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"content": "\u003cp>Californians living near wildfire outbreaks are used to worrying about an array of fire hazards, but poison oak poisoning transmitted by wildfire smoke is not usually one of them. [contextly_sidebar id=”JKkMt8yvdWLQCSEIHTClXYYhUiDaZ5c5″]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Residents of Rancho Cordova, just east of Sacramento, began discussing on Facebook last week what might have caused the rashes they were noticing. The\u003ca href=\"https://sacramento.cbslocal.com/2018/07/11/did-nearby-fires-cause-mystery-rashes/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> speculation began when Jenni Matamoro uploaded a photo\u003c/a> of her skin rash, and several other residents began replying with their own experiences, saying they, too, developed similar rashes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the time Matamoro noticed the rash, she was at home with the windows open.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“My skin was getting tight and swollen and I was constantly itching my neck,” Matamoros \u003ca href=\"https://sacramento.cbslocal.com/2018/07/11/did-nearby-fires-cause-mystery-rashes/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">told local news outlets.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She also sent the photo to her sister, a registered nurse, who told her to take Benadryl.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the exact cause of the neighborhood’s bout with skin rashes remains unknown, many residents began linking it to nearby wildfires at the time, including the \u003ca href=\"https://fox40.com/2018/07/08/wind-fuels-vegetation-fire-in-rancho-cordova/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Oregon St. Fire\u003c/a> that burned more than 200 acres.[contextly_sidebar id=”S9U9Fh4WrixgpVr8kzJTP3z5jmoFKeVB”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When Pacific poison oak burns, the urushiol oil in the plant dissipates in the air and is \u003ca href=\"https://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/vine/toxdiv/all.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">then distributed by\u003c/a> the wildfire smoke, according to the U.S. Forest Service.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Poison oak is highly immunogenic, meaning even mild exposure can trigger an eruption, according to Dr. Emmanuel Maverakis, an associate professor of dermatology at U.C. Davis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Poison oak is one of the strongest allergens out there,” says Maverakis. “People have varying sensitivity but the vast majority will likely experience a reaction. Even a single exposure can cause an allergic response.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Maverakis, however, urged caution and said widespread poison oak poisoning from wildfires is rare.[contextly_sidebar id=”4aVhIqGYdJwyVxt14myABBh3lMY9jKAq”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In terms of how close you actually have to be to contract poison oak via wildfire smoke, no clear guidance has yet been issued, however, experts say that individual variables like wind and personal sensitivity play a factor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The farther away you are from the fire,” says Maverakis, “the less exposure you will have.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About 70 to 85 percent of the population will develop an allergic reaction to\u003ca href=\"https://www.fs.fed.us/t-d/pubs/pdfpubs/pdf07672313/pdf07672313dpi72.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> poison oak although it\u003c/a> seldom occurs on the first exposure, according to the U.S. Forest Service.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Sensitivity increases with each exposure,” says the U.S. Forest Service. “People who are exposed to urushiol oil repeatedly may become more sensitive, reacting to lower and lower concentrations. However, people become less sensitive to urushiol oil as they get older.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the case of Rancho Cordova, Dr. Maverakis says that, based on the few photos he’s seen of residents’ rashes, the sun is a more likely culprit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is, after all, sunburn season and the thing with a sunburn is that it doesn’t happen right away,” he says. “It would be easy for someone to blame a rash on other causes if it developed hours later.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Symptoms of poison oak usually develop within 24 hours of exposure and include \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/plants/symptoms.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">rash, itching and swelling\u003c/a>, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2017, \u003ca href=\"https://www.firehouse.com/safety-health/news/12357457/poison-oak-effects-hundreds-of-firefighters-on-wildland-frontlines\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">more than 400 firefighters\u003c/a> battling wildifres in Santa Barbara County alone were treated for poison oak, according to Firehouse News.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Poison oak is just a hazard of the job,” Santa Barbara County firefighter Danny Haynes told KEYT during the 2017 wildfires. “There’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.keyt.com/news/wildfire/hundreds-of-firefighters-get-poison-oak-poisoning-while-fighting-whittier-fire/599760765\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">poison oak\u003c/a> on almost every fire we go on here on the Central Coast.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you believe you have been exposed to urushiol oil from poison oak, the CDC recommends the following steps:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Immediately rinse skin with rubbing alcohol, specialized poison plant washes, dishwashing soap, and plenty of water.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Rinse frequently. Make sure that wash solutions do not dry on the skin and further spread the urushiol.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Scrub under nails with a brush.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Apply wet compresses, calamine lotion, or hydrocortisone cream to the affected area to reduce itching. Do not apply to broken skin.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Take an antihistamine such as Benadryl for itching.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>In severe cases, such as difficulty breathing or if the rash is on the face or genitals, seek immediate medical attention.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the exact cause of the neighborhood’s bout with skin rashes remains unknown, many residents began linking it to nearby wildfires at the time, including the \u003ca href=\"https://fox40.com/2018/07/08/wind-fuels-vegetation-fire-in-rancho-cordova/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Oregon St. Fire\u003c/a> that burned more than 200 acres.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When Pacific poison oak burns, the urushiol oil in the plant dissipates in the air and is \u003ca href=\"https://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/vine/toxdiv/all.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">then distributed by\u003c/a> the wildfire smoke, according to the U.S. Forest Service.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Poison oak is highly immunogenic, meaning even mild exposure can trigger an eruption, according to Dr. Emmanuel Maverakis, an associate professor of dermatology at U.C. Davis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Poison oak is one of the strongest allergens out there,” says Maverakis. “People have varying sensitivity but the vast majority will likely experience a reaction. Even a single exposure can cause an allergic response.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Maverakis, however, urged caution and said widespread poison oak poisoning from wildfires is rare.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In terms of how close you actually have to be to contract poison oak via wildfire smoke, no clear guidance has yet been issued, however, experts say that individual variables like wind and personal sensitivity play a factor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The farther away you are from the fire,” says Maverakis, “the less exposure you will have.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About 70 to 85 percent of the population will develop an allergic reaction to\u003ca href=\"https://www.fs.fed.us/t-d/pubs/pdfpubs/pdf07672313/pdf07672313dpi72.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> poison oak although it\u003c/a> seldom occurs on the first exposure, according to the U.S. Forest Service.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Sensitivity increases with each exposure,” says the U.S. Forest Service. “People who are exposed to urushiol oil repeatedly may become more sensitive, reacting to lower and lower concentrations. However, people become less sensitive to urushiol oil as they get older.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the case of Rancho Cordova, Dr. Maverakis says that, based on the few photos he’s seen of residents’ rashes, the sun is a more likely culprit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is, after all, sunburn season and the thing with a sunburn is that it doesn’t happen right away,” he says. “It would be easy for someone to blame a rash on other causes if it developed hours later.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Symptoms of poison oak usually develop within 24 hours of exposure and include \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/plants/symptoms.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">rash, itching and swelling\u003c/a>, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2017, \u003ca href=\"https://www.firehouse.com/safety-health/news/12357457/poison-oak-effects-hundreds-of-firefighters-on-wildland-frontlines\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">more than 400 firefighters\u003c/a> battling wildifres in Santa Barbara County alone were treated for poison oak, according to Firehouse News.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Poison oak is just a hazard of the job,” Santa Barbara County firefighter Danny Haynes told KEYT during the 2017 wildfires. “There’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.keyt.com/news/wildfire/hundreds-of-firefighters-get-poison-oak-poisoning-while-fighting-whittier-fire/599760765\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">poison oak\u003c/a> on almost every fire we go on here on the Central Coast.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you believe you have been exposed to urushiol oil from poison oak, the CDC recommends the following steps:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Immediately rinse skin with rubbing alcohol, specialized poison plant washes, dishwashing soap, and plenty of water.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Rinse frequently. Make sure that wash solutions do not dry on the skin and further spread the urushiol.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Scrub under nails with a brush.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Apply wet compresses, calamine lotion, or hydrocortisone cream to the affected area to reduce itching. Do not apply to broken skin.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Take an antihistamine such as Benadryl for itching.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>In severe cases, such as difficulty breathing or if the rash is on the face or genitals, seek immediate medical attention.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Astronomers may have caught a relatively nearby star munching on a planet or mini-planets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A NASA space telescope noticed that the star suddenly started looking a bit strange last year. The Chandra X-Ray Observatory spotted a 30-fold increase in iron on the edge of the star, which is only 10 million years old, along with pronounced dimming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Astronomers have been watching the baby star — in the constellation Taurus — for decades and iron levels weren’t high in 2015 the last time the \u003ca href=\"http://chandra.si.edu/photo/2018/rwaur/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Chandra\u003c/a> telescope looked at it. The star, called RW Aur A, is 450 light-years away. A light-year is 5.9 trillion miles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hans Moritz Guenther, a scientist at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, said he’s never seen anything quite like this before, calling it “a lot stranger than we thought we’d be seeing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve never seen any star that’s changed its iron abundance like that,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Guenther said one potential simple explanation is that the star is eating a planet or mini-planets. He looked at other possible explanations, and of the two that make sense, he prefers the planet-munching one. Computer simulations show it can happen, but it has never been seen before, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Outside experts are wary.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This could be an exciting discovery, but the evidence is circumstantial and not definitive,” said Harvard’s Avi Loeb.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Guenther’s preferred explanation is speculative, said Alan Boss of the Carnegie Institution of Science, an expert on planets outside our solar system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study is in Wednesday’s Astronomical Journal.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Astronomers may have caught a relatively nearby star munching on a planet or mini-planets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A NASA space telescope noticed that the star suddenly started looking a bit strange last year. The Chandra X-Ray Observatory spotted a 30-fold increase in iron on the edge of the star, which is only 10 million years old, along with pronounced dimming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Astronomers have been watching the baby star — in the constellation Taurus — for decades and iron levels weren’t high in 2015 the last time the \u003ca href=\"http://chandra.si.edu/photo/2018/rwaur/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Chandra\u003c/a> telescope looked at it. The star, called RW Aur A, is 450 light-years away. A light-year is 5.9 trillion miles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hans Moritz Guenther, a scientist at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, said he’s never seen anything quite like this before, calling it “a lot stranger than we thought we’d be seeing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve never seen any star that’s changed its iron abundance like that,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Guenther said one potential simple explanation is that the star is eating a planet or mini-planets. He looked at other possible explanations, and of the two that make sense, he prefers the planet-munching one. Computer simulations show it can happen, but it has never been seen before, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Outside experts are wary.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This could be an exciting discovery, but the evidence is circumstantial and not definitive,” said Harvard’s Avi Loeb.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Guenther’s preferred explanation is speculative, said Alan Boss of the Carnegie Institution of Science, an expert on planets outside our solar system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study is in Wednesday’s Astronomical Journal.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Scientists, Lawmakers Assail EPA's 'Secret Science' Proposal",
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"content": "\u003cp>Critics at a public hearing Tuesday sounded off on the Environmental Protection Agency’s plans to limit the use of scientific research in drafting new regulations.[contextly_sidebar id=”3tfPN7YoRxvBaYZlYXcNJNaLDBoebZJc”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Opponents of the draft rule — who ranged from congressmen, former health officials and scientists — voiced their concerns at the agency’s Washington, D.C. headquarters this morning at a hearing that’s expected to last all day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Critics urged EPA officials not to adopt a measure that they say would jeopardize the health and safety of Americans by excluding critical research that can lead to stronger environmental protections. Those expressing their concerns Tuesday include \u003ca href=\"https://www.ucsusa.org/bio/gretchen.html#.W05r07enFEY\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Gretchen Goldman\u003c/a>, the research director at the Center for Science and Democracy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">I can’t always protect my kids from unsafe air outside, but the EPA can. That’s why the agency should withdraw this proposal. You can submit your own comments here: \u003ca href=\"https://t.co/bRc4t7LrGA\">https://t.co/bRc4t7LrGA\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://t.co/6duv4cklrd\">pic.twitter.com/6duv4cklrd\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Dr Gretchen Goldman (@GretchenTG) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/GretchenTG/status/1019272196840132609?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">July 17, 2018\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Unveiled in April, the draft rule — “Strengthening Transparency in Regulatory Science” — would bar the EPA from considering scientific studies that “are not publicly available in a manner sufficient for independent validation,” according to the text.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">Attacking science under the guise of transparency would have chilling consequences for the EPA and every person who benefits from clean air and water. Today I testified in person against this insidious proposed rule. \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/ScienceNotSilence?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#ScienceNotSilence\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://t.co/c78SIzcFqV\">https://t.co/c78SIzcFqV\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://t.co/RZYN7dLH1X\">pic.twitter.com/RZYN7dLH1X\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Suzanne Bonamici (@RepBonamici) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/RepBonamici/status/1019219585088835590?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">July 17, 2018\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>At the time it was revealed, former EPA chief Scott Pruitt said it would make the agency’s decision-making more transparent. But critics like Jennifer McPartland, a senior scientist with the Environmental Defense Fund, say the rule is a disguised attempt to bar consideration of research that could lead to tighter regulations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The data underlying many scientific studies are not publicly available and cannot be made publicly available,” McPartland told EPA officals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She said the proposed plan “serves the interests of polluters, not the public.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Acting EPA chief Andrew Wheeler \u003ca href=\"https://www.eenews.net/stories/1060089071\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">has indicated in interviews\u003c/a> that he would pursue the draft rule.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those who oppose the rule argue that it’s not always feasible to make data public.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The data underlying many scientific studies are not publicly available and cannot be made publicly available,” Jennifer McPartland, a senior scientist at the \u003ca href=\"https://www.edf.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Environmental Defense Fund\u003c/a>, told officials.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s because such a move could compromise patient privacy and the personal data of study participants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”aapOmByHebQvGF8oaajRRdXdNJyO6SdT”]”If those [confidentiality] documents say we will be required to release your private information to the U.S. government or to the public, [people] would be wise not to participate,” Peter Thorne, a toxicologist and former chairman of EPA’s science advisory board, told Science Magazine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Thorne was removed from the board in late 2017, when his membership wasn’t renewed by Pruitt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Research that has shaped EPA decision-making \u003ca href=\"https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/features/six-cities-air-pollution-study-turns-20/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">includes a groundbreaking air pollution\u003c/a> study by Harvard scientists which found a strong link between death rates and dirty air in several major U.S. cities. The findings led to tighter air-quality rules.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Others at the hearing, however, urged the EPA to adopt the controversial rule. Among those expressing their support include Dan Byers, vice president for policy at the U.S. Chamber of Commerce’s Global Energy Institute.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">GEI’s \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/DByers21?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">@DByers21\u003c/a> testifies before \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/EPA?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">@EPA\u003c/a> in support of proposed rulemaking on strengthening transparency in regulatory science.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Federal rules that impact millions of people and billions of dollars should be held to a higher standard.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>See more here: \u003ca href=\"https://t.co/YgagUrYJ1l\">https://t.co/YgagUrYJ1l\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://t.co/v3S1dxrfUZ\">pic.twitter.com/v3S1dxrfUZ\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Global Energy Inst (@globalenergy) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/globalenergy/status/1019300337289760769?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">July 17, 2018\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>A 2015 review by the Congressional Budget Office \u003ca href=\"https://www.cbo.gov/publication/50025\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">pegged the initial cost of implementing\u003c/a> the rule at $250 million per year. A cost-benefit analysis conducted by the EPA in 2011 found that programs established under the Clean Air Act yield direct benefits to the American people which vastly exceed the cost of compliance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Specifically, the study found that for 2020, the maximum estimated benefits\u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/clean-air-act-overview/clean-air-act-and-economy\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> derived from clean air programs\u003c/a> exceed costs by 90-to-1, while the lowest estimated benefits exceed costs by about 3-to-1.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The proposed rule is \u003ca href=\"https://www.regulations.gov/document?D=EPA-HQ-OA-2018-0259-0001\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">open for public comment\u003c/a> until August 16.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Critics at a public hearing Tuesday sounded off on the Environmental Protection Agency’s plans to limit the use of scientific research in drafting new regulations.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Opponents of the draft rule — who ranged from congressmen, former health officials and scientists — voiced their concerns at the agency’s Washington, D.C. headquarters this morning at a hearing that’s expected to last all day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Critics urged EPA officials not to adopt a measure that they say would jeopardize the health and safety of Americans by excluding critical research that can lead to stronger environmental protections. Those expressing their concerns Tuesday include \u003ca href=\"https://www.ucsusa.org/bio/gretchen.html#.W05r07enFEY\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Gretchen Goldman\u003c/a>, the research director at the Center for Science and Democracy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">I can’t always protect my kids from unsafe air outside, but the EPA can. That’s why the agency should withdraw this proposal. You can submit your own comments here: \u003ca href=\"https://t.co/bRc4t7LrGA\">https://t.co/bRc4t7LrGA\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://t.co/6duv4cklrd\">pic.twitter.com/6duv4cklrd\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Dr Gretchen Goldman (@GretchenTG) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/GretchenTG/status/1019272196840132609?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">July 17, 2018\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Unveiled in April, the draft rule — “Strengthening Transparency in Regulatory Science” — would bar the EPA from considering scientific studies that “are not publicly available in a manner sufficient for independent validation,” according to the text.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">Attacking science under the guise of transparency would have chilling consequences for the EPA and every person who benefits from clean air and water. Today I testified in person against this insidious proposed rule. \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/ScienceNotSilence?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#ScienceNotSilence\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://t.co/c78SIzcFqV\">https://t.co/c78SIzcFqV\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://t.co/RZYN7dLH1X\">pic.twitter.com/RZYN7dLH1X\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Suzanne Bonamici (@RepBonamici) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/RepBonamici/status/1019219585088835590?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">July 17, 2018\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>At the time it was revealed, former EPA chief Scott Pruitt said it would make the agency’s decision-making more transparent. But critics like Jennifer McPartland, a senior scientist with the Environmental Defense Fund, say the rule is a disguised attempt to bar consideration of research that could lead to tighter regulations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The data underlying many scientific studies are not publicly available and cannot be made publicly available,” McPartland told EPA officals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She said the proposed plan “serves the interests of polluters, not the public.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Acting EPA chief Andrew Wheeler \u003ca href=\"https://www.eenews.net/stories/1060089071\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">has indicated in interviews\u003c/a> that he would pursue the draft rule.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those who oppose the rule argue that it’s not always feasible to make data public.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The data underlying many scientific studies are not publicly available and cannot be made publicly available,” Jennifer McPartland, a senior scientist at the \u003ca href=\"https://www.edf.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Environmental Defense Fund\u003c/a>, told officials.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s because such a move could compromise patient privacy and the personal data of study participants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>”If those [confidentiality] documents say we will be required to release your private information to the U.S. government or to the public, [people] would be wise not to participate,” Peter Thorne, a toxicologist and former chairman of EPA’s science advisory board, told Science Magazine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Thorne was removed from the board in late 2017, when his membership wasn’t renewed by Pruitt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Research that has shaped EPA decision-making \u003ca href=\"https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/features/six-cities-air-pollution-study-turns-20/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">includes a groundbreaking air pollution\u003c/a> study by Harvard scientists which found a strong link between death rates and dirty air in several major U.S. cities. The findings led to tighter air-quality rules.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Others at the hearing, however, urged the EPA to adopt the controversial rule. Among those expressing their support include Dan Byers, vice president for policy at the U.S. Chamber of Commerce’s Global Energy Institute.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">GEI’s \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/DByers21?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">@DByers21\u003c/a> testifies before \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/EPA?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">@EPA\u003c/a> in support of proposed rulemaking on strengthening transparency in regulatory science.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Federal rules that impact millions of people and billions of dollars should be held to a higher standard.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>See more here: \u003ca href=\"https://t.co/YgagUrYJ1l\">https://t.co/YgagUrYJ1l\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://t.co/v3S1dxrfUZ\">pic.twitter.com/v3S1dxrfUZ\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Global Energy Inst (@globalenergy) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/globalenergy/status/1019300337289760769?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">July 17, 2018\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>A 2015 review by the Congressional Budget Office \u003ca href=\"https://www.cbo.gov/publication/50025\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">pegged the initial cost of implementing\u003c/a> the rule at $250 million per year. A cost-benefit analysis conducted by the EPA in 2011 found that programs established under the Clean Air Act yield direct benefits to the American people which vastly exceed the cost of compliance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Specifically, the study found that for 2020, the maximum estimated benefits\u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/clean-air-act-overview/clean-air-act-and-economy\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> derived from clean air programs\u003c/a> exceed costs by 90-to-1, while the lowest estimated benefits exceed costs by about 3-to-1.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The proposed rule is \u003ca href=\"https://www.regulations.gov/document?D=EPA-HQ-OA-2018-0259-0001\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">open for public comment\u003c/a> until August 16.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>The dense network of cables that make up the Internet is likely to be inundated with saltwater as sea levels rise, a new analysis suggests, putting thousands of miles of critical infrastructure along U.S. coastlines underwater in the next 15 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is actually the wires and the hardware that make the Internet run,” explains \u003ca href=\"http://ix.cs.uoregon.edu/~ram/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Ramakrishnan Durairajan\u003c/a>, a computer scientist at the University of Oregon and an author of the research. The analysis estimates under the most severe model for sea level rise that more than 4,000 miles of fiber optic cable along U.S. coastlines will be underwater by the early 2030s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Internet is particularly susceptible to flooding because data travels through underground cables buried along roadways and through tunnels. While the massive deep sea cables that carry data under the Atlantic and Pacific oceans are designed to be permanently underwater, other infrastructure such as copper wiring and power stations are not.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If thousands of miles of cable were flooded because sea level rise, it could potentially impact Internet reliability for millions of Americans in major cities. In fact, higher temperatures and more powerful storms, both of which are more likely as the climate changes, have already affected Internet hardware.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2015, a \u003ca href=\"https://www.itnews.com.au/news/iinets-perth-data-centre-melts-in-heatwave-399128\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">heat wave in Australia\u003c/a> fried air conditioners at a key data center, cutting off a major company’s Internet service for hours. In 2012, \u003ca href=\"https://www.cnet.com/news/hurricane-sandy-disrupts-wireless-and-internet-services/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Superstorm Sandy\u003c/a> knocked out some Internet in New York City when floodwaters cut off power and drowned the underground cables that carry data. At the time, Verizon’s executive director of operations \u003ca href=\"https://www.theverge.com/2012/11/17/3655442/restoring-verizon-service-manhattan-hurricane-sandy\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">told\u003c/a> \u003cem>The Verge \u003c/em>that there had been a “catastrophic failure.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After Hurricane Irma blew across Florida last year, \u003ca href=\"https://www.miamiherald.com/news/weather/hurricane/article174827041.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">the Miami Herald reported\u003c/a> that many people were without Internet for weeks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rising sea levels will make the flooding from such storms worse, \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2018/03/05/590901652/new-report-predicts-rising-tides-more-flooding\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">as NPR has reported\u003c/a>. The \u003ca href=\"https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/4600140-Durairajan-ANRW-2018.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">newly published analysis\u003c/a> sets aside storms and, for the sake of clarity, focuses on predictable flooding from sea level rise. Large, dense coastal cities such as New York, Miami and Seattle appear to have the highest risk of Internet disruption from sea level rise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Internet service providers say they are already thinking about the risks from flooding along the U.S. coasts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>AT&T uses fiber optic cable “designed for use in coastal areas as well as being submerged in either salt- or fresh-water conditions,” spokesman Jeff Kobs says. “In certain locations where cabling will be submerged for long periods of time or consistently exposed, such as beaches or in subways, we use submarine underwater cabling.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One way to mitigate flood risk is to replace copper wiring with more flood-resilient cables. “After Sandy, we started upgrading our network in earnest, and replacing our copper assets with fiber assets,” says Verizon spokeswoman Karen Schulz. “Copper is impacted by water, whereas fiber is not. We’ve switched significant amounts of our network from copper to fiber in the Northeast.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She says Verizon has also elevated buildings and power stations in areas that flood. In most cases, the company’s focus on flood risk “really has less to do with sea level change, and more to do with general flooding concerns,” Schulz explains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The one exception is at so-called cable landing stations where undersea cables connect the U.S. Internet to the rest of the world. “For cable landing stations that are very close to the oceans and that have undersea cables, we specifically assess sea level changes,” Schulz says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some cities are already working on hardening Internet infrastructure to handle the effects of climate change. For example, public buildings in and around \u003ca href=\"http://clerk.ci.seattle.wa.us/~ordpics/31158_ex1.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Seattle are connected\u003c/a> by fiber optic cable meant to make the region more resilient to disasters, including floods. Other cities are rethinking how and where they build roads, which could affect where Internet infrastructure ends up; cables often follow highways and other public rights of way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Durairajan says that upgrading hardware is one good strategy, but that avoiding Internet disruptions from sea level rise also might require companies to rethink the way data flows through their networks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, he says, if some wires are temporarily flooded, “can we reroute traffic from that area, to keep communication going? Can we isolate damage at coastal areas from inland assets? We have to start the mitigation strategies and planning right now.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Rising+Seas+Could+Cause+Problems+For+Internet+Infrastructure&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The dense network of cables that make up the Internet is likely to be inundated with saltwater as sea levels rise, a new analysis suggests, putting thousands of miles of critical infrastructure along U.S. coastlines underwater in the next 15 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is actually the wires and the hardware that make the Internet run,” explains \u003ca href=\"http://ix.cs.uoregon.edu/~ram/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Ramakrishnan Durairajan\u003c/a>, a computer scientist at the University of Oregon and an author of the research. The analysis estimates under the most severe model for sea level rise that more than 4,000 miles of fiber optic cable along U.S. coastlines will be underwater by the early 2030s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Internet is particularly susceptible to flooding because data travels through underground cables buried along roadways and through tunnels. While the massive deep sea cables that carry data under the Atlantic and Pacific oceans are designed to be permanently underwater, other infrastructure such as copper wiring and power stations are not.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If thousands of miles of cable were flooded because sea level rise, it could potentially impact Internet reliability for millions of Americans in major cities. In fact, higher temperatures and more powerful storms, both of which are more likely as the climate changes, have already affected Internet hardware.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2015, a \u003ca href=\"https://www.itnews.com.au/news/iinets-perth-data-centre-melts-in-heatwave-399128\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">heat wave in Australia\u003c/a> fried air conditioners at a key data center, cutting off a major company’s Internet service for hours. In 2012, \u003ca href=\"https://www.cnet.com/news/hurricane-sandy-disrupts-wireless-and-internet-services/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Superstorm Sandy\u003c/a> knocked out some Internet in New York City when floodwaters cut off power and drowned the underground cables that carry data. At the time, Verizon’s executive director of operations \u003ca href=\"https://www.theverge.com/2012/11/17/3655442/restoring-verizon-service-manhattan-hurricane-sandy\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">told\u003c/a> \u003cem>The Verge \u003c/em>that there had been a “catastrophic failure.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After Hurricane Irma blew across Florida last year, \u003ca href=\"https://www.miamiherald.com/news/weather/hurricane/article174827041.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">the Miami Herald reported\u003c/a> that many people were without Internet for weeks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rising sea levels will make the flooding from such storms worse, \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2018/03/05/590901652/new-report-predicts-rising-tides-more-flooding\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">as NPR has reported\u003c/a>. The \u003ca href=\"https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/4600140-Durairajan-ANRW-2018.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">newly published analysis\u003c/a> sets aside storms and, for the sake of clarity, focuses on predictable flooding from sea level rise. Large, dense coastal cities such as New York, Miami and Seattle appear to have the highest risk of Internet disruption from sea level rise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Internet service providers say they are already thinking about the risks from flooding along the U.S. coasts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>AT&T uses fiber optic cable “designed for use in coastal areas as well as being submerged in either salt- or fresh-water conditions,” spokesman Jeff Kobs says. “In certain locations where cabling will be submerged for long periods of time or consistently exposed, such as beaches or in subways, we use submarine underwater cabling.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One way to mitigate flood risk is to replace copper wiring with more flood-resilient cables. “After Sandy, we started upgrading our network in earnest, and replacing our copper assets with fiber assets,” says Verizon spokeswoman Karen Schulz. “Copper is impacted by water, whereas fiber is not. We’ve switched significant amounts of our network from copper to fiber in the Northeast.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She says Verizon has also elevated buildings and power stations in areas that flood. In most cases, the company’s focus on flood risk “really has less to do with sea level change, and more to do with general flooding concerns,” Schulz explains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The one exception is at so-called cable landing stations where undersea cables connect the U.S. Internet to the rest of the world. “For cable landing stations that are very close to the oceans and that have undersea cables, we specifically assess sea level changes,” Schulz says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some cities are already working on hardening Internet infrastructure to handle the effects of climate change. For example, public buildings in and around \u003ca href=\"http://clerk.ci.seattle.wa.us/~ordpics/31158_ex1.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Seattle are connected\u003c/a> by fiber optic cable meant to make the region more resilient to disasters, including floods. Other cities are rethinking how and where they build roads, which could affect where Internet infrastructure ends up; cables often follow highways and other public rights of way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Durairajan says that upgrading hardware is one good strategy, but that avoiding Internet disruptions from sea level rise also might require companies to rethink the way data flows through their networks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, he says, if some wires are temporarily flooded, “can we reroute traffic from that area, to keep communication going? Can we isolate damage at coastal areas from inland assets? We have to start the mitigation strategies and planning right now.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Rising+Seas+Could+Cause+Problems+For+Internet+Infrastructure&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>With climate change, wildfires threaten disaster and chaos in more California communities, more often. But experts say it’s possible to avoid catastrophic harm to human and forest health by setting planned burns before human error, lightning or arson choose when fires start.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”jxcGO35mXk1KJYVaQ7fcALHMXXhgpY5X”]“Putting prescribed fire back out on the landscape at a pace and scale to get real work done and to actually make a difference is a high priority,” says Cal Fire chief Ken Pimlott. “It really is, and it’s going to take a lot of effort.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>‘Unprecedented Catastrophe’\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a February report, the watchdog \u003ca href=\"http://www.lhc.ca.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Little Hoover Commission\u003c/a> concluded that the way California landowners have collectively managed forests is an “unprecedented catastrophe.” In May, Gov. Jerry Brown issued an executive order to improve forest management, and with it, a dramatic change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now Pimlott says that Cal Fire intends to triple the amount of prescribed fire on lands the state controls.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We can prevent these large catastrophic fires or at least reduce the intensity when fires do occur,” he says. “So a little bit of smoke now and a little bit of inconvenience now is well worth offsetting these large damaging fires.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s a small step toward addressing a major deficit. According to \u003ca href=\"http://www.lhc.ca.gov/report/fire-mountain-rethinking-forest-management-sierra-nevada\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">the commission’s report\u003c/a>, an area the size of Maryland—including state, private and federal land—needs maintenance or planned fire to become healthier.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘We can prevent these large catastrophic fires or at least reduce the intensity…’\u003ccite>Ken Pimlott, CalFire Chief\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>One day of prescribed burning in the Tahoe National Forest offers a glimpse of the difficulties in completing these projects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Easier Said Than Done\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>U.S. Forest Service wildland firefighters hacked a line into the earth, around a patch of land on the Yuba River District near Pendola, overlooking Bullard’s Bar for one day of work. A “hot shot” crew and crew members from two engine companies gathered for the day’s work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1927417\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/20180522_FS_TNF_Yuba_rxfire_5-e1531518096613.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-1927417\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/20180522_FS_TNF_Yuba_rxfire_5-e1531518096613-1020x1020.jpg\" alt=\"In May, U.S. Forest Service crews set a 23-acre prescribed burn in the Yuba River District for the Tahoe National Forest. \" width=\"640\" height=\"640\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/20180522_FS_TNF_Yuba_rxfire_5-e1531518096613-1020x1020.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/20180522_FS_TNF_Yuba_rxfire_5-e1531518096613-160x160.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/20180522_FS_TNF_Yuba_rxfire_5-e1531518096613-800x800.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/20180522_FS_TNF_Yuba_rxfire_5-e1531518096613-768x768.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/20180522_FS_TNF_Yuba_rxfire_5-e1531518096613-1200x1200.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/20180522_FS_TNF_Yuba_rxfire_5-e1531518096613-1180x1180.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/20180522_FS_TNF_Yuba_rxfire_5-e1531518096613-960x960.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/20180522_FS_TNF_Yuba_rxfire_5-e1531518096613-240x240.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/20180522_FS_TNF_Yuba_rxfire_5-e1531518096613-375x375.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/20180522_FS_TNF_Yuba_rxfire_5-e1531518096613-520x520.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/20180522_FS_TNF_Yuba_rxfire_5-e1531518096613-32x32.jpg 32w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/20180522_FS_TNF_Yuba_rxfire_5-e1531518096613-50x50.jpg 50w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/20180522_FS_TNF_Yuba_rxfire_5-e1531518096613-64x64.jpg 64w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/20180522_FS_TNF_Yuba_rxfire_5-e1531518096613-96x96.jpg 96w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/20180522_FS_TNF_Yuba_rxfire_5-e1531518096613-128x128.jpg 128w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/20180522_FS_TNF_Yuba_rxfire_5-e1531518096613-150x150.jpg 150w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/20180522_FS_TNF_Yuba_rxfire_5-e1531518096613.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">In May, U.S. Forest Service crews set a 23-acre prescribed burn in the Yuba River District for the Tahoe National Forest. \u003ccite>(Jennifer Hinckley)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“This day started a few years back,” Jennifer Hinckley laughs dryly. Hinckley is a fire and fuels specialist for the Tahoe National Forest. And she does a lot of paperwork: before the first torch even can drip fire on the ground, federal law requires extensive environmental review.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even with approval, federal wildland managers waited months for the right weather and environmental conditions here. Hinckley says those criteria range from wind speed and temperature, to how much water is in the soil. It was a very wet spring; on-and-off rains created several months of delay here.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Thick vegetation in the understory is a limiting factor, too. Hinckley says her crews often need to chop and flatten vegetation to make safe conditions for burning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even when all of the stars align, Hinckley says she might not have warm bodies for the job. That happened last fall, when fires up and down the state kept fire crews hamstrung.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I didn’t have crews to perform prescribed burns,” she says, “because the wildfires take priority.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even when the permit is done and the weather is right and crews are available, the air might already be too polluted to add more smoke to the mix. Air regulators grant permission for burn days, and it’s hard to get: regional atmospheric conditions mean that smoke from Sierra Nevada forests funnels toward the central valley, where air pollution is consistently bad.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Balancing Forest and Human Health\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Whether from wildfire or planned burn, smoke feels like pollution to vulnerable lungs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The consequences are the same in terms of patient response,” says Fresno-based asthma and allergy specialist Praveen Budigga. “I mean, patients are going to have the same effects of the fire.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State and regional air boards say they’re working to balance forest and human health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have to protect public health; that’s our mandate,” says Dar Mims, a meteorologist with the California Air Resources Board. “But we also recognize that we need burning in the forest, and a lot of those trade-offs have to happen in real time because the decisions have to be made—do we want to potentially impact the air basin, or do we want to burn.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">’We have to protect public health. That’s our mandate.’\u003ccite>Dar Mims, CARB\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Air regulators and fire officials say that to promote prescribed burns will require better public education about their relative hazards. Last year, a \u003ca href=\"https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/2016JD026315\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">groundbreaking study\u003c/a> concluded that wildfire smoke contains three times as much pollution as smoke from prescribed fires.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>CalFire’s Ken Pimlott says that’s reason to push for more burn days.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We want the ability to have some more flexibility to be able to burn on days [when] maybe it’s not quite as close to an air quality attainment day as one would like but it’s a perfect prescription window,” he says. “Say we have the resources available and the temperatures and humidities and wind—all of those, vegetation, are all in alignment to make a perfect burn and so we want the ability have a little flexibility.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1927412\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/FullSizeRender.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1927412\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/FullSizeRender-800x1067.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"1067\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/FullSizeRender-800x1067.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/FullSizeRender-160x213.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/FullSizeRender-768x1024.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/FullSizeRender-1020x1360.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/FullSizeRender-900x1200.jpg 900w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/FullSizeRender-1920x2560.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/FullSizeRender-1180x1573.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/FullSizeRender-960x1280.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/FullSizeRender-240x320.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/FullSizeRender-375x500.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/FullSizeRender-520x693.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A flame-scarred tree trunk at Bouverie Preserve. A prescribed burn might have kept fire from burning hot and high, destroying buildings, and damaging trees. \u003ccite>(Molly Peterson)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Bringing Fire to a Healthier Landscape\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Evidence of the ecological benefits of fire are visible at the Bouverie Preserve, a wildland area in Sonoma County. Beginning in spring, a living carpet of purple lupine, white popcornflower, yellow fiddleneck unrolled across the preserve’s fields and canyons.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s lush and green with wildflowers. It’s pretty beautiful,” says fire ecologist Sasha Berleman. To her, this off-the-charts growth signals a healthy landscape, where wildflowers followed the fire in short order.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But look closer at the trees, she says, pointing out how the heat of the Nuns fire blackened the ground and charred the oaks, their trunks scarred with flames up to six feet high. Berleman wonders whether the fire needed to be that severe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“With that wind event that we had, it’s not that this fire is completely preventable but we could have probably had an impact on the behavior of the fire within the area that burned,” she reflects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To see how, she points across the path, to a 17.5-acre plot where she lit a prescribed fire last May. Those trees remained green. Flames were only inches high. These lands will recover faster.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They might have not burned so hot or so extreme in the oak woodlands if we had been managing them on a regular basis,” Berleman says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1927414\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/IMG_5492.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-1927414\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/IMG_5492-1020x765.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"480\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/IMG_5492-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/IMG_5492-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/IMG_5492-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/IMG_5492-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/IMG_5492-1200x900.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/IMG_5492-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/IMG_5492-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/IMG_5492-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/IMG_5492-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/IMG_5492-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/IMG_5492-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Fire ecologist Sasha Berleman set a prescribed burn at the Bouverie Preserve last spring. She says it prepared the land for the October fires that tore across Sonoma County. \u003ccite>(Molly Peterson)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>She also thinks more planned burns could have saved Bouverie’s buildings. That hot and extreme fire torched all but one of them. Berleman went back to the preserve as the fire raged. She and two men were able to save that last building, David Bouverie’s own, using a bucket, a shovel and a chain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So now that building has a special place in my heart,” she laughs. “We spent a good 24 hours together.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Berleman now works as a consultant, promoting the use of ecologically applied fire for private clients and the East Bay Regional Park District, among others. Paradoxically this summer, she’s deploying her “hot shot” training as a wildland firefighter, where the job is to stamp fires out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I felt like we’re sometimes putting out fires that were doing good work. Just because that’s what the machine does,” Berleman says. “That’s what we do, put out fires.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Her hope is to reconcile the conflicting aims of these jobs, and the relationship between fire and California’s landscape, to get scientists and wildland managers heading in the same direction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>In Harm’s Way\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Craig Thomas, conservation director for the Sierra Forest Legacy, says in the last 25 years, that’s become easier to do. But during those years, Thomas points out a different challenge has been growing: more people have moved into wildlands from cities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There is a, you know, thinking that a landscape is like a photograph,” he says ruefully. “You know, when you have these big beautiful trees and we want to freeze-frame them.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Thomas argues that’s a bad idea. Fire is a natural disturbance, he says, “a process that is every bit as much of the picture of where you land as the trees are.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For him, the forests are a movie, not a picture. Trees have a starring role, but so does fire. And it doesn’t have to be the bad guy in a summer blockbuster.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Experts say it’s possible to avoid catastrophic harm to human and forest health by setting planned burns before human error, lightning or arson choose when fires start. But it's easier said than done.",
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"title": "Why California's Best Strategy Against Wildfire Is Hardly Ever Used | KQED",
"description": "Experts say it’s possible to avoid catastrophic harm to human and forest health by setting planned burns before human error, lightning or arson choose when fires start. But it's easier said than done.",
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"headline": "Why California's Best Strategy Against Wildfire Is Hardly Ever Used",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>With climate change, wildfires threaten disaster and chaos in more California communities, more often. But experts say it’s possible to avoid catastrophic harm to human and forest health by setting planned burns before human error, lightning or arson choose when fires start.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>“Putting prescribed fire back out on the landscape at a pace and scale to get real work done and to actually make a difference is a high priority,” says Cal Fire chief Ken Pimlott. “It really is, and it’s going to take a lot of effort.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>‘Unprecedented Catastrophe’\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a February report, the watchdog \u003ca href=\"http://www.lhc.ca.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Little Hoover Commission\u003c/a> concluded that the way California landowners have collectively managed forests is an “unprecedented catastrophe.” In May, Gov. Jerry Brown issued an executive order to improve forest management, and with it, a dramatic change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now Pimlott says that Cal Fire intends to triple the amount of prescribed fire on lands the state controls.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We can prevent these large catastrophic fires or at least reduce the intensity when fires do occur,” he says. “So a little bit of smoke now and a little bit of inconvenience now is well worth offsetting these large damaging fires.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s a small step toward addressing a major deficit. According to \u003ca href=\"http://www.lhc.ca.gov/report/fire-mountain-rethinking-forest-management-sierra-nevada\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">the commission’s report\u003c/a>, an area the size of Maryland—including state, private and federal land—needs maintenance or planned fire to become healthier.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘We can prevent these large catastrophic fires or at least reduce the intensity…’\u003ccite>Ken Pimlott, CalFire Chief\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>One day of prescribed burning in the Tahoe National Forest offers a glimpse of the difficulties in completing these projects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Easier Said Than Done\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>U.S. Forest Service wildland firefighters hacked a line into the earth, around a patch of land on the Yuba River District near Pendola, overlooking Bullard’s Bar for one day of work. A “hot shot” crew and crew members from two engine companies gathered for the day’s work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1927417\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/20180522_FS_TNF_Yuba_rxfire_5-e1531518096613.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-1927417\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/20180522_FS_TNF_Yuba_rxfire_5-e1531518096613-1020x1020.jpg\" alt=\"In May, U.S. Forest Service crews set a 23-acre prescribed burn in the Yuba River District for the Tahoe National Forest. \" width=\"640\" height=\"640\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/20180522_FS_TNF_Yuba_rxfire_5-e1531518096613-1020x1020.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/20180522_FS_TNF_Yuba_rxfire_5-e1531518096613-160x160.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/20180522_FS_TNF_Yuba_rxfire_5-e1531518096613-800x800.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/20180522_FS_TNF_Yuba_rxfire_5-e1531518096613-768x768.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/20180522_FS_TNF_Yuba_rxfire_5-e1531518096613-1200x1200.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/20180522_FS_TNF_Yuba_rxfire_5-e1531518096613-1180x1180.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/20180522_FS_TNF_Yuba_rxfire_5-e1531518096613-960x960.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/20180522_FS_TNF_Yuba_rxfire_5-e1531518096613-240x240.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/20180522_FS_TNF_Yuba_rxfire_5-e1531518096613-375x375.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/20180522_FS_TNF_Yuba_rxfire_5-e1531518096613-520x520.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/20180522_FS_TNF_Yuba_rxfire_5-e1531518096613-32x32.jpg 32w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/20180522_FS_TNF_Yuba_rxfire_5-e1531518096613-50x50.jpg 50w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/20180522_FS_TNF_Yuba_rxfire_5-e1531518096613-64x64.jpg 64w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/20180522_FS_TNF_Yuba_rxfire_5-e1531518096613-96x96.jpg 96w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/20180522_FS_TNF_Yuba_rxfire_5-e1531518096613-128x128.jpg 128w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/20180522_FS_TNF_Yuba_rxfire_5-e1531518096613-150x150.jpg 150w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/20180522_FS_TNF_Yuba_rxfire_5-e1531518096613.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">In May, U.S. Forest Service crews set a 23-acre prescribed burn in the Yuba River District for the Tahoe National Forest. \u003ccite>(Jennifer Hinckley)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“This day started a few years back,” Jennifer Hinckley laughs dryly. Hinckley is a fire and fuels specialist for the Tahoe National Forest. And she does a lot of paperwork: before the first torch even can drip fire on the ground, federal law requires extensive environmental review.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even with approval, federal wildland managers waited months for the right weather and environmental conditions here. Hinckley says those criteria range from wind speed and temperature, to how much water is in the soil. It was a very wet spring; on-and-off rains created several months of delay here.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Thick vegetation in the understory is a limiting factor, too. Hinckley says her crews often need to chop and flatten vegetation to make safe conditions for burning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even when all of the stars align, Hinckley says she might not have warm bodies for the job. That happened last fall, when fires up and down the state kept fire crews hamstrung.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I didn’t have crews to perform prescribed burns,” she says, “because the wildfires take priority.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even when the permit is done and the weather is right and crews are available, the air might already be too polluted to add more smoke to the mix. Air regulators grant permission for burn days, and it’s hard to get: regional atmospheric conditions mean that smoke from Sierra Nevada forests funnels toward the central valley, where air pollution is consistently bad.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Balancing Forest and Human Health\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Whether from wildfire or planned burn, smoke feels like pollution to vulnerable lungs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The consequences are the same in terms of patient response,” says Fresno-based asthma and allergy specialist Praveen Budigga. “I mean, patients are going to have the same effects of the fire.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State and regional air boards say they’re working to balance forest and human health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have to protect public health; that’s our mandate,” says Dar Mims, a meteorologist with the California Air Resources Board. “But we also recognize that we need burning in the forest, and a lot of those trade-offs have to happen in real time because the decisions have to be made—do we want to potentially impact the air basin, or do we want to burn.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">’We have to protect public health. That’s our mandate.’\u003ccite>Dar Mims, CARB\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Air regulators and fire officials say that to promote prescribed burns will require better public education about their relative hazards. Last year, a \u003ca href=\"https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/2016JD026315\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">groundbreaking study\u003c/a> concluded that wildfire smoke contains three times as much pollution as smoke from prescribed fires.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>CalFire’s Ken Pimlott says that’s reason to push for more burn days.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We want the ability to have some more flexibility to be able to burn on days [when] maybe it’s not quite as close to an air quality attainment day as one would like but it’s a perfect prescription window,” he says. “Say we have the resources available and the temperatures and humidities and wind—all of those, vegetation, are all in alignment to make a perfect burn and so we want the ability have a little flexibility.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1927412\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/FullSizeRender.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1927412\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/FullSizeRender-800x1067.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"1067\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/FullSizeRender-800x1067.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/FullSizeRender-160x213.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/FullSizeRender-768x1024.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/FullSizeRender-1020x1360.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/FullSizeRender-900x1200.jpg 900w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/FullSizeRender-1920x2560.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/FullSizeRender-1180x1573.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/FullSizeRender-960x1280.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/FullSizeRender-240x320.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/FullSizeRender-375x500.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/FullSizeRender-520x693.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A flame-scarred tree trunk at Bouverie Preserve. A prescribed burn might have kept fire from burning hot and high, destroying buildings, and damaging trees. \u003ccite>(Molly Peterson)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Bringing Fire to a Healthier Landscape\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Evidence of the ecological benefits of fire are visible at the Bouverie Preserve, a wildland area in Sonoma County. Beginning in spring, a living carpet of purple lupine, white popcornflower, yellow fiddleneck unrolled across the preserve’s fields and canyons.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s lush and green with wildflowers. It’s pretty beautiful,” says fire ecologist Sasha Berleman. To her, this off-the-charts growth signals a healthy landscape, where wildflowers followed the fire in short order.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But look closer at the trees, she says, pointing out how the heat of the Nuns fire blackened the ground and charred the oaks, their trunks scarred with flames up to six feet high. Berleman wonders whether the fire needed to be that severe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“With that wind event that we had, it’s not that this fire is completely preventable but we could have probably had an impact on the behavior of the fire within the area that burned,” she reflects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To see how, she points across the path, to a 17.5-acre plot where she lit a prescribed fire last May. Those trees remained green. Flames were only inches high. These lands will recover faster.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They might have not burned so hot or so extreme in the oak woodlands if we had been managing them on a regular basis,” Berleman says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1927414\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/IMG_5492.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-1927414\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/IMG_5492-1020x765.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"480\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/IMG_5492-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/IMG_5492-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/IMG_5492-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/IMG_5492-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/IMG_5492-1200x900.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/IMG_5492-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/IMG_5492-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/IMG_5492-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/IMG_5492-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/IMG_5492-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/IMG_5492-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Fire ecologist Sasha Berleman set a prescribed burn at the Bouverie Preserve last spring. She says it prepared the land for the October fires that tore across Sonoma County. \u003ccite>(Molly Peterson)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>She also thinks more planned burns could have saved Bouverie’s buildings. That hot and extreme fire torched all but one of them. Berleman went back to the preserve as the fire raged. She and two men were able to save that last building, David Bouverie’s own, using a bucket, a shovel and a chain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So now that building has a special place in my heart,” she laughs. “We spent a good 24 hours together.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Berleman now works as a consultant, promoting the use of ecologically applied fire for private clients and the East Bay Regional Park District, among others. Paradoxically this summer, she’s deploying her “hot shot” training as a wildland firefighter, where the job is to stamp fires out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I felt like we’re sometimes putting out fires that were doing good work. Just because that’s what the machine does,” Berleman says. “That’s what we do, put out fires.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Her hope is to reconcile the conflicting aims of these jobs, and the relationship between fire and California’s landscape, to get scientists and wildland managers heading in the same direction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>In Harm’s Way\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Craig Thomas, conservation director for the Sierra Forest Legacy, says in the last 25 years, that’s become easier to do. But during those years, Thomas points out a different challenge has been growing: more people have moved into wildlands from cities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There is a, you know, thinking that a landscape is like a photograph,” he says ruefully. “You know, when you have these big beautiful trees and we want to freeze-frame them.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Thomas argues that’s a bad idea. Fire is a natural disturbance, he says, “a process that is every bit as much of the picture of where you land as the trees are.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For him, the forests are a movie, not a picture. Trees have a starring role, but so does fire. And it doesn’t have to be the bad guy in a summer blockbuster.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Video: An Iceberg 4 Miles Wide Breaks Off From Greenland Glacier",
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"content": "\u003cp>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7tyfSlnMe8E\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An iceberg four miles (six kilometers) wide has broken off from a glacier in eastern Greenland and scientists have captured the dramatic event on video.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>New York University professor David Holland, an expert in atmospheric and ocean science, told The Associated Press that “this is the largest event we’ve seen in over a decade in Greenland.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A \u003ca href=\"https://www.nyu.edu/about/news-publications/news/2018/july/scientists-capture-breaking-of-glacier-in-greenland-.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">June 22 video\u003c/a> of the incident was taken by his wife, Denise Holland of NYU’s Environmental Fluid Dynamics Laboratory. They had camped by the Helheim Glacier for weeks to collect data to better project sea level changes due to global warming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Holland said Wednesday that the time-lapse video, which is speeded up 20 times, shows “3 percent of the annual ice loss of Greenland occur in 30 minutes.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It sounded like rockets going off,” he said, describing it as “a very complex, chaotic, noisy event.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the couple is studying Greenland, he said that “the real concern is in Antarctica, where everything is so big the stakes are much higher.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In northwestern Greenland, another large iceberg has apparently grounded on the sea floor near the village of Innarsuit. Residents with houses near the shore were prepared to evacuate if necessary.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/7tyfSlnMe8E'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/7tyfSlnMe8E'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>An iceberg four miles (six kilometers) wide has broken off from a glacier in eastern Greenland and scientists have captured the dramatic event on video.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>New York University professor David Holland, an expert in atmospheric and ocean science, told The Associated Press that “this is the largest event we’ve seen in over a decade in Greenland.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A \u003ca href=\"https://www.nyu.edu/about/news-publications/news/2018/july/scientists-capture-breaking-of-glacier-in-greenland-.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">June 22 video\u003c/a> of the incident was taken by his wife, Denise Holland of NYU’s Environmental Fluid Dynamics Laboratory. They had camped by the Helheim Glacier for weeks to collect data to better project sea level changes due to global warming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Holland said Wednesday that the time-lapse video, which is speeded up 20 times, shows “3 percent of the annual ice loss of Greenland occur in 30 minutes.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It sounded like rockets going off,” he said, describing it as “a very complex, chaotic, noisy event.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the couple is studying Greenland, he said that “the real concern is in Antarctica, where everything is so big the stakes are much higher.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In northwestern Greenland, another large iceberg has apparently grounded on the sea floor near the village of Innarsuit. Residents with houses near the shore were prepared to evacuate if necessary.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Unplanned Animal Encounters: Some Tips for Playing it Safe",
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"content": "\u003cp>Spot quiz: let’s say you’re taking the air on one of Northern California’s many inviting trails, and you suddenly notice you have company. Large company. With fur. What do you do?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fortunately, most wild animals that live among us don’t pose a serious threat to humans and some even make great neighbors, snacking on pesky garden pests and rodents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The key is in knowing how to adjust your behavior when you find yourself in the presence of a wild animal. Wildlife experts on \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/forum/2010101866210/look-big-and-other-wildlife-encounter-tips\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">KQED’s Forum\u003c/a> program discuss some important steps you can take to protect yourself \u003cem>and\u003c/em> the animal from harm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Do Not Feed Wild Animals. Seriously, Don’t. \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is a huge no-no, says San Francisco-based writer Rachel Levin, who dishes out plenty of tips in her useful, engaging book, \u003ca class=\"css-1g7m0tk\" title=\"\" href=\"https://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/books/558094/look-big-by-rachel-levin/9780399580376/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Look Big: And Other Tips for Surviving Animal Encounters of All Kinds\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She says too many conflicts between wildlife and humans occur because the critter is being fed by some people and not others.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The animal doesn’t understand why some humans feed him while others don’t,” said Levin on Thursday’s Forum.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Levin says that feeding wildlife creates an expectation in the animal that can lead to it becoming a nuisance. But the next human the animal approaches may not be so friendly and may take extreme measures to get rid of the critter. So experts say it’s best to resist the urge to feed one, no matter how cute.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Do Not Take Selfies with a Wild Animal\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This one should be self-evident, but in the words of Forum host Michael Krasny, “People do some incredibly stupid things.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Install a Scarecrow Sprinkler \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These motion-activated sprinklers are an effective means for scaring wildlife out of your yard. It works for a host of animals, from wild turkeys and deer, to raccoons, rabbits and coyotes. The sudden blast of water causes critters (and sometimes unsuspecting human guests) to panic and run. Just make sure to install it in an area of your yard that’s not frequently used.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>When Not to Run\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While this piece of advice might be easier said than done, going into flight mode can actually put you in direct line of danger.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the case of black bears, waiving your arms around and yelling is your best bet, say the experts. Levin says that these bears are “big chickens” and are not looking for a fight (a well-documented exception is a mother bear with cubs nearby).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the case of sharks, blend in with the background, says Terry Gosliner\u003cstrong>,\u003c/strong> a senior curator at the California Academy of Sciences. If you see a shark, avoid erratic movements that might resemble wounded fish. Simply wait for the shark to pass.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Avoid spearfishing in an area patrolled by sharks. According to Gosliner, it’s the equivalent of “dangling a raw steak in front of a voracious predator.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>When to be Annoying\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here’s a low-tech way to discourage curious critters: drop three pennies into an empty soda can. The sound of pennies banging against metal produces an unpleasant sound for the animal, says Levin. Tape the opening and simply shake the can around when confronted with wildlife such as a coyote or a black bear.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Levin says that coyotes in particular are afraid of the unfamiliar. Introducing new elements into the scene, like an unusual jacket or an odd collar on a pet dog, can cause a nervous coyote to head the other way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Get Tested for Rabies if You Find Bats in Your Home\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Always.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although humans can only contract rabies if there has been an exchange of saliva or blood, people don’t always know when they’ve been bitten, according to Alison Hermance, a communications director at nonprofit Wildcare.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Call the Experts\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you encounter a sick or injured animal in the Bay Area, call \u003ca href=\"https://www.discoverwildcare.org/wildlife-resources/found-animals/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">WildCare\u003c/a> at 415-456-7283 or contact \u003ca title=\"Link to list of wildlife rehabilitators\" href=\"http://www.discoverwildcare.org/wildlife-resources/find-a-wildlife-rehabilitator/\"> your local wildlife hospital.\u003c/a> They will help you determine whether and how to intervene.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lastly, experts say that it’s important to keep in mind that the odds of a wild animal in the Bay Area harming you are incredibly slim. Should you run into an especially stubborn critter standing in your path, best to simply back away. If these tips seem like pointing out the obvious, Gosliner notes that “common sense just isn’t common enough.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Spot quiz: let’s say you’re taking the air on one of Northern California’s many inviting trails, and you suddenly notice you have company. Large company. With fur. What do you do?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fortunately, most wild animals that live among us don’t pose a serious threat to humans and some even make great neighbors, snacking on pesky garden pests and rodents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The key is in knowing how to adjust your behavior when you find yourself in the presence of a wild animal. Wildlife experts on \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/forum/2010101866210/look-big-and-other-wildlife-encounter-tips\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">KQED’s Forum\u003c/a> program discuss some important steps you can take to protect yourself \u003cem>and\u003c/em> the animal from harm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Do Not Feed Wild Animals. Seriously, Don’t. \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is a huge no-no, says San Francisco-based writer Rachel Levin, who dishes out plenty of tips in her useful, engaging book, \u003ca class=\"css-1g7m0tk\" title=\"\" href=\"https://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/books/558094/look-big-by-rachel-levin/9780399580376/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Look Big: And Other Tips for Surviving Animal Encounters of All Kinds\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She says too many conflicts between wildlife and humans occur because the critter is being fed by some people and not others.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The animal doesn’t understand why some humans feed him while others don’t,” said Levin on Thursday’s Forum.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Levin says that feeding wildlife creates an expectation in the animal that can lead to it becoming a nuisance. But the next human the animal approaches may not be so friendly and may take extreme measures to get rid of the critter. So experts say it’s best to resist the urge to feed one, no matter how cute.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Do Not Take Selfies with a Wild Animal\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This one should be self-evident, but in the words of Forum host Michael Krasny, “People do some incredibly stupid things.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Install a Scarecrow Sprinkler \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These motion-activated sprinklers are an effective means for scaring wildlife out of your yard. It works for a host of animals, from wild turkeys and deer, to raccoons, rabbits and coyotes. The sudden blast of water causes critters (and sometimes unsuspecting human guests) to panic and run. Just make sure to install it in an area of your yard that’s not frequently used.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>When Not to Run\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While this piece of advice might be easier said than done, going into flight mode can actually put you in direct line of danger.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the case of black bears, waiving your arms around and yelling is your best bet, say the experts. Levin says that these bears are “big chickens” and are not looking for a fight (a well-documented exception is a mother bear with cubs nearby).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the case of sharks, blend in with the background, says Terry Gosliner\u003cstrong>,\u003c/strong> a senior curator at the California Academy of Sciences. If you see a shark, avoid erratic movements that might resemble wounded fish. Simply wait for the shark to pass.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Avoid spearfishing in an area patrolled by sharks. According to Gosliner, it’s the equivalent of “dangling a raw steak in front of a voracious predator.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>When to be Annoying\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here’s a low-tech way to discourage curious critters: drop three pennies into an empty soda can. The sound of pennies banging against metal produces an unpleasant sound for the animal, says Levin. Tape the opening and simply shake the can around when confronted with wildlife such as a coyote or a black bear.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Levin says that coyotes in particular are afraid of the unfamiliar. Introducing new elements into the scene, like an unusual jacket or an odd collar on a pet dog, can cause a nervous coyote to head the other way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Get Tested for Rabies if You Find Bats in Your Home\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Always.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although humans can only contract rabies if there has been an exchange of saliva or blood, people don’t always know when they’ve been bitten, according to Alison Hermance, a communications director at nonprofit Wildcare.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Call the Experts\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you encounter a sick or injured animal in the Bay Area, call \u003ca href=\"https://www.discoverwildcare.org/wildlife-resources/found-animals/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">WildCare\u003c/a> at 415-456-7283 or contact \u003ca title=\"Link to list of wildlife rehabilitators\" href=\"http://www.discoverwildcare.org/wildlife-resources/find-a-wildlife-rehabilitator/\"> your local wildlife hospital.\u003c/a> They will help you determine whether and how to intervene.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lastly, experts say that it’s important to keep in mind that the odds of a wild animal in the Bay Area harming you are incredibly slim. Should you run into an especially stubborn critter standing in your path, best to simply back away. If these tips seem like pointing out the obvious, Gosliner notes that “common sense just isn’t common enough.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Power Play: How California Lawmakers Are Navigating a Changing Energy Landscape",
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"content": "\u003cp>State lawmakers, faced with a transformed energy landscape and a glut of renewable power as California charges into a greener future, are considering a handful of measures to meet the state’s energy challenges.[contextly_sidebar id=”EJmArVVvxhckAoFcVPZYqb7X797Rvtwu”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The puzzle: how to align state policies with the quickly-evolving electricity world, one lawmakers are attempting to define and to decide how to regulate. Key questions include who should be allowed to distribute energy and whether to expand consumers’ choices in purchasing electricity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The debate is taking place as the summer heat has been unleashed, when demand for power rises in concert with temperatures. At issue are the reliability and resiliency of the power grid–its ability to supply electricity consistently and balance itself when unexpected demand or supply arises.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the most sweeping and controversial ideas, presented as a way for California to produce and use electricity more efficiently, is chilling to some: the replacement of California’s own grid operator with a new regional authority to manage power for the entire West. The question is whether California would be giving up too much for too little.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201720180AB813\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The proposal,\u003c/a> from Assemblyman Chris Holden, a Pasadena Democrat, would open a market for California’s solar power but could also loosen the state’s grip on some distribution decisions. It has been percolating for several years in one form or another and has been, to say the least, hotly debated in Sacramento.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yes, California’s Independent System Operator in its present form would disappear. But a multi-state power authority run by a board of representatives from each participating state would operate more efficiently, better harness renewable energy and expand the state’s climate policies to its neighbors, some supporters say.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are already many masters in the existing energy distribution system to dispatch power west of the Rockies. On the top of that food chain is the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission, which oversees interstate power transmission.[contextly_sidebar id=”IdKYsh93WuwLpAlZBBqQL5cFav8M7sgv”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Holden’s legislation would still allow California to make its own decisions about buying energy, said Kellie Smith, chief consultant to the Assembly Committee on Utilities and Energy, which Holden chairs. The new unified commission would fill a much-needed role as transmission traffic cop, she said: “We are not ceding any more authority than is there today. It’s status quo.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But opponents say that California would be handing over critical decision-making power to states peddling fossil-fueled energy. They say Rocky Mountain coal states could send more dirty power to California, if they elected to participate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“To begin with, let me guarantee you that Wyoming and Utah have no interest in joining anything that California is part of,” Smith said. “Secondly, we already have coal coming in every day.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even though California has policies requiring utilities to buy a certain amount of renewable power, it can be difficult to determine how each watt of power coming into the state was generated. A unified grid would provide needed transparency, supporters say.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Opponents counter that the proposal would saddle California consumers with unfair costs for new transmission lines and other infrastructure outside the state. That’s one reason some labor groups oppose the bill; they’ve estimated that tens of thousands of construction jobs will be lost to other states.[contextly_sidebar id=”cQ3cknIoWqQ8NBRccL892PDV2V4jMRDL”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Matthew Freedman, an attorney with The Utility Reform Network, a watchdog group, applauds improvements to the transmission system. But, echoing critics who say more vetting is needed, he expressed concern that the Holden bill would be a precipitous step.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is not a decision that you can undo,” Freedman said in an interview. “There are many things a state can do to try out a new policy. If it doesn’t work, we can flip it. But once you get rid of the (current system) …. You can’t put the toothpaste back in the tube.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The proposal has long held the interest of Gov. Brown and carries his considerable political weight behind it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other proposals in the mix include allowing industrial and commercial energy customers to cut the cord that binds them to major utilities, as well as a bid to help California reach its climate goals by fashioning a fully “clean” power supply by 2045.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California is at the forefront of the budding \u003cu>\u003ca href=\"https://cleanpowerexchange.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">consumer choice\u003c/a>\u003c/u> movement—ratepayers leaving behind fortress-like utilities and grouping together to buy power from alternate providers. It’s caught on in more than a dozen California cities and counties, where local governments now determine their own power mix.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One bill the Legislature is considering would \u003cu>\u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201720180SB237\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">allow commercial and industrial power\u003c/a>\u003c/u> customers to join the “community choice” movement, unplugging from utilities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The freedom of choice would encourage competition among power providers and drive down prices, said the bill’s author, Sen. Robert Hertzberg, a Democrat from Van Nuys. The highly technical proposal has flown somewhat under the radar, and its prospects for passage are unclear.[contextly_sidebar id=”0zZ02hs5EewVYXJ5cjtt9fEJ5HduDX8q”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state Public Utilities Commission has already weighed in on the idea of community grids and other ad hoc arrangements. It warns in a \u003cu>\u003ca href=\"http://www.caiso.com/Documents/2018SummerLoadsandResourcesAssessment.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">draft report\u003c/a>\u003c/u> that they could leave consumers vulnerable to fly-by-night operators, stranded without power.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In an interview with CALmatters, commission President Michael Picker invoked the price spikes and blackouts that rolled across California during the energy crisis of 2000 after deregulation of the energy market.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In the last deregulation, we had a plan, however flawed,” Picker said. “Now, we are deregulating electric markets through dozens of different decisions and legislative actions, but we do not have a plan. If we are not careful, we can drift into another crisis.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Among the other ideas that will be on lawmakers’ agenda when they return from recess next month is one that failed last year and has a second chance now: Sen. Kevin de León’s \u003cu>\u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201720180SB100\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">proposal\u003c/a>\u003c/u> that California use 100 percent clean power within the next 27 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Los Angeles Democrat maintains that the state is on track to meet this accelerated goal. But his legislation is opposed by such powerful interests as the California Chamber of Commerce and the state’s three largest utilities. Legislative politics, which stymied the bill’s passage in the last session, appear to be at work again, making its prospects somewhat murky.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"nprByline": "\u003ca href=\"https://calmatters.org/articles/author/julie-cart/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Julie Cart\u003c/a>,\u003c/br>\u003ca href=\"https://calmatters.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">CALmatters\u003c/a>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>State lawmakers, faced with a transformed energy landscape and a glut of renewable power as California charges into a greener future, are considering a handful of measures to meet the state’s energy challenges.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The puzzle: how to align state policies with the quickly-evolving electricity world, one lawmakers are attempting to define and to decide how to regulate. Key questions include who should be allowed to distribute energy and whether to expand consumers’ choices in purchasing electricity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The debate is taking place as the summer heat has been unleashed, when demand for power rises in concert with temperatures. At issue are the reliability and resiliency of the power grid–its ability to supply electricity consistently and balance itself when unexpected demand or supply arises.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the most sweeping and controversial ideas, presented as a way for California to produce and use electricity more efficiently, is chilling to some: the replacement of California’s own grid operator with a new regional authority to manage power for the entire West. The question is whether California would be giving up too much for too little.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201720180AB813\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The proposal,\u003c/a> from Assemblyman Chris Holden, a Pasadena Democrat, would open a market for California’s solar power but could also loosen the state’s grip on some distribution decisions. It has been percolating for several years in one form or another and has been, to say the least, hotly debated in Sacramento.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yes, California’s Independent System Operator in its present form would disappear. But a multi-state power authority run by a board of representatives from each participating state would operate more efficiently, better harness renewable energy and expand the state’s climate policies to its neighbors, some supporters say.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are already many masters in the existing energy distribution system to dispatch power west of the Rockies. On the top of that food chain is the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission, which oversees interstate power transmission.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Holden’s legislation would still allow California to make its own decisions about buying energy, said Kellie Smith, chief consultant to the Assembly Committee on Utilities and Energy, which Holden chairs. The new unified commission would fill a much-needed role as transmission traffic cop, she said: “We are not ceding any more authority than is there today. It’s status quo.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But opponents say that California would be handing over critical decision-making power to states peddling fossil-fueled energy. They say Rocky Mountain coal states could send more dirty power to California, if they elected to participate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“To begin with, let me guarantee you that Wyoming and Utah have no interest in joining anything that California is part of,” Smith said. “Secondly, we already have coal coming in every day.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even though California has policies requiring utilities to buy a certain amount of renewable power, it can be difficult to determine how each watt of power coming into the state was generated. A unified grid would provide needed transparency, supporters say.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Opponents counter that the proposal would saddle California consumers with unfair costs for new transmission lines and other infrastructure outside the state. That’s one reason some labor groups oppose the bill; they’ve estimated that tens of thousands of construction jobs will be lost to other states.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Matthew Freedman, an attorney with The Utility Reform Network, a watchdog group, applauds improvements to the transmission system. But, echoing critics who say more vetting is needed, he expressed concern that the Holden bill would be a precipitous step.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is not a decision that you can undo,” Freedman said in an interview. “There are many things a state can do to try out a new policy. If it doesn’t work, we can flip it. But once you get rid of the (current system) …. You can’t put the toothpaste back in the tube.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The proposal has long held the interest of Gov. Brown and carries his considerable political weight behind it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other proposals in the mix include allowing industrial and commercial energy customers to cut the cord that binds them to major utilities, as well as a bid to help California reach its climate goals by fashioning a fully “clean” power supply by 2045.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California is at the forefront of the budding \u003cu>\u003ca href=\"https://cleanpowerexchange.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">consumer choice\u003c/a>\u003c/u> movement—ratepayers leaving behind fortress-like utilities and grouping together to buy power from alternate providers. It’s caught on in more than a dozen California cities and counties, where local governments now determine their own power mix.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One bill the Legislature is considering would \u003cu>\u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201720180SB237\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">allow commercial and industrial power\u003c/a>\u003c/u> customers to join the “community choice” movement, unplugging from utilities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The freedom of choice would encourage competition among power providers and drive down prices, said the bill’s author, Sen. Robert Hertzberg, a Democrat from Van Nuys. The highly technical proposal has flown somewhat under the radar, and its prospects for passage are unclear.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state Public Utilities Commission has already weighed in on the idea of community grids and other ad hoc arrangements. It warns in a \u003cu>\u003ca href=\"http://www.caiso.com/Documents/2018SummerLoadsandResourcesAssessment.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">draft report\u003c/a>\u003c/u> that they could leave consumers vulnerable to fly-by-night operators, stranded without power.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In an interview with CALmatters, commission President Michael Picker invoked the price spikes and blackouts that rolled across California during the energy crisis of 2000 after deregulation of the energy market.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In the last deregulation, we had a plan, however flawed,” Picker said. “Now, we are deregulating electric markets through dozens of different decisions and legislative actions, but we do not have a plan. If we are not careful, we can drift into another crisis.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Among the other ideas that will be on lawmakers’ agenda when they return from recess next month is one that failed last year and has a second chance now: Sen. 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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Los Angeles Democrat maintains that the state is on track to meet this accelerated goal. But his legislation is opposed by such powerful interests as the California Chamber of Commerce and the state’s three largest utilities. Legislative politics, which stymied the bill’s passage in the last session, appear to be at work again, making its prospects somewhat murky.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Decades ago, hundreds of nuns and priests made an extraordinary decision: They agreed to donate their brains upon death to science, hoping to help solve mysteries about Alzheimer’s and other diseases. Now, a study that used their gifts is giving some clues. It reveals that high blood pressure late in life might harm the brain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Autopsies on nearly 1,300 older people, including about 640 clergy members, found more signs of damage and one of the hallmarks of Alzheimer’s disease in the brains of those with higher blood pressure than among those with pressure closer to normal, researchers reported Wednesday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://n.neurology.org/lookup/doi/10.1212/WNL.0000000000005951\">study\u003c/a> does not prove cause and effect, and it does not yet provide a comparison of rates of dementia or its most common form, Alzheimer’s — those results will take longer to parse. But it challenges a theory that high pressure is not as harmful in old age as it is when people are younger.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We can’t be alarmist. This is preliminary data” that needs to be validated by others, said the study leader, Dr. Zoe Arvanitakis of Rush University Medical Center in Chicago. “It’s far too soon to make recommendations about blood pressure in older people based on this study.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The research began in 1994 and combined people from three studies of aging who agreed to donate their brains for autopsy upon their death, including the Religious Orders Study of Catholic clergy throughout the United States. All were over 65 and without known dementia at the start and were followed until they died — at an average age of 89 and after an average of eight years in the study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two-thirds had high blood pressure, defined as a top reading of 140 or more when the study began (it’s now 130 under new guidelines adopted last fall.) Their pressures were measured once a year during the study — a strength of this work over some previous research that just relied on people to say whether they had high pressure or not.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After each participant died, researchers examined their brains for areas of dead tissue caused by lack of blood supply. These blighted areas can be tiny and cause no symptoms, so they’re sometimes called evidence of “silent strokes.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About half of the study participants had one or more of these, and the risk was greater for those with higher blood pressure. For example, people with an average top reading of 147 had a 46 percent greater risk of having one or more of the bad spots than those with an average top reading of 134. People with higher bottom blood pressure readings also had a greater risk for this problem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv id=\"div-gpt-ad-1470255291270-1\" class=\"ad-placeholder\">\n\u003cp>Researchers also found a link between higher pressure and one of the signs of Alzheimer’s — tangles of a protein called tau — but not another Alzheimer’s hallmark, amyloid plaques. This needs further research to understand the implications, Arvanitakis said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a pretty strong study,” said James Hendrix, director of global science initiatives at the Alzheimer’s Association. “Autopsy data is really powerful” and has been the gold standard for diagnosing Alzheimer’s for many years, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With Alzheimer’s, changes in the brain occur a decade or more before symptoms do, so high blood pressure may have been doing damage well before the age when these people enrolled in the study, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>How might high pressure do harm?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Lower blood pressure reduces the risk of those blood vessel blockages” that can cause a silent stroke, said another independent expert, the Mayo Clinic’s Dr. David Knopman. The work shows that “treating blood pressure throughout the lifespan is important.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Knopman is a spokesman for the American Academy of Neurology, whose journal, Neurology, published the study. Federal grants paid for the work.\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Decades ago, hundreds of nuns and priests made an extraordinary decision: They agreed to donate their brains upon death to science, hoping to help solve mysteries about Alzheimer’s and other diseases. Now, a study that used their gifts is giving some clues. It reveals that high blood pressure late in life might harm the brain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Autopsies on nearly 1,300 older people, including about 640 clergy members, found more signs of damage and one of the hallmarks of Alzheimer’s disease in the brains of those with higher blood pressure than among those with pressure closer to normal, researchers reported Wednesday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://n.neurology.org/lookup/doi/10.1212/WNL.0000000000005951\">study\u003c/a> does not prove cause and effect, and it does not yet provide a comparison of rates of dementia or its most common form, Alzheimer’s — those results will take longer to parse. But it challenges a theory that high pressure is not as harmful in old age as it is when people are younger.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We can’t be alarmist. This is preliminary data” that needs to be validated by others, said the study leader, Dr. Zoe Arvanitakis of Rush University Medical Center in Chicago. “It’s far too soon to make recommendations about blood pressure in older people based on this study.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The research began in 1994 and combined people from three studies of aging who agreed to donate their brains for autopsy upon their death, including the Religious Orders Study of Catholic clergy throughout the United States. All were over 65 and without known dementia at the start and were followed until they died — at an average age of 89 and after an average of eight years in the study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two-thirds had high blood pressure, defined as a top reading of 140 or more when the study began (it’s now 130 under new guidelines adopted last fall.) Their pressures were measured once a year during the study — a strength of this work over some previous research that just relied on people to say whether they had high pressure or not.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After each participant died, researchers examined their brains for areas of dead tissue caused by lack of blood supply. These blighted areas can be tiny and cause no symptoms, so they’re sometimes called evidence of “silent strokes.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About half of the study participants had one or more of these, and the risk was greater for those with higher blood pressure. For example, people with an average top reading of 147 had a 46 percent greater risk of having one or more of the bad spots than those with an average top reading of 134. People with higher bottom blood pressure readings also had a greater risk for this problem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv id=\"div-gpt-ad-1470255291270-1\" class=\"ad-placeholder\">\n\u003cp>Researchers also found a link between higher pressure and one of the signs of Alzheimer’s — tangles of a protein called tau — but not another Alzheimer’s hallmark, amyloid plaques. This needs further research to understand the implications, Arvanitakis said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a pretty strong study,” said James Hendrix, director of global science initiatives at the Alzheimer’s Association. “Autopsy data is really powerful” and has been the gold standard for diagnosing Alzheimer’s for many years, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With Alzheimer’s, changes in the brain occur a decade or more before symptoms do, so high blood pressure may have been doing damage well before the age when these people enrolled in the study, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>How might high pressure do harm?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Lower blood pressure reduces the risk of those blood vessel blockages” that can cause a silent stroke, said another independent expert, the Mayo Clinic’s Dr. David Knopman. The work shows that “treating blood pressure throughout the lifespan is important.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Knopman is a spokesman for the American Academy of Neurology, whose journal, Neurology, published the study. Federal grants paid for the work.\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "California Cap-and-Trade is Working — For Other States",
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"content": "\u003cp>A new report indicates California’s much-heralded carbon trading program may actually be harming the neighborhoods it was designed to protect.[contextly_sidebar id=”dZbVEycaPgbvv7CngoBKbDY4u37PHPmT”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the\u003ca href=\"http://journals.plos.org/plosmedicine/article?id=10.1371/journal.pmed.1002604#abstract0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> first study examining\u003c/a> social disparities in California’s cap-and-trade program, researchers found that 52 percent of companies regulated by the program saw an increase in annual average greenhouse gas emissions — and those companies are largely situated in disadvantaged communities, historically hit hardest by environmental pollution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The communities that live on the fence line near these industries saw hope in the [cap-and-trade program] that emissions might be reduced,” \u003ca href=\"https://erg.berkeley.edu/people/lara-cushing/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Lara Cushing\u003c/a>, the study’s lead author, said in a\u003ca href=\"https://news.sfsu.edu/news-story/state-cap-and-trade-program-not-benefitting-disadvantaged-communities\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> statement.\u003c/a> “But so far, we haven’t seen the kind of environmental equity benefits people were hoping for.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study,\u003ca href=\"http://journals.plos.org/plosmedicine/article?id=10.1371/journal.pmed.1002604#sec016\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> published \u003c/a>in PLOS Medicine, looked at the first three years of the program, first launched in 2013.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California boasts the world’s fourth-largest carbon-trading program, which \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1924376/checking-the-math-on-cap-and-trade-some-experts-say-its-not-adding-up\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">was developed to help\u003c/a> the the state meet its ambitious greenhouse gas reduction targets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The program caps the total amount of emissions in the state but companies can increase their emissions by purchasing pollution “allowances” from companies that pollute less.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So while the program succeeded in lowering overall emissions statewide, the study found that specific industries actually produced more emissions since the program was launched.[contextly_sidebar id=”8GJCspiuAEItIZ7do3Fzrj2xvceDy8Z0″]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cement plants saw the highest increase in emissions, or 75 percent, followed by electricity generators, and the oil and gas industry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The increased emissions fell on neighborhoods with higher proportions of people of color and low-income residents, according the recent study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yet, the carbon trade program was partly intended to mitigate the disproportionate impact of air pollution in these communities. California law requires 25 percent of the program’s revenue to be invested in environmental measures that benefit vulnerable neighborhoods.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Cushing and other researchers found that most of the program’s revenue stream is actually flowing out of the state, due to the way the program is designed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under the program, companies can offset their emissions by purchasing credits through forestry or agriculture projects, including those in other states. Rather than investing in local green projects, the study found that 75 percent of those credits — which are part of a regulatory scheme paid for by California taxpayers — went towards projects outside of California.[contextly_sidebar id=”jn0YFwHSViZgJTxNV1CeqIhaEHkoUyDt”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Good climate policy is good for environmental justice,” said Cushing. “What we’ve seen from our study is that so far, California’s cap-and-trade program hasn’t really delivered on that potential.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, Cushing says that California should be praised for its ambitious climate goals. She points to the state’s \u003ca href=\"http://resources.ca.gov/grants/urban-greening/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">urban greening program\u003c/a> that funds forests and greenways in vulnerable communities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Additional measures may be needed, according to Cushing, to ensure that California’s cap-and-trade program lives up to its potential.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Placing geographic restrictions on trading and limiting the amount of pollution ‘offset’ credits that companies can use to comply with the program could help incentivize local emissions reductions.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "California's carbon trading program is helping to subsidize green projects in other states even as a new report finds that 52 percent of participating companies are actually producing more, not less, emissions. ",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>A new report indicates California’s much-heralded carbon trading program may actually be harming the neighborhoods it was designed to protect.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the\u003ca href=\"http://journals.plos.org/plosmedicine/article?id=10.1371/journal.pmed.1002604#abstract0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> first study examining\u003c/a> social disparities in California’s cap-and-trade program, researchers found that 52 percent of companies regulated by the program saw an increase in annual average greenhouse gas emissions — and those companies are largely situated in disadvantaged communities, historically hit hardest by environmental pollution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The communities that live on the fence line near these industries saw hope in the [cap-and-trade program] that emissions might be reduced,” \u003ca href=\"https://erg.berkeley.edu/people/lara-cushing/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Lara Cushing\u003c/a>, the study’s lead author, said in a\u003ca href=\"https://news.sfsu.edu/news-story/state-cap-and-trade-program-not-benefitting-disadvantaged-communities\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> statement.\u003c/a> “But so far, we haven’t seen the kind of environmental equity benefits people were hoping for.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study,\u003ca href=\"http://journals.plos.org/plosmedicine/article?id=10.1371/journal.pmed.1002604#sec016\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> published \u003c/a>in PLOS Medicine, looked at the first three years of the program, first launched in 2013.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California boasts the world’s fourth-largest carbon-trading program, which \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1924376/checking-the-math-on-cap-and-trade-some-experts-say-its-not-adding-up\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">was developed to help\u003c/a> the the state meet its ambitious greenhouse gas reduction targets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The program caps the total amount of emissions in the state but companies can increase their emissions by purchasing pollution “allowances” from companies that pollute less.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So while the program succeeded in lowering overall emissions statewide, the study found that specific industries actually produced more emissions since the program was launched.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cement plants saw the highest increase in emissions, or 75 percent, followed by electricity generators, and the oil and gas industry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The increased emissions fell on neighborhoods with higher proportions of people of color and low-income residents, according the recent study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yet, the carbon trade program was partly intended to mitigate the disproportionate impact of air pollution in these communities. California law requires 25 percent of the program’s revenue to be invested in environmental measures that benefit vulnerable neighborhoods.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Cushing and other researchers found that most of the program’s revenue stream is actually flowing out of the state, due to the way the program is designed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under the program, companies can offset their emissions by purchasing credits through forestry or agriculture projects, including those in other states. Rather than investing in local green projects, the study found that 75 percent of those credits — which are part of a regulatory scheme paid for by California taxpayers — went towards projects outside of California.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Good climate policy is good for environmental justice,” said Cushing. “What we’ve seen from our study is that so far, California’s cap-and-trade program hasn’t really delivered on that potential.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, Cushing says that California should be praised for its ambitious climate goals. She points to the state’s \u003ca href=\"http://resources.ca.gov/grants/urban-greening/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">urban greening program\u003c/a> that funds forests and greenways in vulnerable communities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Additional measures may be needed, according to Cushing, to ensure that California’s cap-and-trade program lives up to its potential.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Placing geographic restrictions on trading and limiting the amount of pollution ‘offset’ credits that companies can use to comply with the program could help incentivize local emissions reductions.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "California Meets Key Climate Change Goal Early",
"headTitle": "California Meets Key Climate Change Goal Early | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>California has reached a milestone goal in its effort to fight climate change ahead of schedule, \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/news/climate-pollutants-fall-below-1990-levels-first-time\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">according to state officials\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”EWRMlfDVmwfthEniOWYgYaDuzxpvI0z9″]The state’s greenhouse gas emissions in 2016 were less than were emitted in 1990. That’s a target the state is required to meet by 2020 under AB 32, the landmark climate change law.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think it’s a very positive signal and an affirmation that we’re on the right track,” says Michael Benjamin, chief of the Air Quality Planning and Science Division at the California Air Resources Board.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With solar power booming, the major drop in emissions came from the electricity sector. Solar rose by 33 percent, as the state’s utilities continue to turn on renewable projects. California law requires them to get half of their electricity from renewable sources like solar and wind by 2030.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wet weather in 2016 also provided a boost. Power from imported from out-of-state hydroelectric dams, which is considered carbon-free, rose by 39 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During dry years, California uses less hydropower and more natural gas or other fossil fuels. But Benjamin says he doesn’t think a dry year would jeopardize California’s milestone in the future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1927263\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1927263 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/ghg_inventory_sector-copy-800x652.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"652\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/ghg_inventory_sector-copy-800x652.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/ghg_inventory_sector-copy-160x130.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/ghg_inventory_sector-copy-768x626.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/ghg_inventory_sector-copy-1020x831.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/ghg_inventory_sector-copy-1200x978.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/ghg_inventory_sector-copy-1180x962.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/ghg_inventory_sector-copy-960x782.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/ghg_inventory_sector-copy-240x196.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/ghg_inventory_sector-copy-375x306.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/ghg_inventory_sector-copy-520x424.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/ghg_inventory_sector-copy.jpg 1498w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Source: California Air Resources Board\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“I wouldn’t say that we’d necessarily be above 1990 levels and if we were, I don’t think we’d be significantly above,” he says. “What’s happened is this continued good news story about solar.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, emissions rose from California’s largest source: cars and trucks. It increased by 2 percent in 2016, continuing a steady rise as the economy has recovered. Those emissions fell during the recession because Californians were driving less and less freight was being moved.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While cars and trucks have gotten more efficient, today drivers are buying bigger vehicles. The state is trying to encourage drivers to buy electric cars in order to meet a goal of 1.5 million zero-emissions vehicles on the roads by 2025.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California’s overall emissions peaked in 2004 but have fallen by 13 percent since then.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state now is reaching for an even more ambitious goal: cutting emissions to 40 percent below 1990 levels by 2030.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To hit that, officials at the California Air Resources Board say the state will have to double the rate of emissions cuts. That would require a major shift in the kinds of cars Californians drive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This has been the easy part,” Benjamin says. “The early reductions are the easiest and least expensive. But at the same time, I think in transportation we will start to see a tipping point as the relative cost of electric vehicles gets lower.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That long-term goal could also be hampered by the Trump Administration, which has \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1923382/the-science-behind-the-brown-trump-feud-whats-really-at-stake-in-the-emissions-debate\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">moved to limit\u003c/a> some of the air quality and climate programs California has put in place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s always the threat that the federal government’s actions will limit our progress,” Benjamin says. “Be we here in California are pushing back extremely hard. We know what we need to do to protect the environment.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Booming amounts of renewable energy have helped California slash its climate change emissions.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>California has reached a milestone goal in its effort to fight climate change ahead of schedule, \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/news/climate-pollutants-fall-below-1990-levels-first-time\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">according to state officials\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>The state’s greenhouse gas emissions in 2016 were less than were emitted in 1990. That’s a target the state is required to meet by 2020 under AB 32, the landmark climate change law.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think it’s a very positive signal and an affirmation that we’re on the right track,” says Michael Benjamin, chief of the Air Quality Planning and Science Division at the California Air Resources Board.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With solar power booming, the major drop in emissions came from the electricity sector. Solar rose by 33 percent, as the state’s utilities continue to turn on renewable projects. California law requires them to get half of their electricity from renewable sources like solar and wind by 2030.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wet weather in 2016 also provided a boost. Power from imported from out-of-state hydroelectric dams, which is considered carbon-free, rose by 39 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During dry years, California uses less hydropower and more natural gas or other fossil fuels. But Benjamin says he doesn’t think a dry year would jeopardize California’s milestone in the future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1927263\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1927263 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/ghg_inventory_sector-copy-800x652.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"652\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/ghg_inventory_sector-copy-800x652.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/ghg_inventory_sector-copy-160x130.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/ghg_inventory_sector-copy-768x626.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/ghg_inventory_sector-copy-1020x831.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/ghg_inventory_sector-copy-1200x978.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/ghg_inventory_sector-copy-1180x962.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/ghg_inventory_sector-copy-960x782.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/ghg_inventory_sector-copy-240x196.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/ghg_inventory_sector-copy-375x306.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/ghg_inventory_sector-copy-520x424.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/ghg_inventory_sector-copy.jpg 1498w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Source: California Air Resources Board\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“I wouldn’t say that we’d necessarily be above 1990 levels and if we were, I don’t think we’d be significantly above,” he says. “What’s happened is this continued good news story about solar.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, emissions rose from California’s largest source: cars and trucks. It increased by 2 percent in 2016, continuing a steady rise as the economy has recovered. Those emissions fell during the recession because Californians were driving less and less freight was being moved.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While cars and trucks have gotten more efficient, today drivers are buying bigger vehicles. The state is trying to encourage drivers to buy electric cars in order to meet a goal of 1.5 million zero-emissions vehicles on the roads by 2025.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California’s overall emissions peaked in 2004 but have fallen by 13 percent since then.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state now is reaching for an even more ambitious goal: cutting emissions to 40 percent below 1990 levels by 2030.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To hit that, officials at the California Air Resources Board say the state will have to double the rate of emissions cuts. That would require a major shift in the kinds of cars Californians drive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This has been the easy part,” Benjamin says. “The early reductions are the easiest and least expensive. But at the same time, I think in transportation we will start to see a tipping point as the relative cost of electric vehicles gets lower.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That long-term goal could also be hampered by the Trump Administration, which has \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1923382/the-science-behind-the-brown-trump-feud-whats-really-at-stake-in-the-emissions-debate\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">moved to limit\u003c/a> some of the air quality and climate programs California has put in place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s always the threat that the federal government’s actions will limit our progress,” Benjamin says. “Be we here in California are pushing back extremely hard. We know what we need to do to protect the environment.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>On the first day of class, Debbie Gale Mitchell, a chemistry professor at the University of Denver, introduced herself to her students, telling them about her Ph.D. and her research. She told her students they could call her either “Dr. Mitchell” or “Debbie.” A male colleague had told her that he went by his first name and that students were friendlier as a result, so Mitchell decided to try it. Many students chose to call her “Debbie.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then one day a student asked if she thought she’d ever get a Ph.D.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I discovered that for me, the use of my title is VITAL to remind students that I am qualified to be their professor,” Mitchell wrote on Twitter.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘The way that we speak about others influences and is influenced by the way that we think about them.’\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Mitchell’s story was just one among hundreds shared last summer on social media calling attention to the way gender affects how professionals are addressed, especially those who hold a doctorate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The discussion comes at a time when \u003ca href=\"http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2018/06/19/1805284115.short\">research studies\u003c/a> into gender bias are increasingly confirming that how a person is addressed is linked to perceptions of their status.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Twitter conversation branched from multiple roots. On June 7, Eric Kelderman, reporter for the Chronicle of Higher Education, sent out a critical tweet of a female academic who responded to his media inquiry by suggesting that he should have used “Professor” or “Doctor” (the tweet has since been deleted). The next day, a doctor from the U.K., David Naumann, criticized doctors, medical or otherwise, who use their title in a nonprofessional setting. And a few days later the Globe and Mail, a Canadian newspaper, announced revised style guidelines wherein only medical doctors would be referred to using “Dr.”, a convention that is already used most of the time by the \u003ca href=\"https://www.ap.org/en-us/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Associated Press\u003c/a> and news outlets that follow \u003ca href=\"https://www.apstylebook.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">AP Style\u003c/a> (including KQED). What followed was an explosion of opinions and experiences revolving around titles, expertise, and gender and racial bias.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many Ph.D. holders are fine with reserving the title for medical doctors in common parlance, viewing insistence on the title as arrogant and elitist, and do not use their titles even in a scholarly setting. But for women and people of color, an academic title can be a tool to remind others of their expertise in a world that often undermines it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some Ph.D. holders who insist on titles say that they actually prefer their first names. But given the discrepancy in usage, some women feel they must use and defend their titles, especially where the alternative is a gendered title like “Ms.”, “Mrs.”, or “Miss”. Fern Riddell, a Ph.D.-holding historian, wrote:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">My title is Dr Fern Riddell, not Ms or Miss Riddell. I have it because I am an expert, and my life and career consist of being that expert in as many different ways as possible. I worked hard to earned my authority, and I will not give it up to anyone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Dr Fern Riddell (@FernRiddell) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/FernRiddell/status/1006870044331200512?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">June 13, 2018\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Following backlash to the tweet, which described her as “arrogant” and “immodest,” Riddell coined the hashtag #ImmodestWomen, encouraging hundreds of women to change their Twitter handles to include “Dr.” or share experiences of bias. \u003ca href=\"https://www.newstatesman.com/politics/feminism/2018/06/we-need-immodestwomen-when-so-many-men-are-unable-accept-female-expertise\">Riddell later wrote\u003c/a> about the rationale behind the hashtag, saying that “we define women by their ability to be well behaved.” #ImmodestWomen was “retaliation.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The tweets show “Dr.” is preferred by many women because it is both unrelated to marital status and gender-neutral, unlike “Mrs.”, “Miss”, or “Ms”. Several tweets described situations where a woman’s husband or colleague was referred to as “Dr.” (whether or not he actually had a doctorate) while she got “Mrs.” or a first name.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">My pastor has her PhD. She was interviewed by a local newspaper along with another male member of clergy, NOT a PhD.. HE was referred to as “Reverend Smith”, SHE was called “Paula”. Seriously.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Head To Toe Organizers (@HTTOrganizers) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/HTTOrganizers/status/1006037940374388737?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">June 11, 2018\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>In other anecdotes, female doctors (M.D. and Ph.D. alike) were met with utter confusion when they answered the phone to a caller looking for “Dr.”, or presented an airline ticket bearing the title. Even in 2018, with women \u003ca href=\"https://www.kff.org/other/state-indicator/physicians-by-gender/?dataView=1¤tTimeframe=0&sortModel=%7B%22colId%22:%22Location%22,%22sort%22:%22asc%22%7D\">making up 34 percent of active physicians\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://www.aamc.org/data/facts/\">more than half of medical school matriculants\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://cgsnet.org/ckfinder/userfiles/files/CGS_GED16_Report_Final.pdf\">doctorate recipients\u003c/a>, many people assume that “Dr.” refers to a man.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bias in forms of address and use of titles is not limited to gender, many participants in the Twitter discussion pointed out. People of color with doctorates are also often not given the courtesy of their title, which echoes a long history of racially biased uses of titles. History professor Charles W. McKinney wrote:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">Wanna know why my students will always call me “Dr. McKinney”? Because one day in 1980 I went to the store with my 75 yr old Grandmother Melida Thomas. Clerk greeted two 20 yr old, white women in front of us with “Mrs” and said “Well, hello Melida” to my Grandmother. That’s why.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Charles W. McKinney (@kmt188) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/kmt188/status/1005883469761843202?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">June 10, 2018\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>The bias reflected in these stories is backed up by data. Last year, \u003ca href=\"https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/full/10.1089/jwh.2016.6044\">a study from the Mayo Clinic\u003c/a> found that female doctors were introduced by their first names, rather than a professional title, much more often than male doctors. And on June 25, researchers from Cornell University \u003ca href=\"http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2018/06/19/1805284115\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">published results showing that female professionals\u003c/a> are half as likely as their male colleagues to be referred to by their last names, a practice that is associated in the study with lower status.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The way that we speak about others influences and is influenced by the way that we think about them,” wrote Stav Atir and Melissa J. Ferguson, authors of the recent paper.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Atir and Ferguson described eight different studies, covering forms of address in professor evaluations, talk radio and under experimental conditions. Across the board, female professionals were less likely to be referred to solely by their last name. They even found that fictional researchers who were described with last name only were perceived as better known, more eminent, higher status, and more deserving of awards.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">[emailsignup newslettername='science' align='right']\u003c/span>The researchers proposed several explanations for their results. It may be more culturally common to refer to men by their last names because they are thought to be more permanent, since women may change their last names when they marry. Alternatively, it could be that speakers use first names to identify a subject’s gender, and this is more common for women in male-dominated professions, where male is the assumed default. This type of bias could even result from attempts to highlight women’s participation by identifying their gender using first names.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The consequences may be ironic,” wrote Atir and Ferguson, “leading to lower judgments of eminence, status, and deservingness.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As Mitchell, the chemistry professor from the University of Denver, and other academics related on Twitter, one way of fighting this type of bias is to insist upon the title “Dr.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But other Ph.D. holders question whether insisting on titles is the best strategy. Meena Kandasamy, a poet and writer with a Ph.D. in sociolinguistics, rarely uses her title and did not change her Twitter handle. She questioned the practice of elevating those who earned doctorates over those who have not had the opportunity to do so:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">For every one of us who has managed to float up and breathe from that cesspool with a doctorate degree above our heads–we must remember our sisters sent home, their dreams crushed, their futures messed up, academia behaving like one petty thug-gang to have the backs of a few men\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— meena kandasamy (@meenakandasamy) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/meenakandasamy/status/1007387779574173697?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">June 14, 2018\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Critics argue that titles do not necessarily reflect how hard one has worked or even level of expertise, and that the most equal solution is fewer titles, not more. But supporters say that claiming the titles is the best choice under the present circumstances. Elissa Harbert, a musicologist, wrote:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">I support \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/ImmodestWomen?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#ImmodestWomen\u003c/a>. As a PhD and professor, I currently use Dr. as my title professionally. My relationships with students improved when I switched to Dr., even though in a perfect world I’d use my first name. It’s not a perfect world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Dr. Elissa Harbert (@KyrieElissa) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/KyrieElissa/status/1007274434514817025?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">June 14, 2018\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>In some instances, women are less likely to exhibit bias in form of address. The Mayo Clinic study found female medical doctors introduced both men and women with a title more than 95 percent of the time. Men introduced their female colleagues with a title 49 percent of time, compared with 72 percent of the time for a male colleague. In the Atir and Ferguson study, male speakers on talk radio referred to women by last name less than half as often as they did for men, while female speakers did not have such a strong contrast. \u003ca href=\"http://www.pnas.org/content/109/41/16474.short\">In other research\u003c/a> on gender bias in academia and medicine, women were just as likely to treat men and women differently. As research epidemiologist Chelsea Polis related, implicit bias can extend to usage of titles for speakers and writers of any gender:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">I was once quoted in a story where all men w/PhDs were “Dr. X” & all women w/PhDs were untitled. Writer (a woman) was mortified when I pointed it out. Claiming our titles publicly raises consciousness than women can/do have these credentials. I want young girls/women to see that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Chelsea Polis, PhD (@cbpolis) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/cbpolis/status/1005800829490786304?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">June 10, 2018\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>While the evidence points to persistent bias in professional forms of address, the solution is not so clear. Highlighting women with doctorates, medical or otherwise, may provide an important reminder that woman are now earning nearly half of \u003ca href=\"https://www.kff.org/other/state-indicator/medical-school-graduates-by-gender/?dataView=0¤tTimeframe=0&sortModel=%7B%22colId%22:%22Location%22,%22sort%22:%22asc%22%7D\">medical\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://www.nsf.gov/statistics/2018/nsf18304/datatables/tab06.htm\">research-based\u003c/a> doctoral degrees. But bias in use of doctoral titles is just one example of the larger issue of gender bias, as Atir and Ferguson’s study demonstrates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We find evidence of a gender bias in the way that we speak about professionals in a variety of domains,” wrote Atir and Ferguson. Addressing the problem may require attention to bias in all arenas, from the classroom to the boardroom.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>On the first day of class, Debbie Gale Mitchell, a chemistry professor at the University of Denver, introduced herself to her students, telling them about her Ph.D. and her research. She told her students they could call her either “Dr. Mitchell” or “Debbie.” A male colleague had told her that he went by his first name and that students were friendlier as a result, so Mitchell decided to try it. Many students chose to call her “Debbie.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then one day a student asked if she thought she’d ever get a Ph.D.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I discovered that for me, the use of my title is VITAL to remind students that I am qualified to be their professor,” Mitchell wrote on Twitter.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘The way that we speak about others influences and is influenced by the way that we think about them.’\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Mitchell’s story was just one among hundreds shared last summer on social media calling attention to the way gender affects how professionals are addressed, especially those who hold a doctorate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The discussion comes at a time when \u003ca href=\"http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2018/06/19/1805284115.short\">research studies\u003c/a> into gender bias are increasingly confirming that how a person is addressed is linked to perceptions of their status.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Twitter conversation branched from multiple roots. On June 7, Eric Kelderman, reporter for the Chronicle of Higher Education, sent out a critical tweet of a female academic who responded to his media inquiry by suggesting that he should have used “Professor” or “Doctor” (the tweet has since been deleted). The next day, a doctor from the U.K., David Naumann, criticized doctors, medical or otherwise, who use their title in a nonprofessional setting. And a few days later the Globe and Mail, a Canadian newspaper, announced revised style guidelines wherein only medical doctors would be referred to using “Dr.”, a convention that is already used most of the time by the \u003ca href=\"https://www.ap.org/en-us/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Associated Press\u003c/a> and news outlets that follow \u003ca href=\"https://www.apstylebook.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">AP Style\u003c/a> (including KQED). What followed was an explosion of opinions and experiences revolving around titles, expertise, and gender and racial bias.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many Ph.D. holders are fine with reserving the title for medical doctors in common parlance, viewing insistence on the title as arrogant and elitist, and do not use their titles even in a scholarly setting. But for women and people of color, an academic title can be a tool to remind others of their expertise in a world that often undermines it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some Ph.D. holders who insist on titles say that they actually prefer their first names. But given the discrepancy in usage, some women feel they must use and defend their titles, especially where the alternative is a gendered title like “Ms.”, “Mrs.”, or “Miss”. Fern Riddell, a Ph.D.-holding historian, wrote:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">My title is Dr Fern Riddell, not Ms or Miss Riddell. I have it because I am an expert, and my life and career consist of being that expert in as many different ways as possible. I worked hard to earned my authority, and I will not give it up to anyone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Dr Fern Riddell (@FernRiddell) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/FernRiddell/status/1006870044331200512?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">June 13, 2018\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Following backlash to the tweet, which described her as “arrogant” and “immodest,” Riddell coined the hashtag #ImmodestWomen, encouraging hundreds of women to change their Twitter handles to include “Dr.” or share experiences of bias. \u003ca href=\"https://www.newstatesman.com/politics/feminism/2018/06/we-need-immodestwomen-when-so-many-men-are-unable-accept-female-expertise\">Riddell later wrote\u003c/a> about the rationale behind the hashtag, saying that “we define women by their ability to be well behaved.” #ImmodestWomen was “retaliation.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The tweets show “Dr.” is preferred by many women because it is both unrelated to marital status and gender-neutral, unlike “Mrs.”, “Miss”, or “Ms”. Several tweets described situations where a woman’s husband or colleague was referred to as “Dr.” (whether or not he actually had a doctorate) while she got “Mrs.” or a first name.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">My pastor has her PhD. She was interviewed by a local newspaper along with another male member of clergy, NOT a PhD.. HE was referred to as “Reverend Smith”, SHE was called “Paula”. Seriously.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Head To Toe Organizers (@HTTOrganizers) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/HTTOrganizers/status/1006037940374388737?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">June 11, 2018\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>In other anecdotes, female doctors (M.D. and Ph.D. alike) were met with utter confusion when they answered the phone to a caller looking for “Dr.”, or presented an airline ticket bearing the title. Even in 2018, with women \u003ca href=\"https://www.kff.org/other/state-indicator/physicians-by-gender/?dataView=1¤tTimeframe=0&sortModel=%7B%22colId%22:%22Location%22,%22sort%22:%22asc%22%7D\">making up 34 percent of active physicians\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://www.aamc.org/data/facts/\">more than half of medical school matriculants\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://cgsnet.org/ckfinder/userfiles/files/CGS_GED16_Report_Final.pdf\">doctorate recipients\u003c/a>, many people assume that “Dr.” refers to a man.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bias in forms of address and use of titles is not limited to gender, many participants in the Twitter discussion pointed out. People of color with doctorates are also often not given the courtesy of their title, which echoes a long history of racially biased uses of titles. History professor Charles W. McKinney wrote:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">Wanna know why my students will always call me “Dr. McKinney”? Because one day in 1980 I went to the store with my 75 yr old Grandmother Melida Thomas. Clerk greeted two 20 yr old, white women in front of us with “Mrs” and said “Well, hello Melida” to my Grandmother. That’s why.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Charles W. McKinney (@kmt188) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/kmt188/status/1005883469761843202?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">June 10, 2018\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>The bias reflected in these stories is backed up by data. Last year, \u003ca href=\"https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/full/10.1089/jwh.2016.6044\">a study from the Mayo Clinic\u003c/a> found that female doctors were introduced by their first names, rather than a professional title, much more often than male doctors. And on June 25, researchers from Cornell University \u003ca href=\"http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2018/06/19/1805284115\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">published results showing that female professionals\u003c/a> are half as likely as their male colleagues to be referred to by their last names, a practice that is associated in the study with lower status.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The way that we speak about others influences and is influenced by the way that we think about them,” wrote Stav Atir and Melissa J. Ferguson, authors of the recent paper.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Atir and Ferguson described eight different studies, covering forms of address in professor evaluations, talk radio and under experimental conditions. Across the board, female professionals were less likely to be referred to solely by their last name. They even found that fictional researchers who were described with last name only were perceived as better known, more eminent, higher status, and more deserving of awards.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/span>The researchers proposed several explanations for their results. It may be more culturally common to refer to men by their last names because they are thought to be more permanent, since women may change their last names when they marry. Alternatively, it could be that speakers use first names to identify a subject’s gender, and this is more common for women in male-dominated professions, where male is the assumed default. This type of bias could even result from attempts to highlight women’s participation by identifying their gender using first names.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The consequences may be ironic,” wrote Atir and Ferguson, “leading to lower judgments of eminence, status, and deservingness.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As Mitchell, the chemistry professor from the University of Denver, and other academics related on Twitter, one way of fighting this type of bias is to insist upon the title “Dr.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But other Ph.D. holders question whether insisting on titles is the best strategy. Meena Kandasamy, a poet and writer with a Ph.D. in sociolinguistics, rarely uses her title and did not change her Twitter handle. She questioned the practice of elevating those who earned doctorates over those who have not had the opportunity to do so:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">For every one of us who has managed to float up and breathe from that cesspool with a doctorate degree above our heads–we must remember our sisters sent home, their dreams crushed, their futures messed up, academia behaving like one petty thug-gang to have the backs of a few men\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— meena kandasamy (@meenakandasamy) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/meenakandasamy/status/1007387779574173697?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">June 14, 2018\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Critics argue that titles do not necessarily reflect how hard one has worked or even level of expertise, and that the most equal solution is fewer titles, not more. But supporters say that claiming the titles is the best choice under the present circumstances. Elissa Harbert, a musicologist, wrote:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">I support \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/ImmodestWomen?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#ImmodestWomen\u003c/a>. As a PhD and professor, I currently use Dr. as my title professionally. My relationships with students improved when I switched to Dr., even though in a perfect world I’d use my first name. It’s not a perfect world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Dr. Elissa Harbert (@KyrieElissa) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/KyrieElissa/status/1007274434514817025?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">June 14, 2018\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>In some instances, women are less likely to exhibit bias in form of address. The Mayo Clinic study found female medical doctors introduced both men and women with a title more than 95 percent of the time. Men introduced their female colleagues with a title 49 percent of time, compared with 72 percent of the time for a male colleague. In the Atir and Ferguson study, male speakers on talk radio referred to women by last name less than half as often as they did for men, while female speakers did not have such a strong contrast. \u003ca href=\"http://www.pnas.org/content/109/41/16474.short\">In other research\u003c/a> on gender bias in academia and medicine, women were just as likely to treat men and women differently. As research epidemiologist Chelsea Polis related, implicit bias can extend to usage of titles for speakers and writers of any gender:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">I was once quoted in a story where all men w/PhDs were “Dr. X” & all women w/PhDs were untitled. Writer (a woman) was mortified when I pointed it out. Claiming our titles publicly raises consciousness than women can/do have these credentials. I want young girls/women to see that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Chelsea Polis, PhD (@cbpolis) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/cbpolis/status/1005800829490786304?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">June 10, 2018\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>While the evidence points to persistent bias in professional forms of address, the solution is not so clear. Highlighting women with doctorates, medical or otherwise, may provide an important reminder that woman are now earning nearly half of \u003ca href=\"https://www.kff.org/other/state-indicator/medical-school-graduates-by-gender/?dataView=0¤tTimeframe=0&sortModel=%7B%22colId%22:%22Location%22,%22sort%22:%22asc%22%7D\">medical\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://www.nsf.gov/statistics/2018/nsf18304/datatables/tab06.htm\">research-based\u003c/a> doctoral degrees. But bias in use of doctoral titles is just one example of the larger issue of gender bias, as Atir and Ferguson’s study demonstrates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We find evidence of a gender bias in the way that we speak about professionals in a variety of domains,” wrote Atir and Ferguson. Addressing the problem may require attention to bias in all arenas, from the classroom to the boardroom.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"info": "The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.",
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"order": 9
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"id": "fresh-air",
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"airtime": "SUN 7:30pm-8pm",
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"tagline": "Where conversation and cultura meet",
"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
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"order": 15
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"title": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown",
"tagline": "Lessons from a lifetime in politics",
"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-Political-Mind-of-Jerry-Brown-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"order": 18
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"info": "Latino USA, the radio journal of news and culture, is the only national, English-language radio program produced from a Latino perspective.",
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"marketplace": {
"id": "marketplace",
"title": "Marketplace",
"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm",
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"source": "American Public Media"
},
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"masters-of-scale": {
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"title": "Masters of Scale",
"info": "Masters of Scale is an original podcast in which LinkedIn co-founder and Greylock Partner Reid Hoffman sets out to describe and prove theories that explain how great entrepreneurs take their companies from zero to a gazillion in ingenious fashion.",
"airtime": "Every other Wednesday June 12 through October 16 at 8pm (repeats Thursdays at 2am)",
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},
"mindshift": {
"id": "mindshift",
"title": "MindShift",
"tagline": "A podcast about the future of learning and how we raise our kids",
"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn",
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"meta": {
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"order": 12
},
"link": "/podcasts/mindshift",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5",
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"morning-edition": {
"id": "morning-edition",
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"info": "\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. Hosts Steve Inskeep, David Greene and Rachel Martin bring you the latest breaking news and features to prepare you for the day.",
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"onourwatch": {
"id": "onourwatch",
"title": "On Our Watch",
"tagline": "Deeply-reported investigative journalism",
"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/On-Our-Watch-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"order": 11
},
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"on-the-media": {
"id": "on-the-media",
"title": "On The Media",
"info": "Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. For one hour a week, the show tries to lift the veil from the process of \"making media,\" especially news media, because it's through that lens that we see the world and the world sees us",
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},
"link": "/radio/program/on-the-media",
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},
"pbs-newshour": {
"id": "pbs-newshour",
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"info": "Analysis, background reports and updates from the PBS NewsHour putting today's news in context.",
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"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/PBS-News-Hour-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/pbs-newshour-full-show/id394432287?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/PBS-NewsHour---Full-Show-p425698/",
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},
"perspectives": {
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"order": 14
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"planet-money": {
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"info": "The economy explained. Imagine you could call up a friend and say, Meet me at the bar and tell me what's going on with the economy. Now imagine that's actually a fun evening.",
"airtime": "SUN 3pm-4pm",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/planetmoney.jpg",
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},
"link": "/radio/program/planet-money",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/planet-money/id290783428?mt=2",
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},
"politicalbreakdown": {
"id": "politicalbreakdown",
"title": "Political Breakdown",
"tagline": "Politics from a personal perspective",
"info": "Political Breakdown is a new series that explores the political intersection of California and the nation. Each week hosts Scott Shafer and Marisa Lagos are joined with a new special guest to unpack politics -- with personality — and offer an insider’s glimpse at how politics happens.",
"airtime": "THU 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Political-Breakdown-2024-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"order": 5
},
"link": "/podcasts/politicalbreakdown",
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"possible": {
"id": "possible",
"title": "Possible",
"info": "Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.",
"airtime": "SUN 2pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Possible-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.possible.fm/",
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"source": "Possible"
},
"link": "/radio/program/possible",
"subscribe": {
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"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/730YpdUSNlMyPQwNnyjp4k"
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},
"pri-the-world": {
"id": "pri-the-world",
"title": "PRI's The World: Latest Edition",
"info": "Each weekday, host Marco Werman and his team of producers bring you the world's most interesting stories in an hour of radio that reminds us just how small our planet really is.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 2pm-3pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-World-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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},
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