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"title": "How Scientists Detect the Most Lethal Shellfish Toxin You've Never Heard Of",
"headTitle": "How Scientists Detect the Most Lethal Shellfish Toxin You’ve Never Heard Of | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>There is a weapon that is released by algae around the world and concentrated, invisible, in the flesh of shellfish. An amount the size of a poppy seed is enough to kill a grown person.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s part of an onslaught from which we’ve defended ourselves for decades, which might be why you’ve never heard of it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Saxitoxin is lethal at concentrations 1,000 times lower than is cyanide. It is a powerful neurotoxin released by plankton in algal blooms. Saxitoxin is so potent, in fact, that it was the only marine toxin declared a \u003ca href=\"http://disarmament.un.org/treaties/t/cwc/text\">chemical weapon\u003c/a> by the 1993 international treaty known as the Chemical Weapons Convention, and bears a long and complex history with the U.S. government in particular.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The CIA \u003ca href=\"https://www.eucom.mil/media-library/article/23319/this-week-in-eucom-history-april-30-may-6\">reportedly gave\u003c/a> pilots of U-2 reconnaissance planes a coin containing saxitoxin that they could use to commit suicide if they were captured. President Nixon ultimately banned the military’s use of biological weapons, including saxitoxin, in 1969, but the CIA neglected to destroy a stockpile of 10 grams of the substance that it had distilled from butter clams. The supply was rediscovered in a storage facility and distributed to scientists at NIH after a pharmacologist begged the CIA not to destroy the cache. He predicted, correctly, that the toxin’s potency offered enormous potential for medical research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1946490\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1946490\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/mussels_GettyImages-150458709-800x532.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"333\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/mussels_GettyImages-150458709-800x532.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/mussels_GettyImages-150458709-160x106.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/mussels_GettyImages-150458709-768x511.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/mussels_GettyImages-150458709-1020x679.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/mussels_GettyImages-150458709-1200x798.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/mussels_GettyImages-150458709-1920x1278.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/mussels_GettyImages-150458709.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Washing or heating does not make saxitoxin-contaminated shellfish safe to eat. \u003ccite>(Fadel Senna/AFP/GettyImages)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In both marine and freshwater systems, shellfish accumulate saxitoxin and concentrate it into doses dangerous to humans, fish, birds and marine mammals, although the shellfish themselves remain unharmed. The toxin is undetectable by sight or smell and is heat-stable, which means that even a pan-seared toxic mussel is still a toxic mussel.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When ingested by humans, saxitoxin causes paralytic shellfish poisoning, or PSP, symptoms of which include tingling, numbness, and, if consumed in high enough quantities, paralysis, asphyxiation and death. There is no known cure for saxitoxin poisoning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>California’s History of Toxin Monitoring\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So why haven’t you heard of this potent algal toxin? Thank state health officials. In California, risk is managed by the diligent monitoring of the California Department of Public Health. Every year, CDPH issues a \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdph.ca.gov/Programs/CEH/DRSEM/Pages/EMB/Shellfish/Annual-Mussel-Quarantine.aspx\">mussel quarantine\u003c/a> for all coastal areas from Oregon to the Mexican border between May 1 and Oct. 31, adjusting its window according to changes in saxitoxin concentration. When concentrations are dangerously high, the state prohibits all recreational harvesting of mussels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The public health department requires commercial seafood harvesters to submit shellfish samples at least weekly to retain their certification, which is one reason shellfish are available even when bans are in place. However, no commercial shellfish harvest occurs in San Francisco Bay, and that’s because, while coastal shellfish are monitored for paralytic shellfish toxins, \u003ca href=\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1568988318300258\">no such monitoring \u003c/a>occurs in the bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some of the earliest recorded instances of saxitoxin poisoning occurred in San Francisco, before seasonal bans were commonplace, even before scientists knew what was poisoning their coast. In 1927, more than 100 people fell ill and six people died from paralytic shellfish poisoning. Panic spread. Public health workers quickly posted warning signs and scientists worked to identify the source of the widespread sickness. No cases were reported the following year, perhaps, as noted in a scientific paper published in 1937, because “people showed little desire, after the experience of 1927, to gather shell-fish.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the most part, the monitoring that began in 1927 has kept poisoning numbers low; Dr. Eddie Garcia, a fellow in medical toxicology at UCSF and the California Poison Control Center, says that in 2017, only 117 cases were reported across the entire United States, none of them fatal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Why Saxitoxin is Relevant Now\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1944161\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/psp-e1562172091893.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-complete_open_graph wp-image-1944161\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/psp-1200x1129.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"602\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Recorded cases of PSP in 1970 and 2018. Scientists say that we’ve only recently begun to understand the full extent of how common PSP really is. \u003ccite>(US National Office for Harmful Algal Blooms)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Scientists agree it’s critically important to have infallible toxin detection methods, particularly in the coming years. For one thing, experts say algal blooms are becoming more common, likely due to pollution and climate change, among other reasons. And even with decent monitoring already in place, some people are still getting sick.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In a sense, it’s like a bad intersection where, if you put up some good traffic lights, you can improve it a lot,” said Don Anderson, a biologist at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute, who has spent more than 40 years studying harmful algal blooms. “It’s the people who don’t obey the restrictions, whether it be a stop light or a closure, that get sick.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2014, for instance, a family vacationing on the coast of Washington made a soup out of mussels. It was midnight, too dark to read the signs that might have warned them not to eat shellfish they had caught themselves, and all seven ended up in the emergency room. One woman lost the ability to stand. The next day, the Washington Department of Health detected a saxitoxin concentration over 75 times the alert level.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even in daylight, not every Californian might be aware of the quarantine; some may not be able to read signs because of a language barrier, or they may think different rules apply. If you’re relying on the old adage that you can’t eat mussels in months without the letter ‘r’, for example, it’s time to update your guidelines — this belief can be traced all the way back to at least 1599, when a \u003ca href=\"https://quod.lib.umich.edu/e/eebo/A17373.0001.001/1:12.19?rgn=div2;view=fulltext\">cookbook\u003c/a> warned against consuming oysters during summer months, most likely because bacteria were especially rampant during summer heat without refrigeration.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1944164\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 290px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1944164\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/warning-sign.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"290\" height=\"441\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/warning-sign.jpg 547w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/warning-sign-160x243.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 290px) 100vw, 290px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An example of a warning sign posted in San Mateo County. \u003ccite>(San Mateo County Health)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Although widely performed, saxitoxin testing is not terribly humane. In order to determine saxitoxin concentration, the most popular of three FDA-approved methods is to inject a mouse with a small amount of liquid containing an expected toxin, wait for the mouse to die, and record the time of its last breath. According to Maggie Broadwater, acting Harmful Algal Bloom Program Manager at NOAA, this mouse test is still used by CDPH to monitor toxin levels. Other methods do exist, but they involve transporting samples back to a laboratory and days of testing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As algal blooms become more frequent and we begin to better understand how saxitoxin levels change, new methods have emerged that may transform the dynamics of our relationship with toxins — how we detect them, how we treat them, and how we learn from them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Lesson from the Bullfrog\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The future of saxitoxin detection may come from an unlikely source: the common bullfrog. Researchers at UCSF published a \u003ca href=\"https://www.ucsf.edu/news/2019/06/414716/frog-protein-may-mitigate-dangers-posed-toxic-marine-microbes-fueled-climate\">recent study\u003c/a> describing the structure of a protein called \u003ca href=\"https://advances.sciencemag.org/content/5/6/eaax2650\">saxiphilin\u003c/a>. It’s found in the heart and blood of the American bullfrog, which is resistant to saxitoxin poisoning. Using x-ray crystallography, researchers in the laboratory of Daniel Minor, professor at the Cardiovascular Research Institute, identified a pocket-like region in this protein that binds to saxitoxin. Scientists think that the bullfrog’s store of saxiphilin naturally reduces the concentration of saxitoxin in its bloodstream, giving the liver time to destroy the toxin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Structurally, the protein and its binding pocket look a lot like transferrin — that’s a family of proteins that bind to iron and ferry it around the body. Saxiphilin is so similar, in fact, that Minor believes the two proteins must share a common origin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is really evolution at work: repurposing a protein scaffold to do something else,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ability to bind to saxitoxin could also someday lead to a treatment for shellfish poisoning. It might provide scientists with a blueprint for developing synthetic molecules that could be administered to patients who digest the toxin, to prevent paralysis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A New Vision for Monitoring Shellfish\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists are also designing new-generation detection methods to improve coastal monitoring efforts. A hundred miles south of UCSF, scientists are developing a robotic technology that could replace the mouse-poison test. A team of researchers at the Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute has a device they affectionately call “lab in a trashcan,” or more officially, \u003ca href=\"https://www.mbari.org/technology/emerging-current-tools/instruments/environmental-sample-processor-esp/\">Environmental Sample Processor\u003c/a>. [pullquote size='medium' align='left' citation='Daniel Minor, UCSF']‘This is really evolution at work: repurposing a protein scaffold to do something else.’[/pullquote]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When submerged in seawater, the substances in these devices sense algae toxin levels and can provide health officials with real-time data. Some are already being tested \u003ca href=\"http://science.whoi.edu/esp/fieldcelldata\">across the country\u003c/a>, and researchers have their sights set on a next-generation sample processor, shaped like a torpedo, which could move across the ocean floor, monitoring toxin levels as it goes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But scientists at the Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute say the sensor elements, particularly those that detect saxitoxin, could still be improved by a greater knowledge of what governs the toxin’s binding behavior.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1944186\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 424px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1944186\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/esp1-800x532.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"424\" height=\"282\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/esp1-800x532.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/esp1-160x106.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/esp1-768x511.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/esp1-1020x679.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/esp1-1200x799.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/esp1-1920x1278.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/esp1.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 424px) 100vw, 424px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Robotic sensors, called Environmental Sample Processors, are designed by Chris Scholin and colleagues at the Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute. ESPs could be the future of toxin detection, leading to more dynamic monitoring systems informing shellfish bans. \u003ccite>(Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“To have that information, the structural information, and to potentially synthesize that, is really a pretty big step,” said Greg Doucette, a research oceanographer at NOAA who works on the ESPs. “[It’s] something that might provide us with another tool that we could use on instruments like the ESP to detect the toxins.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers like Don Anderson are excited by the potential of a toxin-binding blueprint to impact new detection methods. Anderson dreams of a future, maybe only 5 to 10 years away, in which coasts are lined with robotic sensors like the ESP.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>States could then lift mussel consumption bans for portions of the coast. Families could make soup with shellfish. It’s possible that, in this imagined future, a little frog protein would be the key to opening the coast again.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Editor’s Note: A previous version of this story stated that the saxitoxin coin was given to pilots of spy planes during WWII. That is incorrect; during WWII, pilots had a pill they could take to commit suicide if they were shot down. The CIA developed saxitoxin in a search for a replacement for the pill.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>There is a weapon that is released by algae around the world and concentrated, invisible, in the flesh of shellfish. An amount the size of a poppy seed is enough to kill a grown person.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s part of an onslaught from which we’ve defended ourselves for decades, which might be why you’ve never heard of it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Saxitoxin is lethal at concentrations 1,000 times lower than is cyanide. It is a powerful neurotoxin released by plankton in algal blooms. Saxitoxin is so potent, in fact, that it was the only marine toxin declared a \u003ca href=\"http://disarmament.un.org/treaties/t/cwc/text\">chemical weapon\u003c/a> by the 1993 international treaty known as the Chemical Weapons Convention, and bears a long and complex history with the U.S. government in particular.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The CIA \u003ca href=\"https://www.eucom.mil/media-library/article/23319/this-week-in-eucom-history-april-30-may-6\">reportedly gave\u003c/a> pilots of U-2 reconnaissance planes a coin containing saxitoxin that they could use to commit suicide if they were captured. President Nixon ultimately banned the military’s use of biological weapons, including saxitoxin, in 1969, but the CIA neglected to destroy a stockpile of 10 grams of the substance that it had distilled from butter clams. The supply was rediscovered in a storage facility and distributed to scientists at NIH after a pharmacologist begged the CIA not to destroy the cache. He predicted, correctly, that the toxin’s potency offered enormous potential for medical research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1946490\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1946490\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/mussels_GettyImages-150458709-800x532.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"333\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/mussels_GettyImages-150458709-800x532.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/mussels_GettyImages-150458709-160x106.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/mussels_GettyImages-150458709-768x511.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/mussels_GettyImages-150458709-1020x679.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/mussels_GettyImages-150458709-1200x798.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/mussels_GettyImages-150458709-1920x1278.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/mussels_GettyImages-150458709.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Washing or heating does not make saxitoxin-contaminated shellfish safe to eat. \u003ccite>(Fadel Senna/AFP/GettyImages)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In both marine and freshwater systems, shellfish accumulate saxitoxin and concentrate it into doses dangerous to humans, fish, birds and marine mammals, although the shellfish themselves remain unharmed. The toxin is undetectable by sight or smell and is heat-stable, which means that even a pan-seared toxic mussel is still a toxic mussel.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When ingested by humans, saxitoxin causes paralytic shellfish poisoning, or PSP, symptoms of which include tingling, numbness, and, if consumed in high enough quantities, paralysis, asphyxiation and death. There is no known cure for saxitoxin poisoning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>California’s History of Toxin Monitoring\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So why haven’t you heard of this potent algal toxin? Thank state health officials. In California, risk is managed by the diligent monitoring of the California Department of Public Health. Every year, CDPH issues a \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdph.ca.gov/Programs/CEH/DRSEM/Pages/EMB/Shellfish/Annual-Mussel-Quarantine.aspx\">mussel quarantine\u003c/a> for all coastal areas from Oregon to the Mexican border between May 1 and Oct. 31, adjusting its window according to changes in saxitoxin concentration. When concentrations are dangerously high, the state prohibits all recreational harvesting of mussels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The public health department requires commercial seafood harvesters to submit shellfish samples at least weekly to retain their certification, which is one reason shellfish are available even when bans are in place. However, no commercial shellfish harvest occurs in San Francisco Bay, and that’s because, while coastal shellfish are monitored for paralytic shellfish toxins, \u003ca href=\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1568988318300258\">no such monitoring \u003c/a>occurs in the bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some of the earliest recorded instances of saxitoxin poisoning occurred in San Francisco, before seasonal bans were commonplace, even before scientists knew what was poisoning their coast. In 1927, more than 100 people fell ill and six people died from paralytic shellfish poisoning. Panic spread. Public health workers quickly posted warning signs and scientists worked to identify the source of the widespread sickness. No cases were reported the following year, perhaps, as noted in a scientific paper published in 1937, because “people showed little desire, after the experience of 1927, to gather shell-fish.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the most part, the monitoring that began in 1927 has kept poisoning numbers low; Dr. Eddie Garcia, a fellow in medical toxicology at UCSF and the California Poison Control Center, says that in 2017, only 117 cases were reported across the entire United States, none of them fatal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Why Saxitoxin is Relevant Now\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1944161\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/psp-e1562172091893.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-complete_open_graph wp-image-1944161\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/psp-1200x1129.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"602\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Recorded cases of PSP in 1970 and 2018. Scientists say that we’ve only recently begun to understand the full extent of how common PSP really is. \u003ccite>(US National Office for Harmful Algal Blooms)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Scientists agree it’s critically important to have infallible toxin detection methods, particularly in the coming years. For one thing, experts say algal blooms are becoming more common, likely due to pollution and climate change, among other reasons. And even with decent monitoring already in place, some people are still getting sick.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In a sense, it’s like a bad intersection where, if you put up some good traffic lights, you can improve it a lot,” said Don Anderson, a biologist at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute, who has spent more than 40 years studying harmful algal blooms. “It’s the people who don’t obey the restrictions, whether it be a stop light or a closure, that get sick.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2014, for instance, a family vacationing on the coast of Washington made a soup out of mussels. It was midnight, too dark to read the signs that might have warned them not to eat shellfish they had caught themselves, and all seven ended up in the emergency room. One woman lost the ability to stand. The next day, the Washington Department of Health detected a saxitoxin concentration over 75 times the alert level.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even in daylight, not every Californian might be aware of the quarantine; some may not be able to read signs because of a language barrier, or they may think different rules apply. If you’re relying on the old adage that you can’t eat mussels in months without the letter ‘r’, for example, it’s time to update your guidelines — this belief can be traced all the way back to at least 1599, when a \u003ca href=\"https://quod.lib.umich.edu/e/eebo/A17373.0001.001/1:12.19?rgn=div2;view=fulltext\">cookbook\u003c/a> warned against consuming oysters during summer months, most likely because bacteria were especially rampant during summer heat without refrigeration.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1944164\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 290px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1944164\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/warning-sign.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"290\" height=\"441\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/warning-sign.jpg 547w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/warning-sign-160x243.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 290px) 100vw, 290px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An example of a warning sign posted in San Mateo County. \u003ccite>(San Mateo County Health)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Although widely performed, saxitoxin testing is not terribly humane. In order to determine saxitoxin concentration, the most popular of three FDA-approved methods is to inject a mouse with a small amount of liquid containing an expected toxin, wait for the mouse to die, and record the time of its last breath. According to Maggie Broadwater, acting Harmful Algal Bloom Program Manager at NOAA, this mouse test is still used by CDPH to monitor toxin levels. Other methods do exist, but they involve transporting samples back to a laboratory and days of testing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As algal blooms become more frequent and we begin to better understand how saxitoxin levels change, new methods have emerged that may transform the dynamics of our relationship with toxins — how we detect them, how we treat them, and how we learn from them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Lesson from the Bullfrog\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The future of saxitoxin detection may come from an unlikely source: the common bullfrog. Researchers at UCSF published a \u003ca href=\"https://www.ucsf.edu/news/2019/06/414716/frog-protein-may-mitigate-dangers-posed-toxic-marine-microbes-fueled-climate\">recent study\u003c/a> describing the structure of a protein called \u003ca href=\"https://advances.sciencemag.org/content/5/6/eaax2650\">saxiphilin\u003c/a>. It’s found in the heart and blood of the American bullfrog, which is resistant to saxitoxin poisoning. Using x-ray crystallography, researchers in the laboratory of Daniel Minor, professor at the Cardiovascular Research Institute, identified a pocket-like region in this protein that binds to saxitoxin. Scientists think that the bullfrog’s store of saxiphilin naturally reduces the concentration of saxitoxin in its bloodstream, giving the liver time to destroy the toxin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Structurally, the protein and its binding pocket look a lot like transferrin — that’s a family of proteins that bind to iron and ferry it around the body. Saxiphilin is so similar, in fact, that Minor believes the two proteins must share a common origin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is really evolution at work: repurposing a protein scaffold to do something else,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ability to bind to saxitoxin could also someday lead to a treatment for shellfish poisoning. It might provide scientists with a blueprint for developing synthetic molecules that could be administered to patients who digest the toxin, to prevent paralysis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A New Vision for Monitoring Shellfish\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists are also designing new-generation detection methods to improve coastal monitoring efforts. A hundred miles south of UCSF, scientists are developing a robotic technology that could replace the mouse-poison test. A team of researchers at the Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute has a device they affectionately call “lab in a trashcan,” or more officially, \u003ca href=\"https://www.mbari.org/technology/emerging-current-tools/instruments/environmental-sample-processor-esp/\">Environmental Sample Processor\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When submerged in seawater, the substances in these devices sense algae toxin levels and can provide health officials with real-time data. Some are already being tested \u003ca href=\"http://science.whoi.edu/esp/fieldcelldata\">across the country\u003c/a>, and researchers have their sights set on a next-generation sample processor, shaped like a torpedo, which could move across the ocean floor, monitoring toxin levels as it goes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But scientists at the Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute say the sensor elements, particularly those that detect saxitoxin, could still be improved by a greater knowledge of what governs the toxin’s binding behavior.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1944186\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 424px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1944186\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/esp1-800x532.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"424\" height=\"282\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/esp1-800x532.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/esp1-160x106.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/esp1-768x511.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/esp1-1020x679.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/esp1-1200x799.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/esp1-1920x1278.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/esp1.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 424px) 100vw, 424px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Robotic sensors, called Environmental Sample Processors, are designed by Chris Scholin and colleagues at the Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute. ESPs could be the future of toxin detection, leading to more dynamic monitoring systems informing shellfish bans. \u003ccite>(Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“To have that information, the structural information, and to potentially synthesize that, is really a pretty big step,” said Greg Doucette, a research oceanographer at NOAA who works on the ESPs. “[It’s] something that might provide us with another tool that we could use on instruments like the ESP to detect the toxins.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers like Don Anderson are excited by the potential of a toxin-binding blueprint to impact new detection methods. Anderson dreams of a future, maybe only 5 to 10 years away, in which coasts are lined with robotic sensors like the ESP.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>States could then lift mussel consumption bans for portions of the coast. Families could make soup with shellfish. It’s possible that, in this imagined future, a little frog protein would be the key to opening the coast again.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Editor’s Note: A previous version of this story stated that the saxitoxin coin was given to pilots of spy planes during WWII. That is incorrect; during WWII, pilots had a pill they could take to commit suicide if they were shot down. The CIA developed saxitoxin in a search for a replacement for the pill.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>For the millions of people infected with HIV, the best way to manage the disease is antiretroviral therapy, which can lower the amount of HIV replicating in the body to undetectable levels.\u003c/p>\n\u003carticle>\n\u003cdiv class=\"body-text\">\n\u003cp>But antiretroviral therapy (ART) can only manage HIV, never eliminate it — leading people to rely on the \u003ca href=\"https://aidsinfo.nih.gov/guidelines/html/1/adult-and-adolescent-arv/459/cost-considerations-and-antiretroviral-therapy\">expensive drugs\u003c/a> for decades. Plus if ART is halted by these patients, HIV bounces back and its levels rise in a matter of weeks. In 2017 the World Health Organization \u003ca href=\"https://www.who.int/gho/hiv/en/\">reported that of\u003c/a> 36.9 million people living with HIV, 21.7 million were taking ART.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A new study of mice charts a preliminary path to eliminating this medication dependency, through an injection of gene-editing \u003ca href=\"https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/primer/genomicresearch/genomeediting\">CRISPR\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Removing HIV from a person’s body is so hard because “once the virus infects cells [the] viral genome integrates into the host genome and then becomes part of our DNA,” said Kamel Khalili, a neurovirologist at Temple University who co-led the study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once this integration happens, ART can’t reverse it — at least not on its own. But Khalili and his colleagues found combining CRISPR, which can alter DNA, with ART can remove the lingering signs of HIV in a mouse model of the disease. The collaborative effort between researchers at Temple University and the University of Nebraska Medical Center was \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-019-10366-y\">reported today in Nature Communications\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Results in mouse models do not always translate into effective treatments in humans, but Fyodor Urnov says this study is an “important next step” in addressing a disease like HIV with a technique.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Gene editing is the first-ever technology we have had to address disease at the DNA level,” said Urnov, who works at the Innovative Genomics Institute at the University of California Berkeley and was not involved in the study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>CRISPR, which scientists can program to cut DNA at specific sites, has garnered attention as a potential cure for genetic diseases, such as \u003ca href=\"https://cysticfibrosisnewstoday.com/crisprcas9-approach-for-cystic-fibrosis/\">cystic fibrosis\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://directorsblog.nih.gov/2019/02/26/more-progress-toward-gene-editing-for-kids-with-muscular-dystrophy/\">muscular dystrophy\u003c/a>. Using CRISPR and ART to develop an HIV cure could eventually eliminate the cost and distribution barriers that come with current treatments. To date, \u003ca href=\"https://www.theguardian.com/society/2019/mar/05/london-patient-becomes-second-man-to-be-cleared-of-aids-virus\">only two people have been cured of HIV\u003c/a>after receiving stem cell therapy to treat cancer. This expensive and invasive treatment has failed in every other HIV patient.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But CRISPR comes with its own caveats — namely, at the moment it isn’t as precise as many in the general public might think.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>What the Study Did\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>The researchers used “humanized” mice, meaning mice were infused with the type of human immune cells that HIV infects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In three separate trials, HIV-infected mice were given one of three injection therapies: a slow-release version of the common HIV drug ART, the CRISPR protein that finds and cuts genome-incorporated HIV, or a combination of the two.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After four weeks of ART treatment, the researchers dispensed CRISPR into the mice by packaging the protein inside of a completely separate virus, called adeno-associated virus, or AAV. AAV doesn’t cause illness, but it acts like a mail carrier, increasing the circulation of CRISPR. CRISPR then becomes more likely to find and cut out all of the HIV DNA, an essential step to prevent the disease from rebounding.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers waited eight weeks after all the mice were taken off of ART, then searched for traces of HIV genetic material in blood, spleen, kidneys, gut, lungs, bone marrow and the brain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After eight ART-free weeks, more than 30 percent of the mice that received ART and CRISPR lacked detectable amounts of HIV in any of the tissues the researchers studied.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In contrast, HIV was still detectable in all of the other mice, including those that were treated with ART or CRISPR alone.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>A Cautious Way Forward\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Though the researchers used “humanized mice,” the technology has a long way to go. “Clinical trials…will not start tonight. It will take a few years,” said Urnov. However, Khalili revealed that early data from preliminary trials in monkeys looks promising.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Khalili and his colleagues have applied to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for permission to start human clinical trials as early as next year. Khalili has also launched a for-profit company that is developing CRISPR-based technology to treat disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That the technology is moving this fast concerns Zandrea Ambrose, a retrovirologist at the University of Pittsburgh, who was not involved in the study. CRISPR comes with a downside, in that it sometimes accidentally cuts the wrong gene.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Relative to other gene editors, CRISPR has fewer of these “off-target effects” as they’re called, but even a single error is worrisome. If CRISPR makes a hazardous mutation, it could disrupt any cell’s normal behavior and cause an inadvertent disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With billions of letters in the genome, it’s going to take a lot of work to avoid all possible off-target effects, Ambrose said. This study is promising, she added, but scientists in the CRISPR field need to get better at detecting these potential accidents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Before clinical trials can begin, she said, researchers need to be sure these accidents won’t occur in humans by first testing them in animals. When researchers scanned the DNA from the “cured” mice, they didn’t find any signs that CRISPR had made cuts outside of the HIV DNA. But they could tell that CRISPR had made cuts within the HIV DNA, meaning the instructions for making new virus were broken.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Along with possible off-target effects, Ambrose worries that CRISPR, enclosed in an AAV virus, will remain in the body long after its job is done. If that’s the case, she says “there’s no way to turn” the CRISPR editing off, increasing the chances of an off-target cut.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Khalili is confident that CRISPR is only cutting the DNA where it’s supposed to, based on searches for the “footprints” CRISPR leaves on DNA when it cuts. And CRISPR \u003ca href=\"https://www.pbs.org/newshour/science/jumping-genes-could-help-crispr-replace-disease-causing-dna-study-finds\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">continues to improve everyday\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While a comprehensive, single-shot cure for HIV may be years away, Khalili is encouraged that this milestone “will give those affected hope.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"https://www.pbs.org/newshour/science/crispr-gene-editing-eliminates-hiv-in-some-mice-what-does-it-mean-for-humans\">This story\u003c/a> was originally published on PBS Newshour.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/article>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>For the millions of people infected with HIV, the best way to manage the disease is antiretroviral therapy, which can lower the amount of HIV replicating in the body to undetectable levels.\u003c/p>\n\u003carticle>\n\u003cdiv class=\"body-text\">\n\u003cp>But antiretroviral therapy (ART) can only manage HIV, never eliminate it — leading people to rely on the \u003ca href=\"https://aidsinfo.nih.gov/guidelines/html/1/adult-and-adolescent-arv/459/cost-considerations-and-antiretroviral-therapy\">expensive drugs\u003c/a> for decades. Plus if ART is halted by these patients, HIV bounces back and its levels rise in a matter of weeks. In 2017 the World Health Organization \u003ca href=\"https://www.who.int/gho/hiv/en/\">reported that of\u003c/a> 36.9 million people living with HIV, 21.7 million were taking ART.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A new study of mice charts a preliminary path to eliminating this medication dependency, through an injection of gene-editing \u003ca href=\"https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/primer/genomicresearch/genomeediting\">CRISPR\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Removing HIV from a person’s body is so hard because “once the virus infects cells [the] viral genome integrates into the host genome and then becomes part of our DNA,” said Kamel Khalili, a neurovirologist at Temple University who co-led the study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once this integration happens, ART can’t reverse it — at least not on its own. But Khalili and his colleagues found combining CRISPR, which can alter DNA, with ART can remove the lingering signs of HIV in a mouse model of the disease. The collaborative effort between researchers at Temple University and the University of Nebraska Medical Center was \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-019-10366-y\">reported today in Nature Communications\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Results in mouse models do not always translate into effective treatments in humans, but Fyodor Urnov says this study is an “important next step” in addressing a disease like HIV with a technique.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Gene editing is the first-ever technology we have had to address disease at the DNA level,” said Urnov, who works at the Innovative Genomics Institute at the University of California Berkeley and was not involved in the study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>CRISPR, which scientists can program to cut DNA at specific sites, has garnered attention as a potential cure for genetic diseases, such as \u003ca href=\"https://cysticfibrosisnewstoday.com/crisprcas9-approach-for-cystic-fibrosis/\">cystic fibrosis\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://directorsblog.nih.gov/2019/02/26/more-progress-toward-gene-editing-for-kids-with-muscular-dystrophy/\">muscular dystrophy\u003c/a>. Using CRISPR and ART to develop an HIV cure could eventually eliminate the cost and distribution barriers that come with current treatments. To date, \u003ca href=\"https://www.theguardian.com/society/2019/mar/05/london-patient-becomes-second-man-to-be-cleared-of-aids-virus\">only two people have been cured of HIV\u003c/a>after receiving stem cell therapy to treat cancer. This expensive and invasive treatment has failed in every other HIV patient.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But CRISPR comes with its own caveats — namely, at the moment it isn’t as precise as many in the general public might think.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>What the Study Did\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>The researchers used “humanized” mice, meaning mice were infused with the type of human immune cells that HIV infects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In three separate trials, HIV-infected mice were given one of three injection therapies: a slow-release version of the common HIV drug ART, the CRISPR protein that finds and cuts genome-incorporated HIV, or a combination of the two.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After four weeks of ART treatment, the researchers dispensed CRISPR into the mice by packaging the protein inside of a completely separate virus, called adeno-associated virus, or AAV. AAV doesn’t cause illness, but it acts like a mail carrier, increasing the circulation of CRISPR. CRISPR then becomes more likely to find and cut out all of the HIV DNA, an essential step to prevent the disease from rebounding.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers waited eight weeks after all the mice were taken off of ART, then searched for traces of HIV genetic material in blood, spleen, kidneys, gut, lungs, bone marrow and the brain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After eight ART-free weeks, more than 30 percent of the mice that received ART and CRISPR lacked detectable amounts of HIV in any of the tissues the researchers studied.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In contrast, HIV was still detectable in all of the other mice, including those that were treated with ART or CRISPR alone.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>A Cautious Way Forward\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Though the researchers used “humanized mice,” the technology has a long way to go. “Clinical trials…will not start tonight. It will take a few years,” said Urnov. However, Khalili revealed that early data from preliminary trials in monkeys looks promising.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Khalili and his colleagues have applied to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for permission to start human clinical trials as early as next year. Khalili has also launched a for-profit company that is developing CRISPR-based technology to treat disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That the technology is moving this fast concerns Zandrea Ambrose, a retrovirologist at the University of Pittsburgh, who was not involved in the study. CRISPR comes with a downside, in that it sometimes accidentally cuts the wrong gene.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Relative to other gene editors, CRISPR has fewer of these “off-target effects” as they’re called, but even a single error is worrisome. If CRISPR makes a hazardous mutation, it could disrupt any cell’s normal behavior and cause an inadvertent disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With billions of letters in the genome, it’s going to take a lot of work to avoid all possible off-target effects, Ambrose said. This study is promising, she added, but scientists in the CRISPR field need to get better at detecting these potential accidents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Before clinical trials can begin, she said, researchers need to be sure these accidents won’t occur in humans by first testing them in animals. When researchers scanned the DNA from the “cured” mice, they didn’t find any signs that CRISPR had made cuts outside of the HIV DNA. But they could tell that CRISPR had made cuts within the HIV DNA, meaning the instructions for making new virus were broken.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Along with possible off-target effects, Ambrose worries that CRISPR, enclosed in an AAV virus, will remain in the body long after its job is done. If that’s the case, she says “there’s no way to turn” the CRISPR editing off, increasing the chances of an off-target cut.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Khalili is confident that CRISPR is only cutting the DNA where it’s supposed to, based on searches for the “footprints” CRISPR leaves on DNA when it cuts. And CRISPR \u003ca href=\"https://www.pbs.org/newshour/science/jumping-genes-could-help-crispr-replace-disease-causing-dna-study-finds\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">continues to improve everyday\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While a comprehensive, single-shot cure for HIV may be years away, Khalili is encouraged that this milestone “will give those affected hope.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"https://www.pbs.org/newshour/science/crispr-gene-editing-eliminates-hiv-in-some-mice-what-does-it-mean-for-humans\">This story\u003c/a> was originally published on PBS Newshour.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/article>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 4.6875em;float: left;line-height: 0.733em;padding: 0.05em 0.1em 0 0;font-family: times, serif, georgia\">I\u003c/span>ndependent scientists have raised serious concerns about a Trump administration plan to divert more water to California farmers, according to documents obtained by KQED.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In their analyses, they write that the plan poses risks to threatened fish; that the process is rushed; that they didn’t receive enough information to provide a complete scientific review; and that the Trump administration may be skewing the science to make the environmental impact look less serious.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“It is difficult to imagine how these predicted conditions could be considered an acceptable risk to the critical habitat of a listed species,” wrote Ronald Kneib, an ecological consultant and senior research scientist emeritus at the University of Georgia. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[pullquote size='medium' align='right']To meet the president’s timeline, scientists at NOAA Fisheries and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service had to work at an unprecedented pace, cutting back the independent scientific review, and eliminating the public from the process.[/pullquote]The plan, which involves how much water to pump out of the Sacramento-San Joaquin River Delta, and under what conditions, will control irrigation for millions of acres of farmland in the country’s biggest agricultural economy, drinking water for two-thirds of Californians from Silicon Valley to San Diego, and the fate of endangered salmon and other fish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some see the fingerprints of interior secretary David Bernhardt, who once helped lead the charge to weaken environmental standards and send more water to farmers. A former lawyer for agricultural heavyweight Westlands Water District, Bernhardt is under scrutiny after a recent New York Times \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/12/climate/david-bernhardt-endangered-species.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">investigation\u003c/a> reported that, shortly after joining the Interior Department in 2017, he \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2019/04/04/climate/david-bernhardt-interior-lobbying.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">directly advocated\u003c/a> on Westlands’ behalf to get more water for farmers at the expense of endangered fish, even though federal rules precluded him from lobbying.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Trump administration is expected to announce the rules this week. The final step before that was the independent scientific review, in which federal agencies send their biologists’ analyses of the plan to scientists outside the government for review, to ensure the agencies are using the best possible scientific studies and interpreting them correctly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Independent scientific review is critical because it provides a check on the agencies,” said Doug Obegi, an attorney at the Natural Resources Defense Council in San Francisco who has read the reviews. “What the reviews show is that the agencies seem to be rushing the analysis to try to meet President Trump’s deadline rather than following the science.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Skewing the Science: Missing Documents and Hurried Reviews\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 4.6875em;float: left;line-height: 0.733em;padding: 0.05em 0.1em 0 0;font-family: times, serif, georgia\">P\u003c/span>resident Trump ordered in October 2018 that the incredibly complex rules to be drafted faster than ever before.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[aside postID='science_1938750' label='Trump's California Water Order Rushes Science and Cuts Out Public, Emails Show']“We will have it done very, very quickly,” Trump said to members of the California GOP congressional delegation last October as he signed an executive order. “I hope you enjoy the water that you’re going to have.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The rules govern a delicate balancing act, determining how much water is sent to cities and farmland and how much must remain in the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta ecosystem for threatened wildlife, like endangered salmon. That’s made them a target for Central Valley agricultural interests, because in dry years, the rules can limit their water supply.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Federal biologists set these rules, and they are the final word on how much and when water can be pumped out of the Delta. By law, federal scientists must complete an intricate analysis, and vouch in detailed documents, called biological opinions, that the rules will not drive threatened species such as endangered salmon, delta smelt and other fish to extinction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To meet the president’s timeline, scientists at NOAA Fisheries and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service had to work at an unprecedented pace, cutting back the independent scientific review, and eliminating the public from the process.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1944297\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DBK_Delta_Smelt-2444.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1944297\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DBK_Delta_Smelt-2444-800x478.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"478\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DBK_Delta_Smelt-2444-800x478.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DBK_Delta_Smelt-2444-160x96.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DBK_Delta_Smelt-2444-768x459.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DBK_Delta_Smelt-2444-1020x610.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DBK_Delta_Smelt-2444-1200x717.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DBK_Delta_Smelt-2444-1920x1148.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DBK_Delta_Smelt-2444.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A juvenile delta smelt inside a rearing tank at the UC Davis Fish Conservation and Culture Lab, located at a state Department of Water Resources facility in Contra Costa County. \u003ccite>(Dale Kolke / California Department of Water Resources)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>All told, they had 135 days to complete their analysis. The last time NOAA Fisheries completed the analysis, in 2008 and 2009, it took 246 days.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">In 2008, a seven-member scientific panel reviewed NOAA’s draft rules, including holding a \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://www.science.calwater.ca.gov/events/reviews/review_ocap.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">forum\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> that was open to the public. The panel ultimately produced a\u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://www.science.calwater.ca.gov/pdf/reviews/OCAP_NMFS_BO_final_review2.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> report\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> more than 50 pages long, flagging issues in the science for federal biologists to consider. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This time around, the independent review has been less rigorous, according to documents obtained by KQED. Fewer scientists were involved, they received incomplete drafts of the plan, and were given less time to complete their review.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">In early June, two scientists received a draft of NOAA’s biological opinion evaluating the impact of the plan on endangered salmon, and were given 12 days to review it. But the draft lacked a key chapter explaining how scientific studies about threatened species will inform a water pumping plan.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“These unavailable chapters precluded a thorough top-down review from objectives, methods, results and conclusions,” wrote John R. Skalski, a professor of biological statistics at the University of Washington. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The other reviewer echoed that.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“I therefore provide answers [to] the charge questions that are restricted in scope due to time constraints and not knowing the details,” wrote Kenneth Rose, professor at the University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, in his review.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Rose also left four review questions blank “due to time limitations,” he wrote.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[aside postID='science_1935707']“This is definitely a shorter review,” said James Anderson, a research professor at the University of Washington who was on the seven-member science panel in 2008.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">In April, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service asked three independent scientists to review its draft biological opinion on the delta smelt, a small fish that is hovering on the brink of extinction. The smelt, considered an indicator of wider Delta ecological health, can be killed by the giant federal and state pumps near Tracy that move billions of gallons of water south. Its population has plummeted due to invasive species and dramatically changed water conditions in the delta. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">One of the reviewers flagged the pressure of a 2-week timeframe.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“Due to the overwhelming amount of information provided and the relatively short window for review (this is in the middle of my field season), I requested a 48-hr extension,” wrote Joseph Merz, a reviewer with Cramer Fish Sciences in West Sacramento.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">All three reviewers highlighted that sending more water out of the Delta to farmers would risk the smelt’s existence. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“If the conclusion of this BiOP [biological opinion] is that the PA [proposed action] will make things worse for delta smelt and that the numbers are continuing to decrease… doesn’t that suggest great peril for the species?” Merz wrote.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Kneib, from the University of Georgia, agreed, expressing concern that the agency was skewing the science to make the impacts on delta smelt look less serious. He cited examples “where the available information seemed inappropriately applied or applied beyond the scope of a study from which it was derived in order to support conclusions that effects on Delta Smelt or their critical habitat were minor.” \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Last Steps \u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 4.6875em;float: left;line-height: 0.733em;padding: 0.05em 0.1em 0 0;font-family: times, serif, georgia\">B\u003c/span>oth federal wildlife agencies are now reviewing the independent scientists’ findings. They could then change their biological opinions based on that feedback.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“We developed a timeline to complete the biological opinion that allowed adequate time to solicit comments from peer reviewers and the water agencies to be considered and incorporated into the final biological opinion as appropriate,” said Shane Hunt, spokesman for the Fish and Wildlife Service. “We believe these comments have significantly improved the analysis and have assisted us in ensuring that this biological opinion is complete and informed by the best available science.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NOAA declined to respond to questions about the review process.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The agencies’ final rules, expected this week, will have far-reaching impacts on millions of Californians and the future of the Delta ecosystem. In some years, roughly half of all the water that flows into the Delta — a vast system of sloughs and marshes that extends from south of Sacramento to San Francisco Bay — already is pumped out, reducing water quality and imperiling wildlife.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Critics worry that if more water is taken, species will go extinct and San Francisco Bay’s water quality will decline. In the past, biological opinions have ended up at the center of lawsuits, which, experts say, may well be the outcome with the new ones coming from the Trump administration.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>The plan, which involves how much water to pump out of the Sacramento-San Joaquin River Delta, and under what conditions, will control irrigation for millions of acres of farmland in the country’s biggest agricultural economy, drinking water for two-thirds of Californians from Silicon Valley to San Diego, and the fate of endangered salmon and other fish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some see the fingerprints of interior secretary David Bernhardt, who once helped lead the charge to weaken environmental standards and send more water to farmers. A former lawyer for agricultural heavyweight Westlands Water District, Bernhardt is under scrutiny after a recent New York Times \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/12/climate/david-bernhardt-endangered-species.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">investigation\u003c/a> reported that, shortly after joining the Interior Department in 2017, he \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2019/04/04/climate/david-bernhardt-interior-lobbying.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">directly advocated\u003c/a> on Westlands’ behalf to get more water for farmers at the expense of endangered fish, even though federal rules precluded him from lobbying.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Trump administration is expected to announce the rules this week. The final step before that was the independent scientific review, in which federal agencies send their biologists’ analyses of the plan to scientists outside the government for review, to ensure the agencies are using the best possible scientific studies and interpreting them correctly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Independent scientific review is critical because it provides a check on the agencies,” said Doug Obegi, an attorney at the Natural Resources Defense Council in San Francisco who has read the reviews. “What the reviews show is that the agencies seem to be rushing the analysis to try to meet President Trump’s deadline rather than following the science.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Skewing the Science: Missing Documents and Hurried Reviews\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 4.6875em;float: left;line-height: 0.733em;padding: 0.05em 0.1em 0 0;font-family: times, serif, georgia\">P\u003c/span>resident Trump ordered in October 2018 that the incredibly complex rules to be drafted faster than ever before.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>“We will have it done very, very quickly,” Trump said to members of the California GOP congressional delegation last October as he signed an executive order. “I hope you enjoy the water that you’re going to have.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The rules govern a delicate balancing act, determining how much water is sent to cities and farmland and how much must remain in the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta ecosystem for threatened wildlife, like endangered salmon. That’s made them a target for Central Valley agricultural interests, because in dry years, the rules can limit their water supply.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Federal biologists set these rules, and they are the final word on how much and when water can be pumped out of the Delta. By law, federal scientists must complete an intricate analysis, and vouch in detailed documents, called biological opinions, that the rules will not drive threatened species such as endangered salmon, delta smelt and other fish to extinction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To meet the president’s timeline, scientists at NOAA Fisheries and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service had to work at an unprecedented pace, cutting back the independent scientific review, and eliminating the public from the process.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1944297\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DBK_Delta_Smelt-2444.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1944297\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DBK_Delta_Smelt-2444-800x478.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"478\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DBK_Delta_Smelt-2444-800x478.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DBK_Delta_Smelt-2444-160x96.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DBK_Delta_Smelt-2444-768x459.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DBK_Delta_Smelt-2444-1020x610.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DBK_Delta_Smelt-2444-1200x717.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DBK_Delta_Smelt-2444-1920x1148.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DBK_Delta_Smelt-2444.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A juvenile delta smelt inside a rearing tank at the UC Davis Fish Conservation and Culture Lab, located at a state Department of Water Resources facility in Contra Costa County. \u003ccite>(Dale Kolke / California Department of Water Resources)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>All told, they had 135 days to complete their analysis. The last time NOAA Fisheries completed the analysis, in 2008 and 2009, it took 246 days.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">In 2008, a seven-member scientific panel reviewed NOAA’s draft rules, including holding a \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://www.science.calwater.ca.gov/events/reviews/review_ocap.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">forum\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> that was open to the public. The panel ultimately produced a\u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://www.science.calwater.ca.gov/pdf/reviews/OCAP_NMFS_BO_final_review2.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> report\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> more than 50 pages long, flagging issues in the science for federal biologists to consider. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This time around, the independent review has been less rigorous, according to documents obtained by KQED. Fewer scientists were involved, they received incomplete drafts of the plan, and were given less time to complete their review.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">In early June, two scientists received a draft of NOAA’s biological opinion evaluating the impact of the plan on endangered salmon, and were given 12 days to review it. But the draft lacked a key chapter explaining how scientific studies about threatened species will inform a water pumping plan.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“These unavailable chapters precluded a thorough top-down review from objectives, methods, results and conclusions,” wrote John R. Skalski, a professor of biological statistics at the University of Washington. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The other reviewer echoed that.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“I therefore provide answers [to] the charge questions that are restricted in scope due to time constraints and not knowing the details,” wrote Kenneth Rose, professor at the University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, in his review.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Rose also left four review questions blank “due to time limitations,” he wrote.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>“This is definitely a shorter review,” said James Anderson, a research professor at the University of Washington who was on the seven-member science panel in 2008.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">In April, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service asked three independent scientists to review its draft biological opinion on the delta smelt, a small fish that is hovering on the brink of extinction. The smelt, considered an indicator of wider Delta ecological health, can be killed by the giant federal and state pumps near Tracy that move billions of gallons of water south. Its population has plummeted due to invasive species and dramatically changed water conditions in the delta. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">One of the reviewers flagged the pressure of a 2-week timeframe.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“Due to the overwhelming amount of information provided and the relatively short window for review (this is in the middle of my field season), I requested a 48-hr extension,” wrote Joseph Merz, a reviewer with Cramer Fish Sciences in West Sacramento.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">All three reviewers highlighted that sending more water out of the Delta to farmers would risk the smelt’s existence. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“If the conclusion of this BiOP [biological opinion] is that the PA [proposed action] will make things worse for delta smelt and that the numbers are continuing to decrease… doesn’t that suggest great peril for the species?” Merz wrote.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Kneib, from the University of Georgia, agreed, expressing concern that the agency was skewing the science to make the impacts on delta smelt look less serious. He cited examples “where the available information seemed inappropriately applied or applied beyond the scope of a study from which it was derived in order to support conclusions that effects on Delta Smelt or their critical habitat were minor.” \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Last Steps \u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 4.6875em;float: left;line-height: 0.733em;padding: 0.05em 0.1em 0 0;font-family: times, serif, georgia\">B\u003c/span>oth federal wildlife agencies are now reviewing the independent scientists’ findings. They could then change their biological opinions based on that feedback.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“We developed a timeline to complete the biological opinion that allowed adequate time to solicit comments from peer reviewers and the water agencies to be considered and incorporated into the final biological opinion as appropriate,” said Shane Hunt, spokesman for the Fish and Wildlife Service. “We believe these comments have significantly improved the analysis and have assisted us in ensuring that this biological opinion is complete and informed by the best available science.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NOAA declined to respond to questions about the review process.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The agencies’ final rules, expected this week, will have far-reaching impacts on millions of Californians and the future of the Delta ecosystem. In some years, roughly half of all the water that flows into the Delta — a vast system of sloughs and marshes that extends from south of Sacramento to San Francisco Bay — already is pumped out, reducing water quality and imperiling wildlife.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Critics worry that if more water is taken, species will go extinct and San Francisco Bay’s water quality will decline. In the past, biological opinions have ended up at the center of lawsuits, which, experts say, may well be the outcome with the new ones coming from the Trump administration.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "Lead Ammunition is Now Banned for Hunting Wildlife in California",
"headTitle": "Lead Ammunition is Now Banned for Hunting Wildlife in California | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Beginning July 1, lead ammunition is banned for hunting wildlife anywhere in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s the final \u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201320140AB711\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">phasing in of a law\u003c/a> California passed in 2013. Governor Jerry Brown signed it in large part to protect the threatened California condor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The recovery of condors is being held back primarily by the presence of lead in the bodies and gut piles of the animals they scavenge upon, research indicates. Myra Finkelstein is a \u003ca href=\"https://www.metx.ucsc.edu/research/finkelstein.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">wildlife toxicologist\u003c/a> at UC Santa Cruz, and one of the researchers who testified in hearings for the bill, and whose work helped lay the case for a lead ammunition ban. She spoke with KQED’s Brian Watt about how lead affects animals in the environment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The following excerpts have been edited for length and clarity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Can you give us an overview of what lead does to animals?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1944248\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1944248\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/Deer-lead_fragments_400.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"400\" height=\"239\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/Deer-lead_fragments_400.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/Deer-lead_fragments_400-160x96.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An X-ray image shows hundreds of lead bullet fragments in the neck of a mule deer shot with a lead rifle bullet. Just a few of these fragments contain enough lead to sicken or kill a bald eagle or California condor. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of the National Park Service )\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Lead is a equal opportunity killer. It is toxic to many \u003ca href=\"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/6dq3h64x\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">vertebrate species\u003c/a>, and that includes humans. It can harm your immune system, reproductive system, nervous system, renal system, many systems. It’s a very well known toxic compound.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, the Centers for Disease Control has said there is \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/nceh/lead/acclpp/blood_lead_levels.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">no safe level\u003c/a> of lead exposure for a young child. So another way of putting that: that any exposure to a young child has been shown to result in long-term neurological impairment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What has lead meant for the California condor?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lead is the number one mortality factor for free-flying juvenile and adult California condors, and work that we have done has shown that lead poisoning is \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22733770\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">preventing their recovery\u003c/a>. So it is the major threat that’s impeding their ability to recover in the wild.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lead ammunition, it fragments. So people can look up online, you can see a radiograph and it’s all these tiny, tiny little pieces throughout the carcass. When the condor is eating its meal, we think they accidentally then ingest a little bit of these lead fragments. Even fragments as small as a couple of grains of sand have enough lead to potentially kill a condor. It doesn’t take very much.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Your research was important for showing that lead found in scavenging birds, like condors, is actually coming from ammunition, instead of from the environment, such as paint chips or lead pipes. How did you do this?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\n\u003ch3>\u003ca href=\"https://www.wildlife.ca.gov/hunting/nonlead-ammunition\">Have questions about non-lead ammunition? Visit the California Department of Fish & Wildlife’s FAQ page.\u003c/a>\u003c/h3>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Lead has different isotopes, which creates a lead signature or a lead profile. It is almost like a fingerprint, but not quite as unique. This is how we identify sources of lead poisoning to children. We’ve been doing this, as a society, for decades. For wildlife, it’s the same thing. Where you can look at the lead signature in ammunition and look at the lead signature in a poisoned condor, and see whether or not they are similar, to illustrate: was the lead ammunition the source of lead poisoning to the condor? We did that for California condors and showed that lead ammunition was the \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25173094\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">principal source\u003c/a> of lead poisoning for California condors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Are lead ammo bans working? How long will it take for lead not to be a problem for sensitive species?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So far we have not been able to detect a change in lead poisoning rates in California condors, but part of that problem is that the rates in condors are highly variable, and that one contaminated carcass out there can poison a lot of condors at once. We’ve done some models and we’ve shown that even if 1 percent of the carcasses on the landscape contain lead, each condor can still have a 30 percent to 50 percent chance of encountering a carcass with lead and potentially being poisoned. It’s going to take a lot of time for us to be able to statistically assess if there’s been a change in lead poisoning rates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But I do think that a person switching to non-lead ammunition will be an immediate benefit to any scavenging species that might come across that person’s gut pile. As well as for a hunter and their family, as lead is highly toxic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"excerpt": "As a lead ammunition ban goes into effect for hunting wildlife in California, we take a look at the science underpinning the ban. ",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Beginning July 1, lead ammunition is banned for hunting wildlife anywhere in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s the final \u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201320140AB711\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">phasing in of a law\u003c/a> California passed in 2013. Governor Jerry Brown signed it in large part to protect the threatened California condor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The recovery of condors is being held back primarily by the presence of lead in the bodies and gut piles of the animals they scavenge upon, research indicates. Myra Finkelstein is a \u003ca href=\"https://www.metx.ucsc.edu/research/finkelstein.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">wildlife toxicologist\u003c/a> at UC Santa Cruz, and one of the researchers who testified in hearings for the bill, and whose work helped lay the case for a lead ammunition ban. She spoke with KQED’s Brian Watt about how lead affects animals in the environment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The following excerpts have been edited for length and clarity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Can you give us an overview of what lead does to animals?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1944248\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1944248\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/Deer-lead_fragments_400.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"400\" height=\"239\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/Deer-lead_fragments_400.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/Deer-lead_fragments_400-160x96.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An X-ray image shows hundreds of lead bullet fragments in the neck of a mule deer shot with a lead rifle bullet. Just a few of these fragments contain enough lead to sicken or kill a bald eagle or California condor. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of the National Park Service )\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Lead is a equal opportunity killer. It is toxic to many \u003ca href=\"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/6dq3h64x\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">vertebrate species\u003c/a>, and that includes humans. It can harm your immune system, reproductive system, nervous system, renal system, many systems. It’s a very well known toxic compound.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, the Centers for Disease Control has said there is \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/nceh/lead/acclpp/blood_lead_levels.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">no safe level\u003c/a> of lead exposure for a young child. So another way of putting that: that any exposure to a young child has been shown to result in long-term neurological impairment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What has lead meant for the California condor?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lead is the number one mortality factor for free-flying juvenile and adult California condors, and work that we have done has shown that lead poisoning is \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22733770\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">preventing their recovery\u003c/a>. So it is the major threat that’s impeding their ability to recover in the wild.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lead ammunition, it fragments. So people can look up online, you can see a radiograph and it’s all these tiny, tiny little pieces throughout the carcass. When the condor is eating its meal, we think they accidentally then ingest a little bit of these lead fragments. Even fragments as small as a couple of grains of sand have enough lead to potentially kill a condor. It doesn’t take very much.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Your research was important for showing that lead found in scavenging birds, like condors, is actually coming from ammunition, instead of from the environment, such as paint chips or lead pipes. How did you do this?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\n\u003ch3>\u003ca href=\"https://www.wildlife.ca.gov/hunting/nonlead-ammunition\">Have questions about non-lead ammunition? Visit the California Department of Fish & Wildlife’s FAQ page.\u003c/a>\u003c/h3>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Lead has different isotopes, which creates a lead signature or a lead profile. It is almost like a fingerprint, but not quite as unique. This is how we identify sources of lead poisoning to children. We’ve been doing this, as a society, for decades. For wildlife, it’s the same thing. Where you can look at the lead signature in ammunition and look at the lead signature in a poisoned condor, and see whether or not they are similar, to illustrate: was the lead ammunition the source of lead poisoning to the condor? We did that for California condors and showed that lead ammunition was the \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25173094\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">principal source\u003c/a> of lead poisoning for California condors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Are lead ammo bans working? How long will it take for lead not to be a problem for sensitive species?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So far we have not been able to detect a change in lead poisoning rates in California condors, but part of that problem is that the rates in condors are highly variable, and that one contaminated carcass out there can poison a lot of condors at once. We’ve done some models and we’ve shown that even if 1 percent of the carcasses on the landscape contain lead, each condor can still have a 30 percent to 50 percent chance of encountering a carcass with lead and potentially being poisoned. It’s going to take a lot of time for us to be able to statistically assess if there’s been a change in lead poisoning rates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But I do think that a person switching to non-lead ammunition will be an immediate benefit to any scavenging species that might come across that person’s gut pile. As well as for a hunter and their family, as lead is highly toxic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "18 GPS Garbage Trackers. One Lone Ship. 40 Tons Out of the Ocean. Proof of Concept",
"headTitle": "18 GPS Garbage Trackers. One Lone Ship. 40 Tons Out of the Ocean. Proof of Concept | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://www.oceanvoyagesinstitute.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Ocean Voyages Institute\u003c/a> has figured out how to pull 40 tons of “ghost” fishing nets and other plastic debris from the North Pacific Gyre. That’s a proof of concept that another cleanup effort, the multi-million dollar plastic boom, is \u003ca href=\"https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2019/jun/23/great-pacific-garbage-patch-floating-plastic-trap-deployed-again\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">still struggling\u003c/a> to achieve.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Problem is, there are now an estimated 78,660 tons to go.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I have certainly seen monster ghost (abandoned) nets,” said Mary Crowley, founder and director of the institute, “but there is mile after mile of laundry detergent bottles, bleach bottles, cartons — if we don’t change our ways by 2050, we will have much more plastic in the ocean than fish.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">[pullquote size='medium' align='right' citation='Andy Sybrandy']‘If we can pull the stuff out (ocean plastics), it makes the problem recognizable .’[/pullquote]\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last year, the Sausalito-based nonprofit distributed 18 GPS satellite trackers to various vessels, including ships from Greenpeace and Sea Shepherd, as well as mariners crossing from California to Hawaii. Crews from all these ships attached the trackers to tangles of fishing nets they encountered, so that a Hawaiian-based cargo ship could later round up the refuse. The Institute reported on Friday that its 2019 Ocean Cleanup Expedition successfully used the GPS trackers to pull 40 tons, or 80,000 pounds of debris from the ocean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Each tracked net has a way of leading us to areas of higher density,” explained Crowley at a post-expedition media event. “One of our tracked nets led us to all sorts of small nets and one five-ton monster ghost net.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The tagged debris served to locate areas of dense plastic pollution. Once on site, ship members would use drone technology to survey the area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If we can pull the stuff out, it makes the problem recognizable,” said Andy Sybrandy, president of \u003ca href=\"https://www.pacificgyre.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Pacific Gyre \u003c/a>the company that provided the GPS trackers. “It teaches people not to get it in there in the first place.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While this is thought to be the largest at-sea cleanup of the Pacific Ocean to date, there is an almost unimaginable amount of work left to be done. The volume collected by the expedition accounted for less than 0.1% of the nets estimated to be abandoned and lurking in the mid-ocean vortex known as the \u003ca href=\"https://www.nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/great-pacific-garbage-patch/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Pacific Gyre\u003c/a>. In 2018, an article published in Nature Scientific Reports estimated that there are about \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2018/03/22/596142560/the-trash-patch-in-the-pacific-is-many-times-bigger-than-we-thought\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">79,000 tons\u003c/a> of plastic in the gyre.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1914394\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1914394\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/whale-entanglements-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/whale-entanglements-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/whale-entanglements-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/whale-entanglements-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/whale-entanglements-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/whale-entanglements-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/whale-entanglements.jpg 1024w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/whale-entanglements-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/whale-entanglements-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/whale-entanglements-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A juvenile humpback whale is shown entangled in fishing gear off Palos Verdes. \u003ccite>(Adam Fox/Marine Animal Rescue)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“The goal isn’t to get everything,” cautions Crowley. “I think that is an unrealistic goal. But I think we can help make the ocean a healthier habitat for all the life within it”.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Institute’s haul comes just as federal officials released figures that underscore the growing problem of whales entangled in commercial fishing gear. According to NOAA Fisheries, \u003ca href=\"https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/feature-story/whale-entanglements-remained-high-west-coast-2018-new-report-shows\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">46 whales \u003c/a>were caught up off the West Coast in 2018, the latest year tallied.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Gruesome entanglements have become the scary new normal for West Coast whales,” said Kristen Monsell, a Center for Biological Diversity attorney, in response to the report. “These beautiful and highly endangered animals won’t survive the deadly gauntlet of fishing gear, ship strikes and climate change unless we find new ways to fish with fewer or no ropes.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Earlier this year, California officials \u003ca href=\"https://www.biologicaldiversity.org/news/press_releases/2019/fishery-entanglement-settlement-03-26-2018.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">struck a deal\u003c/a> with the Center for Biological Diversity and other conservation groups to step up efforts to reduce entanglements. Officials also agreed to shut down the\u003ca href=\"https://www.mercurynews.com/2019/03/26/california-dungeness-crab-industry-to-stop-fishing-3-months-early-this-season-in-legal-settlement-to-slow-whale-turtle-entanglements/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> California Dungeness Crab\u003c/a> fishing season three months early, to prevent whales from becoming entangled in fishing gear. Meanwhile, NOAA officials say they’re pursuing answers to why entanglements are up steadily since 2015. Prior to that, incidents averaged 10 per year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Next year, the Ocean Voyages Institute plans a longer, three-month expedition, with plans to deploy new techniques for fishing out consumer plastics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our plan is to greatly scale up our effort next year in the same area,” says Crowley. “This is our backyard.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"excerpt": "40 tons of abandoned fishing gear is a start, but the problem of plastic pollution in the oceans is almost unimaginable in scale.",
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"description": "40 tons of abandoned fishing gear is a start, but the problem of plastic pollution in the oceans is almost unimaginable in scale.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://www.oceanvoyagesinstitute.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Ocean Voyages Institute\u003c/a> has figured out how to pull 40 tons of “ghost” fishing nets and other plastic debris from the North Pacific Gyre. That’s a proof of concept that another cleanup effort, the multi-million dollar plastic boom, is \u003ca href=\"https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2019/jun/23/great-pacific-garbage-patch-floating-plastic-trap-deployed-again\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">still struggling\u003c/a> to achieve.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Problem is, there are now an estimated 78,660 tons to go.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I have certainly seen monster ghost (abandoned) nets,” said Mary Crowley, founder and director of the institute, “but there is mile after mile of laundry detergent bottles, bleach bottles, cartons — if we don’t change our ways by 2050, we will have much more plastic in the ocean than fish.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last year, the Sausalito-based nonprofit distributed 18 GPS satellite trackers to various vessels, including ships from Greenpeace and Sea Shepherd, as well as mariners crossing from California to Hawaii. Crews from all these ships attached the trackers to tangles of fishing nets they encountered, so that a Hawaiian-based cargo ship could later round up the refuse. The Institute reported on Friday that its 2019 Ocean Cleanup Expedition successfully used the GPS trackers to pull 40 tons, or 80,000 pounds of debris from the ocean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Each tracked net has a way of leading us to areas of higher density,” explained Crowley at a post-expedition media event. “One of our tracked nets led us to all sorts of small nets and one five-ton monster ghost net.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The tagged debris served to locate areas of dense plastic pollution. Once on site, ship members would use drone technology to survey the area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If we can pull the stuff out, it makes the problem recognizable,” said Andy Sybrandy, president of \u003ca href=\"https://www.pacificgyre.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Pacific Gyre \u003c/a>the company that provided the GPS trackers. “It teaches people not to get it in there in the first place.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While this is thought to be the largest at-sea cleanup of the Pacific Ocean to date, there is an almost unimaginable amount of work left to be done. The volume collected by the expedition accounted for less than 0.1% of the nets estimated to be abandoned and lurking in the mid-ocean vortex known as the \u003ca href=\"https://www.nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/great-pacific-garbage-patch/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Pacific Gyre\u003c/a>. In 2018, an article published in Nature Scientific Reports estimated that there are about \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2018/03/22/596142560/the-trash-patch-in-the-pacific-is-many-times-bigger-than-we-thought\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">79,000 tons\u003c/a> of plastic in the gyre.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1914394\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1914394\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/whale-entanglements-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/whale-entanglements-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/whale-entanglements-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/whale-entanglements-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/whale-entanglements-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/whale-entanglements-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/whale-entanglements.jpg 1024w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/whale-entanglements-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/whale-entanglements-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/whale-entanglements-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A juvenile humpback whale is shown entangled in fishing gear off Palos Verdes. \u003ccite>(Adam Fox/Marine Animal Rescue)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“The goal isn’t to get everything,” cautions Crowley. “I think that is an unrealistic goal. But I think we can help make the ocean a healthier habitat for all the life within it”.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Institute’s haul comes just as federal officials released figures that underscore the growing problem of whales entangled in commercial fishing gear. According to NOAA Fisheries, \u003ca href=\"https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/feature-story/whale-entanglements-remained-high-west-coast-2018-new-report-shows\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">46 whales \u003c/a>were caught up off the West Coast in 2018, the latest year tallied.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Gruesome entanglements have become the scary new normal for West Coast whales,” said Kristen Monsell, a Center for Biological Diversity attorney, in response to the report. “These beautiful and highly endangered animals won’t survive the deadly gauntlet of fishing gear, ship strikes and climate change unless we find new ways to fish with fewer or no ropes.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Earlier this year, California officials \u003ca href=\"https://www.biologicaldiversity.org/news/press_releases/2019/fishery-entanglement-settlement-03-26-2018.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">struck a deal\u003c/a> with the Center for Biological Diversity and other conservation groups to step up efforts to reduce entanglements. Officials also agreed to shut down the\u003ca href=\"https://www.mercurynews.com/2019/03/26/california-dungeness-crab-industry-to-stop-fishing-3-months-early-this-season-in-legal-settlement-to-slow-whale-turtle-entanglements/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> California Dungeness Crab\u003c/a> fishing season three months early, to prevent whales from becoming entangled in fishing gear. Meanwhile, NOAA officials say they’re pursuing answers to why entanglements are up steadily since 2015. Prior to that, incidents averaged 10 per year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Next year, the Ocean Voyages Institute plans a longer, three-month expedition, with plans to deploy new techniques for fishing out consumer plastics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our plan is to greatly scale up our effort next year in the same area,” says Crowley. “This is our backyard.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "Here's What Each Democratic Candidate Said About Climate Change During the Debates",
"headTitle": "Here’s What Each Democratic Candidate Said About Climate Change During the Debates | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Kamala Harris\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11757814/kamala-harris-swings-at-joe-biden-while-eric-swalwell-strives-to-stand-out-in-democratic-debate\"> taking a swing\u003c/a> at Joe Biden on racial issues is one of the standout moments of the first two Democratic presidential primary debates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But what about climate change?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nothing similar.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The candidates spent about \u003ca href=\"https://psmag.com/environment/democrats-spent-15-minutes-talking-about-climate-change-at-the-primary-debates\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">15 minutes\u003c/a> over both nights discussing the issue, disappointing many Democratic activists who have increased \u003ca href=\"https://www.vox.com/policy-and-politics/2019/6/28/18906968/democratic-debate-2019-climate-change\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">calls\u003c/a> for a debate focused only on climate, an issue, they say, that’s just too big and complicated to unpack during a short debate segment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pundits and writers, including the Atlantic’s Robinson Meyer,\u003ca href=\"https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2019/06/democrats-still-dont-know-how-to-talk-about-climate-change/592711/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> harangued \u003c/a>Democrats for their shortcomings in how they talk about the issue.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But while they may struggle on a debate stage, many have published detailed climate plans (Vox outlined those \u003ca href=\"https://www.vox.com/2019/6/25/18715447/green-new-deal-climate-change-first-democrat-debate\">here\u003c/a>), most notably Washington Gov. Jay Inslee, who has made climate the central priority of his campaign.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>How candidates frame the issue of climate change is important, according to Leah Stokes, a political scientist who works on environmental policy at the University of California, Santa Barbara. For one thing, it’s a mistake for candidates to frame the issue in terms of “doomsday,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s not actually a great way to communicate on climate change and definitely not for a politician running for president,” she said. “You have to create a vision for people, you have to give them hope. You can’t just lead with devastation and a question mark.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Candidates should talk about a “climate crisis” and convey the scope of the problem, rather than using language like “climate change” or “global warming.” This is something that some \u003ca href=\"https://www.google.com/search?q=%22climate+crisis%22\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">media organizations\u003c/a> have started to do.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“‘Climate crisis’ resonates with people on an emotional level,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another challenge for candidates is to bring a measure of hope into their message, and include the possibility of innovation, economic opportunity and job creation. “There are ways that you can talk about climate change that makes the stakes clear for people but don’t leave them in a state of fear,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So what \u003cem>did\u003c/em> the candidates say? Below is how each of the participants who talked about climate framed the issue, and the plans they cited for addressing it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not every candidate was asked about climate change, but several, including Sen. Elizabeth Warren, brought it up on their own.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other candidates, like Sen. Michael Bennet and Andrew Yang, the tech entrepreneur, mentioned climate change briefly in a response to a lightning-round style question about the first issue of their presidency. (The New York Times has charts with how much time each candidate spent talking about each issue in both the \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2019/06/26/us/elections/debate-speaking-time.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">first\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2019/06/27/us/elections/debate-speaking-time.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">second\u003c/a> debates).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Washington Gov. Jay Inslee\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Climate framing\u003c/em>: “Our towns are burning, our fields are flooding, Miami is inundated … this is a climate crisis, an emergency and it is our last chance.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Key argument\u003c/em>: “\u003cb>\u003c/b>I am the candidate, and the only one to say this has to be the top priority of the United States. The organizing principle to mobilize the United States so that we can do what we’ve always done, lead the world and invent the future and put 8 million people to work.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Former Rep. Beto O’Rourke \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Climate framing\u003c/em>: “You have to bring everybody in on the decisions and the solutions to the challenges that we face … We were in Pacific Junction, a town that had never meaningfully flooded before, just up against the Missouri River in Iowa. Every home in that community had flooded\u003ci>.”\u003cbr>\n\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Key argument\u003c/em>: “\u003cb>\u003c/b>We are going to fund resiliency in those communities…that are on the front lines of climate change today. We’re going to mobilize $5 trillion in this economy over the next 10 years to free ourselves from a dependence on fossil fuels, and we’re to put farmers and ranchers in the driver’s seat.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Former HUD Secretary Julián Castro\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Climate framing\u003c/em>: “\u003cb>\u003c/b>My first visit after I announced my candidacy wasn’t to Iowa or New Hampshire, it was to San Juan, Puerto Rico.” [Devastated by a hurricane in 2017].\u003cbr>\n\u003cb>\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“People should know that if I’m elected president everybody will count.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Key Argument:\u003c/em> “I’m one of the few candidates in this race with executive experience with a track record of getting things done. When I was mayor of San Antonio, we moved our local public utility. We began to shift it from coal-fired plants to solar and other renewables and also created more than 800 jobs doing that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Sen. Elizabeth Warren\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Warren wasn’t asked about climate, but she tied the issue to an argument about the U.S. economy, which she says only works for people at the top.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Key argument\u003c/em>: “Who is this economy really working for? … It’s doing great for giant oil companies that want to drill everywhere, just not for the rest of us who are watching climate change bear down upon us.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Rep. Tim Ryan\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Climate framing\u003c/em>: “If we don’t address that fundamental problem with our connection to workers — white, black, brown, gay, straight working-class people — none of this is going to get done.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\u003cem>Key argument\u003c/em>: “We are not connecting to the middle-class people. We have got to hinge the center of gravity from being coastal and elitist and Ivy League … to getting those workers back on our side so we can say: ‘we are going to build solar, we are going to build electric vehicles.'”\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\nFormer Rep. John Delaney\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Delaney wasn’t asked about climate change, but he interjected to make a point about using a tax to fight it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Key argument\u003c/em>: “All the economist agree that a carbon pricing mechanism works. You just have to do it right. You can’t put a price on carbon, raise energy prices and not give the money back to the American people. My proposal, which is put a price on carbon, give a dividend back to the American people — it goes out one pocket, back in the other.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Sen. Kamala Harris\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Climate framing\u003c/em>: “I don’t even call it climate change, it is the climate crisis. It represents an existential threat to us as a species.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Key Argument\u003c/em>: “I\u003cb>\u003c/b>t is a critical issue that is about what we must do to confront what is immediate and before us right now. That is why I support a Green New Deal. It is why I believe on day one, as president I will re-enter us in the Paris agreement.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Mayor Pete Buttigieg\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Climate framing\u003c/em>: “This is not just happening on the Arctic ice caps. This is happening in the middle of the country, and we’ve got to be dramatically more aggressive moving forward … R\u003cb>\u003c/b>ural America can be part of the solution instead of being told they’re part of the problem.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Key argument\u003c/em>: “We need to begin adapting right away. But we also can’t skip a beat on preventing climate change from getting even worse … That’s why we need to do a carbon tax and dividend. But I would propose we do it in a way that is rebated out to the American people in a progressive fashion so that most Americans are made more than whole.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Former Gov. John Hickenlooper\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Climate framing\u003c/em>: “\u003cb>\u003c/b>I recognize that we are within 10 or 12 years of actually suffering irreversible damage.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Key argument\u003c/em>: “We can’t demonize every business, we’ve got to bring them together to be partners. Ultimately, if we’re not able to do that, we will be doomed to failure. We have no way of doing this without bringing everyone together.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Former Vice President Joe Biden\u003c/strong>\u003cb>\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Climate framing\u003c/em>: “We make up 15 percent of the problem. Eighty-five percent of the world makes up the rest.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Key argument\u003c/em>: “\u003cb>\u003c/b>Our administration, we built the largest wind farm in the world, the largest solar energy facility in the world. We drove down the competitive price of both of those renewable sources … W\u003cb>\u003c/b>e have to have someone who knows how to corral the rest of the world, bring them together and get something done like we did in our administration.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Sen. Bernie Sanders\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>\u003c/b>\u003cem>Climate framing\u003c/em>: “The old ways are no longer relevant. The scientists tell us we have 12 years before [there] is an irreparable damage to this planet. This is a global issue.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Key argument\u003c/em>: “\u003cb>\u003c/b>What the president of the United States should do is not deny the reality of climate change but tell the rest of the world that instead of spending a trillion-and-a-half dollars on weapons of destruction, let us get together with a common enemy. And that is to transform the world energy system away from fossil fuel to energy efficiency and sustainable energy.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "The candidates spent about 15 minutes over both nights discussing the issue, disappointing many Democratic activists who are calling for a debate focused only on climate. Here's how each candidate talked about the issue.",
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"description": "The candidates spent about 15 minutes over both nights discussing the issue, disappointing many Democratic activists who are calling for a debate focused only on climate. Here's how each candidate talked about the issue.",
"title": "Here's What Each Democratic Candidate Said About Climate Change During the Debates | KQED",
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"headline": "Here's What Each Democratic Candidate Said About Climate Change During the Debates",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Kamala Harris\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11757814/kamala-harris-swings-at-joe-biden-while-eric-swalwell-strives-to-stand-out-in-democratic-debate\"> taking a swing\u003c/a> at Joe Biden on racial issues is one of the standout moments of the first two Democratic presidential primary debates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But what about climate change?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nothing similar.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The candidates spent about \u003ca href=\"https://psmag.com/environment/democrats-spent-15-minutes-talking-about-climate-change-at-the-primary-debates\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">15 minutes\u003c/a> over both nights discussing the issue, disappointing many Democratic activists who have increased \u003ca href=\"https://www.vox.com/policy-and-politics/2019/6/28/18906968/democratic-debate-2019-climate-change\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">calls\u003c/a> for a debate focused only on climate, an issue, they say, that’s just too big and complicated to unpack during a short debate segment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pundits and writers, including the Atlantic’s Robinson Meyer,\u003ca href=\"https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2019/06/democrats-still-dont-know-how-to-talk-about-climate-change/592711/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> harangued \u003c/a>Democrats for their shortcomings in how they talk about the issue.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But while they may struggle on a debate stage, many have published detailed climate plans (Vox outlined those \u003ca href=\"https://www.vox.com/2019/6/25/18715447/green-new-deal-climate-change-first-democrat-debate\">here\u003c/a>), most notably Washington Gov. Jay Inslee, who has made climate the central priority of his campaign.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>How candidates frame the issue of climate change is important, according to Leah Stokes, a political scientist who works on environmental policy at the University of California, Santa Barbara. For one thing, it’s a mistake for candidates to frame the issue in terms of “doomsday,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s not actually a great way to communicate on climate change and definitely not for a politician running for president,” she said. “You have to create a vision for people, you have to give them hope. You can’t just lead with devastation and a question mark.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Candidates should talk about a “climate crisis” and convey the scope of the problem, rather than using language like “climate change” or “global warming.” This is something that some \u003ca href=\"https://www.google.com/search?q=%22climate+crisis%22\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">media organizations\u003c/a> have started to do.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“‘Climate crisis’ resonates with people on an emotional level,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another challenge for candidates is to bring a measure of hope into their message, and include the possibility of innovation, economic opportunity and job creation. “There are ways that you can talk about climate change that makes the stakes clear for people but don’t leave them in a state of fear,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So what \u003cem>did\u003c/em> the candidates say? Below is how each of the participants who talked about climate framed the issue, and the plans they cited for addressing it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not every candidate was asked about climate change, but several, including Sen. Elizabeth Warren, brought it up on their own.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other candidates, like Sen. Michael Bennet and Andrew Yang, the tech entrepreneur, mentioned climate change briefly in a response to a lightning-round style question about the first issue of their presidency. (The New York Times has charts with how much time each candidate spent talking about each issue in both the \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2019/06/26/us/elections/debate-speaking-time.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">first\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2019/06/27/us/elections/debate-speaking-time.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">second\u003c/a> debates).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Washington Gov. Jay Inslee\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Climate framing\u003c/em>: “Our towns are burning, our fields are flooding, Miami is inundated … this is a climate crisis, an emergency and it is our last chance.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Key argument\u003c/em>: “\u003cb>\u003c/b>I am the candidate, and the only one to say this has to be the top priority of the United States. The organizing principle to mobilize the United States so that we can do what we’ve always done, lead the world and invent the future and put 8 million people to work.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Former Rep. Beto O’Rourke \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Climate framing\u003c/em>: “You have to bring everybody in on the decisions and the solutions to the challenges that we face … We were in Pacific Junction, a town that had never meaningfully flooded before, just up against the Missouri River in Iowa. Every home in that community had flooded\u003ci>.”\u003cbr>\n\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Key argument\u003c/em>: “\u003cb>\u003c/b>We are going to fund resiliency in those communities…that are on the front lines of climate change today. We’re going to mobilize $5 trillion in this economy over the next 10 years to free ourselves from a dependence on fossil fuels, and we’re to put farmers and ranchers in the driver’s seat.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Former HUD Secretary Julián Castro\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Climate framing\u003c/em>: “\u003cb>\u003c/b>My first visit after I announced my candidacy wasn’t to Iowa or New Hampshire, it was to San Juan, Puerto Rico.” [Devastated by a hurricane in 2017].\u003cbr>\n\u003cb>\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“People should know that if I’m elected president everybody will count.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Key Argument:\u003c/em> “I’m one of the few candidates in this race with executive experience with a track record of getting things done. When I was mayor of San Antonio, we moved our local public utility. We began to shift it from coal-fired plants to solar and other renewables and also created more than 800 jobs doing that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Sen. Elizabeth Warren\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Warren wasn’t asked about climate, but she tied the issue to an argument about the U.S. economy, which she says only works for people at the top.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Key argument\u003c/em>: “Who is this economy really working for? … It’s doing great for giant oil companies that want to drill everywhere, just not for the rest of us who are watching climate change bear down upon us.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Rep. Tim Ryan\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Climate framing\u003c/em>: “If we don’t address that fundamental problem with our connection to workers — white, black, brown, gay, straight working-class people — none of this is going to get done.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\u003cem>Key argument\u003c/em>: “We are not connecting to the middle-class people. We have got to hinge the center of gravity from being coastal and elitist and Ivy League … to getting those workers back on our side so we can say: ‘we are going to build solar, we are going to build electric vehicles.'”\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\nFormer Rep. John Delaney\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Delaney wasn’t asked about climate change, but he interjected to make a point about using a tax to fight it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Key argument\u003c/em>: “All the economist agree that a carbon pricing mechanism works. You just have to do it right. You can’t put a price on carbon, raise energy prices and not give the money back to the American people. My proposal, which is put a price on carbon, give a dividend back to the American people — it goes out one pocket, back in the other.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Sen. Kamala Harris\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Climate framing\u003c/em>: “I don’t even call it climate change, it is the climate crisis. It represents an existential threat to us as a species.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Key Argument\u003c/em>: “I\u003cb>\u003c/b>t is a critical issue that is about what we must do to confront what is immediate and before us right now. That is why I support a Green New Deal. It is why I believe on day one, as president I will re-enter us in the Paris agreement.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Mayor Pete Buttigieg\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Climate framing\u003c/em>: “This is not just happening on the Arctic ice caps. This is happening in the middle of the country, and we’ve got to be dramatically more aggressive moving forward … R\u003cb>\u003c/b>ural America can be part of the solution instead of being told they’re part of the problem.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Key argument\u003c/em>: “We need to begin adapting right away. But we also can’t skip a beat on preventing climate change from getting even worse … That’s why we need to do a carbon tax and dividend. But I would propose we do it in a way that is rebated out to the American people in a progressive fashion so that most Americans are made more than whole.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Former Gov. John Hickenlooper\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Climate framing\u003c/em>: “\u003cb>\u003c/b>I recognize that we are within 10 or 12 years of actually suffering irreversible damage.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Key argument\u003c/em>: “We can’t demonize every business, we’ve got to bring them together to be partners. Ultimately, if we’re not able to do that, we will be doomed to failure. We have no way of doing this without bringing everyone together.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Former Vice President Joe Biden\u003c/strong>\u003cb>\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Climate framing\u003c/em>: “We make up 15 percent of the problem. Eighty-five percent of the world makes up the rest.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Key argument\u003c/em>: “\u003cb>\u003c/b>Our administration, we built the largest wind farm in the world, the largest solar energy facility in the world. We drove down the competitive price of both of those renewable sources … W\u003cb>\u003c/b>e have to have someone who knows how to corral the rest of the world, bring them together and get something done like we did in our administration.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Sen. Bernie Sanders\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>\u003c/b>\u003cem>Climate framing\u003c/em>: “The old ways are no longer relevant. The scientists tell us we have 12 years before [there] is an irreparable damage to this planet. This is a global issue.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Key argument\u003c/em>: “\u003cb>\u003c/b>What the president of the United States should do is not deny the reality of climate change but tell the rest of the world that instead of spending a trillion-and-a-half dollars on weapons of destruction, let us get together with a common enemy. And that is to transform the world energy system away from fossil fuel to energy efficiency and sustainable energy.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Elizabeth Holmes Theranos Trial to Start in July ... of Next Year. The Story So Far",
"headTitle": "Elizabeth Holmes Theranos Trial to Start in July … of Next Year. The Story So Far | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Some people are waiting for the final chapter in the Elizabeth Holmes Theranos saga like fans of the “Game of Thrones” books are waiting for George RR Martin to get his butt in gear and finish the thing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Which is to say, the anticipation continues.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Friday\u003cstrong>,\u003c/strong> a federal judge in Northern California set a date of July 28, 2020 for jury selection in the criminal trial of Holmes, the defunct blood-testing company’s founder and CEO; and Ramesh “Sunny” Balwani, its onetime COO and president. The two have been indicted on nine counts of wire fraud and two counts of conspiracy to commit wire fraud.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The victims, the government claims, were Theranos investors, as well as the doctors and patients who used the company’s supposedly breakthrough blood tests. Each count carries a maximum penalty of up to 20 years imprisonment and $250,000 in fines, though convictions on multiple counts would typically draw sentences that run concurrently.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those who have perused any of the multiple \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/futureofyou/203018/the-rise-and-fall-of-theranos-a-cartoon-history\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">narrative accounts\u003c/a> offered up by the still-thriving Theranos Media Industrial Complex know the backstory by now: Elizabeth Holmes, 35, was a Stanford dropout who claimed her company could perform dozens of blood tests from a few finger-sticks of blood for half the price, an advance that would have been massively disruptive to the existing diagnostics industry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Along the way, with an \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ho8geEtCYjw&ab_channel=MedCityNews\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">evangelical zeal\u003c/a> that traded on an ethos of patient self-empowerment, she managed to recruit as investors and/or Theranos board members conservative luminaries like Rupert Murdoch, George Shultz and Henry Kissinger, while also \u003ca href=\"https://www.vox.com/2016/3/14/11586966/theranos-ceo-elizabeth-holmes-is-holding-a-hillary-fundraiser-with\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">ingratiating\u003c/a> herself with big-name \u003ca href=\"https://sanfrancisco.cbslocal.com/2015/07/23/vice-president-joe-biden-theranos-elizabeth-holmes-newark-lab-test/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Democrats\u003c/a>. Holmes also successfully lobbied the state of Arizona to \u003ca href=\"https://www.phoenixnewtimes.com/news/author-john-carreyrou-how-theranos-scammed-arizona-10477429\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">relax legal contraints\u003c/a> on consumers ordering their own blood tests. And — most crucially — she \u003ca href=\"https://www.wsj.com/articles/craving-growth-walgreens-dismissed-its-doubts-about-theranos-1464207285\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">convinced\u003c/a> the pharmacy chain Walgreen’s to house Theranos “wellness centers” in dozens of its stores in the state. At one point, Forbes \u003ca href=\"https://www.forbes.com/sites/matthewherper/2016/06/01/from-4-5-billion-to-nothing-forbes-revises-estimated-net-worth-of-theranos-founder-elizabeth-holmes/#7eac7ede3633\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">estimated\u003c/a> her net worth at $4.5 billion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But an \u003ca href=\"https://www.wsj.com/articles/theranos-has-struggled-with-blood-tests-1444881901\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">investigation\u003c/a> (and later a book) by Wall Street Journal reporter John Carreyrou exposed Theranos’ claims as bogus, and its testing results as wildly inaccurate. The company was subsequently forced to invalidate hundreds of thousands of blood tests performed on patients, and it eventually exited the consumer blood-testing business after the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services found deficiencies at the company’s laboratory that the agency deemed life-threatening.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Securities and Exchange Commission later accused Holmes and Balwani of “\u003ca href=\"https://www.sec.gov/news/press-release/2018-41\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">massive fraud\u003c/a>” for raising more than $700 million from investors based on what the SEC called “exaggerated” or “false statements about the company’s technology, business, and financial performance.” Holmes settled the civil case with the agency by agreeing to pay a $500,000 fine and giving up control of Theranos. Balwani is still \u003ca href=\"https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-06-14/ex-theranos-president-wins-bid-to-fight-u-s-sec-at-same-time\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">fighting\u003c/a> the case.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Discredited, investigated and serially sued, Theranos then went through multiple rounds of layoffs before \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/futureofyou/444285/theranos-is-shutting-down\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">closing its doors\u003c/a> for good in September 2018.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Slam Dunk for the Government? Not So Fast\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While Holmes has become something of a national pariah who appears to be taking \u003ca href=\"https://www.vanityfair.com/news/2019/02/as-theranos-burned-elizabeth-holmes-was-partyingat-burning-man\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">public relations\u003c/a> advice from \u003ca href=\"https://www.prnewsonline.com/what-pr-pros-can-learn-from-elon-musks-weekend-of-deflection/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Elon Musk\u003c/a>, her legal fate and that of Balwani could be far from certain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>KQED’s Molly Peterson spoke about the case today with Peter Johnson, a lecturer at UCLA who defends federal criminal charges in private practice. While wire fraud is a go-to allegation in most white collar indictments, Johnson said, it’s not just the transmission of a lie or misrepresentation that will secure a conviction. The government also needs to prove intent, a harder lift.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“An indictment is not evidence,” Johnson said. “I think sometimes we lose that; the evidence comes out at trial.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Thomas Joo, a UC Davis School of Law professor, told Peterson that the question of whether Balwani and Holmes \u003cem>meant\u003c/em> to lie, mislead or defraud offers them plenty of potential defenses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“She could argue that she never misrepresented any facts, she was just talking about possibilities,” Joo said. While experts may have no differences on the science involved in the case, he said, they may disagree on scientific process and theory.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is about what \u003cem>could\u003c/em> have happened,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Both experts said discovery and pretrial efforts around expert testimony will shed more light on legal strategy down the line.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here’s a Bloomberg \u003ca href=\"https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-06-28/fighting-theranos-charges-holmes-blames-advocacy-journalism\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">analysis\u003c/a> that asserts a motion filed by Holmes’ lawyers last week indicates they will try to make reporter Carreyrou part of their defense, by claiming he influenced government regulators “in a way that appears to have warped the agencies’ focus on the company and possibly biased the agencies’ findings against it,” in the words of the filing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>And On It Goes\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the meantime, while Elizabeth Holmes may be out of business, business related to Elizabeth Holmes continues apace.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This case is just so extreme in the extent of pretrial publicity,” Joo said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He wasn’t kidding. In fact, one can just imagine a young Elizabeth Holmes mulling over one of those sweet deals typically offered by genies, demons and the like.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Elizabeth, sign here and one day you’ll be the subject of an HBO\u003ca href=\"https://www.hbo.com/documentaries/the-inventor-out-for-blood-in-silicon-valley\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> documentary\u003c/a>, an ABC\u003ca href=\"https://abcradio.com/podcasts/the-dropout/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> podcast\u003c/a>, a best-selling \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/futureofyou/442098/book-excerpt-one-execs-tumultuous-last-day-at-theranos\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">book\u003c/a>, a \u003ca href=\"https://www.businessinsider.com/theranos-tv-series-the-dropout-coming-to-hulu-kate-mckinnon-to-star-2019-4\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">TV show\u003c/a> and a \u003ca href=\"https://people.com/movies/elizabeth-holmes-theranos-jennifer-lawrence-movie/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">movie\u003c/a> with a glamorous Hollywood \u003ca href=\"https://www.vanityfair.com/news/2016/06/jennifer-lawrence-will-star-as-elizabeth-holmes-in-a-movie-about-theranos\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">star\u003c/a> in the role of you.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As in all dealings surrounding Theranos, it’s best to read the fine print.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Molly Peterson contributed to this story.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Elizabeth Holmes faces years in prison for her role as the founder and CEO of the blood-testing startup Theranos. Here's a recap of how we got here.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Some people are waiting for the final chapter in the Elizabeth Holmes Theranos saga like fans of the “Game of Thrones” books are waiting for George RR Martin to get his butt in gear and finish the thing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Which is to say, the anticipation continues.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Friday\u003cstrong>,\u003c/strong> a federal judge in Northern California set a date of July 28, 2020 for jury selection in the criminal trial of Holmes, the defunct blood-testing company’s founder and CEO; and Ramesh “Sunny” Balwani, its onetime COO and president. The two have been indicted on nine counts of wire fraud and two counts of conspiracy to commit wire fraud.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The victims, the government claims, were Theranos investors, as well as the doctors and patients who used the company’s supposedly breakthrough blood tests. Each count carries a maximum penalty of up to 20 years imprisonment and $250,000 in fines, though convictions on multiple counts would typically draw sentences that run concurrently.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those who have perused any of the multiple \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/futureofyou/203018/the-rise-and-fall-of-theranos-a-cartoon-history\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">narrative accounts\u003c/a> offered up by the still-thriving Theranos Media Industrial Complex know the backstory by now: Elizabeth Holmes, 35, was a Stanford dropout who claimed her company could perform dozens of blood tests from a few finger-sticks of blood for half the price, an advance that would have been massively disruptive to the existing diagnostics industry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Along the way, with an \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ho8geEtCYjw&ab_channel=MedCityNews\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">evangelical zeal\u003c/a> that traded on an ethos of patient self-empowerment, she managed to recruit as investors and/or Theranos board members conservative luminaries like Rupert Murdoch, George Shultz and Henry Kissinger, while also \u003ca href=\"https://www.vox.com/2016/3/14/11586966/theranos-ceo-elizabeth-holmes-is-holding-a-hillary-fundraiser-with\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">ingratiating\u003c/a> herself with big-name \u003ca href=\"https://sanfrancisco.cbslocal.com/2015/07/23/vice-president-joe-biden-theranos-elizabeth-holmes-newark-lab-test/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Democrats\u003c/a>. Holmes also successfully lobbied the state of Arizona to \u003ca href=\"https://www.phoenixnewtimes.com/news/author-john-carreyrou-how-theranos-scammed-arizona-10477429\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">relax legal contraints\u003c/a> on consumers ordering their own blood tests. And — most crucially — she \u003ca href=\"https://www.wsj.com/articles/craving-growth-walgreens-dismissed-its-doubts-about-theranos-1464207285\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">convinced\u003c/a> the pharmacy chain Walgreen’s to house Theranos “wellness centers” in dozens of its stores in the state. At one point, Forbes \u003ca href=\"https://www.forbes.com/sites/matthewherper/2016/06/01/from-4-5-billion-to-nothing-forbes-revises-estimated-net-worth-of-theranos-founder-elizabeth-holmes/#7eac7ede3633\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">estimated\u003c/a> her net worth at $4.5 billion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But an \u003ca href=\"https://www.wsj.com/articles/theranos-has-struggled-with-blood-tests-1444881901\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">investigation\u003c/a> (and later a book) by Wall Street Journal reporter John Carreyrou exposed Theranos’ claims as bogus, and its testing results as wildly inaccurate. The company was subsequently forced to invalidate hundreds of thousands of blood tests performed on patients, and it eventually exited the consumer blood-testing business after the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services found deficiencies at the company’s laboratory that the agency deemed life-threatening.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Securities and Exchange Commission later accused Holmes and Balwani of “\u003ca href=\"https://www.sec.gov/news/press-release/2018-41\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">massive fraud\u003c/a>” for raising more than $700 million from investors based on what the SEC called “exaggerated” or “false statements about the company’s technology, business, and financial performance.” Holmes settled the civil case with the agency by agreeing to pay a $500,000 fine and giving up control of Theranos. Balwani is still \u003ca href=\"https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-06-14/ex-theranos-president-wins-bid-to-fight-u-s-sec-at-same-time\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">fighting\u003c/a> the case.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Discredited, investigated and serially sued, Theranos then went through multiple rounds of layoffs before \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/futureofyou/444285/theranos-is-shutting-down\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">closing its doors\u003c/a> for good in September 2018.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Slam Dunk for the Government? Not So Fast\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While Holmes has become something of a national pariah who appears to be taking \u003ca href=\"https://www.vanityfair.com/news/2019/02/as-theranos-burned-elizabeth-holmes-was-partyingat-burning-man\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">public relations\u003c/a> advice from \u003ca href=\"https://www.prnewsonline.com/what-pr-pros-can-learn-from-elon-musks-weekend-of-deflection/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Elon Musk\u003c/a>, her legal fate and that of Balwani could be far from certain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>KQED’s Molly Peterson spoke about the case today with Peter Johnson, a lecturer at UCLA who defends federal criminal charges in private practice. While wire fraud is a go-to allegation in most white collar indictments, Johnson said, it’s not just the transmission of a lie or misrepresentation that will secure a conviction. The government also needs to prove intent, a harder lift.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“An indictment is not evidence,” Johnson said. “I think sometimes we lose that; the evidence comes out at trial.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Thomas Joo, a UC Davis School of Law professor, told Peterson that the question of whether Balwani and Holmes \u003cem>meant\u003c/em> to lie, mislead or defraud offers them plenty of potential defenses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“She could argue that she never misrepresented any facts, she was just talking about possibilities,” Joo said. While experts may have no differences on the science involved in the case, he said, they may disagree on scientific process and theory.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is about what \u003cem>could\u003c/em> have happened,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Both experts said discovery and pretrial efforts around expert testimony will shed more light on legal strategy down the line.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here’s a Bloomberg \u003ca href=\"https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-06-28/fighting-theranos-charges-holmes-blames-advocacy-journalism\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">analysis\u003c/a> that asserts a motion filed by Holmes’ lawyers last week indicates they will try to make reporter Carreyrou part of their defense, by claiming he influenced government regulators “in a way that appears to have warped the agencies’ focus on the company and possibly biased the agencies’ findings against it,” in the words of the filing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>And On It Goes\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the meantime, while Elizabeth Holmes may be out of business, business related to Elizabeth Holmes continues apace.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This case is just so extreme in the extent of pretrial publicity,” Joo said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He wasn’t kidding. In fact, one can just imagine a young Elizabeth Holmes mulling over one of those sweet deals typically offered by genies, demons and the like.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Elizabeth, sign here and one day you’ll be the subject of an HBO\u003ca href=\"https://www.hbo.com/documentaries/the-inventor-out-for-blood-in-silicon-valley\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> documentary\u003c/a>, an ABC\u003ca href=\"https://abcradio.com/podcasts/the-dropout/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> podcast\u003c/a>, a best-selling \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/futureofyou/442098/book-excerpt-one-execs-tumultuous-last-day-at-theranos\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">book\u003c/a>, a \u003ca href=\"https://www.businessinsider.com/theranos-tv-series-the-dropout-coming-to-hulu-kate-mckinnon-to-star-2019-4\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">TV show\u003c/a> and a \u003ca href=\"https://people.com/movies/elizabeth-holmes-theranos-jennifer-lawrence-movie/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">movie\u003c/a> with a glamorous Hollywood \u003ca href=\"https://www.vanityfair.com/news/2016/06/jennifer-lawrence-will-star-as-elizabeth-holmes-in-a-movie-about-theranos\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">star\u003c/a> in the role of you.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As in all dealings surrounding Theranos, it’s best to read the fine print.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Molly Peterson contributed to this story.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>[youtube https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fMsQ6u7Bo3g]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[aside label='Underwater Creatures.' link1='https://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/image-gallery/welcome.html,View a cache of deep sea still images from NOAA']\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists with the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration are probing the darkest depths of the ocean, thousands of feet below the surface, where natural light can’t penetrate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the best part for us — they’re live streaming video each day from 5:30 am to 1:00 pm PT until July 11.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are trying to go to places in the ocean that nobody’s ever ever been, and study and explore them for the very first time,” said Alan Leonardi, director of NOAA’s Office of Ocean Exploration and Research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The live images are streamed from Deep Discoverer, a remotely operated, underwater roving vehicle outfitted with LED lights.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[youtube https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9T5g40-PRvM]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The rover is connected to the \u003ca href=\"https://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/okeanos/about.html\">Okeanos Explorer\u003c/a>, the only federal ship dedicated to exploring ocean depths for the “purpose of the discovery and the advancement of knowledge,” according to NOAA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The expedition, which is taking place \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/ne-hires-800x618.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">off the coast of Florida\u003c/a> east of Cape Canaveral, is one leg of NOAA’s \u003ca href=\"https://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/okeanos/explorations/ex1903/welcome.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Windows to the Deep 2019 \u003c/a>mission.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists are exploring the conditions about a half-mile underwater, looking for new species of coral, sponges, sea cucumbers, jellyfish and other sea creatures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s completely pitch black,” Leonardi said. “There’s no light that penetrates this level of the ocean. So, of course, these species that move around there have eyes that are adapted to look in the dark.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[youtube https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=e5z6-EjR3Fw]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The information could be relevant for Californians, too. The rover is exploring areas where researchers have documented methane seeping from the ocean floor, which Leonardi said is a common occurrence off the West Coast of the U.S.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As we look at these deep environments, we know that there’s a lot of biological activity usually around these seeps,” Leonardi said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because the video is live-streamed, dozens of scientists from across the country are virtually participating in the expedition, communicating with NOAA’s team and each other through interactive chats.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists with the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration are probing the darkest depths of the ocean, thousands of feet below the surface, where natural light can’t penetrate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the best part for us — they’re live streaming video each day from 5:30 am to 1:00 pm PT until July 11.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are trying to go to places in the ocean that nobody’s ever ever been, and study and explore them for the very first time,” said Alan Leonardi, director of NOAA’s Office of Ocean Exploration and Research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The live images are streamed from Deep Discoverer, a remotely operated, underwater roving vehicle outfitted with LED lights.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/9T5g40-PRvM'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/9T5g40-PRvM'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The rover is connected to the \u003ca href=\"https://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/okeanos/about.html\">Okeanos Explorer\u003c/a>, the only federal ship dedicated to exploring ocean depths for the “purpose of the discovery and the advancement of knowledge,” according to NOAA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The expedition, which is taking place \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/ne-hires-800x618.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">off the coast of Florida\u003c/a> east of Cape Canaveral, is one leg of NOAA’s \u003ca href=\"https://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/okeanos/explorations/ex1903/welcome.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Windows to the Deep 2019 \u003c/a>mission.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists are exploring the conditions about a half-mile underwater, looking for new species of coral, sponges, sea cucumbers, jellyfish and other sea creatures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s completely pitch black,” Leonardi said. “There’s no light that penetrates this level of the ocean. So, of course, these species that move around there have eyes that are adapted to look in the dark.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/e5z6-EjR3Fw'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/e5z6-EjR3Fw'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The information could be relevant for Californians, too. The rover is exploring areas where researchers have documented methane seeping from the ocean floor, which Leonardi said is a common occurrence off the West Coast of the U.S.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As we look at these deep environments, we know that there’s a lot of biological activity usually around these seeps,” Leonardi said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because the video is live-streamed, dozens of scientists from across the country are virtually participating in the expedition, communicating with NOAA’s team and each other through interactive chats.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "U.S. Wants to Dredge San Francisco Bay to Aid Oil Shipping",
"headTitle": "U.S. Wants to Dredge San Francisco Bay to Aid Oil Shipping | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>The Trump administration’s commitment to fossil fuels is no secret. Federal energy officials recently went so far as to \u003ca href=\"https://www.energy.gov/articles/department-energy-authorizes-additional-lng-exports-freeport-lng\">call\u003c/a> natural gas “molecules of U.S. freedom.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That dedication to nonrenewable energy is now reaching into the San Francisco Bay itself.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers wants to dredge 13 miles of the bay in order to deepen a channel for ships carrying imported crude oil to four Bay Area refineries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The first of two proposed segments cuts across the southern third of San Pablo Bay, beginning northwest of Richmond and extending to the Carquinez Strait. The second runs from Martinez to Avon, under the Benicia Martinez Bridge.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/Capture-800x347.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-1944065 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/Capture-800x347.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"347\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/Capture-800x347.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/Capture-160x69.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/Capture-768x333.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/Capture-1020x442.png 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/Capture-1200x520.png 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/Capture.png 1498w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, which drafted the \u003ca href=\"https://usace.contentdm.oclc.org/utils/getfile/collection/p16021coll7/id/11171\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">plan\u003c/a> in April, said the intention is to lower the cost of crude oil — most of which is imported from foreign countries — by making it cheaper to ship to the Phillips 66, Valero, Shell and Marathon refineries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Port of Stockton is named as a nonfederal sponsor of the Corps’ plan and is partnering with Contra Costa County, where three of the refineries are located, to prepare an environmental impact report.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Environmentalists, however, are aggressively pushing back, saying the project will worsen air pollution around the refineries and increase the number of ships in the bay that are heavily loaded with oil.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Sierra Club, the Center for Biological Diversity and several other groups sent a \u003ca href=\"https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/s3-wagtail.biolgicaldiversity.org/documents/Comments_of_Environmental_Groups_on_the_DEIS_for_the_San_Francisco_Bay.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">joint\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://protect-us.mimecast.com/s/VakxC829m0u6qv17T1nmfu?domain=s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\">letter\u003c/a> on Monday to the federal government arguing the project would increase the risk of a spill.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a terrible proposal on so many levels,” said Hollin Kretzmann, a senior attorney for the Center for Biological Diversity. “It’s an affront to communities in the Bay Area who already have to suffer from the pollution from our many oil refineries. The dredging project will end up increasing the amount of oil that is processed at those refineries.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Multiple Trips Needed\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Army Corps of Engineers says the current shipping channel is inefficient because it’s shallow depth limits the amount of oil that ships can carry into the Carquinez Strait. Instead, they have to “light-load” their cargo, wait until high tide, and make multiple trips.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The plan calls for deepening channels in San Pablo Bay’s Pinole Shoal and east of the strait at Bulls Head Reach from 35 to 38 feet, so that the ships can travel with a larger load, reducing the cost, number of ships and drop-offs. The Corps estimates that the dredge will save $10 million annually and increase the oil-carrying capacity of ships from 68% to 72%.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“By decreasing the cost of bringing that commodity into those facilities, then that should translate into a lower cost to the consumer,” said Pamela Castens, who is managing the project for the Corps.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Castens said the crude is shipped in to meet product demand, and the Corps estimates the modification won’t increase the amount of oil that the refineries process. “That volume is assumed to hold steady in the future because of the commodity forecast projections,” Castens said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Greg Karras, a staff scientist with the environmental group Communities for a Better Environment, disagrees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The project would very likely enable full, or at least increased use of the refineries’ currently unused capacity,” he wrote in a separate letter to the Corps. Karras \u003ca href=\"https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/s3-wagtail.biolgicaldiversity.org/documents/Expert_Report_of_G_Karras_on_SF_Bay_to_Stockton_Navigational_Improvement.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">estimated\u003c/a> the extra oil brought in could release between 1.8 and 7.2 million additional tons of carbon emissions into the atmosphere each year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tyler Earl, an attorney for the group, said the projected increase “at a time when we should be moving away from fossil fuel production” is “unacceptable.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Environmentalists also expressed concern that the Corps’ office in North Carolina is managing the project, and that it filed environmental documents in Jacksonville, Florida rather than California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It doesn’t make sense for an agency on the other end of the country to be in charge of a project in San Francisco,” Kretzmann said. “I can only assume it was to hide the fact that they’re trying to push forward this terrible project.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Corps’ Castens said its experts are scattered around the country and will shift projects around to make them easier to manage. The agency moved this particular plan out of San Francisco in late 2016. It held a public meeting about the project in Martinez on June 11, and the public affairs office \u003ca href=\"https://www.spn.usace.army.mil/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">in San Francisco\u003c/a> has listed the plan on its web site, Castens said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Next, Castens’ team must file an amended plan in October. They hope to begin construction by 2023, but Contra Costa County and the Port of Stockton still need to file environmental impact reports with the state of California, which environmentalists will likely challenge. Also, Congress has yet to appropriate money for the project.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Stockton Wants Jobs\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Army Corps of Engineers is responsible for maintaining shipping lanes across the San Francisco Bay, a process that involves clearing millions of cubic yards of mud, sand and silt every year. For years, the Corps looked to improve shipping channels all the way from San Francisco to the Port of Stockton.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But in 2016, the Corps decided that deepening the channel between Avon and the Port of Stockton would be too expensive and could increase the salinity of the Delta. Instead, the agency limited the scope of the project to the 13-mile stretch ending at Avon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The Port is still in this project to eventually get to Stockton,” said Jeffrey Wingfield, director of environmental and public affairs for the Port of Stockton. “We’ll do a separate study at some point. We are about creating jobs in Stockton. This stretch has to get dug for it to get to Stockton in the future.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This story originally incorrectly cited that the four refineries are located in Contra Costa County. The Valero refinery is located in Solano County.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The Trump administration’s commitment to fossil fuels is no secret. Federal energy officials recently went so far as to \u003ca href=\"https://www.energy.gov/articles/department-energy-authorizes-additional-lng-exports-freeport-lng\">call\u003c/a> natural gas “molecules of U.S. freedom.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That dedication to nonrenewable energy is now reaching into the San Francisco Bay itself.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers wants to dredge 13 miles of the bay in order to deepen a channel for ships carrying imported crude oil to four Bay Area refineries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The first of two proposed segments cuts across the southern third of San Pablo Bay, beginning northwest of Richmond and extending to the Carquinez Strait. The second runs from Martinez to Avon, under the Benicia Martinez Bridge.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/Capture-800x347.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-1944065 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/Capture-800x347.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"347\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/Capture-800x347.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/Capture-160x69.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/Capture-768x333.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/Capture-1020x442.png 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/Capture-1200x520.png 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/Capture.png 1498w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, which drafted the \u003ca href=\"https://usace.contentdm.oclc.org/utils/getfile/collection/p16021coll7/id/11171\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">plan\u003c/a> in April, said the intention is to lower the cost of crude oil — most of which is imported from foreign countries — by making it cheaper to ship to the Phillips 66, Valero, Shell and Marathon refineries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Port of Stockton is named as a nonfederal sponsor of the Corps’ plan and is partnering with Contra Costa County, where three of the refineries are located, to prepare an environmental impact report.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Environmentalists, however, are aggressively pushing back, saying the project will worsen air pollution around the refineries and increase the number of ships in the bay that are heavily loaded with oil.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Sierra Club, the Center for Biological Diversity and several other groups sent a \u003ca href=\"https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/s3-wagtail.biolgicaldiversity.org/documents/Comments_of_Environmental_Groups_on_the_DEIS_for_the_San_Francisco_Bay.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">joint\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://protect-us.mimecast.com/s/VakxC829m0u6qv17T1nmfu?domain=s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\">letter\u003c/a> on Monday to the federal government arguing the project would increase the risk of a spill.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a terrible proposal on so many levels,” said Hollin Kretzmann, a senior attorney for the Center for Biological Diversity. “It’s an affront to communities in the Bay Area who already have to suffer from the pollution from our many oil refineries. The dredging project will end up increasing the amount of oil that is processed at those refineries.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Multiple Trips Needed\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Army Corps of Engineers says the current shipping channel is inefficient because it’s shallow depth limits the amount of oil that ships can carry into the Carquinez Strait. Instead, they have to “light-load” their cargo, wait until high tide, and make multiple trips.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The plan calls for deepening channels in San Pablo Bay’s Pinole Shoal and east of the strait at Bulls Head Reach from 35 to 38 feet, so that the ships can travel with a larger load, reducing the cost, number of ships and drop-offs. The Corps estimates that the dredge will save $10 million annually and increase the oil-carrying capacity of ships from 68% to 72%.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“By decreasing the cost of bringing that commodity into those facilities, then that should translate into a lower cost to the consumer,” said Pamela Castens, who is managing the project for the Corps.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Castens said the crude is shipped in to meet product demand, and the Corps estimates the modification won’t increase the amount of oil that the refineries process. “That volume is assumed to hold steady in the future because of the commodity forecast projections,” Castens said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Greg Karras, a staff scientist with the environmental group Communities for a Better Environment, disagrees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The project would very likely enable full, or at least increased use of the refineries’ currently unused capacity,” he wrote in a separate letter to the Corps. Karras \u003ca href=\"https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/s3-wagtail.biolgicaldiversity.org/documents/Expert_Report_of_G_Karras_on_SF_Bay_to_Stockton_Navigational_Improvement.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">estimated\u003c/a> the extra oil brought in could release between 1.8 and 7.2 million additional tons of carbon emissions into the atmosphere each year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tyler Earl, an attorney for the group, said the projected increase “at a time when we should be moving away from fossil fuel production” is “unacceptable.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Environmentalists also expressed concern that the Corps’ office in North Carolina is managing the project, and that it filed environmental documents in Jacksonville, Florida rather than California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It doesn’t make sense for an agency on the other end of the country to be in charge of a project in San Francisco,” Kretzmann said. “I can only assume it was to hide the fact that they’re trying to push forward this terrible project.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Corps’ Castens said its experts are scattered around the country and will shift projects around to make them easier to manage. The agency moved this particular plan out of San Francisco in late 2016. It held a public meeting about the project in Martinez on June 11, and the public affairs office \u003ca href=\"https://www.spn.usace.army.mil/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">in San Francisco\u003c/a> has listed the plan on its web site, Castens said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Next, Castens’ team must file an amended plan in October. They hope to begin construction by 2023, but Contra Costa County and the Port of Stockton still need to file environmental impact reports with the state of California, which environmentalists will likely challenge. Also, Congress has yet to appropriate money for the project.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Stockton Wants Jobs\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Army Corps of Engineers is responsible for maintaining shipping lanes across the San Francisco Bay, a process that involves clearing millions of cubic yards of mud, sand and silt every year. For years, the Corps looked to improve shipping channels all the way from San Francisco to the Port of Stockton.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But in 2016, the Corps decided that deepening the channel between Avon and the Port of Stockton would be too expensive and could increase the salinity of the Delta. Instead, the agency limited the scope of the project to the 13-mile stretch ending at Avon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The Port is still in this project to eventually get to Stockton,” said Jeffrey Wingfield, director of environmental and public affairs for the Port of Stockton. “We’ll do a separate study at some point. We are about creating jobs in Stockton. This stretch has to get dug for it to get to Stockton in the future.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This story originally incorrectly cited that the four refineries are located in Contra Costa County. The Valero refinery is located in Solano County.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "The Argument for Giving California's Struggling Mountain Lions Endangered Species Protection",
"headTitle": "The Argument for Giving California’s Struggling Mountain Lions Endangered Species Protection | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Two environmental groups are pushing state wildlife officials to grant new protections to mountain lions between Santa Cruz and the Mexico border under the California Endangered Species Act.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A\u003ca href=\"https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/s3-wagtail.biolgicaldiversity.org/documents/CESA_petition_-_Southern_California_Central_Coast_Mountain_Lions.pdf\"> petition \u003c/a> to the California Fish and Game Commission filed Tuesday recommends that the state consider a group of six subpopulations of mountain lions (\u003cem>puma concolo\u003c/em>r) as a single “evolutionarily significant unit.” The Center for Biological Diversity and the nonprofit Mountain Lion Foundation argue that the resulting unit should be designated as “threatened or endangered” under state law.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These populations are struggling, and they’re struggling because they’re isolated,” said Tiffany Yap, a biologist with the Center for Biological Diversity and author of the petition. “Ultimately, if we are able to increase connectivity, each area of mountain lions will be able to kind of mix with the other populations.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If the groups’ legal and scientific logic is accepted, a designation could add sweeping protections to patches of puma territory covering as much as a third of the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kirsten McIntyre, a spokeswoman with the Department of Fish and Game, said that the commission and department had not yet seen the petition and had no comment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pumas once dominated mountain ranges along the Central Coast and in the southern end of the state. But according to a \u003ca href=\"https://esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/eap.1868\">study published in March\u003c/a>, researchers, relying on observations, DNA and modeling data, predict that at least some populations could disappear entirely within a half century.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That study crystallized the concept of an “extinction vortex” in the debate over mountain lion viability. The vortex is created by two interlocking conditions: a well-documented decline in genetic diversity in some subpopulations, and the dearth of mountain lions in the mating pool.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Male mountain lions require broad swaths of territory to roam. Their home ranges can be greater than 200 miles, and they don’t like to share with other males. Over the course of the past century, the greatest threats they’ve faced have been from humans’ steady encroachment into the wildland-urban interface. That requires roads that dice up open space, and the cars that drive on those roads hit cougars trying to cross.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Applied poisons like rodenticide and insecticide are also sickening mountain lions, building up in them as they eat smaller prey.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It makes it much harder for them to stay alive, and then also reproduce,” said Yap.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Human development can also lead to fire, which diminishes the utility of open space for the animals. Development also makes it easier for the lions to get lost or trapped, ending up in \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1933826/mountain-lion-roaming-pleasanton-business-lot-sedated-captured\">Pleasanton parking lots\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://www.kron4.com/news/bay-area/mountain-lion-spotted-in-saratoga-neighborhood/1834363168\">Saratoga backyards\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The recommendations of wildlife officials and the ultimate decision are meant to be grounded in science. But Yap acknowledges that the breadth of potential change means that developers and property owners who might be affected may oppose the petition.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Right now, state officials grant mountain lions some consideration as a “specially protected species,” which limits how they can be hunted. But that designation doesn’t require actions to protect them or their habitat. Yap says if the petition is approved, things would change. “There would have to be resources put into looking at connectivity,” she said. “Do we build a wildlife crossing here? Should we avoid that area and build somewhere else?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Designating six isolated groups of mountain lions as a single threatened unit would likely limit new construction and change how state agencies, like Caltrans, plan and build infrastructure. Complicating matters is the fact that mountain lions living elsewhere, like in the Sierra Nevadas and the far northern part of the state, don’t appear to be in as much trouble as their more southern counterparts — though without an accurate statewide population count, it’s hard to tell. While California \u003ca href=\"https://www.wildlife.ca.gov/conservation/mammals/mountain-lion/faq\">estimates\u003c/a> a “stable” population of 4,000-6,000 mountain lions, an official count hasn’t been conducted in decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lawyers for the environmental groups say the Fish and Game Commission must initially ask scientists and staffers at the Department of Fish and Wildlife to determine whether the petition is viable, and then whether a designation may be warranted. That preliminary determination is expected by the end of the year; a final decision could follow a year after that.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Two environmental groups are pushing state wildlife officials to grant new protections to mountain lions between Santa Cruz and the Mexico border under the California Endangered Species Act.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A\u003ca href=\"https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/s3-wagtail.biolgicaldiversity.org/documents/CESA_petition_-_Southern_California_Central_Coast_Mountain_Lions.pdf\"> petition \u003c/a> to the California Fish and Game Commission filed Tuesday recommends that the state consider a group of six subpopulations of mountain lions (\u003cem>puma concolo\u003c/em>r) as a single “evolutionarily significant unit.” The Center for Biological Diversity and the nonprofit Mountain Lion Foundation argue that the resulting unit should be designated as “threatened or endangered” under state law.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These populations are struggling, and they’re struggling because they’re isolated,” said Tiffany Yap, a biologist with the Center for Biological Diversity and author of the petition. “Ultimately, if we are able to increase connectivity, each area of mountain lions will be able to kind of mix with the other populations.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If the groups’ legal and scientific logic is accepted, a designation could add sweeping protections to patches of puma territory covering as much as a third of the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kirsten McIntyre, a spokeswoman with the Department of Fish and Game, said that the commission and department had not yet seen the petition and had no comment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pumas once dominated mountain ranges along the Central Coast and in the southern end of the state. But according to a \u003ca href=\"https://esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/eap.1868\">study published in March\u003c/a>, researchers, relying on observations, DNA and modeling data, predict that at least some populations could disappear entirely within a half century.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That study crystallized the concept of an “extinction vortex” in the debate over mountain lion viability. The vortex is created by two interlocking conditions: a well-documented decline in genetic diversity in some subpopulations, and the dearth of mountain lions in the mating pool.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Male mountain lions require broad swaths of territory to roam. Their home ranges can be greater than 200 miles, and they don’t like to share with other males. Over the course of the past century, the greatest threats they’ve faced have been from humans’ steady encroachment into the wildland-urban interface. That requires roads that dice up open space, and the cars that drive on those roads hit cougars trying to cross.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Applied poisons like rodenticide and insecticide are also sickening mountain lions, building up in them as they eat smaller prey.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It makes it much harder for them to stay alive, and then also reproduce,” said Yap.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Human development can also lead to fire, which diminishes the utility of open space for the animals. Development also makes it easier for the lions to get lost or trapped, ending up in \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1933826/mountain-lion-roaming-pleasanton-business-lot-sedated-captured\">Pleasanton parking lots\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://www.kron4.com/news/bay-area/mountain-lion-spotted-in-saratoga-neighborhood/1834363168\">Saratoga backyards\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The recommendations of wildlife officials and the ultimate decision are meant to be grounded in science. But Yap acknowledges that the breadth of potential change means that developers and property owners who might be affected may oppose the petition.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Right now, state officials grant mountain lions some consideration as a “specially protected species,” which limits how they can be hunted. But that designation doesn’t require actions to protect them or their habitat. Yap says if the petition is approved, things would change. “There would have to be resources put into looking at connectivity,” she said. “Do we build a wildlife crossing here? Should we avoid that area and build somewhere else?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Designating six isolated groups of mountain lions as a single threatened unit would likely limit new construction and change how state agencies, like Caltrans, plan and build infrastructure. Complicating matters is the fact that mountain lions living elsewhere, like in the Sierra Nevadas and the far northern part of the state, don’t appear to be in as much trouble as their more southern counterparts — though without an accurate statewide population count, it’s hard to tell. While California \u003ca href=\"https://www.wildlife.ca.gov/conservation/mammals/mountain-lion/faq\">estimates\u003c/a> a “stable” population of 4,000-6,000 mountain lions, an official count hasn’t been conducted in decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lawyers for the environmental groups say the Fish and Game Commission must initially ask scientists and staffers at the Department of Fish and Wildlife to determine whether the petition is viable, and then whether a designation may be warranted. That preliminary determination is expected by the end of the year; a final decision could follow a year after that.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "The Best Health and Science Books to Dip Into This Summer",
"headTitle": "The Best Health and Science Books to Dip Into This Summer | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"big-cap-wrap\">\u003cspan class=\"big-cap\">T\u003c/span>\u003c/span>he first day of summer has arrived, and so has STAT’s annual book list of great reads in health, science, and medicine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Read on for recommendations from CRISPR pioneer Jennifer Doudna and CDC Director Robert Redfield. Plus, STAT readers from Boston to Ireland to Australia share their picks, in addition to our staff. Enjoy!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Notable Figures\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0805071806/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=0805071806&linkCode=as2&tag=stat03d-20&linkId=7bf123ab6184f5cac33d58beddbb56f6\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">“Scientific Conversations: Interviews on Science from The New York Times”\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>By Claudia Dreifus\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\nThis is an awesome collection of 38 interviews, published originally in the Science Times section of the New York Times, that captures the wonder and excitement of scientific discovery. As an outstanding journalist and a relative outsider to science, Dreifus elicits from her subjects the passion, frustration, inspiration and, ultimately, the joy of doing science. Her writing reminds me of the work of John McPhee: deep and expansive with a sense of fun. A great read!\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>— Jennifer Doudna, professor and HHMI Investigator, UC Berkeley; director, Innovative Genomics Institute of UC Berkeley/UCSF/Gladstone Institutes\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/006122796X/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=006122796X&linkCode=as2&tag=stat03d-20&linkId=7cfcc6b0801cc1e4c567331d7f105411\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">“Vaccinated: One Man’s Quest to Defeat the World’s Deadliest Diseases”\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>By Paul A. Offit\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\nPhysicians, parents, and public health professionals seeking credible, timely information about the safety and effectiveness of vaccines will find those answers in Dr. Offit’s “Vaccinated.” He writes a compelling narrative, sharing the underlying science and historical context behind the vaccine regimen recommended today. This fact-based retrospective dispels myths and underscores the importance of immunization for children and adults alike. Readers will have a better understanding of the science-based reasoning to embrace vaccination for themselves, their families, and their communities.\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>— Dr. Robert R. Redfield, director of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0520229134/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=0520229134&linkCode=as2&tag=stat03d-20&linkId=f6872536969b6885c29cba642778c5ca\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">“Infections and Inequalities: The Modern Plagues”\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>By Paul Farmer\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\nThis book highlights so well the very inception of the Bill and Melinda Gates Medical Research Institute itself and our mission to develop treatments and preventive agents for diseases burdening the world’s poorest people. Tenderly, Farmer tells the stories of those who suffer, offering their complex circumstances in the face of overwhelming data. The Partners in Health co-founder challenges those determined to care for the most vulnerable to challenge the status quo. Although written 20 years ago, the stories ring truer than ever. Inequities in health have only become magnified and are now manifest in our own backyard. Although sobering, it is also inspiring and may make the reader leap to other resources such as “The Age of Living Machines” by Susan Hockfield, who posits that convergence across scientific disciplines led to the current technological capabilities. Can these not be leveraged with know-how and fortitude to meaningfully address inequities in health?\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>— Dr. Penny Heaton, CEO of the Bill and Melinda Gates Medical Research Institute\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/1845291557/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=1845291557&linkCode=as2&tag=stat03d-20&linkId=424b9e11f98c4fb76b3a018ce157005a\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">“A Brief History of Medicine: from Hippocrates to Gene Therapy”\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003cem>By Paul Strathern\u003cbr>\n\u003c/em>Among the many histories of medicine, Paul Strathern’s narrative stands out for its lively prose and colorful portraits of figures who broke with dogma and proved new paradigms. Even the expert reader will find much that is novel and nuanced, not only in stories about prominent characters like Galen and Harvey, but less well known individuals like the Venerable Bede, an English monk who revived Greek and Roman knowledge during the Dark Ages, and Al-Razi, an Islamic scholar who challenged Aristotle’s prevailing notions with experimental data and showed that pediatric disorders need not be viewed as untreatable and hopeless. Each chapter offers a rich tableau depicting advances in medical thinking based on astute observation and rigorous induction. Strathern brilliantly succeeds in both educating and entertaining his reader, a perfect blend for a summer treat.\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>— Dr. Jerome Groopman, New Yorker staff writer and author; Recanati Professor of Medicine, Harvard Medical School\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0345804570/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=0345804570&linkCode=as2&tag=stat03d-20&linkId=137ae7f66e5eee834172c881aa8f1b7a\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">“The Evolution of Beauty: How Darwin’s Forgotten Theory of Mate Choice Shapes the Animal World—and Us”\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>By Richard Prum\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\nWhether you agree with Prum or not, his case for renewed attention to Darwin’s theory of sexual selection — that considerations of beauty, and not just functional adaptation, shape evolution — is eye-opening. The book also reminds us that politics (in this case, 19th-century disapproval of Darwin’s views on female mate choice) can influence what we are taught about science. Even if you are skeptical, Prum will make you think twice about the natural world, and will definitely change how you look at ducks.\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>— Ron Klain, President Obama’s Ebola czar during the West African outbreak\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0062338781/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=0062338781&linkCode=as2&tag=stat03d-20&linkId=a08377a6dbaebf506ffcb6efb996c457\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cstrong>“Bottle of Lies: The Inside Story of the Generic Drug Boom”\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>By Katherine Eban\u003cbr>\n\u003c/em>In her fierce and fearless book, “Bottle of Lies,” the investigative journalist Katherine Eban takes us on a journey through the loosely regulated and often corrupt manufacture of generic drugs. Weaving together the story of a terrified but determined whistleblower from India, shady drug producers from China, and a notably timid FDA, Eban’s compelling book should serve as cautionary tale and a wake-up call for consumers, manufacturers, and physicians — “should” being the operative word.\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>— Deborah Blum, author of “The Poison Squad: One Chemist’s Single-Minded Crusade for Food Safety at the Turn of the Twentieth Century” and director of the Knight Science Journalism Program at MIT\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>STAT Readers\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0735224153/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=0735224153&linkCode=as2&tag=stat03d-20&linkId=e88ba9aa97ec231e13dcca5e20cbc7bf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cstrong>“How to Change Your Mind: What the New Science of Psychedelics Teaches Us About Consciousness, Dying, Addiction, Depression, and Transcendence”\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>By Michael Pollan\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\nWith cannabis medicine now getting the attention it deserves, Michael Pollan has done a tremendous job at digging into the history of psychedelic use, both recreationally and in therapy, together with his own observations as a new psychedelic experimenter at the age of 60. All in all, a comprehensive history of the topic, together with interviews from key psychedelic researchers, and a call for serious researchers to think twice about hasty judgments surrounding this interesting compound.\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>— Jon Calder, Belfast, Northern Ireland\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/006289627X/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=006289627X&linkCode=as2&tag=stat03d-20&linkId=ea6fc765acd3cc5ad1ccd85342cb04ae\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cstrong>“Bitten: The Secret History of Lyme Disease and Biological Weapons”\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>By Kris Newby\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\n“Bitten” is a riveting narrative that digs into the origins of the Lyme disease epidemic. It connects many dots with compelling evidence and page-turning storytelling that point to the likelihood that a bio-weaponized tick program gone awry could have contributed to the more virulent forms of tick-borne illnesses that have been wreaking havoc on unwitting people for the past five decades. Doctors are not well-trained on tick-borne illness, diagnostics are inadequate, and there are no career tracks in the field other than a few courageous pioneers. Biotech is largely on the sidelines. Yet millions of people are being disabled. Perhaps this book will help stir some action. After all, we all are just one bite away from a nightmare illness.\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>— Nancy Dougherty, Boston\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0544114515/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=0544114515&linkCode=as2&tag=stat03d-20&linkId=4f6ff933051d07a5d66bb8d7906db1a2\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cstrong>“How Dogs Love Us: A Neuroscientist and His Adopted Dog Decode the Canine Brain”\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>By Gregory Berns\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\nFabulous book for anyone interested in the realities of research. Getting MRI data on dogs to confirm the similarities in where dogs and human brains respond to stimuli sounds like a good idea. Getting permission to get the dogs into the places where there are MRIs, getting the dogs used to the MRI, selecting real-life animals, and the implications for the experimental conclusions is very different from what usually shows up in methods and results.\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>— Joanna Haas, Boston\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0316418080/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=0316418080&linkCode=as2&tag=stat03d-20&linkId=ab87c536d62f16a84be8997dbe897c72\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cstrong>“The Perfect Predator: A Scientist’s Race to Save Her Husband from a Deadly Superbug”\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>By Steffanie Strathdee and Thomas Patterson\u003cbr>\n\u003c/em>Riveting account of a scientist trying to save her husband through a combination of sheer will, determination, and cutting-edge science. It’s an amazing blend of mystery, thriller, and microbiology.\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>— Mallory Johnson, Berkeley, Calif.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0671510576/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=0671510576&linkCode=as2&tag=stat03d-20&linkId=cb77504e40e1a9467241ae7547ca194a\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cstrong>“The Billion Dollar Molecule: One Company’s Quest for the Perfect Drug”\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>By Barry Werth\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\n“Billion Dollar Molecule” is a thrilling story about the development of a now powerful pharmaceutical company, its revolutionary approach in structure-based drug development, and how closely it came to failing along the way. At a time when people doubt the justifications of pricing for pharmaceutical drugs, peeking at the risks involved in development and the arduous journeys of the scientists involved through this story could add nuance to the conversation.\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>— Eric Kishel, Buffalo, N.Y.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0190916834/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=0190916834&linkCode=as2&tag=stat03d-20&linkId=4c465b27e88b48c0879f78555b17f6ef\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cstrong>“Well: What We Need to Talk About When We Talk About Health”\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>By Sandro Galea\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\n“Well” moves beyond talk of health disparities as simply numbers and statistics, dissecting the factors that influence health and well-being. This is an excellent read for health professionals or anyone interested in better understanding all the variables that impact our decisions and behaviors, like power, politics, and luck.\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>— Jamie Klufts, Boston\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0312430000/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=0312430000&linkCode=as2&tag=stat03d-20&linkId=35421e550159f565498198501246b2c1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cstrong>“The Checklist Manifesto: How to Get Things Right”\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>By Atul Gawande\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\nYears after reading it, the message and themes of this book still resonate with me. One for everyone involved in health.\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>— Eliza Metcalfe, Melbourne, Australia \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/154164414X/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=154164414X&linkCode=as2&tag=stat03d-20&linkId=9df8ac5f5bb7af175e206e2ce490fcfb\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cstrong>“Rigor Mortis: How Sloppy Science Creates Worthless Cures, Crushes Hope, and Wastes Billions”\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>By Richard Harris\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\n“Rigor Mortis” delves into data reproducibility and scientific rigor in biomedical research. Using deft anecdotes and commentary, Harris explores how sociocultural forces and perverse incentives in funding mechanisms can conspire to create a dirge of confidence in the research process. Anyone interested in learning about how flawed science undermines medicine should pick up this book for a relatively quick and incisive read.\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>— Kyle Penrod, Providence, R.I.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0316051632/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=0316051632&linkCode=as2&tag=stat03d-20&linkId=102a5090c27ba3b32e74ee3014fa30fc\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cstrong>“The Disappearing Spoon: And Other True Tales of Madness, Love, and the History of the World from the Periodic Table of the Elements”\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>By Sam Kean\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\nThis book is an entertaining and amazing look at the history of the periodic table and the discovery of the elements. Kean writes in a narrative fashion that gripped me from the very first page. This book is a must for lovers of science, history, and science history.\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>— Katie Reeves, Augusta, Ga.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>STAT Reporters\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/1608192075/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=1608192075&linkCode=as2&tag=stat03d-20&linkId=7aa079684701270fecebca869fe0c79e\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cstrong>“Methland: The Death and Life of an American Small Town”\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>By Nick Reding\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\nThe 2016 election sparked a national obsession with reporting from “flyover country” — a hasty attempt from the national media to remember the forgotten swathes of land between the coasts. But some of the resulting coverage was so full of caricatures it seemed like just another version of flying over. Stumbling across “Methland” in the public library provided a strong antidote to those datelines without depth. Nick Reding’s portraits of small-town Iowans who are cooking, using, or working against meth are so deeply reported that you feel as if you’ve met these people in the flesh. The details are striking — kids mixing “crank” in soda bottles as they tootle around on their bikes, a dealer investing in car selling and horse racing as fronts for her drug empire — but the book also has an impressive sweep: It chronicles rural economies overtaken by agricultural behemoths, towns left behind by everyone with the means to leave, and public health and existential crises ensnaring the people who remain.\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>— Eric Boodman, reporter\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/1568585810/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=1568585810&linkCode=as2&tag=stat03d-20&linkId=c7392af7e5427afc8fbd10e2f028fc99\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cstrong>“Ask Me About My Uterus: A Quest to Make Doctors Believe in Women’s Pain”\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>By Abby Norman\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\nAny woman whose pain has been dismissed as being “part of what it means to be a woman” will highly relate to this book. “Ask Me About My Uterus” is the story of Abby Norman, whose long and frustrating journey of finding out what was causing her excruciating pain, unexplainable weight loss, and a host of other symptoms meant she had to drop out of college her freshman year. Norman describes how relationships and hobbies all fell by the wayside as the constant pain kept her at home. Only after she got a job at a hospital and spent hours educating herself did Norman finally get a diagnosis of endometriosis. The book weaves together Norman’s own story as well as research and evidence to indicate how medicine continues to ignore women’s pain. I learned a lot of things, but how to be more assertive when I visit with a physician is at the top of the list!\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>— Shraddha Chakradhar, reporter and Morning Rounds writer\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B07DP6MSJG/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=B07DP6MSJG&linkCode=as2&tag=stat03d-20&linkId=169853d1a860b739e89a5805d07eee17\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cstrong>“Good to Go: What the Athlete in All of us Can Learn From the Strange Science of Recovery”\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>By Christie Aschwanden\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\nLike many who live life with a daily dose of sweat, I’m always on the lookout for the best ways to recover from exercise and get myself back out the door. In her new book, science journalist and athlete Christie Aschwanden deftly unravels the complex web of science, pseudoscience, and downright bogus claims in the world of exercise recovery. She takes the reader into infrared saunas, ice baths, and float spas and tests techniques I’d never heard of (meditation headbands are a thing?) meant to help athletes bounce back from their hard efforts.\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>— Brittany Flaherty, news intern\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0812997417/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=0812997417&linkCode=as2&tag=stat03d-20&linkId=3df4e39b8793e8725667e7c8b16161f3\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cstrong>“Lake Success”\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>By Gary Shteyngart\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\n“Lake Success” is the story of Barry Cohen, a superlatively successful hedge fund manager whose enviable Manhattan life comes hideously unglued after he makes an ill-advised bet on what is clearly a stand-in for Valeant Pharmaceuticals. What ensues is a never sanguine, always empathetic, reliably funny portrait of a fabulously wealthy person who seems to have forgotten the concept of failure. It’s also a fascinating character study for those of us biotech schnooks who looked at alleged insider traders like Mathew Martoma and wondered how on earth they thought they’d get away with it all. Plus there’s fancy watches, generational angst, and a meditation on the creeping financialization of everything that promises to bring about a new Gilded Age. You know, beach stuff.\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>— Damian Garde, national biotech reporter\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/1524732710/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=1524732710&linkCode=as2&tag=stat03d-20&linkId=f0f49695f97eea1f87af0be2c561a5fe\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cstrong>“Inheritance: A Memoir of Genealogy, Paternity, and Love”\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>By Dani Shapiro\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\nWherever she speaks during her book tour for “Inheritance,” memoirist Dani Shapiro is approached by people who, like her, discovered through a DNA spit test that their biological father is not who they thought he was, and that their family history is a lot more twisted than they realized. Indeed, when I heard her in Boston, a man stood up during the Q&A and announced he’d learned he was the product of a sperm donor who turned out to be a fertility doctor who’d fathered dozens of children. Shapiro’s book is a very personal story, but clearly one that resonates broadly in our DNA-obsessed age.\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>— Gideon Gil, managing editor\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/1501168681/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=1501168681&linkCode=as2&tag=stat03d-20&linkId=22c75b403593e8a3a77e635029a3d63f\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cstrong>“The Pioneers: The Heroic Story of the Settlers Who Brought The American Ideal West”\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>By David McCullough\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\nA great way to gain perspective on the impact of modern medicine is to consider life before it arrived. McCullough’s account of the pioneers who settled America’s Northwest Territory — an area that includes the states of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, and Wisconsin — offers a window into the ruggedness required of both doctors and patients who stared down deadly illnesses in the unbroken wilderness with few defenses. Episodic disease outbreaks swept across the frontier like wildfire, often decimating settlements and taking the lives of multiple children in the same family. As a father living in present-day Ohio, it is hard to imagine the panic this must have instilled, and the resolve required to push forward despite the heart-wrenching costs. But this book has given me fresh insight and a few reasons to reconsider my own grievances in the relative utopia we’ve carved out of the Wild West.\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>— Casey Ross, national technology correspondent\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0812982525/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=0812982525&linkCode=as2&tag=stat03d-20&linkId=ca6e6c07db5238906a40e5ea31a25d71\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cstrong>“Patient H.M.: A Story of Memory, Madness, and Family Secrets”\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>By Luke Dittrich\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\nThe book weaves the neuroscience legend of Henry Molaison with author Luke Dittrich’s own family dramas. After Dittrich’s grandfather operated on Molaison’s brain in an effort to treat his debilitating epilepsy, he wasn’t able to form any short-term memories. For decades after the surgery, researchers worked with Molaison to better understand how human memory works. Patient H.M.’s story is interesting enough. But when the story is mentioned, the surgeon is usually a minor player. This time, Dittrich brings his grandfather to life — and uses his family’s own history to explore some of the darker chapters in neuroscience history.\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>— Kate Sheridan, reporter\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0525552960/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=0525552960&linkCode=as2&tag=stat03d-20&linkId=0abcda54b107dd77066adae0db4d637f\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cstrong>“Darius The Great is Not Okay”\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>By Adib Khorram\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\nAdib Khorram’s debut novel is about many things: identity, immigration, family, friendship. It’s also about living with clinical depression as a teen, and being a teen with a parent who has depression. Khorram is able to give readers a window into living with mental illness without making it the sole focus of the characters or their stories. And while it’s technically a young adult book, I’d recommend it to adults of all ages.\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>— Megan Thielking, reporter\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2019/05/01/from-protegee-to-whistleblower-a-former-theranos-scientist-says-elizabeth-holmes-should-come-forward-and-apologize/\">story\u003c/a> was originally published by \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/\">STAT\u003c/a>, an online publication of Boston Globe Media that covers health, medicine, and scientific discovery.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"big-cap-wrap\">\u003cspan class=\"big-cap\">T\u003c/span>\u003c/span>he first day of summer has arrived, and so has STAT’s annual book list of great reads in health, science, and medicine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Read on for recommendations from CRISPR pioneer Jennifer Doudna and CDC Director Robert Redfield. Plus, STAT readers from Boston to Ireland to Australia share their picks, in addition to our staff. Enjoy!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Notable Figures\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0805071806/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=0805071806&linkCode=as2&tag=stat03d-20&linkId=7bf123ab6184f5cac33d58beddbb56f6\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">“Scientific Conversations: Interviews on Science from The New York Times”\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>By Claudia Dreifus\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\nThis is an awesome collection of 38 interviews, published originally in the Science Times section of the New York Times, that captures the wonder and excitement of scientific discovery. As an outstanding journalist and a relative outsider to science, Dreifus elicits from her subjects the passion, frustration, inspiration and, ultimately, the joy of doing science. Her writing reminds me of the work of John McPhee: deep and expansive with a sense of fun. A great read!\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>— Jennifer Doudna, professor and HHMI Investigator, UC Berkeley; director, Innovative Genomics Institute of UC Berkeley/UCSF/Gladstone Institutes\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/006122796X/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=006122796X&linkCode=as2&tag=stat03d-20&linkId=7cfcc6b0801cc1e4c567331d7f105411\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">“Vaccinated: One Man’s Quest to Defeat the World’s Deadliest Diseases”\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>By Paul A. Offit\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\nPhysicians, parents, and public health professionals seeking credible, timely information about the safety and effectiveness of vaccines will find those answers in Dr. Offit’s “Vaccinated.” He writes a compelling narrative, sharing the underlying science and historical context behind the vaccine regimen recommended today. This fact-based retrospective dispels myths and underscores the importance of immunization for children and adults alike. Readers will have a better understanding of the science-based reasoning to embrace vaccination for themselves, their families, and their communities.\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>— Dr. Robert R. Redfield, director of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0520229134/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=0520229134&linkCode=as2&tag=stat03d-20&linkId=f6872536969b6885c29cba642778c5ca\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">“Infections and Inequalities: The Modern Plagues”\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>By Paul Farmer\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\nThis book highlights so well the very inception of the Bill and Melinda Gates Medical Research Institute itself and our mission to develop treatments and preventive agents for diseases burdening the world’s poorest people. Tenderly, Farmer tells the stories of those who suffer, offering their complex circumstances in the face of overwhelming data. The Partners in Health co-founder challenges those determined to care for the most vulnerable to challenge the status quo. Although written 20 years ago, the stories ring truer than ever. Inequities in health have only become magnified and are now manifest in our own backyard. Although sobering, it is also inspiring and may make the reader leap to other resources such as “The Age of Living Machines” by Susan Hockfield, who posits that convergence across scientific disciplines led to the current technological capabilities. Can these not be leveraged with know-how and fortitude to meaningfully address inequities in health?\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>— Dr. Penny Heaton, CEO of the Bill and Melinda Gates Medical Research Institute\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/1845291557/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=1845291557&linkCode=as2&tag=stat03d-20&linkId=424b9e11f98c4fb76b3a018ce157005a\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">“A Brief History of Medicine: from Hippocrates to Gene Therapy”\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003cem>By Paul Strathern\u003cbr>\n\u003c/em>Among the many histories of medicine, Paul Strathern’s narrative stands out for its lively prose and colorful portraits of figures who broke with dogma and proved new paradigms. Even the expert reader will find much that is novel and nuanced, not only in stories about prominent characters like Galen and Harvey, but less well known individuals like the Venerable Bede, an English monk who revived Greek and Roman knowledge during the Dark Ages, and Al-Razi, an Islamic scholar who challenged Aristotle’s prevailing notions with experimental data and showed that pediatric disorders need not be viewed as untreatable and hopeless. Each chapter offers a rich tableau depicting advances in medical thinking based on astute observation and rigorous induction. Strathern brilliantly succeeds in both educating and entertaining his reader, a perfect blend for a summer treat.\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>— Dr. Jerome Groopman, New Yorker staff writer and author; Recanati Professor of Medicine, Harvard Medical School\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0345804570/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=0345804570&linkCode=as2&tag=stat03d-20&linkId=137ae7f66e5eee834172c881aa8f1b7a\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">“The Evolution of Beauty: How Darwin’s Forgotten Theory of Mate Choice Shapes the Animal World—and Us”\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>By Richard Prum\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\nWhether you agree with Prum or not, his case for renewed attention to Darwin’s theory of sexual selection — that considerations of beauty, and not just functional adaptation, shape evolution — is eye-opening. The book also reminds us that politics (in this case, 19th-century disapproval of Darwin’s views on female mate choice) can influence what we are taught about science. Even if you are skeptical, Prum will make you think twice about the natural world, and will definitely change how you look at ducks.\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>— Ron Klain, President Obama’s Ebola czar during the West African outbreak\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0062338781/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=0062338781&linkCode=as2&tag=stat03d-20&linkId=a08377a6dbaebf506ffcb6efb996c457\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cstrong>“Bottle of Lies: The Inside Story of the Generic Drug Boom”\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>By Katherine Eban\u003cbr>\n\u003c/em>In her fierce and fearless book, “Bottle of Lies,” the investigative journalist Katherine Eban takes us on a journey through the loosely regulated and often corrupt manufacture of generic drugs. Weaving together the story of a terrified but determined whistleblower from India, shady drug producers from China, and a notably timid FDA, Eban’s compelling book should serve as cautionary tale and a wake-up call for consumers, manufacturers, and physicians — “should” being the operative word.\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>— Deborah Blum, author of “The Poison Squad: One Chemist’s Single-Minded Crusade for Food Safety at the Turn of the Twentieth Century” and director of the Knight Science Journalism Program at MIT\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>STAT Readers\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0735224153/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=0735224153&linkCode=as2&tag=stat03d-20&linkId=e88ba9aa97ec231e13dcca5e20cbc7bf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cstrong>“How to Change Your Mind: What the New Science of Psychedelics Teaches Us About Consciousness, Dying, Addiction, Depression, and Transcendence”\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>By Michael Pollan\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\nWith cannabis medicine now getting the attention it deserves, Michael Pollan has done a tremendous job at digging into the history of psychedelic use, both recreationally and in therapy, together with his own observations as a new psychedelic experimenter at the age of 60. All in all, a comprehensive history of the topic, together with interviews from key psychedelic researchers, and a call for serious researchers to think twice about hasty judgments surrounding this interesting compound.\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>— Jon Calder, Belfast, Northern Ireland\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/006289627X/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=006289627X&linkCode=as2&tag=stat03d-20&linkId=ea6fc765acd3cc5ad1ccd85342cb04ae\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cstrong>“Bitten: The Secret History of Lyme Disease and Biological Weapons”\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>By Kris Newby\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\n“Bitten” is a riveting narrative that digs into the origins of the Lyme disease epidemic. It connects many dots with compelling evidence and page-turning storytelling that point to the likelihood that a bio-weaponized tick program gone awry could have contributed to the more virulent forms of tick-borne illnesses that have been wreaking havoc on unwitting people for the past five decades. Doctors are not well-trained on tick-borne illness, diagnostics are inadequate, and there are no career tracks in the field other than a few courageous pioneers. Biotech is largely on the sidelines. Yet millions of people are being disabled. Perhaps this book will help stir some action. After all, we all are just one bite away from a nightmare illness.\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>— Nancy Dougherty, Boston\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0544114515/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=0544114515&linkCode=as2&tag=stat03d-20&linkId=4f6ff933051d07a5d66bb8d7906db1a2\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cstrong>“How Dogs Love Us: A Neuroscientist and His Adopted Dog Decode the Canine Brain”\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>By Gregory Berns\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\nFabulous book for anyone interested in the realities of research. Getting MRI data on dogs to confirm the similarities in where dogs and human brains respond to stimuli sounds like a good idea. Getting permission to get the dogs into the places where there are MRIs, getting the dogs used to the MRI, selecting real-life animals, and the implications for the experimental conclusions is very different from what usually shows up in methods and results.\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>— Joanna Haas, Boston\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0316418080/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=0316418080&linkCode=as2&tag=stat03d-20&linkId=ab87c536d62f16a84be8997dbe897c72\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cstrong>“The Perfect Predator: A Scientist’s Race to Save Her Husband from a Deadly Superbug”\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>By Steffanie Strathdee and Thomas Patterson\u003cbr>\n\u003c/em>Riveting account of a scientist trying to save her husband through a combination of sheer will, determination, and cutting-edge science. It’s an amazing blend of mystery, thriller, and microbiology.\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>— Mallory Johnson, Berkeley, Calif.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0671510576/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=0671510576&linkCode=as2&tag=stat03d-20&linkId=cb77504e40e1a9467241ae7547ca194a\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cstrong>“The Billion Dollar Molecule: One Company’s Quest for the Perfect Drug”\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>By Barry Werth\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\n“Billion Dollar Molecule” is a thrilling story about the development of a now powerful pharmaceutical company, its revolutionary approach in structure-based drug development, and how closely it came to failing along the way. At a time when people doubt the justifications of pricing for pharmaceutical drugs, peeking at the risks involved in development and the arduous journeys of the scientists involved through this story could add nuance to the conversation.\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>— Eric Kishel, Buffalo, N.Y.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0190916834/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=0190916834&linkCode=as2&tag=stat03d-20&linkId=4c465b27e88b48c0879f78555b17f6ef\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cstrong>“Well: What We Need to Talk About When We Talk About Health”\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>By Sandro Galea\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\n“Well” moves beyond talk of health disparities as simply numbers and statistics, dissecting the factors that influence health and well-being. This is an excellent read for health professionals or anyone interested in better understanding all the variables that impact our decisions and behaviors, like power, politics, and luck.\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>— Jamie Klufts, Boston\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0312430000/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=0312430000&linkCode=as2&tag=stat03d-20&linkId=35421e550159f565498198501246b2c1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cstrong>“The Checklist Manifesto: How to Get Things Right”\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>By Atul Gawande\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\nYears after reading it, the message and themes of this book still resonate with me. One for everyone involved in health.\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>— Eliza Metcalfe, Melbourne, Australia \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/154164414X/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=154164414X&linkCode=as2&tag=stat03d-20&linkId=9df8ac5f5bb7af175e206e2ce490fcfb\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cstrong>“Rigor Mortis: How Sloppy Science Creates Worthless Cures, Crushes Hope, and Wastes Billions”\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>By Richard Harris\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\n“Rigor Mortis” delves into data reproducibility and scientific rigor in biomedical research. Using deft anecdotes and commentary, Harris explores how sociocultural forces and perverse incentives in funding mechanisms can conspire to create a dirge of confidence in the research process. Anyone interested in learning about how flawed science undermines medicine should pick up this book for a relatively quick and incisive read.\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>— Kyle Penrod, Providence, R.I.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0316051632/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=0316051632&linkCode=as2&tag=stat03d-20&linkId=102a5090c27ba3b32e74ee3014fa30fc\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cstrong>“The Disappearing Spoon: And Other True Tales of Madness, Love, and the History of the World from the Periodic Table of the Elements”\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>By Sam Kean\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\nThis book is an entertaining and amazing look at the history of the periodic table and the discovery of the elements. Kean writes in a narrative fashion that gripped me from the very first page. This book is a must for lovers of science, history, and science history.\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>— Katie Reeves, Augusta, Ga.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>STAT Reporters\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/1608192075/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=1608192075&linkCode=as2&tag=stat03d-20&linkId=7aa079684701270fecebca869fe0c79e\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cstrong>“Methland: The Death and Life of an American Small Town”\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>By Nick Reding\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\nThe 2016 election sparked a national obsession with reporting from “flyover country” — a hasty attempt from the national media to remember the forgotten swathes of land between the coasts. But some of the resulting coverage was so full of caricatures it seemed like just another version of flying over. Stumbling across “Methland” in the public library provided a strong antidote to those datelines without depth. Nick Reding’s portraits of small-town Iowans who are cooking, using, or working against meth are so deeply reported that you feel as if you’ve met these people in the flesh. The details are striking — kids mixing “crank” in soda bottles as they tootle around on their bikes, a dealer investing in car selling and horse racing as fronts for her drug empire — but the book also has an impressive sweep: It chronicles rural economies overtaken by agricultural behemoths, towns left behind by everyone with the means to leave, and public health and existential crises ensnaring the people who remain.\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>— Eric Boodman, reporter\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/1568585810/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=1568585810&linkCode=as2&tag=stat03d-20&linkId=c7392af7e5427afc8fbd10e2f028fc99\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cstrong>“Ask Me About My Uterus: A Quest to Make Doctors Believe in Women’s Pain”\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>By Abby Norman\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\nAny woman whose pain has been dismissed as being “part of what it means to be a woman” will highly relate to this book. “Ask Me About My Uterus” is the story of Abby Norman, whose long and frustrating journey of finding out what was causing her excruciating pain, unexplainable weight loss, and a host of other symptoms meant she had to drop out of college her freshman year. Norman describes how relationships and hobbies all fell by the wayside as the constant pain kept her at home. Only after she got a job at a hospital and spent hours educating herself did Norman finally get a diagnosis of endometriosis. The book weaves together Norman’s own story as well as research and evidence to indicate how medicine continues to ignore women’s pain. I learned a lot of things, but how to be more assertive when I visit with a physician is at the top of the list!\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>— Shraddha Chakradhar, reporter and Morning Rounds writer\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B07DP6MSJG/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=B07DP6MSJG&linkCode=as2&tag=stat03d-20&linkId=169853d1a860b739e89a5805d07eee17\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cstrong>“Good to Go: What the Athlete in All of us Can Learn From the Strange Science of Recovery”\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>By Christie Aschwanden\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\nLike many who live life with a daily dose of sweat, I’m always on the lookout for the best ways to recover from exercise and get myself back out the door. In her new book, science journalist and athlete Christie Aschwanden deftly unravels the complex web of science, pseudoscience, and downright bogus claims in the world of exercise recovery. She takes the reader into infrared saunas, ice baths, and float spas and tests techniques I’d never heard of (meditation headbands are a thing?) meant to help athletes bounce back from their hard efforts.\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>— Brittany Flaherty, news intern\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0812997417/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=0812997417&linkCode=as2&tag=stat03d-20&linkId=3df4e39b8793e8725667e7c8b16161f3\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cstrong>“Lake Success”\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>By Gary Shteyngart\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\n“Lake Success” is the story of Barry Cohen, a superlatively successful hedge fund manager whose enviable Manhattan life comes hideously unglued after he makes an ill-advised bet on what is clearly a stand-in for Valeant Pharmaceuticals. What ensues is a never sanguine, always empathetic, reliably funny portrait of a fabulously wealthy person who seems to have forgotten the concept of failure. It’s also a fascinating character study for those of us biotech schnooks who looked at alleged insider traders like Mathew Martoma and wondered how on earth they thought they’d get away with it all. Plus there’s fancy watches, generational angst, and a meditation on the creeping financialization of everything that promises to bring about a new Gilded Age. You know, beach stuff.\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>— Damian Garde, national biotech reporter\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/1524732710/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=1524732710&linkCode=as2&tag=stat03d-20&linkId=f0f49695f97eea1f87af0be2c561a5fe\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cstrong>“Inheritance: A Memoir of Genealogy, Paternity, and Love”\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>By Dani Shapiro\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\nWherever she speaks during her book tour for “Inheritance,” memoirist Dani Shapiro is approached by people who, like her, discovered through a DNA spit test that their biological father is not who they thought he was, and that their family history is a lot more twisted than they realized. Indeed, when I heard her in Boston, a man stood up during the Q&A and announced he’d learned he was the product of a sperm donor who turned out to be a fertility doctor who’d fathered dozens of children. Shapiro’s book is a very personal story, but clearly one that resonates broadly in our DNA-obsessed age.\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>— Gideon Gil, managing editor\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/1501168681/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=1501168681&linkCode=as2&tag=stat03d-20&linkId=22c75b403593e8a3a77e635029a3d63f\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cstrong>“The Pioneers: The Heroic Story of the Settlers Who Brought The American Ideal West”\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>By David McCullough\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\nA great way to gain perspective on the impact of modern medicine is to consider life before it arrived. McCullough’s account of the pioneers who settled America’s Northwest Territory — an area that includes the states of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, and Wisconsin — offers a window into the ruggedness required of both doctors and patients who stared down deadly illnesses in the unbroken wilderness with few defenses. Episodic disease outbreaks swept across the frontier like wildfire, often decimating settlements and taking the lives of multiple children in the same family. As a father living in present-day Ohio, it is hard to imagine the panic this must have instilled, and the resolve required to push forward despite the heart-wrenching costs. But this book has given me fresh insight and a few reasons to reconsider my own grievances in the relative utopia we’ve carved out of the Wild West.\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>— Casey Ross, national technology correspondent\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0812982525/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=0812982525&linkCode=as2&tag=stat03d-20&linkId=ca6e6c07db5238906a40e5ea31a25d71\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cstrong>“Patient H.M.: A Story of Memory, Madness, and Family Secrets”\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>By Luke Dittrich\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\nThe book weaves the neuroscience legend of Henry Molaison with author Luke Dittrich’s own family dramas. After Dittrich’s grandfather operated on Molaison’s brain in an effort to treat his debilitating epilepsy, he wasn’t able to form any short-term memories. For decades after the surgery, researchers worked with Molaison to better understand how human memory works. Patient H.M.’s story is interesting enough. But when the story is mentioned, the surgeon is usually a minor player. This time, Dittrich brings his grandfather to life — and uses his family’s own history to explore some of the darker chapters in neuroscience history.\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>— Kate Sheridan, reporter\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0525552960/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=0525552960&linkCode=as2&tag=stat03d-20&linkId=0abcda54b107dd77066adae0db4d637f\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cstrong>“Darius The Great is Not Okay”\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>By Adib Khorram\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\nAdib Khorram’s debut novel is about many things: identity, immigration, family, friendship. It’s also about living with clinical depression as a teen, and being a teen with a parent who has depression. Khorram is able to give readers a window into living with mental illness without making it the sole focus of the characters or their stories. And while it’s technically a young adult book, I’d recommend it to adults of all ages.\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>— Megan Thielking, reporter\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "Rare, Little Understood Whale Stranded Near Santa Cruz",
"headTitle": "Rare, Little Understood Whale Stranded Near Santa Cruz | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>On the afternoon of May 31, UC Santa Cruz physiological ecologist Robin Dunkin got a call about a whale stranded out at Scott Creek Beach, near Davenport. She and a number of colleagues from the Marine Mammal Stranding Network drove straight to the beach. To their surprise, the mammal in question was a Hubbs’ beaked whale (\u003ci>Mesoplodon carlhubbsi\u003c/i>), a very rare and poorly understood marine mammal species.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We got out to the beach. The animal was rolling in the surf, but it was clearly still alive,” said Dunkin, who directs\u003ca href=\"https://lmlstrandingnetwork.ucsc.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> the UC Santa Cruz Long Marine Lab Marine Mammal Stranding Network\u003c/a>. The team also included UCSC campus veterinarian David Casper.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists and volunteers were able to get a rope around the animal’s fluke, and as the tide came in, they were able to pull the 8.75-foot-long, 500-pound whale onto the sand. They sat back in awe. “There was concern for the animal,” said Dunkin, but “there was also the feeling of adrenaline when you are dealing with something that is so big and rare, and you are trying to give the animal the best care possible.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1943930\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 410px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1943930\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/whale-in-surf-410-1.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"410\" height=\"287\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/whale-in-surf-410-1.jpg 410w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/whale-in-surf-410-1-160x112.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 410px) 100vw, 410px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Hubbs’ beaked whale first appeared on Scott Creek Beach near Davenport on May 31, 2019. \u003ccite>(Dorris Welch/Courtesy Long Marine Laboratory )\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Once it was on the sand, Casper assessed the animal and took its vitals. The whale appeared to have an injured snout; its lower and upper jawbones were broken, which would prevent it from feeding. Casper called a team of experts at the Marine Mammal Center to see if it was a candidate for rehabilitation. But there was no way to care for the whale in an existing rehab center.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This animal is a deep-water species and had a massive traumatic injury. It would have been inhumane to try and rehabilitate it,” said Dunkin. The whale had to be euthanized on the beach and was transported to Long Marine Lab in a van.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Necropsy Results \u003c/b>\u003cb>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The next step was to understand why the whale had died, if possible. At the lab, Dunkin and Melissa Miller, a veterinary pathologist at the California Department of Fish and Wildlife, performed a necropsy, collecting hundreds of tissue samples to be shared with researchers around the world. The whale’s brain was sent to a neurology lab in New York to better understand how sonar’s disruptive signals harm whales.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The post-mortem revealed traumatic injuries to the beak or snout of the whale, also known as the rostrum, which had subsequently become infected. The scientists thought the whale had most likely become injured in the course of interacting with other animals or when hunting. Beaked whales are pelagic species that hunt deep in the ocean where there is no light, relying on sonar. This particular whale might have crashed into a rock when chasing prey, Dunkin said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>An Elusive, Deep-Diving Whale\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Given how rare this species is, scientists were working to verify that they had identified it correctly. In fact, they initially misidentified it. “We looked at an identification key — it did not fit the profiles of any of the whales we have ever had,” said Dunkin. “But it did fit the morphological features of a Perrin’s beaked whale.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1943934\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1943934\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/Whale_Sand-e1561488317484-800x1645.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"1645\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/Whale_Sand-e1561488317484-800x1645.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/Whale_Sand-e1561488317484-160x329.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/Whale_Sand-e1561488317484-768x1579.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/Whale_Sand-e1561488317484-584x1200.jpg 584w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/Whale_Sand-e1561488317484.jpg 996w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The juvenile Hubbs’ whale was initially mistaken for a Perrin’s beaked whale. \u003ccite>(Dorris Welch/Courtesy of Long Marine Lab)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Dunkin sent DNA samples to the NOAA Southwest Fisheries Science Center for genetic confirmation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Well, surprise surprise — the genetics came back and told us that the whale is actually a Hubbs’ beaked whale,” said Dunkin. She explained that the morphology (physical features) of a juvenile Hubbs’ whale looks just like a Perrin’s beaked whale.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The beaked whale’s skeleton will be going to the California Academy of Sciences.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In general, beaked whales spend about 98% of their time deep below the ocean’s surface, and because of their elusive habits, they seldom come into contact with humans. “There are lots of mysteries still out there, and what’s rare is getting the chance to be able to look one of these very mysterious animals in the eye and really learn something about it,” Dunkin said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Beaked whales are the deepest-diving cetaceans, regularly descending to depths lower than 3,300 feet. They are suction feeders: By opening their mouths very quickly, they create a vacuum where water rushes in, pulling in prey like squid, Dunkin said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We don’t know much about Hubbs’ beaked whales. Fewer than 60 specimens have come to scientists’ attention after the first ones started washing up on beaches in 1944, and only one was spotted alive in its Pacific Ocean habitat. The Hubbs’ beaked whale gained status as a new species in 1963. Past specimens have been stranded along the West Coast and Japan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>A Tough Summer\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s already been a tough summer for whale strandings. So far, \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11751555/feds-plan-to-investigate-spike-in-gray-whale-deaths-on-west-coast-as-unusual-mortality-event\">70 whales\u003c/a> have washed up on California beaches, for a variety of reasons. So it’s been a busy time for the Long Marine Lab Marine Mammal Stranding Network, one of several organizations that operates year-round to respond to live and dead marine mammals that wash up on shore. Others include the Moss Landing Marine Laboratories and the Marine Mammal Center in Sausalito.\u003cbr>\n\u003cb>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/b>If you see a sick, injured, stranded or dead marine mammal or sea turtle call\u003ca href=\"https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/report\"> your local stranding network\u003c/a>. You can also use the Dolphin and Whale 911 app to report a stranded marine mammal. The app is available for \u003ca href=\"https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=gov.noaa.nmfs.sero.dolphinwhale911&hl=en\">Android devices\u003c/a> as well as\u003ca href=\"https://apps.apple.com/us/app/dolphin-whale-911/id698859376\"> iOS\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>On the afternoon of May 31, UC Santa Cruz physiological ecologist Robin Dunkin got a call about a whale stranded out at Scott Creek Beach, near Davenport. She and a number of colleagues from the Marine Mammal Stranding Network drove straight to the beach. To their surprise, the mammal in question was a Hubbs’ beaked whale (\u003ci>Mesoplodon carlhubbsi\u003c/i>), a very rare and poorly understood marine mammal species.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We got out to the beach. The animal was rolling in the surf, but it was clearly still alive,” said Dunkin, who directs\u003ca href=\"https://lmlstrandingnetwork.ucsc.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> the UC Santa Cruz Long Marine Lab Marine Mammal Stranding Network\u003c/a>. The team also included UCSC campus veterinarian David Casper.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists and volunteers were able to get a rope around the animal’s fluke, and as the tide came in, they were able to pull the 8.75-foot-long, 500-pound whale onto the sand. They sat back in awe. “There was concern for the animal,” said Dunkin, but “there was also the feeling of adrenaline when you are dealing with something that is so big and rare, and you are trying to give the animal the best care possible.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1943930\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 410px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1943930\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/whale-in-surf-410-1.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"410\" height=\"287\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/whale-in-surf-410-1.jpg 410w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/whale-in-surf-410-1-160x112.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 410px) 100vw, 410px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Hubbs’ beaked whale first appeared on Scott Creek Beach near Davenport on May 31, 2019. \u003ccite>(Dorris Welch/Courtesy Long Marine Laboratory )\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Once it was on the sand, Casper assessed the animal and took its vitals. The whale appeared to have an injured snout; its lower and upper jawbones were broken, which would prevent it from feeding. Casper called a team of experts at the Marine Mammal Center to see if it was a candidate for rehabilitation. But there was no way to care for the whale in an existing rehab center.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This animal is a deep-water species and had a massive traumatic injury. It would have been inhumane to try and rehabilitate it,” said Dunkin. The whale had to be euthanized on the beach and was transported to Long Marine Lab in a van.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Necropsy Results \u003c/b>\u003cb>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The next step was to understand why the whale had died, if possible. At the lab, Dunkin and Melissa Miller, a veterinary pathologist at the California Department of Fish and Wildlife, performed a necropsy, collecting hundreds of tissue samples to be shared with researchers around the world. The whale’s brain was sent to a neurology lab in New York to better understand how sonar’s disruptive signals harm whales.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The post-mortem revealed traumatic injuries to the beak or snout of the whale, also known as the rostrum, which had subsequently become infected. The scientists thought the whale had most likely become injured in the course of interacting with other animals or when hunting. Beaked whales are pelagic species that hunt deep in the ocean where there is no light, relying on sonar. This particular whale might have crashed into a rock when chasing prey, Dunkin said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>An Elusive, Deep-Diving Whale\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Given how rare this species is, scientists were working to verify that they had identified it correctly. In fact, they initially misidentified it. “We looked at an identification key — it did not fit the profiles of any of the whales we have ever had,” said Dunkin. “But it did fit the morphological features of a Perrin’s beaked whale.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1943934\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1943934\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/Whale_Sand-e1561488317484-800x1645.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"1645\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/Whale_Sand-e1561488317484-800x1645.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/Whale_Sand-e1561488317484-160x329.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/Whale_Sand-e1561488317484-768x1579.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/Whale_Sand-e1561488317484-584x1200.jpg 584w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/Whale_Sand-e1561488317484.jpg 996w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The juvenile Hubbs’ whale was initially mistaken for a Perrin’s beaked whale. \u003ccite>(Dorris Welch/Courtesy of Long Marine Lab)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Dunkin sent DNA samples to the NOAA Southwest Fisheries Science Center for genetic confirmation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Well, surprise surprise — the genetics came back and told us that the whale is actually a Hubbs’ beaked whale,” said Dunkin. She explained that the morphology (physical features) of a juvenile Hubbs’ whale looks just like a Perrin’s beaked whale.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The beaked whale’s skeleton will be going to the California Academy of Sciences.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In general, beaked whales spend about 98% of their time deep below the ocean’s surface, and because of their elusive habits, they seldom come into contact with humans. “There are lots of mysteries still out there, and what’s rare is getting the chance to be able to look one of these very mysterious animals in the eye and really learn something about it,” Dunkin said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Beaked whales are the deepest-diving cetaceans, regularly descending to depths lower than 3,300 feet. They are suction feeders: By opening their mouths very quickly, they create a vacuum where water rushes in, pulling in prey like squid, Dunkin said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We don’t know much about Hubbs’ beaked whales. Fewer than 60 specimens have come to scientists’ attention after the first ones started washing up on beaches in 1944, and only one was spotted alive in its Pacific Ocean habitat. The Hubbs’ beaked whale gained status as a new species in 1963. Past specimens have been stranded along the West Coast and Japan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>A Tough Summer\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s already been a tough summer for whale strandings. So far, \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11751555/feds-plan-to-investigate-spike-in-gray-whale-deaths-on-west-coast-as-unusual-mortality-event\">70 whales\u003c/a> have washed up on California beaches, for a variety of reasons. So it’s been a busy time for the Long Marine Lab Marine Mammal Stranding Network, one of several organizations that operates year-round to respond to live and dead marine mammals that wash up on shore. Others include the Moss Landing Marine Laboratories and the Marine Mammal Center in Sausalito.\u003cbr>\n\u003cb>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/b>If you see a sick, injured, stranded or dead marine mammal or sea turtle call\u003ca href=\"https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/report\"> your local stranding network\u003c/a>. You can also use the Dolphin and Whale 911 app to report a stranded marine mammal. The app is available for \u003ca href=\"https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=gov.noaa.nmfs.sero.dolphinwhale911&hl=en\">Android devices\u003c/a> as well as\u003ca href=\"https://apps.apple.com/us/app/dolphin-whale-911/id698859376\"> iOS\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
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"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
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"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
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"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
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"tagline": "Politics from a personal perspective",
"info": "Political Breakdown is a new series that explores the political intersection of California and the nation. Each week hosts Scott Shafer and Marisa Lagos are joined with a new special guest to unpack politics -- with personality — and offer an insider’s glimpse at how politics happens.",
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"possible": {
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"info": "Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.",
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"info": "Each weekday, host Marco Werman and his team of producers bring you the world's most interesting stories in an hour of radio that reminds us just how small our planet really is.",
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},
"radiolab": {
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"info": "A two-time Peabody Award-winner, Radiolab is an investigation told through sounds and stories, and centered around one big idea. In the Radiolab world, information sounds like music and science and culture collide. Hosted by Jad Abumrad and Robert Krulwich, the show is designed for listeners who demand skepticism, but appreciate wonder. WNYC Studios is the producer of other leading podcasts including Freakonomics Radio, Death, Sex & Money, On the Media and many more.",
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},
"reveal": {
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"info": "Created by The Center for Investigative Reporting and PRX, Reveal is public radios first one-hour weekly radio show and podcast dedicated to investigative reporting. Credible, fact based and without a partisan agenda, Reveal combines the power and artistry of driveway moment storytelling with data-rich reporting on critically important issues. The result is stories that inform and inspire, arming our listeners with information to right injustices, hold the powerful accountable and improve lives.Reveal is hosted by Al Letson and showcases the award-winning work of CIR and newsrooms large and small across the nation. In a radio and podcast market crowded with choices, Reveal focuses on important and often surprising stories that illuminate the world for our listeners.",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.revealnews.org/episodes/",
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},
"rightnowish": {
"id": "rightnowish",
"title": "Rightnowish",
"tagline": "Art is where you find it",
"info": "Rightnowish digs into life in the Bay Area right now… ish. Journalist Pendarvis Harshaw takes us to galleries painted on the sides of liquor stores in West Oakland. We'll dance in warehouses in the Bayview, make smoothies with kids in South Berkeley, and listen to classical music in a 1984 Cutlass Supreme in Richmond. Every week, Pen talks to movers and shakers about how the Bay Area shapes what they create, and how they shape the place we call home.",
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},
"science-friday": {
"id": "science-friday",
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"info": "Science Friday is a weekly science talk show, broadcast live over public radio stations nationwide. Each week, the show focuses on science topics that are in the news and tries to bring an educated, balanced discussion to bear on the scientific issues at hand. Panels of expert guests join host Ira Flatow, a veteran science journalist, to discuss science and to take questions from listeners during the call-in portion of the program.",
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