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"title": "A Gulp of Genetically Modified Bacteria Might Someday Treat a Range of Illnesses",
"headTitle": "A Gulp of Genetically Modified Bacteria Might Someday Treat a Range of Illnesses | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Instead of eating a typical breakfast every day, Jonah Reeder gulps down a special protein shake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The nutrients in it like to sit at the bottom, so I usually have to shake it up and get all the nutrients from the protein and everything,” says Reeder, 21, of Farmington, Utah, as he shakes a big plastic bottle.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘I think that’s very cool that they found a way to use a natural probiotic that’s found in the digestive tract to help the human body.’\u003ccite>Johah Reeder, Farmington, Utah\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Reeder was born with a \u003ca href=\"https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition/phenylketonuria\">rare genetic disorder called phenylketonuria\u003c/a>, or PKU. If he eats meat, drinks milk or consumes other common sources of protein, toxic levels of the amino acid phenylalanine could build up in his body and damage his brain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So Reeder gets his protein from the shake, which is rich in other amino acids, vitamins and proteins that don’t contain phenylalanine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a really healthy drink,” Reeder says. “It’s basically protein, except without phenylalanine.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Reeder hopes a new approach for treating diseases could help people like him. The idea is to use bacteria that have been genetically modified to do what Reeder’s body can’t — get rid of phenylalanine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’m really excited to help out and hopefully find a treatment for PKU,” Reeder said recently, as he prepared to volunteer for a study testing the modified bacteria.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The bacteria Reeder is helping test are part of a new field of medical research that has emerged from two realms of biomedical science. One is the study of the \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/series/218987212/microbiome\">human microbiome\u003c/a>, the microbes that inhabit our bodies. The other is synthetic biology, a field that looks at genetically engineering living organisms, including bacteria in the human gut.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a new world of being able to use synthetic biology to program microbes to treat diseases, which I believe is the future,” says \u003ca href=\"https://silver.med.harvard.edu/\">Pamela Silver\u003c/a>, a synthetic biologist at Harvard Medical School in Boston.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists hope to genetically modify microbes from the human microbiome to treat a range of diseases, including digestive disorders like \u003ca href=\"https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/digestive-diseases/ulcerative-colitis\">ulcerative colitis \u003c/a>and \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/ibd/what-is-IBD.htm\">inflammatory bowel disease\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Microbes are something that we as synthetic biologists see as highly engineer-able. We understand how to engineer microbes so it seems like the perfect interface between synthetic biology and health,” Silver says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One company, \u003ca href=\"https://www.actobio.com/\">ActoBio Therapeutics \u003c/a>of Ghent, Belgium, has just started using genetically engineered microbes to try to treat \u003ca href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/diabetestype1.html\">Type 1 diabetes\u003c/a>. Another one, \u003ca href=\"https://www.oragenics.com/\">Oragenics of Tampa, Fla.,\u003c/a> is testing a modified bacterium to treat mouth sores caused by cancer chemotherapy. And \u003ca href=\"http://oselinc.com/home/\">Osel\u003c/a> of Mountain View, Calif., hopes engineered microbes could prevent HIV infections.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Reeder is helping test modified \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/ecoli/index.html\">E. coli\u003c/a> bacteria. While some types of \u003cem>E. coli\u003c/em> can cause serious illness, the \u003cem>E. coli\u003c/em> type being used in the study is found in the human gut.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is a naturally occurring probiotic bacteria,” says Caroline Kurtz, a scientist at \u003ca href=\"https://www.synlogictx.com/\">Synlogic\u003c/a>, a Cambridge, Mass., biotech company, which created the modified version of the organism.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We can enhance its function by introducing genes [or] by changing genes that are there, and design the cells to either produce something or consume something that may be beneficial for a patient,” Kurtz says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Synlogic has also engineered \u003cem>E. coli\u003c/em> to rid life-threatening levels of ammonia from the bodies of people with \u003ca href=\"https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/cirrhosis/symptoms-causes/syc-20351487\">cirrhosis of the liver\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is a really exciting new modality that allows us to think about therapies in a new way and really look at diseases in a whole new way: a living medicine that can respond to its environment,” Kurtz says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Preliminary research involving mice and healthy adults \u003ca href=\"http://stm.sciencemag.org/lookup/doi/10.1126/scitranslmed.aau7975\">published recently\u003c/a> in the journal \u003cem>Science Translational Medicine\u003c/em> indicates Synlogic’s \u003cem>E. coli \u003c/em>are safe and may work. So the company is now testing them in patients with cirrhosis and PKU.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Reeder admits he was a little nervous when he first heard about all this.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When you hear about \u003cem>E. coli\u003c/em> you think: sickness, throwing up. So I was a little bit skeptical. I wasn’t sure what to think because I was going to be ingesting \u003cem>E. coli\u003c/em>,” Reeder says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the more he learned about it, the more excited Reeder got about trying the engineered microbes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think that’s very cool that they found a way to use a natural probiotic that’s found in the digestive tract to help the human body,” Reeder says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Reeder spent the weekend in the clinic so doctors could monitor him closely and run tests as he ingested what normally would be dangerous amounts of protein. He then swallowed either the engineered \u003cem>E. coli\u003c/em> or a placebo. He wasn’t told which.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It was liquid solution. It tasted kind of like mint taffy. It was pretty sweet,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Reeder thinks he got the engineered microbes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I could immediately feel my cognitive abilities falling down after drinking the 20 grams of protein. And then I took the drug and I started feeling a lot better. I obtained more energy and my cognitive abilities got quicker,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It was really cool to feel that. I could tell it was working. It was pretty cool,” Reeder says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Much more research is needed to know whether genetically engineered microbes are safe and really work. But Synlogic hopes to report results from the cirrhosis and PKU studies later this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Before any of these experimental treatments could be used routinely, they would have to be reviewed and approved by the Food and Drug Administration. That’s a process that could take years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2019 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=A+Gulp+Of+Genetically+Modified+Bacteria+Might+Someday+Treat+A+Range+Of+Illnesses&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"excerpt": "Researchers think genetically engineered versions of microbes that can live in humans could help treat some rare genetic disorders and perhaps help with Type 1 diabetes, cirrhosis and cancer.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Instead of eating a typical breakfast every day, Jonah Reeder gulps down a special protein shake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The nutrients in it like to sit at the bottom, so I usually have to shake it up and get all the nutrients from the protein and everything,” says Reeder, 21, of Farmington, Utah, as he shakes a big plastic bottle.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘I think that’s very cool that they found a way to use a natural probiotic that’s found in the digestive tract to help the human body.’\u003ccite>Johah Reeder, Farmington, Utah\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Reeder was born with a \u003ca href=\"https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition/phenylketonuria\">rare genetic disorder called phenylketonuria\u003c/a>, or PKU. If he eats meat, drinks milk or consumes other common sources of protein, toxic levels of the amino acid phenylalanine could build up in his body and damage his brain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So Reeder gets his protein from the shake, which is rich in other amino acids, vitamins and proteins that don’t contain phenylalanine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a really healthy drink,” Reeder says. “It’s basically protein, except without phenylalanine.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Reeder hopes a new approach for treating diseases could help people like him. The idea is to use bacteria that have been genetically modified to do what Reeder’s body can’t — get rid of phenylalanine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’m really excited to help out and hopefully find a treatment for PKU,” Reeder said recently, as he prepared to volunteer for a study testing the modified bacteria.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The bacteria Reeder is helping test are part of a new field of medical research that has emerged from two realms of biomedical science. One is the study of the \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/series/218987212/microbiome\">human microbiome\u003c/a>, the microbes that inhabit our bodies. The other is synthetic biology, a field that looks at genetically engineering living organisms, including bacteria in the human gut.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a new world of being able to use synthetic biology to program microbes to treat diseases, which I believe is the future,” says \u003ca href=\"https://silver.med.harvard.edu/\">Pamela Silver\u003c/a>, a synthetic biologist at Harvard Medical School in Boston.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists hope to genetically modify microbes from the human microbiome to treat a range of diseases, including digestive disorders like \u003ca href=\"https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/digestive-diseases/ulcerative-colitis\">ulcerative colitis \u003c/a>and \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/ibd/what-is-IBD.htm\">inflammatory bowel disease\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Microbes are something that we as synthetic biologists see as highly engineer-able. We understand how to engineer microbes so it seems like the perfect interface between synthetic biology and health,” Silver says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One company, \u003ca href=\"https://www.actobio.com/\">ActoBio Therapeutics \u003c/a>of Ghent, Belgium, has just started using genetically engineered microbes to try to treat \u003ca href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/diabetestype1.html\">Type 1 diabetes\u003c/a>. Another one, \u003ca href=\"https://www.oragenics.com/\">Oragenics of Tampa, Fla.,\u003c/a> is testing a modified bacterium to treat mouth sores caused by cancer chemotherapy. And \u003ca href=\"http://oselinc.com/home/\">Osel\u003c/a> of Mountain View, Calif., hopes engineered microbes could prevent HIV infections.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Reeder is helping test modified \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/ecoli/index.html\">E. coli\u003c/a> bacteria. While some types of \u003cem>E. coli\u003c/em> can cause serious illness, the \u003cem>E. coli\u003c/em> type being used in the study is found in the human gut.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is a naturally occurring probiotic bacteria,” says Caroline Kurtz, a scientist at \u003ca href=\"https://www.synlogictx.com/\">Synlogic\u003c/a>, a Cambridge, Mass., biotech company, which created the modified version of the organism.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We can enhance its function by introducing genes [or] by changing genes that are there, and design the cells to either produce something or consume something that may be beneficial for a patient,” Kurtz says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Synlogic has also engineered \u003cem>E. coli\u003c/em> to rid life-threatening levels of ammonia from the bodies of people with \u003ca href=\"https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/cirrhosis/symptoms-causes/syc-20351487\">cirrhosis of the liver\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is a really exciting new modality that allows us to think about therapies in a new way and really look at diseases in a whole new way: a living medicine that can respond to its environment,” Kurtz says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Preliminary research involving mice and healthy adults \u003ca href=\"http://stm.sciencemag.org/lookup/doi/10.1126/scitranslmed.aau7975\">published recently\u003c/a> in the journal \u003cem>Science Translational Medicine\u003c/em> indicates Synlogic’s \u003cem>E. coli \u003c/em>are safe and may work. So the company is now testing them in patients with cirrhosis and PKU.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Reeder admits he was a little nervous when he first heard about all this.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When you hear about \u003cem>E. coli\u003c/em> you think: sickness, throwing up. So I was a little bit skeptical. I wasn’t sure what to think because I was going to be ingesting \u003cem>E. coli\u003c/em>,” Reeder says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the more he learned about it, the more excited Reeder got about trying the engineered microbes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think that’s very cool that they found a way to use a natural probiotic that’s found in the digestive tract to help the human body,” Reeder says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Reeder spent the weekend in the clinic so doctors could monitor him closely and run tests as he ingested what normally would be dangerous amounts of protein. He then swallowed either the engineered \u003cem>E. coli\u003c/em> or a placebo. He wasn’t told which.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It was liquid solution. It tasted kind of like mint taffy. It was pretty sweet,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Reeder thinks he got the engineered microbes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I could immediately feel my cognitive abilities falling down after drinking the 20 grams of protein. And then I took the drug and I started feeling a lot better. I obtained more energy and my cognitive abilities got quicker,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It was really cool to feel that. I could tell it was working. It was pretty cool,” Reeder says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Much more research is needed to know whether genetically engineered microbes are safe and really work. But Synlogic hopes to report results from the cirrhosis and PKU studies later this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Before any of these experimental treatments could be used routinely, they would have to be reviewed and approved by the Food and Drug Administration. That’s a process that could take years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2019 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=A+Gulp+Of+Genetically+Modified+Bacteria+Might+Someday+Treat+A+Range+Of+Illnesses&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "The Case Against 'Statistical Significance' in Scientific Research",
"headTitle": "The Case Against ‘Statistical Significance’ in Scientific Research | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>A recent study that questioned the healthfulness of eggs raised a perpetual question: Why do studies, as has been the case with health research involving eggs, so often flip-flop from one answer to another?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The truth isn’t changing all the time. But one reason for the fluctuations is that scientists have a hard time handling the uncertainty that’s inherent in all studies. There’s a new push to address this shortcoming in a widely used – and abused – scientific method.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists and statisticians are putting forth a bold idea: Ban the very concept of “statistical significance.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘Failure to make these changes are really now starting to have a sustained negative impact on how science is conducted.’\u003ccite>Ron Wasserstein, American Statistical Association\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>We hear that phrase all the time in relation to scientific studies. Critics, who are numerous, say that declaring a result to be statistically significant or not essentially forces complicated questions to be answered as true or false.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The world is much more uncertain than that,” says Nicole Lazar, a professor of statistics at the University of Georgia. She is involved in the latest push to ban the use of the term “statistical significance.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An entire issue of the journal \u003ca href=\"https://amstat.tandfonline.com/toc/utas20/current\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cem>The American Statistician\u003c/em>\u003c/a> is devoted to this question, with 43 articles and a 17,500-word editorial that Lazar co-authored.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some of the scientists involved in that effort also wrote\u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-019-00857-9\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> a more digestible commentary\u003c/a> that appears in Thursday’s issue of \u003cem>Nature\u003c/em>. More than 850 scientists and statisticians told the \u003cem>Nature\u003c/em> commentary authors they want to endorse this idea.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the early 20th century, the father of statistics, R.A. Fisher, developed a test of significance. It involves a variable called the p-value, that he intended to be a guide for judging results.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over the years, scientists have warped that idea beyond all recognition. They’ve created an arbitrary threshold for the p-value, typically 0.05, and they use that to declare whether a scientific result is significant or not.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This shortcut often determines whether studies get published or not, whether scientists get promoted and who gets grant funding.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s really gotten stretched all out of proportion,” says \u003ca href=\"https://www.amstat.org/ASA/About/Ronald-L-Wasserstein.aspx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Ron Wasserstein\u003c/a>, the executive director of the American Statistical Association. He’s been advocating this change for years and he’s not alone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Failure to make these changes are really now starting to have a sustained negative impact on how science is conducted,” he says. “It’s time to start making the changes. It’s time to move on.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are many downsides to this, he says. One is that scientists have been known to massage their data to make their results hit this magic threshold. Arguably worse, scientists often find that they can’t publish their interesting (if somewhat ambiguous) results if they aren’t statistically significant. But that information is actually still useful, and advocates say it’s wasteful simply to throw it away.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are some prominent voices in the world of statistics who reject the call to abolish the term “statistical significance.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“\u003cem>Nature\u003c/em> ought to invite somebody to bring out the weakness and dangers of some of these recommendations,” says Deborah Mayo, a philosopher of science at Virginia Tech.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Banning the word ‘significance’ may well free researchers from being held accountable when they downplay negative results” and otherwise manipulate their findings, she notes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We should be very wary of giving up on something that allows us to hold researchers accountable.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Her desire to keep “statistical significance” is deeply embedded.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists – like the rest of us – are far more likely to believe that a result is true if it’s statistically significant. Still, \u003ca href=\"https://www.kellogg.northwestern.edu/faculty/directory/mcshane_blake.aspx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Blake McShane\u003c/a>, a statistician at the Kellogg School of Management at Northwestern University, says we put far too much faith in the concept.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“All statistics naturally bounce around quite a lot from study to study to study,” McShane says. That’s because there’s lots of variation from one group of people to another, and also because subtle differences in approach can lead to different conclusions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, he says, we shouldn’t be at all surprised if a result that’s statistically significant in one study doesn’t meet that threshold in the next.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>McShane, who co-authored the \u003cem>Nature \u003c/em>commentary, says this phenomenon also partly explains why studies done in one lab are frequently not reproduced in other labs. This is sometimes referred to as the “reproducibility crisis,” when in fact, the apparent conflict between studies may be an artifact of relying on the concept of statistical significance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But despite these flaws, science embraces statistical significance because it’s a shortcut that provides at least some insight into the strength of an observation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Journals are reluctant to abandon the concept. “\u003cem>Nature\u003c/em> is not seeking to change how it considers statistical analysis in evaluation of papers at this time,” the journal noted in an editorial that accompanies the commentary.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.plos.org/people#loc-veronique-kiermer\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Veronique Kiermer\u003c/a>, publisher and executive editor of the PLOS journals, bemoans the over-reliance on statistical significance, but says her journals don’t have the leverage to force a change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The problem is that the practice is so ingrained in the research community,” she writes in an email, “that change needs to start there, when hypotheses are formulated, experiments designed and analyzed, and when researchers decide whether to write up and publish their work.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One problem is what would scientists use instead of statistical significance. The advocates for change say the community can still use the p-value test, but as part of a broader approach to measuring uncertainty.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A bit more humility would also be in order, these advocates for change say.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Uncertainty is present always,” Wasserstein says. “That’s part of science. So rather than trying to dance around it, we [should] accept it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That goes a bit against human nature. After all, we want answers, not more questions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But McShane says arriving at a yes/no answer about whether to eat eggs is too simplistic. If we step beyond that, we can ask more important questions. How big is the risk? How likely is it to be real? What are the costs and benefits to an individual?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lazar has an even more extreme view. She says when she hears about individual studies, like the egg one, her statistical intuition leads her to shrug: “I don’t even pay attention to it anymore.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">\u003cem>Copyright 2019 \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">NPR\u003c/a>.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Statisticians%27+Call+To+Arms%3A+Reject+Significance+And+Embrace+Uncertainty%21+&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/em>\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Scientists and statisticians are putting forth a bold idea: \r\n\r\nBan the very concept of \"statistical significance.\"",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>A recent study that questioned the healthfulness of eggs raised a perpetual question: Why do studies, as has been the case with health research involving eggs, so often flip-flop from one answer to another?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The truth isn’t changing all the time. But one reason for the fluctuations is that scientists have a hard time handling the uncertainty that’s inherent in all studies. There’s a new push to address this shortcoming in a widely used – and abused – scientific method.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists and statisticians are putting forth a bold idea: Ban the very concept of “statistical significance.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘Failure to make these changes are really now starting to have a sustained negative impact on how science is conducted.’\u003ccite>Ron Wasserstein, American Statistical Association\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>We hear that phrase all the time in relation to scientific studies. Critics, who are numerous, say that declaring a result to be statistically significant or not essentially forces complicated questions to be answered as true or false.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The world is much more uncertain than that,” says Nicole Lazar, a professor of statistics at the University of Georgia. She is involved in the latest push to ban the use of the term “statistical significance.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An entire issue of the journal \u003ca href=\"https://amstat.tandfonline.com/toc/utas20/current\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cem>The American Statistician\u003c/em>\u003c/a> is devoted to this question, with 43 articles and a 17,500-word editorial that Lazar co-authored.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some of the scientists involved in that effort also wrote\u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-019-00857-9\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> a more digestible commentary\u003c/a> that appears in Thursday’s issue of \u003cem>Nature\u003c/em>. More than 850 scientists and statisticians told the \u003cem>Nature\u003c/em> commentary authors they want to endorse this idea.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the early 20th century, the father of statistics, R.A. Fisher, developed a test of significance. It involves a variable called the p-value, that he intended to be a guide for judging results.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over the years, scientists have warped that idea beyond all recognition. They’ve created an arbitrary threshold for the p-value, typically 0.05, and they use that to declare whether a scientific result is significant or not.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This shortcut often determines whether studies get published or not, whether scientists get promoted and who gets grant funding.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s really gotten stretched all out of proportion,” says \u003ca href=\"https://www.amstat.org/ASA/About/Ronald-L-Wasserstein.aspx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Ron Wasserstein\u003c/a>, the executive director of the American Statistical Association. He’s been advocating this change for years and he’s not alone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Failure to make these changes are really now starting to have a sustained negative impact on how science is conducted,” he says. “It’s time to start making the changes. It’s time to move on.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are many downsides to this, he says. One is that scientists have been known to massage their data to make their results hit this magic threshold. Arguably worse, scientists often find that they can’t publish their interesting (if somewhat ambiguous) results if they aren’t statistically significant. But that information is actually still useful, and advocates say it’s wasteful simply to throw it away.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are some prominent voices in the world of statistics who reject the call to abolish the term “statistical significance.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“\u003cem>Nature\u003c/em> ought to invite somebody to bring out the weakness and dangers of some of these recommendations,” says Deborah Mayo, a philosopher of science at Virginia Tech.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Banning the word ‘significance’ may well free researchers from being held accountable when they downplay negative results” and otherwise manipulate their findings, she notes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We should be very wary of giving up on something that allows us to hold researchers accountable.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Her desire to keep “statistical significance” is deeply embedded.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists – like the rest of us – are far more likely to believe that a result is true if it’s statistically significant. Still, \u003ca href=\"https://www.kellogg.northwestern.edu/faculty/directory/mcshane_blake.aspx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Blake McShane\u003c/a>, a statistician at the Kellogg School of Management at Northwestern University, says we put far too much faith in the concept.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“All statistics naturally bounce around quite a lot from study to study to study,” McShane says. That’s because there’s lots of variation from one group of people to another, and also because subtle differences in approach can lead to different conclusions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, he says, we shouldn’t be at all surprised if a result that’s statistically significant in one study doesn’t meet that threshold in the next.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>McShane, who co-authored the \u003cem>Nature \u003c/em>commentary, says this phenomenon also partly explains why studies done in one lab are frequently not reproduced in other labs. This is sometimes referred to as the “reproducibility crisis,” when in fact, the apparent conflict between studies may be an artifact of relying on the concept of statistical significance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But despite these flaws, science embraces statistical significance because it’s a shortcut that provides at least some insight into the strength of an observation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Journals are reluctant to abandon the concept. “\u003cem>Nature\u003c/em> is not seeking to change how it considers statistical analysis in evaluation of papers at this time,” the journal noted in an editorial that accompanies the commentary.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.plos.org/people#loc-veronique-kiermer\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Veronique Kiermer\u003c/a>, publisher and executive editor of the PLOS journals, bemoans the over-reliance on statistical significance, but says her journals don’t have the leverage to force a change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The problem is that the practice is so ingrained in the research community,” she writes in an email, “that change needs to start there, when hypotheses are formulated, experiments designed and analyzed, and when researchers decide whether to write up and publish their work.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One problem is what would scientists use instead of statistical significance. 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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lazar has an even more extreme view. She says when she hears about individual studies, like the egg one, her statistical intuition leads her to shrug: “I don’t even pay attention to it anymore.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">\u003cem>Copyright 2019 \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">NPR\u003c/a>.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Statisticians%27+Call+To+Arms%3A+Reject+Significance+And+Embrace+Uncertainty%21+&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/em>\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Lions once prevalent over two Southern California mountain ranges could disappear entirely within 50 years, risking local extinction because of conditions both environmental and genetic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s the conclusion of \u003ca href=\"https://esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/eap.1868\">a new study\u003c/a> published in the journal \u003cem>Ecological Applications\u003c/em> that uses 15 years of observational data, modeling and DNA analysis to analyze how cougar populations are changing in the Santa Monica and Santa Ana mountains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The coastal Santa Monica range is home to about 15 mountain lions; 30 more survive in the Santa Anas, straddling Orange and Riverside counties. They’re penned in by a century of development, ranch and agricultural land, and freeways – U.S. 101 in the Santa Monicas, Interstate 15 in the Santa Anas – that are two of the busiest in the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Humans are often to blame for mountain lion deaths: cars and rat poison are two common killers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our research has shown that the mountain lions in the coastal Santa Ana Mountain Range are primarily put at risk by restriction of their movement across I-15,” says T. Winston Vickers, an associate veterinarian at UC Davis who co-authored the report, “and their high mortality rates from vehicle collisions and being killed after they have killed unprotected pets or livestock.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study pegs the chance of local extinction for the two lion populations at between 16 and 21 percent on the basis of geographic factors alone. And authors say inbreeding caused by the tiny available genetic pool could itself cause rapid extinction. Seth Riley, a co-author on the study and a \u003ca href=\"https://www.nps.gov/samo/learn/nature/pumapage.htm\">National Park Service wildlife ecologist\u003c/a>, called that result “sobering.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the report’s lead author says the group’s modeling offers reason for optimism, too, in that enabling lions to cross freeways could minimize risks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It wouldn’t actually take a whole lot more movement of mountain lions,” said John Benson, an ecologist at the University of Nebraska. “Just one every couple of years maybe, where these populations could maintain their genetic diversity and decrease their extinction probability.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Engineered wildlife crossings carry steep price tags. One \u003ca href=\"http://www.dot.ca.gov/d7/projects/libertycanyon/\">proposed at Liberty Canyon\u003c/a>, near the 101 freeway in Agoura Hills, could cost $60 million. If funded, it could break ground within three years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Benson says it would offer permanent benefits and an example to other communities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If we’re able to do it here in Los Angeles, we can probably do it anywhere,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Lions once prevalent over two Southern California mountain ranges could disappear entirely within 50 years, risking local extinction because of conditions both environmental and genetic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s the conclusion of \u003ca href=\"https://esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/eap.1868\">a new study\u003c/a> published in the journal \u003cem>Ecological Applications\u003c/em> that uses 15 years of observational data, modeling and DNA analysis to analyze how cougar populations are changing in the Santa Monica and Santa Ana mountains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The coastal Santa Monica range is home to about 15 mountain lions; 30 more survive in the Santa Anas, straddling Orange and Riverside counties. They’re penned in by a century of development, ranch and agricultural land, and freeways – U.S. 101 in the Santa Monicas, Interstate 15 in the Santa Anas – that are two of the busiest in the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Humans are often to blame for mountain lion deaths: cars and rat poison are two common killers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our research has shown that the mountain lions in the coastal Santa Ana Mountain Range are primarily put at risk by restriction of their movement across I-15,” says T. Winston Vickers, an associate veterinarian at UC Davis who co-authored the report, “and their high mortality rates from vehicle collisions and being killed after they have killed unprotected pets or livestock.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study pegs the chance of local extinction for the two lion populations at between 16 and 21 percent on the basis of geographic factors alone. And authors say inbreeding caused by the tiny available genetic pool could itself cause rapid extinction. Seth Riley, a co-author on the study and a \u003ca href=\"https://www.nps.gov/samo/learn/nature/pumapage.htm\">National Park Service wildlife ecologist\u003c/a>, called that result “sobering.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the report’s lead author says the group’s modeling offers reason for optimism, too, in that enabling lions to cross freeways could minimize risks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It wouldn’t actually take a whole lot more movement of mountain lions,” said John Benson, an ecologist at the University of Nebraska. “Just one every couple of years maybe, where these populations could maintain their genetic diversity and decrease their extinction probability.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Engineered wildlife crossings carry steep price tags. One \u003ca href=\"http://www.dot.ca.gov/d7/projects/libertycanyon/\">proposed at Liberty Canyon\u003c/a>, near the 101 freeway in Agoura Hills, could cost $60 million. If funded, it could break ground within three years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Benson says it would offer permanent benefits and an example to other communities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If we’re able to do it here in Los Angeles, we can probably do it anywhere,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Now that the sun is finally shining on California, the state’s flora is in full bloom — super bloom, that is. Platoons of poppy enthusiasts and \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1939331/super-bloom-selfie-quest-overwhelms-lake-elsinore-as-100000-descend-on-poppypalooza\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">smartphone-wielding Instagrammers\u003c/a> have flocked to deserts, mountains and meadows to experience the kaleidoscope of colors (and pollen) \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11733926/where-to-see-a-superbloom-in-the-bay-area\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">for themselves\u003c/a>. But here’s what they look like from space via satellite.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Move the sliders below to watch California’s super blooms emerge from February to March of this year.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" width=\"100%\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\">\n\u003ctbody>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd>\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd width=\"100%\">\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\">\u003cstrong>Lake Matthews Estelle Mountain Reserve\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n\u003ci>Riverside County\u003c/i>\u003cbr>\nBefore: Feb. 18, 2019\u003cbr>\nAfter: Mar. 15, 2019\u003c/p>\n\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd width=\"100%\" height=\"640\">\n\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"100%\" height=\"640\" scrolling=\"no\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" src=\"https://cdn.knightlab.com/libs/juxtapose/latest/embed/index.html?uid=64625d8c-4b41-11e9-8106-0edaf8f81e27\" class=\"iframe-class\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\n\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd width=\"100%\" height=\"1\">\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd width=\"100%\">\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\">\u003cstrong>North of San Rafael Wilderness\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n\u003ci>Santa Barbara County\u003c/i>\u003cbr>\nBefore: Feb. 24, 2019\u003cbr>\nAfter: Mar. 17, 2019\u003c/p>\n\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd width=\"100%\" height=\"640\">\n\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"100%\" height=\"640\" scrolling=\"no\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" src=\"https://cdn.knightlab.com/libs/juxtapose/latest/embed/index.html?uid=e8b4afe4-4b42-11e9-8106-0edaf8f81e27\" class=\"iframe-class\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\n\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd width=\"100%\" height=\"1\">\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd width=\"100%\">\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\">\u003cstrong>Carrizo Plain National Monument\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n\u003ci>San Luis Obispo County\u003c/i>\u003cbr>\nBefore: Feb. 11, 2019\u003cbr>\nAfter: Mar. 13, 2019\u003c/p>\n\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd width=\"100%\" height=\"750\">\n\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"100%\" height=\"750\" scrolling=\"no\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" src=\"https://cdn.knightlab.com/libs/juxtapose/latest/embed/index.html?uid=d4990240-4b41-11e9-8106-0edaf8f81e27\" class=\"iframe-class\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\n\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd width=\"100%\" height=\"1\">\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003c/tbody>\n\u003c/table>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"title": "Farmers Are Supposed to Consider Safer Alternatives to Toxic Pesticides. UCLA Report Says That’s Not Working Out Well",
"headTitle": "Farmers Are Supposed to Consider Safer Alternatives to Toxic Pesticides. UCLA Report Says That’s Not Working Out Well | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Just under 200 million pounds of pesticides a year are used on California’s crops. When it comes to using them safely, 56 county agricultural officers are local communities final line of defense. But a new report produced at UCLA suggests that a lack of guidance for county agricultural offices in considering alternatives or cumulative impacts for toxic exposures, may be putting people at risk.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘Many of these counties are really committed to doing good work. … But we can ask too much of them and I think they need additional resources coming from the state level to allow them to do good work at the local level.’\u003ccite>Tim Malloy, UCLA law professor\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“Many of these counties are really committed to doing good work in terms of oversight and inspection,” says Tim Malloy, a professor of law at UCLA and the report’s lead author. “But we can ask too much of them and I think they need additional resources coming from the state level to allow them to do good work at the local level.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even around densely populated, urbanized parts of California like the Bay Area, agricultural land abuts homes and schools. In Sonoma and Napa counties, on the Peninsula, and in Santa Cruz and Monterey, people who farm lands, who live near them, and who go to neighboring schools risk exposure to pesticides and fumigants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California first established a regulatory scheme for pesticides in 1901, making the state a uniquely independent watchdog. When the state’s oversight of pesticides diverges from that of the federal government, as with chlorpyrifos — a neurotoxin used on pests to citrus and almond crops — it draws national attention. UCLA’s analysis used permitting for chlorpyrifos as a test case to analyze how ag officers consider alternatives.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What’s chlorpyrifos, and what do we know about its risks? \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chlorpyrifos is a neurotoxin, first produced by the Dow Chemical Company in 1965, that’s meant to disrupt the nervous system of insects by inhibiting production of an enzyme. Mounting evidence concludes that whether touched, tasted, or eaten, it’s dangerous to humans as well. Most often, people consume tiny, tiny amounts of it as residue on vegetables and fruit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Agricultural workers are most at risk of coming into contact with it, and so are their children: the pesticide makes its way into homes and house dust via clothing and shoes. Chlorpyrifos is blamed for harming babies’ brains. One 2016 Environmental Protection Agency concluded that no known safe level of human exposure exists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Who’s in charge of deciding where and how pesticides can be used on California cropland? \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Manufacturers must register pesticides at the state level, with the Department of Pesticide Regulation. People who want to use pesticides on their land apply for annual permits from county agricultural officers, and then seek approval on a case-by-case basis throughout the year. Some pesticides are best applied when trees aren’t leafed out, for example.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Critics, including UCLA’s Malloy, argue that DPR should consider alternatives when registering new products. But in the past, state officials have argued that considering alternatives isn’t necessary where it’s possible to mitigate harmful effects — like if pesticide application can keep a greater distance between crops and people, or if certain equipment is used that minimizes the distance pesticides can travel on wind beyond the intended targets. And the state has said that county officials can look at specific conditions— like weather, landscape, time of year, risks to surrounding areas — most effectively.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1939399\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1939399\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/03/GettyImages-953997294-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/03/GettyImages-953997294-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/03/GettyImages-953997294-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/03/GettyImages-953997294-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/03/GettyImages-953997294-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/03/GettyImages-953997294-1200x800.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/03/GettyImages-953997294-1920x1280.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/03/GettyImages-953997294.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Workers from the California Department of Food and Agriculture spray insecticide on citrus trees found to have Asian Citrus Psyllid in Whittier, California. \u003ccite>(ROBYN BECK/AFP/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How does pesticide approval actually work at the local level, when it comes to considering alternatives that may be less dangerous?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state’s guidance generally says that considering safer alternatives comes after seeing whether there are safer ways to use the pesticide under consideration. According to county officials and the UCLA analysis, local officials each interpret that guidance a little differently.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, two pests to almond orchards have just one well-known pesticide enemy that can eradicate them: chlorpyrifos. So, while its use carries risks, a farmer may still want to use it. Some agricultural officials say they ask for proof that the stubborn pests are present before they permit chlorpyrifos application. Some don’t. Records reviewed by the UCLA team don’t describe either method of judgment in detail.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some county officials say that they’re averse to recommending alternatives. Juan Hidalgo, agricultural commissioner for Santa Cruz County, says it’s not his job to recommend specific alternatives by brand name.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\n\u003ch3>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11675165/santa-cruz-county-penalizes-firms-in-pesticide-incident-that-sickened-15-workers\">Santa Cruz County Penalizes Firms in Pesticide Incident That Sickened 15 Workers\u003c/a>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cfigure>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11675165/santa-cruz-county-penalizes-firms-in-pesticide-incident-that-sickened-15-workers\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/06/GettyImages-823604062-1180x758.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The case was one of several pesticide incidents that sickened 150 agricultural employees in the Central Coast and Central Valley last year.\u003c/p>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Pesticide reform advocates have lobbied local officials to consider more safer alternatives. Sarait Martinez, who seeks to limit toxic pesticide use in Santa Cruz and Monterey Counties, says she and a group of more than three dozen activists had an unsuccessful encounter with a deputy ag commissioner in Monterey.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“He said in that meeting that it would be against the law to ask growers to use alternatives,” she says. (A call to Monterey County about the meeting was unreturned.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Critics to the current system argue that, because every alternative is going to have certain tradeoffs associated with its use, systematic recordkeeping about how alternatives are judged would help better establish the value of the alternatives themselves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“And that ought to be the same within a county and across counties,” says UCLA’s Malloy, “so we don’t have different levels of protection for folks depending on where they live or how aggressive their particular county commissioner is with respect to alternatives.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How do state and local officials justify their permitting of pesticides like chlorpyrifos?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When it comes to chlorpyrifos specifically, its use in California has already dropped nearly in half since 2006. The Department of Pesticide Regulation tightened up guidance this year for chlorpyrifos permitting. In Santa Cruz County, ag commissioner Juan Hidalgo says no active permits enable use of chlorpyrifos in 2019. He and other ag commissioners say its days are numbered in the state, despite the fact that the federal EPA rolled back an effort begun during the Obama Administration to enact a national ban. (That dispute is now in the courts.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Malloy stresses that chlorpyrifos is just one pesticide, and that others need consideration of alternatives too. “The issue with alternatives is, if you’re not actively looking for them, then you don’t have a set of incentives that are going to lead to the diffusion of safer alternatives over time,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Department of Pesticide Regulations, whose chief stepped down unexpectedly in January, defends its current practices. In a statement, spokeswoman Charlotte Fadipe says:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>DPR continue[s] to engage with the County Ag Commissioners in developing guidance on the availability of other active ingredients for an alternative analysts, and keeps them informed on any update in the scientific justifications for mitigation of specific active ingredients. The scientific literature and guidance for assessing cumulative effects is still relatively new and has not been fully vetted, however DPR ensures that our scientists are kept abreast of the most current science on that issue. As new and innovative scientific protocols become available DPR will assess the feasibly of those recommendations in the regulatory program.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>California’s trade association for agricultural officers, CACASA, places the responsibility for determining pesticide safety firmly in the hands of state and federal governments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“County agricultural commissioners follow the guidance and mitigations directed by EPA and DPR and may also require additional mitigations based on site specific conditions,” says Sandy Elles of the California Agricultural Commissioners and Sealers Association, in an email.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ultimately, legislators may determine the fate of chlorpyrifos. Maria Elena Durazo, a state senator from East Los Angeles, has introduced legislation to ban chlorpyrifos in California. The first hearing on the bill is scheduled for April 10.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Just under 200 million pounds of pesticides a year are used on California’s crops. When it comes to using them safely, 56 county agricultural officers are local communities final line of defense. But a new report produced at UCLA suggests that a lack of guidance for county agricultural offices in considering alternatives or cumulative impacts for toxic exposures, may be putting people at risk.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘Many of these counties are really committed to doing good work. … But we can ask too much of them and I think they need additional resources coming from the state level to allow them to do good work at the local level.’\u003ccite>Tim Malloy, UCLA law professor\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“Many of these counties are really committed to doing good work in terms of oversight and inspection,” says Tim Malloy, a professor of law at UCLA and the report’s lead author. “But we can ask too much of them and I think they need additional resources coming from the state level to allow them to do good work at the local level.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even around densely populated, urbanized parts of California like the Bay Area, agricultural land abuts homes and schools. In Sonoma and Napa counties, on the Peninsula, and in Santa Cruz and Monterey, people who farm lands, who live near them, and who go to neighboring schools risk exposure to pesticides and fumigants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California first established a regulatory scheme for pesticides in 1901, making the state a uniquely independent watchdog. When the state’s oversight of pesticides diverges from that of the federal government, as with chlorpyrifos — a neurotoxin used on pests to citrus and almond crops — it draws national attention. UCLA’s analysis used permitting for chlorpyrifos as a test case to analyze how ag officers consider alternatives.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What’s chlorpyrifos, and what do we know about its risks? \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chlorpyrifos is a neurotoxin, first produced by the Dow Chemical Company in 1965, that’s meant to disrupt the nervous system of insects by inhibiting production of an enzyme. Mounting evidence concludes that whether touched, tasted, or eaten, it’s dangerous to humans as well. Most often, people consume tiny, tiny amounts of it as residue on vegetables and fruit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Agricultural workers are most at risk of coming into contact with it, and so are their children: the pesticide makes its way into homes and house dust via clothing and shoes. Chlorpyrifos is blamed for harming babies’ brains. One 2016 Environmental Protection Agency concluded that no known safe level of human exposure exists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Who’s in charge of deciding where and how pesticides can be used on California cropland? \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Manufacturers must register pesticides at the state level, with the Department of Pesticide Regulation. People who want to use pesticides on their land apply for annual permits from county agricultural officers, and then seek approval on a case-by-case basis throughout the year. Some pesticides are best applied when trees aren’t leafed out, for example.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Critics, including UCLA’s Malloy, argue that DPR should consider alternatives when registering new products. But in the past, state officials have argued that considering alternatives isn’t necessary where it’s possible to mitigate harmful effects — like if pesticide application can keep a greater distance between crops and people, or if certain equipment is used that minimizes the distance pesticides can travel on wind beyond the intended targets. And the state has said that county officials can look at specific conditions— like weather, landscape, time of year, risks to surrounding areas — most effectively.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1939399\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1939399\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/03/GettyImages-953997294-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/03/GettyImages-953997294-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/03/GettyImages-953997294-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/03/GettyImages-953997294-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/03/GettyImages-953997294-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/03/GettyImages-953997294-1200x800.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/03/GettyImages-953997294-1920x1280.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/03/GettyImages-953997294.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Workers from the California Department of Food and Agriculture spray insecticide on citrus trees found to have Asian Citrus Psyllid in Whittier, California. \u003ccite>(ROBYN BECK/AFP/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How does pesticide approval actually work at the local level, when it comes to considering alternatives that may be less dangerous?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state’s guidance generally says that considering safer alternatives comes after seeing whether there are safer ways to use the pesticide under consideration. According to county officials and the UCLA analysis, local officials each interpret that guidance a little differently.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, two pests to almond orchards have just one well-known pesticide enemy that can eradicate them: chlorpyrifos. So, while its use carries risks, a farmer may still want to use it. Some agricultural officials say they ask for proof that the stubborn pests are present before they permit chlorpyrifos application. Some don’t. Records reviewed by the UCLA team don’t describe either method of judgment in detail.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some county officials say that they’re averse to recommending alternatives. Juan Hidalgo, agricultural commissioner for Santa Cruz County, says it’s not his job to recommend specific alternatives by brand name.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\n\u003ch3>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11675165/santa-cruz-county-penalizes-firms-in-pesticide-incident-that-sickened-15-workers\">Santa Cruz County Penalizes Firms in Pesticide Incident That Sickened 15 Workers\u003c/a>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cfigure>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11675165/santa-cruz-county-penalizes-firms-in-pesticide-incident-that-sickened-15-workers\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/06/GettyImages-823604062-1180x758.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The case was one of several pesticide incidents that sickened 150 agricultural employees in the Central Coast and Central Valley last year.\u003c/p>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Pesticide reform advocates have lobbied local officials to consider more safer alternatives. Sarait Martinez, who seeks to limit toxic pesticide use in Santa Cruz and Monterey Counties, says she and a group of more than three dozen activists had an unsuccessful encounter with a deputy ag commissioner in Monterey.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“He said in that meeting that it would be against the law to ask growers to use alternatives,” she says. (A call to Monterey County about the meeting was unreturned.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Critics to the current system argue that, because every alternative is going to have certain tradeoffs associated with its use, systematic recordkeeping about how alternatives are judged would help better establish the value of the alternatives themselves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“And that ought to be the same within a county and across counties,” says UCLA’s Malloy, “so we don’t have different levels of protection for folks depending on where they live or how aggressive their particular county commissioner is with respect to alternatives.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How do state and local officials justify their permitting of pesticides like chlorpyrifos?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When it comes to chlorpyrifos specifically, its use in California has already dropped nearly in half since 2006. The Department of Pesticide Regulation tightened up guidance this year for chlorpyrifos permitting. In Santa Cruz County, ag commissioner Juan Hidalgo says no active permits enable use of chlorpyrifos in 2019. He and other ag commissioners say its days are numbered in the state, despite the fact that the federal EPA rolled back an effort begun during the Obama Administration to enact a national ban. (That dispute is now in the courts.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Malloy stresses that chlorpyrifos is just one pesticide, and that others need consideration of alternatives too. “The issue with alternatives is, if you’re not actively looking for them, then you don’t have a set of incentives that are going to lead to the diffusion of safer alternatives over time,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Department of Pesticide Regulations, whose chief stepped down unexpectedly in January, defends its current practices. In a statement, spokeswoman Charlotte Fadipe says:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>DPR continue[s] to engage with the County Ag Commissioners in developing guidance on the availability of other active ingredients for an alternative analysts, and keeps them informed on any update in the scientific justifications for mitigation of specific active ingredients. The scientific literature and guidance for assessing cumulative effects is still relatively new and has not been fully vetted, however DPR ensures that our scientists are kept abreast of the most current science on that issue. As new and innovative scientific protocols become available DPR will assess the feasibly of those recommendations in the regulatory program.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>California’s trade association for agricultural officers, CACASA, places the responsibility for determining pesticide safety firmly in the hands of state and federal governments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“County agricultural commissioners follow the guidance and mitigations directed by EPA and DPR and may also require additional mitigations based on site specific conditions,” says Sandy Elles of the California Agricultural Commissioners and Sealers Association, in an email.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ultimately, legislators may determine the fate of chlorpyrifos. Maria Elena Durazo, a state senator from East Los Angeles, has introduced legislation to ban chlorpyrifos in California. The first hearing on the bill is scheduled for April 10.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Gov. Gavin Newsom is urging Stanford researchers at the new \u003ca href=\"https://hai.stanford.edu\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Institute for Human-Centered Artificial Intelligence\u003c/a> to stay true to their name and focus on the impact AI is having on people’s jobs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[pullquote size='medium' align='right' citation='Rob Reich, Stanford']‘We want to put philosophers and anthropologists and economists and political scientists in the lab with the technologists, so that ethical values and social scientific frameworks are baked in … to the very development of artificial intelligence.’[/pullquote]Newsom and Microsoft founder and philanthropist Bill Gates \u003ca href=\"https://www.mercurynews.com/2019/03/18/were-not-prepared-for-the-promise-of-artificial-intelligence-experts-warn/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">keynoted\u003c/a> a symposium yesterday where university officials and scientists announced the formal launch of the institute. Its goal is to address both the peril and promise of AI, with human ethics and values \u003ca href=\"https://www.wsj.com/articles/ai-pioneer-fei-fei-li-on-building-benevolent-machines-11552906800\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">as its lodestar\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Newsom said he was recently at the Port of Long Beach, talking with longshoremen worried that upgrades coming to the port will cost them jobs. He said longshoremen asked him not to implement the upgrades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>‘We’re moving forward–low-carbon green growth goals which are the envy of the rest of the nation,” Newsom said. “Our cap-and-trade program, our goals to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, and that means we’re moving forward with new technologies that are more efficient. The problem with the new technologies that are more efficient–you don’t need any people.’\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In recent years, AI has managed to tangle itself in a pile of ethical problems. Facial recognition software \u003ca href=\"http://time.com/5520558/artificial-intelligence-racial-gender-bias/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">doesn’t see faces\u003c/a> that aren’t white. Speech recognition wants you to speak the King’s English. Or at least a solid American version of it–no accents. Longshoremen aren’t the only workers fearing job loss; truckers and restaurant workers also feel the hot breath of AI at their backs. And we can’t leave out Russian bots serving up lies to mess with our democracy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As technologists, it’s our responsibility to address the failings of our tools,” said Stanford HAI co-director \u003ca href=\"https://profiles.stanford.edu/fei-fei-li\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Fei-Fei Li\u003c/a>. “But it’s also our responsibility to realize the full extent of \u003ca href=\"https://hai.stanford.edu/research/intelligence\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">their potential\u003c/a>.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, she said, what if AI could keep an eye on patients in an emergency room, and alert staff when someone’s condition worsens? Or what if AI could help figure out how children learn, and improve education?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new institute’s \u003ca href=\"https://hai.stanford.edu/research/human-impact\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">research\u003c/a> will focus on enhancing and augmenting human lives across \u003ca href=\"https://www.cnet.com/news/bill-gates-says-ai-should-improve-education-and-medicine/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">medicine, education\u003c/a> and other fields, \u003ca href=\"https://hai.stanford.edu/research/augment-human-capabilities\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">without replacing humans\u003c/a>. KQED’s Brian Watt spoke about the new institute with two of its associate directors, computer science professor \u003ca href=\"https://profiles.stanford.edu/james-landay\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cstrong>James Landay\u003c/strong>\u003c/a> and political science professor \u003ca href=\"https://profiles.stanford.edu/robert-reich\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cstrong>Rob Reich\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>. The interview has been edited for length and clarity. Some key points from the interview …\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What exactly \u003cem>is \u003c/em>AI?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Landay: It’s a fuzzy term, and the definition has moved over the years. I’d say the simplest definition is: the capability of machines to imitate intelligent human behavior.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But that behavior could be as simple as Google Maps telling you which ways to get to work today because there’s different traffic, all the way to maybe making a diagnosis about some very complex cancer situation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What is the one thing people get wrong about AI?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Landay: Thinking that it’s going to be this hyper-intelligent being that will be so much smarter than people, and therefore eventually take over the world like in some kind of “Terminator” movie. That’s really the biggest misconception we see.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Another thing we hear a lot is that AI will make millions of jobs obsolete. Should we be worried?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Landay: I think job disruption is always a thing to be worried about. Globalization led to some major structural problems for some people and created wealth for others. It’s this unevenness that occurs with these disruptions that we need to pay attention to, and get ahead of, to make sure the people who might be disrupted are learning new skills, so they have a future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, some economists think AI might not even disrupt us, because the real problem over the long period is a lack of growth in the population — that there won’t be enough younger people to support all the older people. And that we may even need machines to help us move forward as a society in health care and other areas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So it’s not even clear, in an economic sense, that AI will replace everyone’s jobs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The institute’s work revolves around what you call ‘human-centered AI.’ What does that mean? \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rob Reich: First, ensuring as best we can that the advancement of artificial intelligence ends up serving the interests of human beings, and not displacing or undermining human interests. The essential thing is to ensure that as machines become more and more intelligent and are capable of carrying out more and more complicated tasks that otherwise would have to be done by human beings, that the role we give to machine intelligence supports the goals of human beings and the values we have in the communities we live in, rather than step-by-step displacing what humans do.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Second, the bet that the institute is making here at Stanford is that the advancement of artificial intelligence will happen in a better way if, instead of just putting technologists and AI scientists in the lab and having them work really hard, we do it in partnership with humanists and social scientists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So the familiar role of the social scientist or philosopher is that the technologists do their thing and then we study it out in the wild; the economist measures the effects of technology and the disruption it has, or the philosopher tries to worry about the values that are disrupted in some way by technology.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At HAI we want to put philosophers and anthropologists and economists and political scientists in the lab with the technologists, so that ethical values and social scientific frameworks are baked in, to the extent possible, to the very development of artificial intelligence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What are your top two ethical concerns about AI?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Reich: First, when you’re developing an algorithm and making use of enormous oceans of data, that data typically encodes human decisions of the past. And humans, as we all know, have often been biased and engaged in all kinds of unethical behavior. So algorithms can encode into their predictive judgements those human biases of the past. Bias and discrimination can creep into the various forms of AI decision-making. \u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The second big consideration is that AI, like lots of technologies, can be used for good, and it can also be used by human beings for bad ends. We want to call attention to the different ways that AI can be deployed and try to build in social frameworks and technical approaches that make it much more likely that AI is deployed for good rather than for ill.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=se4CQ5UZXaM\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>I think about a car that’s programmed to protect the passenger inside. But if a passenger would have to choose between crashing or hitting a child, the human mind would say to save the child. How does AI sort this out?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rob Reich: That’s exactly the kind of question that putting philosophers and social scientists and technologists in the lab together is meant to allow discussion about.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s research that shows if you ask a human being whether they think the car should optimize for all of human safety, rather than just passenger safety, people say of course it should optimize for all human safety. But if you’re asking, ‘What kind of car would you like to purchase, one that optimizes for all human safety or optimizes for passenger safety?’ they go for passenger safety.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is what, to me, indicates that engineers have to make these value decisions while they’re developing the technology. And far better that it happens in the open with the full discussion amongst all the various stakeholders–including ordinary citizens–so that we can build toward a bigger social consensus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Gov. Gavin Newsom is urging Stanford researchers at the new \u003ca href=\"https://hai.stanford.edu\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Institute for Human-Centered Artificial Intelligence\u003c/a> to stay true to their name and focus on the impact AI is having on people’s jobs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>Newsom and Microsoft founder and philanthropist Bill Gates \u003ca href=\"https://www.mercurynews.com/2019/03/18/were-not-prepared-for-the-promise-of-artificial-intelligence-experts-warn/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">keynoted\u003c/a> a symposium yesterday where university officials and scientists announced the formal launch of the institute. Its goal is to address both the peril and promise of AI, with human ethics and values \u003ca href=\"https://www.wsj.com/articles/ai-pioneer-fei-fei-li-on-building-benevolent-machines-11552906800\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">as its lodestar\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Newsom said he was recently at the Port of Long Beach, talking with longshoremen worried that upgrades coming to the port will cost them jobs. He said longshoremen asked him not to implement the upgrades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>‘We’re moving forward–low-carbon green growth goals which are the envy of the rest of the nation,” Newsom said. “Our cap-and-trade program, our goals to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, and that means we’re moving forward with new technologies that are more efficient. The problem with the new technologies that are more efficient–you don’t need any people.’\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In recent years, AI has managed to tangle itself in a pile of ethical problems. Facial recognition software \u003ca href=\"http://time.com/5520558/artificial-intelligence-racial-gender-bias/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">doesn’t see faces\u003c/a> that aren’t white. Speech recognition wants you to speak the King’s English. Or at least a solid American version of it–no accents. Longshoremen aren’t the only workers fearing job loss; truckers and restaurant workers also feel the hot breath of AI at their backs. And we can’t leave out Russian bots serving up lies to mess with our democracy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As technologists, it’s our responsibility to address the failings of our tools,” said Stanford HAI co-director \u003ca href=\"https://profiles.stanford.edu/fei-fei-li\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Fei-Fei Li\u003c/a>. “But it’s also our responsibility to realize the full extent of \u003ca href=\"https://hai.stanford.edu/research/intelligence\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">their potential\u003c/a>.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, she said, what if AI could keep an eye on patients in an emergency room, and alert staff when someone’s condition worsens? Or what if AI could help figure out how children learn, and improve education?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new institute’s \u003ca href=\"https://hai.stanford.edu/research/human-impact\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">research\u003c/a> will focus on enhancing and augmenting human lives across \u003ca href=\"https://www.cnet.com/news/bill-gates-says-ai-should-improve-education-and-medicine/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">medicine, education\u003c/a> and other fields, \u003ca href=\"https://hai.stanford.edu/research/augment-human-capabilities\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">without replacing humans\u003c/a>. KQED’s Brian Watt spoke about the new institute with two of its associate directors, computer science professor \u003ca href=\"https://profiles.stanford.edu/james-landay\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cstrong>James Landay\u003c/strong>\u003c/a> and political science professor \u003ca href=\"https://profiles.stanford.edu/robert-reich\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cstrong>Rob Reich\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>. The interview has been edited for length and clarity. Some key points from the interview …\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What exactly \u003cem>is \u003c/em>AI?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Landay: It’s a fuzzy term, and the definition has moved over the years. I’d say the simplest definition is: the capability of machines to imitate intelligent human behavior.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But that behavior could be as simple as Google Maps telling you which ways to get to work today because there’s different traffic, all the way to maybe making a diagnosis about some very complex cancer situation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What is the one thing people get wrong about AI?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Landay: Thinking that it’s going to be this hyper-intelligent being that will be so much smarter than people, and therefore eventually take over the world like in some kind of “Terminator” movie. That’s really the biggest misconception we see.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Another thing we hear a lot is that AI will make millions of jobs obsolete. Should we be worried?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Landay: I think job disruption is always a thing to be worried about. Globalization led to some major structural problems for some people and created wealth for others. It’s this unevenness that occurs with these disruptions that we need to pay attention to, and get ahead of, to make sure the people who might be disrupted are learning new skills, so they have a future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, some economists think AI might not even disrupt us, because the real problem over the long period is a lack of growth in the population — that there won’t be enough younger people to support all the older people. And that we may even need machines to help us move forward as a society in health care and other areas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So it’s not even clear, in an economic sense, that AI will replace everyone’s jobs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The institute’s work revolves around what you call ‘human-centered AI.’ What does that mean? \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rob Reich: First, ensuring as best we can that the advancement of artificial intelligence ends up serving the interests of human beings, and not displacing or undermining human interests. The essential thing is to ensure that as machines become more and more intelligent and are capable of carrying out more and more complicated tasks that otherwise would have to be done by human beings, that the role we give to machine intelligence supports the goals of human beings and the values we have in the communities we live in, rather than step-by-step displacing what humans do.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Second, the bet that the institute is making here at Stanford is that the advancement of artificial intelligence will happen in a better way if, instead of just putting technologists and AI scientists in the lab and having them work really hard, we do it in partnership with humanists and social scientists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So the familiar role of the social scientist or philosopher is that the technologists do their thing and then we study it out in the wild; the economist measures the effects of technology and the disruption it has, or the philosopher tries to worry about the values that are disrupted in some way by technology.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At HAI we want to put philosophers and anthropologists and economists and political scientists in the lab with the technologists, so that ethical values and social scientific frameworks are baked in, to the extent possible, to the very development of artificial intelligence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What are your top two ethical concerns about AI?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Reich: First, when you’re developing an algorithm and making use of enormous oceans of data, that data typically encodes human decisions of the past. And humans, as we all know, have often been biased and engaged in all kinds of unethical behavior. So algorithms can encode into their predictive judgements those human biases of the past. Bias and discrimination can creep into the various forms of AI decision-making. \u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The second big consideration is that AI, like lots of technologies, can be used for good, and it can also be used by human beings for bad ends. We want to call attention to the different ways that AI can be deployed and try to build in social frameworks and technical approaches that make it much more likely that AI is deployed for good rather than for ill.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/se4CQ5UZXaM'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/se4CQ5UZXaM'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cstrong>I think about a car that’s programmed to protect the passenger inside. But if a passenger would have to choose between crashing or hitting a child, the human mind would say to save the child. How does AI sort this out?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rob Reich: That’s exactly the kind of question that putting philosophers and social scientists and technologists in the lab together is meant to allow discussion about.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s research that shows if you ask a human being whether they think the car should optimize for all of human safety, rather than just passenger safety, people say of course it should optimize for all human safety. But if you’re asking, ‘What kind of car would you like to purchase, one that optimizes for all human safety or optimizes for passenger safety?’ they go for passenger safety.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is what, to me, indicates that engineers have to make these value decisions while they’re developing the technology. And far better that it happens in the open with the full discussion amongst all the various stakeholders–including ordinary citizens–so that we can build toward a bigger social consensus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Western states can finally more forward with a landmark deal to distribute the dwindling supply of water from the Colorado River.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After several years of haggling amid a prolonged drought, California and six other states have agreed to a water-management plan for the river, which supplies about 40 million people.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘The [Imperial Irrigation District] is the elephant in the room on the Colorado River as we move forward. And like the elephant, our memory and rage is long.’\u003ccite>IID board member Jim Hanks.\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The federal government had told the states that if they didn’t come to an agreeement on their own, it would step in with its own plan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, Arizona, California, Colorado, Nevada, New Mexico, Utah and Wyoming are pushing for federal legislation to implement the plan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under the agreements, states voluntarily would give up water to keep Lake Mead on the Arizona-Nevada border and Lake Powell upstream on the Arizona-Utah border from crashing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The push for federal legislation comes after the Colorado River Board of California voted Monday to move ahead without a water agency that has the largest entitlement to the river’s water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Imperial Irrigation District was written out of California’s plan when another powerful water agency, the Metropolitan Water District, pledged to contribute most of the state’s voluntary water cuts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Imperial had said it would not commit to the drought plan unless it secured $200 million in federal funding to help restore a massive, briny lake southeast of Los Angeles known as the Salton Sea.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“IID has one agenda, to be part of a DCP that treats the Salton Sea with the dignity and due consideration it deserves, not as its first casualty,” Imperial board President Erik Ortega said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another Imperial official used less diplomatic language. From the \u003ca href=\"https://www.azcentral.com/story/news/local/arizona-environment/2019/03/19/finishing-colorado-river-deal-state-and-federal-officials-meet/3213888002/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Arizona Republic\u003c/a>:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>During a meeting on the shore of the Salton Sea on Tuesday, IID officials lashed out at those gathering to sign on without them in Arizona.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I have six grandchildren who live on the Salton Sea and five of them have asthma. On behalf of them I say, ‘Damn them. Damn them,’” said IID board member Jim Hanks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As we gather here today on the shore of the Salton Sea strewn with bleached bones, bird carcasses and a growing shoreline,” Hanks said, “and as champagne is being prepared for debauched self-congratulation in Phoenix, remember this: The IID is the elephant in the room on the Colorado River as we move forward. And like the elephant, our memory and rage is long.”\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>The U.S. Bureau of Reclamation had given states until Tuesday to submit comments on what to do next after California and Arizona failed to meet federal deadlines to wrap up the drought plans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That process will be stopped now that California is on board. Arizona says it doesn’t expect its remaining work to delay implementation of the drought plan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The states’ plans are meant to supplement existing guidelines that dictate water deliveries to Arizona, Nevada and California. The Bureau of Reclamation previously predicted a more than 50 percent chance that Arizona and Nevada would not get their full allocations of water in 2020.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The latest study shows a shortage might be averted. But officials say one good year of snowpack won’t reduce long-term risks on the river.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Lauren Sommer and Jon Brooks of KQED and Felicia Fonseca of Associated Press contributed to this post.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Western states can finally more forward with a landmark deal to distribute the dwindling supply of water from the Colorado River.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After several years of haggling amid a prolonged drought, California and six other states have agreed to a water-management plan for the river, which supplies about 40 million people.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘The [Imperial Irrigation District] is the elephant in the room on the Colorado River as we move forward. And like the elephant, our memory and rage is long.’\u003ccite>IID board member Jim Hanks.\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The federal government had told the states that if they didn’t come to an agreeement on their own, it would step in with its own plan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, Arizona, California, Colorado, Nevada, New Mexico, Utah and Wyoming are pushing for federal legislation to implement the plan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under the agreements, states voluntarily would give up water to keep Lake Mead on the Arizona-Nevada border and Lake Powell upstream on the Arizona-Utah border from crashing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The push for federal legislation comes after the Colorado River Board of California voted Monday to move ahead without a water agency that has the largest entitlement to the river’s water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Imperial Irrigation District was written out of California’s plan when another powerful water agency, the Metropolitan Water District, pledged to contribute most of the state’s voluntary water cuts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Imperial had said it would not commit to the drought plan unless it secured $200 million in federal funding to help restore a massive, briny lake southeast of Los Angeles known as the Salton Sea.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“IID has one agenda, to be part of a DCP that treats the Salton Sea with the dignity and due consideration it deserves, not as its first casualty,” Imperial board President Erik Ortega said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another Imperial official used less diplomatic language. From the \u003ca href=\"https://www.azcentral.com/story/news/local/arizona-environment/2019/03/19/finishing-colorado-river-deal-state-and-federal-officials-meet/3213888002/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Arizona Republic\u003c/a>:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>During a meeting on the shore of the Salton Sea on Tuesday, IID officials lashed out at those gathering to sign on without them in Arizona.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I have six grandchildren who live on the Salton Sea and five of them have asthma. On behalf of them I say, ‘Damn them. Damn them,’” said IID board member Jim Hanks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As we gather here today on the shore of the Salton Sea strewn with bleached bones, bird carcasses and a growing shoreline,” Hanks said, “and as champagne is being prepared for debauched self-congratulation in Phoenix, remember this: The IID is the elephant in the room on the Colorado River as we move forward. And like the elephant, our memory and rage is long.”\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>The U.S. Bureau of Reclamation had given states until Tuesday to submit comments on what to do next after California and Arizona failed to meet federal deadlines to wrap up the drought plans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That process will be stopped now that California is on board. Arizona says it doesn’t expect its remaining work to delay implementation of the drought plan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The states’ plans are meant to supplement existing guidelines that dictate water deliveries to Arizona, Nevada and California. The Bureau of Reclamation previously predicted a more than 50 percent chance that Arizona and Nevada would not get their full allocations of water in 2020.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The latest study shows a shortage might be averted. But officials say one good year of snowpack won’t reduce long-term risks on the river.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Lauren Sommer and Jon Brooks of KQED and Felicia Fonseca of Associated Press contributed to this post.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "Super Bloom Selfie-Quest Overwhelms Lake Elsinore as 100,000 Descend on 'Poppypalooza'",
"headTitle": "Super Bloom Selfie-Quest Overwhelms Lake Elsinore as 100,000 Descend on ‘Poppypalooza’ | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>As the barren California desert sprang to life, they descended. With their selfie sticks, their smartphones and their gee-whiz-look-at-all-the-flowers smiles, they seemed blissfully unconcerned that they were causing something close to a panic at the highest levels of local government.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Roads backed up for miles. Parking spaces were gone. Wait times for the city’s shuttle service were measured in hours. To help cope with the surge of traffic, the city of Lake Elsinore brought in all available staff, asked county agencies for help, reached out to the California Highway Patrol. On Facebook, the city pleaded with visitors to stay away: “Our City is not made for Disneyland size crowds.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The cause of all this consternation? Poppies. Specifically, a \u003ca href=\"https://news.nationalgeographic.com/2017/03/california-desert-anza-borrego-super-bloom/\">super bloom\u003c/a>, often seen after a particularly wet winter. Super blooms happen about once a decade in the region, but this bloom was different. “This is something unlike anything we have ever experienced in our City and may never again,” the city wrote.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The super bloom of 2019 goes by many names. Mayor Steve Manos has alternatively dubbed it “Poppypalooza” and the “poppy apocalypse.” By Saturday night, Manos had estimated 50,000 visitors had come to the city, population 60,000, about a 90-minute drive from either Los Angeles or San Diego.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most tourists gathered in Walker Canyon, which offered the most glorious sights of poppies on rolling hillsides. By the end of the weekend, Lake Elsinore had been tromped through by as many as 150,000 people. “Interstate 15 was a parking lot,” The Associate Press wrote. “People fainted in the heat; a dog romping through the fields was bitten by a rattlesnake.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Conditions sometimes made for perilous poppy posing. “Wildflower-seekers slid and fell down the side of Walker Canyon that was never meant to be hiked on, though some managed to do so anyways — even in very chic wedge heels,” according to the \u003ca href=\"https://www.desertsun.com/story/news/2019/03/17/walker-canyon-poppy-fields-lake-elsinore-shut-down-public/3198609002/\">Palm Springs Desert Sun\u003c/a>. “Families and Instagram-influencer wannabes alike attempted feats of free-climbing and scrambling as large boulders toppled down behind them as every step kicked more rocks loose, threatening to squish children or seniors who couldn’t lunge out of the way fast enough.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The city said that all available staff mobilized. Council members waved flags to direct traffic. One city employee was hit by a car, Manos said in a \u003ca href=\"https://www.facebook.com/watch/?v=2309002696012751\">video\u003c/a>. “The guy that got hit by the car got up, limped off and worked a 12-hour day.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\">California poppies were dreamy!! \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/californiapoppies?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#californiapoppies\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/canyonwalker?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#canyonwalker\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/lakeelsinore?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#lakeelsinore\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://t.co/1vhXVebr81\">pic.twitter.com/1vhXVebr81\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Kelsey Roberts (@KelseyRobertsSD) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/KelseyRobertsSD/status/1107338502738341888?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">March 17, 2019\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>By Sunday night, the city had made a decision, and it came with its own hashtag: #PoppyShutdown. “The situation has escalated beyond our available resources,” the office of City Hall wrote, explaining that no additional shuttles or visitors would be allowed into Walker Canyon. “This weekend has been unbearable.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But when they tried to close the roads, people found a way. They pulled off onto the shoulder. They parked on the freeways. Anything to get to the poppies. “We don’t have the resources to keep it closed,” Manos said. “It’s an entire mountain. Please be patient.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By Monday, the roads were open again. The great #PoppyShutdown had ended as quickly as it began. With more rain expected for this week, that can only mean one thing, Manos said: The poppies will continue to bloom. And the people, with their selfie sticks, will continue to come.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Hang in there!” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2019 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=%27Poppy+Apocalypse%27%3A+A+California+City+Swarmed+By+Selfie+Stick-Toting+Tourists&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>As the barren California desert sprang to life, they descended. With their selfie sticks, their smartphones and their gee-whiz-look-at-all-the-flowers smiles, they seemed blissfully unconcerned that they were causing something close to a panic at the highest levels of local government.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Roads backed up for miles. Parking spaces were gone. Wait times for the city’s shuttle service were measured in hours. To help cope with the surge of traffic, the city of Lake Elsinore brought in all available staff, asked county agencies for help, reached out to the California Highway Patrol. On Facebook, the city pleaded with visitors to stay away: “Our City is not made for Disneyland size crowds.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The cause of all this consternation? Poppies. Specifically, a \u003ca href=\"https://news.nationalgeographic.com/2017/03/california-desert-anza-borrego-super-bloom/\">super bloom\u003c/a>, often seen after a particularly wet winter. Super blooms happen about once a decade in the region, but this bloom was different. “This is something unlike anything we have ever experienced in our City and may never again,” the city wrote.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The super bloom of 2019 goes by many names. Mayor Steve Manos has alternatively dubbed it “Poppypalooza” and the “poppy apocalypse.” By Saturday night, Manos had estimated 50,000 visitors had come to the city, population 60,000, about a 90-minute drive from either Los Angeles or San Diego.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most tourists gathered in Walker Canyon, which offered the most glorious sights of poppies on rolling hillsides. By the end of the weekend, Lake Elsinore had been tromped through by as many as 150,000 people. “Interstate 15 was a parking lot,” The Associate Press wrote. “People fainted in the heat; a dog romping through the fields was bitten by a rattlesnake.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Conditions sometimes made for perilous poppy posing. “Wildflower-seekers slid and fell down the side of Walker Canyon that was never meant to be hiked on, though some managed to do so anyways — even in very chic wedge heels,” according to the \u003ca href=\"https://www.desertsun.com/story/news/2019/03/17/walker-canyon-poppy-fields-lake-elsinore-shut-down-public/3198609002/\">Palm Springs Desert Sun\u003c/a>. “Families and Instagram-influencer wannabes alike attempted feats of free-climbing and scrambling as large boulders toppled down behind them as every step kicked more rocks loose, threatening to squish children or seniors who couldn’t lunge out of the way fast enough.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The city said that all available staff mobilized. Council members waved flags to direct traffic. One city employee was hit by a car, Manos said in a \u003ca href=\"https://www.facebook.com/watch/?v=2309002696012751\">video\u003c/a>. “The guy that got hit by the car got up, limped off and worked a 12-hour day.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\">California poppies were dreamy!! \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/californiapoppies?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#californiapoppies\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/canyonwalker?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#canyonwalker\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/lakeelsinore?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#lakeelsinore\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://t.co/1vhXVebr81\">pic.twitter.com/1vhXVebr81\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Kelsey Roberts (@KelseyRobertsSD) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/KelseyRobertsSD/status/1107338502738341888?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">March 17, 2019\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>By Sunday night, the city had made a decision, and it came with its own hashtag: #PoppyShutdown. “The situation has escalated beyond our available resources,” the office of City Hall wrote, explaining that no additional shuttles or visitors would be allowed into Walker Canyon. “This weekend has been unbearable.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But when they tried to close the roads, people found a way. They pulled off onto the shoulder. They parked on the freeways. Anything to get to the poppies. “We don’t have the resources to keep it closed,” Manos said. “It’s an entire mountain. Please be patient.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By Monday, the roads were open again. The great #PoppyShutdown had ended as quickly as it began. With more rain expected for this week, that can only mean one thing, Manos said: The poppies will continue to bloom. And the people, with their selfie sticks, will continue to come.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Hang in there!” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2019 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=%27Poppy+Apocalypse%27%3A+A+California+City+Swarmed+By+Selfie+Stick-Toting+Tourists&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "How Did Life Form 4 Billion Years Ago? NASA Thinks It Might Know",
"headTitle": "How Did Life Form 4 Billion Years Ago? NASA Thinks It Might Know | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Scientists may have rediscovered a long-lost recipe from Earth’s primordial cookbook for life, one that takes chemical ingredients that were available in the oceans of Earth’s youth, adds heat, and churns out the organic molecular building blocks of life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is not only an important step in the journey toward solving the puzzle of how and where life originated on Earth, it also offers guidance for narrowing the search for life on other worlds — where to search and what to look for.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What’s Cookin’ in NASA’s Kitchen?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NASA \u003ca href=\"https://astrobiology.nasa.gov/\">astrobiologist\u003c/a> Laurie Barge and team, at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, California, \u003ca href=\"https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/news/863/nasa-study-reproduces-origins-of-life-on-ocean-floor/\">set out to demonstrate\u003c/a> how organic molecules might have formed 4 billion years ago, in the pitch darkness on Earth’s deep-ocean floor surrounding vents of hot, chemical-laden water spouting from Earth’s interior.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1939050\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 700px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1939050\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/03/expl2006.jpg\" alt='An active hydrothermal \"chimney\", the mineral structure that forms around a hydrothermal vent. ' width=\"700\" height=\"1050\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/03/expl2006.jpg 700w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/03/expl2006-160x240.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An active hydrothermal ‘chimney,’ the mineral structure that forms around a hydrothermal vent. \u003ccite>(New Zealand American Submarine Ring of Fire 2007 Exploration, NOAA Vents Program, NOAA OAR/OER)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Called \u003ca href=\"https://www.whoi.edu/main/topic/hydrothermal-vents\">hydrothermal vents\u003c/a>, these deep-sea “hot springs” of chemicals and heat exist today, and all but certainly existed eons ago before life began.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To accomplish their goal, Barge and team recreated in their lab the conditions that prevailed around hydrothermal vents in Earth’s primordial ocean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1939049\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 320px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1939049\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/03/3481_Simulated_underwater_chimneys_forming_in_glass_container_of_liquid..gif\" alt=\"A time-lapse video of the formation of an amino acid "chimney" from a plume of fluid injected into a mixture simulating ocean water of the primordial Earth. The experiment was to show how hydrothermal vents on Earth's ocean floor may have produced the organic chemical precursors to life on Earth. \" width=\"320\" height=\"569\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A time-lapse video of the formation of an amino acid ‘chimney’ from a plume of fluid injected into a mixture simulating ocean water of the primordial Earth. The experiment was to show how hydrothermal vents on Earth’s ocean floor may have produced the organic chemical precursors to life on Earth. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech/Flores)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>They prepared a mixture of water, \u003ca href=\"https://www.astrobio.net/mars/could-green-rust-be-a-catalyst-for-martian-life/\">minerals\u003c/a> and other chemicals that would have been present in ocean water on the young Earth, removing oxygen from the mix to account for the fact that little of that element existed in the ocean or atmosphere in Earth’s pre-life era. Then, heating the water to 158 degrees Fahrenheit (the water temperature surrounding a hydrotherapy vent), they injected a water solution that included small amounts of oxygen and other minerals, to simulate a hydrothermal vent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The mixing of the simulated primordial fluids produced chemical reactions, out of which formed alanine, an \u003ca href=\"http://www.biology.arizona.edu/biochemistry/problem_sets/aa/aa.html\">amino acid\u003c/a>, and alpha hydroxy acid. Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins, which in turn make up all living things.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A tasty result to say the least! Before their very eyes the experimenters witnessed the genesis of molecules all-important to the formation of life. And since they had been careful to recreate the natural conditions that existed on the primordial Earth, it was not just the result of a contrived chemistry experiment, but a re-enactment of nature’s own original cookery.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Hydrothermal Vents Near and Far\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today we find communities of advanced life forms thriving around hydrothermal vents. Fish, crustaceans, cephalopods and many more species teem around these geothermal oases on the cold, dark ocean floor, their ecosystems sustained entirely by the chemical bounty of the Earth — no sunlight required.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1939051\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1939051\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/03/800px-Fauna_on_hydrothermal_vents-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"Marine life thriving in the environment surrounding a deep-ocean hydrothermal vent. \" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/03/800px-Fauna_on_hydrothermal_vents.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/03/800px-Fauna_on_hydrothermal_vents-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/03/800px-Fauna_on_hydrothermal_vents-768x576.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Marine life thriving in the environment surrounding a deep-ocean hydrothermal vent. \u003ccite>(Submarine Ring of Fire 2006 Exploration, NOAA Vents Program)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>It is probable that the ancestors of these complex organisms originated from the sunlit ocean world above and migrated to hydrothermal vents some time in the past, there to adapt to the very different environment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the question remains: Where did the first, single-celled living organisms appear on Earth? In a sunlit \u003ca href=\"https://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/article/0_0_0/origsoflife_03\">tidepool\u003c/a>, where organic molecules were sloshed together by waves? Or, did the first microbe spring forth from the dark warmth of a hydrothermal vent, from an original recipe cooked up wholly by the Earth?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Understanding how organic compounds like amino acids might have originated around hydrothermal vents on Earth has powerful implications for our search for extraterrestrial life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If we find signs of \u003ca href=\"https://spaceplace.nasa.gov/review/dr-marc-solar-system/life-on-mars.html\">life on a planet like Mars\u003c/a>, past or present, we will be pressed to answer questions about its origin similar to the question of how Earth life originated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mars once had seas, which may have had some form of hydrothermal vent spouting away on the sea floor. But the young Mars also had an atmosphere, a warm and watery surface environment, a water cycle, and other attributes similar to Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And, that life-friendly environment dried up a long time ago, so we might hope to find only the residues of past living things — or at best something still living deep under Mars’ surface.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Looking for Life in Unexpected Places\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But farther out from the sun we have detected oceans on at least two or three moons of gas giant planets, such as Jupiter’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/subject/3148/europa/\">Europa\u003c/a> and Saturn’s \u003ca href=\"https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/cassini/science/enceladus/\">Enceladus\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1939052\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 782px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1939052\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/03/europa.jpg\" alt=\"Jupiter's moon Europa, as photographed by the Galileo spacecraft. The pattern of cracks in the icy crust indicates that it floats on an ocean of liquid water. \" width=\"782\" height=\"604\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/03/europa.jpg 782w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/03/europa-160x124.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/03/europa-768x593.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 782px) 100vw, 782px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Jupiter’s moon Europa, as photographed by the Galileo spacecraft. The pattern of cracks in the icy crust indicates that it floats on an ocean of liquid water. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Neither of these moons has an atmosphere to speak of, and their surfaces are crusts of frigid ice exposed to the vacuum and radiation of space — not promising environments to search for life as we know it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under those icy crusts, though, are oceans of liquid water. Water vapor plumes erupting from cracks in Enceladus’ surface carry traces of chemicals like ammonia, one of the “precursor” chemicals for the formation of organic molecules.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Europa’s ocean is global, may be up to 100 miles deep and has twice the water of Earth’s ocean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If the ocean floors of either of these moons sport hydrothermal vents, then there may be environments down there similar to those surrounding Earth’s vents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We know that the hydrothermal vents on Earth support thriving communities of life, and from the laboratory recipe cooked up by Dr. Barge and team we know that such an environment can easily produce organic compounds, the precursor molecules of life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Understanding the genesis of life on Earth would also focus our search for signs of life on \u003ca href=\"https://exoplanets.nasa.gov/\">extrasolar planets\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1939053\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1939053\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/03/800px-An_exoplanet_seen_from_its_moon_artists_impression-800x500.jpg\" alt=\"An artist illustration of an exoplanet (upper right) viewed from the surface of one of its moons. \" width=\"800\" height=\"500\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/03/800px-An_exoplanet_seen_from_its_moon_artists_impression.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/03/800px-An_exoplanet_seen_from_its_moon_artists_impression-160x100.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/03/800px-An_exoplanet_seen_from_its_moon_artists_impression-768x480.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An artist illustration of an exoplanet (upper right) viewed from the surface of one of its moons. \u003ccite>(IAU/L. Calçada)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>No spacecraft will be reaching exoplanets in our lifetimes (or those of our great great great grandchildren in all probability), but knowing what chemical telltales might indicate the presence of life would be a powerful tool for exploring life beyond our solar system — in nearby star systems, in distant reaches across the Milky Way galaxy, and possibly even other galaxies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I’d say that’s a lot of potential from a small bottle of hot mineral water bubbling away in a lab.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Scientists may have rediscovered a long-lost recipe from Earth’s primordial cookbook for life, one that takes chemical ingredients that were available in the oceans of Earth’s youth, adds heat, and churns out the organic molecular building blocks of life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is not only an important step in the journey toward solving the puzzle of how and where life originated on Earth, it also offers guidance for narrowing the search for life on other worlds — where to search and what to look for.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What’s Cookin’ in NASA’s Kitchen?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NASA \u003ca href=\"https://astrobiology.nasa.gov/\">astrobiologist\u003c/a> Laurie Barge and team, at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, California, \u003ca href=\"https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/news/863/nasa-study-reproduces-origins-of-life-on-ocean-floor/\">set out to demonstrate\u003c/a> how organic molecules might have formed 4 billion years ago, in the pitch darkness on Earth’s deep-ocean floor surrounding vents of hot, chemical-laden water spouting from Earth’s interior.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1939050\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 700px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1939050\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/03/expl2006.jpg\" alt='An active hydrothermal \"chimney\", the mineral structure that forms around a hydrothermal vent. ' width=\"700\" height=\"1050\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/03/expl2006.jpg 700w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/03/expl2006-160x240.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An active hydrothermal ‘chimney,’ the mineral structure that forms around a hydrothermal vent. \u003ccite>(New Zealand American Submarine Ring of Fire 2007 Exploration, NOAA Vents Program, NOAA OAR/OER)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Called \u003ca href=\"https://www.whoi.edu/main/topic/hydrothermal-vents\">hydrothermal vents\u003c/a>, these deep-sea “hot springs” of chemicals and heat exist today, and all but certainly existed eons ago before life began.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To accomplish their goal, Barge and team recreated in their lab the conditions that prevailed around hydrothermal vents in Earth’s primordial ocean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1939049\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 320px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1939049\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/03/3481_Simulated_underwater_chimneys_forming_in_glass_container_of_liquid..gif\" alt=\"A time-lapse video of the formation of an amino acid "chimney" from a plume of fluid injected into a mixture simulating ocean water of the primordial Earth. The experiment was to show how hydrothermal vents on Earth's ocean floor may have produced the organic chemical precursors to life on Earth. \" width=\"320\" height=\"569\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A time-lapse video of the formation of an amino acid ‘chimney’ from a plume of fluid injected into a mixture simulating ocean water of the primordial Earth. The experiment was to show how hydrothermal vents on Earth’s ocean floor may have produced the organic chemical precursors to life on Earth. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech/Flores)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>They prepared a mixture of water, \u003ca href=\"https://www.astrobio.net/mars/could-green-rust-be-a-catalyst-for-martian-life/\">minerals\u003c/a> and other chemicals that would have been present in ocean water on the young Earth, removing oxygen from the mix to account for the fact that little of that element existed in the ocean or atmosphere in Earth’s pre-life era. Then, heating the water to 158 degrees Fahrenheit (the water temperature surrounding a hydrotherapy vent), they injected a water solution that included small amounts of oxygen and other minerals, to simulate a hydrothermal vent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The mixing of the simulated primordial fluids produced chemical reactions, out of which formed alanine, an \u003ca href=\"http://www.biology.arizona.edu/biochemistry/problem_sets/aa/aa.html\">amino acid\u003c/a>, and alpha hydroxy acid. Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins, which in turn make up all living things.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A tasty result to say the least! Before their very eyes the experimenters witnessed the genesis of molecules all-important to the formation of life. And since they had been careful to recreate the natural conditions that existed on the primordial Earth, it was not just the result of a contrived chemistry experiment, but a re-enactment of nature’s own original cookery.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Hydrothermal Vents Near and Far\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today we find communities of advanced life forms thriving around hydrothermal vents. Fish, crustaceans, cephalopods and many more species teem around these geothermal oases on the cold, dark ocean floor, their ecosystems sustained entirely by the chemical bounty of the Earth — no sunlight required.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1939051\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1939051\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/03/800px-Fauna_on_hydrothermal_vents-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"Marine life thriving in the environment surrounding a deep-ocean hydrothermal vent. \" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/03/800px-Fauna_on_hydrothermal_vents.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/03/800px-Fauna_on_hydrothermal_vents-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/03/800px-Fauna_on_hydrothermal_vents-768x576.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Marine life thriving in the environment surrounding a deep-ocean hydrothermal vent. \u003ccite>(Submarine Ring of Fire 2006 Exploration, NOAA Vents Program)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>It is probable that the ancestors of these complex organisms originated from the sunlit ocean world above and migrated to hydrothermal vents some time in the past, there to adapt to the very different environment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the question remains: Where did the first, single-celled living organisms appear on Earth? In a sunlit \u003ca href=\"https://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/article/0_0_0/origsoflife_03\">tidepool\u003c/a>, where organic molecules were sloshed together by waves? Or, did the first microbe spring forth from the dark warmth of a hydrothermal vent, from an original recipe cooked up wholly by the Earth?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Understanding how organic compounds like amino acids might have originated around hydrothermal vents on Earth has powerful implications for our search for extraterrestrial life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If we find signs of \u003ca href=\"https://spaceplace.nasa.gov/review/dr-marc-solar-system/life-on-mars.html\">life on a planet like Mars\u003c/a>, past or present, we will be pressed to answer questions about its origin similar to the question of how Earth life originated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mars once had seas, which may have had some form of hydrothermal vent spouting away on the sea floor. But the young Mars also had an atmosphere, a warm and watery surface environment, a water cycle, and other attributes similar to Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And, that life-friendly environment dried up a long time ago, so we might hope to find only the residues of past living things — or at best something still living deep under Mars’ surface.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Looking for Life in Unexpected Places\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But farther out from the sun we have detected oceans on at least two or three moons of gas giant planets, such as Jupiter’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/subject/3148/europa/\">Europa\u003c/a> and Saturn’s \u003ca href=\"https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/cassini/science/enceladus/\">Enceladus\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1939052\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 782px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1939052\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/03/europa.jpg\" alt=\"Jupiter's moon Europa, as photographed by the Galileo spacecraft. The pattern of cracks in the icy crust indicates that it floats on an ocean of liquid water. \" width=\"782\" height=\"604\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/03/europa.jpg 782w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/03/europa-160x124.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/03/europa-768x593.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 782px) 100vw, 782px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Jupiter’s moon Europa, as photographed by the Galileo spacecraft. The pattern of cracks in the icy crust indicates that it floats on an ocean of liquid water. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Neither of these moons has an atmosphere to speak of, and their surfaces are crusts of frigid ice exposed to the vacuum and radiation of space — not promising environments to search for life as we know it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under those icy crusts, though, are oceans of liquid water. Water vapor plumes erupting from cracks in Enceladus’ surface carry traces of chemicals like ammonia, one of the “precursor” chemicals for the formation of organic molecules.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Europa’s ocean is global, may be up to 100 miles deep and has twice the water of Earth’s ocean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If the ocean floors of either of these moons sport hydrothermal vents, then there may be environments down there similar to those surrounding Earth’s vents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We know that the hydrothermal vents on Earth support thriving communities of life, and from the laboratory recipe cooked up by Dr. Barge and team we know that such an environment can easily produce organic compounds, the precursor molecules of life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Understanding the genesis of life on Earth would also focus our search for signs of life on \u003ca href=\"https://exoplanets.nasa.gov/\">extrasolar planets\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1939053\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1939053\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/03/800px-An_exoplanet_seen_from_its_moon_artists_impression-800x500.jpg\" alt=\"An artist illustration of an exoplanet (upper right) viewed from the surface of one of its moons. \" width=\"800\" height=\"500\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/03/800px-An_exoplanet_seen_from_its_moon_artists_impression.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/03/800px-An_exoplanet_seen_from_its_moon_artists_impression-160x100.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/03/800px-An_exoplanet_seen_from_its_moon_artists_impression-768x480.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An artist illustration of an exoplanet (upper right) viewed from the surface of one of its moons. \u003ccite>(IAU/L. Calçada)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>No spacecraft will be reaching exoplanets in our lifetimes (or those of our great great great grandchildren in all probability), but knowing what chemical telltales might indicate the presence of life would be a powerful tool for exploring life beyond our solar system — in nearby star systems, in distant reaches across the Milky Way galaxy, and possibly even other galaxies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I’d say that’s a lot of potential from a small bottle of hot mineral water bubbling away in a lab.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "One Increasingly Popular Way to Control Floods: Let the Water Come",
"headTitle": "One Increasingly Popular Way to Control Floods: Let the Water Come | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>In California’s Central Valley, 100 miles east of San Francisco, the San Joaquin and Tuolumne rivers meet. Their waters mingle amid a wide flat plain of shrubs, cottonwood and oak trees. The Dos Rios Ranch Preserve, 1,600 acres of wetlands, river habitat and rolling hills, sits at the site of this juncture. On clear days, the Sierra Nevada rises in the east and the Coast Range to the west.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">Promoting floodplains as a way to refill aquifers, reduce risk from flood damage, re-create wildlife habitat and filter pollutants.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>As Jason Faridi surveys the scene on a recent early morning, the sun’s rays reflect off the river, turning the water the color of egg yolks. A cacophony of bird calls fill the air. Near the water’s margin, waxy milk cartons — cut in half to hold seedling plants — bob up and down. They contain young elderberry and cottonwood plants, stretching their roots toward the clay river bottom.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It will take a couple more years for these replanted natives to reach maturity at Dos Rios, the largest floodplain restoration project in the state. After six years of work and $40 million in funding, the riparian habitat flooded for the first time this winter, after strong February storms and the waters could sustain all the way through June.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The natural trees and shrubs that we’re putting in here want the floodwaters to come in,” says Faridi, a restoration ecologist, looking out onto a riparian forest at the water’s edge. Not only do these plants thrive under floodwaters, he says, “the river itself and the animals in it benefit.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Faridi is with River Partners, an environmental nonprofit based in Chico that focuses on restoring floodplains and wetlands. After years of battling the frequently flooded land, the Lyons Family, previous owners of the Dos Rios Ranch, decided to sell the property.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“For as long as the agriculture has been here, they’ve been dealing with flood damage,” says Fairidi. “They were always fighting that so they could protect their property. Now we’ve kind of reversed that. … We’re reducing flood damage, because there’s no more ranching.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>River Partners and the Tuolumne River Trust raised funds to buy the ranch over a period of 10 years. The nonprofit took down agricultural berms — raised barriers of land engineered to prevent flooding — to reconnect the floodplain to the river. River Partners has planted over 200,000 native plants, which naturally store floodwaters and release them slowly back into the river, protecting nearby communities. So far the group has restored 600 acres of Dos Rios Ranch, and are currently working on 700 more acres.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The nonprofit points to floodplains as a key way to refill long-tapped aquifers, reduce risk from flood damage, re-create wildlife habitat and filter pollutants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1939175\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1939175\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/03/RS35470_DosRios_022-800x523.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"523\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/03/RS35470_DosRios_022-800x523.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/03/RS35470_DosRios_022-160x105.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/03/RS35470_DosRios_022-768x502.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/03/RS35470_DosRios_022-1020x666.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/03/RS35470_DosRios_022-1200x784.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/03/RS35470_DosRios_022.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">One portion of the ranch that has not yet been restored at Dos Rios Ranch in Modesto. The Coast Range sits to the west of the property on Friday Feb. 22, 2019. (Lindsey Moore/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Going With the Flow\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When a wild river floods, water and sediment spills over its banks onto adjacent land, it builds up a natural floodplain. Floodplains allow a river’s high flows to spread out and slow down, forming temporary reservoirs that pool over the rainy season. That means more water percolating down into underlying aquifers — a layer of permeable rock, sand, gravel and silt that stores water — and less floodwaters barreling toward cities. Low points on a floodplain, or swales, also serve as food chambers for fish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For much of the last century, standard practice in California has been to channelize rivers, choking off high flows from their natural floodplains, in an effort to protect crops and cities. But that \u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/articles/2017/10/10/a-landmark-california-plan-puts-floodplains-back-in-business\">convention is evolving.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In his state-of-the state address this February, Governor Gavin Newsom \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Mxmuo8MhOgk\">vowed to expand floodplain habitat\u003c/a> in the Central Valley. This is one approach California is investing in to increase groundwater storage and reduce flood damage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Recent storms have \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1938969/it-took-a-while-but-california-is-now-almost-completely-out-of-drought\">wiped out California’s recent drought. \u003c/a>But, even if surface waters are aplenty, in many parts of the state groundwater levels are still at all-time lows. About 85 percent of \u003ca href=\"https://www.watereducation.org/photo-gallery/california-water-101\">Californians depend on \u003c/a>these underground water-storage chambers for some portion of their drinking water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Flood Now, Use Later\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although floodplains take land out of commission for growing crops or raising livestock, some people hope restored floodplains will benefit agriculture in the long run as a natural water storage system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a win for the environment and it’s a win for agriculture because that means you’re maintaining more water for those drought years,” says Jake Wenger, a Modesto farmer of more than 40 years and a former irrigation district board member.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A floodplain’s layer-cake of clay, sand and gravel may also prove effective in filtering water pollutants. In the San Joaquin Valley, more than 1 million people \u003ca href=\"https://psmag.com/environment/how-water-contamination-is-putting-this-california-town-at-risk\">cannot access clean drinking water\u003c/a> owing to agricultural pollutants, such as nitrates and pesticides.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“To be able to create areas where we are adding to freshwater supplies is one of the goals of our projects,” says Terrel Hutton, of River Partners.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Dos Rios operations manager, Stephen Sheppard, estimates that when the restored plains flood, the waters are anywhere from 1 to 10 feet deep. Quantifying how much of these floodwaters enters the underlying aquifer will be the aim of a research project River Partners is working on with Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1939176\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1939176\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/03/RS35461_DosRios_013-800x522.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"522\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/03/RS35461_DosRios_013-800x522.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/03/RS35461_DosRios_013-160x104.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/03/RS35461_DosRios_013-768x501.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/03/RS35461_DosRios_013-1020x665.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/03/RS35461_DosRios_013-1200x783.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/03/RS35461_DosRios_013.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A swollen floodplain at the Dos Rios Ranch in Modesto on Friday Feb. 22, 2019. (Lindsey Moore/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Still, Jeffrey Mount, former director of the UC Davis Center for Watershed Sciences, expects the amount of water seeping into the aquifer will be low.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Natural floodplains have clay rich soils,” says Mount, currently a senior fellow with the Public Policy Institute of California. “You often don’t get really good recharge in those areas, because you have to let water sit for a very long time.” The Central Valley is riddled with “boom and bust” cycles of rainfall and drought, and Mount says sustaining floodplain habitat may be challenging.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the area is prime real estate for this restoration. “Because we have not urbanized those floodplains,” says Mount.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>River Partners has \u003ca href=\"https://www.riverpartners.org/projects/\">completed four riparian habitat restorations\u003c/a> in the Sacramento Valley, and Mount says that is another area ripe for further floodplain renourishment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Around the state about 25 restoration projects are currently underway, estimates Julie Rentner, who leads project development at River Partners. Dozens more are in the pipeline, she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The long-term impact that restored floodplains could have on bolstering California’s water supply is, for now, unclear. And it’s not a water-storage solution that’s viable in every part of the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The appeal of these projects could “allow people to ignore the harder question which is, how will you reduce water usage?” Mount said. “That’s how you will increase groundwater storage.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Welcoming Back Native Species\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Restoring floodplains won’t solve all of California’s water security issues, Mount says, but the projects have many benefits. They’re “good for water supply, good for water quality and it’s good for habitat from everything from birds to fishes.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Up to 130,000 native plants such as California wild rose, blackberry bush, and trees like willows and oaks have grown at the ranch since the floodplain restoration began six years ago. This newly created habitat provides shade on the river, lowering its temperature and allowing fish, such as steelhead trout and Chinook salmon, to fatten up before making their way to the ocean. Dos Rios has even welcomed back federally endangered species, such as the riparian brush rabbit, whose habitat was wiped out when the land was used for farming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Instead of engineering California’s rivers, Faridi thinks reconnecting them with floodplains may be a way California can “move forward managing our waterways, managing species, and managing flood damage reduction to communities along the river.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Flooding is always termed as a bad word,” says Faridi. But in the case of these plains, “it’s actually a good word.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>In California’s Central Valley, 100 miles east of San Francisco, the San Joaquin and Tuolumne rivers meet. Their waters mingle amid a wide flat plain of shrubs, cottonwood and oak trees. The Dos Rios Ranch Preserve, 1,600 acres of wetlands, river habitat and rolling hills, sits at the site of this juncture. On clear days, the Sierra Nevada rises in the east and the Coast Range to the west.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">Promoting floodplains as a way to refill aquifers, reduce risk from flood damage, re-create wildlife habitat and filter pollutants.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>As Jason Faridi surveys the scene on a recent early morning, the sun’s rays reflect off the river, turning the water the color of egg yolks. A cacophony of bird calls fill the air. Near the water’s margin, waxy milk cartons — cut in half to hold seedling plants — bob up and down. They contain young elderberry and cottonwood plants, stretching their roots toward the clay river bottom.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It will take a couple more years for these replanted natives to reach maturity at Dos Rios, the largest floodplain restoration project in the state. After six years of work and $40 million in funding, the riparian habitat flooded for the first time this winter, after strong February storms and the waters could sustain all the way through June.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The natural trees and shrubs that we’re putting in here want the floodwaters to come in,” says Faridi, a restoration ecologist, looking out onto a riparian forest at the water’s edge. Not only do these plants thrive under floodwaters, he says, “the river itself and the animals in it benefit.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Faridi is with River Partners, an environmental nonprofit based in Chico that focuses on restoring floodplains and wetlands. After years of battling the frequently flooded land, the Lyons Family, previous owners of the Dos Rios Ranch, decided to sell the property.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“For as long as the agriculture has been here, they’ve been dealing with flood damage,” says Fairidi. “They were always fighting that so they could protect their property. Now we’ve kind of reversed that. … We’re reducing flood damage, because there’s no more ranching.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>River Partners and the Tuolumne River Trust raised funds to buy the ranch over a period of 10 years. The nonprofit took down agricultural berms — raised barriers of land engineered to prevent flooding — to reconnect the floodplain to the river. River Partners has planted over 200,000 native plants, which naturally store floodwaters and release them slowly back into the river, protecting nearby communities. So far the group has restored 600 acres of Dos Rios Ranch, and are currently working on 700 more acres.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The nonprofit points to floodplains as a key way to refill long-tapped aquifers, reduce risk from flood damage, re-create wildlife habitat and filter pollutants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1939175\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1939175\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/03/RS35470_DosRios_022-800x523.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"523\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/03/RS35470_DosRios_022-800x523.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/03/RS35470_DosRios_022-160x105.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/03/RS35470_DosRios_022-768x502.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/03/RS35470_DosRios_022-1020x666.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/03/RS35470_DosRios_022-1200x784.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/03/RS35470_DosRios_022.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">One portion of the ranch that has not yet been restored at Dos Rios Ranch in Modesto. The Coast Range sits to the west of the property on Friday Feb. 22, 2019. (Lindsey Moore/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Going With the Flow\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When a wild river floods, water and sediment spills over its banks onto adjacent land, it builds up a natural floodplain. Floodplains allow a river’s high flows to spread out and slow down, forming temporary reservoirs that pool over the rainy season. That means more water percolating down into underlying aquifers — a layer of permeable rock, sand, gravel and silt that stores water — and less floodwaters barreling toward cities. Low points on a floodplain, or swales, also serve as food chambers for fish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For much of the last century, standard practice in California has been to channelize rivers, choking off high flows from their natural floodplains, in an effort to protect crops and cities. But that \u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/articles/2017/10/10/a-landmark-california-plan-puts-floodplains-back-in-business\">convention is evolving.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In his state-of-the state address this February, Governor Gavin Newsom \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Mxmuo8MhOgk\">vowed to expand floodplain habitat\u003c/a> in the Central Valley. This is one approach California is investing in to increase groundwater storage and reduce flood damage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Recent storms have \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1938969/it-took-a-while-but-california-is-now-almost-completely-out-of-drought\">wiped out California’s recent drought. \u003c/a>But, even if surface waters are aplenty, in many parts of the state groundwater levels are still at all-time lows. About 85 percent of \u003ca href=\"https://www.watereducation.org/photo-gallery/california-water-101\">Californians depend on \u003c/a>these underground water-storage chambers for some portion of their drinking water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Flood Now, Use Later\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although floodplains take land out of commission for growing crops or raising livestock, some people hope restored floodplains will benefit agriculture in the long run as a natural water storage system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a win for the environment and it’s a win for agriculture because that means you’re maintaining more water for those drought years,” says Jake Wenger, a Modesto farmer of more than 40 years and a former irrigation district board member.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A floodplain’s layer-cake of clay, sand and gravel may also prove effective in filtering water pollutants. In the San Joaquin Valley, more than 1 million people \u003ca href=\"https://psmag.com/environment/how-water-contamination-is-putting-this-california-town-at-risk\">cannot access clean drinking water\u003c/a> owing to agricultural pollutants, such as nitrates and pesticides.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“To be able to create areas where we are adding to freshwater supplies is one of the goals of our projects,” says Terrel Hutton, of River Partners.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Dos Rios operations manager, Stephen Sheppard, estimates that when the restored plains flood, the waters are anywhere from 1 to 10 feet deep. Quantifying how much of these floodwaters enters the underlying aquifer will be the aim of a research project River Partners is working on with Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1939176\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1939176\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/03/RS35461_DosRios_013-800x522.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"522\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/03/RS35461_DosRios_013-800x522.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/03/RS35461_DosRios_013-160x104.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/03/RS35461_DosRios_013-768x501.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/03/RS35461_DosRios_013-1020x665.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/03/RS35461_DosRios_013-1200x783.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/03/RS35461_DosRios_013.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A swollen floodplain at the Dos Rios Ranch in Modesto on Friday Feb. 22, 2019. (Lindsey Moore/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Still, Jeffrey Mount, former director of the UC Davis Center for Watershed Sciences, expects the amount of water seeping into the aquifer will be low.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Natural floodplains have clay rich soils,” says Mount, currently a senior fellow with the Public Policy Institute of California. “You often don’t get really good recharge in those areas, because you have to let water sit for a very long time.” The Central Valley is riddled with “boom and bust” cycles of rainfall and drought, and Mount says sustaining floodplain habitat may be challenging.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the area is prime real estate for this restoration. “Because we have not urbanized those floodplains,” says Mount.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>River Partners has \u003ca href=\"https://www.riverpartners.org/projects/\">completed four riparian habitat restorations\u003c/a> in the Sacramento Valley, and Mount says that is another area ripe for further floodplain renourishment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Around the state about 25 restoration projects are currently underway, estimates Julie Rentner, who leads project development at River Partners. Dozens more are in the pipeline, she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The long-term impact that restored floodplains could have on bolstering California’s water supply is, for now, unclear. And it’s not a water-storage solution that’s viable in every part of the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The appeal of these projects could “allow people to ignore the harder question which is, how will you reduce water usage?” Mount said. “That’s how you will increase groundwater storage.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Welcoming Back Native Species\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Restoring floodplains won’t solve all of California’s water security issues, Mount says, but the projects have many benefits. They’re “good for water supply, good for water quality and it’s good for habitat from everything from birds to fishes.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Up to 130,000 native plants such as California wild rose, blackberry bush, and trees like willows and oaks have grown at the ranch since the floodplain restoration began six years ago. This newly created habitat provides shade on the river, lowering its temperature and allowing fish, such as steelhead trout and Chinook salmon, to fatten up before making their way to the ocean. Dos Rios has even welcomed back federally endangered species, such as the riparian brush rabbit, whose habitat was wiped out when the land was used for farming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Instead of engineering California’s rivers, Faridi thinks reconnecting them with floodplains may be a way California can “move forward managing our waterways, managing species, and managing flood damage reduction to communities along the river.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Flooding is always termed as a bad word,” says Faridi. But in the case of these plains, “it’s actually a good word.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Updated at 5:44 p.m. ET\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Darrell Blatchley received a call from the Philippines’ Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources early Friday morning reporting that it had a young Cuvier’s beaked whale that was weak and vomiting blood.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Within a few hours it was dead.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Blatchley, a marine biologist and environmentalist based in the Philippine city of Davao, gathered his team to drive two hours to where the whale had washed up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the necropsy was performed, Blatchley told NPR, he was not prepared for the amount of plastic they found in the whale’s stomach.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It was full of plastic — nothing but nonstop plastic,” he said. “It was compact to the point that its stomach was literally as hard as a baseball.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That means that this animal has been suffering not for days or weeks but for months or even a year or more,” Blatchley added.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He noted that among the 88 pounds of plastic were 16 rice sacks — similar to potato sacks — and plastic bags from local Philippine grocery chains, Gaisano Capital and Gaisano grocery outlet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Blatchley is the founder and owner of the D’ Bone Collector Museum, a natural history museum in Davao. In the coming days, the museum will post a list of all the items found in the whale’s system, the museum said in \u003ca href=\"https://www.facebook.com/permalink.php?story_fbid=2689346287758609&id=216407245052538\">a post\u003c/a> on its Facebook page.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Blatchley and his team work with the Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources and other organizations to assist in rescue and recovery of marine animals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Within the last 10 years, we have recovered 61 whales and dolphins just within the Davao Gulf,” he said. “Of them, 57 have died due to man — whether they ingested plastic or fishing nets or other waste, or gotten caught in pollution — and four were pregnant.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2019 alone, Blatchley said, he and his team have found three whales or dolphins with plastic waste in their systems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Philippines has been deemed one of the “\u003ca href=\"https://wwf.panda.org/knowledge_hub/where_we_work/coraltriangle/?329831/The-scourge-of-single-use-plastic-in-the-Philippines\">world’s leading plastic polluters\u003c/a>.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to the \u003ca href=\"http://web.unep.org/unepmap/un-declares-war-ocean-plastic\">U.N. Environment Programme\u003c/a>, some 9 million tons of plastic end up in the ocean each year. According to a \u003ca href=\"https://oceanconservancy.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/full-report-stemming-the.pdf\">2017 study\u003c/a> from the environmental group Ocean Conservancy, more than half of that waste comes from just five countries in East and Southeast Asia — China, Indonesia, the Philippines, Thailand and Vietnam.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study found that more than half a million metric tons of plastic waste from the Philippines makes it into the ocean each year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Blatchley said he hoped that the latest incident with the Cuvier’s beaked whale would launch the issue of plastic pollution in the Philippines, and across the globe, to the forefront.\u003cbr>\n[pullquote]“If we keep going this way, it will be more uncommon to see an animal die of natural causes than it is to see an animal die of plastic.”[/pullquote]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If we keep going this way, it will be more uncommon to see an animal die of natural causes than it is to see an animal die of plastic,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2019 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Stomach+Of+Dead+Whale+Contained+%27Nothing+But+Nonstop+Plastic%27&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Updated at 5:44 p.m. ET\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Darrell Blatchley received a call from the Philippines’ Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources early Friday morning reporting that it had a young Cuvier’s beaked whale that was weak and vomiting blood.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Within a few hours it was dead.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Blatchley, a marine biologist and environmentalist based in the Philippine city of Davao, gathered his team to drive two hours to where the whale had washed up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the necropsy was performed, Blatchley told NPR, he was not prepared for the amount of plastic they found in the whale’s stomach.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It was full of plastic — nothing but nonstop plastic,” he said. “It was compact to the point that its stomach was literally as hard as a baseball.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That means that this animal has been suffering not for days or weeks but for months or even a year or more,” Blatchley added.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He noted that among the 88 pounds of plastic were 16 rice sacks — similar to potato sacks — and plastic bags from local Philippine grocery chains, Gaisano Capital and Gaisano grocery outlet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Blatchley is the founder and owner of the D’ Bone Collector Museum, a natural history museum in Davao. In the coming days, the museum will post a list of all the items found in the whale’s system, the museum said in \u003ca href=\"https://www.facebook.com/permalink.php?story_fbid=2689346287758609&id=216407245052538\">a post\u003c/a> on its Facebook page.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Blatchley and his team work with the Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources and other organizations to assist in rescue and recovery of marine animals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Within the last 10 years, we have recovered 61 whales and dolphins just within the Davao Gulf,” he said. “Of them, 57 have died due to man — whether they ingested plastic or fishing nets or other waste, or gotten caught in pollution — and four were pregnant.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2019 alone, Blatchley said, he and his team have found three whales or dolphins with plastic waste in their systems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Philippines has been deemed one of the “\u003ca href=\"https://wwf.panda.org/knowledge_hub/where_we_work/coraltriangle/?329831/The-scourge-of-single-use-plastic-in-the-Philippines\">world’s leading plastic polluters\u003c/a>.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to the \u003ca href=\"http://web.unep.org/unepmap/un-declares-war-ocean-plastic\">U.N. Environment Programme\u003c/a>, some 9 million tons of plastic end up in the ocean each year. According to a \u003ca href=\"https://oceanconservancy.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/full-report-stemming-the.pdf\">2017 study\u003c/a> from the environmental group Ocean Conservancy, more than half of that waste comes from just five countries in East and Southeast Asia — China, Indonesia, the Philippines, Thailand and Vietnam.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study found that more than half a million metric tons of plastic waste from the Philippines makes it into the ocean each year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Blatchley said he hoped that the latest incident with the Cuvier’s beaked whale would launch the issue of plastic pollution in the Philippines, and across the globe, to the forefront.\u003cbr>\n\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "Once Again in Redwood City, a Battle Brews Over Cargill's Land",
"headTitle": "Once Again in Redwood City, a Battle Brews Over Cargill’s Land | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>It’s no easy task keeping track of the disagreements between Californians and the current version of the United States federal government when it comes to environmental policy. Now, here’s another one …\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A move by the Environmental Protection Agency could revive the contentious plan to develop 1,400 acres of Redwood City shoreline owned by Cargill Salt, which operates an industrial plant there. The EPA removed one barrier to development earlier this month by \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/cwa-404/2019-redwood-city-salt-plant-jurisdictional-determination\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">ruling\u003c/a> that the area is not subject to restrictions in the federal Clean Water Act.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright wp-image-1939231\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/03/Cargill_190315_V01-800x567.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"350\" height=\"248\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/03/Cargill_190315_V01-800x567.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/03/Cargill_190315_V01-160x113.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/03/Cargill_190315_V01-768x544.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/03/Cargill_190315_V01.jpg 820w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 350px) 100vw, 350px\">That puts the EPA at loggerheads with environmentalists, who want to convert the land back to tidal wetlands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Peninsula Congresswoman Jackie Speier, for one, was outraged at the EPA’s new stance. She claims that Cargill executives and lawyers have worked behind the scenes with the Trump Administration to push the decision in violation of environmental laws.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I am not willing to let this happen. This administration has completely hijacked the jurisdictional process away from the experts on the ground, putting politics ahead of science,” she said on the floor of the House of Representatives. “No surprise.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Paul Rogers\u003c/strong>, managing editor of KQED Science, has been covering the \u003ca href=\"https://www.mercurynews.com/2019/03/11/san-francisco-bay-trump-administration-gives-new-life-to-development-on-huge-cargill-salt-property-in-redwood-city/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">story\u003c/a> for the Mercury News. He spoke about the latest development and the history of the Redwood City site with KQED’s Brian Watt on Friday. Some key points …\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What’s the history of this big tract of land?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The area, which sits east of Highway 101 right up against the bay, is one-and-a-half times the size of Golden Gate Park. A century ago, it was underwater as part of San Francisco Bay. But it was diked and filled in decades ago, before modern environmental laws.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then 10 years ago, Cargill announced plans to build 12,000 houses for up to 25,000 new residents on the site. That proposal sparked one of the biggest battles over bayside development in a generation. Amid opposition from environmental groups and local residents worried about traffic, Cargill withdrew the plan in 2012.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now environmentalists say the levees should be breached and the area restored as wetlands for wildlife and flood control.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1939269\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 528px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1939269 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/03/RS35910_CARGILL_006-sfi.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"528\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/03/RS35910_CARGILL_006-sfi.jpg 528w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/03/RS35910_CARGILL_006-sfi-160x109.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 528px) 100vw, 528px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Cargill Salt Property, seen from near Highway 101. \u003ccite>(Lindsey Moore/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How does the Clean Water Act come into this? \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The federal Clean Water Act prohibits the filling of waterways, and environmentalists have argued that developing the land would violate this part of the law. Obama’s EPA agreed, but it did not finalize the paperwork before the new administration came in. So now the Trump EPA has reversed that finding, announcing on March 1 that the site is not bound by the Clean Water Act. And that removes the main federal hurdle to development.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>But what about climate change and sea level rise? This land is right on the water …\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cargill and its development partner, a company called DMB Associates, from Arizona, maintain that levees and other engineering can address concerns about flood control, and that housing can be built next to an area where Redwood City is planning a ferry terminal. But note that even though Cargill says its old development plan is dead, it has yet to propose a new one. The company says that it will hold public hearings in the coming weeks and months to gather input from local residents, followed by a formal proposal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>If Redwood City really wants to stop this, can it?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The short answer is yes. The project needs a permit from the Redwood City Council. Right now, the land is not zoned for housing, and the mayor says he doesn’t support building residences there. Of course, any company that owns land can sue if they feel its property rights have been violated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The other possibility is that Cargill could be working to drive the value of the land up, since land you can develop is worth more than land you can’t. So potentially they want to boost the price for an eventual sale — to the federal government, the state government or environmental groups that want to create a wildlife refuge on the land.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"excerpt": "Wetlands or housing? A decision from the Trump administration could breathe new life into a Bay Area battle over one of the biggest plans for bayside development in a generation.",
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"description": "Wetlands or housing? A decision from the Trump administration could breathe new life into a Bay Area battle over one of the biggest plans for bayside development in a generation.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>It’s no easy task keeping track of the disagreements between Californians and the current version of the United States federal government when it comes to environmental policy. Now, here’s another one …\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A move by the Environmental Protection Agency could revive the contentious plan to develop 1,400 acres of Redwood City shoreline owned by Cargill Salt, which operates an industrial plant there. The EPA removed one barrier to development earlier this month by \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/cwa-404/2019-redwood-city-salt-plant-jurisdictional-determination\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">ruling\u003c/a> that the area is not subject to restrictions in the federal Clean Water Act.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright wp-image-1939231\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/03/Cargill_190315_V01-800x567.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"350\" height=\"248\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/03/Cargill_190315_V01-800x567.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/03/Cargill_190315_V01-160x113.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/03/Cargill_190315_V01-768x544.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/03/Cargill_190315_V01.jpg 820w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 350px) 100vw, 350px\">That puts the EPA at loggerheads with environmentalists, who want to convert the land back to tidal wetlands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Peninsula Congresswoman Jackie Speier, for one, was outraged at the EPA’s new stance. She claims that Cargill executives and lawyers have worked behind the scenes with the Trump Administration to push the decision in violation of environmental laws.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I am not willing to let this happen. This administration has completely hijacked the jurisdictional process away from the experts on the ground, putting politics ahead of science,” she said on the floor of the House of Representatives. “No surprise.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Paul Rogers\u003c/strong>, managing editor of KQED Science, has been covering the \u003ca href=\"https://www.mercurynews.com/2019/03/11/san-francisco-bay-trump-administration-gives-new-life-to-development-on-huge-cargill-salt-property-in-redwood-city/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">story\u003c/a> for the Mercury News. He spoke about the latest development and the history of the Redwood City site with KQED’s Brian Watt on Friday. Some key points …\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What’s the history of this big tract of land?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The area, which sits east of Highway 101 right up against the bay, is one-and-a-half times the size of Golden Gate Park. A century ago, it was underwater as part of San Francisco Bay. But it was diked and filled in decades ago, before modern environmental laws.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then 10 years ago, Cargill announced plans to build 12,000 houses for up to 25,000 new residents on the site. That proposal sparked one of the biggest battles over bayside development in a generation. Amid opposition from environmental groups and local residents worried about traffic, Cargill withdrew the plan in 2012.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now environmentalists say the levees should be breached and the area restored as wetlands for wildlife and flood control.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1939269\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 528px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1939269 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/03/RS35910_CARGILL_006-sfi.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"528\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/03/RS35910_CARGILL_006-sfi.jpg 528w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/03/RS35910_CARGILL_006-sfi-160x109.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 528px) 100vw, 528px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Cargill Salt Property, seen from near Highway 101. \u003ccite>(Lindsey Moore/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How does the Clean Water Act come into this? \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The federal Clean Water Act prohibits the filling of waterways, and environmentalists have argued that developing the land would violate this part of the law. Obama’s EPA agreed, but it did not finalize the paperwork before the new administration came in. So now the Trump EPA has reversed that finding, announcing on March 1 that the site is not bound by the Clean Water Act. And that removes the main federal hurdle to development.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>But what about climate change and sea level rise? This land is right on the water …\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cargill and its development partner, a company called DMB Associates, from Arizona, maintain that levees and other engineering can address concerns about flood control, and that housing can be built next to an area where Redwood City is planning a ferry terminal. But note that even though Cargill says its old development plan is dead, it has yet to propose a new one. The company says that it will hold public hearings in the coming weeks and months to gather input from local residents, followed by a formal proposal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>If Redwood City really wants to stop this, can it?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The short answer is yes. The project needs a permit from the Redwood City Council. Right now, the land is not zoned for housing, and the mayor says he doesn’t support building residences there. Of course, any company that owns land can sue if they feel its property rights have been violated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The other possibility is that Cargill could be working to drive the value of the land up, since land you can develop is worth more than land you can’t. So potentially they want to boost the price for an eventual sale — to the federal government, the state government or environmental groups that want to create a wildlife refuge on the land.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"id": "commonwealth-club",
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"info": "The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.",
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"order": 9
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"airtime": "SUN 7:30pm-8pm",
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"tagline": "Where conversation and cultura meet",
"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
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"order": 15
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"tagline": "Lessons from a lifetime in politics",
"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-Political-Mind-of-Jerry-Brown-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"order": 18
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"marketplace": {
"id": "marketplace",
"title": "Marketplace",
"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm",
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"source": "American Public Media"
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"masters-of-scale": {
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"title": "Masters of Scale",
"info": "Masters of Scale is an original podcast in which LinkedIn co-founder and Greylock Partner Reid Hoffman sets out to describe and prove theories that explain how great entrepreneurs take their companies from zero to a gazillion in ingenious fashion.",
"airtime": "Every other Wednesday June 12 through October 16 at 8pm (repeats Thursdays at 2am)",
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},
"mindshift": {
"id": "mindshift",
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"tagline": "A podcast about the future of learning and how we raise our kids",
"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
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"order": 12
},
"link": "/podcasts/mindshift",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5",
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"morning-edition": {
"id": "morning-edition",
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"info": "\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. Hosts Steve Inskeep, David Greene and Rachel Martin bring you the latest breaking news and features to prepare you for the day.",
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"onourwatch": {
"id": "onourwatch",
"title": "On Our Watch",
"tagline": "Deeply-reported investigative journalism",
"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
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"order": 11
},
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"on-the-media": {
"id": "on-the-media",
"title": "On The Media",
"info": "Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. For one hour a week, the show tries to lift the veil from the process of \"making media,\" especially news media, because it's through that lens that we see the world and the world sees us",
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},
"link": "/radio/program/on-the-media",
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},
"pbs-newshour": {
"id": "pbs-newshour",
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},
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"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/PBS-NewsHour---Full-Show-p425698/",
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},
"perspectives": {
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"order": 14
},
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"planet-money": {
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"info": "The economy explained. Imagine you could call up a friend and say, Meet me at the bar and tell me what's going on with the economy. Now imagine that's actually a fun evening.",
"airtime": "SUN 3pm-4pm",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/planetmoney.jpg",
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},
"link": "/radio/program/planet-money",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/planet-money/id290783428?mt=2",
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},
"politicalbreakdown": {
"id": "politicalbreakdown",
"title": "Political Breakdown",
"tagline": "Politics from a personal perspective",
"info": "Political Breakdown is a new series that explores the political intersection of California and the nation. Each week hosts Scott Shafer and Marisa Lagos are joined with a new special guest to unpack politics -- with personality — and offer an insider’s glimpse at how politics happens.",
"airtime": "THU 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Political-Breakdown-2024-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"order": 5
},
"link": "/podcasts/politicalbreakdown",
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"possible": {
"id": "possible",
"title": "Possible",
"info": "Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.",
"airtime": "SUN 2pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Possible-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.possible.fm/",
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"source": "Possible"
},
"link": "/radio/program/possible",
"subscribe": {
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"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/730YpdUSNlMyPQwNnyjp4k"
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},
"pri-the-world": {
"id": "pri-the-world",
"title": "PRI's The World: Latest Edition",
"info": "Each weekday, host Marco Werman and his team of producers bring you the world's most interesting stories in an hour of radio that reminds us just how small our planet really is.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 2pm-3pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-World-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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