px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Veronica Padula releases a thick-billed murre on St. Paul Island in 2016. \u003ccite>(Naomi Bargmann)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Watt: It’s not just drugs that are showing up in ocean life, plastics have reached even the most remote regions of the baring sea between Alaska and Russia. \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Veronica Padula is a researcher at the University of Alaska in Fairbanks. As part of her work, she studies the stomach contents of seabirds. First of all, let me ask you why, and what do you find in there?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”yc6lhN1F9EeoDyEjq1iywPab6QnQYH0F”]Padula: We look at the stomach contents of seabirds because we are working on trying to figure out why populations in the Aleutian Islands are declining, and we want to know what they’re eating beside food. In some cases, we are finding things that are not food like small pieces of plastic, which came as a surprise for us.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Watt: I assume this is a problem for birds to eat plastic?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”QkZumoKAJNtQ4vPBJBPS9THwzXoTh0YC”]Padula: It is a problem. Bigger birds that are eating larger pieces of plastic, can actually end up starving to death. Smaller birds that are eating smaller pieces of plastic, might not starve to death but are getting exposed to harmful chemicals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Watt: Does this hold true for birds in California too?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Padula: Yes, almost globally seabirds are susceptible to plastic ingestion. Seabirds along California are equally susceptible to confusing plastic for food, and consuming it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Watt: What can people do to help?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Padula: People can do lots of things to help. One of the biggest ways is to use fewer single use plastic items. Things like: bottles that are made of plastic, plastic bags, straws, utensils, coffee cups. If you can find a way to have a reusable item for any of those, that’s a huge step in the right direction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Locate a prescription drug \u003ca href=\"http://rxdrugdropbox.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">drop box near you\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Signs of our life on land, pharmaceutical medications, bits of plastic and household chemicals, are increasingly being found in ocean life. ",
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"title": "From Drugged Oysters to Birds Full of Plastic, Oceans Are Feeling the Burden of Pollution | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Traces of life on land are increasingly showing up in oceans and in ocean life. Scientists are finding a growing presence of pharmaceuticals, small pieces of plastic and household chemicals in the bodies of Pacific razor clams, Pacific oysters and remote seabirds.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">For pharmaceuticals, there’s currently no federal guidelines in terms of what is a safe level of secondary consumption.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Researchers from Portland State University and the University of Alaska Fairbanks are presenting some of their findings at the \u003ca href=\"https://osm.agu.org/2018/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">2018 Ocean Sciences Meeting\u003c/a> in Portland.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>KQED’s Brian Watt spoke with two of the presenting scientists prior to the \u003ca href=\"https://osm.agu.org/2018/media-center/press-conferences/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Monday press conference\u003c/a>: Elise Granek, professor at PSU and Veronica Padula, from the University of Alaska Fairbanks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Watt: Dr. Granek, you and your students are looking for pollution from land, in sea life. What are you finding?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Granek: We are finding antibiotics, anti-fungal agents, and a chemical that’s used in detergents and counter cleaners and paints.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Watt: Is this popping up in all sea life? Or does it matter where the sea life is?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Granek: We are finding that for the pharmaceuticals, it does matter where they are. We see those compounds in oysters that we’ve transplanted to locations that are close to waste water treatment plant outfall pipes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1919779\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1919779 size-large\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/Photo-A-1020x765.jpg\" alt=\"Two women bend over bags of oysters on a tidal flat.\" width=\"640\" height=\"480\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/Photo-A-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/Photo-A-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/Photo-A-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/Photo-A-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/Photo-A-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/Photo-A-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/Photo-A-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/Photo-A-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/Photo-A-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/Photo-A-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Portland State researchers Amy Ehrhart (left) and Ashley Vizek place a rack with bags of juvenile oysters on a mudflat in the Coos Bay estuary in Oregon in July 2016. These oysters were left in the field for one year and then taken back to a lab to be analyzed for pharmaceutical contaminants. \u003ccite>(Amy Ehrhart)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Watt: What about the household chemicals?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Granek: As for the surfactants that we’re finding, it doesn’t seem to matter as much where the oysters have been transplanted. They seem to be so wide spread because they’re used in industrial and household applications, again in cleaners, in paints.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Watt: Are levels of these chemicals high enough to harm humans, if we eat these animals?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Granek: That is a great question, and one that we really don’t know the answer to. For pharmaceuticals, there’s currently no federal guidelines in terms of what is a safe level of consumption, both for pharmaceuticals and for these surfactants. They are not regulated the way chemicals like lead or mercury are regulated, with set federal guidelines of safe levels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Watt: Do you think what you found, applies to the California coast as well?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Granek: Yes. There has been some research in California, so we know that there are some pharmaceuticals, and some of these surfactants in animals in the ocean in California. In addition, because the California coast is much more developed and has a much higher human population, there’s likely much higher use of pharmaceuticals, and therefore higher levels of pharmaceuticals along the California coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong> Watt: I imagine that a lot of people along the California coast are going to want to know what they can do to help address this issue. What are your suggestions?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Granek: It’s really important for folks to properly dispose of their pharmaceuticals. Flushing pharmaceuticals down the toilet or down the sink, is a pathway for those pharmaceuticals to enter the marine environment. Instead, we would encourage folks to use drop boxes at pharmacies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1919784\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 421px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1919784 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/bird-release.jpg\" alt=\"A woman releases a bird over the ocean\" width=\"421\" height=\"280\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/bird-release.jpg 421w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/bird-release-160x106.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/bird-release-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/bird-release-375x249.jpg 375w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 421px) 100vw, 421px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Veronica Padula releases a thick-billed murre on St. Paul Island in 2016. \u003ccite>(Naomi Bargmann)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Watt: It’s not just drugs that are showing up in ocean life, plastics have reached even the most remote regions of the baring sea between Alaska and Russia. \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Veronica Padula is a researcher at the University of Alaska in Fairbanks. As part of her work, she studies the stomach contents of seabirds. First of all, let me ask you why, and what do you find in there?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>Padula: We look at the stomach contents of seabirds because we are working on trying to figure out why populations in the Aleutian Islands are declining, and we want to know what they’re eating beside food. In some cases, we are finding things that are not food like small pieces of plastic, which came as a surprise for us.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Watt: I assume this is a problem for birds to eat plastic?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>Padula: It is a problem. Bigger birds that are eating larger pieces of plastic, can actually end up starving to death. Smaller birds that are eating smaller pieces of plastic, might not starve to death but are getting exposed to harmful chemicals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Watt: Does this hold true for birds in California too?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Padula: Yes, almost globally seabirds are susceptible to plastic ingestion. Seabirds along California are equally susceptible to confusing plastic for food, and consuming it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Watt: What can people do to help?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Padula: People can do lots of things to help. One of the biggest ways is to use fewer single use plastic items. Things like: bottles that are made of plastic, plastic bags, straws, utensils, coffee cups. If you can find a way to have a reusable item for any of those, that’s a huge step in the right direction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Locate a prescription drug \u003ca href=\"http://rxdrugdropbox.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">drop box near you\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "California Cities Could Wield Zoning Laws Against Offshore Drilling Plan",
"headTitle": "California Cities Could Wield Zoning Laws Against Offshore Drilling Plan | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>More than a dozen states oppose the Trump administration’s proposal to open up nearly the entire U.S. coastline to offshore oil leasing. Federal officials will get public feedback on the plan in Sacramento on Thursday. The Interior Department says it takes local concerns into account — as happened in a recent \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2018/01/10/577064733/after-florida-gets-offshore-drilling-exemption-other-states-ask-for-the-same\">controversial move with Florida\u003c/a> — but states have no direct say, since the leasing would take place in federally controlled waters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California thinks it may have found a way around. In fact, it’s a strategy used the last time the West Coast was open for offshore oil drilling, in the 1980’s, when President Reagan’s Interior Secretary James Watt was leading the push.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have enough energy to meet America’s needs for thousands of years,” said Watt at the time, “if we will have a government that will allow for its reasonable development.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was not welcome news for many coastal cities in California. They were still spooked by a 1969 oil spill in Santa Barbara, in which some three million gallons of oil leaked from an offshore drilling operation and coated local beaches.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We had to respond in kind,” recalls John Laird, who’s now California’s secretary of Natural Resources, but was then mayor of Santa Cruz, a small coastal city south of San Francisco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Laird called a meeting with drilling opponents and everyone agreed: their response had to have some teeth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“And I really struggled, thinking: teeth?” Laird says. “We’re a city, and this is a federal government wanting to do this with the tacit approval of the state government.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then something occurred to him. When oil companies drill offshore, they still need to build infrastructure onshore, things like pipelines and helicopter pads. And it’s cities who control the zoning and building permits that allow that, not the federal government.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>“A coastal wall of resistance”\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Santa Cruz proposed a ballot measure that said if an oil company wanted to build facilities on land, residents would have to vote on it first. It passed. The measure also designated funds to spread the idea, so Santa Cruz hired Dan Haifley to be an anti-oil Johnny Appleseed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I would sleep on couches and I would travel the state in my little car, tiny little thing,” Haifley says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He visited local officials along the coast, slide projector in hand. “It was grassroots democracy and grassroots activism at its best,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In all, Haifley convinced 26 coastal cities and counties to adopt similar policies. They were challenged by the oil industry, but upheld by a federal court.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even today, oil companies can’t build new infrastructure without voter approval in most of those places. The zoning rules create what Haifley calls “a coastal wall of resistance” against offshore drilling.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>But Would It Work Today?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The idea has re-emerged, now that the Trump administration is proposing a dramatic expansion of oil leasing. California legislators are considering a bill that would ban new oil pipelines and piers in state-controlled waters, which extend up to three miles offshore. California’s lieutenant governor, who chairs the State Lands Commission, has also threatened to block any pipeline permits to transport oil.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, would that give an oil company pause?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Absolutely,” says Bob Fryklund with IHS Markit, which does research and consulting for the oil industry. “The companies look at that. They look at the ease of operation.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But California’s policies may not work as well as they once did. Fryklund says technology has improved and now companies can get oil without having to build a pipeline to shore. Just they use floating oil rigs, known as FPSOs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You have a giant ship that fills up full of oil and then goes off to a nearby port or refinery within that country or off somewhere else,” he says. “That’s pretty standard operations around the world.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That method is more expensive. So, oil companies would have to be enticed by large oil reserves and high oil prices to make that worth it. Since many offshore areas in the Pacific and Atlantic haven’t been surveyed for oil in decades, for now, the oil industry is waiting and seeing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=California+May+Have+A+Way+To+Block+Trump%27s+Offshore+Drilling+Push&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "In the 1980s, California towns used local zoning rules to block offshore oil and gas drilling. State lawmakers are considering a similar strategy to push back against the Trump administration.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>More than a dozen states oppose the Trump administration’s proposal to open up nearly the entire U.S. coastline to offshore oil leasing. Federal officials will get public feedback on the plan in Sacramento on Thursday. The Interior Department says it takes local concerns into account — as happened in a recent \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2018/01/10/577064733/after-florida-gets-offshore-drilling-exemption-other-states-ask-for-the-same\">controversial move with Florida\u003c/a> — but states have no direct say, since the leasing would take place in federally controlled waters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California thinks it may have found a way around. In fact, it’s a strategy used the last time the West Coast was open for offshore oil drilling, in the 1980’s, when President Reagan’s Interior Secretary James Watt was leading the push.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have enough energy to meet America’s needs for thousands of years,” said Watt at the time, “if we will have a government that will allow for its reasonable development.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was not welcome news for many coastal cities in California. They were still spooked by a 1969 oil spill in Santa Barbara, in which some three million gallons of oil leaked from an offshore drilling operation and coated local beaches.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We had to respond in kind,” recalls John Laird, who’s now California’s secretary of Natural Resources, but was then mayor of Santa Cruz, a small coastal city south of San Francisco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Laird called a meeting with drilling opponents and everyone agreed: their response had to have some teeth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“And I really struggled, thinking: teeth?” Laird says. “We’re a city, and this is a federal government wanting to do this with the tacit approval of the state government.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then something occurred to him. When oil companies drill offshore, they still need to build infrastructure onshore, things like pipelines and helicopter pads. And it’s cities who control the zoning and building permits that allow that, not the federal government.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>“A coastal wall of resistance”\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Santa Cruz proposed a ballot measure that said if an oil company wanted to build facilities on land, residents would have to vote on it first. It passed. The measure also designated funds to spread the idea, so Santa Cruz hired Dan Haifley to be an anti-oil Johnny Appleseed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I would sleep on couches and I would travel the state in my little car, tiny little thing,” Haifley says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He visited local officials along the coast, slide projector in hand. “It was grassroots democracy and grassroots activism at its best,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In all, Haifley convinced 26 coastal cities and counties to adopt similar policies. They were challenged by the oil industry, but upheld by a federal court.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even today, oil companies can’t build new infrastructure without voter approval in most of those places. The zoning rules create what Haifley calls “a coastal wall of resistance” against offshore drilling.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>But Would It Work Today?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The idea has re-emerged, now that the Trump administration is proposing a dramatic expansion of oil leasing. California legislators are considering a bill that would ban new oil pipelines and piers in state-controlled waters, which extend up to three miles offshore. California’s lieutenant governor, who chairs the State Lands Commission, has also threatened to block any pipeline permits to transport oil.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, would that give an oil company pause?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Absolutely,” says Bob Fryklund with IHS Markit, which does research and consulting for the oil industry. “The companies look at that. They look at the ease of operation.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But California’s policies may not work as well as they once did. Fryklund says technology has improved and now companies can get oil without having to build a pipeline to shore. Just they use floating oil rigs, known as FPSOs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You have a giant ship that fills up full of oil and then goes off to a nearby port or refinery within that country or off somewhere else,” he says. “That’s pretty standard operations around the world.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That method is more expensive. So, oil companies would have to be enticed by large oil reserves and high oil prices to make that worth it. Since many offshore areas in the Pacific and Atlantic haven’t been surveyed for oil in decades, for now, the oil industry is waiting and seeing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=California+May+Have+A+Way+To+Block+Trump%27s+Offshore+Drilling+Push&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"tagline": "Where conversation and cultura meet",
"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
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"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
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"marketplace": {
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"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm",
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"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
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"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
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"info": "Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. For one hour a week, the show tries to lift the veil from the process of \"making media,\" especially news media, because it's through that lens that we see the world and the world sees us",
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"planet-money": {
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"politicalbreakdown": {
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"title": "Political Breakdown",
"tagline": "Politics from a personal perspective",
"info": "Political Breakdown is a new series that explores the political intersection of California and the nation. Each week hosts Scott Shafer and Marisa Lagos are joined with a new special guest to unpack politics -- with personality — and offer an insider’s glimpse at how politics happens.",
"airtime": "THU 6:30pm-7pm",
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"possible": {
"id": "possible",
"title": "Possible",
"info": "Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.",
"airtime": "SUN 2pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Possible-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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"pri-the-world": {
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"title": "PRI's The World: Latest Edition",
"info": "Each weekday, host Marco Werman and his team of producers bring you the world's most interesting stories in an hour of radio that reminds us just how small our planet really is.",
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"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-World-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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},
"radiolab": {
"id": "radiolab",
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"info": "A two-time Peabody Award-winner, Radiolab is an investigation told through sounds and stories, and centered around one big idea. In the Radiolab world, information sounds like music and science and culture collide. Hosted by Jad Abumrad and Robert Krulwich, the show is designed for listeners who demand skepticism, but appreciate wonder. WNYC Studios is the producer of other leading podcasts including Freakonomics Radio, Death, Sex & Money, On the Media and many more.",
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"reveal": {
"id": "reveal",
"title": "Reveal",
"info": "Created by The Center for Investigative Reporting and PRX, Reveal is public radios first one-hour weekly radio show and podcast dedicated to investigative reporting. Credible, fact based and without a partisan agenda, Reveal combines the power and artistry of driveway moment storytelling with data-rich reporting on critically important issues. The result is stories that inform and inspire, arming our listeners with information to right injustices, hold the powerful accountable and improve lives.Reveal is hosted by Al Letson and showcases the award-winning work of CIR and newsrooms large and small across the nation. In a radio and podcast market crowded with choices, Reveal focuses on important and often surprising stories that illuminate the world for our listeners.",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.revealnews.org/episodes/",
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},
"rightnowish": {
"id": "rightnowish",
"title": "Rightnowish",
"tagline": "Art is where you find it",
"info": "Rightnowish digs into life in the Bay Area right now… ish. Journalist Pendarvis Harshaw takes us to galleries painted on the sides of liquor stores in West Oakland. We'll dance in warehouses in the Bayview, make smoothies with kids in South Berkeley, and listen to classical music in a 1984 Cutlass Supreme in Richmond. Every week, Pen talks to movers and shakers about how the Bay Area shapes what they create, and how they shape the place we call home.",
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"order": 16
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},
"science-friday": {
"id": "science-friday",
"title": "Science Friday",
"info": "Science Friday is a weekly science talk show, broadcast live over public radio stations nationwide. Each week, the show focuses on science topics that are in the news and tries to bring an educated, balanced discussion to bear on the scientific issues at hand. Panels of expert guests join host Ira Flatow, a veteran science journalist, to discuss science and to take questions from listeners during the call-in portion of the program.",
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},
"snap-judgment": {
"id": "snap-judgment",
"title": "Snap Judgment",
"tagline": "Real stories with killer beats",
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