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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\n\u003cp>Patagonia replaced its usual home page Monday night with a stark message declaring, “The President Stole Your Land.” The message called Trump’s actions to shrink \u003ca href=\"https://www.fs.fed.us/visit/bears-ears-national-monument\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Bears Ears\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://utah.com/grand-staircase-escalante\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Grand Staircase-Escalante \u003c/a>national monuments “illegal” and the largest elimination of protected land in American history.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Outdoor retailer REI also criticized Trump but in less harsh language.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Updated at 6:30 p.m. PST\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On a visit to Utah on Monday, President Trump announced his proclamations dramatically shrinking the size of the state’s two massive national monuments, Bears Ears and Grand Staircase-Escalante. Taken together, Trump’s orders mark \u003ca href=\"https://www.nps.gov/archeology/sites/antiquities/monumentslist.htm\">the largest reversal\u003c/a> of national monument protections in U.S. history.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The change has already been challenged in court by conservation groups.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Bears Ears National Monument will go from roughly 1.3 million acres to roughly 228,000 — only about 15 percent of its original size. And Grand Staircase will be diminished by roughly half, from its nearly 1.9 million acres to about 1 million. The specific numbers were provided to reporters by Interior Secretary Ryan Zinke prior to Trump’s announcement in Salt Lake City.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“No one values the splendor of Utah more than you do,” Trump told an enthusiastic crowd Monday, “and no one knows better how to use it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He noted that before making the decision, he had discussed it with Zinke and the state’s two GOP senators, Orrin Hatch and Mike Lee. Both senators have been outspoken critics of the two national monuments — both protected under \u003ca href=\"https://www.nps.gov/subjects/legal/american-antiquities-act-of-1906.htm\">the 1906 Antiquities Act\u003c/a> by Democratic presidents — framing them as significant federal overreach that deprives Utahans of their own land.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And Trump echoed those criticisms Monday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These abuses of the Antiquities Act give enormous power to faraway bureaucrats at the expense of the people who actually live here, work here and make this place their home,” Trump said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His decision caps months of speculation and a controversial review of the boundaries of large national monuments that protect more than 100,000 acres of U.S. public land. The review, conducted by Zinke, originally looked at more than two dozen \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2017/04/28/525883061/photos-see-the-sweeping-american-landscapes-under-review-by-trump\">national monuments\u003c/a> designated by presidential decree since the 1990s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Utah, with its new Bears Ears monument and the Grand Staircase National Monument, has always been at the center of the debate and largely what spurred the review. Trump’s predecessor, President Barack Obama, \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/12/28/507314596/obama-designates-two-new-national-monuments-in-nevada-and-utah\">created Bears Ears\u003c/a> shortly before leaving office, while the Grand Staircase monument dates to the Clinton administration.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And depending on which side you’re on, Monday’s announcement is either about an overreaching federal government that prevented development on large amounts of federal land with little local support or it’s the latest example of the U.S. government breaking promises with Native Americans and eroding environmental protections.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The case to reduce the monuments\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Utah’s Republican congressional delegation, along with county commissions and conservative groups, pressed the administration to open up these federal lands once more for private use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“President Trump’s decision to reduce these monuments allows us to still protect those areas that need protection, while at the same time keeping the area open and accessible to locals who depend on this land for their daily lives,” said Matt Anderson of the Utah-based Sutherland Institute.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Anderson says large, public-land national monuments hurt rural counties. These areas already have large amounts of federal public land, he says, where cattle grazing, mining and other types of private enterprise are heavily regulated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rural Utah is still fuming from President Bill Clinton’s designation of the Grand Staircase in 1996, which grandfathered in existing cattle-grazing leases and other uses but also nixed a proposed coal mine. Clinton signed the proclamation at the Grand Canyon, in Arizona, and Utah officials at the time said they were blindsided.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When you designate a large national monument, you restrict access to the land and you block traditional uses of the land,” Anderson said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The home of Bears Ears, rural San Juan County, is often cited as one of Utah’s poorest, and more than 60 percent of all its land is owned and managed by the federal government.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>“A sad day for Indigenous people and for America”\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During his speech Monday, Trump said the national monument designations also “prevent Native Americans from having their rightful voice over the sacred land where they practice their most important ancestral and religious traditions.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many tribal leaders and activists are likely to deeply object to this assessment. For months, they have passionately campaigned to preserve the national monument designations — and now, upon hearing Trump’s proclamations, they are promising to sue.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The Navajo Nation has made repeated requests to meet with President Trump on this issue. The Bears Ears Monument is of critical importance, not only to the Navajo Nation but to many tribes in the region,” Navajo Nation President Russell Begaye said in a written \u003ca href=\"https://us15.campaign-archive.com/?u=0bf367cc7bf787cb9b02b21c8&id=632dd6343f\">statement\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The decision to reduce the size of the Monument is being made with no tribal consultation,” he said. “The Navajo Nation will defend Bears Ears. The reduction in the size of the Monument leaves us no choice but to litigate this decision.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Bears Ears National Monument is not just for Native Americans but for all Americans,” Vice President Jonathan Nez said. “This is a sad day for Indigenous people and for America.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bears Ears is considered some of the most culturally significant land in the American Southwest. Its famous Red Rock Canyon country is dense with ancient artifacts, cliff dwellings and sacred burial grounds. Just a couple of years ago, some of the land was proposed for additional federal protections, but a bill backed by Utah’s House Republicans stalled in Congress. Then, last year, the Obama administration held meetings in the region before declaring it a national monument in late December under the 1906 Antiquities Act.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tribal leaders took to the streets of Salt Lake City over the weekend to protest the president’s decision. At a rally Saturday, Ethel Branch, attorney general of the Navajo Nation, predicted the president wouldn’t even set foot on or see the land in question.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I want him to visit Bears Ears before he takes any action,” Branch told a cheering crowd at a rally outside the Utah Capitol.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Trump did not visit Bears Ears. The monument is more than a five-hour drive from Salt Lake City, and the president’s tight schedule, which included a trip to the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints’ Welfare Square, brought him home to the White House by the end of the day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Next stop: the courtroom\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Navajo Nation isn’t the only group to announce its intention to sue the Trump administration over his proclamations. Conservationists have also voiced their objections — and their plans to bring those objections to court.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By late Monday, 10 conservation groups had filed a \u003ca href=\"https://earthjustice.org/sites/default/files/files/TWS-v.-Trump.pdf\">lawsuit\u003c/a>, alleging that Trump’s action was “unlawful” and an abuse of his authority. The suit argues that the law “authorizes Presidents to create a national monument; it does not authorize Presidents to abolish them either in whole or in part, as President Trump’s action attempts to do.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think the only thing this administration understands is lawsuits,” Yvon Chouinard, founder and CEO of outdoor gear company \u003ca href=\"http://www.patagonia.com/home/\">Patagonia\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://www.cnn.com/2017/12/04/politics/utah-monuments-trump-weir/index.html\">told CNN\u003c/a>. “We’re losing this planet, and we have an evil government. And not just the federal government, but wacko politicians out of Utah and places. I mean, it’s evil. And I’m not going to stand back and just let evil win.” The company is not a party in the conservationists’ lawsuit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Republicans in Congress have proposed changes to the Antiquities Act, which was originally intended to protect against the looting of ancient artifacts from public land, to make it harder for presidents to use it as a means to create large national monuments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The law, as written, authorizes the president to designate these monuments — but it is gray on the matter of whether a president can actually shrink or abolish a large, already-existing monument. Sixteen presidents have used the Antiquities Act to create public-lands monuments, but legal experts say that the task of modifying public lands has historically been the role of Congress.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“President Trump’s dramatic reduction of the Bears Ears National Monument is a direct attack on the Antiquities Act and America’s public lands. We intend to challenge this action in federal court,” Stephanie Meeks, president and CEO of the National Trust for Historic Preservation, said in a statement Monday after the announcement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Rolling back the designation of Bears Ears leaves thousands of extraordinary archaeological sites vulnerable to looting and vandalism. The President’s action also opens the remarkable Bears Ears’ landscape to incompatible oil and gas development.” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This arbitrary review and illegal action will not go unchallenged,” said Nicole Croft, executive director of Grand Staircase Escalante Partners.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Environmentalists like Croft fear the decision could set a precedent for future presidents to unravel protections on federal land.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The experience of exploration, wonder and humility at the grandeur of the natural world is one our children and their children deserve, and that is what this administration is trying to rob from our future,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2017 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Trump+Orders+Largest+National+Monument+Reduction+In+U.S.+History&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Updated at 6:30 p.m. PST\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On a visit to Utah on Monday, President Trump announced his proclamations dramatically shrinking the size of the state’s two massive national monuments, Bears Ears and Grand Staircase-Escalante. Taken together, Trump’s orders mark \u003ca href=\"https://www.nps.gov/archeology/sites/antiquities/monumentslist.htm\">the largest reversal\u003c/a> of national monument protections in U.S. history.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The change has already been challenged in court by conservation groups.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Bears Ears National Monument will go from roughly 1.3 million acres to roughly 228,000 — only about 15 percent of its original size. And Grand Staircase will be diminished by roughly half, from its nearly 1.9 million acres to about 1 million. The specific numbers were provided to reporters by Interior Secretary Ryan Zinke prior to Trump’s announcement in Salt Lake City.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“No one values the splendor of Utah more than you do,” Trump told an enthusiastic crowd Monday, “and no one knows better how to use it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He noted that before making the decision, he had discussed it with Zinke and the state’s two GOP senators, Orrin Hatch and Mike Lee. Both senators have been outspoken critics of the two national monuments — both protected under \u003ca href=\"https://www.nps.gov/subjects/legal/american-antiquities-act-of-1906.htm\">the 1906 Antiquities Act\u003c/a> by Democratic presidents — framing them as significant federal overreach that deprives Utahans of their own land.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And Trump echoed those criticisms Monday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These abuses of the Antiquities Act give enormous power to faraway bureaucrats at the expense of the people who actually live here, work here and make this place their home,” Trump said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His decision caps months of speculation and a controversial review of the boundaries of large national monuments that protect more than 100,000 acres of U.S. public land. The review, conducted by Zinke, originally looked at more than two dozen \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2017/04/28/525883061/photos-see-the-sweeping-american-landscapes-under-review-by-trump\">national monuments\u003c/a> designated by presidential decree since the 1990s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Utah, with its new Bears Ears monument and the Grand Staircase National Monument, has always been at the center of the debate and largely what spurred the review. Trump’s predecessor, President Barack Obama, \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/12/28/507314596/obama-designates-two-new-national-monuments-in-nevada-and-utah\">created Bears Ears\u003c/a> shortly before leaving office, while the Grand Staircase monument dates to the Clinton administration.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And depending on which side you’re on, Monday’s announcement is either about an overreaching federal government that prevented development on large amounts of federal land with little local support or it’s the latest example of the U.S. government breaking promises with Native Americans and eroding environmental protections.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The case to reduce the monuments\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Utah’s Republican congressional delegation, along with county commissions and conservative groups, pressed the administration to open up these federal lands once more for private use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“President Trump’s decision to reduce these monuments allows us to still protect those areas that need protection, while at the same time keeping the area open and accessible to locals who depend on this land for their daily lives,” said Matt Anderson of the Utah-based Sutherland Institute.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Anderson says large, public-land national monuments hurt rural counties. These areas already have large amounts of federal public land, he says, where cattle grazing, mining and other types of private enterprise are heavily regulated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rural Utah is still fuming from President Bill Clinton’s designation of the Grand Staircase in 1996, which grandfathered in existing cattle-grazing leases and other uses but also nixed a proposed coal mine. Clinton signed the proclamation at the Grand Canyon, in Arizona, and Utah officials at the time said they were blindsided.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When you designate a large national monument, you restrict access to the land and you block traditional uses of the land,” Anderson said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The home of Bears Ears, rural San Juan County, is often cited as one of Utah’s poorest, and more than 60 percent of all its land is owned and managed by the federal government.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>“A sad day for Indigenous people and for America”\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During his speech Monday, Trump said the national monument designations also “prevent Native Americans from having their rightful voice over the sacred land where they practice their most important ancestral and religious traditions.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many tribal leaders and activists are likely to deeply object to this assessment. For months, they have passionately campaigned to preserve the national monument designations — and now, upon hearing Trump’s proclamations, they are promising to sue.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The Navajo Nation has made repeated requests to meet with President Trump on this issue. The Bears Ears Monument is of critical importance, not only to the Navajo Nation but to many tribes in the region,” Navajo Nation President Russell Begaye said in a written \u003ca href=\"https://us15.campaign-archive.com/?u=0bf367cc7bf787cb9b02b21c8&id=632dd6343f\">statement\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The decision to reduce the size of the Monument is being made with no tribal consultation,” he said. “The Navajo Nation will defend Bears Ears. The reduction in the size of the Monument leaves us no choice but to litigate this decision.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Bears Ears National Monument is not just for Native Americans but for all Americans,” Vice President Jonathan Nez said. “This is a sad day for Indigenous people and for America.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bears Ears is considered some of the most culturally significant land in the American Southwest. Its famous Red Rock Canyon country is dense with ancient artifacts, cliff dwellings and sacred burial grounds. Just a couple of years ago, some of the land was proposed for additional federal protections, but a bill backed by Utah’s House Republicans stalled in Congress. Then, last year, the Obama administration held meetings in the region before declaring it a national monument in late December under the 1906 Antiquities Act.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tribal leaders took to the streets of Salt Lake City over the weekend to protest the president’s decision. At a rally Saturday, Ethel Branch, attorney general of the Navajo Nation, predicted the president wouldn’t even set foot on or see the land in question.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I want him to visit Bears Ears before he takes any action,” Branch told a cheering crowd at a rally outside the Utah Capitol.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Trump did not visit Bears Ears. The monument is more than a five-hour drive from Salt Lake City, and the president’s tight schedule, which included a trip to the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints’ Welfare Square, brought him home to the White House by the end of the day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Next stop: the courtroom\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Navajo Nation isn’t the only group to announce its intention to sue the Trump administration over his proclamations. Conservationists have also voiced their objections — and their plans to bring those objections to court.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By late Monday, 10 conservation groups had filed a \u003ca href=\"https://earthjustice.org/sites/default/files/files/TWS-v.-Trump.pdf\">lawsuit\u003c/a>, alleging that Trump’s action was “unlawful” and an abuse of his authority. The suit argues that the law “authorizes Presidents to create a national monument; it does not authorize Presidents to abolish them either in whole or in part, as President Trump’s action attempts to do.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think the only thing this administration understands is lawsuits,” Yvon Chouinard, founder and CEO of outdoor gear company \u003ca href=\"http://www.patagonia.com/home/\">Patagonia\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://www.cnn.com/2017/12/04/politics/utah-monuments-trump-weir/index.html\">told CNN\u003c/a>. “We’re losing this planet, and we have an evil government. And not just the federal government, but wacko politicians out of Utah and places. I mean, it’s evil. And I’m not going to stand back and just let evil win.” The company is not a party in the conservationists’ lawsuit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Republicans in Congress have proposed changes to the Antiquities Act, which was originally intended to protect against the looting of ancient artifacts from public land, to make it harder for presidents to use it as a means to create large national monuments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The law, as written, authorizes the president to designate these monuments — but it is gray on the matter of whether a president can actually shrink or abolish a large, already-existing monument. Sixteen presidents have used the Antiquities Act to create public-lands monuments, but legal experts say that the task of modifying public lands has historically been the role of Congress.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“President Trump’s dramatic reduction of the Bears Ears National Monument is a direct attack on the Antiquities Act and America’s public lands. We intend to challenge this action in federal court,” Stephanie Meeks, president and CEO of the National Trust for Historic Preservation, said in a statement Monday after the announcement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Rolling back the designation of Bears Ears leaves thousands of extraordinary archaeological sites vulnerable to looting and vandalism. The President’s action also opens the remarkable Bears Ears’ landscape to incompatible oil and gas development.” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This arbitrary review and illegal action will not go unchallenged,” said Nicole Croft, executive director of Grand Staircase Escalante Partners.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Environmentalists like Croft fear the decision could set a precedent for future presidents to unravel protections on federal land.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "Can Song-Loving Robots Help Save Whales From Ships?",
"headTitle": "Can Song-Loving Robots Help Save Whales From Ships? | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 4.6875em;float: left;line-height: 0.733em;padding: 0.05em 0.1em 0 0;font-family: times, serif, georgia\">B\u003c/span>lue whales, grays and humpbacks are traveling south along the California coast this month to their annual breeding grounds in warm Mexican waters. They feed in the same spots where cargo ships travel to some of the world’s busiest ports — and one strike could be deadly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists have tried for four years to reduce the number of whales killed by ships, but so far it hasn’t worked. Every year, several dozen whales are killed by ship strikes along the West Coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the past 14 months, two dead blue whales have washed up on Northern California beaches. A \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2016/10/28/blunt-trauma-found-in-rare-blue-whale-beaching/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">65-foot long blue whale\u003c/a> washed up in Daly City October 2016 and a \u003ca href=\"http://www.mercurynews.com/2017/05/27/blue-whale-washes-up-dead-along-northern-california-beach/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">79-foot long blue whale\u003c/a> came ashore May 2017 in Bolinas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the Bolinas beach, onlookers gathered three weeks after the animal washed ashore, where the stench was putrid. Flies buzzed around the carcass, and the decaying blubber reeked like roadkill.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s like that but extreme, more pungent — and it actually — you almost taste it at the same time,” says Barbie Halaska, a biologist with \u003ca href=\"http://www.marinemammalcenter.org/?referrer=https://www.google.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The Marine Mammal Center\u003c/a>, an animal rescue group in Sausalito. And she’s right, it was akin to sweaty gym shorts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[audio src= https://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2017/12/WhaleStrikesHowshawWeb.mp3 program=\"KQED Science\" title=\"Can Song-Loving Robots Help Save Whales From Ships?\" image=\" https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/Cascadia_Research_whale_ship.jpg\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She says the ship strike is obvious from the whale’s 10 broken ribs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Whale ribs are tough, but to be able to break in two to three places for each rib, it—she had to be hit very hard,” Halaska says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most years, between one and three whales wash up on California beaches after being struck by a ship. But those are only the ones we see. A \u003ca href=\"http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/related?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0183052\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">recent paper\u003c/a> in the scientific journal \u003ca href=\"http://journals.plos.org/plosone/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">PLOS One\u003c/a>, estimates that ships kill roughly 80 whales each year along the U.S. west coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That study looked at blue and fin whales, which are both endangered. It also included humpback whales, which have distinct populations off the west coast, some of which are threatened.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All three species dive to great depths off the California coast—sometimes hundreds of feet—searching for food. The bristly baleen in their mouths acts like an enormous fine-toothed comb, filtering organisms from the cold, nutrient-rich California water. Protein-packed organisms like zooplankton and krill are mainstays of this aquatic buffet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1918099\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 3107px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/Keener-humpback-.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1918099 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/Keener-humpback-.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"3107\" height=\"2405\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/Keener-humpback-.jpg 3107w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/Keener-humpback--160x124.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/Keener-humpback--800x619.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/Keener-humpback--768x594.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/Keener-humpback--1020x790.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/Keener-humpback--1920x1486.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/Keener-humpback--1180x913.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/Keener-humpback--960x743.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/Keener-humpback--240x186.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/Keener-humpback--375x290.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/Keener-humpback--520x403.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 3107px) 100vw, 3107px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A humpback whale spotted inside San Francisco Bay on May 15, 2016. \u003ccite>(Bill Keener/Golden Gate Cetacean Research)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The problem, according to \u003ca href=\"https://channelislands.noaa.gov/contact/hastings.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Sean Hastings\u003c/a> with the \u003ca href=\"http://www.noaa.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration\u003c/a>, or NOAA, is that this buffet sits in the middle of a freeway—a cargo ship super-highway.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The whales are busy eating,” he says, “the ships are busy moving to the ports, and unfortunately they collide in the same place.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Oakland is the fifth busiest container port in the U.S. Roughly 1,500 ships motor into the port each year. \u003ca href=\"https://www.linkedin.com/in/john-berge-17846730/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">John Berge\u003c/a>, Vice President of the industry trade group, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.pmsaship.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Pacific Merchant Shipping Association\u003c/a>, says ships have limited ability to maneuver in the narrow shipping lanes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s terrible,” says Berge. “Some of the larger ships probably don’t know that they’ve actually struck a whale until, eventually, there is evidence that the whale is draped across the bow.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He says captains in the control room might be ten stories up off the water, and set back hundreds of feet from the bow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2013, NOAA and the Coast Guard narrowed the shipping lanes outside San Francisco and the Santa Barbara Channel, to reduce the overlap between whale feeding grounds and ships.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NOAA also developed a free app called ‘\u003ca href=\"http://www.whalealert.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Whale Alert\u003c/a>,’ with real-time notifications of whale sightings, to encourage captains to slow down when the animals are nearby. According to a \u003ca href=\"http://www.bren.ucsb.edu/research/2016Group_Projects/documents/WS_final_cover_appendix.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">2016 report\u003c/a> from UC Santa Barbara, reducing speed from roughly 23 to 14 miles an hour would cut in half the chance that a whale would die when struck by a ship.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Hastings says it’s difficult to know if these management measures are working. Ships do seem to be staying within the new shipping lanes but they aren’t necessarily slowing down.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve been trying non-incentivized approaches just asking ships to slow down,” says Hastings. “That hasn’t been working.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The number of whales killed by ships now is about the same as before these efforts. On the East Coast, captains must slow down during whale season. That and other measures have \u003ca href=\"https://www.nefsc.noaa.gov/program_review/2015%20%20Review/BACKGROUND/B2A11%20vessel%20strikes.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">cut the number of documented deaths\u003c/a> from ship strikes for the extremely endangered North Atlantic right whale—from 2 to 1.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1916194\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 1050px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/20081020-LBFinWhale.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1916194\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/20081020-LBFinWhale.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1050\" height=\"700\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/20081020-LBFinWhale.jpg 1050w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/20081020-LBFinWhale-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/20081020-LBFinWhale-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/20081020-LBFinWhale-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/20081020-LBFinWhale-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/20081020-LBFinWhale-960x640.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/20081020-LBFinWhale-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/20081020-LBFinWhale-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/20081020-LBFinWhale-520x347.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1050px) 100vw, 1050px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A fin whale splayed over a ship’s bow in Long Beach on October 20, 2008. \u003ccite>(Alisa Janiger taken under MMSHRP Permit )\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Population numbers for the animal are so low that they hover around 450. They could go extinct within the next 20 to 30 years, given the rate at which they’re dying, which is what scientists are trying to prevent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think they’re doing amazing things already in this space but it’s also not enough,” says \u003ca href=\"https://labs.eemb.ucsb.edu/mccauley/doug/McCauleyCV_full%20April%202017_webversion.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Doug McCauley\u003c/a>, a \u003ca href=\"https://www.ucsb.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">UC Santa Barbara\u003c/a> ecologist.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He directs the \u003ca href=\"https://boi.ucsb.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Benioff Ocean Initiative\u003c/a>, a $10 million fund started by \u003ca href=\"https://www.salesforce.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Salesforce\u003c/a> CEO Marc Benioff and his wife Lynne. The initiative’s first big project seeks to reduce fatal whale ship strikes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The initiative granted $100,000 to \u003ca href=\"http://www.whoi.edu/sbl/liteSite.do?litesiteid=5252\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Mark Baumgartner\u003c/a> from the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution in Massachusetts, for his underwater microphones that record whale sounds, which can be used to tell ship captains that whales are nearby.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The recorded whale sounds show up on a computer graph as curved lines and dashes. Like sheet music, the symbols represent the “notes” the whale is singing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“On the y-axis is frequency or pitch,” says Baumgartner, “so I like to say Barry White is down here and Mariah Carey is up here.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1918101\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 7360px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/graphics-Baumgartner-_DSC4996.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1918101\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/graphics-Baumgartner-_DSC4996.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"7360\" height=\"4912\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/graphics-Baumgartner-_DSC4996.jpg 7360w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/graphics-Baumgartner-_DSC4996-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/graphics-Baumgartner-_DSC4996-800x534.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/graphics-Baumgartner-_DSC4996-768x513.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/graphics-Baumgartner-_DSC4996-1020x681.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/graphics-Baumgartner-_DSC4996-1920x1281.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/graphics-Baumgartner-_DSC4996-1180x788.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/graphics-Baumgartner-_DSC4996-960x641.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/graphics-Baumgartner-_DSC4996-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/graphics-Baumgartner-_DSC4996-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/graphics-Baumgartner-_DSC4996-520x347.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 7360px) 100vw, 7360px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution biologist Mark Baumgartner and acoustic analyst Julianne Gurnee review data received from a whale monitoring buoy outside New York Harbor. \u003ccite>(ayne Doucette/Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Baumgartner programmed the devices to identify each species of whale by its song, but he didn’t know if it would work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I was actually shocked,” he says. “When we did the numbers and came up with nearly 100 percent accuracy, I was kind of dumbfounded.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If a fleet of these underwater devices were installed off the California coast, they could provide real-time feedback around the clock. That would be more reliable than and less expensive than relying on volunteers in boats or planes looking for whales, or other citizen scientists who infrequently post to the ‘Whale Alert’ app.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Right now the underwater microphones are attached to buoys off Martha’s Vineyard and the New York Bight, a coastal indentation between New Jersey and New York.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Baumgartner also developed custom sensors for two types of underwater robots—the Slocum glider and \u003ca href=\"https://www.liquid-robotics.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Wave Glider\u003c/a> that actively search for whales off the East Coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://dcs.whoi.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Wave gliders\u003c/a> sit at the ocean’s surface and use fins for propulsion to search for whales, while \u003ca href=\"http://www.whoi.edu/oceanrobots/robots/glider-phone.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Slocum gliders\u003c/a> dive underwater moving between the surface and seafloor listening for whale calls.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1916294\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 1280px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/10/whale-buoy-illustration.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1916294 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/10/whale-buoy-illustration.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1280\" height=\"720\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/10/whale-buoy-illustration.jpg 1280w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/10/whale-buoy-illustration-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/10/whale-buoy-illustration-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/10/whale-buoy-illustration-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/10/whale-buoy-illustration-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/10/whale-buoy-illustration-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/10/whale-buoy-illustration-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/10/whale-buoy-illustration-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/10/whale-buoy-illustration-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/10/whale-buoy-illustration-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1280px) 100vw, 1280px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Different whales make distinctive sounds. The hydrophones and digital acoustic monitoring instrument detect whale calls and transmit information about them from the seafloor up the cable to the buoy, which sends information to a satellite. \u003ccite>(Eric Taylor/WHOI Graphic Services)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Both gliders record whale songs and transmit data via satellite to scientists on land who can send that information to cargo ships or the U.S. Coast Guard.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Eventually, McCauley of the Benioff Initiative hopes data from the robots could be incorporated to ships’ automated information system or ‘AIS,’ which is like “air traffic control” for vessels and would appear on ships’ computers. Captains could then use the the real-time whale alert information to slow down.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A couple less news stories about blue whales that are washing up on shore is, for me, a grand success,” says McCauley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By next year McCauley wants to bring these devices to the California coast. The first pilot project involves attaching one of Baumgartner’s instruments to an oil rig off Santa Barbara.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But whether these instruments work or not, might depend on questions like whether ships can slow down without blowing budgets and deadlines.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Saving whales from deadly encounters with ships has — so far — proven to be a problem scientists aren't sure how to handle. But one entrepreneur is trying to protect these enormous creatures by tuning into their songs.",
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"description": "Saving whales from deadly encounters with ships has — so far — proven to be a problem scientists aren't sure how to handle. But one entrepreneur is trying to protect these enormous creatures by tuning into their songs.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 4.6875em;float: left;line-height: 0.733em;padding: 0.05em 0.1em 0 0;font-family: times, serif, georgia\">B\u003c/span>lue whales, grays and humpbacks are traveling south along the California coast this month to their annual breeding grounds in warm Mexican waters. They feed in the same spots where cargo ships travel to some of the world’s busiest ports — and one strike could be deadly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists have tried for four years to reduce the number of whales killed by ships, but so far it hasn’t worked. Every year, several dozen whales are killed by ship strikes along the West Coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the past 14 months, two dead blue whales have washed up on Northern California beaches. A \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2016/10/28/blunt-trauma-found-in-rare-blue-whale-beaching/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">65-foot long blue whale\u003c/a> washed up in Daly City October 2016 and a \u003ca href=\"http://www.mercurynews.com/2017/05/27/blue-whale-washes-up-dead-along-northern-california-beach/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">79-foot long blue whale\u003c/a> came ashore May 2017 in Bolinas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the Bolinas beach, onlookers gathered three weeks after the animal washed ashore, where the stench was putrid. Flies buzzed around the carcass, and the decaying blubber reeked like roadkill.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s like that but extreme, more pungent — and it actually — you almost taste it at the same time,” says Barbie Halaska, a biologist with \u003ca href=\"http://www.marinemammalcenter.org/?referrer=https://www.google.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The Marine Mammal Center\u003c/a>, an animal rescue group in Sausalito. And she’s right, it was akin to sweaty gym shorts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She says the ship strike is obvious from the whale’s 10 broken ribs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Whale ribs are tough, but to be able to break in two to three places for each rib, it—she had to be hit very hard,” Halaska says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most years, between one and three whales wash up on California beaches after being struck by a ship. But those are only the ones we see. A \u003ca href=\"http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/related?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0183052\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">recent paper\u003c/a> in the scientific journal \u003ca href=\"http://journals.plos.org/plosone/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">PLOS One\u003c/a>, estimates that ships kill roughly 80 whales each year along the U.S. west coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That study looked at blue and fin whales, which are both endangered. It also included humpback whales, which have distinct populations off the west coast, some of which are threatened.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All three species dive to great depths off the California coast—sometimes hundreds of feet—searching for food. The bristly baleen in their mouths acts like an enormous fine-toothed comb, filtering organisms from the cold, nutrient-rich California water. Protein-packed organisms like zooplankton and krill are mainstays of this aquatic buffet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1918099\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 3107px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/Keener-humpback-.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1918099 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/Keener-humpback-.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"3107\" height=\"2405\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/Keener-humpback-.jpg 3107w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/Keener-humpback--160x124.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/Keener-humpback--800x619.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/Keener-humpback--768x594.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/Keener-humpback--1020x790.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/Keener-humpback--1920x1486.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/Keener-humpback--1180x913.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/Keener-humpback--960x743.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/Keener-humpback--240x186.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/Keener-humpback--375x290.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/Keener-humpback--520x403.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 3107px) 100vw, 3107px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A humpback whale spotted inside San Francisco Bay on May 15, 2016. \u003ccite>(Bill Keener/Golden Gate Cetacean Research)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The problem, according to \u003ca href=\"https://channelislands.noaa.gov/contact/hastings.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Sean Hastings\u003c/a> with the \u003ca href=\"http://www.noaa.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration\u003c/a>, or NOAA, is that this buffet sits in the middle of a freeway—a cargo ship super-highway.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The whales are busy eating,” he says, “the ships are busy moving to the ports, and unfortunately they collide in the same place.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Oakland is the fifth busiest container port in the U.S. Roughly 1,500 ships motor into the port each year. \u003ca href=\"https://www.linkedin.com/in/john-berge-17846730/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">John Berge\u003c/a>, Vice President of the industry trade group, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.pmsaship.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Pacific Merchant Shipping Association\u003c/a>, says ships have limited ability to maneuver in the narrow shipping lanes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s terrible,” says Berge. “Some of the larger ships probably don’t know that they’ve actually struck a whale until, eventually, there is evidence that the whale is draped across the bow.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He says captains in the control room might be ten stories up off the water, and set back hundreds of feet from the bow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2013, NOAA and the Coast Guard narrowed the shipping lanes outside San Francisco and the Santa Barbara Channel, to reduce the overlap between whale feeding grounds and ships.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NOAA also developed a free app called ‘\u003ca href=\"http://www.whalealert.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Whale Alert\u003c/a>,’ with real-time notifications of whale sightings, to encourage captains to slow down when the animals are nearby. According to a \u003ca href=\"http://www.bren.ucsb.edu/research/2016Group_Projects/documents/WS_final_cover_appendix.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">2016 report\u003c/a> from UC Santa Barbara, reducing speed from roughly 23 to 14 miles an hour would cut in half the chance that a whale would die when struck by a ship.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Hastings says it’s difficult to know if these management measures are working. Ships do seem to be staying within the new shipping lanes but they aren’t necessarily slowing down.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve been trying non-incentivized approaches just asking ships to slow down,” says Hastings. “That hasn’t been working.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The number of whales killed by ships now is about the same as before these efforts. On the East Coast, captains must slow down during whale season. That and other measures have \u003ca href=\"https://www.nefsc.noaa.gov/program_review/2015%20%20Review/BACKGROUND/B2A11%20vessel%20strikes.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">cut the number of documented deaths\u003c/a> from ship strikes for the extremely endangered North Atlantic right whale—from 2 to 1.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1916194\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 1050px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/20081020-LBFinWhale.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1916194\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/20081020-LBFinWhale.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1050\" height=\"700\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/20081020-LBFinWhale.jpg 1050w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/20081020-LBFinWhale-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/20081020-LBFinWhale-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/20081020-LBFinWhale-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/20081020-LBFinWhale-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/20081020-LBFinWhale-960x640.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/20081020-LBFinWhale-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/20081020-LBFinWhale-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/20081020-LBFinWhale-520x347.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1050px) 100vw, 1050px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A fin whale splayed over a ship’s bow in Long Beach on October 20, 2008. \u003ccite>(Alisa Janiger taken under MMSHRP Permit )\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Population numbers for the animal are so low that they hover around 450. They could go extinct within the next 20 to 30 years, given the rate at which they’re dying, which is what scientists are trying to prevent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think they’re doing amazing things already in this space but it’s also not enough,” says \u003ca href=\"https://labs.eemb.ucsb.edu/mccauley/doug/McCauleyCV_full%20April%202017_webversion.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Doug McCauley\u003c/a>, a \u003ca href=\"https://www.ucsb.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">UC Santa Barbara\u003c/a> ecologist.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He directs the \u003ca href=\"https://boi.ucsb.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Benioff Ocean Initiative\u003c/a>, a $10 million fund started by \u003ca href=\"https://www.salesforce.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Salesforce\u003c/a> CEO Marc Benioff and his wife Lynne. The initiative’s first big project seeks to reduce fatal whale ship strikes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The initiative granted $100,000 to \u003ca href=\"http://www.whoi.edu/sbl/liteSite.do?litesiteid=5252\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Mark Baumgartner\u003c/a> from the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution in Massachusetts, for his underwater microphones that record whale sounds, which can be used to tell ship captains that whales are nearby.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The recorded whale sounds show up on a computer graph as curved lines and dashes. Like sheet music, the symbols represent the “notes” the whale is singing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“On the y-axis is frequency or pitch,” says Baumgartner, “so I like to say Barry White is down here and Mariah Carey is up here.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1918101\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 7360px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/graphics-Baumgartner-_DSC4996.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1918101\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/graphics-Baumgartner-_DSC4996.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"7360\" height=\"4912\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/graphics-Baumgartner-_DSC4996.jpg 7360w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/graphics-Baumgartner-_DSC4996-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/graphics-Baumgartner-_DSC4996-800x534.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/graphics-Baumgartner-_DSC4996-768x513.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/graphics-Baumgartner-_DSC4996-1020x681.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/graphics-Baumgartner-_DSC4996-1920x1281.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/graphics-Baumgartner-_DSC4996-1180x788.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/graphics-Baumgartner-_DSC4996-960x641.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/graphics-Baumgartner-_DSC4996-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/graphics-Baumgartner-_DSC4996-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/graphics-Baumgartner-_DSC4996-520x347.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 7360px) 100vw, 7360px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution biologist Mark Baumgartner and acoustic analyst Julianne Gurnee review data received from a whale monitoring buoy outside New York Harbor. \u003ccite>(ayne Doucette/Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Baumgartner programmed the devices to identify each species of whale by its song, but he didn’t know if it would work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I was actually shocked,” he says. “When we did the numbers and came up with nearly 100 percent accuracy, I was kind of dumbfounded.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If a fleet of these underwater devices were installed off the California coast, they could provide real-time feedback around the clock. That would be more reliable than and less expensive than relying on volunteers in boats or planes looking for whales, or other citizen scientists who infrequently post to the ‘Whale Alert’ app.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Right now the underwater microphones are attached to buoys off Martha’s Vineyard and the New York Bight, a coastal indentation between New Jersey and New York.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Baumgartner also developed custom sensors for two types of underwater robots—the Slocum glider and \u003ca href=\"https://www.liquid-robotics.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Wave Glider\u003c/a> that actively search for whales off the East Coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://dcs.whoi.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Wave gliders\u003c/a> sit at the ocean’s surface and use fins for propulsion to search for whales, while \u003ca href=\"http://www.whoi.edu/oceanrobots/robots/glider-phone.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Slocum gliders\u003c/a> dive underwater moving between the surface and seafloor listening for whale calls.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1916294\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 1280px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/10/whale-buoy-illustration.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1916294 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/10/whale-buoy-illustration.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1280\" height=\"720\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/10/whale-buoy-illustration.jpg 1280w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/10/whale-buoy-illustration-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/10/whale-buoy-illustration-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/10/whale-buoy-illustration-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/10/whale-buoy-illustration-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/10/whale-buoy-illustration-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/10/whale-buoy-illustration-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/10/whale-buoy-illustration-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/10/whale-buoy-illustration-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/10/whale-buoy-illustration-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1280px) 100vw, 1280px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Different whales make distinctive sounds. The hydrophones and digital acoustic monitoring instrument detect whale calls and transmit information about them from the seafloor up the cable to the buoy, which sends information to a satellite. \u003ccite>(Eric Taylor/WHOI Graphic Services)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Both gliders record whale songs and transmit data via satellite to scientists on land who can send that information to cargo ships or the U.S. Coast Guard.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Eventually, McCauley of the Benioff Initiative hopes data from the robots could be incorporated to ships’ automated information system or ‘AIS,’ which is like “air traffic control” for vessels and would appear on ships’ computers. Captains could then use the the real-time whale alert information to slow down.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A couple less news stories about blue whales that are washing up on shore is, for me, a grand success,” says McCauley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By next year McCauley wants to bring these devices to the California coast. The first pilot project involves attaching one of Baumgartner’s instruments to an oil rig off Santa Barbara.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But whether these instruments work or not, might depend on questions like whether ships can slow down without blowing budgets and deadlines.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Dance By The Light Of The 2017 Supermoon: The How And When",
"headTitle": "Dance By The Light Of The 2017 Supermoon: The How And When | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Between last year’s historic November supermoon and August’s partial solar eclipse, a lunar event that’s coming on Dec. 3 has taken a bit of a back seat. But 2017’s first and only visible supermoon is nothing to sneeze at.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The term “supermoon” is popular vernacular. Its scientific name is perigee syzygy. University of Arizona professor \u003ca href=\"https://www.as.arizona.edu/people/faculty/gurtina-besla\">Gurtina Besla\u003c/a> says the phrase means two specific things in reference to the moon’s placement and phase.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Perigee refers to the moon being at its closest distance to the Earth, and syzygy refers to the alignment of multiple bodies — the moon, Earth and sun need to be aligned for us to see a full moon,” Besla told NPR. “So it translates to the closest separation between the moon and Earth when the Earth, moon and sun are aligned.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because the moon is closer to Earth, it can appear about 14 percent larger than an apogee moon, or micromoon, which is when the moon is at its farthest distance from our planet. NPR’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/11/13/501854717/closest-supermoon-since-1948-arrives-monday-tips-on-seeing-and-photographing-it\">Bill Chappell reported\u003c/a> that last November’s supermoon was the closest Earth’s moon had been to the planet since 1948, and it’s not scheduled to get that close again until 2034.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like any phase of Earth’s moon, a supermoon is safe to view with the naked eye. Besla says she is not personally that excited about the upcoming supermoon because the difference in the moon’s perceived size is negligible. She knows, however, that many will still try to see it at peak viewing time. According to Besla, the best time to see this year’s showing is at 3:45 a.m. ET on Monday, Dec. 4. If that’s a bit too early for a wake-up call, don’t worry. The moon will still appear larger than normal when it’s close to Earth’s horizon at sunset on Dec. 3 and sunrise on Dec. 4.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you can’t make it outside to see it in person, the \u003ca href=\"https://www.virtualtelescope.eu/webtv/\">Virtual Telescope Project\u003c/a> will share a video feed. Or, you could turn to photos online and on social media. \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/feature/shoot-the-supermoon-like-a-pro\">NASA offered these recommendations\u003c/a> from its staff photographer Bill Ingalls:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>” ‘Don’t make the mistake of photographing the moon by itself with no reference to anything,’ he said. ‘I’ve certainly done it myself, but everyone will get that shot. Instead, think of how to make the image creative—that means tying it into some land-based object. It can be a local landmark or anything to give your photo a sense of place.’ “\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>He also recommends using the reactions on people’s faces in photos. While it’s difficult to get a quality shot with a smartphone, it’s not impossible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Tap the screen and hold your finger on the object (in this case, the moon) to lock the focus,” Ingalls told NASA. “Then slide your finger up or down to darken or lighten the exposure.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For those using digital cameras, he suggested the daylight setting to get the proper white balance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to \u003ca href=\"https://news.nationalgeographic.com/2017/11/how-to-see-brightest-supermoon-2017-december-space-science/\">National Geographic\u003c/a>, this is the fourth supermoon of 2017, but the only one visible to the casual observer. The previous three “coincided with new moons, when the lunar disk shows a totally darkened face.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2017 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Dance+By+The+Light+Of+The+2017+Supermoon%3A+The+How+And+When+&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "The last and only visible such moon of 2017 will appear Dec. 3. The best time to see it is at sunset or the following morning at sunrise, when the moon is near the horizon.",
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"description": "The last and only visible such moon of 2017 will appear Dec. 3. The best time to see it is at sunset or the following morning at sunrise, when the moon is near the horizon.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Between last year’s historic November supermoon and August’s partial solar eclipse, a lunar event that’s coming on Dec. 3 has taken a bit of a back seat. But 2017’s first and only visible supermoon is nothing to sneeze at.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The term “supermoon” is popular vernacular. Its scientific name is perigee syzygy. University of Arizona professor \u003ca href=\"https://www.as.arizona.edu/people/faculty/gurtina-besla\">Gurtina Besla\u003c/a> says the phrase means two specific things in reference to the moon’s placement and phase.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Perigee refers to the moon being at its closest distance to the Earth, and syzygy refers to the alignment of multiple bodies — the moon, Earth and sun need to be aligned for us to see a full moon,” Besla told NPR. “So it translates to the closest separation between the moon and Earth when the Earth, moon and sun are aligned.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because the moon is closer to Earth, it can appear about 14 percent larger than an apogee moon, or micromoon, which is when the moon is at its farthest distance from our planet. NPR’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/11/13/501854717/closest-supermoon-since-1948-arrives-monday-tips-on-seeing-and-photographing-it\">Bill Chappell reported\u003c/a> that last November’s supermoon was the closest Earth’s moon had been to the planet since 1948, and it’s not scheduled to get that close again until 2034.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like any phase of Earth’s moon, a supermoon is safe to view with the naked eye. Besla says she is not personally that excited about the upcoming supermoon because the difference in the moon’s perceived size is negligible. She knows, however, that many will still try to see it at peak viewing time. According to Besla, the best time to see this year’s showing is at 3:45 a.m. ET on Monday, Dec. 4. If that’s a bit too early for a wake-up call, don’t worry. The moon will still appear larger than normal when it’s close to Earth’s horizon at sunset on Dec. 3 and sunrise on Dec. 4.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you can’t make it outside to see it in person, the \u003ca href=\"https://www.virtualtelescope.eu/webtv/\">Virtual Telescope Project\u003c/a> will share a video feed. Or, you could turn to photos online and on social media. \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/feature/shoot-the-supermoon-like-a-pro\">NASA offered these recommendations\u003c/a> from its staff photographer Bill Ingalls:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>” ‘Don’t make the mistake of photographing the moon by itself with no reference to anything,’ he said. ‘I’ve certainly done it myself, but everyone will get that shot. Instead, think of how to make the image creative—that means tying it into some land-based object. It can be a local landmark or anything to give your photo a sense of place.’ “\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>He also recommends using the reactions on people’s faces in photos. While it’s difficult to get a quality shot with a smartphone, it’s not impossible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Tap the screen and hold your finger on the object (in this case, the moon) to lock the focus,” Ingalls told NASA. “Then slide your finger up or down to darken or lighten the exposure.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For those using digital cameras, he suggested the daylight setting to get the proper white balance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to \u003ca href=\"https://news.nationalgeographic.com/2017/11/how-to-see-brightest-supermoon-2017-december-space-science/\">National Geographic\u003c/a>, this is the fourth supermoon of 2017, but the only one visible to the casual observer. The previous three “coincided with new moons, when the lunar disk shows a totally darkened face.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2017 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Dance+By+The+Light+Of+The+2017+Supermoon%3A+The+How+And+When+&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Climate Scientists Watch Their Words, Hoping To Stave Off Funding Cuts",
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"content": "\u003cp>Scientists appear to be self-censoring by omitting the term “climate change” in public grant summaries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An NPR analysis of grants awarded by the National Science Foundation found a steadily decreasing number with the phrase “climate change” in the title or summary, resulting in a sharp drop in the term’s use in 2017. At the same time, the use of alternative terms such as “extreme weather” appears to be rising slightly.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">Many scientists find themselves in an uncomfortable position. They are caught between environmental advocates looking to recruit allies and right-wing activists who demonize researchers and denigrate their work.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The change in language appears to be driven in part by the Trump administration’s open hostility to the topic of climate change. Earlier this year, President Trump \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2017/06/01/530748899/watch-live-trump-announces-decision-on-paris-climate-agreement\">pulled the U.S. out of the Paris climate accord\u003c/a>, and the President’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/4311386-Trump-2018-ProposedBudget-Appendix.html\">2018 budget proposal\u003c/a> singled out climate change research programs for elimination.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, the Environmental Protection Agency has been systematically removing references to climate change from its official website. Both the EPA’s leader, Scott Pruitt, and Secretary of Energy Rick Perry have said they do not accept the scientific consensus that humans are causing the planet to get warmer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As a result, many scientists find themselves in an uncomfortable position. They are caught between environmental advocates looking to recruit allies and right-wing activists who demonize researchers and denigrate their work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In the scientific community, we’re very cautious people,” says \u003ca href=\"https://www.depts.ttu.edu/politicalscience/Faculty/Hayhoe_Katharine.php\">Katharine Hayhoe\u003c/a>, the director of the Climate Science Center at Texas Tech. “We tend to be quite averse to notoriety and conflict, so I absolutely have seen self-censorship among my colleagues. [They’ll say] ‘Well, maybe I shouldn’t say it that way, because whatever funding organization or politician or agency won’t appreciate it.'”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The NSF data appears to bear out the change in language. While the number of grants with the term “climate change” in the public summary has dropped, the number of grants with the terms “environmental change” or “extreme weather” has increased slightly. That suggests that, even if research topics remain the same, the words scientists use to describe them may change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1918026\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1918026\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/nsf-grants-seamus-promo_wide-0bea498b15493d7381f43d940c81c196ce6493c1-800x450.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/nsf-grants-seamus-promo_wide-0bea498b15493d7381f43d940c81c196ce6493c1-800x450.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/nsf-grants-seamus-promo_wide-0bea498b15493d7381f43d940c81c196ce6493c1-160x90.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/nsf-grants-seamus-promo_wide-0bea498b15493d7381f43d940c81c196ce6493c1-768x432.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/nsf-grants-seamus-promo_wide-0bea498b15493d7381f43d940c81c196ce6493c1-1020x574.png 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/nsf-grants-seamus-promo_wide-0bea498b15493d7381f43d940c81c196ce6493c1-1180x664.png 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/nsf-grants-seamus-promo_wide-0bea498b15493d7381f43d940c81c196ce6493c1-960x540.png 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/nsf-grants-seamus-promo_wide-0bea498b15493d7381f43d940c81c196ce6493c1-240x135.png 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/nsf-grants-seamus-promo_wide-0bea498b15493d7381f43d940c81c196ce6493c1-375x211.png 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/nsf-grants-seamus-promo_wide-0bea498b15493d7381f43d940c81c196ce6493c1-520x293.png 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/nsf-grants-seamus-promo_wide-0bea498b15493d7381f43d940c81c196ce6493c1.png 1461w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Grants funded by the National Science Foundation have seen a drop in the use of the phrase “climate change” in public summaries. \u003ccite>(Source: National Science Foundation Credit: Katie Park and Rebecca Hersher/NPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“Scientists I know are increasingly using terms like ‘global change’, ‘environmental change’, and ‘extreme weather’, rather than explicitly saying ‘climate change’,” \u003ca href=\"http://harvardforest.fas.harvard.edu/researchers/8560\">Jonathan Thompson\u003c/a>, the senior ecologist at the Harvard Forest, wrote in an email to NPR. Thompson has been the lead investigator on multiple research projects funded by the NSF in recent years. “This seems to be born out of an abundance of caution to limit their exposure to any political landmines in what is already an extremely competitive process,” he wrote.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Four other climate researchers acknowledged that they had personally removed the term “climate change” from funding proposals or public summaries in the last year, or had advised graduate students who had done so. All were concerned that if they disclosed their names, it could negatively impact their future funding competitiveness.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Internal pressure\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The National Science Foundation is widely regarded to be among the most independent bodies funding federal research, so it’s particularly notable when politics seeps into statements by agency officials.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Earlier this year, the head of the NSF geosciences directorate, William Easterling, fielded a question from a climate scientist about the language used to describe NSF priorities. “Let me just be perfectly honest, the appetite of NSF right now is doing as little as it needs to to, you know, poke the bear, and yet stand by our scientific principles,” Easterling said, according to a \u003ca href=\"https://www.aip.org/fyi/2017/new-nsf-geosciences-head-charts-course-turbulent-budget-climate\">report by the American Institute of Physics\u003c/a>, a trade group for physicists and engineers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The term climate change, Easterling noted, is “a polarizing icon, for better for worse — obviously for worse, from a scientist’s perspective.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Multiple scientists said Easterling’s comments were one reason they felt it prudent to avoid using the term “climate change” in grant proposals if they could. NSF spokesperson Aya Collins wrote in an email to NPR, “NSF takes no position on the language used by researchers to describe physical processes and outcomes if the merit review process judges the language to be appropriate.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But after a research project has been approved, some scientists say NSF program officers encourage scientists to avoid using the term “climate change” in the public title and description that gets published on the NSF website.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not everyone sees that as a problem, given the political environment. “Every interaction I’ve had with NSF program officers about using the words ‘climate change’ under the current administration is not anything I’d consider a negative form of censorship,” says \u003ca href=\"http://www.bu.edu/earth/people/faculty/michael-dietze/\">Michael Dietze\u003c/a>, a climate scientist at Boston University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think we have staff [at NSF] who are genuinely trying to protect U.S. science and U.S. scientists in a hostile environment,” Dietze adds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There is evidence that other agencies are making similar decisions. Earlier this year, a project coordinator at a Department of Energy lab \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/news/us-energy-agency-asked-scientists-to-scrub-references-to-climate-change-1.22513\">emailed a researcher \u003c/a>at Northeastern University asking her to adjust the language a public abstract for research funded by the DOE. The email, which circulated widely among scientists on social media, read in part:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>“I have been asked to contact you to update the wording in your proposal abstract to remove words such as ‘global warming’ or ‘climate change’. This is being asked as we have to meet the President’s budget language restrictions and don’t want to make any changes without your knowledge or consent.”\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>As the DOE email suggests, White House rhetoric can have immediate effects on how scientists describe their research. It’s unclear what language the email is referring to, but, among other things, President Trump’s budget proposes $50 million in cuts to the EPA’s Air, Climate and Energy program and rebranding it to remove the word “climate.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the NSF, it remains unclear whether there is a real threat to research branded “climate”. Even scientists who said they have avoided the term “climate change” in grant proposals say they haven’t seen evidence of direct political meddling in the NSF process for determining who wins funding. That is echoed by \u003ca href=\"https://www.aip.org/staff/mitch-ambrose\">Mitch Ambrose\u003c/a>, a policy analyst for the American Institute of Physics. “I haven’t seen any evidence that the Trump administration has issued any specific guidance to NSF,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”bUJYroGTwP5MS8A6IW93BeE5oghA6vH5″]Spokespeople for the House Science and Technology Committee, which oversees the NSF, and the White House Office of Science and Technology did not respond to requests for comment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Words matter\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is not the first time scientists have resorted to euphemism to protect their research. Early studies of human sexuality referred to “\u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/955170\">fertility-related behavior\u003c/a>.” Stem cell research was referred to by some Bush-era researchers as “\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/news/specials/cloning/faq_blanknav.html\">therapeutic cloning\u003c/a>.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The web of alternative language can be confusing to policymakers and frustrating for universities and other institutions that support science. Some are concerned that the language scientists use to describe climate change research may lead to similar problems. And, anecdotally, some scientists worry that political pressure may be driving young scientists away from climate studies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Some people have shifted away from climate research altogether,” in recent years says \u003ca href=\"http://ceoas.oregonstate.edu/profile/mote/\">Philip Mote\u003c/a>, the director of the Oregon Climate Change Research Institute at Oregon State University. The perception of censorship and fierce competition for funding could lead talented students to more lucrative fields such as software development.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Avoiding the term “climate change” could also lead to a more fractured scientific community. Climate change research is an inherently interdisciplinary field and shared terminology allows people to collaborate, either through interagency groups or through university departments that reflect the larger trends in available funding.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If we all have to go off in different directions to keep the science moving forward, we lose that community,” says Dietze. “We won’t gather and work together.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And all of that could translate into problems for average citizens. \u003ca href=\"https://cfpub.epa.gov/ncea/global/recordisplay.cfm?deid=322482\">Cities\u003c/a>, some of them already dealing with rising sea levels and more severe storms, rely on the federal government for information about climate change. Water resource managers and emergency officials look to federal climate programs for long-term data. And insurers are using climate change data to determine rates for homeowners.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is the biggest environmental challenge in human history,” says Mote. “Absent political winds, I don’t think researchers would avoid using the term ‘climate change’ to describe it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>NPR’s Sarah McCammon contributed to this report.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2017 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Climate+Scientists+Watch+Their+Words%2C+Hoping+To+Stave+Off+Funding+Cuts&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Scientists appear to be self-censoring by omitting the term “climate change” in public grant summaries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An NPR analysis of grants awarded by the National Science Foundation found a steadily decreasing number with the phrase “climate change” in the title or summary, resulting in a sharp drop in the term’s use in 2017. At the same time, the use of alternative terms such as “extreme weather” appears to be rising slightly.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">Many scientists find themselves in an uncomfortable position. They are caught between environmental advocates looking to recruit allies and right-wing activists who demonize researchers and denigrate their work.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The change in language appears to be driven in part by the Trump administration’s open hostility to the topic of climate change. Earlier this year, President Trump \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2017/06/01/530748899/watch-live-trump-announces-decision-on-paris-climate-agreement\">pulled the U.S. out of the Paris climate accord\u003c/a>, and the President’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/4311386-Trump-2018-ProposedBudget-Appendix.html\">2018 budget proposal\u003c/a> singled out climate change research programs for elimination.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, the Environmental Protection Agency has been systematically removing references to climate change from its official website. Both the EPA’s leader, Scott Pruitt, and Secretary of Energy Rick Perry have said they do not accept the scientific consensus that humans are causing the planet to get warmer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As a result, many scientists find themselves in an uncomfortable position. They are caught between environmental advocates looking to recruit allies and right-wing activists who demonize researchers and denigrate their work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In the scientific community, we’re very cautious people,” says \u003ca href=\"https://www.depts.ttu.edu/politicalscience/Faculty/Hayhoe_Katharine.php\">Katharine Hayhoe\u003c/a>, the director of the Climate Science Center at Texas Tech. “We tend to be quite averse to notoriety and conflict, so I absolutely have seen self-censorship among my colleagues. [They’ll say] ‘Well, maybe I shouldn’t say it that way, because whatever funding organization or politician or agency won’t appreciate it.'”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The NSF data appears to bear out the change in language. While the number of grants with the term “climate change” in the public summary has dropped, the number of grants with the terms “environmental change” or “extreme weather” has increased slightly. That suggests that, even if research topics remain the same, the words scientists use to describe them may change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1918026\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1918026\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/nsf-grants-seamus-promo_wide-0bea498b15493d7381f43d940c81c196ce6493c1-800x450.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/nsf-grants-seamus-promo_wide-0bea498b15493d7381f43d940c81c196ce6493c1-800x450.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/nsf-grants-seamus-promo_wide-0bea498b15493d7381f43d940c81c196ce6493c1-160x90.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/nsf-grants-seamus-promo_wide-0bea498b15493d7381f43d940c81c196ce6493c1-768x432.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/nsf-grants-seamus-promo_wide-0bea498b15493d7381f43d940c81c196ce6493c1-1020x574.png 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/nsf-grants-seamus-promo_wide-0bea498b15493d7381f43d940c81c196ce6493c1-1180x664.png 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/nsf-grants-seamus-promo_wide-0bea498b15493d7381f43d940c81c196ce6493c1-960x540.png 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/nsf-grants-seamus-promo_wide-0bea498b15493d7381f43d940c81c196ce6493c1-240x135.png 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/nsf-grants-seamus-promo_wide-0bea498b15493d7381f43d940c81c196ce6493c1-375x211.png 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/nsf-grants-seamus-promo_wide-0bea498b15493d7381f43d940c81c196ce6493c1-520x293.png 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/nsf-grants-seamus-promo_wide-0bea498b15493d7381f43d940c81c196ce6493c1.png 1461w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Grants funded by the National Science Foundation have seen a drop in the use of the phrase “climate change” in public summaries. \u003ccite>(Source: National Science Foundation Credit: Katie Park and Rebecca Hersher/NPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“Scientists I know are increasingly using terms like ‘global change’, ‘environmental change’, and ‘extreme weather’, rather than explicitly saying ‘climate change’,” \u003ca href=\"http://harvardforest.fas.harvard.edu/researchers/8560\">Jonathan Thompson\u003c/a>, the senior ecologist at the Harvard Forest, wrote in an email to NPR. Thompson has been the lead investigator on multiple research projects funded by the NSF in recent years. “This seems to be born out of an abundance of caution to limit their exposure to any political landmines in what is already an extremely competitive process,” he wrote.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Four other climate researchers acknowledged that they had personally removed the term “climate change” from funding proposals or public summaries in the last year, or had advised graduate students who had done so. All were concerned that if they disclosed their names, it could negatively impact their future funding competitiveness.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Internal pressure\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The National Science Foundation is widely regarded to be among the most independent bodies funding federal research, so it’s particularly notable when politics seeps into statements by agency officials.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Earlier this year, the head of the NSF geosciences directorate, William Easterling, fielded a question from a climate scientist about the language used to describe NSF priorities. “Let me just be perfectly honest, the appetite of NSF right now is doing as little as it needs to to, you know, poke the bear, and yet stand by our scientific principles,” Easterling said, according to a \u003ca href=\"https://www.aip.org/fyi/2017/new-nsf-geosciences-head-charts-course-turbulent-budget-climate\">report by the American Institute of Physics\u003c/a>, a trade group for physicists and engineers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The term climate change, Easterling noted, is “a polarizing icon, for better for worse — obviously for worse, from a scientist’s perspective.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Multiple scientists said Easterling’s comments were one reason they felt it prudent to avoid using the term “climate change” in grant proposals if they could. NSF spokesperson Aya Collins wrote in an email to NPR, “NSF takes no position on the language used by researchers to describe physical processes and outcomes if the merit review process judges the language to be appropriate.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But after a research project has been approved, some scientists say NSF program officers encourage scientists to avoid using the term “climate change” in the public title and description that gets published on the NSF website.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not everyone sees that as a problem, given the political environment. “Every interaction I’ve had with NSF program officers about using the words ‘climate change’ under the current administration is not anything I’d consider a negative form of censorship,” says \u003ca href=\"http://www.bu.edu/earth/people/faculty/michael-dietze/\">Michael Dietze\u003c/a>, a climate scientist at Boston University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think we have staff [at NSF] who are genuinely trying to protect U.S. science and U.S. scientists in a hostile environment,” Dietze adds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There is evidence that other agencies are making similar decisions. Earlier this year, a project coordinator at a Department of Energy lab \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/news/us-energy-agency-asked-scientists-to-scrub-references-to-climate-change-1.22513\">emailed a researcher \u003c/a>at Northeastern University asking her to adjust the language a public abstract for research funded by the DOE. The email, which circulated widely among scientists on social media, read in part:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>“I have been asked to contact you to update the wording in your proposal abstract to remove words such as ‘global warming’ or ‘climate change’. This is being asked as we have to meet the President’s budget language restrictions and don’t want to make any changes without your knowledge or consent.”\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>As the DOE email suggests, White House rhetoric can have immediate effects on how scientists describe their research. It’s unclear what language the email is referring to, but, among other things, President Trump’s budget proposes $50 million in cuts to the EPA’s Air, Climate and Energy program and rebranding it to remove the word “climate.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the NSF, it remains unclear whether there is a real threat to research branded “climate”. Even scientists who said they have avoided the term “climate change” in grant proposals say they haven’t seen evidence of direct political meddling in the NSF process for determining who wins funding. That is echoed by \u003ca href=\"https://www.aip.org/staff/mitch-ambrose\">Mitch Ambrose\u003c/a>, a policy analyst for the American Institute of Physics. “I haven’t seen any evidence that the Trump administration has issued any specific guidance to NSF,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>Spokespeople for the House Science and Technology Committee, which oversees the NSF, and the White House Office of Science and Technology did not respond to requests for comment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Words matter\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is not the first time scientists have resorted to euphemism to protect their research. Early studies of human sexuality referred to “\u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/955170\">fertility-related behavior\u003c/a>.” Stem cell research was referred to by some Bush-era researchers as “\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/news/specials/cloning/faq_blanknav.html\">therapeutic cloning\u003c/a>.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The web of alternative language can be confusing to policymakers and frustrating for universities and other institutions that support science. Some are concerned that the language scientists use to describe climate change research may lead to similar problems. And, anecdotally, some scientists worry that political pressure may be driving young scientists away from climate studies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Some people have shifted away from climate research altogether,” in recent years says \u003ca href=\"http://ceoas.oregonstate.edu/profile/mote/\">Philip Mote\u003c/a>, the director of the Oregon Climate Change Research Institute at Oregon State University. The perception of censorship and fierce competition for funding could lead talented students to more lucrative fields such as software development.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Avoiding the term “climate change” could also lead to a more fractured scientific community. Climate change research is an inherently interdisciplinary field and shared terminology allows people to collaborate, either through interagency groups or through university departments that reflect the larger trends in available funding.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If we all have to go off in different directions to keep the science moving forward, we lose that community,” says Dietze. “We won’t gather and work together.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And all of that could translate into problems for average citizens. \u003ca href=\"https://cfpub.epa.gov/ncea/global/recordisplay.cfm?deid=322482\">Cities\u003c/a>, some of them already dealing with rising sea levels and more severe storms, rely on the federal government for information about climate change. Water resource managers and emergency officials look to federal climate programs for long-term data. And insurers are using climate change data to determine rates for homeowners.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is the biggest environmental challenge in human history,” says Mote. “Absent political winds, I don’t think researchers would avoid using the term ‘climate change’ to describe it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>NPR’s Sarah McCammon contributed to this report.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2017 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Climate+Scientists+Watch+Their+Words%2C+Hoping+To+Stave+Off+Funding+Cuts&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Fire Retardant Use Explodes as Worries About Water, Wildlife Grow",
"headTitle": "Fire Retardant Use Explodes as Worries About Water, Wildlife Grow | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 4.6875em;float: left;line-height: 0.733em;padding: 0.05em 0.1em 0 0;font-family: times, serif, georgia\">C\u003c/span>hemical fire retardants are considered a vital wildland firefighting tool, helping to slow the spread of flames while ground crews move into position. But as their use increases, the harmful side effects of these chemicals are coming under increasing scrutiny.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">The chemicals, usually dropped from low-flying aircraft, largely consist of ammonia compounds, which are known toxins to fish and other aquatic life. Studies have shown retardants can kill fish, alter soil chemistry, feed harmful algae blooms and even encourage the spread of invasive plants. Yet there is little regulation of their use, and no safer alternatives on the market.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”AhBsf9clDWFWhb35p0dJW2ufu4gD5guq”]In California, state firefighting crews have applied \u003cspan class=\"caps\">15.3\u003c/span> million gallons of chemical fire retardants so far this year, according to data provided by CalFire, the state’s wildland firefighting agency. That’s a new record, and double the amount used just three years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">CalFire applied \u003cspan class=\"caps\">2.7\u003c/span> million gallons of retardant in a single one-week period starting October 9 – also a record. Of that amount, about 2 million gallons were used on the North Bay wildfires, which killed 43 people and burned more than 8,000 structures in October as they swept across several counties north of the San Francisco Bay Area, including Sonoma and Napa.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">The growth of retardant use in California has outpaced federal firefighting: In 2016, the United States Forest Service \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"https://www.fs.fed.us/fire/retardant/2016_Aerial%20Retardant%20Use%20on%20NFS%20lands_%201_17_2017.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">applied\u003c/span>\u003c/a> 19 million gallons of retardant on all National Forest system lands in the nation, an increase of 55 percent compared to three years earlier.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Timothy Ingalsbee, executive director of \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"https://www.fusee.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">Firefighters United for Safety, Ethics and Ecology\u003c/span>\u003c/a>, said chemical fire retardants are overused. They are intended only to slow a fire down so that ground crews have time to reach a fire front and build containment lines. Instead, retardants are being used in place of ground crews, he said.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">In many cases where people and structures are not threatened, Ingalsbee said, fires should be allowed to burn rather than spending money on retardants and putting pilots at risk.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">“It looks good on \u003cspan class=\"caps\">TV\u003c/span> – ‘\u003cspan class=\"caps\">CNN\u003c/span> Drops’ is a term firefighters use,” Ingalsbee said. “Eventually, the fire burns through that stuff and keeps on trucking. The worst concern is, they cause some significant impacts, particularly to water quality.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">In 2014, scientists at the National Marine Fisheries Service published a \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24880550\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">study\u003c/span>\u003c/a> showing that two fire-retardant formulations are deadly to Chinook salmon, even when heavily diluted in streams.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">The chemicals killed salmon at concentrations well below 1 percent of the strength at which the retardants are applied. And the study found the chemicals had lasting effects: Even salmon that survived initially could be killed weeks later when they migrated to salt water, apparently because the chemicals damaged their gills.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">“They are sensitive at low amounts compared to what is applied,” said Joseph Dietrich, an ecotoxicologist with \u003cspan class=\"caps\">NOAA\u003c/span>’s Northwest Fisheries Science Center and lead author of the study. “It’s a very low concentration compared to what is in the stock solution that’s in a helicopter during a firefighting event.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">The retardants evaluated in the study, known by the trade names 259-F and \u003cspan class=\"caps\">LC\u003c/span>–\u003cspan class=\"caps\">95A\u003c/span>, are made by \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"https://phoschek.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">Phos-Chek\u003c/span>\u003c/a>, the \u003cspan class=\"caps\">U.S.\u003c/span> subsidiary of an Israel-based company called \u003cspan class=\"caps\">ICL\u003c/span> Performance Products. Both retardants are still in use by both the Forest Service and CalFire.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">However, CalFire spokesperson Scott McLean said the agency this year has mainly used a different Phos-Chek formulation known as \u003cspan class=\"caps\">MVP\u003c/span>-F. It is advertised as being a safer product, though it has not yet been subjected to similar studies.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">CalFire takes its lead in retardant selection from the \u003cspan class=\"caps\">U.S.\u003c/span> Forest Service, which produces a so-called “qualified products list” after testing the chemicals.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Most retardants are delivered as a powder, then mixed with water before being loaded onto aircraft. The water is merely a delivery mechanism.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">The primary ingredient in retardants is an ammonium phosphate or sulfate solution – essentially a type of fertilizer. Other ingredients are exempt from public disclosure under federal law as trade secrets. But one is a gelling agent that allows the ammonia solution to cling to plants, temporarily insulating them from heat and flame to deprive an advancing fire of fuel.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">McLean said retardants are a vital firefighting tool, and defended their use.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">“Aerial application of retardant provides support to firefighters on the fire line that could not be otherwise immediately supported by a vehicle, [a] fire engine,” McLean said. “At present, there is no other long-term fire retardant that has met the requirements of the [Forest Service] qualified products list.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Dietrich said it’s likely that \u003cspan class=\"caps\">MVP\u003c/span>-F will also be deadly to salmon. The concentration known to be toxic to fish, as reported by the manufacturer, is still less than 1 percent of the concentration at which the retardant is released by aircraft. This means, again, that it can be heavily diluted in the environment and still remain deadly to fish.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">The unknown proprietary ingredients in retardants may play a role in this, he said.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">“They’re definitely enhancing toxicity,” Dietrich said. “\u003c/span>\u003cspan class=\"s3\">Whether they are working with ammonia or just causing separate effects that are accumulating, I couldn’t say. \u003c/span>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">There is some other source of toxicity that comes into play.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Not much is known about how long retardants linger in the environment. But the compounds most often used are known as “long-term” retardants, because they are designed to cling to plants and remain effective for weeks – until they are either burned off or washed away by heavy rain. In the latter case, the chemicals will then flow into streams and lakes.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">A team at the \u003cspan class=\"caps\">U.S.\u003c/span> Geological Survey is engaged in a large \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"https://www.cerc.usgs.gov/ScienceTopics.aspx?ScienceTopicId=1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">research effort\u003c/span>\u003c/a> to analyze the longevity of these chemicals once applied. The results have not yet been published, and the team leader did not respond to a request for comment.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">The Forest Service used fire retardants for decades without analyzing their environmental effects. Then, in 2009, \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"https://www.fseee.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">Forest Service Employees for Environmental Ethics\u003c/span>\u003c/a>, a nonprofit group, sued the agency, blaming retardants for killing 50 endangered steelhead during a fire near Santa Barbara, California.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">The lawsuit resulted in a court order requiring the Forest Service to prepare an environmental impact study, which was \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"https://www.fs.fed.us/fire/retardant/eis_info.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">completed\u003c/span>\u003c/a> in 2011. The study concluded retardants are potentially harmful to wildlife and water quality, and set parameters on their use to minimize these effects. These included mapping sensitive \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"https://www.arcgis.com/home/webmap/viewer.html?webmap=1920b5b8884643dfb1b391453bbbe998\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">exclusion zones\u003c/span>\u003c/a> where retardants may not be used.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Also, fire crews are now trained not to drop retardant within 300ft of water bodies if using an airplane, and within 100ft if applied from a helicopter or fire engine. Fire crews can, however, deviate from these guidelines when life or property are threatened.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Earlier this year, the Forest Service prepared a \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"https://www.fs.fed.us/rm/fire/wfcs/ras.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">risk assessment\u003c/span>\u003c/a> to evaluate the ecological effects of the latest retardant chemicals. It reviewed the same products analyzed in Dietrich’s study, as well as others, and acknowledged that toxic effects to fish and plants are possible. But it minimized these concerns by reporting, in the case of fish, that long-term exposure is unlikely in flowing-water environments, and stated that plants would be worse off if they were allowed to burn.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Ingalsbee said even a 300ft buffer may not be enough to protect water and wildlife. Unpredictable fire-fed winds may spread retardant into a stream or lake from much greater distances, he said. Pilot error is also common.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">In addition, retardants can alter plant communities long after a fire is extinguished.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Invasive plants are known to aggressively colonize burned areas after a fire. The ammonia in retardants is a potent fertilizer: It can become a kind of junk food for invasive plants, which can quickly crowd out native plants after a fire. As a result, in 2008 the \u003cspan class=\"caps\">U.S.\u003c/span> Fish and Wildlife Service \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"https://www.fws.gov/invasives/pdfs/USFWS_FireMgtAndInvasivesPlants_A_Handbook.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">recommended\u003c/span>\u003c/a> limiting the use of retardants.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Officials say retardants are made from “food grade” ingredients and pose no danger to people or animals if ingested.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">But in the wake of the North Bay fires, Napa County issued an \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"http://www.countyofnapa.org/Pages/Search.aspx?keywords=retardant\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">advisory\u003c/span>\u003c/a> urging residents not to consume fruits and vegetables from backyard gardens that may have been sprayed by fire retardant. Sonoma County offered \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"http://sonomacounty.ca.gov/EOC-and-PIO/Fires-October-2017/Health-Concerns-and-Resources/%23retardant\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">similar\u003c/span>\u003c/a> advice on its website. Both urged residents to wash retardants off plants and buildings “as soon as possible.” But targeting areas hit by retardant may be difficult in some cases, because a coloring agent in the compound is designed to vanish after exposure to sunlight.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Fortunately for California’s wine industry, as much as 90 percent of Napa and Sonoma county grapes had been \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" title=\"Link: http://www.winespectator.com/webfeature/show/id/California-Wine-Fire-Road-Ahead\" href=\"http://www.winespectator.com/webfeature/show/id/California-Wine-Fire-Road-Ahead\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">harvested\u003c/span>\u003c/a> before the fires swept through. But some vineyards did get hit by retardant drops, and winery owners have said those grapes won’t be harvested.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"fin\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">“The bottom line is, it’s really not benign at all,” Ingalsbee said. “It does have negative effects on native flora and fauna. It does have impacts on water quality and soil.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"fin\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This article originally appeared on \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://mail.kqed.org/owa/redir.aspx?C=9e4bb0e1a7d74f24ba4684ef2533053d&URL=https%3a%2f%2fwww.newsdeeply.com%2fwater\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Water Deeply\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, and you can find it \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/articles/2017/11/27/fire-retardant-use-explodes-as-worries-about-water-wildlife-risk-grow\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">here\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. For important news about the California drought, you can \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"http://waterdeeply.us5.list-manage.com/subscribe?u=8b78e9a34ff7443ec1e8c62c6&id=2947becb78\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">sign up\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> to the Water Deeply email list.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "State and federal use of fire-retardant chemicals has grown significantly in recent years. Yet recent studies have shown the toxins are deadly to fish and may contribute to permanent changes in plant communities.",
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"description": "State and federal use of fire-retardant chemicals has grown significantly in recent years. Yet recent studies have shown the toxins are deadly to fish and may contribute to permanent changes in plant communities.",
"title": "Fire Retardant Use Explodes as Worries About Water, Wildlife Grow | KQED",
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"nprByline": "\u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/contributor/matt-weiser\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Matt Weiser\u003c/a>,\u003c/br>Water Deeply",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 4.6875em;float: left;line-height: 0.733em;padding: 0.05em 0.1em 0 0;font-family: times, serif, georgia\">C\u003c/span>hemical fire retardants are considered a vital wildland firefighting tool, helping to slow the spread of flames while ground crews move into position. But as their use increases, the harmful side effects of these chemicals are coming under increasing scrutiny.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">The chemicals, usually dropped from low-flying aircraft, largely consist of ammonia compounds, which are known toxins to fish and other aquatic life. Studies have shown retardants can kill fish, alter soil chemistry, feed harmful algae blooms and even encourage the spread of invasive plants. Yet there is little regulation of their use, and no safer alternatives on the market.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>In California, state firefighting crews have applied \u003cspan class=\"caps\">15.3\u003c/span> million gallons of chemical fire retardants so far this year, according to data provided by CalFire, the state’s wildland firefighting agency. That’s a new record, and double the amount used just three years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">CalFire applied \u003cspan class=\"caps\">2.7\u003c/span> million gallons of retardant in a single one-week period starting October 9 – also a record. Of that amount, about 2 million gallons were used on the North Bay wildfires, which killed 43 people and burned more than 8,000 structures in October as they swept across several counties north of the San Francisco Bay Area, including Sonoma and Napa.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">The growth of retardant use in California has outpaced federal firefighting: In 2016, the United States Forest Service \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"https://www.fs.fed.us/fire/retardant/2016_Aerial%20Retardant%20Use%20on%20NFS%20lands_%201_17_2017.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">applied\u003c/span>\u003c/a> 19 million gallons of retardant on all National Forest system lands in the nation, an increase of 55 percent compared to three years earlier.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Timothy Ingalsbee, executive director of \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"https://www.fusee.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">Firefighters United for Safety, Ethics and Ecology\u003c/span>\u003c/a>, said chemical fire retardants are overused. They are intended only to slow a fire down so that ground crews have time to reach a fire front and build containment lines. Instead, retardants are being used in place of ground crews, he said.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">In many cases where people and structures are not threatened, Ingalsbee said, fires should be allowed to burn rather than spending money on retardants and putting pilots at risk.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">“It looks good on \u003cspan class=\"caps\">TV\u003c/span> – ‘\u003cspan class=\"caps\">CNN\u003c/span> Drops’ is a term firefighters use,” Ingalsbee said. “Eventually, the fire burns through that stuff and keeps on trucking. The worst concern is, they cause some significant impacts, particularly to water quality.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">In 2014, scientists at the National Marine Fisheries Service published a \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24880550\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">study\u003c/span>\u003c/a> showing that two fire-retardant formulations are deadly to Chinook salmon, even when heavily diluted in streams.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">The chemicals killed salmon at concentrations well below 1 percent of the strength at which the retardants are applied. And the study found the chemicals had lasting effects: Even salmon that survived initially could be killed weeks later when they migrated to salt water, apparently because the chemicals damaged their gills.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">“They are sensitive at low amounts compared to what is applied,” said Joseph Dietrich, an ecotoxicologist with \u003cspan class=\"caps\">NOAA\u003c/span>’s Northwest Fisheries Science Center and lead author of the study. “It’s a very low concentration compared to what is in the stock solution that’s in a helicopter during a firefighting event.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">The retardants evaluated in the study, known by the trade names 259-F and \u003cspan class=\"caps\">LC\u003c/span>–\u003cspan class=\"caps\">95A\u003c/span>, are made by \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"https://phoschek.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">Phos-Chek\u003c/span>\u003c/a>, the \u003cspan class=\"caps\">U.S.\u003c/span> subsidiary of an Israel-based company called \u003cspan class=\"caps\">ICL\u003c/span> Performance Products. Both retardants are still in use by both the Forest Service and CalFire.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">However, CalFire spokesperson Scott McLean said the agency this year has mainly used a different Phos-Chek formulation known as \u003cspan class=\"caps\">MVP\u003c/span>-F. It is advertised as being a safer product, though it has not yet been subjected to similar studies.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">CalFire takes its lead in retardant selection from the \u003cspan class=\"caps\">U.S.\u003c/span> Forest Service, which produces a so-called “qualified products list” after testing the chemicals.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Most retardants are delivered as a powder, then mixed with water before being loaded onto aircraft. The water is merely a delivery mechanism.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">The primary ingredient in retardants is an ammonium phosphate or sulfate solution – essentially a type of fertilizer. Other ingredients are exempt from public disclosure under federal law as trade secrets. But one is a gelling agent that allows the ammonia solution to cling to plants, temporarily insulating them from heat and flame to deprive an advancing fire of fuel.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">McLean said retardants are a vital firefighting tool, and defended their use.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">“Aerial application of retardant provides support to firefighters on the fire line that could not be otherwise immediately supported by a vehicle, [a] fire engine,” McLean said. “At present, there is no other long-term fire retardant that has met the requirements of the [Forest Service] qualified products list.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Dietrich said it’s likely that \u003cspan class=\"caps\">MVP\u003c/span>-F will also be deadly to salmon. The concentration known to be toxic to fish, as reported by the manufacturer, is still less than 1 percent of the concentration at which the retardant is released by aircraft. This means, again, that it can be heavily diluted in the environment and still remain deadly to fish.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">The unknown proprietary ingredients in retardants may play a role in this, he said.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">“They’re definitely enhancing toxicity,” Dietrich said. “\u003c/span>\u003cspan class=\"s3\">Whether they are working with ammonia or just causing separate effects that are accumulating, I couldn’t say. \u003c/span>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">There is some other source of toxicity that comes into play.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Not much is known about how long retardants linger in the environment. But the compounds most often used are known as “long-term” retardants, because they are designed to cling to plants and remain effective for weeks – until they are either burned off or washed away by heavy rain. In the latter case, the chemicals will then flow into streams and lakes.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">A team at the \u003cspan class=\"caps\">U.S.\u003c/span> Geological Survey is engaged in a large \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"https://www.cerc.usgs.gov/ScienceTopics.aspx?ScienceTopicId=1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">research effort\u003c/span>\u003c/a> to analyze the longevity of these chemicals once applied. The results have not yet been published, and the team leader did not respond to a request for comment.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">The Forest Service used fire retardants for decades without analyzing their environmental effects. Then, in 2009, \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"https://www.fseee.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">Forest Service Employees for Environmental Ethics\u003c/span>\u003c/a>, a nonprofit group, sued the agency, blaming retardants for killing 50 endangered steelhead during a fire near Santa Barbara, California.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">The lawsuit resulted in a court order requiring the Forest Service to prepare an environmental impact study, which was \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"https://www.fs.fed.us/fire/retardant/eis_info.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">completed\u003c/span>\u003c/a> in 2011. The study concluded retardants are potentially harmful to wildlife and water quality, and set parameters on their use to minimize these effects. These included mapping sensitive \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"https://www.arcgis.com/home/webmap/viewer.html?webmap=1920b5b8884643dfb1b391453bbbe998\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">exclusion zones\u003c/span>\u003c/a> where retardants may not be used.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Also, fire crews are now trained not to drop retardant within 300ft of water bodies if using an airplane, and within 100ft if applied from a helicopter or fire engine. Fire crews can, however, deviate from these guidelines when life or property are threatened.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Earlier this year, the Forest Service prepared a \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"https://www.fs.fed.us/rm/fire/wfcs/ras.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">risk assessment\u003c/span>\u003c/a> to evaluate the ecological effects of the latest retardant chemicals. It reviewed the same products analyzed in Dietrich’s study, as well as others, and acknowledged that toxic effects to fish and plants are possible. But it minimized these concerns by reporting, in the case of fish, that long-term exposure is unlikely in flowing-water environments, and stated that plants would be worse off if they were allowed to burn.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Ingalsbee said even a 300ft buffer may not be enough to protect water and wildlife. Unpredictable fire-fed winds may spread retardant into a stream or lake from much greater distances, he said. Pilot error is also common.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">In addition, retardants can alter plant communities long after a fire is extinguished.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Invasive plants are known to aggressively colonize burned areas after a fire. The ammonia in retardants is a potent fertilizer: It can become a kind of junk food for invasive plants, which can quickly crowd out native plants after a fire. As a result, in 2008 the \u003cspan class=\"caps\">U.S.\u003c/span> Fish and Wildlife Service \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"https://www.fws.gov/invasives/pdfs/USFWS_FireMgtAndInvasivesPlants_A_Handbook.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">recommended\u003c/span>\u003c/a> limiting the use of retardants.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Officials say retardants are made from “food grade” ingredients and pose no danger to people or animals if ingested.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">But in the wake of the North Bay fires, Napa County issued an \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"http://www.countyofnapa.org/Pages/Search.aspx?keywords=retardant\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">advisory\u003c/span>\u003c/a> urging residents not to consume fruits and vegetables from backyard gardens that may have been sprayed by fire retardant. Sonoma County offered \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"http://sonomacounty.ca.gov/EOC-and-PIO/Fires-October-2017/Health-Concerns-and-Resources/%23retardant\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">similar\u003c/span>\u003c/a> advice on its website. Both urged residents to wash retardants off plants and buildings “as soon as possible.” But targeting areas hit by retardant may be difficult in some cases, because a coloring agent in the compound is designed to vanish after exposure to sunlight.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Fortunately for California’s wine industry, as much as 90 percent of Napa and Sonoma county grapes had been \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" title=\"Link: http://www.winespectator.com/webfeature/show/id/California-Wine-Fire-Road-Ahead\" href=\"http://www.winespectator.com/webfeature/show/id/California-Wine-Fire-Road-Ahead\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">harvested\u003c/span>\u003c/a> before the fires swept through. But some vineyards did get hit by retardant drops, and winery owners have said those grapes won’t be harvested.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"fin\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">“The bottom line is, it’s really not benign at all,” Ingalsbee said. “It does have negative effects on native flora and fauna. It does have impacts on water quality and soil.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"fin\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This article originally appeared on \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://mail.kqed.org/owa/redir.aspx?C=9e4bb0e1a7d74f24ba4684ef2533053d&URL=https%3a%2f%2fwww.newsdeeply.com%2fwater\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Water Deeply\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, and you can find it \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/articles/2017/11/27/fire-retardant-use-explodes-as-worries-about-water-wildlife-risk-grow\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">here\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. For important news about the California drought, you can \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"http://waterdeeply.us5.list-manage.com/subscribe?u=8b78e9a34ff7443ec1e8c62c6&id=2947becb78\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">sign up\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> to the Water Deeply email list.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "NASA's Time-Lapse Video: View of a Breathing Earth",
"headTitle": "NASA’s Time-Lapse Video: View of a Breathing Earth | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>For this post-Thanksgiving week, I’d like to suggest a \u003ca href=\"https://www.space.com/38806-nasa-satellites-watch-earth-breathe-video.html\">remarkable video\u003c/a> produced over two decades by NASA scientists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Satellites monitored populations of plant life on land and oceans, mapping variations of green regions of vegetation and snow cover on the North and South Poles. As seasons pass, we witness a rhythmic dance between white and green, as if the planet itself were breathing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”QNrelCvGQBrOJhBLm3a1pv67awjbGfDL”]Vegetation on land is represented on a scale from brown (low vegetation) to dark green (lots of vegetation). In the ocean, populations of microscopic phytoplankton — a type of algae that uses sunlight to turn water and carbon dioxide into oxygen and sugar — are indicated on a scale from purple (low) to yellow (high).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We see the Earth changing daily and with the seasons as a living planet — its plants, surface winds, and sea currents responding to the energy coming from the sun.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The visualization collated data from Earth-observing satellites like the Sea-viewing Wide Field-of-view Sensor (\u003ca href=\"https://oceancolor.gsfc.nasa.gov/SeaWiFS/\">SeaWiFS\u003c/a>), which started collecting data in 1997, and the Terra, Aqua, and Suomi NPP weather satellites.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The changes over the past two decades help scientists understand how the planet is responding both locally and globally to warming trends. Warming ocean temperatures, for example, slow the growth of phytoplankton and, thus, its ability to remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. Also visible is the shrinking of the polar caps as the years go by.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Going out into space is not only for the purpose of looking outwards. It allows us to look back at our planet as a whole, follow its changes and rhythms, so that we can better learn how to coexist with it and protect its resources for generations to come.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"hr\">\n\u003chr>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Marcelo Gleiser is a theoretical physicist and writer — and a professor of natural philosophy, physics and astronomy at Dartmouth College. He is the director of the \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"http://ice.dartmouth.edu/\">Institute for Cross-Disciplinary Engagement\u003c/a>\u003cem> at Dartmouth, co-founder of 13.7 and an active promoter of science to the general public. His latest book is \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"http://marcelogleiser.com/books/the-simple-beauty-of-the-unexpected-a-natural-philosophers-quest-for-trout-and-the-meaning-of-everything\">The Simple Beauty of the Unexpected: A Natural Philosopher’s Quest for Trout and the Meaning of Everything\u003c/a>\u003cem>. You can keep up with Marcelo on \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"http://goo.gl/93dHI\">Facebook\u003c/a>\u003cem> and Twitter: \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/#!/mgleiser\">@mgleiser\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "In this visualization, based on data collected by scientists, we see Earth changing — its plants, surface winds, and sea currents responding to the energy coming from the sun, says Marcelo Gleiser.",
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"nprByline": "\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/people/336057477/marcelo-gleiser\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Marcelo Gleiser\u003c/a>\u003c/br>NPR",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>For this post-Thanksgiving week, I’d like to suggest a \u003ca href=\"https://www.space.com/38806-nasa-satellites-watch-earth-breathe-video.html\">remarkable video\u003c/a> produced over two decades by NASA scientists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Satellites monitored populations of plant life on land and oceans, mapping variations of green regions of vegetation and snow cover on the North and South Poles. As seasons pass, we witness a rhythmic dance between white and green, as if the planet itself were breathing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>Vegetation on land is represented on a scale from brown (low vegetation) to dark green (lots of vegetation). In the ocean, populations of microscopic phytoplankton — a type of algae that uses sunlight to turn water and carbon dioxide into oxygen and sugar — are indicated on a scale from purple (low) to yellow (high).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We see the Earth changing daily and with the seasons as a living planet — its plants, surface winds, and sea currents responding to the energy coming from the sun.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The visualization collated data from Earth-observing satellites like the Sea-viewing Wide Field-of-view Sensor (\u003ca href=\"https://oceancolor.gsfc.nasa.gov/SeaWiFS/\">SeaWiFS\u003c/a>), which started collecting data in 1997, and the Terra, Aqua, and Suomi NPP weather satellites.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The changes over the past two decades help scientists understand how the planet is responding both locally and globally to warming trends. Warming ocean temperatures, for example, slow the growth of phytoplankton and, thus, its ability to remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. Also visible is the shrinking of the polar caps as the years go by.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Going out into space is not only for the purpose of looking outwards. It allows us to look back at our planet as a whole, follow its changes and rhythms, so that we can better learn how to coexist with it and protect its resources for generations to come.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"hr\">\n\u003chr>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Marcelo Gleiser is a theoretical physicist and writer — and a professor of natural philosophy, physics and astronomy at Dartmouth College. He is the director of the \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"http://ice.dartmouth.edu/\">Institute for Cross-Disciplinary Engagement\u003c/a>\u003cem> at Dartmouth, co-founder of 13.7 and an active promoter of science to the general public. His latest book is \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"http://marcelogleiser.com/books/the-simple-beauty-of-the-unexpected-a-natural-philosophers-quest-for-trout-and-the-meaning-of-everything\">The Simple Beauty of the Unexpected: A Natural Philosopher’s Quest for Trout and the Meaning of Everything\u003c/a>\u003cem>. You can keep up with Marcelo on \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"http://goo.gl/93dHI\">Facebook\u003c/a>\u003cem> and Twitter: \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/#!/mgleiser\">@mgleiser\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "The Sierra 'Snow Line' Seems To Be Moving Uphill — Rapidly",
"headTitle": "The Sierra ‘Snow Line’ Seems To Be Moving Uphill — Rapidly | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>If you make the winter run to Tahoe on a regular basis, it might seem like you’ve had to go farther up the hill to find snow in recent years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some scientists say it’s not your imagination.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers have been keeping their eyes on the “snow line,” the point of elevation where rain turns to snow (or vice versa) during winter storms in the northern Sierra. What they found is that warming temperatures have pushed that level uphill by 1,200-to-1,500 feet in recent years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If that sounds like a lot, even the lead author of the study was surprised when the data came in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Definitely,” says Ben Hatchett at the \u003ca href=\"https://www.dri.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Desert Research Institute\u003c/a> in Reno. “That was a lot of rise in the snow line.” Hatchett says it means more rain and less snow in the mountains overall — and the trend appears to be accelerating. “If this trend continues,” he adds, “that does not bode very well for the northern California watershed.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2017/03/30/see-how-one-years-snowpack-buried-the-california-drought/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">depends on the Sierra snowpack\u003c/a> to store about a third of the state’s water supply, holding onto it well into the spring months when it can gradually melt into downstream reservoirs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1917924\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1715px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/snowline-studymap_Water.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1917924 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/snowline-studymap_Water.png\" alt=\"The snow line study focused on the northern Sierra Nevada over a ten-year period.\" width=\"1715\" height=\"1768\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/snowline-studymap_Water.png 1715w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/snowline-studymap_Water-160x165.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/snowline-studymap_Water-800x825.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/snowline-studymap_Water-768x792.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/snowline-studymap_Water-1020x1052.png 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/snowline-studymap_Water-1180x1216.png 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/snowline-studymap_Water-960x990.png 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/snowline-studymap_Water-240x247.png 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/snowline-studymap_Water-375x387.png 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/snowline-studymap_Water-520x536.png 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/snowline-studymap_Water-32x32.png 32w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1715px) 100vw, 1715px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The snow line study focused on the norhern Sierra Nevada over a ten-year period. \u003ccite>(MDPI/Water)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The study, \u003ca href=\"http://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/9/11/899/html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">published this week\u003c/a> in the journal, \u003cem>Water\u003c/em>, used specialized snow level-sensing radar to monitor the rain-snow transition line over a ten-year period. Then the research team cross-checked the results with temperature data to estimate changes in the snow line back to the mid-20th century. What they found, says Hatchett, was that the last decade saw the biggest decrease in the proportion of precipitation falling as snow compared to any decade going back to 1951 (the earliest point examined).\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is striking,” says Roger Bales, who heads the \u003ca href=\"http://snri.ucmerced.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Sierra Nevada Research Institute\u003c/a> at UC Merced and was not on the study team. “This is a huge move uphill.” Though Bales advises caution reading too much into any analysis over a relatively short period of time, he adds that “the Sierra Nevada seems to be changing faster than predicted by the past ‘average’ climate projections.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some are more skeptical of the results. Noting the relatively short time span of the study, NASA snow hydrologist Tom Painter noted, “That’s not what one would call a trend.” Painter spends much of his time in the Sierra and above it with NASA’s \u003ca href=\"https://aso.jpl.nasa.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Airborne Snow Observatory\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1917911\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2550px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/snowlevel-annotated-crop_ESRL.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1917911 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/snowlevel-annotated-crop_ESRL.png\" alt='Graph shows the difference in snow elevation between warmer and colder storms. The Sierra has been experiencing more \"warm\" storms overall. Click image to enlarge.' width=\"2550\" height=\"1463\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/snowlevel-annotated-crop_ESRL.png 2550w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/snowlevel-annotated-crop_ESRL-160x92.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/snowlevel-annotated-crop_ESRL-800x459.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/snowlevel-annotated-crop_ESRL-768x441.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/snowlevel-annotated-crop_ESRL-1020x585.png 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/snowlevel-annotated-crop_ESRL-1920x1102.png 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/snowlevel-annotated-crop_ESRL-1180x677.png 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/snowlevel-annotated-crop_ESRL-960x551.png 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/snowlevel-annotated-crop_ESRL-240x138.png 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/snowlevel-annotated-crop_ESRL-375x215.png 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/snowlevel-annotated-crop_ESRL-520x298.png 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2550px) 100vw, 2550px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Graph shows the difference in snow elevation between warmer and colder storms. The Sierra has been experiencing more “warm” storms overall. Click image to enlarge. (NOAA Earth Systems Research Lab) \u003ccite>(WRCC)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Hatchett acknowledges that the matter needs further study, but he does see an emergent trend and attributes much of it to warmer ocean temperatures and an increase in winter storms known as “\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2017/02/21/new-research-shows-atmospheric-rivers-wreak-havoc-around-the-globe/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">atmospheric rivers\u003c/a>,” which tend to be on the warm side and hence drop rain at relatively high elevations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What we’re saying is not that all storms are getting warmer,” notes Hatchett, “but in a statistical sense, we’re having more warm storms than we are cool storms. and that’s concerning because the future is projected to have more of these strong, warm storms.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our results suggest that warmer ocean temperatures off the West Coast may be contributing to more precipitation as rain than snow in the northern Sierra,” adds Nina Oakley, regional climatologist at the \u003ca href=\"https://wrcc.dri.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Western Regional Climate Center\u003c/a> and a member of the study team.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That alone would hardly come as a shock to most climate scientists, who for years have predicted this as a symptom of the warming climate. But the pace of the transition suggested by this study is arresting. The team found that three percent more precipitation fell as rain rather than snow in each year from 2008-2017 than in the previous five-year period.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That could certainly change how we manage our water resources,” says Hatchett, “but if it’s a trend that continues, that’s certainly cause for much concern.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That concern would extend beyond the water supply to Sierra ski resorts and the entire mountain ecosystem, which had developed around the presence of snow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study was a collaboration of researchers at the WRCC and its parent Desert Research Institute, several U.S. universities and the National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration’s Earth System Research Laboratory in Boulder, Colorado.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Scientists call new study results \"striking\" and say it has big implications -- and not just for skiers.",
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"title": "The Sierra 'Snow Line' Seems To Be Moving Uphill — Rapidly | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>If you make the winter run to Tahoe on a regular basis, it might seem like you’ve had to go farther up the hill to find snow in recent years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some scientists say it’s not your imagination.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers have been keeping their eyes on the “snow line,” the point of elevation where rain turns to snow (or vice versa) during winter storms in the northern Sierra. What they found is that warming temperatures have pushed that level uphill by 1,200-to-1,500 feet in recent years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If that sounds like a lot, even the lead author of the study was surprised when the data came in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Definitely,” says Ben Hatchett at the \u003ca href=\"https://www.dri.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Desert Research Institute\u003c/a> in Reno. “That was a lot of rise in the snow line.” Hatchett says it means more rain and less snow in the mountains overall — and the trend appears to be accelerating. “If this trend continues,” he adds, “that does not bode very well for the northern California watershed.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2017/03/30/see-how-one-years-snowpack-buried-the-california-drought/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">depends on the Sierra snowpack\u003c/a> to store about a third of the state’s water supply, holding onto it well into the spring months when it can gradually melt into downstream reservoirs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1917924\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1715px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/snowline-studymap_Water.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1917924 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/snowline-studymap_Water.png\" alt=\"The snow line study focused on the northern Sierra Nevada over a ten-year period.\" width=\"1715\" height=\"1768\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/snowline-studymap_Water.png 1715w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/snowline-studymap_Water-160x165.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/snowline-studymap_Water-800x825.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/snowline-studymap_Water-768x792.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/snowline-studymap_Water-1020x1052.png 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/snowline-studymap_Water-1180x1216.png 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/snowline-studymap_Water-960x990.png 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/snowline-studymap_Water-240x247.png 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/snowline-studymap_Water-375x387.png 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/snowline-studymap_Water-520x536.png 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/snowline-studymap_Water-32x32.png 32w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1715px) 100vw, 1715px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The snow line study focused on the norhern Sierra Nevada over a ten-year period. \u003ccite>(MDPI/Water)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The study, \u003ca href=\"http://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/9/11/899/html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">published this week\u003c/a> in the journal, \u003cem>Water\u003c/em>, used specialized snow level-sensing radar to monitor the rain-snow transition line over a ten-year period. Then the research team cross-checked the results with temperature data to estimate changes in the snow line back to the mid-20th century. What they found, says Hatchett, was that the last decade saw the biggest decrease in the proportion of precipitation falling as snow compared to any decade going back to 1951 (the earliest point examined).\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is striking,” says Roger Bales, who heads the \u003ca href=\"http://snri.ucmerced.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Sierra Nevada Research Institute\u003c/a> at UC Merced and was not on the study team. “This is a huge move uphill.” Though Bales advises caution reading too much into any analysis over a relatively short period of time, he adds that “the Sierra Nevada seems to be changing faster than predicted by the past ‘average’ climate projections.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some are more skeptical of the results. Noting the relatively short time span of the study, NASA snow hydrologist Tom Painter noted, “That’s not what one would call a trend.” Painter spends much of his time in the Sierra and above it with NASA’s \u003ca href=\"https://aso.jpl.nasa.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Airborne Snow Observatory\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1917911\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2550px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/snowlevel-annotated-crop_ESRL.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1917911 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/snowlevel-annotated-crop_ESRL.png\" alt='Graph shows the difference in snow elevation between warmer and colder storms. The Sierra has been experiencing more \"warm\" storms overall. Click image to enlarge.' width=\"2550\" height=\"1463\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/snowlevel-annotated-crop_ESRL.png 2550w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/snowlevel-annotated-crop_ESRL-160x92.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/snowlevel-annotated-crop_ESRL-800x459.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/snowlevel-annotated-crop_ESRL-768x441.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/snowlevel-annotated-crop_ESRL-1020x585.png 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/snowlevel-annotated-crop_ESRL-1920x1102.png 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/snowlevel-annotated-crop_ESRL-1180x677.png 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/snowlevel-annotated-crop_ESRL-960x551.png 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/snowlevel-annotated-crop_ESRL-240x138.png 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/snowlevel-annotated-crop_ESRL-375x215.png 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/snowlevel-annotated-crop_ESRL-520x298.png 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2550px) 100vw, 2550px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Graph shows the difference in snow elevation between warmer and colder storms. The Sierra has been experiencing more “warm” storms overall. Click image to enlarge. (NOAA Earth Systems Research Lab) \u003ccite>(WRCC)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Hatchett acknowledges that the matter needs further study, but he does see an emergent trend and attributes much of it to warmer ocean temperatures and an increase in winter storms known as “\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2017/02/21/new-research-shows-atmospheric-rivers-wreak-havoc-around-the-globe/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">atmospheric rivers\u003c/a>,” which tend to be on the warm side and hence drop rain at relatively high elevations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What we’re saying is not that all storms are getting warmer,” notes Hatchett, “but in a statistical sense, we’re having more warm storms than we are cool storms. and that’s concerning because the future is projected to have more of these strong, warm storms.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our results suggest that warmer ocean temperatures off the West Coast may be contributing to more precipitation as rain than snow in the northern Sierra,” adds Nina Oakley, regional climatologist at the \u003ca href=\"https://wrcc.dri.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Western Regional Climate Center\u003c/a> and a member of the study team.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That alone would hardly come as a shock to most climate scientists, who for years have predicted this as a symptom of the warming climate. But the pace of the transition suggested by this study is arresting. The team found that three percent more precipitation fell as rain rather than snow in each year from 2008-2017 than in the previous five-year period.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That could certainly change how we manage our water resources,” says Hatchett, “but if it’s a trend that continues, that’s certainly cause for much concern.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That concern would extend beyond the water supply to Sierra ski resorts and the entire mountain ecosystem, which had developed around the presence of snow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study was a collaboration of researchers at the WRCC and its parent Desert Research Institute, several U.S. universities and the National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration’s Earth System Research Laboratory in Boulder, Colorado.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "California Leaves Another Big Footprint at U.N. Climate Talks -- But Does It Matter?",
"headTitle": "California Leaves Another Big Footprint at U.N. Climate Talks — But Does It Matter? | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Governor Jerry Brown blazed a trail through this year’s round of U.N. climate talks, just concluded in Bonn, Germany. Along the way he spoke at the Vatican, met with key players in the European Union and signed up some more subnational leaders to his \u003ca href=\"http://under2mou.org/coalition/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Under 2 Coalition\u003c/a> for climate action.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But can all this activity really help move the needle toward lower \u003ca href=\"http://www.wri.org/blog/2017/04/interactive-chart-explains-worlds-top-10-emitters-and-how-theyve-changed\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">climate emissions\u003c/a>? We put that question to \u003ca href=\"https://www.hewlett.org/people/jonathan-pershing/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Jonathan Pershing\u003c/a>, who was the chief U.S. climate negotiator under the Obama administration. He now directs \u003ca href=\"https://www.hewlett.org/programs/environment/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">environmental programs\u003c/a> at the Hewlett Foundation in Palo Alto.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1917868\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 250px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1917868\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/Jonathan-Pershing.png\" alt=\"Jonathan Pershing was the lead U.S. negotiator on the Paris climate accord.\" width=\"250\" height=\"250\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/Jonathan-Pershing.png 250w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/Jonathan-Pershing-160x160.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/Jonathan-Pershing-240x240.png 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/Jonathan-Pershing-32x32.png 32w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/Jonathan-Pershing-50x50.png 50w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/Jonathan-Pershing-64x64.png 64w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/Jonathan-Pershing-96x96.png 96w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/Jonathan-Pershing-128x128.png 128w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/Jonathan-Pershing-150x150.png 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 250px) 100vw, 250px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Jonathan Pershing was the lead U.S. negotiator on the Paris climate accord. \u003ccite>(The William & Flora Hewlett Foundation)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>KQED: First of all, where do we stand with respect to the climate agreement signed in Paris in 2015?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pershing: The last two years, countries have really moved forward. We’ve seen substantial implementation. In fact, by many we’ve seen even more aggressive implementation than required. So two key countries that we care a lot about: on the Chinese side, they’ve made some major strides [to become] the world’s largest purchaser and installer of renewable energy for electricity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a case like India’s, they’ve made a pledge to rapidly increase, not just renewable energy, but also electric vehicles. So we’re seeing enormous playing out of the commitments, and in most parts of the world, frankly with the exception of the United States, we’re seeing countries on track and seeking to be even more aggressive than their original targets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>[Ed. note: this year Syria signed on to the Paris accord, leaving the U.S. as the only nation not participating, since the Trump administration’s \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/2017/06/02/trump-just-backed-the-u-s-out-of-the-paris-climate-accord-this-is-what-were-walking-away-from/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">repudiation of the agreement\u003c/a>.]\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>KQED: The latest installment of the \u003ca href=\"http://nca2014.globalchange.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">National Climate Assessment\u003c/a> is out. Does anything jump out at you as particularly concerning? Do you think that the findings in that report up the ante at all or increases the urgency? Or what’s your take on it?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pershing: So, every time we come out with a new science assessment, it makes more clear, more explicit, the nature of the crisis — and I use the word crisis advisedly — and the urgency with which we have to act if we want to address it. This report is yet another in a very long series of convincing, compelling articulations about our understanding of the science.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There isn’t a body that looks at this issue that doesn’t have the exact same conclusion. It’s getting worse, faster. The damages are more significant. And every time we do another report, it makes those clearer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1917880\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2351px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/cdiac-ghg-emissions-major-economies.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1917880 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/cdiac-ghg-emissions-major-economies.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"2351\" height=\"1062\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/cdiac-ghg-emissions-major-economies.png 2351w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/cdiac-ghg-emissions-major-economies-160x72.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/cdiac-ghg-emissions-major-economies-800x361.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/cdiac-ghg-emissions-major-economies-768x347.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/cdiac-ghg-emissions-major-economies-1020x461.png 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/cdiac-ghg-emissions-major-economies-1920x867.png 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/cdiac-ghg-emissions-major-economies-1180x533.png 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/cdiac-ghg-emissions-major-economies-960x434.png 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/cdiac-ghg-emissions-major-economies-240x108.png 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/cdiac-ghg-emissions-major-economies-375x169.png 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/cdiac-ghg-emissions-major-economies-520x235.png 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2351px) 100vw, 2351px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Largest emitters of greenhouse gases, projected to 2020. (Click the image to enlarge). \u003ccite>(Center for Climate & Energy Solutions)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>KQED: So, let’s talk about Governor Brown, who had a “special advisor” role in Bonn. I’m not sure what significance is attached to that but he has definitely been mounting a major international effort to rally support for climate action. Do you think that he can really make a difference though, without meaningful national policy to back it up?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pershing: I don’t think by itself it’s sufficient. But I think that meaningful national policy comes out of a host of different places. It’s not as if the chief executive, the president, decides, “I’m going to change the world tomorrow and it changes.” You’ve got to build coalitions of interest. Those often come from historical preferences and efforts mounted by multiple levels of government, by civil society, by whole coalitions of common interest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So Governor Brown’s trying to do exactly that. And it’s not that he just began this last week. He’s been working in the context of trying to drive state and sub-national action for years now. And this is the next logical step in that program. It’s been given a lot more attention because the executive branch under President Trump has decided not to move. And so Governor Brown’s saying, “Wait a minute. There are those of us who feel that it is imperative that we must move and we’re going to go forward anyway.” And he’s building coalitions of like-minded players.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>KQED: And so you see this activity by Brown as being more than just symbolic?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pershing: Considerably more. He’s got enormous capacity to influence California, to work with the states that California has allied with, which represent about half the states in the nation, to really change the national dynamic…to change emissions, and to change the politics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are a couple of things that only happen at a sub-national level. A couple of examples: cities control building codes. If you want to make your buildings more efficient, it’s often the city that dictates what the minimum standard is. States control certain kinds of things like zoning. They control a lot of our transportation infrastructure. They deal with things like state taxes on gasoline. They’re the ones that can provide incentives for new companies to move in — companies like Tesla or companies like GM developing the [Chevy] Bolt. Those are things that happen often with state incentives. Those aren’t done at the federal level. Those are much more local. Those kinds of things then can be driven by an executive, at a state level, or a city level, or a county level that can drive change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So to me, Governor Brown is tapping into two things. One, the urgency and the need to act and his commitment in California to do so. And two, the fact that governments at these levels have independent authority and autonomy and need to exercise it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/GHGBreakdown_KQED.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-1917878\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/GHGBreakdown_KQED.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"615\" height=\"449\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/GHGBreakdown_KQED.png 615w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/GHGBreakdown_KQED-160x117.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/GHGBreakdown_KQED-240x175.png 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/GHGBreakdown_KQED-375x274.png 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/GHGBreakdown_KQED-520x380.png 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 615px) 100vw, 615px\">\u003c/a>KQED: The governor has claimed that the “Trump factor,” as he put it, will be a minor blip and not amount to a major setback in climate progress. Do you agree with that?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pershing: I think he’s right, although I’m not sure I would have characterized it quite the same way. If I look at this problem, the United States is responsible for less than 20% of global emissions…which means that 80% is happening elsewhere. And in the other 80%, every other country except the United States are in and are apparently meeting their commitments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So the United States, therefore, does represent a small share. And with states moving forward and making part of the difference, the difference will be even smaller. But I want to point out a problem with this, because the extension of that could lead people to believe that it doesn’t matter what the U.S. does. And I don’t think that is true. I think it matters deeply. We are a country that is noted for its innovation, for its ability — not just on the technology side — but on the policy side. I think the existence of Paris itself is in part a function of American input and aggressive work on diplomacy. And it will make a difference. We will not succeed as quickly. And if the world moves forward without the U.S., which it’s going to try to do, the U.S. is likely to lose domestically on economic grounds and on climate grounds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The world is faced with a problem it’s never dealt with before. You need the best minds working on it. And California is usually at the forefront, and I think will remain at the forefront of that discussion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>KQED has asked the governor’s office what potential reduction in carbon emissions is represented by the more than 200 members of his Under 2 Coalition. We are told they have not made that calculation.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Governor Jerry Brown blazed a trail through this year’s round of U.N. climate talks, just concluded in Bonn, Germany. Along the way he spoke at the Vatican, met with key players in the European Union and signed up some more subnational leaders to his \u003ca href=\"http://under2mou.org/coalition/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Under 2 Coalition\u003c/a> for climate action.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But can all this activity really help move the needle toward lower \u003ca href=\"http://www.wri.org/blog/2017/04/interactive-chart-explains-worlds-top-10-emitters-and-how-theyve-changed\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">climate emissions\u003c/a>? We put that question to \u003ca href=\"https://www.hewlett.org/people/jonathan-pershing/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Jonathan Pershing\u003c/a>, who was the chief U.S. climate negotiator under the Obama administration. He now directs \u003ca href=\"https://www.hewlett.org/programs/environment/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">environmental programs\u003c/a> at the Hewlett Foundation in Palo Alto.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1917868\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 250px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1917868\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/Jonathan-Pershing.png\" alt=\"Jonathan Pershing was the lead U.S. negotiator on the Paris climate accord.\" width=\"250\" height=\"250\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/Jonathan-Pershing.png 250w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/Jonathan-Pershing-160x160.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/Jonathan-Pershing-240x240.png 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/Jonathan-Pershing-32x32.png 32w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/Jonathan-Pershing-50x50.png 50w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/Jonathan-Pershing-64x64.png 64w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/Jonathan-Pershing-96x96.png 96w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/Jonathan-Pershing-128x128.png 128w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/Jonathan-Pershing-150x150.png 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 250px) 100vw, 250px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Jonathan Pershing was the lead U.S. negotiator on the Paris climate accord. \u003ccite>(The William & Flora Hewlett Foundation)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>KQED: First of all, where do we stand with respect to the climate agreement signed in Paris in 2015?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pershing: The last two years, countries have really moved forward. We’ve seen substantial implementation. In fact, by many we’ve seen even more aggressive implementation than required. So two key countries that we care a lot about: on the Chinese side, they’ve made some major strides [to become] the world’s largest purchaser and installer of renewable energy for electricity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a case like India’s, they’ve made a pledge to rapidly increase, not just renewable energy, but also electric vehicles. So we’re seeing enormous playing out of the commitments, and in most parts of the world, frankly with the exception of the United States, we’re seeing countries on track and seeking to be even more aggressive than their original targets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>[Ed. note: this year Syria signed on to the Paris accord, leaving the U.S. as the only nation not participating, since the Trump administration’s \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/2017/06/02/trump-just-backed-the-u-s-out-of-the-paris-climate-accord-this-is-what-were-walking-away-from/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">repudiation of the agreement\u003c/a>.]\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>KQED: The latest installment of the \u003ca href=\"http://nca2014.globalchange.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">National Climate Assessment\u003c/a> is out. Does anything jump out at you as particularly concerning? Do you think that the findings in that report up the ante at all or increases the urgency? Or what’s your take on it?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pershing: So, every time we come out with a new science assessment, it makes more clear, more explicit, the nature of the crisis — and I use the word crisis advisedly — and the urgency with which we have to act if we want to address it. This report is yet another in a very long series of convincing, compelling articulations about our understanding of the science.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There isn’t a body that looks at this issue that doesn’t have the exact same conclusion. It’s getting worse, faster. The damages are more significant. And every time we do another report, it makes those clearer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1917880\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2351px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/cdiac-ghg-emissions-major-economies.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1917880 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/cdiac-ghg-emissions-major-economies.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"2351\" height=\"1062\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/cdiac-ghg-emissions-major-economies.png 2351w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/cdiac-ghg-emissions-major-economies-160x72.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/cdiac-ghg-emissions-major-economies-800x361.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/cdiac-ghg-emissions-major-economies-768x347.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/cdiac-ghg-emissions-major-economies-1020x461.png 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/cdiac-ghg-emissions-major-economies-1920x867.png 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/cdiac-ghg-emissions-major-economies-1180x533.png 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/cdiac-ghg-emissions-major-economies-960x434.png 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/cdiac-ghg-emissions-major-economies-240x108.png 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/cdiac-ghg-emissions-major-economies-375x169.png 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/cdiac-ghg-emissions-major-economies-520x235.png 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2351px) 100vw, 2351px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Largest emitters of greenhouse gases, projected to 2020. (Click the image to enlarge). \u003ccite>(Center for Climate & Energy Solutions)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>KQED: So, let’s talk about Governor Brown, who had a “special advisor” role in Bonn. I’m not sure what significance is attached to that but he has definitely been mounting a major international effort to rally support for climate action. Do you think that he can really make a difference though, without meaningful national policy to back it up?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pershing: I don’t think by itself it’s sufficient. But I think that meaningful national policy comes out of a host of different places. It’s not as if the chief executive, the president, decides, “I’m going to change the world tomorrow and it changes.” You’ve got to build coalitions of interest. Those often come from historical preferences and efforts mounted by multiple levels of government, by civil society, by whole coalitions of common interest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So Governor Brown’s trying to do exactly that. And it’s not that he just began this last week. He’s been working in the context of trying to drive state and sub-national action for years now. And this is the next logical step in that program. It’s been given a lot more attention because the executive branch under President Trump has decided not to move. And so Governor Brown’s saying, “Wait a minute. There are those of us who feel that it is imperative that we must move and we’re going to go forward anyway.” And he’s building coalitions of like-minded players.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>KQED: And so you see this activity by Brown as being more than just symbolic?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pershing: Considerably more. He’s got enormous capacity to influence California, to work with the states that California has allied with, which represent about half the states in the nation, to really change the national dynamic…to change emissions, and to change the politics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are a couple of things that only happen at a sub-national level. A couple of examples: cities control building codes. If you want to make your buildings more efficient, it’s often the city that dictates what the minimum standard is. States control certain kinds of things like zoning. They control a lot of our transportation infrastructure. They deal with things like state taxes on gasoline. They’re the ones that can provide incentives for new companies to move in — companies like Tesla or companies like GM developing the [Chevy] Bolt. Those are things that happen often with state incentives. Those aren’t done at the federal level. Those are much more local. Those kinds of things then can be driven by an executive, at a state level, or a city level, or a county level that can drive change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So to me, Governor Brown is tapping into two things. One, the urgency and the need to act and his commitment in California to do so. And two, the fact that governments at these levels have independent authority and autonomy and need to exercise it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/GHGBreakdown_KQED.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-1917878\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/GHGBreakdown_KQED.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"615\" height=\"449\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/GHGBreakdown_KQED.png 615w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/GHGBreakdown_KQED-160x117.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/GHGBreakdown_KQED-240x175.png 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/GHGBreakdown_KQED-375x274.png 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/GHGBreakdown_KQED-520x380.png 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 615px) 100vw, 615px\">\u003c/a>KQED: The governor has claimed that the “Trump factor,” as he put it, will be a minor blip and not amount to a major setback in climate progress. Do you agree with that?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pershing: I think he’s right, although I’m not sure I would have characterized it quite the same way. If I look at this problem, the United States is responsible for less than 20% of global emissions…which means that 80% is happening elsewhere. And in the other 80%, every other country except the United States are in and are apparently meeting their commitments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So the United States, therefore, does represent a small share. And with states moving forward and making part of the difference, the difference will be even smaller. But I want to point out a problem with this, because the extension of that could lead people to believe that it doesn’t matter what the U.S. does. And I don’t think that is true. I think it matters deeply. We are a country that is noted for its innovation, for its ability — not just on the technology side — but on the policy side. I think the existence of Paris itself is in part a function of American input and aggressive work on diplomacy. And it will make a difference. We will not succeed as quickly. And if the world moves forward without the U.S., which it’s going to try to do, the U.S. is likely to lose domestically on economic grounds and on climate grounds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The world is faced with a problem it’s never dealt with before. You need the best minds working on it. And California is usually at the forefront, and I think will remain at the forefront of that discussion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>KQED has asked the governor’s office what potential reduction in carbon emissions is represented by the more than 200 members of his Under 2 Coalition. We are told they have not made that calculation.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>After months of study, ten carefully-picked design teams are unveiling their first ideas for giving the Bay Area a makeover to cope with rising sea levels. It’s the latest phase of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.resilientbayarea.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Resilient by Design\u003c/a> challenge, which aims for nothing less than the remaking of waterfront communities with forward-looking design.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s been lots of study but [now] there’s urgency and it’s time to act,” says Marcel Wilson, who represents the San Francisco-based “Bionic” design team (named for the San Francisco design firm). “It’s time for invention.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Much of the invention on display this week involves reconnecting communities to the Bay, after being cut off by freeways, airports, and other infrastructure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[youtube https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iQUbrd_NgYU]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>The Bionic team identified San Rafael in Marin County as one of the areas under the most immediate threat from rising waters. This video, produced by the team, illustrates the “disconnection” between residents and the Bay.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘Run into the flood, not away from it. That’s the future.’\u003ccite>Marcel Wilson, Bionic\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“Many of the wrong relationships with the Bay were set up long ago. This is the era to remake the Bay and correct those — reorganize cities so life and culture is more a part of the estuary.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That would literally be the case if some of the teams’ proposals come to fruition. Rather than retreating from the Bay’s rising waters (let’s face it, where would it all go?), several visions call for floating — if not entire cities — at least parts of them on artificial islands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1917838\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2000px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1917838 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/RBD_SBayLiving.jpg\" alt=\"A poster from the BIG+ONE+Sherwood design team envisions a new type of waterfront living: floating homes and offices.\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1398\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/RBD_SBayLiving.jpg 2000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/RBD_SBayLiving-160x112.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/RBD_SBayLiving-800x559.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/RBD_SBayLiving-768x537.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/RBD_SBayLiving-1020x713.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/RBD_SBayLiving-1920x1342.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/RBD_SBayLiving-1180x825.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/RBD_SBayLiving-960x671.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/RBD_SBayLiving-240x168.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/RBD_SBayLiving-375x262.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/RBD_SBayLiving-520x363.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2000px) 100vw, 2000px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A poster from one of the Resilient by Design teams envisions a new type of waterfront living: floating homes and offices. \u003ccite>(Resilient by Design)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“Run into the flood, not away from it,” advises Wilson. “It’s not wet and dry, it’s more about a zone between the Bay and upland, and designing and thinking about adapting and living with water, versus thinking about them separate — that’s the future.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Richard Kennedy agrees. His Field Operations team wants to create an “absorptive mosaic” around the Bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Such lofty (and costly) ambitions are encouraged by the projects’ organizers. \u003ca href=\"https://www.dutchwatersector.com/news-events/news/13423-henk-ovink-appointed-first-international-water-envoy-for-the-kingdom-of-the-netherlands.html\">Henk Ovink\u003c/a>, a Dutch planning guru and advisor to the challenge, told the assembled teams, “You are not here for the low-hanging fruit. You are here for the high-hanging fruit.” In other words, wherever your imaginations take you, go for it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some were taken into the mud, literally. The team dubbed “Public Sediment” chose to focus on \u003ca href=\"https://vimeo.com/242776157/83bbd46e9f\">leveraging wetlands\u003c/a> as natural sponges to absorb encroaching waters, though team member Gena Wirth from New York cautioned that there is “no silver-bullet solution” to coping with seas that could rise a foot or more by 2050, driven by global warming. The extent of encroachment in San Francisco Bay will vary, depending on location and topography.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s enormous risk and threat, and the level of awareness is very low.” says Wilson. So his team has printed up “floodline” stickers, which they’re handing out to people with instructions to place them anywhere that’s about nine inches above ground, indicating the anticipated bay level about a decade from now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think a lot of people are left with the feeling of, ‘Where do you start?'” With stickers, evidently.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The project’s advisory board will spend a few weeks studying the proposals and then pair up teams with communities around the Bay to start discussing implementation and funding. Financing will be a hurdle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We can’t think of these places in isolation,” says Wilson. “Our economies, our ecologies are interconnected. So, this is something for the region to understand and the region to fund.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All of the \u003ca href=\"http://neighborland.com/resilientbay\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">team videos\u003c/a> and other visuals are available on the RBD website, where organizers are encouraging public comment through December 1 on the 32 “design opportunities” presented by the teams.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That would literally be the case if some of the teams’ proposals come to fruition. Rather than retreating from the Bay’s rising waters (let’s face it, where would it all go?), several visions call for floating — if not entire cities — at least parts of them on artificial islands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1917838\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2000px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1917838 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/RBD_SBayLiving.jpg\" alt=\"A poster from the BIG+ONE+Sherwood design team envisions a new type of waterfront living: floating homes and offices.\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1398\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/RBD_SBayLiving.jpg 2000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/RBD_SBayLiving-160x112.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/RBD_SBayLiving-800x559.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/RBD_SBayLiving-768x537.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/RBD_SBayLiving-1020x713.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/RBD_SBayLiving-1920x1342.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/RBD_SBayLiving-1180x825.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/RBD_SBayLiving-960x671.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/RBD_SBayLiving-240x168.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/RBD_SBayLiving-375x262.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/RBD_SBayLiving-520x363.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2000px) 100vw, 2000px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A poster from one of the Resilient by Design teams envisions a new type of waterfront living: floating homes and offices. \u003ccite>(Resilient by Design)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“Run into the flood, not away from it,” advises Wilson. “It’s not wet and dry, it’s more about a zone between the Bay and upland, and designing and thinking about adapting and living with water, versus thinking about them separate — that’s the future.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Richard Kennedy agrees. His Field Operations team wants to create an “absorptive mosaic” around the Bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Such lofty (and costly) ambitions are encouraged by the projects’ organizers. \u003ca href=\"https://www.dutchwatersector.com/news-events/news/13423-henk-ovink-appointed-first-international-water-envoy-for-the-kingdom-of-the-netherlands.html\">Henk Ovink\u003c/a>, a Dutch planning guru and advisor to the challenge, told the assembled teams, “You are not here for the low-hanging fruit. You are here for the high-hanging fruit.” In other words, wherever your imaginations take you, go for it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some were taken into the mud, literally. The team dubbed “Public Sediment” chose to focus on \u003ca href=\"https://vimeo.com/242776157/83bbd46e9f\">leveraging wetlands\u003c/a> as natural sponges to absorb encroaching waters, though team member Gena Wirth from New York cautioned that there is “no silver-bullet solution” to coping with seas that could rise a foot or more by 2050, driven by global warming. The extent of encroachment in San Francisco Bay will vary, depending on location and topography.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s enormous risk and threat, and the level of awareness is very low.” says Wilson. So his team has printed up “floodline” stickers, which they’re handing out to people with instructions to place them anywhere that’s about nine inches above ground, indicating the anticipated bay level about a decade from now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think a lot of people are left with the feeling of, ‘Where do you start?'” With stickers, evidently.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The project’s advisory board will spend a few weeks studying the proposals and then pair up teams with communities around the Bay to start discussing implementation and funding. Financing will be a hurdle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We can’t think of these places in isolation,” says Wilson. “Our economies, our ecologies are interconnected. So, this is something for the region to understand and the region to fund.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All of the \u003ca href=\"http://neighborland.com/resilientbay\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">team videos\u003c/a> and other visuals are available on the RBD website, where organizers are encouraging public comment through December 1 on the 32 “design opportunities” presented by the teams.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>[dl_subscribe]Mike Maxwell recently finished a ninth season studying the love life of the praying mantises that live around Bishop, a town in California’s Eastern Sierra.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over that time, he’s seen some unsettlingly strange behaviors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s pretty common knowledge that female mantises sometimes eat males during or after mating — a habit that biologists call “sexual cannibalism.” But among the bordered mantises that Maxwell researches, it gets weirder than that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As it turns out, when a male mantis loses his head, it doesn’t mean he loses the urge to procreate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You read that right. Not only can some male bordered mantises continue mating even while being attacked by their female counterparts, some males are able to mount a female and initiate mating even after getting their heads completely bitten off.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a really weird, strange behavior,” said Maxwell, “So what’s going on? Why do they do it?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1917713\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/DL420-Mantis-headless-horseman.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-1917713\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/DL420-Mantis-headless-horseman-1020x574.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/DL420-Mantis-headless-horseman-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/DL420-Mantis-headless-horseman-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/DL420-Mantis-headless-horseman-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/DL420-Mantis-headless-horseman-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/DL420-Mantis-headless-horseman-1920x1080.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/DL420-Mantis-headless-horseman-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/DL420-Mantis-headless-horseman-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/DL420-Mantis-headless-horseman-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/DL420-Mantis-headless-horseman-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/DL420-Mantis-headless-horseman-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">He can’t rely on his eyes, but as long as this headless male mantis is close enough to use his sense of touch to find female, there’s nothing stopping him from giving it a go. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Both male and female mantises are ambush hunters. They typically rely on their camouflage to hide, and then they grab prey with their lightning-fast, spiky forelimbs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And once they have a firm grip on their dinner, they use their powerful mandibles to munch away.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1917718\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/DL420-Mantis-green-female-forelimbs.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-1917718\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/DL420-Mantis-green-female-forelimbs-1020x574.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/DL420-Mantis-green-female-forelimbs-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/DL420-Mantis-green-female-forelimbs-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/DL420-Mantis-green-female-forelimbs-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/DL420-Mantis-green-female-forelimbs-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/DL420-Mantis-green-female-forelimbs-1920x1080.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/DL420-Mantis-green-female-forelimbs-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/DL420-Mantis-green-female-forelimbs-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/DL420-Mantis-green-female-forelimbs-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/DL420-Mantis-green-female-forelimbs-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/DL420-Mantis-green-female-forelimbs-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mantises use their raptorial forelimbs to catch and hold prey. The forelimbs are lined with sharp spikes that keep prey from slipping. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Biting the head off of their prey is a favorite technique for hungry mantises. So when female mantises decide to eat an approaching male mantis, they tend to use a similar technique.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Maxwell observed that in about a quarter of the encounters where a male approaches a female, he gets eaten. The most dangerous times for him are when he’s approaching the female and during the mating act itself. When they are done, if they survive, the males simply fall off the females or fly away.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You’d think that getting partially devoured would be a turnoff for a male mantis, but it’s not. About half of the males that are killed while attempting to mate are decapitated, but continue on to finish the job without their heads. Maxwell unofficially refers to these males as “headless horsemen.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As a professor of biology at National University in La Jolla, California, Maxwell studies the underlying factors that cause these animals to behave the way they do. And one of them is: Cannibalism in nature is more common than people think.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1917720\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/DL420-Mantis-BishopCA-vista.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-1917720\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/DL420-Mantis-BishopCA-vista-1020x574.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/DL420-Mantis-BishopCA-vista-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/DL420-Mantis-BishopCA-vista-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/DL420-Mantis-BishopCA-vista-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/DL420-Mantis-BishopCA-vista-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/DL420-Mantis-BishopCA-vista-1920x1080.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/DL420-Mantis-BishopCA-vista-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/DL420-Mantis-BishopCA-vista-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/DL420-Mantis-BishopCA-vista-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/DL420-Mantis-BishopCA-vista-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/DL420-Mantis-BishopCA-vista-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Maxwell studies a population of bordered mantises that dwell in the Owens Valley, an arid region southwest of Yosemite National Park. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“But usually it’s not in a sexual context,” said Maxwell. “A lot of animals in general, like sharks and salamanders, will eat their own siblings or neighbors. It usually has to do with competition for resources.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But cannibalism that occurs during mating is much rarer. According to Maxwell, only a few groups of animals, including mantises, spiders and possibly scorpions, eat each other at some point during mating.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1917721\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/DL420-Mantis-male-and-female-2.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-1917721\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/DL420-Mantis-male-and-female-2-1020x574.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/DL420-Mantis-male-and-female-2-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/DL420-Mantis-male-and-female-2-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/DL420-Mantis-male-and-female-2-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/DL420-Mantis-male-and-female-2-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/DL420-Mantis-male-and-female-2-1920x1080.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/DL420-Mantis-male-and-female-2-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/DL420-Mantis-male-and-female-2-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/DL420-Mantis-male-and-female-2-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/DL420-Mantis-male-and-female-2-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/DL420-Mantis-male-and-female-2-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The female bordered mantis on the left is about four to 10 times heavier and much more powerful than the male on the right. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Sexual cannibalism typically only occurs in animals that are predators, because they have the equipment and predatory drive necessary to kill a potential mate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s also much more common when one of the sexes is significantly larger than the other. For mantises, the females tend to be bigger and much stronger.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From an evolutionary standpoint, being eaten by your mate isn’t always a bad thing. For one thing, the mother of your offspring will be more well-fed and may therefore lay more and healthier eggs. And female mantises lay about 100 eggs in a single batch, so the father is replaced many times over.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1917723\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/DL420-Mantis-female-eating-male.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-1917723\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/DL420-Mantis-female-eating-male-1020x574.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/DL420-Mantis-female-eating-male-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/DL420-Mantis-female-eating-male-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/DL420-Mantis-female-eating-male-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/DL420-Mantis-female-eating-male-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/DL420-Mantis-female-eating-male-1920x1080.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/DL420-Mantis-female-eating-male-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/DL420-Mantis-female-eating-male-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/DL420-Mantis-female-eating-male-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/DL420-Mantis-female-eating-male-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/DL420-Mantis-female-eating-male-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A female bordered mantis consumes a male mantis without mating with him. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>According to Maxwell, aside from cannibalizing their sexual partners, about a third of border mantis females also mate with multiple males throughout the breeding season.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The research has left Maxwell with questions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“From the female’s perspective,” he wondered, “what would drive them to mate with multiple males in the first place?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One possibility, he refers to as “the lottery idea.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Maxwell thinks that by mating with multiple males, females may be able to create more genetic diversity among their offspring. That can be a good way for females to hedge their bets in an uncertain environment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Who knows what it will be like a year from now when her babies hatch?” Maxwell said. “At least some of the offspring might be able to thrive in the new environment better than their siblings.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A big key to understanding the mantis mating strategy would be to find out which males are actually fathering the female’s eggs when she mates with more than one male.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To find out, Maxwell captured mantises during the mating season and set up controlled matings in which he could track which mantises mated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1917724\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/DL420-Mantis-ootheca-egg-case-wide.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-1917724\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/DL420-Mantis-ootheca-egg-case-wide-1020x574.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/DL420-Mantis-ootheca-egg-case-wide-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/DL420-Mantis-ootheca-egg-case-wide-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/DL420-Mantis-ootheca-egg-case-wide-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/DL420-Mantis-ootheca-egg-case-wide-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/DL420-Mantis-ootheca-egg-case-wide-1920x1080.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/DL420-Mantis-ootheca-egg-case-wide-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/DL420-Mantis-ootheca-egg-case-wide-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/DL420-Mantis-ootheca-egg-case-wide-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/DL420-Mantis-ootheca-egg-case-wide-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/DL420-Mantis-ootheca-egg-case-wide-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Female bordered mantises lay about 100 eggs inside a stiff foamy protective case called an ootheca. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>About two weeks after mating, females lay their eggs in a rigid, foamy structure called an ootheca. The eggs overwinter inside the ootheca and hatch in the spring.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Maxwell collected the eggs that resulted from theses supervised matings and plans to study the genetics back in San Diego to figure out which males fathered the most eggs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If it turns out that the eggs were fathered by both males, it could mean that female mantises mate with multiple males simply to get enough sperm to fertilize all of her eggs or to ensure variation in her offspring.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If Maxwell finds that most of the eggs were fertilized by the first male, that might reveal that female mantises might mate with multiple males for another reason. One possibility is that they continue to attract multiple males in order to have additional opportunities to get extra nutrition by cannibalizing the later males.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I don’t really know why they mate with multiple males,” said Maxwell. “Right now I’m in the exploratory stage. We’ll see what studying their genetics reveals about why these mantises do what they do.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "These pocket-sized predators are formidable hunters. But when it comes to hooking up, male mantises have good reason to fear commitment. ",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>Mike Maxwell recently finished a ninth season studying the love life of the praying mantises that live around Bishop, a town in California’s Eastern Sierra.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over that time, he’s seen some unsettlingly strange behaviors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s pretty common knowledge that female mantises sometimes eat males during or after mating — a habit that biologists call “sexual cannibalism.” But among the bordered mantises that Maxwell researches, it gets weirder than that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As it turns out, when a male mantis loses his head, it doesn’t mean he loses the urge to procreate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You read that right. Not only can some male bordered mantises continue mating even while being attacked by their female counterparts, some males are able to mount a female and initiate mating even after getting their heads completely bitten off.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a really weird, strange behavior,” said Maxwell, “So what’s going on? Why do they do it?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1917713\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/DL420-Mantis-headless-horseman.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-1917713\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/DL420-Mantis-headless-horseman-1020x574.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/DL420-Mantis-headless-horseman-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/DL420-Mantis-headless-horseman-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/DL420-Mantis-headless-horseman-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/DL420-Mantis-headless-horseman-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/DL420-Mantis-headless-horseman-1920x1080.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/DL420-Mantis-headless-horseman-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/DL420-Mantis-headless-horseman-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/DL420-Mantis-headless-horseman-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/DL420-Mantis-headless-horseman-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/DL420-Mantis-headless-horseman-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">He can’t rely on his eyes, but as long as this headless male mantis is close enough to use his sense of touch to find female, there’s nothing stopping him from giving it a go. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Both male and female mantises are ambush hunters. They typically rely on their camouflage to hide, and then they grab prey with their lightning-fast, spiky forelimbs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And once they have a firm grip on their dinner, they use their powerful mandibles to munch away.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1917718\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/DL420-Mantis-green-female-forelimbs.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-1917718\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/DL420-Mantis-green-female-forelimbs-1020x574.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/DL420-Mantis-green-female-forelimbs-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/DL420-Mantis-green-female-forelimbs-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/DL420-Mantis-green-female-forelimbs-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/DL420-Mantis-green-female-forelimbs-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/DL420-Mantis-green-female-forelimbs-1920x1080.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/DL420-Mantis-green-female-forelimbs-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/DL420-Mantis-green-female-forelimbs-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/DL420-Mantis-green-female-forelimbs-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/DL420-Mantis-green-female-forelimbs-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/DL420-Mantis-green-female-forelimbs-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mantises use their raptorial forelimbs to catch and hold prey. The forelimbs are lined with sharp spikes that keep prey from slipping. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Biting the head off of their prey is a favorite technique for hungry mantises. So when female mantises decide to eat an approaching male mantis, they tend to use a similar technique.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Maxwell observed that in about a quarter of the encounters where a male approaches a female, he gets eaten. The most dangerous times for him are when he’s approaching the female and during the mating act itself. When they are done, if they survive, the males simply fall off the females or fly away.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You’d think that getting partially devoured would be a turnoff for a male mantis, but it’s not. About half of the males that are killed while attempting to mate are decapitated, but continue on to finish the job without their heads. Maxwell unofficially refers to these males as “headless horsemen.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As a professor of biology at National University in La Jolla, California, Maxwell studies the underlying factors that cause these animals to behave the way they do. And one of them is: Cannibalism in nature is more common than people think.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1917720\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/DL420-Mantis-BishopCA-vista.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-1917720\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/DL420-Mantis-BishopCA-vista-1020x574.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/DL420-Mantis-BishopCA-vista-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/DL420-Mantis-BishopCA-vista-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/DL420-Mantis-BishopCA-vista-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/DL420-Mantis-BishopCA-vista-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/DL420-Mantis-BishopCA-vista-1920x1080.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/DL420-Mantis-BishopCA-vista-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/DL420-Mantis-BishopCA-vista-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/DL420-Mantis-BishopCA-vista-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/DL420-Mantis-BishopCA-vista-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/DL420-Mantis-BishopCA-vista-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Maxwell studies a population of bordered mantises that dwell in the Owens Valley, an arid region southwest of Yosemite National Park. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“But usually it’s not in a sexual context,” said Maxwell. “A lot of animals in general, like sharks and salamanders, will eat their own siblings or neighbors. It usually has to do with competition for resources.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But cannibalism that occurs during mating is much rarer. According to Maxwell, only a few groups of animals, including mantises, spiders and possibly scorpions, eat each other at some point during mating.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1917721\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/DL420-Mantis-male-and-female-2.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-1917721\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/DL420-Mantis-male-and-female-2-1020x574.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/DL420-Mantis-male-and-female-2-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/DL420-Mantis-male-and-female-2-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/DL420-Mantis-male-and-female-2-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/DL420-Mantis-male-and-female-2-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/DL420-Mantis-male-and-female-2-1920x1080.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/DL420-Mantis-male-and-female-2-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/DL420-Mantis-male-and-female-2-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/DL420-Mantis-male-and-female-2-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/DL420-Mantis-male-and-female-2-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/DL420-Mantis-male-and-female-2-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The female bordered mantis on the left is about four to 10 times heavier and much more powerful than the male on the right. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Sexual cannibalism typically only occurs in animals that are predators, because they have the equipment and predatory drive necessary to kill a potential mate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s also much more common when one of the sexes is significantly larger than the other. For mantises, the females tend to be bigger and much stronger.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From an evolutionary standpoint, being eaten by your mate isn’t always a bad thing. For one thing, the mother of your offspring will be more well-fed and may therefore lay more and healthier eggs. And female mantises lay about 100 eggs in a single batch, so the father is replaced many times over.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1917723\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/DL420-Mantis-female-eating-male.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-1917723\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/DL420-Mantis-female-eating-male-1020x574.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/DL420-Mantis-female-eating-male-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/DL420-Mantis-female-eating-male-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/DL420-Mantis-female-eating-male-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/DL420-Mantis-female-eating-male-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/DL420-Mantis-female-eating-male-1920x1080.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/DL420-Mantis-female-eating-male-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/DL420-Mantis-female-eating-male-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/DL420-Mantis-female-eating-male-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/DL420-Mantis-female-eating-male-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/DL420-Mantis-female-eating-male-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A female bordered mantis consumes a male mantis without mating with him. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>According to Maxwell, aside from cannibalizing their sexual partners, about a third of border mantis females also mate with multiple males throughout the breeding season.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The research has left Maxwell with questions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“From the female’s perspective,” he wondered, “what would drive them to mate with multiple males in the first place?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One possibility, he refers to as “the lottery idea.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Maxwell thinks that by mating with multiple males, females may be able to create more genetic diversity among their offspring. That can be a good way for females to hedge their bets in an uncertain environment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Who knows what it will be like a year from now when her babies hatch?” Maxwell said. “At least some of the offspring might be able to thrive in the new environment better than their siblings.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A big key to understanding the mantis mating strategy would be to find out which males are actually fathering the female’s eggs when she mates with more than one male.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To find out, Maxwell captured mantises during the mating season and set up controlled matings in which he could track which mantises mated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1917724\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/DL420-Mantis-ootheca-egg-case-wide.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-1917724\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/DL420-Mantis-ootheca-egg-case-wide-1020x574.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/DL420-Mantis-ootheca-egg-case-wide-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/DL420-Mantis-ootheca-egg-case-wide-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/DL420-Mantis-ootheca-egg-case-wide-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/DL420-Mantis-ootheca-egg-case-wide-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/DL420-Mantis-ootheca-egg-case-wide-1920x1080.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/DL420-Mantis-ootheca-egg-case-wide-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/DL420-Mantis-ootheca-egg-case-wide-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/DL420-Mantis-ootheca-egg-case-wide-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/DL420-Mantis-ootheca-egg-case-wide-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/DL420-Mantis-ootheca-egg-case-wide-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Female bordered mantises lay about 100 eggs inside a stiff foamy protective case called an ootheca. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>About two weeks after mating, females lay their eggs in a rigid, foamy structure called an ootheca. The eggs overwinter inside the ootheca and hatch in the spring.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Maxwell collected the eggs that resulted from theses supervised matings and plans to study the genetics back in San Diego to figure out which males fathered the most eggs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If it turns out that the eggs were fathered by both males, it could mean that female mantises mate with multiple males simply to get enough sperm to fertilize all of her eggs or to ensure variation in her offspring.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If Maxwell finds that most of the eggs were fertilized by the first male, that might reveal that female mantises might mate with multiple males for another reason. One possibility is that they continue to attract multiple males in order to have additional opportunities to get extra nutrition by cannibalizing the later males.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I don’t really know why they mate with multiple males,” said Maxwell. “Right now I’m in the exploratory stage. We’ll see what studying their genetics reveals about why these mantises do what they do.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Should PG&E Shut Off Power During Windstorms to Prevent Fires?",
"headTitle": "Should PG&E Shut Off Power During Windstorms to Prevent Fires? | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Investigators are still sorting out what caused the North Bay fires, but \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2017/10/31/pge-reports-electric-safety-incidents-at-time-of-north-bay-fires/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">downed power lines\u003c/a> are certainly one of the possible culprits. That has some asking why Pacific Gas & Electric didn’t turn off the power grid ahead of time, as the extreme, warm winds started picking up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Turns out, that’s something one California utility already routinely does.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In late October, a red flag warning was issued in San Diego, as the Santa Ana winds began descending. San Diego Gas & Electric (SDG&E) tracked it closely with their network of 170 weather stations mounted on power poles.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘It’s certainly possible [to shut down power] with adequate communications.”\u003cbr>\n\u003ccite>Rob Manning, Electric Power Research Institute\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>“\u003c/strong>You start seeing some of these gusts come through some of the backcountry areas that can threaten the integrity of our system,” says Allison Torres, spokesperson for SDG&E.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>High winds have caused major fires in San Diego before. In 2007, the Witch, Guejito and Rice fires burned hundreds of homes. Investigators ruled that power lines were at fault and SDG&E hadn’t adequately maintained its facilities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So in October, SDG&E shut down the power grid preemptively in the Descanso area due to high winds, high temperatures and low humidity, affecting about 87 customers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If something were to come in contact with the lines, there’s no energy flowing through them that might cause an ignition,” says Torres.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>SDG&E says the customers were alerted with automated calls warning them about the outrage. Households with medical devices received more direct outreach.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We reach out personally to make sure we make contact and they’ve made arrangements or have a backup plan,” says Torres.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Power outages are never popular, but Torres says the utility usually receives only a handful of complaints.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1917649\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1917649\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/pge-tubbs-web2-800x578.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"578\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/pge-tubbs-web2-800x578.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/pge-tubbs-web2-160x116.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/pge-tubbs-web2-768x555.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/pge-tubbs-web2-1020x737.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/pge-tubbs-web2-1180x853.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/pge-tubbs-web2-960x694.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/pge-tubbs-web2-240x173.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/pge-tubbs-web2-375x271.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/pge-tubbs-web2-520x376.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/pge-tubbs-web2.jpg 1273w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">PG&E works to restore power in Santa Rosa after the Tubbs Fire. \u003ccite>(Adam Grossberg/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“Nobody wants to see a fire affecting their community,” she says, “so if this is going to give public safety a priority then people are pretty onboard.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since 2013, the utility has preemptively turn off the power 16 times, affect 1,000 customers in all.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>PG&E doesn’t have a policy to proactively turn off power lines during a warm windstorm, and says doing so could pose safety risks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These actions affect first responders and the operation of critical facilities such as hospitals, schools, water pumps and other essential services needed in response to any emergency, and especially in response to wildfires,” the company said in a statement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>PG&E says it’s in compliance with current fire regulations from the California Public Utilities Commission and will comply with any future changes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Proactively powering down is something that’s more common in hurricane-prone areas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Relatively routinely, the barrier islands around the coastal areas will power down as a hurricane comes through,” says Rob Manning, Vice President of Transmission and Distribution at the \u003ca href=\"https://www.epri.com/#/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Electric Power Research Institute\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”eMRvsE8BxgkuoxrbPYVMeWDQcnGiYpWr”]Manning says it’s a complex decision that requires adequate pre-planning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’ve been involved with a couple of these,” he says, “and when you have a really robust and effective communications process, people generally agree.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So far, SDG&E has not shut off power systems that include hospitals or schools.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s certainly possible with adequate communications,” he says, “particularly if sensitive areas have backup generation capabilities.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Powering down can also help avoid damage during a storm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Damage that occurs from an energized system that is in contact with the ground is more severe than a de-energized system,” says Manning. “It does help when you recover a system not to have to deal with the effects of additional damage.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cal Fire says during a fire, crews generally treat all power lines as if they are live and are continually in contact with utilities about areas that need powering down.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A Cal Fire spokesman wouldn’t comment on whether proactively powering down the grid would have helped during the north Bay Area fires, because of the ongoing investigation.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "A Southern California utility routinely powers down sections of the grid during extreme winds.",
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"headline": "Should PG&E Shut Off Power During Windstorms to Prevent Fires?",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Investigators are still sorting out what caused the North Bay fires, but \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2017/10/31/pge-reports-electric-safety-incidents-at-time-of-north-bay-fires/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">downed power lines\u003c/a> are certainly one of the possible culprits. That has some asking why Pacific Gas & Electric didn’t turn off the power grid ahead of time, as the extreme, warm winds started picking up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Turns out, that’s something one California utility already routinely does.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In late October, a red flag warning was issued in San Diego, as the Santa Ana winds began descending. San Diego Gas & Electric (SDG&E) tracked it closely with their network of 170 weather stations mounted on power poles.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘It’s certainly possible [to shut down power] with adequate communications.”\u003cbr>\n\u003ccite>Rob Manning, Electric Power Research Institute\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>“\u003c/strong>You start seeing some of these gusts come through some of the backcountry areas that can threaten the integrity of our system,” says Allison Torres, spokesperson for SDG&E.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>High winds have caused major fires in San Diego before. In 2007, the Witch, Guejito and Rice fires burned hundreds of homes. Investigators ruled that power lines were at fault and SDG&E hadn’t adequately maintained its facilities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So in October, SDG&E shut down the power grid preemptively in the Descanso area due to high winds, high temperatures and low humidity, affecting about 87 customers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If something were to come in contact with the lines, there’s no energy flowing through them that might cause an ignition,” says Torres.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>SDG&E says the customers were alerted with automated calls warning them about the outrage. Households with medical devices received more direct outreach.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We reach out personally to make sure we make contact and they’ve made arrangements or have a backup plan,” says Torres.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Power outages are never popular, but Torres says the utility usually receives only a handful of complaints.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1917649\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1917649\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/pge-tubbs-web2-800x578.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"578\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/pge-tubbs-web2-800x578.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/pge-tubbs-web2-160x116.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/pge-tubbs-web2-768x555.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/pge-tubbs-web2-1020x737.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/pge-tubbs-web2-1180x853.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/pge-tubbs-web2-960x694.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/pge-tubbs-web2-240x173.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/pge-tubbs-web2-375x271.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/pge-tubbs-web2-520x376.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/pge-tubbs-web2.jpg 1273w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">PG&E works to restore power in Santa Rosa after the Tubbs Fire. \u003ccite>(Adam Grossberg/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“Nobody wants to see a fire affecting their community,” she says, “so if this is going to give public safety a priority then people are pretty onboard.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since 2013, the utility has preemptively turn off the power 16 times, affect 1,000 customers in all.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>PG&E doesn’t have a policy to proactively turn off power lines during a warm windstorm, and says doing so could pose safety risks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These actions affect first responders and the operation of critical facilities such as hospitals, schools, water pumps and other essential services needed in response to any emergency, and especially in response to wildfires,” the company said in a statement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>PG&E says it’s in compliance with current fire regulations from the California Public Utilities Commission and will comply with any future changes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Proactively powering down is something that’s more common in hurricane-prone areas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Relatively routinely, the barrier islands around the coastal areas will power down as a hurricane comes through,” says Rob Manning, Vice President of Transmission and Distribution at the \u003ca href=\"https://www.epri.com/#/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Electric Power Research Institute\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>Manning says it’s a complex decision that requires adequate pre-planning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’ve been involved with a couple of these,” he says, “and when you have a really robust and effective communications process, people generally agree.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So far, SDG&E has not shut off power systems that include hospitals or schools.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s certainly possible with adequate communications,” he says, “particularly if sensitive areas have backup generation capabilities.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Powering down can also help avoid damage during a storm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Damage that occurs from an energized system that is in contact with the ground is more severe than a de-energized system,” says Manning. “It does help when you recover a system not to have to deal with the effects of additional damage.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cal Fire says during a fire, crews generally treat all power lines as if they are live and are continually in contact with utilities about areas that need powering down.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A Cal Fire spokesman wouldn’t comment on whether proactively powering down the grid would have helped during the north Bay Area fires, because of the ongoing investigation.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"order": 9
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"id": "fresh-air",
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"tagline": "Where conversation and cultura meet",
"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
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"title": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown",
"tagline": "Lessons from a lifetime in politics",
"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
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"order": 18
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"info": "Latino USA, the radio journal of news and culture, is the only national, English-language radio program produced from a Latino perspective.",
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"marketplace": {
"id": "marketplace",
"title": "Marketplace",
"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm",
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"source": "American Public Media"
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"masters-of-scale": {
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"title": "Masters of Scale",
"info": "Masters of Scale is an original podcast in which LinkedIn co-founder and Greylock Partner Reid Hoffman sets out to describe and prove theories that explain how great entrepreneurs take their companies from zero to a gazillion in ingenious fashion.",
"airtime": "Every other Wednesday June 12 through October 16 at 8pm (repeats Thursdays at 2am)",
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"rss": "https://rss.art19.com/masters-of-scale"
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},
"mindshift": {
"id": "mindshift",
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"tagline": "A podcast about the future of learning and how we raise our kids",
"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
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"meta": {
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"order": 12
},
"link": "/podcasts/mindshift",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5",
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"morning-edition": {
"id": "morning-edition",
"title": "Morning Edition",
"info": "\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. Hosts Steve Inskeep, David Greene and Rachel Martin bring you the latest breaking news and features to prepare you for the day.",
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"onourwatch": {
"id": "onourwatch",
"title": "On Our Watch",
"tagline": "Deeply-reported investigative journalism",
"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/On-Our-Watch-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"order": 11
},
"link": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
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},
"on-the-media": {
"id": "on-the-media",
"title": "On The Media",
"info": "Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. For one hour a week, the show tries to lift the veil from the process of \"making media,\" especially news media, because it's through that lens that we see the world and the world sees us",
"airtime": "SUN 2pm-3pm, MON 12am-1am",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/onTheMedia.png",
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},
"link": "/radio/program/on-the-media",
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"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/On-the-Media-p69/",
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},
"pbs-newshour": {
"id": "pbs-newshour",
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"info": "Analysis, background reports and updates from the PBS NewsHour putting today's news in context.",
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"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/PBS-News-Hour-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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},
"link": "/radio/program/pbs-newshour",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/pbs-newshour-full-show/id394432287?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/PBS-NewsHour---Full-Show-p425698/",
"rss": "https://www.pbs.org/newshour/feeds/rss/podcasts/show"
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},
"perspectives": {
"id": "perspectives",
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"order": 14
},
"link": "/perspectives",
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"planet-money": {
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"info": "The economy explained. Imagine you could call up a friend and say, Meet me at the bar and tell me what's going on with the economy. Now imagine that's actually a fun evening.",
"airtime": "SUN 3pm-4pm",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/planetmoney.jpg",
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},
"link": "/radio/program/planet-money",
"subscribe": {
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/planet-money/id290783428?mt=2",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510289/podcast.xml"
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},
"politicalbreakdown": {
"id": "politicalbreakdown",
"title": "Political Breakdown",
"tagline": "Politics from a personal perspective",
"info": "Political Breakdown is a new series that explores the political intersection of California and the nation. Each week hosts Scott Shafer and Marisa Lagos are joined with a new special guest to unpack politics -- with personality — and offer an insider’s glimpse at how politics happens.",
"airtime": "THU 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Political-Breakdown-2024-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"order": 5
},
"link": "/podcasts/politicalbreakdown",
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"amazon": "https://music.amazon.com/podcasts/e0c2d153-ad36-4c8d-901d-f1da6a724824/political-breakdown",
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"possible": {
"id": "possible",
"title": "Possible",
"info": "Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.",
"airtime": "SUN 2pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Possible-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.possible.fm/",
"meta": {
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"source": "Possible"
},
"link": "/radio/program/possible",
"subscribe": {
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"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/730YpdUSNlMyPQwNnyjp4k"
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},
"pri-the-world": {
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