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"content": "\u003cp>California water officials have approved more than $2.5 billion for eight water projects across the state, marking one of the largest investments in water storage in decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The proposed projects, including two in the Bay Area, will now begin seeking permits and looking for the remaining funding they need.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Half of the eight projects approved on Tuesday by the California Water Commission are more traditional reservoirs and dams, while the other half focus on groundwater storage and recycled water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California voters approved the funding in 2014 as part of Proposition 1, \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1927711/the-great-era-of-california-dam-building-may-be-over-heres-whats-next\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">a major water bond\u003c/a> that passed during the height of the drought. The funding can only go toward the “public benefits” of the projects, which include ecological restoration, recreation, flood control and emergency water supplies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Five of the projects are eligible for their full funding request, while three projects received partial funding because they scored lower in their overall benefits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, checks won’t be heading out the door immediately. The projects must show they’ve gotten commitments for at least 75 percent of their non-Prop 1 funding. If that doesn’t happen by January 2022, the water commission can’t award the funding.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Bay Area Reservoirs\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the East Bay, Contra Costa Water District plans to expand Los Vaqueros Reservoir. It’s considered an “off-stream” reservoir because it isn’t located in the middle of a river, which is generally considered less environmentally destructive than a traditional dam.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”1mlDV0GUJBIABaJbGkpbQ9cUV98KWI56″]Today, the reservoir supplies about half a million residents in the East Bay. The water district would raise the dam by 50 feet, costing $980 Million, almost doubling the capacity of the reservoir.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s really represents a positive step forward for greater water reliability for the entire Bay Area region,” says Oliver Symonds, a spokesperson for Contra Costa Water District.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The extra storage space would be used by as many as 14 water districts in the Bay Area and Central Valley, who would use it for water from the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta. The water could also go to wildlife refuges in the Central Valley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The California Water Commission awarded $459 million for the project. The balance would be paid for by the water districts who would use the storage space. Contra Costa Water District would then recoup some of what it paid to build and expand the reservoir in 2012.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the South Bay, Santa Clara Valley Water District is seeking to expand Pacheco Reservoir, outside of Gilroy. Today, it’s a small reservoir on Pacheco Creek.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A new 319-foot dam would expand the reservoir’s capacity by 25 times. A connection would be built to San Luis Reservoir, which holds water from the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is a chance of a lifetime to preserve water for the next generation,” says Richard Santos, board chair of the Santa Clara Valley Water District. “It’s going to be costly, but we can’t afford not to do it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The water commission awarded the project $484 million. To reach the overall cost of $969 million, the district will be looking for federal funding and will add to local water rates for its 1.9 million South Bay customers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The project still has several hurdles, including doing a full environmental analysis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a challenge,” says Santos. “But we believe that we’ll make all the requirements.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Expanding two Bay Area reservoirs could help with the next drought, but more funding needs to be raised.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>California water officials have approved more than $2.5 billion for eight water projects across the state, marking one of the largest investments in water storage in decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The proposed projects, including two in the Bay Area, will now begin seeking permits and looking for the remaining funding they need.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Half of the eight projects approved on Tuesday by the California Water Commission are more traditional reservoirs and dams, while the other half focus on groundwater storage and recycled water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California voters approved the funding in 2014 as part of Proposition 1, \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1927711/the-great-era-of-california-dam-building-may-be-over-heres-whats-next\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">a major water bond\u003c/a> that passed during the height of the drought. The funding can only go toward the “public benefits” of the projects, which include ecological restoration, recreation, flood control and emergency water supplies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Five of the projects are eligible for their full funding request, while three projects received partial funding because they scored lower in their overall benefits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, checks won’t be heading out the door immediately. The projects must show they’ve gotten commitments for at least 75 percent of their non-Prop 1 funding. If that doesn’t happen by January 2022, the water commission can’t award the funding.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Bay Area Reservoirs\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the East Bay, Contra Costa Water District plans to expand Los Vaqueros Reservoir. It’s considered an “off-stream” reservoir because it isn’t located in the middle of a river, which is generally considered less environmentally destructive than a traditional dam.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>Today, the reservoir supplies about half a million residents in the East Bay. The water district would raise the dam by 50 feet, costing $980 Million, almost doubling the capacity of the reservoir.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s really represents a positive step forward for greater water reliability for the entire Bay Area region,” says Oliver Symonds, a spokesperson for Contra Costa Water District.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The extra storage space would be used by as many as 14 water districts in the Bay Area and Central Valley, who would use it for water from the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta. The water could also go to wildlife refuges in the Central Valley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The California Water Commission awarded $459 million for the project. The balance would be paid for by the water districts who would use the storage space. Contra Costa Water District would then recoup some of what it paid to build and expand the reservoir in 2012.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the South Bay, Santa Clara Valley Water District is seeking to expand Pacheco Reservoir, outside of Gilroy. Today, it’s a small reservoir on Pacheco Creek.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A new 319-foot dam would expand the reservoir’s capacity by 25 times. A connection would be built to San Luis Reservoir, which holds water from the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is a chance of a lifetime to preserve water for the next generation,” says Richard Santos, board chair of the Santa Clara Valley Water District. “It’s going to be costly, but we can’t afford not to do it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The water commission awarded the project $484 million. To reach the overall cost of $969 million, the district will be looking for federal funding and will add to local water rates for its 1.9 million South Bay customers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The project still has several hurdles, including doing a full environmental analysis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a challenge,” says Santos. “But we believe that we’ll make all the requirements.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "One Way to Save Birds: Pay Farmers to Flood Their Land",
"headTitle": "One Way to Save Birds: Pay Farmers to Flood Their Land | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>An innovative scheme to leverage Central Valley farmland as temporary wetlands on the Pacific Flyway helped birds navigate California’s five-year drought, according to \u003ca href=\"https://peerj.com/articles/5147/\">a new analysis\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More than four years ago, in the midst of California’s most punishing drought on record, conservation groups began working with growers and citizen scientists to identify and maintain habitat for wetland birds on agricultural land, as \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2014/01/27/during-drought-pop-up-wetlands-give-birds-a-break/\">KQED reported.\u003c/a> The Central Valley is in the middle of the Pacific Flyway, and millions of birds stop to rest at wetlands in the region during their migrations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since more than 90 percent of historically occurring natural wetlands in the Central Valley \u003ca href=\"http://www.fwspubs.org/doi/suppl/10.3996/012014-JFWM-003/suppl_file/012014-jfwm-003.s10.pdf?code=ufws-site\">are gone, largely displaced by agriculture\u003c/a>, the birds have to work with what’s there. So, conservation groups devised a strategy to help them out: The Nature Conservancy and the Natural Resources Conservation Service started paying rice farmers to keep their fields flooded during the post-harvest months, allowing migratory birds to take refuge in these “pop-up wetlands.” For farmers and conservationists, participating in this type of incentive program was risky: farmers had to put in additional labor, the conservation groups offset the estimated costs, and neither group knew for sure whether the plan would actually work.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\n\u003ch3>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2014/01/27/during-drought-pop-up-wetlands-give-birds-a-break/\">Read the backstory of the BirdReturns program in this KQED Quest feature\u003c/a>\u003c/h3>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>But now enough time has elapsed to get some answers. Researchers used satellite data to understand how wetland bird habitat changed over the course of the drought and to estimate how much the incentive programs for farmers helped.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From satellite images taken between 2000 and 2015, the researchers could detect how much open water was available for birds during non-drought, moderate drought, and severe drought years. They found that the severe drought dramatically reduced available wetland habitat, with declines of up to 80 percent in agricultural areas and up to 60 percent in managed wetlands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I was a little surprised at the magnitude of the decline in some of the wetlands,” recalls Matt Reiter, principal scientist at \u003ca href=\"https://www.pointblue.org/\">Point Blue Conservation Science\u003c/a>, and lead author on the study. “Maybe it shouldn’t have been, given how much coverage the drought was getting and it was the first time we started seeing water curtailment, and certainly the price of water was going up, and so it shouldn’t have surprised me but it did.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To assess the effect of incentives for flooded farms, the researchers honed in on rice fields, calculating what percent of the total flooded rice habitat could be attributed to two incentive programs during times of severe drought. The Nature Conservancy’s \u003ca href=\"http://birdreturns.org/\">BirdReturns\u003c/a> program was responsible for up to 61 percent of available flooded rice habitat in the fall and the Natural Resources Conservation Service’s \u003ca href=\"http://calrice.org/pdf/waterbirdhabitatbro_web.pdf\">Waterbird Habitat Enhancement Program (WHEP)\u003c/a> provided up to 100 percent of available habitat in the winter.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">The results show that severe drought can have huge impacts on wetland habitat, and incentives programs can help.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The two programs operated at different times of year: BirdReturns focuses on the fall and spring, and WHEP on the winter months. In the analysis, these complementary timelines functioned to maintain wetland habitat in rice fields for much of the year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The results show that severe drought can have huge impacts on wetland habitat, and incentives programs can help. However, the direct effects of drought on birds are not yet clear.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“One of our big questions now is, ‘Okay, so what?’” says Reiter. “What does this mean for the birds? Are the birds falling out of the sky? Are the birds declining? Did the drought really impact their populations?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Habitat is a pretty good proxy for population impacts, since habitat loss has been documented to be a \u003ca href=\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0006320713000426\">leading cause of wetland bird declines\u003c/a>, and \u003ca href=\"https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/pdf/10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-112414-054142\">of wildlife declines more generally\u003c/a>. And \u003ca href=\"https://esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/eap.1658\">research has shown\u003c/a> that bird densities can be very high in flooded agricultural fields. But Reiter and his colleagues want to put some real numbers on the effects of severe drought on wetland birds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1927732\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1927732\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/28444533660_7982e33f07_k-800x270.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"270\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/28444533660_7982e33f07_k-800x270.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/28444533660_7982e33f07_k-160x54.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/28444533660_7982e33f07_k-768x259.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/28444533660_7982e33f07_k-1020x344.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/28444533660_7982e33f07_k-1200x405.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/28444533660_7982e33f07_k-1920x648.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/28444533660_7982e33f07_k-1180x398.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/28444533660_7982e33f07_k-960x324.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/28444533660_7982e33f07_k-240x81.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/28444533660_7982e33f07_k-375x127.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/28444533660_7982e33f07_k-520x175.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/28444533660_7982e33f07_k.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Sandhill Cranes are one of many wetland bird species that can be found in the flooded rice fields. \u003ccite>(Bob Wick/BLM)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The incentive programs are set to continue for the time being — but both are dependent on ongoing funding: the BirdReturns program relies on funding from the nonprofit Nature Conservancy, and the Natural Resources Conservation Service’s WHEP is counting on a renewal of funds in the federal Farm Bill. Ideally, Reiter says, the incentive programs would be “a short-term thing, that instills a new kind of management ethic that then sort of propagates itself forward.” It’s uncertain whether that will ever happen, so funding is important.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Reiter is optimistic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Different versions of these incentive programs have been around for a very long time, so it gives you some hope that they will stay around,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Plus, there’s the new analysis, which Reiter hopes will reach people who may be considering similar conservation strategies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think our study really shows the value of these incentive programs,” he says, “and so we just hope that managers can see these data and see that — hey — there is real value in doing these programs, and particularly in drought years, as we saw, and think about how we can make sure that these are sustained into the future.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For now, birds visiting the Central Valley have a little more room to roost.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>An innovative scheme to leverage Central Valley farmland as temporary wetlands on the Pacific Flyway helped birds navigate California’s five-year drought, according to \u003ca href=\"https://peerj.com/articles/5147/\">a new analysis\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More than four years ago, in the midst of California’s most punishing drought on record, conservation groups began working with growers and citizen scientists to identify and maintain habitat for wetland birds on agricultural land, as \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2014/01/27/during-drought-pop-up-wetlands-give-birds-a-break/\">KQED reported.\u003c/a> The Central Valley is in the middle of the Pacific Flyway, and millions of birds stop to rest at wetlands in the region during their migrations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since more than 90 percent of historically occurring natural wetlands in the Central Valley \u003ca href=\"http://www.fwspubs.org/doi/suppl/10.3996/012014-JFWM-003/suppl_file/012014-jfwm-003.s10.pdf?code=ufws-site\">are gone, largely displaced by agriculture\u003c/a>, the birds have to work with what’s there. So, conservation groups devised a strategy to help them out: The Nature Conservancy and the Natural Resources Conservation Service started paying rice farmers to keep their fields flooded during the post-harvest months, allowing migratory birds to take refuge in these “pop-up wetlands.” For farmers and conservationists, participating in this type of incentive program was risky: farmers had to put in additional labor, the conservation groups offset the estimated costs, and neither group knew for sure whether the plan would actually work.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\n\u003ch3>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2014/01/27/during-drought-pop-up-wetlands-give-birds-a-break/\">Read the backstory of the BirdReturns program in this KQED Quest feature\u003c/a>\u003c/h3>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>But now enough time has elapsed to get some answers. Researchers used satellite data to understand how wetland bird habitat changed over the course of the drought and to estimate how much the incentive programs for farmers helped.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From satellite images taken between 2000 and 2015, the researchers could detect how much open water was available for birds during non-drought, moderate drought, and severe drought years. They found that the severe drought dramatically reduced available wetland habitat, with declines of up to 80 percent in agricultural areas and up to 60 percent in managed wetlands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I was a little surprised at the magnitude of the decline in some of the wetlands,” recalls Matt Reiter, principal scientist at \u003ca href=\"https://www.pointblue.org/\">Point Blue Conservation Science\u003c/a>, and lead author on the study. “Maybe it shouldn’t have been, given how much coverage the drought was getting and it was the first time we started seeing water curtailment, and certainly the price of water was going up, and so it shouldn’t have surprised me but it did.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To assess the effect of incentives for flooded farms, the researchers honed in on rice fields, calculating what percent of the total flooded rice habitat could be attributed to two incentive programs during times of severe drought. The Nature Conservancy’s \u003ca href=\"http://birdreturns.org/\">BirdReturns\u003c/a> program was responsible for up to 61 percent of available flooded rice habitat in the fall and the Natural Resources Conservation Service’s \u003ca href=\"http://calrice.org/pdf/waterbirdhabitatbro_web.pdf\">Waterbird Habitat Enhancement Program (WHEP)\u003c/a> provided up to 100 percent of available habitat in the winter.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">The results show that severe drought can have huge impacts on wetland habitat, and incentives programs can help.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The two programs operated at different times of year: BirdReturns focuses on the fall and spring, and WHEP on the winter months. In the analysis, these complementary timelines functioned to maintain wetland habitat in rice fields for much of the year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The results show that severe drought can have huge impacts on wetland habitat, and incentives programs can help. However, the direct effects of drought on birds are not yet clear.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“One of our big questions now is, ‘Okay, so what?’” says Reiter. “What does this mean for the birds? Are the birds falling out of the sky? Are the birds declining? Did the drought really impact their populations?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Habitat is a pretty good proxy for population impacts, since habitat loss has been documented to be a \u003ca href=\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0006320713000426\">leading cause of wetland bird declines\u003c/a>, and \u003ca href=\"https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/pdf/10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-112414-054142\">of wildlife declines more generally\u003c/a>. And \u003ca href=\"https://esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/eap.1658\">research has shown\u003c/a> that bird densities can be very high in flooded agricultural fields. But Reiter and his colleagues want to put some real numbers on the effects of severe drought on wetland birds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1927732\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1927732\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/28444533660_7982e33f07_k-800x270.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"270\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/28444533660_7982e33f07_k-800x270.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/28444533660_7982e33f07_k-160x54.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/28444533660_7982e33f07_k-768x259.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/28444533660_7982e33f07_k-1020x344.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/28444533660_7982e33f07_k-1200x405.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/28444533660_7982e33f07_k-1920x648.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/28444533660_7982e33f07_k-1180x398.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/28444533660_7982e33f07_k-960x324.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/28444533660_7982e33f07_k-240x81.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/28444533660_7982e33f07_k-375x127.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/28444533660_7982e33f07_k-520x175.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/28444533660_7982e33f07_k.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Sandhill Cranes are one of many wetland bird species that can be found in the flooded rice fields. \u003ccite>(Bob Wick/BLM)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The incentive programs are set to continue for the time being — but both are dependent on ongoing funding: the BirdReturns program relies on funding from the nonprofit Nature Conservancy, and the Natural Resources Conservation Service’s WHEP is counting on a renewal of funds in the federal Farm Bill. Ideally, Reiter says, the incentive programs would be “a short-term thing, that instills a new kind of management ethic that then sort of propagates itself forward.” It’s uncertain whether that will ever happen, so funding is important.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Reiter is optimistic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Different versions of these incentive programs have been around for a very long time, so it gives you some hope that they will stay around,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Plus, there’s the new analysis, which Reiter hopes will reach people who may be considering similar conservation strategies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think our study really shows the value of these incentive programs,” he says, “and so we just hope that managers can see these data and see that — hey — there is real value in doing these programs, and particularly in drought years, as we saw, and think about how we can make sure that these are sustained into the future.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For now, birds visiting the Central Valley have a little more room to roost.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>California’s power grid operators called for cutbacks in electricity usage as parts of the U.S. Southwest braced Tuesday for another day of scorching heat.[contextly_sidebar id=”ZY8Ecu9yuTnHbe3OTqnHOkh3jpoBksNp”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With triple-digit temperatures expected throughout the region, the California Independent System Operator Corp. urged people to ease off blasting the air conditioner or using the washer or other appliances from 5 p.m. to 9 p.m. Tuesday and again on Wednesday. Those are the times of peak power usage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The so-called Flex Alerts are needed to reduce the risk of rotating power outages, Cal-ISO said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scattered outages during the day and evening Monday left several thousands of people sweltering even though overall state electrical demand never exceeded available power.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Officials urged homeowners to keep the thermostat at 78 degrees (26 Celsius) or higher.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Los Angeles County Department of Public Health also urged people to stay out of the sun.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When temperatures are high, even a few hours of exertion may cause severe dehydration, heat cramps, heat exhaustion and heat stroke. Others who are frail or have chronic health conditions may develop serious health problems leading to death if they are exposed to high temperatures over several days,” said Dr. Jeffrey Gunzenhauser, the county’s interim health officer.[contextly_sidebar id=”oZ3czPRTDr1KET89oZoGen2iPHSs9VJR”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Children, the elderly and pets shouldn’t be left in homes without air conditioning or in cars even with open windows because temperatures can quickly soar to life-threatening levels, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Highs around the Southwest approached 120 degrees (49 Celsius) Monday, with Phoenix recording a steamy 115 degrees (46 Celsius), breaking the previous record for the day, the National Weather Service reported.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It can be suffocating,” said Don Frey, an employee of the moving company Budget Movers, told KTVK-TV.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An important tool of his trade was his water jug, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Asked about Tuesday’s forecast of a high of 117 degrees (47 Celsius), Frey said: “Those are the days that you really wish you listened to mom and dad and stayed in school.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Forecasters said southern Arizona will swelter through temperatures from 112 to 119 degrees through Wednesday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Texas, forecasts called for a high of 108 degrees along the border from Del Rio to Laredo and up to 101 in Central Texas and the Big Bend. However, temperatures were only expected to top out in the upper 90s over much of the state.[contextly_sidebar id=”maO7kGUrliSjBRD9YnzmAI74PrtHd42h”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Parts of Utah were also issued an excessive heat warning with temperatures this week expected to approach 109 degrees. The weather service said the warning for Utah’s Dixie and Lake Powell regions will be in effect Tuesday through Thursday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With some of the highest temperatures over the next few days expected in Phoenix, officials cautioned people to stay hydrated and take advantage of cooler indoor buildings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Maricopa County public health officials say 155 people died in the Phoenix area last year from heat-caused illnesses such heat stroke.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>California’s power grid operators called for cutbacks in electricity usage as parts of the U.S. Southwest braced Tuesday for another day of scorching heat.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With triple-digit temperatures expected throughout the region, the California Independent System Operator Corp. urged people to ease off blasting the air conditioner or using the washer or other appliances from 5 p.m. to 9 p.m. Tuesday and again on Wednesday. Those are the times of peak power usage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The so-called Flex Alerts are needed to reduce the risk of rotating power outages, Cal-ISO said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scattered outages during the day and evening Monday left several thousands of people sweltering even though overall state electrical demand never exceeded available power.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Officials urged homeowners to keep the thermostat at 78 degrees (26 Celsius) or higher.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Los Angeles County Department of Public Health also urged people to stay out of the sun.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When temperatures are high, even a few hours of exertion may cause severe dehydration, heat cramps, heat exhaustion and heat stroke. Others who are frail or have chronic health conditions may develop serious health problems leading to death if they are exposed to high temperatures over several days,” said Dr. Jeffrey Gunzenhauser, the county’s interim health officer.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Children, the elderly and pets shouldn’t be left in homes without air conditioning or in cars even with open windows because temperatures can quickly soar to life-threatening levels, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Highs around the Southwest approached 120 degrees (49 Celsius) Monday, with Phoenix recording a steamy 115 degrees (46 Celsius), breaking the previous record for the day, the National Weather Service reported.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It can be suffocating,” said Don Frey, an employee of the moving company Budget Movers, told KTVK-TV.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An important tool of his trade was his water jug, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Asked about Tuesday’s forecast of a high of 117 degrees (47 Celsius), Frey said: “Those are the days that you really wish you listened to mom and dad and stayed in school.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Forecasters said southern Arizona will swelter through temperatures from 112 to 119 degrees through Wednesday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Texas, forecasts called for a high of 108 degrees along the border from Del Rio to Laredo and up to 101 in Central Texas and the Big Bend. However, temperatures were only expected to top out in the upper 90s over much of the state.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Parts of Utah were also issued an excessive heat warning with temperatures this week expected to approach 109 degrees. The weather service said the warning for Utah’s Dixie and Lake Powell regions will be in effect Tuesday through Thursday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With some of the highest temperatures over the next few days expected in Phoenix, officials cautioned people to stay hydrated and take advantage of cooler indoor buildings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Maricopa County public health officials say 155 people died in the Phoenix area last year from heat-caused illnesses such heat stroke.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "California Will Pay You to Get High for Driving Study",
"headTitle": "California Will Pay You to Get High for Driving Study | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>California wants to pay you to light up and drive. Sort of.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Recreational use of marijuana has been legal in California since January but traffic laws are lagging behind. While current sobriety tests can detect the presence of marijuana in the driver’s system, they can’t test for impairment. That’s because it’s not currently known what level of THC — the psychoactive compound in marijuana called tetrahydrocannabinol — significantly impairs drivers.[contextly_sidebar id=”Fn8sDFZVNFPCdkyTV1gZUay5OsCyXqPl”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To address the problem, the California legislature is funding a UC San Diego study that \u003ca href=\"https://www.cmcr.ucsd.edu/index.php/2015-11-20-20-52-15/active-studies/62-ab266\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">will determine how\u003c/a> pot affects driving performance and how soon after smoking pot is it safe to drive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers are recruiting 180 people for the study, which will consist of having participants smoke varying amounts of marijuana or a placebo and then participate in driving simulations and cognitive tests. Participants will be monitored for 5 to 6 hours after smoking and will be tested about every hour-and-a-half, plus have blood, saliva, and breath samples taken at regular intervals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are not only looking at how impaired a driver is at different levels of smoking, but also how long that impairment lasts,” says Tom Marcotte, co-director of the UCSD’s Center for Medicinal Cannabis Research, which is conducting the study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A law that went into effect this year prohibits marijuana use by the driver or passengers but it is difficult to enforce because unlike alcohol, there is no established legal limit for driving while under the influence of marijuana.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[emailsignup newslettername='science' align='right']Marcotte says that merely having THC in your system isn’t enough.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The gold standard for any sobriety test is whether the driver is impaired,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers at UC San Diego hope their findings will be used to draft clearer guidelines for police officers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the case of a drunk driver, a breathalyzer or blood test is used to determine whether a driver has enough alcohol in their system to be impaired. But similar tools don’t exist for marijuana testing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While a blood test can detect the presence of marijuana, the lack of evidence for what constitutes impairment means the blood test alone isn’t helpful, according to Marcotte.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A device \u003ca href=\"http://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-ln-marijuana-dui-20180322-story.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">that tests the driver’s saliva,\u003c/a> used by San Diego police, suffers from the same shortcoming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Current sobriety tests are good but they provide limited information on the impact of smoking on the driver’s performance,” says Marcotte.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”qqBiZKiwzZwruaM10tMA0qGYLd23a6Fu”]Right now, specially trained officers can perform cognitive tests and look for physical signs of marijuana-induced impairment during a traffic stop. But without an objective standard for determining impairment, it’s left wholly to the officer’s judgement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s a lot of subjectivity on the officers, and it puts a lot of pressure on them, in that moment, to determine what to do without having any forensic evidence to prove it,” Lou Shapiro, a Los Angeles criminal defense attorney,\u003ca href=\"http://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-ln-marijuana-dui-20180322-story.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> told the\u003c/a> Los Angeles Times in March.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Critics of current methods, like cannabis entrepreneur Virgil Grant, worry that the lack of an objective standard could lead to increased racial profiling on the roads.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As a black man in America, I think that’s a no-brainer,” Grant told the Times. “If we left everything up to law enforcement in our community, we would be getting locked up at even more alarming rates.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study is expected to be completed in spring of 2019. In the future, researchers hope to also examine the effects of marijuana edibles on driving impairment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Edibles act differently in the body than smoking, which gets in the system more quickly,” says Marcotte. “Edibles take an hour or two to hit you and the effects lasts longer. So testing requires a different approach.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers have already recruited 100 participants for the study and \u003ca href=\"https://www.surveymonkey.com/r/AB266\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">are looking\u003c/a> for the final 80.\u003cbr>\n \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>California wants to pay you to light up and drive. Sort of.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Recreational use of marijuana has been legal in California since January but traffic laws are lagging behind. While current sobriety tests can detect the presence of marijuana in the driver’s system, they can’t test for impairment. That’s because it’s not currently known what level of THC — the psychoactive compound in marijuana called tetrahydrocannabinol — significantly impairs drivers.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To address the problem, the California legislature is funding a UC San Diego study that \u003ca href=\"https://www.cmcr.ucsd.edu/index.php/2015-11-20-20-52-15/active-studies/62-ab266\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">will determine how\u003c/a> pot affects driving performance and how soon after smoking pot is it safe to drive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers are recruiting 180 people for the study, which will consist of having participants smoke varying amounts of marijuana or a placebo and then participate in driving simulations and cognitive tests. Participants will be monitored for 5 to 6 hours after smoking and will be tested about every hour-and-a-half, plus have blood, saliva, and breath samples taken at regular intervals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are not only looking at how impaired a driver is at different levels of smoking, but also how long that impairment lasts,” says Tom Marcotte, co-director of the UCSD’s Center for Medicinal Cannabis Research, which is conducting the study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>Marcotte says that merely having THC in your system isn’t enough.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The gold standard for any sobriety test is whether the driver is impaired,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers at UC San Diego hope their findings will be used to draft clearer guidelines for police officers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the case of a drunk driver, a breathalyzer or blood test is used to determine whether a driver has enough alcohol in their system to be impaired. But similar tools don’t exist for marijuana testing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While a blood test can detect the presence of marijuana, the lack of evidence for what constitutes impairment means the blood test alone isn’t helpful, according to Marcotte.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A device \u003ca href=\"http://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-ln-marijuana-dui-20180322-story.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">that tests the driver’s saliva,\u003c/a> used by San Diego police, suffers from the same shortcoming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Current sobriety tests are good but they provide limited information on the impact of smoking on the driver’s performance,” says Marcotte.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>Right now, specially trained officers can perform cognitive tests and look for physical signs of marijuana-induced impairment during a traffic stop. But without an objective standard for determining impairment, it’s left wholly to the officer’s judgement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s a lot of subjectivity on the officers, and it puts a lot of pressure on them, in that moment, to determine what to do without having any forensic evidence to prove it,” Lou Shapiro, a Los Angeles criminal defense attorney,\u003ca href=\"http://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-ln-marijuana-dui-20180322-story.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> told the\u003c/a> Los Angeles Times in March.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Critics of current methods, like cannabis entrepreneur Virgil Grant, worry that the lack of an objective standard could lead to increased racial profiling on the roads.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As a black man in America, I think that’s a no-brainer,” Grant told the Times. “If we left everything up to law enforcement in our community, we would be getting locked up at even more alarming rates.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study is expected to be completed in spring of 2019. In the future, researchers hope to also examine the effects of marijuana edibles on driving impairment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Edibles act differently in the body than smoking, which gets in the system more quickly,” says Marcotte. “Edibles take an hour or two to hit you and the effects lasts longer. So testing requires a different approach.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers have already recruited 100 participants for the study and \u003ca href=\"https://www.surveymonkey.com/r/AB266\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">are looking\u003c/a> for the final 80.\u003cbr>\n \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Monitoring Agricultural Water Use Remains Challenging Despite New Oversight Rules",
"headTitle": "Monitoring Agricultural Water Use Remains Challenging Despite New Oversight Rules | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>A new program in California aimed at tracking agricultural water consumption is off to a bumpy start, highlighting the challenges of monitoring an industry that has historically enjoyed limited oversight.[contextly_sidebar id=”9GyCzsqYD2KoprBkRhX1TmaNWhg3fJ5D”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Agriculture is the biggest consumer of water in the West, with many states using more than 70 percent of developed freshwater supplies for agriculture. So you would think state governments watch water consumption on farms carefully to look for conservation opportunities. In fact, some do not.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">California generates more farm revenue than any other state. Yet until recently there was no requirement to report agricultural water consumption. That changed in 2007, when a new state law required irrigation districts to file annual reports on water delivered to their farm customers, beginning in 2012.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">The program became known as “farm-gate” reporting, because irrigation districts must document monthly deliveries to the diversion gates where water leaves the district’s distribution canal and moves onto private farmland.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">However, follow-up laws confused the rules, and there has never been any penalty for failing to comply.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">As a result, only 48 percent of irrigation districts complied with the law in 2016, the most recent reporting year, according to the state Department of Water Resources, which oversees the program.[contextly_sidebar id=”546RAah7jhtbJmKX9zbrA0NYjbFHMnqP”]\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">In addition, tech-savvy California did not require irrigation districts to file their reports online. Instead, it allowed them to send paper forms by mail. And the law did not require the \u003cspan class=\"caps\">DWR\u003c/span>\u003c/span> to post any of the data online. So it did not do so until May of this year, when it launched a crude beta-stage \u003ca href=\"https://wuedata.water.ca.gov/ag_farm_plans\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">website\u003c/span>\u003c/a> that includes only some of the data reported so far.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">“This is the agency that’s responsible for managing, I would argue, the most precious natural resource in the state,” said Arohi Sharma, a water policy analyst at the Natural Resources Defense Council. “The agency has the ability to fill all of these gaps. It’s just a matter of flexing its muscles and holding water districts accountable.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Sharma is lead author of a new \u003cspan class=\"caps\">NRDC\u003c/span> \u003ca href=\"https://www.nrdc.org/experts/arohi-sharma/report-ca-ag-water-data-leaks-through-mismanagement-cracks?utm_source=tw&utm_medium=tweet&utm_campaign=Water\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">report\u003c/span>\u003c/a> critical of the state’s program. In its analysis, compliance with the law was even lower than the \u003cspan class=\"caps\">DWR\u003c/span>\u003c/span>\u003cspan class=\"s1\"> estimate. Using \u003cspan class=\"caps\">DWR\u003c/span> data, the group focused on 123 “large” irrigation districts \u003c/span>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">\u003cspan class=\"st\">–\u003c/span> those with at least 10,000 irrigated acres \u003c/span>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">\u003cspan class=\"st\">–\u003c/span> in order to compare consistent data. It found only 30 percent of these districts submitted water delivery data in 2016.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">“While these numbers are obviously not satisfactory, we think it’s going to improve because of the changes in the legislation,” said Manucher Alemi, a \u003cspan class=\"caps\">DWR\u003c/span> policy adviser on water use efficiency, who manages the program. “These things take time. We are making progress.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">The data available on the state’s website also contains errors. Anthea Hansen, general manager of Del Puerto Water District, said she has filed the water delivery reports every year since the requirement began. But only one \u003c/span>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">\u003cspan class=\"st\">–\u003c/span> from 2014 \u003c/span>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">\u003cspan class=\"st\">–\u003c/span> is posted online, giving the impression the district is out of compliance. And that record shows the 2014 report was submitted in April 2018, suggesting it was filed late.[contextly_sidebar id=”ZcvvWCEH5tdLJhwGhRY75uNyvVYPLobc”]\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">That appears to be a data entry error, because the \u003cspan class=\"caps\">DWR\u003c/span>\u003c/span> website shows 2014 reports from other irrigation districts were also submitted in April 2018.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">“Last year, \u003cspan class=\"caps\">DWR\u003c/span> did a report to the Legislature, and our name popped up as being delinquent,” said Hansen, whose district irrigates some 45,000 acres in the Modesto area. “And I was quite taken aback, because I don’t like our name to pop up in a negative light on anything. We strive to do everything right here.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">\u003cspan class=\"caps\">DWR\u003c/span> officials say they send annual reminders by letter and email to encourage irrigation districts to submit the required data. But Hansen said she has never received one.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv id=\"attachment_133958\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\">\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_133958\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2256px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-133958 size-full\" src=\"https://newsdeeply.imgix.net/20180720100226/Hkg22059571.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"2256\" height=\"1501\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Farm gates like this one in Firebaugh, California, control the flow of water in irrigation canals. They’re also the point at which the state’s irrigation districts are supposed to measure annual water deliveries to farms. But fewer than half are meeting the annual reporting requirement, and the state Department of Water Resources has limited enforcement power. (ROBYNBECK/AFP/Getty Images)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">“I don’t think it’s so much that water agencies can’t or don’t want to do it,\u003c/span>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">” she said. \u003c/span>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">“It could be they don’t know or forgot. It’s not a real highly publicized thing.\u003c/span>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Alvar Escriva-Bou, a water policy research fellow at the Public Policy Institute of California, called the state’s approach a “bottom-up” method of water accounting. That’s because it relies on good-faith reporting by water users at the end of the distribution system.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">“When there’s not good oversight, you have to be really careful on what users tell you,” he said, “because they just fill out the form and send it in. You need good oversight to rely on these requirements.”[contextly_sidebar id=”j4vOVuwyqamsK4XJhvMhdHwMAnNhCUJP”]\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Escriva-Bou was the lead author of a \u003ca href=\"http://www.ppic.org/publication/accounting-for-californias-water/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">2016 study\u003c/span>\u003c/a> that examined California’s water accounting systems. It includes an exhaustive technical appendix, illuminating methods used by nearly every other Western state.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">He said Colorado and Idaho are good examples of what he calls top-down water accounting. In both cases, the state collects its own data on water distribution by maintaining hundreds of measurement devices on irrigation canals. Irrigators are not required to send in any reports, because the state gathers the data itself \u003c/span>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">\u003cspan class=\"st\">–\u003c/span> in many cases using real-time sensors linked to state computers by telemetry devices.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Both states also maintain comprehensive information portals, offering public access to a vast trove of current information on water distribution and water rights.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">California offers good data on water movement by major state and federal plumbing systems, but very little at the local level.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">“Sometimes centralized systems can help, especially during droughts, and we don’t have that in California,” Escriva-Bou said. “We struggled during the last drought to know exactly how much water we have, and how much water farmers were using.”[contextly_sidebar id=”tpvBQfeAwuTSO3mKu95hfsdQsSBdUKJM”]\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">The California farm water reporting program is governed by no fewer than three laws. In some ways, each has clarified the requirements. In other ways, they have added complications.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">The farm-gate reporting requirement first came into effect in 2007 with the passage of \u003ca href=\"http://www.leginfo.ca.gov/pub/07-08/bill/asm/ab_1401-1450/ab_1404_bill_20071014_chaptered.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">Assembly Bill 1404\u003c/a>. It required irrigation districts serving 2,000 or more acres to measure water deliveries according to “best professional practices,” which were never defined. They were required to report the data annually to the state, starting in 2012, according to “water year.” For Hansen’s district that is March through February.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">In 2009, a comprehensive water law (\u003ca href=\"http://wdl.water.ca.gov/wateruseefficiency/sb7/projects.cfm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">Senate Bill \u003cspan class=\"caps\">X7\u003c/span>-7\u003c/a>) added requirements for districts serving more than 25,000 acres. These larger districts were directed to measure and report water deliveries according to standards developed by the \u003cspan class=\"caps\">DWR\u003c/span>, and the reporting period was switched to calendar year.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">It took the \u003cspan class=\"caps\">DWR\u003c/span> three years to develop those standards, and the first reporting year was 2013. The requirements called for the water delivery data to be reported on a paper form, with email submission as an option.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">The latest changes were imposed on May 31 when Governor Jerry Brown signed \u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billTextClient.xhtml?bill_id=201720180AB1668\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">Assembly Bill 1668\u003c/a>. Starting January 1, 2019, irrigation districts must report their water deliveries according to groundwater basin. Some large irrigation districts may encompass four or five basins, which means they must file four or five reports.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">For the first time, this new law requires water delivery reports to be filed online.[contextly_sidebar id=”cl4h0CjokjqoGFf5ptSA9NLb9nY38QDy”]\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">“The requirements have been evolving and there has been a lack of clarity on what districts have been required to do,” said Mike Wade, executive director of the California Farm Water Coalition. “As a moving target, it was hard to keep up.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">None of these laws allows the \u003cspan class=\"caps\">DWR\u003c/span> to fine or penalize water districts that miss deadlines or fail to file.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">However, the 2009 law did allow the \u003cspan class=\"caps\">DWR\u003c/span> to use its grantmaking power as a hammer: irrigation districts with service areas between 10,000 acres and 25,000 acres are not eligible to receive state grants for water projects unless they submit annual water delivery reports.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">“Our only leverage is through encouragement and incentives for compliance,” Alemi said. “And we don’t have the resources to monitor every one of them all the time. So we just communicate with them and tell them when it is due.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">In short, the mosaic of laws has saddled the \u003cspan class=\"caps\">DWR\u003c/span> with enforcing three different sets of requirements, depending on the size of the irrigation district.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">One result is that the data gathered from irrigation districts so far is not consistent. Some reflects a calendar year, some a water year. Some is on paper, and some is electronic.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">“The earliest data is not being posted, simply because we’re trying to verify accuracy,” Alemi said. “And that’s taking time because there was some confusion around the change to calendar year.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">There is also some question about how useful the data will be when it does get compiled.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">The law requires irrigation districts to report monthly deliveries to farm gates – the points where water leaves the district’s distribution canal and flows onto private farmland. Each record shows the total number of farm gates and total water volume delivered to those gates each month. The records do not show how much was diverted at each gate, or how the water was used on each farm.[contextly_sidebar id=”spgfMUImxhbxxR1rg9URe335RARElOmh”]\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">“I think it can be a valuable tool and help improve management and tighten standards down, so people are assured they’re doing a good job,” said Wade. “But I don’t know, in the big scheme of things, that it’s going to change a lot in terms of our understanding of water supply in California.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">The records also say nothing about return flow. This is the water not consumed by crops that may run off the field and return to a stream. Idaho collects this information, but California does not.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Knowing return flows, if any, is important to determine agriculture’s net effect on fisheries and aquatic habitat. And if it is known that return flows are augmenting streamflow, said Escriva-Bou, it may also avoid the pain of water diversion curtailments during drought.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Even so, Alemi said the state’s data collection program will lead to useful reforms.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"fin\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">“It helps us to understand what the agricultural demand is, and also project how we are going to close the gap between supply and demand in the future,” he said.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This article originally appeared on \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/articles/2018/07/23/california-farms-water-use-still-unclear-despite-new-reporting-rules\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Water Deeply\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, and you can find it \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://mail.kqed.org/owa/redir.aspx?C=9e4bb0e1a7d74f24ba4684ef2533053d&URL=https%3a%2f%2fwww.newsdeeply.com%2fwater%2farticles%2f2016%2f07%2f07%2fnine-experts-to-watch-on-california-water-policy\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">here\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. For important news about the California drought, you can \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"http://waterdeeply.us5.list-manage.com/subscribe?u=8b78e9a34ff7443ec1e8c62c6&id=2947becb78\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">sign up\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> to the Water Deeply email list.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "While some other states monitor water deliveries to farms in real time, California has allowed irrigation districts to submit annual reports on paper. According to one recent analysis, fewer than half are even doing that much.",
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"description": "While some other states monitor water deliveries to farms in real time, California has allowed irrigation districts to submit annual reports on paper. According to one recent analysis, fewer than half are even doing that much.",
"title": "Monitoring Agricultural Water Use Remains Challenging Despite New Oversight Rules | KQED",
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"nprByline": "Matt Weiser\u003cbr />Water Deeply",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>A new program in California aimed at tracking agricultural water consumption is off to a bumpy start, highlighting the challenges of monitoring an industry that has historically enjoyed limited oversight.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Agriculture is the biggest consumer of water in the West, with many states using more than 70 percent of developed freshwater supplies for agriculture. So you would think state governments watch water consumption on farms carefully to look for conservation opportunities. In fact, some do not.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">California generates more farm revenue than any other state. Yet until recently there was no requirement to report agricultural water consumption. That changed in 2007, when a new state law required irrigation districts to file annual reports on water delivered to their farm customers, beginning in 2012.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">The program became known as “farm-gate” reporting, because irrigation districts must document monthly deliveries to the diversion gates where water leaves the district’s distribution canal and moves onto private farmland.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">However, follow-up laws confused the rules, and there has never been any penalty for failing to comply.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">As a result, only 48 percent of irrigation districts complied with the law in 2016, the most recent reporting year, according to the state Department of Water Resources, which oversees the program.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">In addition, tech-savvy California did not require irrigation districts to file their reports online. Instead, it allowed them to send paper forms by mail. And the law did not require the \u003cspan class=\"caps\">DWR\u003c/span>\u003c/span> to post any of the data online. So it did not do so until May of this year, when it launched a crude beta-stage \u003ca href=\"https://wuedata.water.ca.gov/ag_farm_plans\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">website\u003c/span>\u003c/a> that includes only some of the data reported so far.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">“This is the agency that’s responsible for managing, I would argue, the most precious natural resource in the state,” said Arohi Sharma, a water policy analyst at the Natural Resources Defense Council. “The agency has the ability to fill all of these gaps. It’s just a matter of flexing its muscles and holding water districts accountable.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Sharma is lead author of a new \u003cspan class=\"caps\">NRDC\u003c/span> \u003ca href=\"https://www.nrdc.org/experts/arohi-sharma/report-ca-ag-water-data-leaks-through-mismanagement-cracks?utm_source=tw&utm_medium=tweet&utm_campaign=Water\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">report\u003c/span>\u003c/a> critical of the state’s program. In its analysis, compliance with the law was even lower than the \u003cspan class=\"caps\">DWR\u003c/span>\u003c/span>\u003cspan class=\"s1\"> estimate. Using \u003cspan class=\"caps\">DWR\u003c/span> data, the group focused on 123 “large” irrigation districts \u003c/span>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">\u003cspan class=\"st\">–\u003c/span> those with at least 10,000 irrigated acres \u003c/span>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">\u003cspan class=\"st\">–\u003c/span> in order to compare consistent data. It found only 30 percent of these districts submitted water delivery data in 2016.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">“While these numbers are obviously not satisfactory, we think it’s going to improve because of the changes in the legislation,” said Manucher Alemi, a \u003cspan class=\"caps\">DWR\u003c/span> policy adviser on water use efficiency, who manages the program. “These things take time. We are making progress.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">The data available on the state’s website also contains errors. Anthea Hansen, general manager of Del Puerto Water District, said she has filed the water delivery reports every year since the requirement began. But only one \u003c/span>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">\u003cspan class=\"st\">–\u003c/span> from 2014 \u003c/span>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">\u003cspan class=\"st\">–\u003c/span> is posted online, giving the impression the district is out of compliance. And that record shows the 2014 report was submitted in April 2018, suggesting it was filed late.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">That appears to be a data entry error, because the \u003cspan class=\"caps\">DWR\u003c/span>\u003c/span> website shows 2014 reports from other irrigation districts were also submitted in April 2018.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">“Last year, \u003cspan class=\"caps\">DWR\u003c/span> did a report to the Legislature, and our name popped up as being delinquent,” said Hansen, whose district irrigates some 45,000 acres in the Modesto area. “And I was quite taken aback, because I don’t like our name to pop up in a negative light on anything. We strive to do everything right here.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">\u003cspan class=\"caps\">DWR\u003c/span> officials say they send annual reminders by letter and email to encourage irrigation districts to submit the required data. But Hansen said she has never received one.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv id=\"attachment_133958\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\">\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_133958\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2256px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-133958 size-full\" src=\"https://newsdeeply.imgix.net/20180720100226/Hkg22059571.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"2256\" height=\"1501\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Farm gates like this one in Firebaugh, California, control the flow of water in irrigation canals. They’re also the point at which the state’s irrigation districts are supposed to measure annual water deliveries to farms. But fewer than half are meeting the annual reporting requirement, and the state Department of Water Resources has limited enforcement power. (ROBYNBECK/AFP/Getty Images)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">“I don’t think it’s so much that water agencies can’t or don’t want to do it,\u003c/span>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">” she said. \u003c/span>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">“It could be they don’t know or forgot. It’s not a real highly publicized thing.\u003c/span>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Alvar Escriva-Bou, a water policy research fellow at the Public Policy Institute of California, called the state’s approach a “bottom-up” method of water accounting. That’s because it relies on good-faith reporting by water users at the end of the distribution system.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">“When there’s not good oversight, you have to be really careful on what users tell you,” he said, “because they just fill out the form and send it in. You need good oversight to rely on these requirements.”\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Escriva-Bou was the lead author of a \u003ca href=\"http://www.ppic.org/publication/accounting-for-californias-water/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">2016 study\u003c/span>\u003c/a> that examined California’s water accounting systems. It includes an exhaustive technical appendix, illuminating methods used by nearly every other Western state.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">He said Colorado and Idaho are good examples of what he calls top-down water accounting. In both cases, the state collects its own data on water distribution by maintaining hundreds of measurement devices on irrigation canals. Irrigators are not required to send in any reports, because the state gathers the data itself \u003c/span>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">\u003cspan class=\"st\">–\u003c/span> in many cases using real-time sensors linked to state computers by telemetry devices.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Both states also maintain comprehensive information portals, offering public access to a vast trove of current information on water distribution and water rights.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">California offers good data on water movement by major state and federal plumbing systems, but very little at the local level.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">“Sometimes centralized systems can help, especially during droughts, and we don’t have that in California,” Escriva-Bou said. “We struggled during the last drought to know exactly how much water we have, and how much water farmers were using.”\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">The California farm water reporting program is governed by no fewer than three laws. In some ways, each has clarified the requirements. In other ways, they have added complications.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">The farm-gate reporting requirement first came into effect in 2007 with the passage of \u003ca href=\"http://www.leginfo.ca.gov/pub/07-08/bill/asm/ab_1401-1450/ab_1404_bill_20071014_chaptered.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">Assembly Bill 1404\u003c/a>. It required irrigation districts serving 2,000 or more acres to measure water deliveries according to “best professional practices,” which were never defined. They were required to report the data annually to the state, starting in 2012, according to “water year.” For Hansen’s district that is March through February.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">In 2009, a comprehensive water law (\u003ca href=\"http://wdl.water.ca.gov/wateruseefficiency/sb7/projects.cfm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">Senate Bill \u003cspan class=\"caps\">X7\u003c/span>-7\u003c/a>) added requirements for districts serving more than 25,000 acres. These larger districts were directed to measure and report water deliveries according to standards developed by the \u003cspan class=\"caps\">DWR\u003c/span>, and the reporting period was switched to calendar year.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">It took the \u003cspan class=\"caps\">DWR\u003c/span> three years to develop those standards, and the first reporting year was 2013. The requirements called for the water delivery data to be reported on a paper form, with email submission as an option.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">The latest changes were imposed on May 31 when Governor Jerry Brown signed \u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billTextClient.xhtml?bill_id=201720180AB1668\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">Assembly Bill 1668\u003c/a>. Starting January 1, 2019, irrigation districts must report their water deliveries according to groundwater basin. Some large irrigation districts may encompass four or five basins, which means they must file four or five reports.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">For the first time, this new law requires water delivery reports to be filed online.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">“The requirements have been evolving and there has been a lack of clarity on what districts have been required to do,” said Mike Wade, executive director of the California Farm Water Coalition. “As a moving target, it was hard to keep up.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">None of these laws allows the \u003cspan class=\"caps\">DWR\u003c/span> to fine or penalize water districts that miss deadlines or fail to file.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">However, the 2009 law did allow the \u003cspan class=\"caps\">DWR\u003c/span> to use its grantmaking power as a hammer: irrigation districts with service areas between 10,000 acres and 25,000 acres are not eligible to receive state grants for water projects unless they submit annual water delivery reports.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">“Our only leverage is through encouragement and incentives for compliance,” Alemi said. “And we don’t have the resources to monitor every one of them all the time. So we just communicate with them and tell them when it is due.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">In short, the mosaic of laws has saddled the \u003cspan class=\"caps\">DWR\u003c/span> with enforcing three different sets of requirements, depending on the size of the irrigation district.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">One result is that the data gathered from irrigation districts so far is not consistent. Some reflects a calendar year, some a water year. Some is on paper, and some is electronic.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">“The earliest data is not being posted, simply because we’re trying to verify accuracy,” Alemi said. “And that’s taking time because there was some confusion around the change to calendar year.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">There is also some question about how useful the data will be when it does get compiled.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">The law requires irrigation districts to report monthly deliveries to farm gates – the points where water leaves the district’s distribution canal and flows onto private farmland. Each record shows the total number of farm gates and total water volume delivered to those gates each month. The records do not show how much was diverted at each gate, or how the water was used on each farm.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">“I think it can be a valuable tool and help improve management and tighten standards down, so people are assured they’re doing a good job,” said Wade. “But I don’t know, in the big scheme of things, that it’s going to change a lot in terms of our understanding of water supply in California.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">The records also say nothing about return flow. This is the water not consumed by crops that may run off the field and return to a stream. Idaho collects this information, but California does not.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Knowing return flows, if any, is important to determine agriculture’s net effect on fisheries and aquatic habitat. And if it is known that return flows are augmenting streamflow, said Escriva-Bou, it may also avoid the pain of water diversion curtailments during drought.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Even so, Alemi said the state’s data collection program will lead to useful reforms.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"fin\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">“It helps us to understand what the agricultural demand is, and also project how we are going to close the gap between supply and demand in the future,” he said.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This article originally appeared on \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/articles/2018/07/23/california-farms-water-use-still-unclear-despite-new-reporting-rules\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Water Deeply\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, and you can find it \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://mail.kqed.org/owa/redir.aspx?C=9e4bb0e1a7d74f24ba4684ef2533053d&URL=https%3a%2f%2fwww.newsdeeply.com%2fwater%2farticles%2f2016%2f07%2f07%2fnine-experts-to-watch-on-california-water-policy\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">here\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. For important news about the California drought, you can \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"http://waterdeeply.us5.list-manage.com/subscribe?u=8b78e9a34ff7443ec1e8c62c6&id=2947becb78\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">sign up\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> to the Water Deeply email list.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Video: How Climate Change Is Wreaking Havoc on California",
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"content": "\u003cp>[youtube https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tla4E8-DGRs?start=1225]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>KQED Science Editor Craig Miller talks with Newsroom host Thuy Vu about the early start to this year’s fire season, and its connections to higher nighttime temperatures and climate change. They also discuss recent attempts by U.S. cities to sue fossil fuel companies for the costs of climate change impacts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Scientists are already noting a shrinkage of the Sierra snowpack and the transition line between rain and snow moving uphill,” says Miller. “Then there’s the massive tree die-off in the Sierra and reduced flows in rivers and streams — both driven by drought, down to an extended fire season and all the way to the coast, where rising seas are causing cliff erosion and high-tide flooding.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Given this reality, Miller says that California is probably experiencing “a wider range of climate effects than any other state in the nation.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/tla4E8-DGRs?start=1225'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/tla4E8-DGRs?start=1225'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>KQED Science Editor Craig Miller talks with Newsroom host Thuy Vu about the early start to this year’s fire season, and its connections to higher nighttime temperatures and climate change. They also discuss recent attempts by U.S. cities to sue fossil fuel companies for the costs of climate change impacts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Scientists are already noting a shrinkage of the Sierra snowpack and the transition line between rain and snow moving uphill,” says Miller. “Then there’s the massive tree die-off in the Sierra and reduced flows in rivers and streams — both driven by drought, down to an extended fire season and all the way to the coast, where rising seas are causing cliff erosion and high-tide flooding.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Given this reality, Miller says that California is probably experiencing “a wider range of climate effects than any other state in the nation.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>For a century, California has harnessed its water with concrete, building dams and reservoirs on an epic scale.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, as the state prepares to hand out $2.7 billion for new water storage projects, it looks as though that era of dam-building might be ending.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During the height of the California’s 5-year drought, state voters approved new funding for water storage as part of Proposition 1. This week, the California Water Commission will allocate those funds to the \u003ca href=\"https://cwc.ca.gov/Documents/2018/WSIP/RankTable_Final.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">eight projects\u003c/a> that have qualified after a lengthy analysis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some projects are classic dams, but several won’t get the windfall they’d been hoping for. Instead, next-generation projects are in the running, like using the state’s vast network of natural underground aquifers for water storage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s sparked a fierce debate over how California can get more water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Era of Dam-Building\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After the Depression, California’s first major dam rose on a river of federal money. At the time, Shasta Dam on the Sacramento River was the second tallest in the country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The dam-building era stretched into the 1970s, as California’s major water projects were built. Canals and aqueducts stretched across the state. One promotional film dubbed it “one of the greatest engineering and construction achievements of the modern age,” providing “water to protect the health of generations to come.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1927718\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1927718\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/Santoyo-800x471.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"471\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/Santoyo-800x471.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/Santoyo-160x94.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/Santoyo-768x452.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/Santoyo-1020x601.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/Santoyo-1200x707.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/Santoyo.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/Santoyo-1180x695.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/Santoyo-960x566.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/Santoyo-240x141.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/Santoyo-375x221.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/Santoyo-520x306.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mario Santoyo points to the site proposed for Temperance Flat Dam, which would essentially create an extension of Millerton Lake near Fresno. \u003ccite>(Jeffrey Hess)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“That’s all we’re trying to do today,” says Mario Santoyo, executive director of the San Joaquin Valley Water Infrastructure Authority. “We’re trying to build these things not for us in particular, but for our children.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch5>New Water Projects in California\u003c/h5>\n\u003cp style=\"line-height: 90%\">\u003cspan style=\"font-size: small\">\u003cem>Projects competed for state funding, scored partly on the basis of ‘public benefits’ they offered. These are the eight finalists, a combination of traditional dams, groundwater banking and recycling.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003cbr>\n\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https://kqednews.carto.com/builder/b523ddf1-3f0a-4886-a1cf-fde8f3696803/embed\" width=\"100%\" height=\"500\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: small\">Source: California Water Commmission\u003c/span>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The group is championing a new dam project known as Temperance Flat. It would sit just upriver from the 300-foot-tall wall of concrete known as Friant Dam.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That dam, built in the 1940s, helped turn the San Joaquin Valley into an agricultural powerhouse. Almost all of the country’s almonds, pistachios and raisins come from just nearby.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is, for all practical purposes, one of the best prime agricultural areas in the world,” says Santoyo.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1927720\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1927720 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/Shasta2-web-800x819.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"819\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/Shasta2-web-800x819.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/Shasta2-web-160x164.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/Shasta2-web-768x787.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/Shasta2-web-1020x1045.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/Shasta2-web-1172x1200.jpg 1172w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/Shasta2-web-1180x1209.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/Shasta2-web-960x983.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/Shasta2-web-240x246.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/Shasta2-web-375x384.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/Shasta2-web-520x533.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/Shasta2-web-32x32.jpg 32w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/Shasta2-web-50x50.jpg 50w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/Shasta2-web.jpg 1482w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Shasta Dam under construction in the 1940s. \u003ccite>(Russel Lee, US Farm Security Administration)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Santoyo says to keep crops growing, California needs the new dam, a project that supporters have had their eye on for decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a V-shaped canyon area which is almost perfect for placing a dam,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Faced with a price tag for that of about $3 billion, the San Joaquin Valley Water Infrastructure Authority applied for $1 billion in Prop 1 funding.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But after the California Water Commission analyzed the project under a new scoring system, it determined that Temperance Flat wasn’t eligible for the full amount. The funding request was dropped to $171 million.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It was a major blow for us ’cause we didn’t see it coming,” says Santoyo.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And the reason? This water bond has a dramatically different approach to funding infrastructure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Broader Benefits\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The bond was really clear: fund the projects that could provide the most public benefits,” says Rachel Zwillinger, who works on water policy for the environmental advocacy group, Defenders of Wildlife.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the past, many water bonds supported the building of particular projects. But the way state lawmakers wrote Prop 1, funding can only go toward the public benefits that a project provides. That includes things like flood control, recreation, or improving habitat for endangered species.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”5pFi75De6xCXlL1AmyzKkkija66FNFtt”]To Zwillinger, it’s a sign that California is learning from its past.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We didn’t really think about and perhaps understand the impact that these dams would have on the environment,” she reflects. “We’ve seen native wildlife species crashing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California’s major dams blocked salmon from reaching their historic spawning grounds. Today, several iconic salmon runs are endangered.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Plus, the water in most rivers is already spoken for, so even if a new dam captures water, Zwillinger says most of it already belongs to someone else.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re thinking about storage in new ways in California,” she says. “And hopefully moving past the era of on-river dams to other forms of storage that are going to serve us much better as we see more climate change and longer droughts.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Underground Reservoirs\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The wastewater industry as a whole is learning that it’s not wastewater,” says Christoph Dobson, as he walks around Regional San’s wastewater treatment plant in Sacramento. It’s the end of the line for sewage from 1.4 million Sacramento residents — but not for long.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[emailsignup newslettername='science' align='right']“Right now, we’re in the middle of the EchoWater project construction area,” he says, pointing to a battalion of cranes and trucks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The plant is getting an almost-$2 billion upgrade. When it’s done, the treated wastewater coming out of the plant will be much cleaner than it used to be.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is not potable, so you can’t drink it, but you can do a lot with it,” he says. “So why not reuse this water?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1927722\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1927722\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/regional-san-800x439.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"439\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/regional-san-800x439.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/regional-san-160x88.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/regional-san-768x421.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/regional-san-1020x559.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/regional-san-1200x658.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/regional-san.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/regional-san-1180x647.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/regional-san-960x527.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/regional-san-240x132.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/regional-san-375x206.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/regional-san-520x285.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Christoph Dobson looks over the construction upgrade for Sacramento’s wastewater treatment plant. \u003ccite>(Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In a dry state like California, it’s not hard to find someone who wants it. Just a few miles away are acres of grapes, alfalfa, and almond fields. Currently, farmers there get water by pumping it out of the ground.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The water under the ground is going down, there’s less of it,” Dobson says. “So, the idea is that we’ll take our high-quality recycled water and provide that to the farmers.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In theory, farmers would then use the recycled water instead of over-drafting the groundwater. The $280 million in Prop 1 funding would go toward building a pipeline and distribution network to deliver the recycled water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Raising the groundwater levels in the area could also be an ecological boon. If the water table is higher, it might improve the flow of the nearby Cosumnes River, which would benefit fish and wildlife.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dobson admits that the project doesn’t seem to have a lot in common with a dam.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“But really it’s the same thing,” he says. “It’s just another reservoir. It’s just that reservoir is underground and you can’t see it. The scarcity of water has really made this project more possible.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Three other projects expecting Prop 1 funding are based on groundwater storage or recycled water. The California Water Commission will make a final funding determination this week.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"title": "The Great Era of California Dam Building May Be Over. Here's What's Next | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>For a century, California has harnessed its water with concrete, building dams and reservoirs on an epic scale.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, as the state prepares to hand out $2.7 billion for new water storage projects, it looks as though that era of dam-building might be ending.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During the height of the California’s 5-year drought, state voters approved new funding for water storage as part of Proposition 1. This week, the California Water Commission will allocate those funds to the \u003ca href=\"https://cwc.ca.gov/Documents/2018/WSIP/RankTable_Final.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">eight projects\u003c/a> that have qualified after a lengthy analysis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some projects are classic dams, but several won’t get the windfall they’d been hoping for. Instead, next-generation projects are in the running, like using the state’s vast network of natural underground aquifers for water storage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s sparked a fierce debate over how California can get more water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Era of Dam-Building\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After the Depression, California’s first major dam rose on a river of federal money. At the time, Shasta Dam on the Sacramento River was the second tallest in the country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The dam-building era stretched into the 1970s, as California’s major water projects were built. Canals and aqueducts stretched across the state. One promotional film dubbed it “one of the greatest engineering and construction achievements of the modern age,” providing “water to protect the health of generations to come.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1927718\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1927718\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/Santoyo-800x471.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"471\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/Santoyo-800x471.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/Santoyo-160x94.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/Santoyo-768x452.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/Santoyo-1020x601.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/Santoyo-1200x707.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/Santoyo.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/Santoyo-1180x695.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/Santoyo-960x566.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/Santoyo-240x141.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/Santoyo-375x221.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/Santoyo-520x306.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mario Santoyo points to the site proposed for Temperance Flat Dam, which would essentially create an extension of Millerton Lake near Fresno. \u003ccite>(Jeffrey Hess)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“That’s all we’re trying to do today,” says Mario Santoyo, executive director of the San Joaquin Valley Water Infrastructure Authority. “We’re trying to build these things not for us in particular, but for our children.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch5>New Water Projects in California\u003c/h5>\n\u003cp style=\"line-height: 90%\">\u003cspan style=\"font-size: small\">\u003cem>Projects competed for state funding, scored partly on the basis of ‘public benefits’ they offered. These are the eight finalists, a combination of traditional dams, groundwater banking and recycling.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003cbr>\n\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https://kqednews.carto.com/builder/b523ddf1-3f0a-4886-a1cf-fde8f3696803/embed\" width=\"100%\" height=\"500\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: small\">Source: California Water Commmission\u003c/span>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The group is championing a new dam project known as Temperance Flat. It would sit just upriver from the 300-foot-tall wall of concrete known as Friant Dam.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That dam, built in the 1940s, helped turn the San Joaquin Valley into an agricultural powerhouse. Almost all of the country’s almonds, pistachios and raisins come from just nearby.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is, for all practical purposes, one of the best prime agricultural areas in the world,” says Santoyo.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1927720\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1927720 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/Shasta2-web-800x819.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"819\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/Shasta2-web-800x819.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/Shasta2-web-160x164.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/Shasta2-web-768x787.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/Shasta2-web-1020x1045.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/Shasta2-web-1172x1200.jpg 1172w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/Shasta2-web-1180x1209.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/Shasta2-web-960x983.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/Shasta2-web-240x246.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/Shasta2-web-375x384.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/Shasta2-web-520x533.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/Shasta2-web-32x32.jpg 32w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/Shasta2-web-50x50.jpg 50w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/Shasta2-web.jpg 1482w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Shasta Dam under construction in the 1940s. \u003ccite>(Russel Lee, US Farm Security Administration)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Santoyo says to keep crops growing, California needs the new dam, a project that supporters have had their eye on for decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a V-shaped canyon area which is almost perfect for placing a dam,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Faced with a price tag for that of about $3 billion, the San Joaquin Valley Water Infrastructure Authority applied for $1 billion in Prop 1 funding.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But after the California Water Commission analyzed the project under a new scoring system, it determined that Temperance Flat wasn’t eligible for the full amount. The funding request was dropped to $171 million.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It was a major blow for us ’cause we didn’t see it coming,” says Santoyo.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And the reason? This water bond has a dramatically different approach to funding infrastructure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Broader Benefits\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The bond was really clear: fund the projects that could provide the most public benefits,” says Rachel Zwillinger, who works on water policy for the environmental advocacy group, Defenders of Wildlife.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the past, many water bonds supported the building of particular projects. But the way state lawmakers wrote Prop 1, funding can only go toward the public benefits that a project provides. That includes things like flood control, recreation, or improving habitat for endangered species.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>To Zwillinger, it’s a sign that California is learning from its past.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We didn’t really think about and perhaps understand the impact that these dams would have on the environment,” she reflects. “We’ve seen native wildlife species crashing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California’s major dams blocked salmon from reaching their historic spawning grounds. Today, several iconic salmon runs are endangered.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Plus, the water in most rivers is already spoken for, so even if a new dam captures water, Zwillinger says most of it already belongs to someone else.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re thinking about storage in new ways in California,” she says. “And hopefully moving past the era of on-river dams to other forms of storage that are going to serve us much better as we see more climate change and longer droughts.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Underground Reservoirs\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The wastewater industry as a whole is learning that it’s not wastewater,” says Christoph Dobson, as he walks around Regional San’s wastewater treatment plant in Sacramento. It’s the end of the line for sewage from 1.4 million Sacramento residents — but not for long.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>“Right now, we’re in the middle of the EchoWater project construction area,” he says, pointing to a battalion of cranes and trucks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The plant is getting an almost-$2 billion upgrade. When it’s done, the treated wastewater coming out of the plant will be much cleaner than it used to be.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is not potable, so you can’t drink it, but you can do a lot with it,” he says. “So why not reuse this water?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1927722\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1927722\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/regional-san-800x439.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"439\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/regional-san-800x439.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/regional-san-160x88.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/regional-san-768x421.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/regional-san-1020x559.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/regional-san-1200x658.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/regional-san.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/regional-san-1180x647.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/regional-san-960x527.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/regional-san-240x132.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/regional-san-375x206.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/regional-san-520x285.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Christoph Dobson looks over the construction upgrade for Sacramento’s wastewater treatment plant. \u003ccite>(Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In a dry state like California, it’s not hard to find someone who wants it. Just a few miles away are acres of grapes, alfalfa, and almond fields. Currently, farmers there get water by pumping it out of the ground.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The water under the ground is going down, there’s less of it,” Dobson says. “So, the idea is that we’ll take our high-quality recycled water and provide that to the farmers.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In theory, farmers would then use the recycled water instead of over-drafting the groundwater. The $280 million in Prop 1 funding would go toward building a pipeline and distribution network to deliver the recycled water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Raising the groundwater levels in the area could also be an ecological boon. If the water table is higher, it might improve the flow of the nearby Cosumnes River, which would benefit fish and wildlife.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dobson admits that the project doesn’t seem to have a lot in common with a dam.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“But really it’s the same thing,” he says. “It’s just another reservoir. It’s just that reservoir is underground and you can’t see it. The scarcity of water has really made this project more possible.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Three other projects expecting Prop 1 funding are based on groundwater storage or recycled water. The California Water Commission will make a final funding determination this week.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv id=\"articleContent\" class=\"articleContent\">\n\u003carticle id=\"contentArea\" class=\" \">\n\u003cdiv class=\"articleBody\">\n\u003cp>California and 14 other states sued the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Thursday over its decision to suspend an Obama-era rule aimed at limiting pollution from trucks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The July 6 decision by the Trump EPA was illegal and could put thousands of additional highly polluting trucks on the roads, the states and the District of Columbia said in the lawsuit filed in the U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The EPA said it does not comment on pending litigation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The rule at issue limited production of heavy-duty freight trucks outfitted with older engines that don’t meet today’s emissions standards.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An EPA official said in a memo that the suspension was in the public interest to avoid disruption to small businesses that make the trucks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Former EPA Chief Scott Pruitt had called the Obama administration’s ban on the dirtier truck engines an example of regulatory overreach that “threatened to put an entire industry of specialized truck manufacturers out of business.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Obama administration said pollution from the retrofitted trucks could lead to 1,600 early deaths each year.[contextly_sidebar id=”01NjmQu5GrOV4eJMPCXbLXtjqCh3O5td”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As EPA administrator, Scott Pruitt’s job was to act as out country’s chief environmental prosecutor,” California’s attorney general, Democrat Xavier Becerra, said in a statement. “At every turn — even until the bitter end — he failed to carry out this important duty and instead put the profits of major polluters above the health of our families.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The D.C. appeals court has already blocked the suspension of the rule temporarily in a separate lawsuit filed by environmental groups, according to Becerra.\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/article>\n\u003cdiv id=\"taboolaContainer\" class=\"taboolaContainer\">\n\u003cdiv id=\"taboola-below-article-thumbnails-2nd\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv id=\"taboola-below-article-thumbnails\">\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cdiv id=\"articleContent\" class=\"articleContent\">\n\u003carticle id=\"contentArea\" class=\" \">\n\u003cdiv class=\"articleBody\">\n\u003cp>California and 14 other states sued the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Thursday over its decision to suspend an Obama-era rule aimed at limiting pollution from trucks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The July 6 decision by the Trump EPA was illegal and could put thousands of additional highly polluting trucks on the roads, the states and the District of Columbia said in the lawsuit filed in the U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The EPA said it does not comment on pending litigation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The rule at issue limited production of heavy-duty freight trucks outfitted with older engines that don’t meet today’s emissions standards.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An EPA official said in a memo that the suspension was in the public interest to avoid disruption to small businesses that make the trucks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Former EPA Chief Scott Pruitt had called the Obama administration’s ban on the dirtier truck engines an example of regulatory overreach that “threatened to put an entire industry of specialized truck manufacturers out of business.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Obama administration said pollution from the retrofitted trucks could lead to 1,600 early deaths each year.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As EPA administrator, Scott Pruitt’s job was to act as out country’s chief environmental prosecutor,” California’s attorney general, Democrat Xavier Becerra, said in a statement. “At every turn — even until the bitter end — he failed to carry out this important duty and instead put the profits of major polluters above the health of our families.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The D.C. appeals court has already blocked the suspension of the rule temporarily in a separate lawsuit filed by environmental groups, according to Becerra.\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/article>\n\u003cdiv id=\"taboolaContainer\" class=\"taboolaContainer\">\n\u003cdiv id=\"taboola-below-article-thumbnails-2nd\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv id=\"taboola-below-article-thumbnails\">\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "Here’s How the Largest Dam Removal Project in the U.S. Would Work",
"headTitle": "Here’s How the Largest Dam Removal Project in the U.S. Would Work | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Four dams on the Klamath River may be simultaneously removed as early as 2021, after years of planning. It’s being hailed as a crucial effort to save salmon, but it won’t solve all the basin’s water problems.[contextly_sidebar id=”Zeuphy79Z2zdDCV3oDvKRaMB09ldtHht”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>No one is popping the champagne corks just yet, but the process to remove four hydroelectric dams on the Klamath River just took a big step forward. On June 28, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.klamathrenewal.org/about-the-project/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Klamath River Renewal Corporation\u003c/a> released the \u003ca href=\"http://www.klamathrenewal.org/definite-plan/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Definite Plan for the Lower Klamath Project\u003c/a>, a 2,300-page detailed analysis of how the reservoirs would be drawn down, the dams removed, the materials disposed of and the formerly inundated land restored.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The document will be reviewed by the \u003ca href=\"https://www.ferc.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">Federal Energy Regulatory Commission\u003c/a> (FERC) and an independent board of consultants. After any necessary revisions are made – and if no further regulatory hurdles emerge – removal of the dams would begin in 2021.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For many, that moment will be the culmination of two decades of talks, coalition building and planning. Curtis Knight, executive director of the nonprofit \u003ca href=\"http://caltrout.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">California Trout\u003c/a>, remembers going to his first meeting regarding the dams’ future in 2000. “I marked that date with the birth of my daughter,” he said. “She’s now a senior in high school next year – that’s how long it’s been going on.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The dams – Iron Gate, Copco 1, Copco 2 and J.C. Boyle – are four of six dams along the mainstem of the Klamath River, which runs for more than 250 miles from Oregon’s Upper Klamath Lake to the Pacific Ocean in Requa, California, just south of Crescent City. The dams have been blamed for failing populations of wild fish runs, such as salmon and steelhead, as well as exacerbating water quality problems in the river.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Their removal would open up 400 miles of mainstem and tributary habitat and would be an unprecedented endeavor. “There’s never been four dams removed simultaneously anywhere in the U.S. or beyond,” said Steve Rothert, California regional director at the nonprofit \u003ca href=\"https://www.americanrivers.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">American Rivers\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1927667\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1927667\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/Klamath_map-7.20.171-800x618.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"618\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/Klamath_map-7.20.171-800x618.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/Klamath_map-7.20.171-160x124.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/Klamath_map-7.20.171-768x594.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/Klamath_map-7.20.171-1020x788.png 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/Klamath_map-7.20.171-1200x927.png 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/Klamath_map-7.20.171-1180x912.png 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/Klamath_map-7.20.171-960x742.png 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/Klamath_map-7.20.171-240x185.png 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/Klamath_map-7.20.171-375x290.png 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/Klamath_map-7.20.171-520x402.png 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/Klamath_map-7.20.171.png 1400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A project map showing the dams along the Klamath River, including four that are scheduled to be removed. \u003ccite>(Klamath River Renewal Corporation)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Rothert is eager to finally see the dams removed. And he’s not alone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“To hear the tribes talk about the loss, the devastation when the first dam went up – it was 1918 when \u003ca href=\"https://www.pacificorp.com/content/dam/pacificorp/doc/Energy_Sources/Hydro/Hydro_Licensing/Klamath_River/Exhibit_E_Appendices_E_6E_Attachment_3_Copco_No_1.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Copco 1\u003c/a> was built and first blocked the fish,” he said. “They’ve been waiting a century for this. It puts my impatience in perspective.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>A Long Time Coming\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For Craig Tucker, media spokesperson for the \u003ca href=\"http://www.karuk.us/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Karuk Tribe\u003c/a>, dam removal on the river can’t come soon enough. “Our fish runs are struggling,” he said. “Last year was one of the worst salmon runs we ever had; we had massive disease outbreaks. These fish aren’t going to last much longer if we don’t do something significant.”[contextly_sidebar id=”bPAm727weHPVijorX0CyRoDQ5oRXTJAp”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Karuk and other Klamath River tribes have long opposed the dams, which blocked fish migration to the Upper Basin. But the effort to remove them took on renewed fervor in the early 2000s when stakeholder meetings first began, triggered by the relicensing process for the dams, owned by \u003ca href=\"https://www.pacificorp.com/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">PacifiCorp\u003c/a>, as part of the 50-year review process by FERC.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2004, the Karuk took their fight against the dams to Scotland to protest at shareholder meetings of Scottish Power, which owned PacifiCorp. A few years later, Scottish Power sold PacifiCorp to Berkshire Hathaway Energy, and the fight moved to Warren Buffett’s hometown of Omaha, Nebraska.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The work with the company started out being very confrontational,” said Tucker. But over time that changed, driven largely by economics and a growing coalition in the Klamath River Basin interested in dam removal and restoration.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By 2010, estimates to address new requirements for fish passage and water quality, including reducing toxic algae blooms, put the cost of keeping the dams at more than $400 million – higher than the current costs for removing the dams and the subsequent restoration work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The dams are used only for hydropower and not water supply or flood control, and so the expense to upgrade them to obtain a new operational license from FERC didn’t seem to justify the amount of electricity they generated for PacifiCorp, according to Tucker.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv id=\"attachment_133829\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\">\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://newsdeeply.imgix.net/20180718085555/20170630_120443_Credit_KRRC1.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1299\" height=\"974\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"wp-caption-text\">A stretch of the Klamath River, which flows 250 miles from Upper Klamath Lake in Oregon to the Pacific Ocean in Northern California. (Anna Murveit / KRRC)\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>A statement by the energy company said it entered into the current agreement, known as the Klamath Hydroelectric Settlement Agreement, “based upon its assessment that the KHSA provided superior cost and risk protections for PacifiCorp and its customers as compared to continuing on a path of relicensing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For a number of years, efforts to remove the dams were tied to a larger plan, the proposed Klamath Basin Restoration Act, which dealt with other issues of water management in the Upper Klamath Basin, but that fell through after Congress failed to authorize it in 2015.[contextly_sidebar id=”SrYJ1hYtquZVZ4OaHhsrOh7WmCeyv4tw”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dam removal efforts pushed forward, however, and in 2016 an amended Klamath Hydroelectric Settlement Agreement was finalized. PacifiCorp agreed to transfer the dam licenses to a newly created entity, the Klamath River Renewal Corporation, which would then take over the decommissioning and removal of the facilities, pending approval by FERC.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The project will be paid for by two primary sources: $200 million that comes from PacifiCorp ratepayers and up to $250 million from Proposition 1, a water bond passed in California in 2014. The project estimate puts costs now at $398 million.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Getting the Job Done\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s no doubt that the removal of the four dams is a big deal. “It sounds like an epic undertaking, and in some ways it is,” said Rothert. “But it’s also just a matter of putting more people and big yellow machines on the job.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But before the dams are breached, considerable work will take place to improve local roads to handle the construction traffic, and to prepare the sites that will be used for staging and disposing of materials – all of which is detailed in the Definite Plan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All four reservoirs will be drawn down simultaneously in a roughly eight-week period beginning in January, currently scheduled for 2021, explained Mark Bransom, executive director of the Klamath River Renewal Corporation.[contextly_sidebar id=”nnF29LSKNppBOySJpbKLlk8AwwaTaSzN”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We fully appreciate that it is going to be something of a significant impact,” he said. The time of year was chosen to minimize risks to fish, many of which are likely to be in tributaries or the ocean at that time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The best-case scenario would be a wet winter with a number of high-flow events that can help move the sediment that’s been trapped behind the dams, said Rothert.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The removal of sediment is one of the biggest wild cards in dam removal, according to California Trout’s Knight. “Is there unfound toxicity in there? We haven’t found any yet, but that doesn’t mean there isn’t some there,” he said. “What is the composition of the sediment really like and how is that going to move itself downriver? What are the impacts on fish? Those are some of the bigger unknowns.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There will inevitably be some fish mortality in the process, but “I think everyone understands the trade-off there – it’s a short-term hit for a long-term benefit,” Knight said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition to ecological considerations and technical concerns, the Definite Plan also specifically addresses how to deal with the cultural resources of the tribes that are around the edges of the reservoirs or even inundated by the reservoirs themselves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are also some private property issues related to flood risk in a section of the river 18 miles below Iron Gate Dam. “We’re undertaking efforts to protect structures that are likely to be at some increased risk” of a 100-year flood, said Bransom.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The dams themselves will then be removed – with Iron Gate the tallest at 173ft high and Copco 2 the shortest at 33ft – but so too will all the other associated infrastructure, including canals, turbines, powerhouses, water intakes and a fish hatchery.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv id=\"attachment_133827\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\">\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://newsdeeply.imgix.net/20180718085553/Iron-Gate-Dam_Credit-Michael-Wier1.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"2048\" height=\"1536\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"wp-caption-text\">At 173ft, the earthen Iron Gate Dam is the tallest of four dams planned to be removed from the Klamath River in California and Oregon. (Michael Wier / CalTrout)\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>Then the process of restoration of the formerly inundated lands will begin. “There are many, many square miles that will be exposed upon drawdown of the reservoirs, and so we have to have a detailed proposal on how we will reestablish native vegetation and stabilize the site and do work to provide habitat where appropriate to assure tributary connectivity,” said Bransom. The largest reservoir area is Copco 1 at 1,000 acres.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>More Work Ahead\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With the four dams gone, fisheries groups believe that fish populations are likely to rebound quickly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What American Rivers has seen hundreds of times across the country is that the fish that have been blocked for decades, and sometimes over a century, just instinctively know that they need to swim past where the dam used to be and keep going and will repopulate and recolonize historic spawning grounds often in the first years and even the first weeks of access,” said Rothert.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But no one believes dam removal will be a cure-all for larger environmental and water management problems in the Klamath Basin. Rothert said that more needs to be done to address tributaries such as the Shasta and Scott rivers. “That’s really where fish spawn, rear and get fat and big, and those two small rivers crank out the lion’s share of Klamath River wild salmon,” he said. “And they are just being destroyed to grow cows and alfalfa. I think a lot of the attention needs to be focused on those rivers.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Knight agrees that “tributary restoration is one of the big things that needs to be done to fully realize the potential” of the river.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv id=\"attachment_133826\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\">\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://newsdeeply.imgix.net/20180718085551/diseased-salmon-03_Karuk1.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"2816\" height=\"2112\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"wp-caption-text\">The planned removal of four dams on the Klamath River is intended to help improve fish runs and prevent disease outbreaks like the one that has stricken these juvenile salmon. (Karuk Tribe)\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>Addressing flow issues in the Upper Klamath Basin where water is diverted for farming and ranching is another long-term problem that needs to be solved. Tribes, environmental groups, agricultural groups and federal agencies have butted heads over disagreements there for years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There is currently a “lot of tension around water rights” in the basin, said Rothert.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Friday, a federal judge in San Francisco will \u003ca href=\"https://www.heraldandnews.com/members/forum/editorials/finding-a-balance-for-the-basin-s-water-is-key/article_60713784-fa1c-5763-ae21-fc8a650e355a.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">hear a case\u003c/a> brought by the Klamath Tribes against federal agencies to protect water levels in Upper Klamath Lake for endangered fish. A ruling in the Klamath Tribes’ favor could cut off water for irrigators in the Upper Klamath Basin and reignite a regional water war. “Things could get really ugly this summer on the Klamath,” said Tucker.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The removal of the dams is an important step, but just a step in what needs to be a comprehensive basin approach to recovery and stability,” said Rothert. “Not only for commercial and recreation fishermen and tribes who depend on a healthy fishery, but also the farmers and ranchers who use water from the Klamath to irrigate, and who need a more predictable and reliable business environment with water supply being key for them to really succeed.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>This article originally appeared on \u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1927666\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>Water Deeply\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>, and you can find it \u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://mail.kqed.org/owa/redir.aspx?C=9e4bb0e1a7d74f24ba4684ef2533053d&URL=https%3a%2f%2fwww.newsdeeply.com%2fwater%2farticles%2f2016%2f07%2f07%2fnine-experts-to-watch-on-california-water-policy\">\u003ci>here\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>. For important news about the California drought, you can \u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"http://waterdeeply.us5.list-manage.com/subscribe?u=8b78e9a34ff7443ec1e8c62c6&id=2947becb78\">\u003ci>sign up\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci> to the Water Deeply email list.\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Four dams on the Klamath River may be simultaneously removed as early as 2021, after years of planning. It’s being hailed as a crucial effort to save salmon, but it won’t solve all the basin’s water problems.",
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"description": "Four dams on the Klamath River may be simultaneously removed as early as 2021, after years of planning. It’s being hailed as a crucial effort to save salmon, but it won’t solve all the basin’s water problems.",
"title": "Here’s How the Largest Dam Removal Project in the U.S. Would Work | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Four dams on the Klamath River may be simultaneously removed as early as 2021, after years of planning. It’s being hailed as a crucial effort to save salmon, but it won’t solve all the basin’s water problems.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>No one is popping the champagne corks just yet, but the process to remove four hydroelectric dams on the Klamath River just took a big step forward. On June 28, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.klamathrenewal.org/about-the-project/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Klamath River Renewal Corporation\u003c/a> released the \u003ca href=\"http://www.klamathrenewal.org/definite-plan/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Definite Plan for the Lower Klamath Project\u003c/a>, a 2,300-page detailed analysis of how the reservoirs would be drawn down, the dams removed, the materials disposed of and the formerly inundated land restored.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The document will be reviewed by the \u003ca href=\"https://www.ferc.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">Federal Energy Regulatory Commission\u003c/a> (FERC) and an independent board of consultants. After any necessary revisions are made – and if no further regulatory hurdles emerge – removal of the dams would begin in 2021.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For many, that moment will be the culmination of two decades of talks, coalition building and planning. Curtis Knight, executive director of the nonprofit \u003ca href=\"http://caltrout.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">California Trout\u003c/a>, remembers going to his first meeting regarding the dams’ future in 2000. “I marked that date with the birth of my daughter,” he said. “She’s now a senior in high school next year – that’s how long it’s been going on.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The dams – Iron Gate, Copco 1, Copco 2 and J.C. Boyle – are four of six dams along the mainstem of the Klamath River, which runs for more than 250 miles from Oregon’s Upper Klamath Lake to the Pacific Ocean in Requa, California, just south of Crescent City. The dams have been blamed for failing populations of wild fish runs, such as salmon and steelhead, as well as exacerbating water quality problems in the river.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Their removal would open up 400 miles of mainstem and tributary habitat and would be an unprecedented endeavor. “There’s never been four dams removed simultaneously anywhere in the U.S. or beyond,” said Steve Rothert, California regional director at the nonprofit \u003ca href=\"https://www.americanrivers.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">American Rivers\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1927667\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1927667\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/Klamath_map-7.20.171-800x618.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"618\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/Klamath_map-7.20.171-800x618.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/Klamath_map-7.20.171-160x124.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/Klamath_map-7.20.171-768x594.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/Klamath_map-7.20.171-1020x788.png 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/Klamath_map-7.20.171-1200x927.png 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/Klamath_map-7.20.171-1180x912.png 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/Klamath_map-7.20.171-960x742.png 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/Klamath_map-7.20.171-240x185.png 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/Klamath_map-7.20.171-375x290.png 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/Klamath_map-7.20.171-520x402.png 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/Klamath_map-7.20.171.png 1400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A project map showing the dams along the Klamath River, including four that are scheduled to be removed. \u003ccite>(Klamath River Renewal Corporation)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Rothert is eager to finally see the dams removed. And he’s not alone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“To hear the tribes talk about the loss, the devastation when the first dam went up – it was 1918 when \u003ca href=\"https://www.pacificorp.com/content/dam/pacificorp/doc/Energy_Sources/Hydro/Hydro_Licensing/Klamath_River/Exhibit_E_Appendices_E_6E_Attachment_3_Copco_No_1.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Copco 1\u003c/a> was built and first blocked the fish,” he said. “They’ve been waiting a century for this. It puts my impatience in perspective.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>A Long Time Coming\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For Craig Tucker, media spokesperson for the \u003ca href=\"http://www.karuk.us/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Karuk Tribe\u003c/a>, dam removal on the river can’t come soon enough. “Our fish runs are struggling,” he said. “Last year was one of the worst salmon runs we ever had; we had massive disease outbreaks. These fish aren’t going to last much longer if we don’t do something significant.”\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Karuk and other Klamath River tribes have long opposed the dams, which blocked fish migration to the Upper Basin. But the effort to remove them took on renewed fervor in the early 2000s when stakeholder meetings first began, triggered by the relicensing process for the dams, owned by \u003ca href=\"https://www.pacificorp.com/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">PacifiCorp\u003c/a>, as part of the 50-year review process by FERC.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2004, the Karuk took their fight against the dams to Scotland to protest at shareholder meetings of Scottish Power, which owned PacifiCorp. A few years later, Scottish Power sold PacifiCorp to Berkshire Hathaway Energy, and the fight moved to Warren Buffett’s hometown of Omaha, Nebraska.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The work with the company started out being very confrontational,” said Tucker. But over time that changed, driven largely by economics and a growing coalition in the Klamath River Basin interested in dam removal and restoration.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By 2010, estimates to address new requirements for fish passage and water quality, including reducing toxic algae blooms, put the cost of keeping the dams at more than $400 million – higher than the current costs for removing the dams and the subsequent restoration work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The dams are used only for hydropower and not water supply or flood control, and so the expense to upgrade them to obtain a new operational license from FERC didn’t seem to justify the amount of electricity they generated for PacifiCorp, according to Tucker.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv id=\"attachment_133829\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\">\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://newsdeeply.imgix.net/20180718085555/20170630_120443_Credit_KRRC1.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1299\" height=\"974\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"wp-caption-text\">A stretch of the Klamath River, which flows 250 miles from Upper Klamath Lake in Oregon to the Pacific Ocean in Northern California. (Anna Murveit / KRRC)\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>A statement by the energy company said it entered into the current agreement, known as the Klamath Hydroelectric Settlement Agreement, “based upon its assessment that the KHSA provided superior cost and risk protections for PacifiCorp and its customers as compared to continuing on a path of relicensing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For a number of years, efforts to remove the dams were tied to a larger plan, the proposed Klamath Basin Restoration Act, which dealt with other issues of water management in the Upper Klamath Basin, but that fell through after Congress failed to authorize it in 2015.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dam removal efforts pushed forward, however, and in 2016 an amended Klamath Hydroelectric Settlement Agreement was finalized. PacifiCorp agreed to transfer the dam licenses to a newly created entity, the Klamath River Renewal Corporation, which would then take over the decommissioning and removal of the facilities, pending approval by FERC.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The project will be paid for by two primary sources: $200 million that comes from PacifiCorp ratepayers and up to $250 million from Proposition 1, a water bond passed in California in 2014. The project estimate puts costs now at $398 million.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Getting the Job Done\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s no doubt that the removal of the four dams is a big deal. “It sounds like an epic undertaking, and in some ways it is,” said Rothert. “But it’s also just a matter of putting more people and big yellow machines on the job.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But before the dams are breached, considerable work will take place to improve local roads to handle the construction traffic, and to prepare the sites that will be used for staging and disposing of materials – all of which is detailed in the Definite Plan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All four reservoirs will be drawn down simultaneously in a roughly eight-week period beginning in January, currently scheduled for 2021, explained Mark Bransom, executive director of the Klamath River Renewal Corporation.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We fully appreciate that it is going to be something of a significant impact,” he said. The time of year was chosen to minimize risks to fish, many of which are likely to be in tributaries or the ocean at that time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The best-case scenario would be a wet winter with a number of high-flow events that can help move the sediment that’s been trapped behind the dams, said Rothert.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The removal of sediment is one of the biggest wild cards in dam removal, according to California Trout’s Knight. “Is there unfound toxicity in there? We haven’t found any yet, but that doesn’t mean there isn’t some there,” he said. “What is the composition of the sediment really like and how is that going to move itself downriver? What are the impacts on fish? Those are some of the bigger unknowns.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There will inevitably be some fish mortality in the process, but “I think everyone understands the trade-off there – it’s a short-term hit for a long-term benefit,” Knight said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition to ecological considerations and technical concerns, the Definite Plan also specifically addresses how to deal with the cultural resources of the tribes that are around the edges of the reservoirs or even inundated by the reservoirs themselves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are also some private property issues related to flood risk in a section of the river 18 miles below Iron Gate Dam. “We’re undertaking efforts to protect structures that are likely to be at some increased risk” of a 100-year flood, said Bransom.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The dams themselves will then be removed – with Iron Gate the tallest at 173ft high and Copco 2 the shortest at 33ft – but so too will all the other associated infrastructure, including canals, turbines, powerhouses, water intakes and a fish hatchery.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv id=\"attachment_133827\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\">\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://newsdeeply.imgix.net/20180718085553/Iron-Gate-Dam_Credit-Michael-Wier1.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"2048\" height=\"1536\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"wp-caption-text\">At 173ft, the earthen Iron Gate Dam is the tallest of four dams planned to be removed from the Klamath River in California and Oregon. (Michael Wier / CalTrout)\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>Then the process of restoration of the formerly inundated lands will begin. “There are many, many square miles that will be exposed upon drawdown of the reservoirs, and so we have to have a detailed proposal on how we will reestablish native vegetation and stabilize the site and do work to provide habitat where appropriate to assure tributary connectivity,” said Bransom. The largest reservoir area is Copco 1 at 1,000 acres.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>More Work Ahead\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With the four dams gone, fisheries groups believe that fish populations are likely to rebound quickly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What American Rivers has seen hundreds of times across the country is that the fish that have been blocked for decades, and sometimes over a century, just instinctively know that they need to swim past where the dam used to be and keep going and will repopulate and recolonize historic spawning grounds often in the first years and even the first weeks of access,” said Rothert.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But no one believes dam removal will be a cure-all for larger environmental and water management problems in the Klamath Basin. Rothert said that more needs to be done to address tributaries such as the Shasta and Scott rivers. “That’s really where fish spawn, rear and get fat and big, and those two small rivers crank out the lion’s share of Klamath River wild salmon,” he said. “And they are just being destroyed to grow cows and alfalfa. I think a lot of the attention needs to be focused on those rivers.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Knight agrees that “tributary restoration is one of the big things that needs to be done to fully realize the potential” of the river.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv id=\"attachment_133826\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\">\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://newsdeeply.imgix.net/20180718085551/diseased-salmon-03_Karuk1.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"2816\" height=\"2112\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"wp-caption-text\">The planned removal of four dams on the Klamath River is intended to help improve fish runs and prevent disease outbreaks like the one that has stricken these juvenile salmon. (Karuk Tribe)\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>Addressing flow issues in the Upper Klamath Basin where water is diverted for farming and ranching is another long-term problem that needs to be solved. Tribes, environmental groups, agricultural groups and federal agencies have butted heads over disagreements there for years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There is currently a “lot of tension around water rights” in the basin, said Rothert.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Friday, a federal judge in San Francisco will \u003ca href=\"https://www.heraldandnews.com/members/forum/editorials/finding-a-balance-for-the-basin-s-water-is-key/article_60713784-fa1c-5763-ae21-fc8a650e355a.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">hear a case\u003c/a> brought by the Klamath Tribes against federal agencies to protect water levels in Upper Klamath Lake for endangered fish. A ruling in the Klamath Tribes’ favor could cut off water for irrigators in the Upper Klamath Basin and reignite a regional water war. “Things could get really ugly this summer on the Klamath,” said Tucker.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The removal of the dams is an important step, but just a step in what needs to be a comprehensive basin approach to recovery and stability,” said Rothert. “Not only for commercial and recreation fishermen and tribes who depend on a healthy fishery, but also the farmers and ranchers who use water from the Klamath to irrigate, and who need a more predictable and reliable business environment with water supply being key for them to really succeed.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>This article originally appeared on \u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1927666\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>Water Deeply\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>, and you can find it \u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://mail.kqed.org/owa/redir.aspx?C=9e4bb0e1a7d74f24ba4684ef2533053d&URL=https%3a%2f%2fwww.newsdeeply.com%2fwater%2farticles%2f2016%2f07%2f07%2fnine-experts-to-watch-on-california-water-policy\">\u003ci>here\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>. For important news about the California drought, you can \u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"http://waterdeeply.us5.list-manage.com/subscribe?u=8b78e9a34ff7443ec1e8c62c6&id=2947becb78\">\u003ci>sign up\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci> to the Water Deeply email list.\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Health Officials Warn Public to Stay Out of Discovery Bay’s Toxic Waters",
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"content": "\u003cp>Contra Costa health officials are warning people to stay out of Discovery Bay after recent tests showed elevated levels of a toxin from blue-green algae.[contextly_sidebar id=”HOFJjjVVgSKMJov7SbkcjgstMPSsA2D0″]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A \u003ca href=\"https://cchealth.org/eh/hab/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">routine sampling\u003c/a> of the waters on June 27 by health officials found high concentrations of blue-green algae, which contains cyanotoxin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”BE53mysKwhQp94VJXpgB5zkaKFuA9ekn”]Contra Costa Health Services issued an advisory Thursday, July 19 warning that exposure to the toxin can cause\u003ca href=\"https://cchealth.org/eh/hab/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> rashes, skin and eye irritation\u003c/a>, and upset stomach. In high enough levels, exposure can lead to serious illness and even death.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Environmental Health advises residents and visitors to Discovery Bay to avoid coming into contact with water in affected areas,” the advisory stated. “Avoiding contact with the water is also advised for pets.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Higher temperatures contribute to the sudden growth of the harmful algae, which eventually dissipate naturally.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dogs are especially sensitive to the toxin. In 2017, two dogs \u003ca href=\"https://www.sfgate.com/bayarea/article/Toxic-algae-kills-2-dogs-after-swim-in-Napa-11260421.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">reportedly died after they swam in a contaminated pond\u003c/a> in Southern Napa County.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tap water remains safe to drink as the toxin is not in the community’s well water system, according to the advisory.[contextly_sidebar id=”9LPlFctPIz2XxR4ELVFBaosWMf6LFUwK”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Officials say the \u003ca href=\"https://cchealth.org/eh/hab/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">best way to\u003c/a> prevent the blooms is to reduce water pollution, especially from runoff containing fertilizers or pesticides.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you believe you’ve been exposed to Blue-green algae, health officials recommend taking the following steps:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Wash your skin and hair thoroughly.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>If your pet comes into contact with the algae, wash\u003cbr>\nit thoroughly to prevent ingestion.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Contact a licensed veterinarian immediately if you believe your pet may have ingested algae.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Do not consume fish caught or harvested in a\u003cbr>\nbloom area.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Respect closures by public health authorities.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>If you ingest blue-green algae or begin to experience symptoms,\u003cbr>\ncontact your health care provider or California Poison Control at 1-800-222-1222.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>For updates on this advisory, visit \u003ca href=\"http://cchealth.org/eh/blue-green-algae.php\">http://cchealth.org/eh/blue-green-algae.php\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Health officials in the East Bay are warning residents to stay out of Discovery Bay due to elevated levels of cyatoxin.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Contra Costa health officials are warning people to stay out of Discovery Bay after recent tests showed elevated levels of a toxin from blue-green algae.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A \u003ca href=\"https://cchealth.org/eh/hab/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">routine sampling\u003c/a> of the waters on June 27 by health officials found high concentrations of blue-green algae, which contains cyanotoxin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>Contra Costa Health Services issued an advisory Thursday, July 19 warning that exposure to the toxin can cause\u003ca href=\"https://cchealth.org/eh/hab/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> rashes, skin and eye irritation\u003c/a>, and upset stomach. In high enough levels, exposure can lead to serious illness and even death.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Environmental Health advises residents and visitors to Discovery Bay to avoid coming into contact with water in affected areas,” the advisory stated. “Avoiding contact with the water is also advised for pets.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Higher temperatures contribute to the sudden growth of the harmful algae, which eventually dissipate naturally.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dogs are especially sensitive to the toxin. In 2017, two dogs \u003ca href=\"https://www.sfgate.com/bayarea/article/Toxic-algae-kills-2-dogs-after-swim-in-Napa-11260421.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">reportedly died after they swam in a contaminated pond\u003c/a> in Southern Napa County.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tap water remains safe to drink as the toxin is not in the community’s well water system, according to the advisory.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Officials say the \u003ca href=\"https://cchealth.org/eh/hab/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">best way to\u003c/a> prevent the blooms is to reduce water pollution, especially from runoff containing fertilizers or pesticides.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you believe you’ve been exposed to Blue-green algae, health officials recommend taking the following steps:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Wash your skin and hair thoroughly.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>If your pet comes into contact with the algae, wash\u003cbr>\nit thoroughly to prevent ingestion.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Contact a licensed veterinarian immediately if you believe your pet may have ingested algae.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Do not consume fish caught or harvested in a\u003cbr>\nbloom area.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Respect closures by public health authorities.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>If you ingest blue-green algae or begin to experience symptoms,\u003cbr>\ncontact your health care provider or California Poison Control at 1-800-222-1222.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>For updates on this advisory, visit \u003ca href=\"http://cchealth.org/eh/blue-green-algae.php\">http://cchealth.org/eh/blue-green-algae.php\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "A Sea Urchin Army Is Mowing Down California's Kelp Forests -- But Why?",
"headTitle": "A Sea Urchin Army Is Mowing Down California’s Kelp Forests — But Why? | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Kelp forests are the marine mirror images to the towering redwoods onshore, the scaffolding that supports the image of the classic northern California coastline.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But these oceanic forests are currently under siege from a potent mix of climate anomalies, disease, and predation that have led to declines in kelp forests not seen in decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In their place, vast “urchin barrens” of bare rock picked clean by roving grazers. These sunken equivalents of forest clear-cuts gut the complex relationships that sustain a healthy ecosystem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Rise of the Urchins\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Weakened by rising ocean temperatures and aggressive storms, kelp forests were already disadvantaged when researchers began to notice urchin populations increasing in 2015.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1927686\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1927686 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/urchins-and-kelp-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/urchins-and-kelp-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/urchins-and-kelp-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/urchins-and-kelp-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/urchins-and-kelp-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/urchins-and-kelp-1200x675.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/urchins-and-kelp.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/urchins-and-kelp-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/urchins-and-kelp-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/urchins-and-kelp-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/urchins-and-kelp-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/urchins-and-kelp-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Purple sea urchins are experiencing populations surges, leading to overgrazing of giant kelp. \u003ccite>(KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“We’ve seen urchins come through and mow down kelp,” says Tristin McHugh, north coast regional manager for Reef Check, a group of citizen science divers who conduct long-term monitoring studies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This year, for example, there was virtually minimal kelp,” she says. “The barrens were barren — just urchins.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”WEKh98dtZPvhgISltBlFjiZHxmaGztiL”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>McHugh attributes this increase to elevated recruitment during years in which sea urchin larvae settled out of the plankton in high densities and survived the tumultuous early years of adolescence. Urchins have become so numerous that they have since spawned several citizen science projects aimed at curtailing their numbers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Some Heroes Wear Furry Capes\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Traditionally, California’s iconic sea otter has stepped in to keep urchin populations in check. Otters feed on sea urchins, which in turn keeps them from overgrazing on kelp. Without otters, the implication is that we would cease to have kelp forests at all.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So what happens when otters forget just what is on the menu?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the same way that you can eat many things but might prefer to eat pizza, otters are known to be generalists in their diets. But individuals have specific preferences which are passed from mother to pup.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1927356\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1927356\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/Otter_Group-800x257.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"257\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/Otter_Group-800x257.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/Otter_Group-160x51.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/Otter_Group-768x247.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/Otter_Group-1020x328.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/Otter_Group-1200x386.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/Otter_Group-1920x617.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/Otter_Group-1180x379.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/Otter_Group-960x309.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/Otter_Group-240x77.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/Otter_Group-375x121.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/Otter_Group-520x167.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A raft of otters rests in Elkhorn Slough, Moss Landing, CA \u003ccite>(Heather Barrett)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>James Watanabe is a lecturer at Hopkins Marine Station, and he was the first to suggest that otters may have developed a “cultural memory loss.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“From the big pulse of recruitment in the ’70’s, up until now, when the urchins started showing up again, there were three generations of otters with some sea urchins present,” he says, “but not enough for any otter to focus on as the main part of the diet.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘It’s not that the sea otters aren’t doing their job. They’re doing it very well, there’s just much more to the story than otters and urchins.’\u003ccite>Joe Tomoleoni, USGS\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“It’s possible that the behavior died out if everyone who remembered how to do it has died.” adds Aimee Dunlap, who studies animal cognition at the University of Missouri. “When they reintroduced the California Condor,” she recalls, “they had to haul out carcasses, because they’d had a gap in the parents teaching the young how to be a Condor.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Historical Precedent?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Watanabe points to the example of \u003cem>Kelletia\u003c/em>, a large predatory snail that moved north into kelp forests during the 1977-1978 El Niño, as a historical example of a time when otters exhibited similar behaviors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a big, meaty snail, and it has a big shell, and it got to the point where you could put your hand down anywhere in the kelp beds and one would be within a meter of your hand. But the otters weren’t going for them.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1927360\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 580px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1927360\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/kelletia_kel580.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"580\" height=\"435\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/kelletia_kel580.jpg 580w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/kelletia_kel580-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/kelletia_kel580-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/kelletia_kel580-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/kelletia_kel580-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 580px) 100vw, 580px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A Kellet’s Whelk in a Monterey kelp forest. \u003ccite>(James Watanabe)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Eventually, he began to notice changes beneath the waves. “Within a period of about six months, the abundance dropped and there were a bunch of busted shells all over the place. It’s the damage that only an otter could typically do.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Can We Really Blame the Otters?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Joe Tomoleoni, an otter biologist with the U.S. Geological Survey, bristles at the idea of blaming the urchin boom solely on otters, arguing that it ignores the inherent complexity of kelp forests.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[emailsignup newslettername='science' align='right'] “It’s not that the sea otters aren’t doing their job,” he says. “They’re doing it very well, there’s just much more to the story than otters and urchins.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tomoleoni stresses that urchins have always been a major prey item for sea otters in California, and in fact, recent observations show more urchins being consumed now than in the past.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Perfect Storm\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite their importance, otter indifference would not be enough to explain what’s happening here. Michael Jacox, a Research Oceanographer with NOAA, points to a series of weather anomalies that have affected the Bay Area over the last five years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1927620\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 226px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1927620\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/kelp.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"226\" height=\"389\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/kelp.jpg 226w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/kelp-160x275.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 226px) 100vw, 226px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A mature kelp plant in Monterey Bay. \u003ccite>(James Watanabe)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>It started with a persistent high pressure system which formed over the Pacific Ocean in late 2013. While winters in California are generally characterized as wet and mild, Jacox recalls how “the ridge deflected storms, and we weren’t getting storms or mixing and there was a heat buildup in the surface of the ocean.” This heat buildup, coupled with the extremely strong El Niño of 2015, ultimately impacted the entire US west coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And it had serious implications for marine ecosystems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kelp in particular was hit especially hard by these warm conditions. “The story for kelp might be similar to how it is for phytoplankton,” Jacox suggests, “They need nutrients in the water, and they prefer cooler conditions. In phytoplankton, we saw really low productivity as a direct result.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Watanabe suspects it may also have helped drive the urchin boom. To him, the warm water weakened kelp, but failed to kill it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The kelp wasn’t very happy here during the warm water buildup,” he recalls, “but we didn’t see wholesale loss of the canopy like we’re seeing now with overgrazing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A New Hope\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While many researchers spoke to the unprecedented magnitude and persistence of these climate events, they were equally quick to point to signs that the kelp beds may already be recovering. Or at the very least, that they are optimistic the damage can be reversed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite his theory, Watanabe always stressed that it was only a matter of time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Those otters are so smart,” he says with a smile. “Once they figure out they can eat those urchins, I’m sure the otters will knock them back real quick and the kelp will recover.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This year, up on the north coast, we’ve seen cold water showing up,” adds McHugh. “We’ve seen high trade winds and we’ve seen upwelling…maybe our ecosystem is going to have a chance to recover.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Kelp forests are the marine mirror images to the towering redwoods onshore, the scaffolding that supports the image of the classic northern California coastline.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But these oceanic forests are currently under siege from a potent mix of climate anomalies, disease, and predation that have led to declines in kelp forests not seen in decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In their place, vast “urchin barrens” of bare rock picked clean by roving grazers. These sunken equivalents of forest clear-cuts gut the complex relationships that sustain a healthy ecosystem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Rise of the Urchins\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Weakened by rising ocean temperatures and aggressive storms, kelp forests were already disadvantaged when researchers began to notice urchin populations increasing in 2015.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1927686\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1927686 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/urchins-and-kelp-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/urchins-and-kelp-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/urchins-and-kelp-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/urchins-and-kelp-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/urchins-and-kelp-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/urchins-and-kelp-1200x675.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/urchins-and-kelp.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/urchins-and-kelp-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/urchins-and-kelp-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/urchins-and-kelp-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/urchins-and-kelp-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/urchins-and-kelp-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Purple sea urchins are experiencing populations surges, leading to overgrazing of giant kelp. \u003ccite>(KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“We’ve seen urchins come through and mow down kelp,” says Tristin McHugh, north coast regional manager for Reef Check, a group of citizen science divers who conduct long-term monitoring studies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This year, for example, there was virtually minimal kelp,” she says. “The barrens were barren — just urchins.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>McHugh attributes this increase to elevated recruitment during years in which sea urchin larvae settled out of the plankton in high densities and survived the tumultuous early years of adolescence. Urchins have become so numerous that they have since spawned several citizen science projects aimed at curtailing their numbers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Some Heroes Wear Furry Capes\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Traditionally, California’s iconic sea otter has stepped in to keep urchin populations in check. Otters feed on sea urchins, which in turn keeps them from overgrazing on kelp. Without otters, the implication is that we would cease to have kelp forests at all.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So what happens when otters forget just what is on the menu?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the same way that you can eat many things but might prefer to eat pizza, otters are known to be generalists in their diets. But individuals have specific preferences which are passed from mother to pup.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1927356\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1927356\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/Otter_Group-800x257.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"257\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/Otter_Group-800x257.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/Otter_Group-160x51.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/Otter_Group-768x247.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/Otter_Group-1020x328.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/Otter_Group-1200x386.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/Otter_Group-1920x617.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/Otter_Group-1180x379.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/Otter_Group-960x309.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/Otter_Group-240x77.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/Otter_Group-375x121.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/Otter_Group-520x167.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A raft of otters rests in Elkhorn Slough, Moss Landing, CA \u003ccite>(Heather Barrett)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>James Watanabe is a lecturer at Hopkins Marine Station, and he was the first to suggest that otters may have developed a “cultural memory loss.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“From the big pulse of recruitment in the ’70’s, up until now, when the urchins started showing up again, there were three generations of otters with some sea urchins present,” he says, “but not enough for any otter to focus on as the main part of the diet.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘It’s not that the sea otters aren’t doing their job. They’re doing it very well, there’s just much more to the story than otters and urchins.’\u003ccite>Joe Tomoleoni, USGS\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“It’s possible that the behavior died out if everyone who remembered how to do it has died.” adds Aimee Dunlap, who studies animal cognition at the University of Missouri. “When they reintroduced the California Condor,” she recalls, “they had to haul out carcasses, because they’d had a gap in the parents teaching the young how to be a Condor.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Historical Precedent?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Watanabe points to the example of \u003cem>Kelletia\u003c/em>, a large predatory snail that moved north into kelp forests during the 1977-1978 El Niño, as a historical example of a time when otters exhibited similar behaviors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a big, meaty snail, and it has a big shell, and it got to the point where you could put your hand down anywhere in the kelp beds and one would be within a meter of your hand. But the otters weren’t going for them.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1927360\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 580px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1927360\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/kelletia_kel580.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"580\" height=\"435\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/kelletia_kel580.jpg 580w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/kelletia_kel580-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/kelletia_kel580-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/kelletia_kel580-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/kelletia_kel580-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 580px) 100vw, 580px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A Kellet’s Whelk in a Monterey kelp forest. \u003ccite>(James Watanabe)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Eventually, he began to notice changes beneath the waves. “Within a period of about six months, the abundance dropped and there were a bunch of busted shells all over the place. It’s the damage that only an otter could typically do.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Can We Really Blame the Otters?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Joe Tomoleoni, an otter biologist with the U.S. Geological Survey, bristles at the idea of blaming the urchin boom solely on otters, arguing that it ignores the inherent complexity of kelp forests.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp> “It’s not that the sea otters aren’t doing their job,” he says. “They’re doing it very well, there’s just much more to the story than otters and urchins.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tomoleoni stresses that urchins have always been a major prey item for sea otters in California, and in fact, recent observations show more urchins being consumed now than in the past.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Perfect Storm\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite their importance, otter indifference would not be enough to explain what’s happening here. Michael Jacox, a Research Oceanographer with NOAA, points to a series of weather anomalies that have affected the Bay Area over the last five years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1927620\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 226px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1927620\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/kelp.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"226\" height=\"389\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/kelp.jpg 226w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/kelp-160x275.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 226px) 100vw, 226px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A mature kelp plant in Monterey Bay. \u003ccite>(James Watanabe)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>It started with a persistent high pressure system which formed over the Pacific Ocean in late 2013. While winters in California are generally characterized as wet and mild, Jacox recalls how “the ridge deflected storms, and we weren’t getting storms or mixing and there was a heat buildup in the surface of the ocean.” This heat buildup, coupled with the extremely strong El Niño of 2015, ultimately impacted the entire US west coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And it had serious implications for marine ecosystems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kelp in particular was hit especially hard by these warm conditions. “The story for kelp might be similar to how it is for phytoplankton,” Jacox suggests, “They need nutrients in the water, and they prefer cooler conditions. In phytoplankton, we saw really low productivity as a direct result.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Watanabe suspects it may also have helped drive the urchin boom. To him, the warm water weakened kelp, but failed to kill it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The kelp wasn’t very happy here during the warm water buildup,” he recalls, “but we didn’t see wholesale loss of the canopy like we’re seeing now with overgrazing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A New Hope\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While many researchers spoke to the unprecedented magnitude and persistence of these climate events, they were equally quick to point to signs that the kelp beds may already be recovering. Or at the very least, that they are optimistic the damage can be reversed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite his theory, Watanabe always stressed that it was only a matter of time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Those otters are so smart,” he says with a smile. “Once they figure out they can eat those urchins, I’m sure the otters will knock them back real quick and the kelp will recover.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This year, up on the north coast, we’ve seen cold water showing up,” adds McHugh. “We’ve seen high trade winds and we’ve seen upwelling…maybe our ecosystem is going to have a chance to recover.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
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"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
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"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
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"masters-of-scale": {
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},
"mindshift": {
"id": "mindshift",
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"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
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"order": 12
},
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5",
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"morning-edition": {
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"info": "\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. Hosts Steve Inskeep, David Greene and Rachel Martin bring you the latest breaking news and features to prepare you for the day.",
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"onourwatch": {
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"title": "On Our Watch",
"tagline": "Deeply-reported investigative journalism",
"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
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"order": 11
},
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"on-the-media": {
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"title": "On The Media",
"info": "Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. For one hour a week, the show tries to lift the veil from the process of \"making media,\" especially news media, because it's through that lens that we see the world and the world sees us",
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"link": "/radio/program/on-the-media",
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},
"pbs-newshour": {
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"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/PBS-NewsHour---Full-Show-p425698/",
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},
"perspectives": {
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"order": 14
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"planet-money": {
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"info": "The economy explained. Imagine you could call up a friend and say, Meet me at the bar and tell me what's going on with the economy. Now imagine that's actually a fun evening.",
"airtime": "SUN 3pm-4pm",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/planetmoney.jpg",
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"link": "/radio/program/planet-money",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/planet-money/id290783428?mt=2",
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},
"politicalbreakdown": {
"id": "politicalbreakdown",
"title": "Political Breakdown",
"tagline": "Politics from a personal perspective",
"info": "Political Breakdown is a new series that explores the political intersection of California and the nation. Each week hosts Scott Shafer and Marisa Lagos are joined with a new special guest to unpack politics -- with personality — and offer an insider’s glimpse at how politics happens.",
"airtime": "THU 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Political-Breakdown-2024-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"order": 5
},
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"amazon": "https://music.amazon.com/podcasts/e0c2d153-ad36-4c8d-901d-f1da6a724824/political-breakdown",
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"possible": {
"id": "possible",
"title": "Possible",
"info": "Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.",
"airtime": "SUN 2pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Possible-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.possible.fm/",
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"source": "Possible"
},
"link": "/radio/program/possible",
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"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/730YpdUSNlMyPQwNnyjp4k"
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},
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