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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">California Attorney General Xavier Becerra and a coalition of environmental groups sued the Trump administration today over a federal Environmental Protection Agency ruling that vast salt ponds in the South Bay are not “waters of the United States.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last March, the Trump administration \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/cwa-404/2019-redwood-city-salt-plant-jurisdictional-determination-under-cwa-section-404\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">ruled\u003c/a> that 1,365 acres of salt ponds owned by Cargill are not subject to some restrictions of the federal Clean Water Act. That determination breathed new life into one of the Bay Area’s largest housing proposals in five decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But EPA’s decision angered environmental groups and government officials like Peninsula Congresswoman Jackie Speier. She claimed that Cargill executives worked behind the scenes with the Trump administration to push the decision in violation of environmental laws. “I am not willing to let this happen,” she said at the time.\u003cbr>\n\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cbr>\n“It’s a sad day when the country’s ‘environmental protection agency’ looks at the San Francisco Bay and doesn’t see a body of water that it should protect,” Becerra said in a statement. “We should restore the Bay, not build on top of it. This unlawful proposal is simply an attempt by the EPA to overlook its obligation to protect our nation’s waters in order to fast track development. President Trump, California’s precious San Francisco Bay is not for sale.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Senator Dianne Feinstein issued a statement in support of Becerra’s lawsuit, saying that the administration’s failure to protect the salt ponds puts the San Francisco Bay ecosystem at risk. She said that EPA’s regional office determined in 2016 that the area along Redwood City is subject to permitting requirements under the Clean Water Act.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“With little explanation, the Trump administration reversed that decision, opening the fragile salt ponds up to development,” she said. “The health of the San Francisco Bay will largely be determined by the future of these surrounding salt ponds. We can’t let the administration shirk its responsibility to safeguard this national treasure.”\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The lawsuits seek to overturn the EPA decision.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">EPA officials declined to discuss the legal dispute. In an email, Bill Glenn, acting director of the agency’s press office for the region, said that \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“EPA does not discuss pending litigation.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.forbes.com/sites/chloesorvino/2018/10/22/silent-giant-americas-biggest-private-company-reveals-its-plan-to-get-even-bigger-1/#36cef6e6bc7b\">Cargill\u003c/a> is the nation’s largest private company. It purchased the ponds’ longtime owner, Leslie Salt, 40 years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>David Smith, the company’s attorney for the project, called the litigation unproductive and a distraction. He said Cargill remains focused on finding a community-backed solution for developing the site, which is an active salt harvesting facility.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are disappointed the California Attorney General and local groups chose to pursue litigation rather than join the community discussion,” he said in a statement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">David Lewis, executive director of Save the Bay, said in a statement that the salt ponds deserve federal legal protection from pollution and development. “We won’t let the Trump Administration invite developers to pave the bay,” he said.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://twitter.com/saveSFbay/status/1176558200612675584?s=20\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Save The Bay filed the joint lawsuit with San Francisco Baykeeper, Committee for Green Foothills, and Citizens’ Committee to Complete the Refuge.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The legal challenges from California and the environmental groups challenge the EPA conclusion, saying it is contrary to the Clean Water Act and undermines California’s ability to construct Bay wetlands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They say the agency violated the law and that the salt ponds are like any other wetland around the Bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Environmental groups contend the agency is ignoring that the wetland was once navigable and still has major ecological importance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The groups have identified the area as a prime location for the restoration of wetlands that can improve the tidal marsh ecosystem and provide natural flood protections that scientists say will be vital as climate change pushes San Francisco Bay waters higher and higher.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A decade ago, developers proposed building 12,000 new units to house 25,000 people on an area abutting the San Francisco Bay east of Highway 101.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Environmentalists, who want to maintain wetlands, contested the plan from the beginning. They argued that a residential development on the land would violate the Clean Water Act, which prohibits the filling of waterways.\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The Obama administration agreed, and in 2012, Cargill withdrew its proposal. But Obama’s EPA did not finalize its ruling before he left office, and the Trump administration reversed it, removing a key legal block to a development that is potentially worth billions of dollars. \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The company maintains that its original plan is dead. While it has yet to introduce a new plan, it says that it will hold public hearings to gather ideas from residents. Trump’s ruling also means that the government or environmental groups will likely have to pay more for the land if they want to turn it into a wildlife habitat restoration.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Read \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1918301/what-are-those-weird-pink-ponds-in-san-francisco-bay\">here\u003c/a> for more on this story.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">California Attorney General Xavier Becerra and a coalition of environmental groups sued the Trump administration today over a federal Environmental Protection Agency ruling that vast salt ponds in the South Bay are not “waters of the United States.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last March, the Trump administration \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/cwa-404/2019-redwood-city-salt-plant-jurisdictional-determination-under-cwa-section-404\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">ruled\u003c/a> that 1,365 acres of salt ponds owned by Cargill are not subject to some restrictions of the federal Clean Water Act. That determination breathed new life into one of the Bay Area’s largest housing proposals in five decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But EPA’s decision angered environmental groups and government officials like Peninsula Congresswoman Jackie Speier. She claimed that Cargill executives worked behind the scenes with the Trump administration to push the decision in violation of environmental laws. “I am not willing to let this happen,” she said at the time.\u003cbr>\n\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cbr>\n“It’s a sad day when the country’s ‘environmental protection agency’ looks at the San Francisco Bay and doesn’t see a body of water that it should protect,” Becerra said in a statement. “We should restore the Bay, not build on top of it. This unlawful proposal is simply an attempt by the EPA to overlook its obligation to protect our nation’s waters in order to fast track development. President Trump, California’s precious San Francisco Bay is not for sale.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Senator Dianne Feinstein issued a statement in support of Becerra’s lawsuit, saying that the administration’s failure to protect the salt ponds puts the San Francisco Bay ecosystem at risk. She said that EPA’s regional office determined in 2016 that the area along Redwood City is subject to permitting requirements under the Clean Water Act.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“With little explanation, the Trump administration reversed that decision, opening the fragile salt ponds up to development,” she said. “The health of the San Francisco Bay will largely be determined by the future of these surrounding salt ponds. We can’t let the administration shirk its responsibility to safeguard this national treasure.”\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The lawsuits seek to overturn the EPA decision.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">EPA officials declined to discuss the legal dispute. In an email, Bill Glenn, acting director of the agency’s press office for the region, said that \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“EPA does not discuss pending litigation.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.forbes.com/sites/chloesorvino/2018/10/22/silent-giant-americas-biggest-private-company-reveals-its-plan-to-get-even-bigger-1/#36cef6e6bc7b\">Cargill\u003c/a> is the nation’s largest private company. It purchased the ponds’ longtime owner, Leslie Salt, 40 years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>David Smith, the company’s attorney for the project, called the litigation unproductive and a distraction. He said Cargill remains focused on finding a community-backed solution for developing the site, which is an active salt harvesting facility.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are disappointed the California Attorney General and local groups chose to pursue litigation rather than join the community discussion,” he said in a statement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">David Lewis, executive director of Save the Bay, said in a statement that the salt ponds deserve federal legal protection from pollution and development. “We won’t let the Trump Administration invite developers to pave the bay,” he said.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\n\u003cp>Save The Bay filed the joint lawsuit with San Francisco Baykeeper, Committee for Green Foothills, and Citizens’ Committee to Complete the Refuge.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The legal challenges from California and the environmental groups challenge the EPA conclusion, saying it is contrary to the Clean Water Act and undermines California’s ability to construct Bay wetlands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They say the agency violated the law and that the salt ponds are like any other wetland around the Bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Environmental groups contend the agency is ignoring that the wetland was once navigable and still has major ecological importance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The groups have identified the area as a prime location for the restoration of wetlands that can improve the tidal marsh ecosystem and provide natural flood protections that scientists say will be vital as climate change pushes San Francisco Bay waters higher and higher.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A decade ago, developers proposed building 12,000 new units to house 25,000 people on an area abutting the San Francisco Bay east of Highway 101.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Environmentalists, who want to maintain wetlands, contested the plan from the beginning. They argued that a residential development on the land would violate the Clean Water Act, which prohibits the filling of waterways.\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The Obama administration agreed, and in 2012, Cargill withdrew its proposal. But Obama’s EPA did not finalize its ruling before he left office, and the Trump administration reversed it, removing a key legal block to a development that is potentially worth billions of dollars. \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The company maintains that its original plan is dead. While it has yet to introduce a new plan, it says that it will hold public hearings to gather ideas from residents. Trump’s ruling also means that the government or environmental groups will likely have to pay more for the land if they want to turn it into a wildlife habitat restoration.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Read \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1918301/what-are-those-weird-pink-ponds-in-san-francisco-bay\">here\u003c/a> for more on this story.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "The Beginner's Guide to Electric Cars",
"headTitle": "The Beginner’s Guide to Electric Cars | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Electric vehicles (EVs) \u003ca href=\"https://qz.com/1695602/the-average-electric-vehicle-is-getting-cheaper-in-the-us/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">are getting cheaper\u003c/a>—so whether you’re looking for a way to \u003ca href=\"https://www.energy.gov/maps/egallon\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">save on the hassle and cost of gas\u003c/a>, shrink your carbon footprint, or simply zip around in a new Tesla, there are lots of reasons to consider a hybrid or electric car.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/Covering-Climate-Now-Logo.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright wp-image-1947420\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/Covering-Climate-Now-Logo-1020x1019.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"235\" height=\"235\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/Covering-Climate-Now-Logo-1020x1019.png 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/Covering-Climate-Now-Logo-160x160.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/Covering-Climate-Now-Logo-800x799.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/Covering-Climate-Now-Logo-768x767.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/Covering-Climate-Now-Logo.png 1116w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 235px) 100vw, 235px\">\u003c/a>But before you go electric, there are a few decisions you have to\u003cbr>\nmake—and some planning you need to do—to make sure the car you buy fits your driving needs. Here are a few things to consider before you make the switch.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Decide Whether to Go With a Plug-in Hybrid or Full EV\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While a conventional hybrid (HEV) relies on its gasoline engine and a small battery to work in tandem, a plug-in hybrid (PHEV) can operate on its battery alone—and burn no fuel—for a limited number of miles before the engine starts up to help.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you never plug your PHEV in, it’ll act just like a regular hybrid with the engine and battery trading off. So while you can charge your plug-in hybrid to get the benefits of battery-only driving over a short distance, you don’t have to.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A full EV, on the other hand, relies solely on its battery for power—which means it has to be charged regularly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Calculate Your Costs\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are a few elements to comparing the cost of an EV versus a conventional car. One is the cost to drive your vehicle off the lot. EVs are still \u003ca href=\"https://qz.com/1695602/the-average-electric-vehicle-is-getting-cheaper-in-the-us/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">more expensive up front\u003c/a>: $55,600 compared to an industry median of $36,600. The median cost of a PHEV is somewhere in the middle (\u003ca href=\"https://evadoption.com/ev-models/available-phevs/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">around $46,000\u003c/a>).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some electric cars qualify you for \u003ca href=\"https://www.irs.gov/businesses/irc-30d-new-qualified-plug-in-electric-drive-motor-vehicle-credit\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">up to $7,500 in federal tax credits\u003c/a> plus additional rebates and credits offered by your state or city. Some PHEVs have \u003ca href=\"https://www.fueleconomy.gov/feg/taxevb.shtml\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">slightly lower credits\u003c/a> than full EVs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you install Level 2 home charging equipment, that’ll add to your upfront cost (more on that in a minute).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the real difference is in long-term costs, which vary widely based on factors like the car make and model; gas and electricity prices where you live; when and where you charge your EV; maintenance costs; and how much you drive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, it’s likely that your \u003ca href=\"https://craig.bonsignore.com/2012/09/19/one-year-of-electric-driving/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">energy costs will be lower\u003c/a> with an EV (electricity) versus a conventional car (gas) and somewhere in the middle with a PHEV. Use a calculator (like the FuelEconomy.gov’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.fueleconomy.gov/feg/Find.do?action=phev1Prompt\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Plug-in Hybrid tool\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://www.energy.gov/maps/egallon\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">eGallon comparison\u003c/a>) to get a ballpark figure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Install a charger at home\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Depending on where you live, you may be able to rely on public charging stations to keep your EV’s battery full. But many electric car owners say that it’s much easier and more convenient to install a charger at your home if you’re able. Your vehicle is likely to spend the largest chunks of idle time parked in your garage or driveway, so if you can charge there you’ll save yourself the hassle of waiting at a station.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you live in an apartment or have to park on the street or in a public lot, you may be out of luck on this (unless you can convince your landlord or property manager to install charging equipment).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Setting up home charging is pretty straightforward. You can plug a Level 1 charger right into a standard 120V outlet, though this will juice up your vehicle very slowly (2–5 miles per hour, according to \u003ca href=\"https://afdc.energy.gov/files/u/publication/WPCC_L1ChargingAtTheWorkplace_0716.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Energy Department estimates\u003c/a>).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A Level 2 charger uses 240V, costs anywhere from \u003ca href=\"https://www.consumerreports.org/hybrids-evs/whats-the-right-electric-car-charger-for-your-home/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">a few hundred dollars to $1,000 or more\u003c/a> to install, and works much faster—adding anywhere from about \u003ca href=\"https://www.clippercreek.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/Level-1-vs-Level-2_Chart_-20180502_Final_Low-Res.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">10 to 20 (or more, for some models) miles of range per hour\u003c/a> of charging. You can \u003ca href=\"https://www.energysage.com/electric-vehicles/charging-your-ev/install-a-home-charging-station/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">install this type of charger yourself\u003c/a> or hire an electrician. Make sure you get the right parts for your vehicle. Tesla, for example, has a specific \u003ca href=\"https://www.tesla.com/support/home-charging-installation/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">hardware and installation guide\u003c/a> for its cars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Take Advantage of Free Charging (and Downtime)\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Charging at home will add a little bit to your electricity bill, and some charging stations do require you to pay for juicing up your EV. But there are lots of ways to charge for free.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, your office may provide charging stations for employees so you can leave your car plugged in for part of your workday. Some hotels, restaurants, and stores offer charging for patrons. You can also find nearby public charging stations that are free using maps like \u003ca href=\"https://www.chargepoint.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">ChargePoint\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://www.plugshare.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">PlugShare\u003c/a> (which have filters for paid vs. free stations).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Note that public charging stations often have time limits (similar to parking restrictions). Make sure you check signage and observe any posted rules.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Plus, you can use any time you’re not driving—and any location where you can plug into a 120V outlet—as an opportunity to charge (at your friends’ homes, at your Airbnb, etc.).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Plan Your Driving Routes Ahead of Time\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Your vehicle’s range may be one of the biggest limitations to consider before you buy. Most EVs have a range of fewer than 300 miles, which makes longer trips difficult unless you can find charging stations along the way. PHEVs have very \u003ca href=\"https://www.caranddriver.com/features/a27127697/plug-in-hybrid-2019/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">short driving ranges per charge\u003c/a>—generally enough for commuting or running errands—but will switch to gas when needed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since there are far more gas stations than charging stations, driving a full EV over longer distances requires some planning. Google Maps \u003ca href=\"https://lifehacker.com/how-to-find-ev-charging-stations-using-google-maps-1829884348\" rel=\"nofollow\">shows you nearby stations\u003c/a> and what kind of equipment is available if you search “EV Charging” or “EV Charging Stations.” \u003ca href=\"https://lifehacker.com/chargehub-finds-charging-stations-for-your-electric-veh-1743937351\" rel=\"nofollow\">Apps like ChargeHub\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://www.plugshare.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">PlugShare\u003c/a> offer similar mapping features.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Depending on where and how much you drive, an EV’s range may be plenty. But if you travel a lot, you may end up frustrated with charging stops and route planning if an EV is your only option. If charging stations are few and far between, if there’s a line of cars already waiting, or if you simply don’t want to stop for longer than a lunch break, this could get really old, really fast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A possible workaround: if you road trip less frequently, rent a car as needed for distances beyond your EV’s range. Or go with a PHEV, which can switch to gas for longer journeys.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Use the Right Charging Equipment\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you have to charge your car away from home, make sure you use the \u003ca href=\"https://www.energy.gov/eere/electricvehicles/vehicle-charging\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">right combination of charger and plug\u003c/a>. Most vehicles have a standard J1772 port that connects with a Level 1 or Level 2 charging unit. Some cars can also connect to faster Level 3 charging equipment using one of a few different connectors (called CHAdeMO and SAE Combo).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Teslas can hook up to proprietary \u003ca href=\"https://www.tesla.com/support/supercharging\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Supercharger stations\u003c/a>, though Tesla also has J1772 and CHAdeMO adapters for stations outside of its network.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Your car’s specs should outline \u003ca href=\"https://chargehub.com/en/electric-car-charging-guide.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">which connectors and charging systems\u003c/a> your EV can use (or it’s something you’ll learn on day one of ownership). It is possible that not every charging station you encounter will have fast charging options, but you should be able to connect to any Level 2 charger with or without a J1772 adapter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Maintain Your Vehicle\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>EVs don’t require regular oil changes like gas-powered cars. But that doesn’t mean you can simply charge and go. You still have to attend to other \u003ca href=\"https://www.cnet.com/roadshow/news/top-5-electric-car-maintenance-issues-and-their-costs/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">standard-issue car maintenance tasks\u003c/a> and regularly inflate and rotate your tires, change your wiper blades, and keep an eye on brake pads. Some \u003ca href=\"https://www.reddit.com/r/personalfinance/comments/67951o/should_i_get_an_electric_car/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">EV drivers report\u003c/a> that underinflated tires can significantly affect your car’s range. Basically, maintenance matters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But most EVs come with much less frequent maintenance checks than conventional cars (case in point: the Chevy Bolt has no \u003ca href=\"https://insideevs.com/news/330737/chevrolet-bolt-requires-almost-no-maintenance-for-first-150000-miles/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">scheduled maintenance\u003c/a> outside of tire rotations every 7,500 miles, air filter changes every 22,500 miles, and coolant flushes \u003cem>every 150,000 miles\u003c/em>). There may be some minimal maintenance required on batteries and electronics, and of course, things can unexpectedly go haywire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By contrast, PHEVs will be \u003ca href=\"https://www.energy.gov/eere/electricvehicles/electric-car-safety-maintenance-and-battery-life\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">on similar schedules to conventional cars\u003c/a> because they still have gas engines and associated fluids.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Depending on your specific service needs, your neighborhood mechanic may not be equipped for the job (if specialty tools are required, for example). In that case, you may need to seek out a dealer who works on your EV model.\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"inset--story js_inset branded-item branded-item--lifehacker\">\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Prepare for Extreme Temperatures\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>EVs \u003ca href=\"https://jalopnik.com/heres-what-happens-to-your-electric-car-in-a-bitter-can-1832151810\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">have some quirks in cold weather\u003c/a>. All cars are slightly less efficient in the winter, but EVs lose some of their range (\u003ca href=\"https://www.energy.gov/eere/electricvehicles/maximizing-electric-cars-range-extreme-temperatures\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">25 percent or more\u003c/a>) because batteries are very sensitive to temperature. Plus, it takes energy to power climate control—whether you’re running the heat or the air conditioning.]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One way around this is to \u003ca href=\"https://blog.ucsusa.org/dave-reichmuth/electric-cars-cold-weather-temperatures\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">precondition your EV\u003c/a> while it’s plugged into your charger—this warms the car and the battery so stored energy goes toward powering your actual drive. It’s similar to turning on your gas-powered car’s heat before you actually need to get in and drive away, but with most EVs, you can turn on or schedule this function with a connected app. Heating both your battery and your EV’s cabin ahead of time means you’ll be warmer and your car will be more efficient despite the cold weather. You can also set preconditioning to work in the summer so your car is nice and cool for your commute.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With a PHEV, heat relies on the gas engine. If you want to stay on battery power, turn on your heated seats until you can’t handle the cold and need to blast the heat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Don’t forget to turn your car off\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>EVs and PHEVs are generally a lot quieter than regular vehicles—which means it’s easy to get out, shut the door, and forget that the car is running. Remember to turn it off before you walk away. While it’s unlikely you’ll come close to draining your battery before you return, you probably shouldn’t get in the habit of leaving it on. You may have the option to enable an alarm that goes off when you’ve left your car running. Some EVs \u003ca href=\"https://www.motortrend.com/news/chevrolet-bolt-ev-engineers-reveal-11-cool-facts-car-year\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">automatically shut off\u003c/a> after a set amount of time—and Teslas turn off when you exit and close the door behind you.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This \u003ca href=\"https://lifehacker.com/the-beginners-guide-to-electric-cars-1838044588\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">story\u003c/a> originally appeared in \u003ca href=\"https://lifehacker.com/the-beginners-guide-to-electric-cars-1838044588\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Lifehacker\u003c/a>. It is republished here as part of \u003ca href=\"http://kqed.org/climate\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">KQED Science’s\u003c/a> partnership with Covering Climate Now, a global collaboration of more than 250 news outlets to strengthen coverage of the climate story.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "But before you go electric, there are a few decisions you have to make—and some planning you need to do.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Electric vehicles (EVs) \u003ca href=\"https://qz.com/1695602/the-average-electric-vehicle-is-getting-cheaper-in-the-us/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">are getting cheaper\u003c/a>—so whether you’re looking for a way to \u003ca href=\"https://www.energy.gov/maps/egallon\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">save on the hassle and cost of gas\u003c/a>, shrink your carbon footprint, or simply zip around in a new Tesla, there are lots of reasons to consider a hybrid or electric car.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/Covering-Climate-Now-Logo.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright wp-image-1947420\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/Covering-Climate-Now-Logo-1020x1019.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"235\" height=\"235\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/Covering-Climate-Now-Logo-1020x1019.png 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/Covering-Climate-Now-Logo-160x160.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/Covering-Climate-Now-Logo-800x799.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/Covering-Climate-Now-Logo-768x767.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/Covering-Climate-Now-Logo.png 1116w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 235px) 100vw, 235px\">\u003c/a>But before you go electric, there are a few decisions you have to\u003cbr>\nmake—and some planning you need to do—to make sure the car you buy fits your driving needs. Here are a few things to consider before you make the switch.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Decide Whether to Go With a Plug-in Hybrid or Full EV\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While a conventional hybrid (HEV) relies on its gasoline engine and a small battery to work in tandem, a plug-in hybrid (PHEV) can operate on its battery alone—and burn no fuel—for a limited number of miles before the engine starts up to help.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you never plug your PHEV in, it’ll act just like a regular hybrid with the engine and battery trading off. So while you can charge your plug-in hybrid to get the benefits of battery-only driving over a short distance, you don’t have to.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A full EV, on the other hand, relies solely on its battery for power—which means it has to be charged regularly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Calculate Your Costs\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are a few elements to comparing the cost of an EV versus a conventional car. One is the cost to drive your vehicle off the lot. EVs are still \u003ca href=\"https://qz.com/1695602/the-average-electric-vehicle-is-getting-cheaper-in-the-us/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">more expensive up front\u003c/a>: $55,600 compared to an industry median of $36,600. The median cost of a PHEV is somewhere in the middle (\u003ca href=\"https://evadoption.com/ev-models/available-phevs/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">around $46,000\u003c/a>).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some electric cars qualify you for \u003ca href=\"https://www.irs.gov/businesses/irc-30d-new-qualified-plug-in-electric-drive-motor-vehicle-credit\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">up to $7,500 in federal tax credits\u003c/a> plus additional rebates and credits offered by your state or city. Some PHEVs have \u003ca href=\"https://www.fueleconomy.gov/feg/taxevb.shtml\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">slightly lower credits\u003c/a> than full EVs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you install Level 2 home charging equipment, that’ll add to your upfront cost (more on that in a minute).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the real difference is in long-term costs, which vary widely based on factors like the car make and model; gas and electricity prices where you live; when and where you charge your EV; maintenance costs; and how much you drive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, it’s likely that your \u003ca href=\"https://craig.bonsignore.com/2012/09/19/one-year-of-electric-driving/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">energy costs will be lower\u003c/a> with an EV (electricity) versus a conventional car (gas) and somewhere in the middle with a PHEV. Use a calculator (like the FuelEconomy.gov’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.fueleconomy.gov/feg/Find.do?action=phev1Prompt\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Plug-in Hybrid tool\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://www.energy.gov/maps/egallon\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">eGallon comparison\u003c/a>) to get a ballpark figure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Install a charger at home\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Depending on where you live, you may be able to rely on public charging stations to keep your EV’s battery full. But many electric car owners say that it’s much easier and more convenient to install a charger at your home if you’re able. Your vehicle is likely to spend the largest chunks of idle time parked in your garage or driveway, so if you can charge there you’ll save yourself the hassle of waiting at a station.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you live in an apartment or have to park on the street or in a public lot, you may be out of luck on this (unless you can convince your landlord or property manager to install charging equipment).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Setting up home charging is pretty straightforward. You can plug a Level 1 charger right into a standard 120V outlet, though this will juice up your vehicle very slowly (2–5 miles per hour, according to \u003ca href=\"https://afdc.energy.gov/files/u/publication/WPCC_L1ChargingAtTheWorkplace_0716.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Energy Department estimates\u003c/a>).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A Level 2 charger uses 240V, costs anywhere from \u003ca href=\"https://www.consumerreports.org/hybrids-evs/whats-the-right-electric-car-charger-for-your-home/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">a few hundred dollars to $1,000 or more\u003c/a> to install, and works much faster—adding anywhere from about \u003ca href=\"https://www.clippercreek.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/Level-1-vs-Level-2_Chart_-20180502_Final_Low-Res.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">10 to 20 (or more, for some models) miles of range per hour\u003c/a> of charging. You can \u003ca href=\"https://www.energysage.com/electric-vehicles/charging-your-ev/install-a-home-charging-station/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">install this type of charger yourself\u003c/a> or hire an electrician. Make sure you get the right parts for your vehicle. Tesla, for example, has a specific \u003ca href=\"https://www.tesla.com/support/home-charging-installation/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">hardware and installation guide\u003c/a> for its cars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Take Advantage of Free Charging (and Downtime)\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Charging at home will add a little bit to your electricity bill, and some charging stations do require you to pay for juicing up your EV. But there are lots of ways to charge for free.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, your office may provide charging stations for employees so you can leave your car plugged in for part of your workday. Some hotels, restaurants, and stores offer charging for patrons. You can also find nearby public charging stations that are free using maps like \u003ca href=\"https://www.chargepoint.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">ChargePoint\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://www.plugshare.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">PlugShare\u003c/a> (which have filters for paid vs. free stations).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Note that public charging stations often have time limits (similar to parking restrictions). Make sure you check signage and observe any posted rules.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Plus, you can use any time you’re not driving—and any location where you can plug into a 120V outlet—as an opportunity to charge (at your friends’ homes, at your Airbnb, etc.).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Plan Your Driving Routes Ahead of Time\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Your vehicle’s range may be one of the biggest limitations to consider before you buy. Most EVs have a range of fewer than 300 miles, which makes longer trips difficult unless you can find charging stations along the way. PHEVs have very \u003ca href=\"https://www.caranddriver.com/features/a27127697/plug-in-hybrid-2019/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">short driving ranges per charge\u003c/a>—generally enough for commuting or running errands—but will switch to gas when needed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since there are far more gas stations than charging stations, driving a full EV over longer distances requires some planning. Google Maps \u003ca href=\"https://lifehacker.com/how-to-find-ev-charging-stations-using-google-maps-1829884348\" rel=\"nofollow\">shows you nearby stations\u003c/a> and what kind of equipment is available if you search “EV Charging” or “EV Charging Stations.” \u003ca href=\"https://lifehacker.com/chargehub-finds-charging-stations-for-your-electric-veh-1743937351\" rel=\"nofollow\">Apps like ChargeHub\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://www.plugshare.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">PlugShare\u003c/a> offer similar mapping features.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Depending on where and how much you drive, an EV’s range may be plenty. But if you travel a lot, you may end up frustrated with charging stops and route planning if an EV is your only option. If charging stations are few and far between, if there’s a line of cars already waiting, or if you simply don’t want to stop for longer than a lunch break, this could get really old, really fast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A possible workaround: if you road trip less frequently, rent a car as needed for distances beyond your EV’s range. Or go with a PHEV, which can switch to gas for longer journeys.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Use the Right Charging Equipment\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you have to charge your car away from home, make sure you use the \u003ca href=\"https://www.energy.gov/eere/electricvehicles/vehicle-charging\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">right combination of charger and plug\u003c/a>. Most vehicles have a standard J1772 port that connects with a Level 1 or Level 2 charging unit. Some cars can also connect to faster Level 3 charging equipment using one of a few different connectors (called CHAdeMO and SAE Combo).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Teslas can hook up to proprietary \u003ca href=\"https://www.tesla.com/support/supercharging\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Supercharger stations\u003c/a>, though Tesla also has J1772 and CHAdeMO adapters for stations outside of its network.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Your car’s specs should outline \u003ca href=\"https://chargehub.com/en/electric-car-charging-guide.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">which connectors and charging systems\u003c/a> your EV can use (or it’s something you’ll learn on day one of ownership). It is possible that not every charging station you encounter will have fast charging options, but you should be able to connect to any Level 2 charger with or without a J1772 adapter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Maintain Your Vehicle\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>EVs don’t require regular oil changes like gas-powered cars. But that doesn’t mean you can simply charge and go. You still have to attend to other \u003ca href=\"https://www.cnet.com/roadshow/news/top-5-electric-car-maintenance-issues-and-their-costs/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">standard-issue car maintenance tasks\u003c/a> and regularly inflate and rotate your tires, change your wiper blades, and keep an eye on brake pads. Some \u003ca href=\"https://www.reddit.com/r/personalfinance/comments/67951o/should_i_get_an_electric_car/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">EV drivers report\u003c/a> that underinflated tires can significantly affect your car’s range. Basically, maintenance matters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But most EVs come with much less frequent maintenance checks than conventional cars (case in point: the Chevy Bolt has no \u003ca href=\"https://insideevs.com/news/330737/chevrolet-bolt-requires-almost-no-maintenance-for-first-150000-miles/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">scheduled maintenance\u003c/a> outside of tire rotations every 7,500 miles, air filter changes every 22,500 miles, and coolant flushes \u003cem>every 150,000 miles\u003c/em>). There may be some minimal maintenance required on batteries and electronics, and of course, things can unexpectedly go haywire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By contrast, PHEVs will be \u003ca href=\"https://www.energy.gov/eere/electricvehicles/electric-car-safety-maintenance-and-battery-life\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">on similar schedules to conventional cars\u003c/a> because they still have gas engines and associated fluids.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Depending on your specific service needs, your neighborhood mechanic may not be equipped for the job (if specialty tools are required, for example). In that case, you may need to seek out a dealer who works on your EV model.\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"inset--story js_inset branded-item branded-item--lifehacker\">\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Prepare for Extreme Temperatures\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>EVs \u003ca href=\"https://jalopnik.com/heres-what-happens-to-your-electric-car-in-a-bitter-can-1832151810\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">have some quirks in cold weather\u003c/a>. All cars are slightly less efficient in the winter, but EVs lose some of their range (\u003ca href=\"https://www.energy.gov/eere/electricvehicles/maximizing-electric-cars-range-extreme-temperatures\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">25 percent or more\u003c/a>) because batteries are very sensitive to temperature. Plus, it takes energy to power climate control—whether you’re running the heat or the air conditioning.]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One way around this is to \u003ca href=\"https://blog.ucsusa.org/dave-reichmuth/electric-cars-cold-weather-temperatures\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">precondition your EV\u003c/a> while it’s plugged into your charger—this warms the car and the battery so stored energy goes toward powering your actual drive. It’s similar to turning on your gas-powered car’s heat before you actually need to get in and drive away, but with most EVs, you can turn on or schedule this function with a connected app. Heating both your battery and your EV’s cabin ahead of time means you’ll be warmer and your car will be more efficient despite the cold weather. You can also set preconditioning to work in the summer so your car is nice and cool for your commute.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With a PHEV, heat relies on the gas engine. If you want to stay on battery power, turn on your heated seats until you can’t handle the cold and need to blast the heat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Don’t forget to turn your car off\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>EVs and PHEVs are generally a lot quieter than regular vehicles—which means it’s easy to get out, shut the door, and forget that the car is running. Remember to turn it off before you walk away. While it’s unlikely you’ll come close to draining your battery before you return, you probably shouldn’t get in the habit of leaving it on. You may have the option to enable an alarm that goes off when you’ve left your car running. Some EVs \u003ca href=\"https://www.motortrend.com/news/chevrolet-bolt-ev-engineers-reveal-11-cool-facts-car-year\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">automatically shut off\u003c/a> after a set amount of time—and Teslas turn off when you exit and close the door behind you.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This \u003ca href=\"https://lifehacker.com/the-beginners-guide-to-electric-cars-1838044588\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">story\u003c/a> originally appeared in \u003ca href=\"https://lifehacker.com/the-beginners-guide-to-electric-cars-1838044588\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Lifehacker\u003c/a>. It is republished here as part of \u003ca href=\"http://kqed.org/climate\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">KQED Science’s\u003c/a> partnership with Covering Climate Now, a global collaboration of more than 250 news outlets to strengthen coverage of the climate story.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "‘There’s No Ambiguity. It Will Be Gone.’ How California's Animals Will Feel the Warming Climate",
"headTitle": "‘There’s No Ambiguity. It Will Be Gone.’ How California’s Animals Will Feel the Warming Climate | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp class=\"has-drop-cap\">A blue copper butterfly perches waist height on a buckwheat blossom blooming in the cloud dunes near Bodega Bay. In the thick fog its gossamer wings are folded, keeping its sky-blue hues to itself and the milk-white flower. Normally found at higher elevations in California’s Sierra Nevada and Cascade mountains, this colony of blue coppers exists in this chilly coastal prairie because of the low clouds that drip with moisture.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/Covering-Climate-Now-Logo.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright wp-image-1947420\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/Covering-Climate-Now-Logo-1020x1019.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"245\" height=\"245\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/Covering-Climate-Now-Logo-1020x1019.png 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/Covering-Climate-Now-Logo-160x160.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/Covering-Climate-Now-Logo-800x799.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/Covering-Climate-Now-Logo-768x767.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/Covering-Climate-Now-Logo.png 1116w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 245px) 100vw, 245px\">\u003c/a>If the fog belt burns off permanently, this butterfly population will become extinct. “There’s no ambiguity. It will be gone,” said Arthur Shapiro, an evolution and ecology professor at University of California, Davis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Heat is threatening animals around the world. At a time when scientists are certain that human greenhouse gas emissions are warming ocean waters and raising temperatures, however, they are still sorting out how turning up the thermostat is affecting the specific ecosystems that plants and animals rely on – including the coastal fogs so critical to redwoods, these blue coppers and a host of other species. Researchers are also raising questions about the impacts of an additional 8 degrees Fahrenheit on California’s inland species, from the Central Valley to the Sierra Nevada. While there is little doubt that changes in climate are shifting the habitats of virtually every living being on Earth, an examination of Northern California, one of the most biologically diverse places on the planet because of its mix of habitats, illustrates the challenges of trying to predict the future for evolving species.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Clearly there will be losers. The latest Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change report found that around 1 million animal and plant species are now threatened with extinction, many within decades, more than ever before in human history.\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>But there may also be winners, at least temporarily. As scientists wrestle with the impacts of global temperatures already 2.7 degrees hotter than pre-industrial levels, they are entering a phase of scientific inquiry without parallels, said Shapiro: “Climate change is leading to environments that have no analog in our modern world.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1947884\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1947884\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/Cassins_Auklet-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A Cassin’s auklet on the Farallon Island \u003ccite>(Duncan Wright, Wikimedia Commons)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In the San Francisco Bay Area, the effects of climate change on local species begin at sea. Like oceans around the world, the Pacific has warmed by as much as a half-degree Fahrenheit every decade since 1910. For Cassin’s auklets, the results have been devastating. These chunky fist-sized birds are common in the waters around the Farallon Islands. During the winter of 2014 more than 1,200 young Cassin’s auklets washed up dead – and tens of thousands are thought to have starved, said Shaye Wolf, a climate change scientist with the Center for Biological Diversity. An enormous slog of warm water had developed off the Pacific coast. Known as the Blob, this marine heat wave caused massive die-offs and a 30 percent drop in the population of humpback whales.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The warming waters hit Cassin’s auklets, along with many other seabirds and marine mammals, through their food supply. The auklets feed on krill and copepods, small crustaceans found in most of the world’s oceans. Scientists believe the over-heated waters drastically reduced the numbers of the shrimp-like krill, depriving the birds of a dietary mainstay. Warm waters also drew southern copepods north. And while Cassin’s auklets will eat them, they are less nutritious than their fat northern counterparts, “a kind of junk food,” said Wolf.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists detected \u003ca href=\"https://baynature.org/2019/09/12/review-of-the-pacific-warm-blob-sequel-not-yet-a-phenomena-like-the-original/\">another heat wave developing this summer\u003c/a> in the same area of the previous Blob, this one already 4 degrees Celsius above normal in places. With warmer waters leading to less food, Cassin’s auklets suffered an alarming breeding failure this summer. “Parents abandoned nests and chicks just starved,” Wolf said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"has-drop-cap\">Warming waters are also taking a toll on salmon, threatening these cold-loving fish in several ways. Chinook, the largest of the salmon family, live in both ocean water and freshwater at different stages of their lifecycle. They are extremely resilient and have adapted to some of the warming, said Lisa Crozier, a National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration salmon researcher and lead author of a July \u003ca href=\"https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0217711\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">study\u003c/a> published in \u003cem>PLOS One\u003c/em>. Still, Chinook, already listed as a federally endangered species, are stressed by warmer temperatures in the Sacramento and other rivers. That makes them susceptible to parasites and disease. If stream temperatures rise beyond 3.6 degrees Fahrenheit above the pre-industrial era all bets are off, Crozier said. Chinook salmon in the Central Valley may be the first of the many salmon species to blink out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In inland California, butterflies at various elevations have shown mixed responses to record-setting temperatures. During the state’s five-year drought, researchers found the number of butterfly species and individuals observed per year increased at lower elevations but decreased at higher elevations. A 2018 \u003ca href=\"https://climatechangeresponses.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40665-018-0039-x\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">study\u003c/a> documented those at sea level reversing long-term declines, while butterflies in the Sierra Nevada were severely harmed, said Shapiro, the UC Davis professor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Butterflies generally do not do well in warm, wet winters, he said. During the drought, species at low elevation sites benefitted from hot sunny days and cold nights with minimal humidity. But the drought reduced the high-elevation snowpack that helps overwintering butterflies survive until spring. It may also have caused them to emerge earlier in the season, which could have put them out of sync with the flowers and other resources they depend upon. When ecosystems warm to the extent that they are no longer capable of supporting these and other species, “it’s bye bye,” Shapiro said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"has-drop-cap\">How animals will respond is not always straightforward. When \u003ca href=\"https://www.pointblue.org/employee_bios/jay-roberts/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">Jay Roberts, a Point Blue forest ecologist\u003c/a>, began a study of birds in the Sierra he assumed the five-year drought that killed 147 million trees would be analogous to the climate conditions predicted to occur in the future. He expected to find negative effects to the dusky flycatchers, golden-crowned kinglets and others among the 45 species he monitored. Instead, his \u003ca href=\"https://esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/eap.1848\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">research\u003c/a> documented an overall abundance of birds. Nearly half of the species responded positively to higher temperatures; only 20 percent declined. As climate change continues to increase temperatures, Roberts believes many species may benefit, especially if it is coupled with an increase in precipitation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We can’t conclude this trend will continue, Roberts said, but the birds’ response to a drastic shift in temperature over a very few years demonstrates that they are resilient. Like other species in the Sierra, birds have evolved to adjust to disturbances that include drought and fire. “These responses are in their DNA,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, if some of the effects of heat on animals are counterintuitive, the general results are not. Of the state’s 300 at-risk species, those already gone include two populations of the Bay Checkerspot butterfly. \u003ca href=\"http://www.climateassessment.ca.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">California’s Fourth Climate Change Assessment\u003c/a> predicts temperatures will climb another 5 to 8 degrees Fahrenheit by 2100. Glaciers will continue to melt. In the San Francisco area, where sea level is already 8 inches higher than a century ago, the 2018 assessment projects it will rise an additional 4.5 feet by 2100 – and possibly as much as 9 feet along the California coast. Northern California farmers will face water shortages of up to 16 percent in some regions. Winter storms will likely become more intense in a boom-bust cycle with very wet and very dry years. And in the Sierra Nevada, the snowpack will decline by two-thirds over the next century and temperatures will increase up to 9 degrees Fahrenheit, according to an assessment led by David Ackerly, a biology professor at University of California, Berkeley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As scientists continue to document the sometimes surprising ways that animals respond to heat, blue coppers will continue to lay eggs and nibble on buckwheat as caterpillars before spreading their bright blue wings as butterflies. But for how long? These are uncharted times in a hot and entirely novel climate regime.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This \u003ca href=\"https://baynature.org/2019/09/20/theres-no-ambiguity-it-will-be-gone-how-animals-will-feel-the-warming-climate/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">story\u003c/a> originally appeared in \u003ca href=\"https://baynature.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Bay Nature\u003c/a>. It is republished here as part of \u003ca href=\"http://kqed.org/climate\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">KQED Science’s\u003c/a> partnership with Covering Climate Now, a global collaboration of more than 250 news outlets to strengthen coverage of the climate story.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"author-name\">\u003cem>Based in the northern Sierra Nevada, \u003ca href=\"https://www.janebraxtonlittle.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Jane Braxton Little\u003c/a> is an independent journalist covering science and natural resource issues for publications that include Scientific American, National Geographic, Audubon, Discover, High Country News and, with this story, Bay Nature.\u003c/em>\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp class=\"has-drop-cap\">A blue copper butterfly perches waist height on a buckwheat blossom blooming in the cloud dunes near Bodega Bay. In the thick fog its gossamer wings are folded, keeping its sky-blue hues to itself and the milk-white flower. Normally found at higher elevations in California’s Sierra Nevada and Cascade mountains, this colony of blue coppers exists in this chilly coastal prairie because of the low clouds that drip with moisture.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/Covering-Climate-Now-Logo.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright wp-image-1947420\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/Covering-Climate-Now-Logo-1020x1019.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"245\" height=\"245\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/Covering-Climate-Now-Logo-1020x1019.png 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/Covering-Climate-Now-Logo-160x160.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/Covering-Climate-Now-Logo-800x799.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/Covering-Climate-Now-Logo-768x767.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/Covering-Climate-Now-Logo.png 1116w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 245px) 100vw, 245px\">\u003c/a>If the fog belt burns off permanently, this butterfly population will become extinct. “There’s no ambiguity. It will be gone,” said Arthur Shapiro, an evolution and ecology professor at University of California, Davis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Heat is threatening animals around the world. At a time when scientists are certain that human greenhouse gas emissions are warming ocean waters and raising temperatures, however, they are still sorting out how turning up the thermostat is affecting the specific ecosystems that plants and animals rely on – including the coastal fogs so critical to redwoods, these blue coppers and a host of other species. Researchers are also raising questions about the impacts of an additional 8 degrees Fahrenheit on California’s inland species, from the Central Valley to the Sierra Nevada. While there is little doubt that changes in climate are shifting the habitats of virtually every living being on Earth, an examination of Northern California, one of the most biologically diverse places on the planet because of its mix of habitats, illustrates the challenges of trying to predict the future for evolving species.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Clearly there will be losers. The latest Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change report found that around 1 million animal and plant species are now threatened with extinction, many within decades, more than ever before in human history.\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>But there may also be winners, at least temporarily. As scientists wrestle with the impacts of global temperatures already 2.7 degrees hotter than pre-industrial levels, they are entering a phase of scientific inquiry without parallels, said Shapiro: “Climate change is leading to environments that have no analog in our modern world.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1947884\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1947884\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/Cassins_Auklet-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A Cassin’s auklet on the Farallon Island \u003ccite>(Duncan Wright, Wikimedia Commons)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In the San Francisco Bay Area, the effects of climate change on local species begin at sea. Like oceans around the world, the Pacific has warmed by as much as a half-degree Fahrenheit every decade since 1910. For Cassin’s auklets, the results have been devastating. These chunky fist-sized birds are common in the waters around the Farallon Islands. During the winter of 2014 more than 1,200 young Cassin’s auklets washed up dead – and tens of thousands are thought to have starved, said Shaye Wolf, a climate change scientist with the Center for Biological Diversity. An enormous slog of warm water had developed off the Pacific coast. Known as the Blob, this marine heat wave caused massive die-offs and a 30 percent drop in the population of humpback whales.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The warming waters hit Cassin’s auklets, along with many other seabirds and marine mammals, through their food supply. The auklets feed on krill and copepods, small crustaceans found in most of the world’s oceans. Scientists believe the over-heated waters drastically reduced the numbers of the shrimp-like krill, depriving the birds of a dietary mainstay. Warm waters also drew southern copepods north. And while Cassin’s auklets will eat them, they are less nutritious than their fat northern counterparts, “a kind of junk food,” said Wolf.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists detected \u003ca href=\"https://baynature.org/2019/09/12/review-of-the-pacific-warm-blob-sequel-not-yet-a-phenomena-like-the-original/\">another heat wave developing this summer\u003c/a> in the same area of the previous Blob, this one already 4 degrees Celsius above normal in places. With warmer waters leading to less food, Cassin’s auklets suffered an alarming breeding failure this summer. “Parents abandoned nests and chicks just starved,” Wolf said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"has-drop-cap\">Warming waters are also taking a toll on salmon, threatening these cold-loving fish in several ways. Chinook, the largest of the salmon family, live in both ocean water and freshwater at different stages of their lifecycle. They are extremely resilient and have adapted to some of the warming, said Lisa Crozier, a National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration salmon researcher and lead author of a July \u003ca href=\"https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0217711\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">study\u003c/a> published in \u003cem>PLOS One\u003c/em>. Still, Chinook, already listed as a federally endangered species, are stressed by warmer temperatures in the Sacramento and other rivers. That makes them susceptible to parasites and disease. If stream temperatures rise beyond 3.6 degrees Fahrenheit above the pre-industrial era all bets are off, Crozier said. Chinook salmon in the Central Valley may be the first of the many salmon species to blink out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In inland California, butterflies at various elevations have shown mixed responses to record-setting temperatures. During the state’s five-year drought, researchers found the number of butterfly species and individuals observed per year increased at lower elevations but decreased at higher elevations. A 2018 \u003ca href=\"https://climatechangeresponses.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40665-018-0039-x\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">study\u003c/a> documented those at sea level reversing long-term declines, while butterflies in the Sierra Nevada were severely harmed, said Shapiro, the UC Davis professor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Butterflies generally do not do well in warm, wet winters, he said. During the drought, species at low elevation sites benefitted from hot sunny days and cold nights with minimal humidity. But the drought reduced the high-elevation snowpack that helps overwintering butterflies survive until spring. It may also have caused them to emerge earlier in the season, which could have put them out of sync with the flowers and other resources they depend upon. When ecosystems warm to the extent that they are no longer capable of supporting these and other species, “it’s bye bye,” Shapiro said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"has-drop-cap\">How animals will respond is not always straightforward. When \u003ca href=\"https://www.pointblue.org/employee_bios/jay-roberts/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">Jay Roberts, a Point Blue forest ecologist\u003c/a>, began a study of birds in the Sierra he assumed the five-year drought that killed 147 million trees would be analogous to the climate conditions predicted to occur in the future. He expected to find negative effects to the dusky flycatchers, golden-crowned kinglets and others among the 45 species he monitored. Instead, his \u003ca href=\"https://esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/eap.1848\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">research\u003c/a> documented an overall abundance of birds. Nearly half of the species responded positively to higher temperatures; only 20 percent declined. As climate change continues to increase temperatures, Roberts believes many species may benefit, especially if it is coupled with an increase in precipitation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We can’t conclude this trend will continue, Roberts said, but the birds’ response to a drastic shift in temperature over a very few years demonstrates that they are resilient. Like other species in the Sierra, birds have evolved to adjust to disturbances that include drought and fire. “These responses are in their DNA,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, if some of the effects of heat on animals are counterintuitive, the general results are not. Of the state’s 300 at-risk species, those already gone include two populations of the Bay Checkerspot butterfly. \u003ca href=\"http://www.climateassessment.ca.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">California’s Fourth Climate Change Assessment\u003c/a> predicts temperatures will climb another 5 to 8 degrees Fahrenheit by 2100. Glaciers will continue to melt. In the San Francisco area, where sea level is already 8 inches higher than a century ago, the 2018 assessment projects it will rise an additional 4.5 feet by 2100 – and possibly as much as 9 feet along the California coast. Northern California farmers will face water shortages of up to 16 percent in some regions. Winter storms will likely become more intense in a boom-bust cycle with very wet and very dry years. And in the Sierra Nevada, the snowpack will decline by two-thirds over the next century and temperatures will increase up to 9 degrees Fahrenheit, according to an assessment led by David Ackerly, a biology professor at University of California, Berkeley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As scientists continue to document the sometimes surprising ways that animals respond to heat, blue coppers will continue to lay eggs and nibble on buckwheat as caterpillars before spreading their bright blue wings as butterflies. But for how long? These are uncharted times in a hot and entirely novel climate regime.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This \u003ca href=\"https://baynature.org/2019/09/20/theres-no-ambiguity-it-will-be-gone-how-animals-will-feel-the-warming-climate/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">story\u003c/a> originally appeared in \u003ca href=\"https://baynature.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Bay Nature\u003c/a>. It is republished here as part of \u003ca href=\"http://kqed.org/climate\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">KQED Science’s\u003c/a> partnership with Covering Climate Now, a global collaboration of more than 250 news outlets to strengthen coverage of the climate story.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"author-name\">\u003cem>Based in the northern Sierra Nevada, \u003ca href=\"https://www.janebraxtonlittle.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Jane Braxton Little\u003c/a> is an independent journalist covering science and natural resource issues for publications that include Scientific American, National Geographic, Audubon, Discover, High Country News and, with this story, Bay Nature.\u003c/em>\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Michael Mann’s work as a press critic began in earnest a decade ago. Ahead of the 2009 international climate-change summit in Copenhagen, hackers stole email correspondence between Mann and other climate scientists from a computer server at the University of East Anglia. Climate-change deniers used portions of the emails, freed from context, to attack the credibility of Mann, whose “hockey stick” graph charting the rapid rise of the Earth’s\u003cbr>\ntemperature since industrialization would become an emblem of the climate fight. Coverage of what news outlets called “Climategate” saved space for Mann’s critics; such choices emphasized conflict out of all proportion with the scientific consensus on a warming planet. In \u003ci>The Hockey Stick and the Climate Wars\u003c/i>, his 2012 book, Mann called such false balance and sympathetic framing “a sweet victory for climate change deniers.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/Covering-Climate-Now-Logo.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright wp-image-1947420\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/Covering-Climate-Now-Logo-1020x1019.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"240\" height=\"240\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/Covering-Climate-Now-Logo-1020x1019.png 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/Covering-Climate-Now-Logo-160x160.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/Covering-Climate-Now-Logo-800x799.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/Covering-Climate-Now-Logo-768x767.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/Covering-Climate-Now-Logo.png 1116w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 240px) 100vw, 240px\">\u003c/a>Though multiple investigations upheld the integrity of Mann’s research, such vindication took years. Mann has vigorously contested misinformation concerning his work and climate science \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/search?q=(reporter%20OR%20reporters%20OR%20journalist%20OR%20journalists)%20(from%3Amichaelemann)&src=typed_query\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">on social media\u003c/a> as well as in the courts. In 2011, Mann filed \u003ca href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20160905215806/http://www.courthousenews.com/2011/03/28/ClimateGuy.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">a defamation claim\u003c/a> in a British Columbia court against the Frontier Center for Public Policy (FCPP), a Canadian think-tank, and Tim Ball, a former geography professor, after Ball suggested in an interview that Mann should be imprisoned. In June, the FCPP settled with Mann and \u003ca href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20190609170116/https://fcpp.org/retraction-and-apology-to-michael-mann/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">apologized\u003c/a> for its characterization of his work. Last month, after Ball’s lawyers cited their client’s poor health and his website’s low ranking, a judge \u003ca href=\"https://www.bccourts.ca/jdb-txt/sc/19/15/2019BCSC1580.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">dismissed the case\u003c/a>, for delays he attributed to Mann. (The judge also noted the two parties’ “dramatically different opinions on climate change,” which the court did not address.) Mann then took to Twitter to counter climate-denial sites that spun the dismissal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mann, a climatologist who directs the Penn State Earth System Science Center, spoke with CJR last week, one day after \u003ci>The New Yorker\u003c/i> published a widely derided climate-change column by Jonathan Franzen. (Writing in her “Heated” newsletter, journalist Emily Atkin called Franzen’s take “the most brilliantly unintentional fossil fuel industry propaganda I’ve ever read.”) Mann talked about the lessons learned by newsrooms since “Climategate,” and the new pitfalls that await reporters covering the planet’s most important story. Our conversation has been edited for length and clarity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>This year marks a decade since news coverage of what many news outlets called “Climategate.” What gains have journalists made in their coverage of climate science and global warming since then?\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We’ve seen a pretty dramatic move away from the false balance that we used to see, where every news story about climate change had to have a contrarian, a climate-change denier, representing the other side—as if there’s equal weight on the side of science and science denial.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the same time, I think there are other problems that we’re seeing crop up in media coverage of this issue. [Franzen’s piece is] emblematic of a trend toward doomist framing; my worry is it leads people down a path of despair and hopelessness and inaction, which actually leads us to the same place as outright climate-change denialism.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We’re also seeing a tendency to emphasize personal responsibility and choice over systemic change. \u003ci>The New York Times\u003c/i>, in the space of a month or two, had a half-dozen articles touting the importance of individuals. \u003ci>The problem is us and our eating habits, our travel habits\u003c/i>. Again, I think this may not be intentional, but it is actually playing into a deflection campaign that is being used by fossil-fuel interests, trying to emphasize the role of individuals to take the pressure off regulation of industry and systemic changes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s impossible now to deny that climate change is happening. The fossil-fuel industry has essentially give up on their campaign to deny the reality of climate change. So instead they’re focused on this kinder, gentler form of denialism. This is the new climate war, and we need to recognize that it’s being waged and understand that it’s every bit as dangerous as the old climate war—the old-fashioned, outright denial of the science. In some ways, it has the veneer of credibility. It seems reasonable to many people. And that makes it, to some extent, even more pernicious.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>There’s a tension in climate communication between alerting people and alarming them. How do you spur people to action without paralyzing them with fear?\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There is a fine line there. We have to convey both urgency and agency. Yes, we have an urgent problem; you could call it a crisis or an emergency, if you’d like. But we can do something about it. Urgency and agency have to go hand-in-hand. Only now are we seeing the sort of action that needs to be mobilized to shift us away from the business-as-usual paradigm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The reality is that different people are going to be motivated by different things, and some amount of concern and even fear can motivate—we know that, psychologists have established that. But it can also elicit other, disabling instinctual reactions—paralysis and disengagement. Different people are going to respond differently.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s a logical fallacy, right? It’s like, \u003ci>Look, we still have the problem, so it’s not working.\u003c/i> And Franzen, in essence, in his latest article, to me, is doing this. He’s saying, \u003ci>Look, it hasn’t worked, so this isn’t going to work, so let’s adapt to the changes that are coming. \u003c/i>To me, it was unambiguous that that was his message. I don’t think that sort of messaging is helpful.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Franzen’s case, I was actually \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MichaelEMann/status/1170847152060477440\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">contacted by a fact-checker\u003c/a> to check a fact in the article, and I pointed out that it was wrong. When you look at model projections, and there’s an average and then there’s a spread, the estimate is that there’s an equal likelihood that the reality is above and below that spread. He had implied it was one-sided—that somehow the average is systematically underestimating the warming. He got that wrong. I pointed that out, and the error persists in the piece that appeared.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://twitter.com/MichaelEMann/status/1170851084111425538?s=20\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I don’t think it’s accidental that the errors that I’m talking about, the misrepresentations of the science, are systematically in the direction that paints an overly sort of gloomy, doomist picture. It’s exactly what climate-change deniers do in the opposite direction. They always cherry-pick the model projections and observations to understate the threat of climate change. Here, the doomists, in my view, are doing the same thing in the opposite direction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>How would you characterize your interactions with journalists? \u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Personally, I find journalists to be a very thoughtful lot, and even though many of them don’t have training in physical science, I’ve always found it fairly easy to communicate the science to them and to help them frame it in ways that the general public can understand.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The extent to which we still have some problems and challenges has less to do with journalists and more to do with management and editorial staff. The business model sort of favors clickbait and exaggeration. Some of the nuance and some of the key scientific framing are lost, and what you have is a more biased article that exaggerates the science in one way or another, that favors the sort of “\u003ca href=\"https://dotearth.blogs.nytimes.com/2008/07/29/climate-research-media-focus-whiplash/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">whiplash effect\u003c/a>” that Andy Revkin has talked about: \u003ci>Climate change is a hoax\u003c/i>, or \u003ci>Climate change is far worse than we thought\u003c/i>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>You have about as many Twitter followers as CJR—\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yeah.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>—and more than many news outlets. You curate a lot of reporting and criticism concerning the climate crisis and the environmental changes of a warming planet. How do you engage that audience responsibly?\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When I need some humility, I’ll look at how many followers Miley Cyrus has. [\u003ci>Editor’s note: She has 43.9 million.\u003c/i>]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s not necessarily an objective measure of the intellectual contribution you’re making to the public discourse. And I recognize that. And, I guess, I feel like I’ve been given this great privilege of having a fairly large following, and I have a responsibility to use it responsibly. I do my best to do that, but I’m a human being.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Social media is often about the moment, the here-and-now, the hot take. We respond to impulses, to individual events. We’re less good at seeing things in broader context. I try to be aware of that, and I try to control my impulses. If something makes me really angry and I want to react, I’ll try to catch myself. I try to be as constructive as I can. I try to provide what I feel is important context to news articles and commentary that will help people see the climate crisis more broadly, and more deeply.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>You responded on social media to misinformation published about your court case against Tim Ball. After I saw your responses, I realized hadn’t seen any coverage from actual news outlets. Is there some conclusion about the press to draw from that?\u003c/b>\u003cb> \u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I’d say in a phrase, \u003ci>Fool me once\u003c/i>. I think the journalism community learned its lesson from the so-called “Climategate” affair. Climate-change deniers and the organizations that front for the fossil-fuel industry did a very good job at putting huge amounts of pressure on journalists to cover this fake story. Eventually, the mainstream media took the bait, because, well, \u003ci>If there’s this much smoke\u003c/i>. Of course, it took a while for the various investigations to play out. Ultimately, when they did, what we saw was: there was no fire. The only wrongdoing was the theft of the emails. There was no indiscretion on the part of the scientists. The denial machine sort of lost its credibility.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the end, I think it’s now a damp squib, but [climate-change deniers] generated a solid week or so of noise and distraction, and I actually think it folds into something larger. Right now, we’re seeing \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/news/16092019/trollbot-twitter-climate-change-attacks-disinformation-campaign-mann-mckenna-greta-targeted\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">an uptick in online climate-denial trolling\u003c/a> and bot armies being deployed to promote misinformation and disinformation. We see that in attacks on folks like Greta Thunberg, who’s become the figurehead of the youth climate movement. OPEC declared the movement “perhaps the greatest threat to our industry.” There’s all this ire and vitriol that’s been directed her way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This has happened in the past. “Climategate” was intended to distract the public and policymakers going into the Copenhagen summit, back in December 2009. I think we’ve seen an uptick in denialist trolling and bot armies in the lead-up \u003ca href=\"https://www.un.org/en/climatechange/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">to this UN summit\u003c/a>. I’ve seen other people comment on that; I think there’s clear recognition that there’s a ramping-up of this disinformation machine right now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This \u003ca href=\"https://www.cjr.org/covering_climate_now/michael-mann-climategate-franzen.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">story\u003c/a> originally appeared in \u003ca href=\"https://www.cjr.org/covering_climate_now/michael-mann-climategate-franzen.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Columbia Journalism Review\u003c/a>. It is republished here as part of \u003ca href=\"http://kqed.org/climate\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">KQED Science’s\u003c/a> partnership with Covering Climate Now, a global collaboration of more than 250 news outlets to strengthen coverage of the climate story.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Michael Mann’s work as a press critic began in earnest a decade ago. Ahead of the 2009 international climate-change summit in Copenhagen, hackers stole email correspondence between Mann and other climate scientists from a computer server at the University of East Anglia. Climate-change deniers used portions of the emails, freed from context, to attack the credibility of Mann, whose “hockey stick” graph charting the rapid rise of the Earth’s\u003cbr>\ntemperature since industrialization would become an emblem of the climate fight. Coverage of what news outlets called “Climategate” saved space for Mann’s critics; such choices emphasized conflict out of all proportion with the scientific consensus on a warming planet. In \u003ci>The Hockey Stick and the Climate Wars\u003c/i>, his 2012 book, Mann called such false balance and sympathetic framing “a sweet victory for climate change deniers.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/Covering-Climate-Now-Logo.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright wp-image-1947420\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/Covering-Climate-Now-Logo-1020x1019.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"240\" height=\"240\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/Covering-Climate-Now-Logo-1020x1019.png 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/Covering-Climate-Now-Logo-160x160.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/Covering-Climate-Now-Logo-800x799.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/Covering-Climate-Now-Logo-768x767.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/Covering-Climate-Now-Logo.png 1116w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 240px) 100vw, 240px\">\u003c/a>Though multiple investigations upheld the integrity of Mann’s research, such vindication took years. Mann has vigorously contested misinformation concerning his work and climate science \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/search?q=(reporter%20OR%20reporters%20OR%20journalist%20OR%20journalists)%20(from%3Amichaelemann)&src=typed_query\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">on social media\u003c/a> as well as in the courts. In 2011, Mann filed \u003ca href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20160905215806/http://www.courthousenews.com/2011/03/28/ClimateGuy.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">a defamation claim\u003c/a> in a British Columbia court against the Frontier Center for Public Policy (FCPP), a Canadian think-tank, and Tim Ball, a former geography professor, after Ball suggested in an interview that Mann should be imprisoned. In June, the FCPP settled with Mann and \u003ca href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20190609170116/https://fcpp.org/retraction-and-apology-to-michael-mann/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">apologized\u003c/a> for its characterization of his work. Last month, after Ball’s lawyers cited their client’s poor health and his website’s low ranking, a judge \u003ca href=\"https://www.bccourts.ca/jdb-txt/sc/19/15/2019BCSC1580.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">dismissed the case\u003c/a>, for delays he attributed to Mann. (The judge also noted the two parties’ “dramatically different opinions on climate change,” which the court did not address.) Mann then took to Twitter to counter climate-denial sites that spun the dismissal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mann, a climatologist who directs the Penn State Earth System Science Center, spoke with CJR last week, one day after \u003ci>The New Yorker\u003c/i> published a widely derided climate-change column by Jonathan Franzen. (Writing in her “Heated” newsletter, journalist Emily Atkin called Franzen’s take “the most brilliantly unintentional fossil fuel industry propaganda I’ve ever read.”) Mann talked about the lessons learned by newsrooms since “Climategate,” and the new pitfalls that await reporters covering the planet’s most important story. Our conversation has been edited for length and clarity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>This year marks a decade since news coverage of what many news outlets called “Climategate.” What gains have journalists made in their coverage of climate science and global warming since then?\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We’ve seen a pretty dramatic move away from the false balance that we used to see, where every news story about climate change had to have a contrarian, a climate-change denier, representing the other side—as if there’s equal weight on the side of science and science denial.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the same time, I think there are other problems that we’re seeing crop up in media coverage of this issue. [Franzen’s piece is] emblematic of a trend toward doomist framing; my worry is it leads people down a path of despair and hopelessness and inaction, which actually leads us to the same place as outright climate-change denialism.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We’re also seeing a tendency to emphasize personal responsibility and choice over systemic change. \u003ci>The New York Times\u003c/i>, in the space of a month or two, had a half-dozen articles touting the importance of individuals. \u003ci>The problem is us and our eating habits, our travel habits\u003c/i>. Again, I think this may not be intentional, but it is actually playing into a deflection campaign that is being used by fossil-fuel interests, trying to emphasize the role of individuals to take the pressure off regulation of industry and systemic changes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s impossible now to deny that climate change is happening. The fossil-fuel industry has essentially give up on their campaign to deny the reality of climate change. So instead they’re focused on this kinder, gentler form of denialism. This is the new climate war, and we need to recognize that it’s being waged and understand that it’s every bit as dangerous as the old climate war—the old-fashioned, outright denial of the science. In some ways, it has the veneer of credibility. It seems reasonable to many people. And that makes it, to some extent, even more pernicious.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>There’s a tension in climate communication between alerting people and alarming them. How do you spur people to action without paralyzing them with fear?\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There is a fine line there. We have to convey both urgency and agency. Yes, we have an urgent problem; you could call it a crisis or an emergency, if you’d like. But we can do something about it. Urgency and agency have to go hand-in-hand. Only now are we seeing the sort of action that needs to be mobilized to shift us away from the business-as-usual paradigm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The reality is that different people are going to be motivated by different things, and some amount of concern and even fear can motivate—we know that, psychologists have established that. But it can also elicit other, disabling instinctual reactions—paralysis and disengagement. Different people are going to respond differently.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s a logical fallacy, right? It’s like, \u003ci>Look, we still have the problem, so it’s not working.\u003c/i> And Franzen, in essence, in his latest article, to me, is doing this. He’s saying, \u003ci>Look, it hasn’t worked, so this isn’t going to work, so let’s adapt to the changes that are coming. \u003c/i>To me, it was unambiguous that that was his message. I don’t think that sort of messaging is helpful.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Franzen’s case, I was actually \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MichaelEMann/status/1170847152060477440\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">contacted by a fact-checker\u003c/a> to check a fact in the article, and I pointed out that it was wrong. When you look at model projections, and there’s an average and then there’s a spread, the estimate is that there’s an equal likelihood that the reality is above and below that spread. He had implied it was one-sided—that somehow the average is systematically underestimating the warming. He got that wrong. I pointed that out, and the error persists in the piece that appeared.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\n\u003cp>I don’t think it’s accidental that the errors that I’m talking about, the misrepresentations of the science, are systematically in the direction that paints an overly sort of gloomy, doomist picture. It’s exactly what climate-change deniers do in the opposite direction. They always cherry-pick the model projections and observations to understate the threat of climate change. Here, the doomists, in my view, are doing the same thing in the opposite direction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>How would you characterize your interactions with journalists? \u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Personally, I find journalists to be a very thoughtful lot, and even though many of them don’t have training in physical science, I’ve always found it fairly easy to communicate the science to them and to help them frame it in ways that the general public can understand.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The extent to which we still have some problems and challenges has less to do with journalists and more to do with management and editorial staff. The business model sort of favors clickbait and exaggeration. Some of the nuance and some of the key scientific framing are lost, and what you have is a more biased article that exaggerates the science in one way or another, that favors the sort of “\u003ca href=\"https://dotearth.blogs.nytimes.com/2008/07/29/climate-research-media-focus-whiplash/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">whiplash effect\u003c/a>” that Andy Revkin has talked about: \u003ci>Climate change is a hoax\u003c/i>, or \u003ci>Climate change is far worse than we thought\u003c/i>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>You have about as many Twitter followers as CJR—\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yeah.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>—and more than many news outlets. You curate a lot of reporting and criticism concerning the climate crisis and the environmental changes of a warming planet. How do you engage that audience responsibly?\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When I need some humility, I’ll look at how many followers Miley Cyrus has. [\u003ci>Editor’s note: She has 43.9 million.\u003c/i>]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s not necessarily an objective measure of the intellectual contribution you’re making to the public discourse. And I recognize that. And, I guess, I feel like I’ve been given this great privilege of having a fairly large following, and I have a responsibility to use it responsibly. I do my best to do that, but I’m a human being.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Social media is often about the moment, the here-and-now, the hot take. We respond to impulses, to individual events. We’re less good at seeing things in broader context. I try to be aware of that, and I try to control my impulses. If something makes me really angry and I want to react, I’ll try to catch myself. I try to be as constructive as I can. I try to provide what I feel is important context to news articles and commentary that will help people see the climate crisis more broadly, and more deeply.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>You responded on social media to misinformation published about your court case against Tim Ball. After I saw your responses, I realized hadn’t seen any coverage from actual news outlets. Is there some conclusion about the press to draw from that?\u003c/b>\u003cb> \u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I’d say in a phrase, \u003ci>Fool me once\u003c/i>. I think the journalism community learned its lesson from the so-called “Climategate” affair. Climate-change deniers and the organizations that front for the fossil-fuel industry did a very good job at putting huge amounts of pressure on journalists to cover this fake story. Eventually, the mainstream media took the bait, because, well, \u003ci>If there’s this much smoke\u003c/i>. Of course, it took a while for the various investigations to play out. Ultimately, when they did, what we saw was: there was no fire. The only wrongdoing was the theft of the emails. There was no indiscretion on the part of the scientists. The denial machine sort of lost its credibility.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the end, I think it’s now a damp squib, but [climate-change deniers] generated a solid week or so of noise and distraction, and I actually think it folds into something larger. Right now, we’re seeing \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/news/16092019/trollbot-twitter-climate-change-attacks-disinformation-campaign-mann-mckenna-greta-targeted\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">an uptick in online climate-denial trolling\u003c/a> and bot armies being deployed to promote misinformation and disinformation. We see that in attacks on folks like Greta Thunberg, who’s become the figurehead of the youth climate movement. OPEC declared the movement “perhaps the greatest threat to our industry.” There’s all this ire and vitriol that’s been directed her way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This has happened in the past. “Climategate” was intended to distract the public and policymakers going into the Copenhagen summit, back in December 2009. I think we’ve seen an uptick in denialist trolling and bot armies in the lead-up \u003ca href=\"https://www.un.org/en/climatechange/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">to this UN summit\u003c/a>. I’ve seen other people comment on that; I think there’s clear recognition that there’s a ramping-up of this disinformation machine right now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This \u003ca href=\"https://www.cjr.org/covering_climate_now/michael-mann-climategate-franzen.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">story\u003c/a> originally appeared in \u003ca href=\"https://www.cjr.org/covering_climate_now/michael-mann-climategate-franzen.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Columbia Journalism Review\u003c/a>. It is republished here as part of \u003ca href=\"http://kqed.org/climate\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">KQED Science’s\u003c/a> partnership with Covering Climate Now, a global collaboration of more than 250 news outlets to strengthen coverage of the climate story.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "Want to Prevent California’s Katrina? Grow a Marsh",
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"content": "\u003cp class=\"has-drop-cap\">Something is amiss on Sherman Island, a whale-shaped swath of farm and grazing land at the confluence of the Sacramento and San Joaquin rivers. If you don’t know what ails the place, it might be hard to pinpoint the problem. The island, in the Sacramento Delta, is roughly 16 square miles. Its asphalt roads, cracked and sagging at the edges, look like cheese melted over a lumpy pizza. The telephone\u003cbr>\npoles, many of them kept erect by taut guy-wires, stand conspicuously at non-right angles. The landscape feels Dr. Seussian—a wacky, slightly absurdist version of farmland, right down to the exaggerated industrial backdrop: a steady stream of cars driving past on State Highway 160, which traverses the island; steaming smokestacks from the power plant across the river; the Antioch Bridge arcing dramatically over the San Joaquin River; enormous wind turbines turning lazily on a hill to the northwest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/Covering-Climate-Now-Logo.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright wp-image-1947420\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/Covering-Climate-Now-Logo-1020x1019.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"251\" height=\"251\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/Covering-Climate-Now-Logo-1020x1019.png 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/Covering-Climate-Now-Logo-160x160.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/Covering-Climate-Now-Logo-800x799.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/Covering-Climate-Now-Logo-768x767.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/Covering-Climate-Now-Logo.png 1116w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 251px) 100vw, 251px\">\u003c/a>What’s wrong?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re standing 10 feet below sea level,” Bryan Brock, an engineer with California’s Department of Water Resources, told me during a visit in May. Brock, who has a white-blond goatee sprouting from his chin like tuft grass, evinced supreme calm as he explained: “None of these people realize it driving past, but they’re below sea level. And that’s a problem.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The land here, and hundreds of thousands of acres elsewhere in the Delta, began to sink in the late 1800s as people started draining the region’s vast wetlands. As they walled off rivers and created dry islands from what was previously soggy marsh, they discovered incredibly rich soil. In contrast to other fertile regions like Iowa, where topsoil two feet deep was considered bounteous when farmers began plowing it in the 19th century, Delta peat soils—created over thousands of years, by wetland plants growing and dying and not quite decomposing—could be 50 feet deep. No one foresaw that this very bounty—soil rich with organic material—would, over time, become a curse of sorts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>River and marsh bottoms typically have low oxygen levels, which slows the decomposition of organic material that collects there. That organic material contains copious amounts of carbon. Once the waterlogged Delta soils dried out, microbes began to consume the organic detritus, transforming it into gas. Millions of tons of solid ground started going up into the air as microbial exhaust.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And the land began to sink.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In some places, including parts of Sherman Island, the land has now subsided 25 feet since the late 1800s—and continues to sink between half an inch and 1.5 inches yearly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These “islands” aren’t really islands at all anymore, Brock told me, but empty bathtubs whose bottoms are receding. The deepening cauldrons, now sitting well below sea level, are creating a situation that grows more precarious with each passing year. The more the islands sink, the greater the pressure on the aging mounded dirt levees that keep the water back, and the greater the likelihood that they’ll fail.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This situation, called subsidence, worries the California Department of Water Resources and many others, not just because farmers could lose pasture and farmland, but because much of the water that irrigates the Central Valley, and that many Californians depend on for drinking water, is pumped through a sprawling network of canals from the Delta. A large enough breach of those levees—especially if it affected many of the Delta’s 57 islands simultaneously—could hamper the flow of fresh water to the Central Valley, leaving huge swaths of the state without usable water for months, even years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brock describes the mechanics of the threat as the “big gulp.” Water in the 1,100-square-mile Delta—nearly the size of Rhode Island—sits at sea level. Only the pressure of the fresh water flowing down the leveed Sacramento and San Joaquin rivers prevents salt water from the San Francisco Bay from pushing inland. If many levees fail at once, the fresh water that otherwise keeps the salt water away would rush to fill all those empty bathtubs. Brackish water from San Francisco Bay would then flow inland. The water used to irrigate the Central Valley and its $17 billion agricultural economy, and the drinking water for about 25 million people, could become salty and unusable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s Katrina on steroids,” Dennis Baldocchi, a professor of biometeorology at UC Berkeley who studies the Delta, told me. “We’re a $4 trillion economy. Think of shutting down water for 30 million Californians.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because the region is prone to earthquakes—and because faults pass right through the Delta region—an earthquake that could trigger a catastrophic levee failure, defined as 20 islands flooding at once, has a 62 percent chance of occurring in the next two decades if subsidence isn’t addressed, DWR’s own analysis suggests. The event would likely incur tens of billions of dollars’ worth of damage and could take a year-and-a-half to repair. Nor is the flooding of Delta islands unprecedented. When Jones Tract, a Delta island, flooded in 2004, the damage cost $90 million to fix. In earlier times, several islands that were inundated were simply abandoned: Google Maps reveals lakes—the Mildred Tract, Franks Tract— where farmland once existed, discernible by the ring-shaped remains of levees rising, like coral atolls, from the Delta water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re not paying attention,” Baldocchi told me; the disaster-in-waiting, he asserts, has not drawn the concern it deserves. Action to address the problem has been stymied for years by, in part, the sheer number and variety of agencies, sometimes with competing agendas, operating in the Delta. Interagency rivalry and distrust have yielded what Ray Seed, a UC Berkeley professor of environmental engineering and an expert on the Delta, once described as a “60- to 70-year stalemate” in which “we will all lose together.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s truly a wicked problem,” agrees Campbell Ingram, head of the Delta Conservancy, a state agency tasked with ecosystem restoration in the area. Yet for the first time in his 13-plus years working on the issue, he says, the majority of stakeholders now concur that the subsidence issue needs to be addressed urgently. “We’re kind of in this weird space where we simultaneously can’t \u003cem>prevent\u003c/em> the Delta from failing, and we can’t \u003cem>allow\u003c/em> it to fail,” he adds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One solution is for the landowners, with some state funding, to keep repairing the levees, building them higher and wider. But as sea levels rise and the islands continue to subside, the costs of fortifying and maintaining the structures may exceed the value of the land and agricultural production behind them, says Alf Brandt, counsel to the State Assembly Speaker Anthony Rendon. For some of the deepest islands, the conclusion of that cost-benefit analysis already looks unfavorable, he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For decades, DWR has been working on another more ecosystem-based fix. Since the 1990s, the agency has experimentally re-flooded pieces of land in the Delta, with the goal of reestablishing wetlands like those that created the soil in the first place. The reasoning is that once wet, the land will stop losing carbon and the sinking will come to a halt. Even if that doesn’t entirely resolve the problem, Ingram says, it prevents the situation from getting worse. And over the long term, marsh plants may, through photosynthesis, capture enough carbon from the atmosphere that the ground begins rising again.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s through this last mechanism—plants’ ability to pull carbon from the atmosphere—that a project originally conceived to protect California’s water infrastructure has, over the years, evolved into something more interdisciplinary, and of potentially greater importance. Although they can produce powerful greenhouse gases, wetlands can also sequester and store immense quantities of carbon. Policymakers have historically ignored these places in discussions about greenhouse gas emissions, but that’s now changing as they come to appreciate the huge stores of carbon that wetlands already contain—and the large quantities of greenhouse gases they release when destroyed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An expanding body of research has prompted land managers to consider, for the first time, creating wetland carbon credits that might be traded in carbon markets. In California, at least, efforts to address one worsening disaster could enable prevention of another. Mounting anxiety over global heating may be what spurs creation of carbon credits that, by providing funding for Delta wetland restoration, also produce badly needed funds to protect California’s water infrastructure. “It would have been great to have done this 30 or 40 years ago,” Kristopher Tjernell, deputy director of DWR’s Integrated Watershed Management Program, told me. “But you know, it wasn’t ripe. And it’s ripe now.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"has-drop-cap\">“Blue carbon” refers to carbon momentarily trapped—or slowed down, really—in waterlogged ecosystems. Because the microbes that break down carbon in wet conditions work much more slowly than those in more aerated environs and through different biochemical pathways, wetland ecosystems can accumulate and store far more carbon per acre than forests and savannas can. Scientists have known this in a roundabout way for a long time: After all, the coal and oil deposits that have fueled civilization since the Industrial Revolution come from ancient marsh and marine ecosystems that, after accumulating huge quantities of carbon, were buried and fossilized over millions of years. Fossil fuels, you might say, are an aged form of blue carbon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Historically, policymakers and scientists have been daunted by the many variables involved in calculating the amount of carbon held in wetlands and, more broadly, in the web of living things we call the biosphere, according to Stephen Crooks, cofounder of Silvestrum Climate associates in San Francisco. It’s far more complicated than quantifying how much comes out of smokestacks and tailpipes, he says: “It was seen as more challenging and somewhat scary to include.” But the omission has always been, in his view, untenable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Worldwide, about 450 million tons of carbon dioxide enter the atmosphere yearly from wetland degradation—destroyed mangrove forests, drained marshes, and smothered seagrass beds. That’s equal to the yearly human-caused greenhouse gas emissions of France, the U.K., or California. “When your emissions are the size of California’s economy and you weren’t counting it,” he told me, “that’s a very big surprise.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wetland ecosystems comprise just 5 to 8 percent of the planet’s land area but contain between 20 and 30 percent of the world’s soil carbon. “When you destroy a wetland, you can release thousands of years of carbon in just a few decades,” Crooks says. On the flip side, by preserving wetlands, you can protect millennia’s worth of accumulated carbon with, in theory, relatively little effort. The Sacramento Delta, the largest estuary along the western edge of the Americas, has become a test case for this idea.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Delta may have once held the largest freshwater wetland carbon reserves on the West Coast. Since it was drained over a century ago, it has released an amount of carbon equal to one-quarter of California’s forests—all the redwoods, pines, and oaks in the nation’s third-largest state, according to Baldocchi and his colleagues. And it’s still emitting carbon. Although it comprises less than 1 percent of the state’s cropland, every year the Delta releases a quantity of carbon equal to one-quarter of all plant-related agriculture—all the tractors, plows, and combine harvesters operated in the state. “I’ve been making measurements my whole career, and I’ve never seen fluxes as large as what’s happening from these peat soils,” Baldocchi told me. The near-term goal in the Delta, and in any degraded wetland really, is to stop subsidence and emissions. The longer-term goal is to reverse them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Crossing over the blue-gray San Joaquin River on the Antioch Bridge, you can just glimpse the glittering wetlands to the west on Sherman Island. They’re easy to miss at 60 miles an hour. But as I stood with Brock on a wooden walkway a few feet above them in May, the low roar of the semi-industrial landscape—cars speeding over the bridge and boats motoring by on the other side of the levee—receded as I watched birds flit acrobatically among the rustling tule reeds and dragonflies hover over the dark water. The wetlands, hemmed in as they are by levees, roads, and fields of grazing cows, look remarkably healthy. They represent the implementation phase of DWR’s ongoing project, which seeks to shore up the threatened levees by creating wetlands on their subsided “bathtub” sides.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Isn’t it beautiful,” Brock said, looking out over the reeds. “Sometimes nature can do things better than humans.” Which is not to say the DWR restoration project was as easy as opening the floodgates and watching the cattails return. Before water was allowed back, he explained, the land had to be carefully sculpted to ensure the optimal water depth for marsh plants to grow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brock’s predecessors created the first experimental wetlands, on nearby Twitchell Island, in the 1990s. Not only did bringing water back halt the loss of carbon from the soil and stop subsidence, experts discovered, but the wetland plants grew so rapidly that, as they died and left tangled masses of roots and stalks, they raised the elevation of ground at an average rate of 4 centimeters per year. A common assertion among soil scientists is that an inch of topsoil takes a century to accumulate, maybe longer. But these wetland plants were turning carbon dioxide into solid earth at a rate observable by humans from one year to the next.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even so, given the magnitude of the subsidence problem, that rate of soil accretion can seem sorely inadequate. It will take roughly 150 years to get the most sunken areas of these islands back to sea level, Baldocchi told me. “People have trouble thinking in 100-year time scales,” he said. “We can’t get bored with these projects in 15 years.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yet the long-term time frame doesn’t mean we have to wait till the end for the project to bear fruit. Campbell Ingram of the Delta Conservancy emphasizes the importance of “stopping increased risk”—of halting subsidence. What’s key to understand, he says, is that the risk of levee breach does not increase linearly with subsidence, but exponentially. So by halting subsidence, you prevent the ballooning probability of catastrophic failure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And if the ground regains just a few feet over the years, the risk of catastrophe declines non-linearly as well. Meaning you don’t need to grow the ground back to sea level to dramatically reduce the possibility of a calamitous breach. Some modeling suggests that just gaining half the lost ground back—about 50 to 75 years as opposed to 150—could bring the likelihood of widespread failure to nearly zero.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even so, the major challenge facing the project is how to reach a scale of wetland restoration that’s meaningful for the greater Delta. DWR has so far flooded about 1,700 acres in four separate wetlands. But altogether there are about 250,000 acres of deeply subsided land in the Delta, most of it owned by farmers. So success depends in part on convincing farmers to forgo cash crops and flood their land instead, something that’s unlikely to happen without adequate monetary incentive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ideally, Ingram says, the state would pay farmers to convert cropland to wetland. (There is also an intermediate option, a wetland that sustains a crop: rice in flooded fields. In experiments, rice paddies stopped subsidence, but they didn’t reverse it.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California does have a relatively new program, called the Healthy Soils Initiative, whereby state money goes to farmers who implement practices thought to benefit soil health. It’s a model of what’s possible, Ingram says, but regrettably no such program exists for Delta wetlands. Marsh provides critical habitat for various species, so other income sources for farmers might include duck clubs or federal and state programs that pay for creation of endangered-animal habitat. But for now Ingram is betting on carbon markets, particularly California’s cap-and-trade system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We want to get to a point where a farmer wakes up and says, ‘I can earn more flooding my land than growing corn,’” Ingram told me.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Established in 2006 by the law AB32, the cap-and-trade system seeks to reduce the state’s greenhouse gas emissions by harnessing market forces. The state establishes an upper limit on greenhouse gas pollution—the cap—and then gives polluters a certain number of allowances to emit the offending gases. The quantity of allowances given out declines over time, forcing polluters to either clean up their operations or to purchase allowances from polluters who have a surfeit. Polluters can also buy a certain number of offset carbon credits from projects that either prevent the emission of greenhouse gases or remove them from the atmosphere. This is where restored Delta marshes might come in—as a source of offset credits for purchase.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ingram and Steve Deverel—one of the scientists who, when with USGS, conducted the original pilot projects on reversing subsidence in the Delta and is now with the consulting firm Hydrofocus—developed a Delta wetland carbon protocol that the American Carbon Registry approved in 2017. Meaning that they can sell offsets in the voluntary carbon market.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Approval for the state’s cap-and-trade system, where offset credits now trade for roughly double the rate seen on the voluntary market and might actually compete with earnings from crops, is likely a year-and-a-half away, Ingram says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And these are complicated carbon offsets. Freshwater wetland plants can pull carbon from the atmosphere at a spectacular rate—about 5.7 tons per acre per year in the Delta—but freshwater wetlands also emit the greenhouse gas methane, which has about 30 times the warming potential of carbon dioxide. According to Baldocchi, the warming caused by the methane released from Delta wetlands about equals, in the short term, the cooling potential of the carbon dioxide removed from the atmosphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"entry-content\">\n\u003cp>Why go through all the trouble, then, if we end up right where we started? Think of it as preventive medicine. By re-flooding one acre of peatland in the Sacramento Delta, you prevent between 10 and 20 tons of carbon dioxide from entering the atmosphere—via the organic material that microbes would have turned into gas if the land remained dry. That’s equivalent to between two and four years of driving your average car. In addition, you prevent worsening of the subsidence problem and its threat to the state’s water supply.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lisamarie Windham-Myers, a scientist with USGS, thinks she may eventually be able to improve the climate-cooling potential of these wetlands by emulating what happens in certain marshes that \u003cem>don’t\u003c/em> produce greenhouse gases. Saltwater and brackish marshes don’t release nearly as much methane as freshwater wetlands, she explains. That’s because ocean water contains sulfate, which changes the biochemical pathways available to microbes that break down organic material. With sulfate present, instead of creating methane as a byproduct, microbes produce sulfide, which isn’t a greenhouse gas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Windham-Myers studies the Suisun marshes, not far from Sherman Island. She’s found that even trace amounts of sulfate in the water prevent those counterproductive methane emissions. In Suisun, the sulfate comes from the small quantity of seawater that pushes into the system from San Francisco Bay. But even freshwater systems, she emphasizes, can contain trace amounts of sulfate—or iron, which also prevents methane production. In fact, she has observed that methane emissions from different parts of the restored DWR wetlands vary greatly, likely because of how water moves through them—carrying tiny concentrations of sulfate or iron to some areas, but not to others. Once scientists better understand such dynamics, they may be able to control the flow of water through resurrected wetlands in a way that limits methane, increases the net climate benefit, and raises the value of the carbon credit sold against restored Delta wetlands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The role of hydrology is definitely emerging as a knob we can turn,” Windham-Myers told me. “Let’s fine-tune these wetlands to make them as amazing as possible.”\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This \u003ca href=\"https://baynature.org/article/want-to-prevent-californias-katrina-grow-a-marsh/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">story\u003c/a> originally appeared in \u003ca href=\"https://baynature.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Bay Nature\u003c/a>. It is republished here as part of \u003ca href=\"http://kqed.org/climate\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">KQED Science’s\u003c/a> partnership with Covering Climate Now, a global collaboration of more than 250 news outlets to strengthen coverage of the climate story.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Moises Velasquez-Manoff is Bay Nature’s senior editor and the author of An Epidemic of Absence.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp class=\"has-drop-cap\">Something is amiss on Sherman Island, a whale-shaped swath of farm and grazing land at the confluence of the Sacramento and San Joaquin rivers. If you don’t know what ails the place, it might be hard to pinpoint the problem. The island, in the Sacramento Delta, is roughly 16 square miles. Its asphalt roads, cracked and sagging at the edges, look like cheese melted over a lumpy pizza. The telephone\u003cbr>\npoles, many of them kept erect by taut guy-wires, stand conspicuously at non-right angles. The landscape feels Dr. Seussian—a wacky, slightly absurdist version of farmland, right down to the exaggerated industrial backdrop: a steady stream of cars driving past on State Highway 160, which traverses the island; steaming smokestacks from the power plant across the river; the Antioch Bridge arcing dramatically over the San Joaquin River; enormous wind turbines turning lazily on a hill to the northwest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/Covering-Climate-Now-Logo.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright wp-image-1947420\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/Covering-Climate-Now-Logo-1020x1019.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"251\" height=\"251\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/Covering-Climate-Now-Logo-1020x1019.png 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/Covering-Climate-Now-Logo-160x160.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/Covering-Climate-Now-Logo-800x799.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/Covering-Climate-Now-Logo-768x767.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/Covering-Climate-Now-Logo.png 1116w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 251px) 100vw, 251px\">\u003c/a>What’s wrong?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re standing 10 feet below sea level,” Bryan Brock, an engineer with California’s Department of Water Resources, told me during a visit in May. Brock, who has a white-blond goatee sprouting from his chin like tuft grass, evinced supreme calm as he explained: “None of these people realize it driving past, but they’re below sea level. And that’s a problem.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The land here, and hundreds of thousands of acres elsewhere in the Delta, began to sink in the late 1800s as people started draining the region’s vast wetlands. As they walled off rivers and created dry islands from what was previously soggy marsh, they discovered incredibly rich soil. In contrast to other fertile regions like Iowa, where topsoil two feet deep was considered bounteous when farmers began plowing it in the 19th century, Delta peat soils—created over thousands of years, by wetland plants growing and dying and not quite decomposing—could be 50 feet deep. No one foresaw that this very bounty—soil rich with organic material—would, over time, become a curse of sorts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>River and marsh bottoms typically have low oxygen levels, which slows the decomposition of organic material that collects there. That organic material contains copious amounts of carbon. Once the waterlogged Delta soils dried out, microbes began to consume the organic detritus, transforming it into gas. Millions of tons of solid ground started going up into the air as microbial exhaust.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And the land began to sink.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In some places, including parts of Sherman Island, the land has now subsided 25 feet since the late 1800s—and continues to sink between half an inch and 1.5 inches yearly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These “islands” aren’t really islands at all anymore, Brock told me, but empty bathtubs whose bottoms are receding. The deepening cauldrons, now sitting well below sea level, are creating a situation that grows more precarious with each passing year. The more the islands sink, the greater the pressure on the aging mounded dirt levees that keep the water back, and the greater the likelihood that they’ll fail.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This situation, called subsidence, worries the California Department of Water Resources and many others, not just because farmers could lose pasture and farmland, but because much of the water that irrigates the Central Valley, and that many Californians depend on for drinking water, is pumped through a sprawling network of canals from the Delta. A large enough breach of those levees—especially if it affected many of the Delta’s 57 islands simultaneously—could hamper the flow of fresh water to the Central Valley, leaving huge swaths of the state without usable water for months, even years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brock describes the mechanics of the threat as the “big gulp.” Water in the 1,100-square-mile Delta—nearly the size of Rhode Island—sits at sea level. Only the pressure of the fresh water flowing down the leveed Sacramento and San Joaquin rivers prevents salt water from the San Francisco Bay from pushing inland. If many levees fail at once, the fresh water that otherwise keeps the salt water away would rush to fill all those empty bathtubs. Brackish water from San Francisco Bay would then flow inland. The water used to irrigate the Central Valley and its $17 billion agricultural economy, and the drinking water for about 25 million people, could become salty and unusable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s Katrina on steroids,” Dennis Baldocchi, a professor of biometeorology at UC Berkeley who studies the Delta, told me. “We’re a $4 trillion economy. Think of shutting down water for 30 million Californians.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because the region is prone to earthquakes—and because faults pass right through the Delta region—an earthquake that could trigger a catastrophic levee failure, defined as 20 islands flooding at once, has a 62 percent chance of occurring in the next two decades if subsidence isn’t addressed, DWR’s own analysis suggests. The event would likely incur tens of billions of dollars’ worth of damage and could take a year-and-a-half to repair. Nor is the flooding of Delta islands unprecedented. When Jones Tract, a Delta island, flooded in 2004, the damage cost $90 million to fix. In earlier times, several islands that were inundated were simply abandoned: Google Maps reveals lakes—the Mildred Tract, Franks Tract— where farmland once existed, discernible by the ring-shaped remains of levees rising, like coral atolls, from the Delta water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re not paying attention,” Baldocchi told me; the disaster-in-waiting, he asserts, has not drawn the concern it deserves. Action to address the problem has been stymied for years by, in part, the sheer number and variety of agencies, sometimes with competing agendas, operating in the Delta. Interagency rivalry and distrust have yielded what Ray Seed, a UC Berkeley professor of environmental engineering and an expert on the Delta, once described as a “60- to 70-year stalemate” in which “we will all lose together.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s truly a wicked problem,” agrees Campbell Ingram, head of the Delta Conservancy, a state agency tasked with ecosystem restoration in the area. Yet for the first time in his 13-plus years working on the issue, he says, the majority of stakeholders now concur that the subsidence issue needs to be addressed urgently. “We’re kind of in this weird space where we simultaneously can’t \u003cem>prevent\u003c/em> the Delta from failing, and we can’t \u003cem>allow\u003c/em> it to fail,” he adds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One solution is for the landowners, with some state funding, to keep repairing the levees, building them higher and wider. But as sea levels rise and the islands continue to subside, the costs of fortifying and maintaining the structures may exceed the value of the land and agricultural production behind them, says Alf Brandt, counsel to the State Assembly Speaker Anthony Rendon. For some of the deepest islands, the conclusion of that cost-benefit analysis already looks unfavorable, he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For decades, DWR has been working on another more ecosystem-based fix. Since the 1990s, the agency has experimentally re-flooded pieces of land in the Delta, with the goal of reestablishing wetlands like those that created the soil in the first place. The reasoning is that once wet, the land will stop losing carbon and the sinking will come to a halt. Even if that doesn’t entirely resolve the problem, Ingram says, it prevents the situation from getting worse. And over the long term, marsh plants may, through photosynthesis, capture enough carbon from the atmosphere that the ground begins rising again.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s through this last mechanism—plants’ ability to pull carbon from the atmosphere—that a project originally conceived to protect California’s water infrastructure has, over the years, evolved into something more interdisciplinary, and of potentially greater importance. Although they can produce powerful greenhouse gases, wetlands can also sequester and store immense quantities of carbon. Policymakers have historically ignored these places in discussions about greenhouse gas emissions, but that’s now changing as they come to appreciate the huge stores of carbon that wetlands already contain—and the large quantities of greenhouse gases they release when destroyed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An expanding body of research has prompted land managers to consider, for the first time, creating wetland carbon credits that might be traded in carbon markets. In California, at least, efforts to address one worsening disaster could enable prevention of another. Mounting anxiety over global heating may be what spurs creation of carbon credits that, by providing funding for Delta wetland restoration, also produce badly needed funds to protect California’s water infrastructure. “It would have been great to have done this 30 or 40 years ago,” Kristopher Tjernell, deputy director of DWR’s Integrated Watershed Management Program, told me. “But you know, it wasn’t ripe. And it’s ripe now.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"has-drop-cap\">“Blue carbon” refers to carbon momentarily trapped—or slowed down, really—in waterlogged ecosystems. Because the microbes that break down carbon in wet conditions work much more slowly than those in more aerated environs and through different biochemical pathways, wetland ecosystems can accumulate and store far more carbon per acre than forests and savannas can. Scientists have known this in a roundabout way for a long time: After all, the coal and oil deposits that have fueled civilization since the Industrial Revolution come from ancient marsh and marine ecosystems that, after accumulating huge quantities of carbon, were buried and fossilized over millions of years. Fossil fuels, you might say, are an aged form of blue carbon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Historically, policymakers and scientists have been daunted by the many variables involved in calculating the amount of carbon held in wetlands and, more broadly, in the web of living things we call the biosphere, according to Stephen Crooks, cofounder of Silvestrum Climate associates in San Francisco. It’s far more complicated than quantifying how much comes out of smokestacks and tailpipes, he says: “It was seen as more challenging and somewhat scary to include.” But the omission has always been, in his view, untenable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Worldwide, about 450 million tons of carbon dioxide enter the atmosphere yearly from wetland degradation—destroyed mangrove forests, drained marshes, and smothered seagrass beds. That’s equal to the yearly human-caused greenhouse gas emissions of France, the U.K., or California. “When your emissions are the size of California’s economy and you weren’t counting it,” he told me, “that’s a very big surprise.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wetland ecosystems comprise just 5 to 8 percent of the planet’s land area but contain between 20 and 30 percent of the world’s soil carbon. “When you destroy a wetland, you can release thousands of years of carbon in just a few decades,” Crooks says. On the flip side, by preserving wetlands, you can protect millennia’s worth of accumulated carbon with, in theory, relatively little effort. The Sacramento Delta, the largest estuary along the western edge of the Americas, has become a test case for this idea.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Delta may have once held the largest freshwater wetland carbon reserves on the West Coast. Since it was drained over a century ago, it has released an amount of carbon equal to one-quarter of California’s forests—all the redwoods, pines, and oaks in the nation’s third-largest state, according to Baldocchi and his colleagues. And it’s still emitting carbon. Although it comprises less than 1 percent of the state’s cropland, every year the Delta releases a quantity of carbon equal to one-quarter of all plant-related agriculture—all the tractors, plows, and combine harvesters operated in the state. “I’ve been making measurements my whole career, and I’ve never seen fluxes as large as what’s happening from these peat soils,” Baldocchi told me. The near-term goal in the Delta, and in any degraded wetland really, is to stop subsidence and emissions. The longer-term goal is to reverse them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Crossing over the blue-gray San Joaquin River on the Antioch Bridge, you can just glimpse the glittering wetlands to the west on Sherman Island. They’re easy to miss at 60 miles an hour. But as I stood with Brock on a wooden walkway a few feet above them in May, the low roar of the semi-industrial landscape—cars speeding over the bridge and boats motoring by on the other side of the levee—receded as I watched birds flit acrobatically among the rustling tule reeds and dragonflies hover over the dark water. The wetlands, hemmed in as they are by levees, roads, and fields of grazing cows, look remarkably healthy. They represent the implementation phase of DWR’s ongoing project, which seeks to shore up the threatened levees by creating wetlands on their subsided “bathtub” sides.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Isn’t it beautiful,” Brock said, looking out over the reeds. “Sometimes nature can do things better than humans.” Which is not to say the DWR restoration project was as easy as opening the floodgates and watching the cattails return. Before water was allowed back, he explained, the land had to be carefully sculpted to ensure the optimal water depth for marsh plants to grow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brock’s predecessors created the first experimental wetlands, on nearby Twitchell Island, in the 1990s. Not only did bringing water back halt the loss of carbon from the soil and stop subsidence, experts discovered, but the wetland plants grew so rapidly that, as they died and left tangled masses of roots and stalks, they raised the elevation of ground at an average rate of 4 centimeters per year. A common assertion among soil scientists is that an inch of topsoil takes a century to accumulate, maybe longer. But these wetland plants were turning carbon dioxide into solid earth at a rate observable by humans from one year to the next.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even so, given the magnitude of the subsidence problem, that rate of soil accretion can seem sorely inadequate. It will take roughly 150 years to get the most sunken areas of these islands back to sea level, Baldocchi told me. “People have trouble thinking in 100-year time scales,” he said. “We can’t get bored with these projects in 15 years.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yet the long-term time frame doesn’t mean we have to wait till the end for the project to bear fruit. Campbell Ingram of the Delta Conservancy emphasizes the importance of “stopping increased risk”—of halting subsidence. What’s key to understand, he says, is that the risk of levee breach does not increase linearly with subsidence, but exponentially. So by halting subsidence, you prevent the ballooning probability of catastrophic failure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And if the ground regains just a few feet over the years, the risk of catastrophe declines non-linearly as well. Meaning you don’t need to grow the ground back to sea level to dramatically reduce the possibility of a calamitous breach. Some modeling suggests that just gaining half the lost ground back—about 50 to 75 years as opposed to 150—could bring the likelihood of widespread failure to nearly zero.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even so, the major challenge facing the project is how to reach a scale of wetland restoration that’s meaningful for the greater Delta. DWR has so far flooded about 1,700 acres in four separate wetlands. But altogether there are about 250,000 acres of deeply subsided land in the Delta, most of it owned by farmers. So success depends in part on convincing farmers to forgo cash crops and flood their land instead, something that’s unlikely to happen without adequate monetary incentive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ideally, Ingram says, the state would pay farmers to convert cropland to wetland. (There is also an intermediate option, a wetland that sustains a crop: rice in flooded fields. In experiments, rice paddies stopped subsidence, but they didn’t reverse it.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California does have a relatively new program, called the Healthy Soils Initiative, whereby state money goes to farmers who implement practices thought to benefit soil health. It’s a model of what’s possible, Ingram says, but regrettably no such program exists for Delta wetlands. Marsh provides critical habitat for various species, so other income sources for farmers might include duck clubs or federal and state programs that pay for creation of endangered-animal habitat. But for now Ingram is betting on carbon markets, particularly California’s cap-and-trade system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We want to get to a point where a farmer wakes up and says, ‘I can earn more flooding my land than growing corn,’” Ingram told me.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Established in 2006 by the law AB32, the cap-and-trade system seeks to reduce the state’s greenhouse gas emissions by harnessing market forces. The state establishes an upper limit on greenhouse gas pollution—the cap—and then gives polluters a certain number of allowances to emit the offending gases. The quantity of allowances given out declines over time, forcing polluters to either clean up their operations or to purchase allowances from polluters who have a surfeit. Polluters can also buy a certain number of offset carbon credits from projects that either prevent the emission of greenhouse gases or remove them from the atmosphere. This is where restored Delta marshes might come in—as a source of offset credits for purchase.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ingram and Steve Deverel—one of the scientists who, when with USGS, conducted the original pilot projects on reversing subsidence in the Delta and is now with the consulting firm Hydrofocus—developed a Delta wetland carbon protocol that the American Carbon Registry approved in 2017. Meaning that they can sell offsets in the voluntary carbon market.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Approval for the state’s cap-and-trade system, where offset credits now trade for roughly double the rate seen on the voluntary market and might actually compete with earnings from crops, is likely a year-and-a-half away, Ingram says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And these are complicated carbon offsets. Freshwater wetland plants can pull carbon from the atmosphere at a spectacular rate—about 5.7 tons per acre per year in the Delta—but freshwater wetlands also emit the greenhouse gas methane, which has about 30 times the warming potential of carbon dioxide. According to Baldocchi, the warming caused by the methane released from Delta wetlands about equals, in the short term, the cooling potential of the carbon dioxide removed from the atmosphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"entry-content\">\n\u003cp>Why go through all the trouble, then, if we end up right where we started? Think of it as preventive medicine. By re-flooding one acre of peatland in the Sacramento Delta, you prevent between 10 and 20 tons of carbon dioxide from entering the atmosphere—via the organic material that microbes would have turned into gas if the land remained dry. That’s equivalent to between two and four years of driving your average car. In addition, you prevent worsening of the subsidence problem and its threat to the state’s water supply.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lisamarie Windham-Myers, a scientist with USGS, thinks she may eventually be able to improve the climate-cooling potential of these wetlands by emulating what happens in certain marshes that \u003cem>don’t\u003c/em> produce greenhouse gases. Saltwater and brackish marshes don’t release nearly as much methane as freshwater wetlands, she explains. That’s because ocean water contains sulfate, which changes the biochemical pathways available to microbes that break down organic material. With sulfate present, instead of creating methane as a byproduct, microbes produce sulfide, which isn’t a greenhouse gas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Windham-Myers studies the Suisun marshes, not far from Sherman Island. She’s found that even trace amounts of sulfate in the water prevent those counterproductive methane emissions. In Suisun, the sulfate comes from the small quantity of seawater that pushes into the system from San Francisco Bay. But even freshwater systems, she emphasizes, can contain trace amounts of sulfate—or iron, which also prevents methane production. In fact, she has observed that methane emissions from different parts of the restored DWR wetlands vary greatly, likely because of how water moves through them—carrying tiny concentrations of sulfate or iron to some areas, but not to others. Once scientists better understand such dynamics, they may be able to control the flow of water through resurrected wetlands in a way that limits methane, increases the net climate benefit, and raises the value of the carbon credit sold against restored Delta wetlands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The role of hydrology is definitely emerging as a knob we can turn,” Windham-Myers told me. “Let’s fine-tune these wetlands to make them as amazing as possible.”\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This \u003ca href=\"https://baynature.org/article/want-to-prevent-californias-katrina-grow-a-marsh/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">story\u003c/a> originally appeared in \u003ca href=\"https://baynature.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Bay Nature\u003c/a>. It is republished here as part of \u003ca href=\"http://kqed.org/climate\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">KQED Science’s\u003c/a> partnership with Covering Climate Now, a global collaboration of more than 250 news outlets to strengthen coverage of the climate story.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Moises Velasquez-Manoff is Bay Nature’s senior editor and the author of An Epidemic of Absence.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Former Governor Jerry Brown is continuing his international statesmanship on climate change, even out of office. He’s leading a new \u003ca href=\"https://news.berkeley.edu/2019/09/23/uc-berkeley-former-gov-jerry-brown-partner-with-china-to-spur-climate-action/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">research partnership\u003c/a> between UC Berkeley and Tsinghua University in China.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The California-China Climate Institute, launched Monday, Sept. 23, will focus on research and information-sharing about clean transportation, climate policy and adaptation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brown first began meeting with Chinese officials as governor to urge action on climate change, especially after President Trump announced he intends to pull the U.S. out of the Paris climate accord.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>KQED’s Lauren Sommer spoke with Brown about what he hopes to accomplish outside of government channels. The following has been edited for length and clarity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Working with China on climate change was something you started while you were governor. What are you hoping this Institute will do?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It will open doors with China at a time when they’re being closed throughout the American-China overall relationship. And the door opening will be in terms of climate change, dialogue, joint research, working together on a problem that, no matter what other problems exist, this one is shared by the Chinese, by the Americans, by everyone in the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We have a common danger, and because of my work with China and my work as governor, I felt that continuing through the University of California with the top climate man in China at Tsinghua University would be a good next step in my work to reduce climate emissions and work toward a more sustainable world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>And what have you heard from that University and from the Chinese government? What would they really like to partner with California and this Institute on in particular?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We have technical exchanges on cap-and-trade, carbon pricing, appliance and building efficiency, battery storage, zero emission vehicles. Those are all policies that California is pursuing, as well as China. And we need to mutually strive to do much, much more. California is doing more than most places in the world, but it isn’t even a fraction of what it will take to get to net zero carbon emissions. Same with China, they’re still growing their emissions. So even though there’s a lot of good things going on, good research, some good laws and regulations, we need to step up our ambition.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And that’s the point of the Institute, to bring trained scientists, policy leaders and other people who can have some impact together and work first on the subject matter, but to push against the climate deniers, President Trump and the Republicans or whomever, who are denying the facts and are working, although they may not know it, to actually cause great damage that will result in suffering and death for untold numbers of people in the world. So this is a matter of utmost significance to China, to California, to the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>China is the top emitter of carbon in the world and certainly it’s a country that still relies on coal power. Do you think an institute like this could actually make a measurable difference in global emissions?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I can’t tell you, because it hasn’t happened yet, but I’m certainly going to push for quicker retirement of coal, quicker adoption of zero emission vehicle standards. So that California’s own effort in these regards can also prosper. I don’t want to be isolated in California, but I like the fact that the largest country in the world, China, has California-style automobile emissions standards.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>China is burning a lot of coal. America still gets 40% of its electric power from coal. So we’ve all got a lot to do and rather than point fingers and cursing the darkness, I want to shed some light and work together with China at the state level, but also at the national level.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>You mentioned President Trump and the relationship he’s had with China through trade tariffs and trade wars recently. What has your dialogue been like with China? Do you feel like the door is still open?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It is open and our dialogue’s been positive, but we’re not dealing with the South China Sea or intellectual property or cyber intrusion or whatever all the different issues are. We’re dealing with the overarching common danger of climate change and we’ll continue to do that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Is there a reason not to leave this for government channels? Is there a reason to do it this way?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Well, if you want to make me governor or president, I can do it through official channels, but pending that, I’m going to work through the University. It’s a venerable institution that has the brightest people in the world connected to it. And certainly UC Berkeley and Tsinghua in Beijing are real powerhouses and I’m going to do my best to direct some of that power at reducing carbon emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Is there something that this Institute, because it’s through universities, can do that maybe governments can’t?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They’re a little more intellectually honest. Politicians are not known for their depth or, in many cases, for their candor. Hopefully we can do better on both those accounts through working with university people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Your administration worked on climate change quite a bit. What was the biggest impediment or what was the biggest challenge to getting things done in California?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Inertia. The way it is, the way we are. We are talking about a fossil fuel civilization, from the development of coal and oil. This has driven mass prosperity and driven major population increase. Now what we’re talking about is changing the basis of our civilization to renewable energy, to elegant kinds of manufacturing and living so that we get on the side of nature and not create the kind of awful negative feedback that we’re doing today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The last few years haven’t dissuaded you from working on an issue like this?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I don’t think we have enough evidence for total despair, but we don’t have enough evidence that we should be overly optimistic. Yes, there are dark clouds, with the heat-trapping gasses going up, I think, last year by more than ever in atmosphere. So yeah, time is running out and the dangers are real.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Former Governor Jerry Brown is continuing his international statesmanship on climate change, even out of office. He’s leading a new \u003ca href=\"https://news.berkeley.edu/2019/09/23/uc-berkeley-former-gov-jerry-brown-partner-with-china-to-spur-climate-action/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">research partnership\u003c/a> between UC Berkeley and Tsinghua University in China.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The California-China Climate Institute, launched Monday, Sept. 23, will focus on research and information-sharing about clean transportation, climate policy and adaptation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brown first began meeting with Chinese officials as governor to urge action on climate change, especially after President Trump announced he intends to pull the U.S. out of the Paris climate accord.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>KQED’s Lauren Sommer spoke with Brown about what he hopes to accomplish outside of government channels. The following has been edited for length and clarity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Working with China on climate change was something you started while you were governor. What are you hoping this Institute will do?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It will open doors with China at a time when they’re being closed throughout the American-China overall relationship. And the door opening will be in terms of climate change, dialogue, joint research, working together on a problem that, no matter what other problems exist, this one is shared by the Chinese, by the Americans, by everyone in the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We have a common danger, and because of my work with China and my work as governor, I felt that continuing through the University of California with the top climate man in China at Tsinghua University would be a good next step in my work to reduce climate emissions and work toward a more sustainable world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>And what have you heard from that University and from the Chinese government? What would they really like to partner with California and this Institute on in particular?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We have technical exchanges on cap-and-trade, carbon pricing, appliance and building efficiency, battery storage, zero emission vehicles. Those are all policies that California is pursuing, as well as China. And we need to mutually strive to do much, much more. California is doing more than most places in the world, but it isn’t even a fraction of what it will take to get to net zero carbon emissions. Same with China, they’re still growing their emissions. So even though there’s a lot of good things going on, good research, some good laws and regulations, we need to step up our ambition.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And that’s the point of the Institute, to bring trained scientists, policy leaders and other people who can have some impact together and work first on the subject matter, but to push against the climate deniers, President Trump and the Republicans or whomever, who are denying the facts and are working, although they may not know it, to actually cause great damage that will result in suffering and death for untold numbers of people in the world. So this is a matter of utmost significance to China, to California, to the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>China is the top emitter of carbon in the world and certainly it’s a country that still relies on coal power. Do you think an institute like this could actually make a measurable difference in global emissions?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I can’t tell you, because it hasn’t happened yet, but I’m certainly going to push for quicker retirement of coal, quicker adoption of zero emission vehicle standards. So that California’s own effort in these regards can also prosper. I don’t want to be isolated in California, but I like the fact that the largest country in the world, China, has California-style automobile emissions standards.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>China is burning a lot of coal. America still gets 40% of its electric power from coal. So we’ve all got a lot to do and rather than point fingers and cursing the darkness, I want to shed some light and work together with China at the state level, but also at the national level.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>You mentioned President Trump and the relationship he’s had with China through trade tariffs and trade wars recently. What has your dialogue been like with China? Do you feel like the door is still open?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It is open and our dialogue’s been positive, but we’re not dealing with the South China Sea or intellectual property or cyber intrusion or whatever all the different issues are. We’re dealing with the overarching common danger of climate change and we’ll continue to do that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Is there a reason not to leave this for government channels? Is there a reason to do it this way?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Well, if you want to make me governor or president, I can do it through official channels, but pending that, I’m going to work through the University. It’s a venerable institution that has the brightest people in the world connected to it. And certainly UC Berkeley and Tsinghua in Beijing are real powerhouses and I’m going to do my best to direct some of that power at reducing carbon emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Is there something that this Institute, because it’s through universities, can do that maybe governments can’t?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They’re a little more intellectually honest. Politicians are not known for their depth or, in many cases, for their candor. Hopefully we can do better on both those accounts through working with university people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Your administration worked on climate change quite a bit. What was the biggest impediment or what was the biggest challenge to getting things done in California?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Inertia. The way it is, the way we are. We are talking about a fossil fuel civilization, from the development of coal and oil. This has driven mass prosperity and driven major population increase. Now what we’re talking about is changing the basis of our civilization to renewable energy, to elegant kinds of manufacturing and living so that we get on the side of nature and not create the kind of awful negative feedback that we’re doing today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The last few years haven’t dissuaded you from working on an issue like this?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I don’t think we have enough evidence for total despair, but we don’t have enough evidence that we should be overly optimistic. Yes, there are dark clouds, with the heat-trapping gasses going up, I think, last year by more than ever in atmosphere. So yeah, time is running out and the dangers are real.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "These Trees Survived California’s Drought and That’s Giving Scientists Hope for Climate Change",
"headTitle": "These Trees Survived California’s Drought and That’s Giving Scientists Hope for Climate Change | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>When California’s historic five-year drought finally relented a few years ago, the tally of dead trees in the Sierra Nevada was higher than almost anyone expected: 129 million. Most are still standing, the dry patches dotting the mountainsides.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/Covering-Climate-Now-Logo.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright wp-image-1947420\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/Covering-Climate-Now-Logo-1020x1019.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"209\" height=\"209\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/Covering-Climate-Now-Logo-1020x1019.png 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/Covering-Climate-Now-Logo-160x160.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/Covering-Climate-Now-Logo-800x799.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/Covering-Climate-Now-Logo-768x767.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/Covering-Climate-Now-Logo.png 1116w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 209px) 100vw, 209px\">\u003c/a>But some trees did survive the test of heat and drought. Now, scientists are racing to collect them and other species around the globe in the hope that these “climate survivors” may have a natural advantage, allowing them to cope with a warming world a bit better than others in their species.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the north shore of Lake Tahoe, Patricia Maloney, a UC Davis forest and conservation biologist, hunts for these survivors. Most people focus on the dead trees, their brown pine needles standing out against the glittering blue of the lake. But Maloney tends not to notice them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I look for the good,” she said. “Like in people, you look for the good, not the bad. I do the same in forest systems.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Maloney studies sugar pines, a tree John Muir once called the “king” of conifers. “They have these huge, beautiful cones,” Maloney said. “They’re stunning trees.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The sugar pines on these slopes endured some of the worst water stress in the region. Winter snowpack melts earliest on south-facing slopes, leaving the trees with little soil moisture over the summer. That opens the door for the trees’ tiny nemesis, which would deal the fatal blow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[pullquote size=\"medium\" align=\"left\" citation=\"Steve Palumbi, Stanford\"]‘Evolution is a tool that we can bring to bear in helping us get through this future.’[/pullquote]“Here you have some really good mountain pine beetle galleries,” Maloney said, as she peeled the bark off a dead sugar pine to \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wR5O48zsbnc\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">show winding channels eaten into the wood\u003c/a>. “Like little beetle highways.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pine beetle outbreaks are a normal occurrence in the Sierra. As the beetles try to bore into the bark, pine trees can usually fight them off by spewing a sticky, gummy resin, entrapping the insects. But trees need water to make resin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The tank ran dry, and they weren’t able to mobilize any sort of resin,” Maloney said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But next to this dead tree, Maloney points to one towering above, with healthy green pine needles. Somehow, it was able to fight the beetles off and survive the drought. As she’s found more and more of these survivors, Maloney has studied them, trying to figure out what their secret is.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What we found is that the ones that were green, like this one, were more water-use efficient than their dead counterparts,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1947800\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 515px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-1947800\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/pine-beetle-800x666.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"515\" height=\"429\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/pine-beetle-800x666.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/pine-beetle-160x133.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/pine-beetle-768x639.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/pine-beetle.jpg 1000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 515px) 100vw, 515px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mountain pine beetle larvae leave holes in sugar pine bark after emerging. \u003ccite>(Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In other words, the survivors had an innate ability to do more with less.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Individual members of any species can vary dramatically, something tied to genetic differences. That diversity comes in handy when environmental conditions change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The drought, heat and beetle outbreaks in recent years put extreme pressure on sugar pines, creating a natural experiment that weeded out all but the toughest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think what we’re seeing is contemporary natural selection,” Maloney said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, she’s trying to ensure their descendents survive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Inside a greenhouse at her Tahoe City field station, Maloney showed off a sea of young green trees in their own containers. These 10,000 sugar pine seedlings grew from seeds Maloney and her team collected from 100 of the surviving sugar pines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over the next year, these young trees will be replanted around Lake Tahoe, both on national forest and private land. The hope is the trees, due to their genetics, will be better able to handle a warming climate, more extreme droughts and more frequent beetle outbreaks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These survivors matter,” Maloney said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She plans to study the genetics of these trees as they grow, research that could help in other climate-threatened forests.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1947799\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1947799\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/patricia-maloney-800x481.jpg\" alt=\"Patricia Maloney next to a dead sugar pine on Lake Tahoe.\" width=\"800\" height=\"481\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/patricia-maloney-800x481.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/patricia-maloney-160x96.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/patricia-maloney-768x462.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/patricia-maloney-1020x613.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/patricia-maloney-1200x721.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/patricia-maloney.jpg 1900w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Patricia Maloney next to a dead sugar pine on Lake Tahoe. \u003ccite>(Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Coral Survivors\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Maloney’s not alone in searching for species that can handle the warming climate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Steve Palumbi, a biology professor at Stanford University, has been \u003ca href=\"https://vimeo.com/259609055\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">looking for coral that can handle heat\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Evolution is a tool that we can bring to bear in helping us get through this future,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Coral reefs are bleaching and dying as oceans warm, so Palumbi is growing surviving corals in the hope they can build new reefs, full of “super corals.” Reefs aren’t just tourist attractions, he says. They’re also biodiversity hotspots that protect coastlines from flooding by absorbing wave energy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If it gives us another decade, if it gives us another two generations, that’ll be good, we’ll take it,” he said. “I see these next 80 years as the time where we have to save as much as possible.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But beyond that, it gets trickier, given the rate the climate is changing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The question in the future is: When the environment changes and it changes really fast, can these populations keep up? How fast can they adapt? How much help will they give us in keeping those ecosystems going?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Palumbi says, ultimately, the best solution for these species is for humans to curb emissions of heat-trapping gases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the meantime, scientists are trying to buy them a little more time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>When California’s historic five-year drought finally relented a few years ago, the tally of dead trees in the Sierra Nevada was higher than almost anyone expected: 129 million. Most are still standing, the dry patches dotting the mountainsides.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/Covering-Climate-Now-Logo.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright wp-image-1947420\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/Covering-Climate-Now-Logo-1020x1019.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"209\" height=\"209\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/Covering-Climate-Now-Logo-1020x1019.png 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/Covering-Climate-Now-Logo-160x160.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/Covering-Climate-Now-Logo-800x799.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/Covering-Climate-Now-Logo-768x767.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/Covering-Climate-Now-Logo.png 1116w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 209px) 100vw, 209px\">\u003c/a>But some trees did survive the test of heat and drought. Now, scientists are racing to collect them and other species around the globe in the hope that these “climate survivors” may have a natural advantage, allowing them to cope with a warming world a bit better than others in their species.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the north shore of Lake Tahoe, Patricia Maloney, a UC Davis forest and conservation biologist, hunts for these survivors. Most people focus on the dead trees, their brown pine needles standing out against the glittering blue of the lake. But Maloney tends not to notice them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I look for the good,” she said. “Like in people, you look for the good, not the bad. I do the same in forest systems.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Maloney studies sugar pines, a tree John Muir once called the “king” of conifers. “They have these huge, beautiful cones,” Maloney said. “They’re stunning trees.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The sugar pines on these slopes endured some of the worst water stress in the region. Winter snowpack melts earliest on south-facing slopes, leaving the trees with little soil moisture over the summer. That opens the door for the trees’ tiny nemesis, which would deal the fatal blow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>“Here you have some really good mountain pine beetle galleries,” Maloney said, as she peeled the bark off a dead sugar pine to \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wR5O48zsbnc\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">show winding channels eaten into the wood\u003c/a>. “Like little beetle highways.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pine beetle outbreaks are a normal occurrence in the Sierra. As the beetles try to bore into the bark, pine trees can usually fight them off by spewing a sticky, gummy resin, entrapping the insects. But trees need water to make resin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The tank ran dry, and they weren’t able to mobilize any sort of resin,” Maloney said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But next to this dead tree, Maloney points to one towering above, with healthy green pine needles. Somehow, it was able to fight the beetles off and survive the drought. As she’s found more and more of these survivors, Maloney has studied them, trying to figure out what their secret is.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What we found is that the ones that were green, like this one, were more water-use efficient than their dead counterparts,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1947800\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 515px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-1947800\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/pine-beetle-800x666.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"515\" height=\"429\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/pine-beetle-800x666.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/pine-beetle-160x133.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/pine-beetle-768x639.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/pine-beetle.jpg 1000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 515px) 100vw, 515px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mountain pine beetle larvae leave holes in sugar pine bark after emerging. \u003ccite>(Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In other words, the survivors had an innate ability to do more with less.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Individual members of any species can vary dramatically, something tied to genetic differences. That diversity comes in handy when environmental conditions change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The drought, heat and beetle outbreaks in recent years put extreme pressure on sugar pines, creating a natural experiment that weeded out all but the toughest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think what we’re seeing is contemporary natural selection,” Maloney said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, she’s trying to ensure their descendents survive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Inside a greenhouse at her Tahoe City field station, Maloney showed off a sea of young green trees in their own containers. These 10,000 sugar pine seedlings grew from seeds Maloney and her team collected from 100 of the surviving sugar pines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over the next year, these young trees will be replanted around Lake Tahoe, both on national forest and private land. The hope is the trees, due to their genetics, will be better able to handle a warming climate, more extreme droughts and more frequent beetle outbreaks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These survivors matter,” Maloney said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She plans to study the genetics of these trees as they grow, research that could help in other climate-threatened forests.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1947799\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1947799\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/patricia-maloney-800x481.jpg\" alt=\"Patricia Maloney next to a dead sugar pine on Lake Tahoe.\" width=\"800\" height=\"481\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/patricia-maloney-800x481.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/patricia-maloney-160x96.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/patricia-maloney-768x462.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/patricia-maloney-1020x613.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/patricia-maloney-1200x721.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/patricia-maloney.jpg 1900w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Patricia Maloney next to a dead sugar pine on Lake Tahoe. \u003ccite>(Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Coral Survivors\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Maloney’s not alone in searching for species that can handle the warming climate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Steve Palumbi, a biology professor at Stanford University, has been \u003ca href=\"https://vimeo.com/259609055\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">looking for coral that can handle heat\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Evolution is a tool that we can bring to bear in helping us get through this future,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Coral reefs are bleaching and dying as oceans warm, so Palumbi is growing surviving corals in the hope they can build new reefs, full of “super corals.” Reefs aren’t just tourist attractions, he says. They’re also biodiversity hotspots that protect coastlines from flooding by absorbing wave energy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If it gives us another decade, if it gives us another two generations, that’ll be good, we’ll take it,” he said. “I see these next 80 years as the time where we have to save as much as possible.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But beyond that, it gets trickier, given the rate the climate is changing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The question in the future is: When the environment changes and it changes really fast, can these populations keep up? How fast can they adapt? How much help will they give us in keeping those ecosystems going?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Palumbi says, ultimately, the best solution for these species is for humans to curb emissions of heat-trapping gases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the meantime, scientists are trying to buy them a little more time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "Naomi Klein: 'We Are Seeing the Beginnings of the Era of Climate Barbarism'",
"headTitle": "Naomi Klein: ‘We Are Seeing the Beginnings of the Era of Climate Barbarism’ | KQED",
"content": "\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003cb>In \u003ca href=\"https://www.theguardian.com/books/2019/sep/14/crisis-talk-green-new-deal-naomi-klein?CMP=Share_iOSApp_Other\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">this excerpt\u003c/a> from her latest book ‘On Fire,’ the author of ‘No Logo’ looks at why capitalism and politics have got in the way of addressing the climate crisis.\u003c/b>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Why are you publishing this book now?\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">I still feel that the way that we talk about climate change is too compartmentalised, too siloed from the other crises we face. A really strong theme running through the book is the links between it and the crisis of rising white supremacy, the various forms of nationalism and the fact that so many people are being forced from their homelands, and the war that is waged on our attention spans. These are intersecting and interconnecting crises and so the solutions have to be as well.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/Covering-Climate-Now-Logo.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright wp-image-1947420\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/Covering-Climate-Now-Logo-1020x1019.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"384\" height=\"384\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/Covering-Climate-Now-Logo-1020x1019.png 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/Covering-Climate-Now-Logo-160x160.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/Covering-Climate-Now-Logo-800x799.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/Covering-Climate-Now-Logo-768x767.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/Covering-Climate-Now-Logo.png 1116w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 384px) 100vw, 384px\">\u003c/a>The book collects essays from the last decade, have you changed your mind about anything?\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">When I look back, I don’t think I placed enough emphasis on the challenge climate change poses to the left. It’s more obvious the way the climate crisis challenges a rightwing dominant worldview, and the cult of serious centrism that never wants to do anything big, that’s always looking to split the difference. But this is also a challenge to a left worldview that is essentially only interested in redistributing the spoils of extractivism [the process of extracting natural resources from the earth] and not reckoning with the limits of endless consumption.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>What’s stopping the left doing this?\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">In a North American context, it’s the greatest taboo of all to actually admit that there are going to be limits. You see that in the way Fox News has gone after the Green New Deal – they are coming after your hamburgers! It cuts to the heart of the American dream – every generation gets more than the last, there is always a new frontier to expand to, the whole idea of settler colonial nations like ours. When somebody comes along and says, actually, there are limits, we’ve got some tough decisions, we need to figure out how to manage what’s left, we’ve got to share equitably – it is a psychic attack. And so the response [on the left] has been to avoid, and say no, no, we’re not coming to take away your stuff, there are going to be all kinds of benefits. And there \u003c/span>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">are\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">going to be benefits: we’ll have more livable cities, we’ll have less polluted air, we’ll spend less time stuck in traffic, we can design happier, richer lives in so many ways. But we are going to have to contract on the endless, disposable consumption side.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Do you feel encouraged by talk of the Green New Deal?\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">I feel a tremendous excitement and a sense of relief, that we are finally talking about solutions on the scale of the crisis we face. That we’re not talking about a little carbon tax or a cap and trade scheme as a silver bullet. We’re talking about transforming our economy. This system is failing the majority of people anyway, which is why we’re in this period of such profound political destabilisation – that is giving us the Trumps and the Brexits, and all of these strongman leaders – so why don’t we figure out how to change everything from bottom to top, and do it in a way that addresses all of these other crises at the same time? There is every chance we will miss the mark, but every fraction of a degree warming that we are able to hold off is a victory and every policy that we are able to win that makes our societies more humane, the more we will weather the inevitable shocks and storms to come without slipping into barbarism. Because what really terrifies me is what we are seeing at our borders in Europe and North America and Australia – I don’t think it’s coincidental that the settler colonial states and the countries that are the engines of that colonialism are at the forefront of this. We are seeing the beginnings of the era of climate barbarism. We saw it in \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/aug/14/christchurch-attack-suspect-sent-call-to-arms-letter-from-cell\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Christchurch\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, we saw it in \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2019/aug/04/el-paso-safe-city-white-man-killing-latinos\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">El Paso\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, where you have this marrying of white supremacist violence with vicious anti-immigrant racism.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>That is one of the most chilling sections of your book: I think\u003c/b> \u003cb>that’s a link a lot of people haven’t made.\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This pattern has been clear for a while. White supremacy emerged not just because people felt like thinking up ideas that were going to get a lot of people killed but because it was useful to protect barbaric but highly profitable actions. The age of scientific racism begins alongside the transatlantic slave trade, it is a rationale for that brutality. If we are going to respond to climate change by fortressing our borders, then of course the theories that would justify that, that create these hierarchies of humanity, will come surging back. There have been signs of that for years, but it is getting harder to deny because you have killers who are screaming it from the rooftops.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>One criticism you hear about the environment movement is that it is dominated by white people. How do you address that?\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">When you have a movement that is overwhelmingly representative of the most privileged sector of society then the approach is going to be much more fearful of change, because people who have a lot to lose tend to be more fearful of change, whereas people who have a lot to gain will tend to fight harder for it. That’s the big benefit of having an approach to climate change that links it to those so called bread and butter issues: how are we going to get better paid jobs, affordable housing, a way for people to take care of their families? I have had many conversations with environmentalists over the years where they seem really to believe that by linking fighting climate change with fighting poverty, or fighting for racial justice, it’s going to make the fight harder. We have to get out of this “my crisis is bigger than your crisis: first we save the planet and then we fight poverty and racism, and violence against women”. That doesn’t work. That alienates the people who would fight hardest for change. This debate has shifted a huge amount in the US because of the leadership of the climate justice movement and because it is congresswomen of colour who are championing the Green New Deal. \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2019/jun/29/alexandria-ocasio-cortez-met-greta-thunberg-hope-contagious-climate\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/ilhan-omar\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Ilhan Omar\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/video/2018/nov/07/ayanna-pressley-massachusetts-first-black-congresswoman\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Ayanna Pressley\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> and \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2019/may/14/rashida-tlaib-holocaust-israel-palestine-comments-democrats-defend-context-republican-attack\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Rashida Tlaib\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">come from communities that have gotten such a raw deal under the years of neoliberalism and longer, and are determined to represent, truly represent, the interests of those communities. They’re not afraid of deep change because their communities desperately need it.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>In the book, you write: “The hard truth is that the answer to the question ‘What can I, as an individual, do to stop climate change?’ is: nothing.” Do you still believe that?\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">In terms of the carbon, the individual decisions that we make are not going to add up to anything like the kind of scale of change that we need. And I do believe that the fact that for so many people it’s so much more comfortable to talk about our own personal consumption, than to talk about systemic change, is a product of neoliberalism, that we have been trained to see ourselves as consumers first. To me that’s the benefit of bringing up these historical analogies, like the New Deal or the Marshall Plan – it brings our minds back to a time when we were able to think of change on that scale. Because we’ve been trained to think very small. It is incredibly significant that \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.theguardian.com/profile/greta-thunberg\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Greta Thunberg\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> has turned her life into a living emergency.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Yes, she set sail for the UN climate summit in New York on a zero carbon yacht …\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Exactly. But this isn’t about what Greta is doing as an individual. It’s about what Greta is broadcasting in the choices that she makes as an activist, and I absolutely respect that. I think it’s magnificent. She is using the power that she has to broadcast that this is an emergency, and trying to inspire politicians to treat it as an emergency. I don’t think anybody is exempt from scrutinising their own decisions and behaviours but I think it is possible to overemphasise the individual choices. I have made a choice – and this has been true since I wrote \u003c/span>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">No Logo\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, and I started getting these “what should I buy, where should I shop, what are the ethical clothes?” questions. My answer continues to be that I am not a lifestyle adviser, I am not anyone’s shopping guru, and I make these decisions in my own life but I’m under no illusion that these decisions are going to make the difference.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Some people are choosing to go on birth strikes. What do you think about that?\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">I’m happy these discussions are coming into the public domain as opposed to being furtive issues we’re afraid to talk about. It’s been very isolating for people. It certainly was for me. One of the reasons I waited as long as I did to try and get pregnant, and I would say this to my partner all the time – what, you want to have a Mad Max water warrior fighting with their friends for food and water? It wasn’t until I was part of the climate justice movement and I could see a path forward that I could even imagine having a kid. But I would never tell anybody how to answer this most intimate of questions. As a feminist who knows the brutal history of forced sterilisation and the ways in which women’s bodies become battle zones when policymakers decide that they are going to try and control population, I think that the idea that there are regulatory solutions when it comes to whether or not to have kids is catastrophically ahistorical. We need to be struggling with our climate grief together and our climate fears together, through whatever decision we decide to make, but the discussion we need to have is how do we build a world so that those kids can have thriving, zero-carbon lives?\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Over the summer, you encouraged people to read Richard Powers’s novel, \u003c/b>\u003cb>\u003ci>The Overstory\u003c/i>\u003c/b>\u003cb>. Why?\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">It’s been incredibly important to me and I’m happy that so many people have written to me since. What \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.theguardian.com/books/2018/apr/08/the-overstory-richard-powers-review\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Powers is writing about trees\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">: that trees live in communities and are in communication, and plan and react together, and we’ve been completely wrong in the way we conceptualise them. It’s the same conversation we’re having about whether we are going to solve this as individuals or whether we are going to save the collective organism. It’s also rare, in good fiction, to valorise activism, to treat it with real respect, failures and all, to acknowledge the heroism of the people who put their bodies on the line. I thought Powers did that in a really extraordinary way.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>What are you views on what Extinction Rebellion has achieved?\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">One thing they have done so well is break us out of this classic campaign model we have been in for a long time, where you tell someone something scary, you ask them to click on something to do something about it, you skip out the whole phase where we need to grieve together and feel together and process what it is that we just saw. Because what I hear a lot from people is, ok, maybe those people back in the 1930s or 40s could organise neighbourhood by neighbourhood or workplace by workplace but we can’t. We believe we’ve been so downgraded as a species that we are incapable of that. The only thing that is going to change that belief is getting face to face, in community, having experiences, off our screens, with one another on the streets and in nature, and winning some things and feeling that power.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>You talk about stamina in the book. How do you keep going? Do you feel hopeful?\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">I have complicated feelings about the hope question. Not a day goes by that I don’t have a moment of sheer panic, raw terror, complete conviction that we are doomed, and then I do pull myself out of it. I’m renewed by this new generation that is so determined, so forceful. I’m inspired by the willingness to engage in electoral politics, because my generation, when we were in our 20s and 30s, there was so much suspicion around getting our hands dirty with electoral politics that we lost a lot of opportunities. What gives me the most hope right now is that we’ve finally got the vision for what we want instead, or at least the first rough draft of it. This is the first time this has happened in my lifetime. And also, I did decide to have kids. I have a seven year old who is so completely obsessed and in love with the natural world. When I think about him, after we’ve spent an entire summer talking about the role of salmon in feeding the forests where he was born in British Columbia, and how they are linked to the health of the trees and the soil and the bears and the orcas and this entire magnificent ecosystem, and I think about what it would be like to have to tell him that there are no more salmon, it kills me. So that motivates me. And slays me.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This \u003ca href=\"https://www.theguardian.com/books/2019/sep/14/naomi-klein-we-are-seeing-the-beginnings-of-the-era-of-climate-barbarism\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">story\u003c/a> originally appeared in \u003ca href=\"https://www.theguardian.com/us\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The Guardian\u003c/a>. It is republished here as part of KQED’s partnership with \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/tag/climatenow/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Covering Climate Now\u003c/a>, a global collaboration of more than 300 news outlets to strengthen coverage of the climate story.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n",
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"excerpt": "The 'No Logo' author talks about solutions to the climate crisis, Greta Thunberg, birth strikes and how she finds hope.",
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"description": "The 'No Logo' author talks about solutions to the climate crisis, Greta Thunberg, birth strikes and how she finds hope.",
"title": "Naomi Klein: 'We Are Seeing the Beginnings of the Era of Climate Barbarism' | KQED",
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"headline": "Naomi Klein: 'We Are Seeing the Beginnings of the Era of Climate Barbarism'",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003cb>In \u003ca href=\"https://www.theguardian.com/books/2019/sep/14/crisis-talk-green-new-deal-naomi-klein?CMP=Share_iOSApp_Other\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">this excerpt\u003c/a> from her latest book ‘On Fire,’ the author of ‘No Logo’ looks at why capitalism and politics have got in the way of addressing the climate crisis.\u003c/b>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Why are you publishing this book now?\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">I still feel that the way that we talk about climate change is too compartmentalised, too siloed from the other crises we face. A really strong theme running through the book is the links between it and the crisis of rising white supremacy, the various forms of nationalism and the fact that so many people are being forced from their homelands, and the war that is waged on our attention spans. These are intersecting and interconnecting crises and so the solutions have to be as well.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/Covering-Climate-Now-Logo.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright wp-image-1947420\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/Covering-Climate-Now-Logo-1020x1019.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"384\" height=\"384\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/Covering-Climate-Now-Logo-1020x1019.png 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/Covering-Climate-Now-Logo-160x160.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/Covering-Climate-Now-Logo-800x799.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/Covering-Climate-Now-Logo-768x767.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/Covering-Climate-Now-Logo.png 1116w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 384px) 100vw, 384px\">\u003c/a>The book collects essays from the last decade, have you changed your mind about anything?\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">When I look back, I don’t think I placed enough emphasis on the challenge climate change poses to the left. It’s more obvious the way the climate crisis challenges a rightwing dominant worldview, and the cult of serious centrism that never wants to do anything big, that’s always looking to split the difference. But this is also a challenge to a left worldview that is essentially only interested in redistributing the spoils of extractivism [the process of extracting natural resources from the earth] and not reckoning with the limits of endless consumption.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>What’s stopping the left doing this?\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">In a North American context, it’s the greatest taboo of all to actually admit that there are going to be limits. You see that in the way Fox News has gone after the Green New Deal – they are coming after your hamburgers! It cuts to the heart of the American dream – every generation gets more than the last, there is always a new frontier to expand to, the whole idea of settler colonial nations like ours. When somebody comes along and says, actually, there are limits, we’ve got some tough decisions, we need to figure out how to manage what’s left, we’ve got to share equitably – it is a psychic attack. And so the response [on the left] has been to avoid, and say no, no, we’re not coming to take away your stuff, there are going to be all kinds of benefits. And there \u003c/span>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">are\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">going to be benefits: we’ll have more livable cities, we’ll have less polluted air, we’ll spend less time stuck in traffic, we can design happier, richer lives in so many ways. But we are going to have to contract on the endless, disposable consumption side.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Do you feel encouraged by talk of the Green New Deal?\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">I feel a tremendous excitement and a sense of relief, that we are finally talking about solutions on the scale of the crisis we face. That we’re not talking about a little carbon tax or a cap and trade scheme as a silver bullet. We’re talking about transforming our economy. This system is failing the majority of people anyway, which is why we’re in this period of such profound political destabilisation – that is giving us the Trumps and the Brexits, and all of these strongman leaders – so why don’t we figure out how to change everything from bottom to top, and do it in a way that addresses all of these other crises at the same time? There is every chance we will miss the mark, but every fraction of a degree warming that we are able to hold off is a victory and every policy that we are able to win that makes our societies more humane, the more we will weather the inevitable shocks and storms to come without slipping into barbarism. Because what really terrifies me is what we are seeing at our borders in Europe and North America and Australia – I don’t think it’s coincidental that the settler colonial states and the countries that are the engines of that colonialism are at the forefront of this. We are seeing the beginnings of the era of climate barbarism. We saw it in \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/aug/14/christchurch-attack-suspect-sent-call-to-arms-letter-from-cell\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Christchurch\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, we saw it in \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2019/aug/04/el-paso-safe-city-white-man-killing-latinos\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">El Paso\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, where you have this marrying of white supremacist violence with vicious anti-immigrant racism.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>That is one of the most chilling sections of your book: I think\u003c/b> \u003cb>that’s a link a lot of people haven’t made.\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This pattern has been clear for a while. White supremacy emerged not just because people felt like thinking up ideas that were going to get a lot of people killed but because it was useful to protect barbaric but highly profitable actions. The age of scientific racism begins alongside the transatlantic slave trade, it is a rationale for that brutality. If we are going to respond to climate change by fortressing our borders, then of course the theories that would justify that, that create these hierarchies of humanity, will come surging back. There have been signs of that for years, but it is getting harder to deny because you have killers who are screaming it from the rooftops.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>One criticism you hear about the environment movement is that it is dominated by white people. How do you address that?\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">When you have a movement that is overwhelmingly representative of the most privileged sector of society then the approach is going to be much more fearful of change, because people who have a lot to lose tend to be more fearful of change, whereas people who have a lot to gain will tend to fight harder for it. That’s the big benefit of having an approach to climate change that links it to those so called bread and butter issues: how are we going to get better paid jobs, affordable housing, a way for people to take care of their families? I have had many conversations with environmentalists over the years where they seem really to believe that by linking fighting climate change with fighting poverty, or fighting for racial justice, it’s going to make the fight harder. We have to get out of this “my crisis is bigger than your crisis: first we save the planet and then we fight poverty and racism, and violence against women”. That doesn’t work. That alienates the people who would fight hardest for change. This debate has shifted a huge amount in the US because of the leadership of the climate justice movement and because it is congresswomen of colour who are championing the Green New Deal. \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2019/jun/29/alexandria-ocasio-cortez-met-greta-thunberg-hope-contagious-climate\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/ilhan-omar\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Ilhan Omar\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/video/2018/nov/07/ayanna-pressley-massachusetts-first-black-congresswoman\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Ayanna Pressley\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> and \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2019/may/14/rashida-tlaib-holocaust-israel-palestine-comments-democrats-defend-context-republican-attack\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Rashida Tlaib\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">come from communities that have gotten such a raw deal under the years of neoliberalism and longer, and are determined to represent, truly represent, the interests of those communities. They’re not afraid of deep change because their communities desperately need it.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>In the book, you write: “The hard truth is that the answer to the question ‘What can I, as an individual, do to stop climate change?’ is: nothing.” Do you still believe that?\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">In terms of the carbon, the individual decisions that we make are not going to add up to anything like the kind of scale of change that we need. And I do believe that the fact that for so many people it’s so much more comfortable to talk about our own personal consumption, than to talk about systemic change, is a product of neoliberalism, that we have been trained to see ourselves as consumers first. To me that’s the benefit of bringing up these historical analogies, like the New Deal or the Marshall Plan – it brings our minds back to a time when we were able to think of change on that scale. Because we’ve been trained to think very small. It is incredibly significant that \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.theguardian.com/profile/greta-thunberg\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Greta Thunberg\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> has turned her life into a living emergency.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Yes, she set sail for the UN climate summit in New York on a zero carbon yacht …\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Exactly. But this isn’t about what Greta is doing as an individual. It’s about what Greta is broadcasting in the choices that she makes as an activist, and I absolutely respect that. I think it’s magnificent. She is using the power that she has to broadcast that this is an emergency, and trying to inspire politicians to treat it as an emergency. I don’t think anybody is exempt from scrutinising their own decisions and behaviours but I think it is possible to overemphasise the individual choices. I have made a choice – and this has been true since I wrote \u003c/span>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">No Logo\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, and I started getting these “what should I buy, where should I shop, what are the ethical clothes?” questions. My answer continues to be that I am not a lifestyle adviser, I am not anyone’s shopping guru, and I make these decisions in my own life but I’m under no illusion that these decisions are going to make the difference.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Some people are choosing to go on birth strikes. What do you think about that?\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">I’m happy these discussions are coming into the public domain as opposed to being furtive issues we’re afraid to talk about. It’s been very isolating for people. It certainly was for me. One of the reasons I waited as long as I did to try and get pregnant, and I would say this to my partner all the time – what, you want to have a Mad Max water warrior fighting with their friends for food and water? It wasn’t until I was part of the climate justice movement and I could see a path forward that I could even imagine having a kid. But I would never tell anybody how to answer this most intimate of questions. As a feminist who knows the brutal history of forced sterilisation and the ways in which women’s bodies become battle zones when policymakers decide that they are going to try and control population, I think that the idea that there are regulatory solutions when it comes to whether or not to have kids is catastrophically ahistorical. We need to be struggling with our climate grief together and our climate fears together, through whatever decision we decide to make, but the discussion we need to have is how do we build a world so that those kids can have thriving, zero-carbon lives?\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Over the summer, you encouraged people to read Richard Powers’s novel, \u003c/b>\u003cb>\u003ci>The Overstory\u003c/i>\u003c/b>\u003cb>. Why?\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">It’s been incredibly important to me and I’m happy that so many people have written to me since. What \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.theguardian.com/books/2018/apr/08/the-overstory-richard-powers-review\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Powers is writing about trees\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">: that trees live in communities and are in communication, and plan and react together, and we’ve been completely wrong in the way we conceptualise them. It’s the same conversation we’re having about whether we are going to solve this as individuals or whether we are going to save the collective organism. It’s also rare, in good fiction, to valorise activism, to treat it with real respect, failures and all, to acknowledge the heroism of the people who put their bodies on the line. I thought Powers did that in a really extraordinary way.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>What are you views on what Extinction Rebellion has achieved?\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">One thing they have done so well is break us out of this classic campaign model we have been in for a long time, where you tell someone something scary, you ask them to click on something to do something about it, you skip out the whole phase where we need to grieve together and feel together and process what it is that we just saw. Because what I hear a lot from people is, ok, maybe those people back in the 1930s or 40s could organise neighbourhood by neighbourhood or workplace by workplace but we can’t. We believe we’ve been so downgraded as a species that we are incapable of that. The only thing that is going to change that belief is getting face to face, in community, having experiences, off our screens, with one another on the streets and in nature, and winning some things and feeling that power.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>You talk about stamina in the book. How do you keep going? Do you feel hopeful?\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">I have complicated feelings about the hope question. Not a day goes by that I don’t have a moment of sheer panic, raw terror, complete conviction that we are doomed, and then I do pull myself out of it. I’m renewed by this new generation that is so determined, so forceful. I’m inspired by the willingness to engage in electoral politics, because my generation, when we were in our 20s and 30s, there was so much suspicion around getting our hands dirty with electoral politics that we lost a lot of opportunities. What gives me the most hope right now is that we’ve finally got the vision for what we want instead, or at least the first rough draft of it. This is the first time this has happened in my lifetime. And also, I did decide to have kids. I have a seven year old who is so completely obsessed and in love with the natural world. When I think about him, after we’ve spent an entire summer talking about the role of salmon in feeding the forests where he was born in British Columbia, and how they are linked to the health of the trees and the soil and the bears and the orcas and this entire magnificent ecosystem, and I think about what it would be like to have to tell him that there are no more salmon, it kills me. So that motivates me. And slays me.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This \u003ca href=\"https://www.theguardian.com/books/2019/sep/14/naomi-klein-we-are-seeing-the-beginnings-of-the-era-of-climate-barbarism\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">story\u003c/a> originally appeared in \u003ca href=\"https://www.theguardian.com/us\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The Guardian\u003c/a>. It is republished here as part of KQED’s partnership with \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/tag/climatenow/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Covering Climate Now\u003c/a>, a global collaboration of more than 300 news outlets to strengthen coverage of the climate story.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "Tens of Thousands Expected to Take Out California’s Trash",
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"content": "\u003cp>It’s a big feat to get 65,000 people to do anything, let alone spend three hours picking up soiled trash.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yet, state officials are expecting around that number to turn out Saturday for the 35th annual \u003ca href=\"www.coastalcleanupday.org\">Coastal Cleanup Day\u003c/a>. The event attracts volunteers who spread out across more than 1,000 coastal beaches, rivers and parks in 55 of California’s 58 counties. Merced, Sutter, and Trinity counties do not participate. \u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nThe cleanup is the state’s largest volunteer event and one of its longest-running. The first beach cleanup took place in 1985. Last year, almost 72,000 people showed up to collect nearly a million pounds of trash and debris in just three hours, said Eben Schwartz, manager of marine debris programs at the California Coastal Commission.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s really a huge impact from this one-day event because we’re able to spread our reach so far into inland California, where much of the trash that is entering the ocean starts,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state estimates that over the last three decades, more than 1.5 million people have removed 25 million pounds of trash during the annual cleanups.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To commemorate the anniversary, the commission built a \u003ca href=\"https://coastalcomm.maps.arcgis.com/apps/Cascade/index.html?appid=de6a98eb91a24bd3ab51826f5e8eb7d2\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">website\u003c/a> describing the event’s history, impact, and photos going back two decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In recent years, volunteers have taken \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11692763/coastal-cleanup-day-takes-aim-at-manufacturers\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">aim\u003c/a> at plastic coffee lids, to-go boxes, silverware and other items that people typically use once before tossing out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Such items don’t fully decompose but will break down into tiny bits that are consumed by ocean creatures, entering the food chain. The \u003ca href=\"http://www.unesco.org/new/en/natural-sciences/ioc-oceans/focus-areas/rio-20-ocean/blueprint-for-the-future-we-want/marine-pollution/facts-and-figures-on-marine-pollution/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">United Nations\u003c/a> estimates that more than 1 million marine mammals die every year due to microplastic debris.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A UC Santa Barbara \u003ca href=\"https://advances.sciencemag.org/content/3/7/e1700782.full\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">study\u003c/a> conducted in 2017 found that half of all the plastic ever produced was manufactured in the previous 13 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The cleanup event on Saturday, Sept. 21 will begin at 9 a.m. and end at noon in most places.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state keeps a list of event coordinators \u003ca href=\"https://www.coastal.ca.gov/publiced/ccd/Coord_info_for_web.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">here\u003c/a>, instructions for what to bring \u003ca href=\"https://www.coastal.ca.gov/publiced/ccd/byo.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">here\u003c/a>, and answers to frequently asked questions \u003ca href=\"https://www.coastal.ca.gov/publiced/ccd/bring.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>It’s a big feat to get 65,000 people to do anything, let alone spend three hours picking up soiled trash.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yet, state officials are expecting around that number to turn out Saturday for the 35th annual \u003ca href=\"www.coastalcleanupday.org\">Coastal Cleanup Day\u003c/a>. The event attracts volunteers who spread out across more than 1,000 coastal beaches, rivers and parks in 55 of California’s 58 counties. Merced, Sutter, and Trinity counties do not participate. \u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nThe cleanup is the state’s largest volunteer event and one of its longest-running. The first beach cleanup took place in 1985. Last year, almost 72,000 people showed up to collect nearly a million pounds of trash and debris in just three hours, said Eben Schwartz, manager of marine debris programs at the California Coastal Commission.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s really a huge impact from this one-day event because we’re able to spread our reach so far into inland California, where much of the trash that is entering the ocean starts,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state estimates that over the last three decades, more than 1.5 million people have removed 25 million pounds of trash during the annual cleanups.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To commemorate the anniversary, the commission built a \u003ca href=\"https://coastalcomm.maps.arcgis.com/apps/Cascade/index.html?appid=de6a98eb91a24bd3ab51826f5e8eb7d2\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">website\u003c/a> describing the event’s history, impact, and photos going back two decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In recent years, volunteers have taken \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11692763/coastal-cleanup-day-takes-aim-at-manufacturers\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">aim\u003c/a> at plastic coffee lids, to-go boxes, silverware and other items that people typically use once before tossing out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Such items don’t fully decompose but will break down into tiny bits that are consumed by ocean creatures, entering the food chain. The \u003ca href=\"http://www.unesco.org/new/en/natural-sciences/ioc-oceans/focus-areas/rio-20-ocean/blueprint-for-the-future-we-want/marine-pollution/facts-and-figures-on-marine-pollution/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">United Nations\u003c/a> estimates that more than 1 million marine mammals die every year due to microplastic debris.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A UC Santa Barbara \u003ca href=\"https://advances.sciencemag.org/content/3/7/e1700782.full\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">study\u003c/a> conducted in 2017 found that half of all the plastic ever produced was manufactured in the previous 13 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The cleanup event on Saturday, Sept. 21 will begin at 9 a.m. and end at noon in most places.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state keeps a list of event coordinators \u003ca href=\"https://www.coastal.ca.gov/publiced/ccd/Coord_info_for_web.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">here\u003c/a>, instructions for what to bring \u003ca href=\"https://www.coastal.ca.gov/publiced/ccd/byo.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">here\u003c/a>, and answers to frequently asked questions \u003ca href=\"https://www.coastal.ca.gov/publiced/ccd/bring.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Bay Area Joins Worldwide Youth Climate Strike",
"headTitle": "Bay Area Joins Worldwide Youth Climate Strike | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>\u003cem>3:24 p.m. \u003c/em>It’s as yet unclear just how many kids and adults participated in the youth climate strike today. The \u003ca href=\"https://www.theguardian.com/environment/live/2019/sep/20/climate-strike-global-change-protest-sydney-melbourne-london-new-york-nyc-school-student-protest-greta-thunberg-rally-live-news-latest-updates\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Guardian \u003c/a>says “millions of people from Sydney to Manila, Dhaka to London and New York” joined in. The \u003ca href=\"https://www.smh.com.au/national/global-climate-strike-live-australian-school-students-march-in-protest-of-climate-change-20190920-p52t70.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Sydney Morning Herald \u003c/a>reports more than 300,000 schoolchildren and college students took to the streets in Australia, alone. There were 270,000 in Berlin, says \u003ca href=\"https://www.ft.com/content/5dedd106-3391-33ff-ba2f-24ace1a914d6\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The Financial Times\u003c/a>. Organizers in London estimated more than 100,000, according to \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2019/09/20/climate/global-climate-strike.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The New York Times\u003c/a>. In New York, Mayor Bill De Blasio \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/NYCMayor/status/1175118915317436417\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">tweeted 60,000 and counting\u003c/a>. Greta Thunberg, who addressed a crowd in Battery Park, put the figure \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/GretaThunberg/status/1175142660283273218\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">considerably higher\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here in the Bay Area, Bay City News is reporting “tens of thousands” joined the demonstrations, from Cupertino, Los Altos, Palo Alto, Richmond, Fremont, Oakland, Berkeley, San Francisco and dozens of other communities. So far, no violent incidents or arrests have been reported.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>New York excused students from school in order to participate; most Bay Area school systems did not. Despite that distinct lack of permission, the kids filling Market Street were curb to curb, says our reporter Kevin Stark. They targeted, among other stops on the protest route, the offices of Nancy Pelosi and Dianne Feinstein; Amazon and PG&E; and U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What they had on their minds: Earth is warming, with the 10 hottest years on record all having occurred since 1998. Exposure to extreme heat is increasing, hurricanes and flooding are more intense, and wildfires are increasingly burning out of control. The world’s scientists say it’s only going to get worse if we don’t substantially reduce the planet-warming gases released by the burning of fossil fuels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since we’ve been talking to young people about this issue, their message has been fairly consistent: We are children, and you are adults. And on this issue, you have \u003cem>really\u003c/em> let us down.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“People aren’t listening to the scientists and what they’re trying to tell you about the Earth,” said Annabelle, 10 years old, in front of PG&E today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s just so many things we can see happening, and it’s so, kind of terrifying to see how so many of the people in power really don’t believe it and are denying it,” said Ariel Skolnick, 15, who walked out of Berkeley High School.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are fighting for our future, and we’re not going to let people sit around and destroy our planet,” said 12-year-old Samara Ixchelnuo-Pelayo.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kevin Stark followed these young protesters around all day, and we asked him what it felt like out there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Most of the day, the students are all leading this thing,” Stark said. “And they’re kind of fierce. They’re angry, and they’re frustrated, but they feel like they have this sense of power. Market Street is completely shut down; from Seventh to First streets, it’s full of students.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Then I go to the Ferry Building, and I see this line of two or three dozen students getting soft-serve. And it just kind of landed for me: They’re out there pushing for us, adults, to do something, and making this huge statement. But here they are, getting ice cream, Because these are \u003cem>kids\u003c/em>.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More climate actions are planned next week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>1:36 p.m\u003c/em>. More climate-related news from California today. California and 22 other states filed suit to prevent the Trump administration from revoking California’s authority to set more stringent standards on greenhouse gas emissions from vehicles than those put in place by the federal government.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>1:28 p.m. \u003c/em>Here’s Associated Press on the day’s events, around the world:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>A wave of climate change protests swept the globe Friday, with hundreds of thousands of young people sending a message to leaders headed for a U.N. summit: The warming world can’t wait for action. Marches, rallies and demonstrations were held from Canberra to Kabul and Cape Town to New York.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The “Global Climate Strike” events ranged from a gathering of about two dozen activists in Seoul using LED flashlights to send Morse code messages calling for action to rescue the earth to Australia demonstrations that organizers estimated were the country’s largest protests since the Iraq War began in 2003. In New York, where public schools excused students with parental permission, tens of thousands of mostly young people rallied and marched through lower Manhattan. And in Paris, teenagers and kids as young as 10 traded classrooms for the streets. Marie-Lou Sahai, 15, skipped school because “the only way to make people listen is to protest.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The protests were partly inspired by the activism of Swedish teenager Greta Thunberg, who has staged weekly “Fridays for Future” demonstrations for a year, urging world leaders to step up efforts against climate change. “It’s such a victory,” Thunberg told The Associated Press in an interview in New York. “I would never have predicted or believed that this was going to happen, and so fast — and only in 15 months.”\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>12:48 p.m.\u003c/em> Next stop on the protest schedule was PG&E.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">The \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/ClimateStrike?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#ClimateStrike\u003c/a>, passing under the \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/KQED?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">@KQED\u003c/a> offices.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They were blasting out ‘Wake Up’ by \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/arcadefire?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">@arcadefire\u003c/a>: “Children wake up / Hold your mistake up / Before they turn the summer into dust” \u003ca href=\"https://t.co/1BDQvyzqKr\">pic.twitter.com/1BDQvyzqKr\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Carly Severn (@TeacupInTheBay) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/TeacupInTheBay/status/1175136727154823168?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">September 20, 2019\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://platform.twitter.com/widgets.js\">https://platform.twitter.com/widgets.js\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>KQED is temporarily PG&E’s next door neighbor, so our intrepid reporter Molly Peterson took the elevator downstairs to interview kids who were making their displeasure at the adult world loudly known. She spoke with Wren, 9, and Annabelle, 10. Annabelle carried a sign that said “Why should I go to school if you won’t listen to the educated?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She explained it this way: “People aren’t listening to the scientists and what they’re trying to tell you about the earth,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Leo, 12, said he was advocating for the Green New Deal. He said his class had been discussing climate change and the need for renewable energy. Is there anyone doing something on the issue that he admires? “Greta Thunberg. I think she’s really important and all the things she’s done.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">San Francisco’s \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/ClimateStrike?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#ClimateStrike\u003c/a> just made it to Beale St. right in front of PG&E’s HQ.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Youth-led protestors are chanting “PG&E no more greed, we should own our energy.” 🌎 \u003ca href=\"https://t.co/zkCyWsyETR\">pic.twitter.com/zkCyWsyETR\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Chris Cox (@chriscoxrox) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/chriscoxrox/status/1175132127295197184?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">September 20, 2019\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://platform.twitter.com/widgets.js\">https://platform.twitter.com/widgets.js\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>12:30 p.m.\u003c/em> The protest hit Amazon Go’s office in San Francisco …\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-1947717\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/climate-protest-san-francisco-amazon-1020x1360.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"308\" height=\"411\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/climate-protest-san-francisco-amazon-1020x1360.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/climate-protest-san-francisco-amazon-160x213.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/climate-protest-san-francisco-amazon-800x1067.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/climate-protest-san-francisco-amazon-768x1024.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/climate-protest-san-francisco-amazon-900x1200.jpg 900w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/climate-protest-san-francisco-amazon-1920x2560.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/climate-protest-san-francisco-amazon.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 308px) 100vw, 308px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>12:07 p.m.\u003c/em> Some climate news out of Sacramento today. In an effort to align California’s $700 million dollar-plus pension investment portfolio with its climate action policy, Gov. Gavin Newsom signed an \u003ca href=\"https://www.gov.ca.gov/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/9.20.19-Climate-EO-N-19-19.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">executive order\u003c/a> directing the Department of Finance to create a climate-driven investment plan. The order aims to shift the state’s investments toward carbon-neutral and clean energy technologies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the heels of the federal government’s efforts this week to strip California’s authority over state emissions standards, Newsom also signed two bills aimed to reduce tailpipe pollution from trucks and other heavy-duty vehicles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here’s what Newsom said in a statement:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In the face of the White House’s inaction on climate change, California is stepping up and leading the way. Our state is proof that you can reach some of the strongest climate goals in the world while also achieving record economic growth. How we meet this moment will define our state – and country – for decades to come, just as the willemergence of the internet defined our economy over the past few decades. We have to get ahead of this and align our state investments, our purchasing power and our transportation and housing policies to be ready to meet this moment head-on.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>11:40 a.m.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">Found the front of the march, passing Grant and O’Farrell now… \u003ca href=\"https://t.co/kLya5exRxY\">pic.twitter.com/kLya5exRxY\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Kevin Stark (@StarkKev) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/StarkKev/status/1175109858254700545?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">September 20, 2019\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://platform.twitter.com/widgets.js\">https://platform.twitter.com/widgets.js\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1947681\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 463px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-1947681\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/climate-strike-1-1020x765.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"463\" height=\"347\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/climate-strike-1-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/climate-strike-1-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/climate-strike-1-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/climate-strike-1-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/climate-strike-1-1200x900.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/climate-strike-1-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/climate-strike-1.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 463px) 100vw, 463px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">7th and Market in San Francisco \u003ccite>(Steph Lister/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">From the \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/Climatestrike?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#Climatestrike\u003c/a> in San Francisco. \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/SFSU?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#SFSU\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://t.co/QjF9sckoAf\">pic.twitter.com/QjF9sckoAf\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Sustainable SF State (@sustainsfstate) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/sustainsfstate/status/1175109352019001344?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">September 20, 2019\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://platform.twitter.com/widgets.js\">https://platform.twitter.com/widgets.js\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-1947696\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/bay-area-climate-strike-4-1020x765.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"448\" height=\"336\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/bay-area-climate-strike-4-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/bay-area-climate-strike-4-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/bay-area-climate-strike-4-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/bay-area-climate-strike-4-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/bay-area-climate-strike-4-1200x900.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/bay-area-climate-strike-4-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/bay-area-climate-strike-4.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 448px) 100vw, 448px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>11:09 a.m\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">Students chanting “Dianne Feinstein listen to us. We are the people, you work for us” \u003ca href=\"https://t.co/N7r4kB3AmA\">pic.twitter.com/N7r4kB3AmA\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Kevin Stark (@StarkKev) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/StarkKev/status/1175106287933116416?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">September 20, 2019\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://platform.twitter.com/widgets.js\">https://platform.twitter.com/widgets.js\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>10:54 a.m. \u003c/em> Thousands of students have taken over Market street, KQED’s Kevin Stark reports, and Muni buses are lined up and sitting idle. Lots of youth “facilitators” and “coordinators” are leading contingents from Bay Area middle and high schools.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">A little scene from 7th towards Market from the SF \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/climatemarch?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#climatemarch\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://t.co/wGQ4Vw1Nuv\">pic.twitter.com/wGQ4Vw1Nuv\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Kevin Stark (@StarkKev) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/StarkKev/status/1175104942270373889?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">September 20, 2019\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://platform.twitter.com/widgets.js\">https://platform.twitter.com/widgets.js\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>10:28 a.m. Berkeley High walkout\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some 400 Berkeley High School students were expected to walk out today. This morning, a group gathered in the park across school while a brass band played. The contingent was headed into San Francisco via BART for the main rally.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sophomore Ariel Skolnick, 15, held a trio of signs, including one that read “Stop Denying Our Earth is Dying.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s just so many things we can see happening, and it’s so, kind of terrifying to see how so many of the people in power really don’t believe it and are denying it,” she said. “And it’s up to us, the youth, to try to make as much of a change as we can and try to get our voices out there as much as possible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I want them to know that we are the future and we’re doing what we can to make sure that our future is going to be able to happen.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>10:10 a.m. MUNI problems in San Francisco\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unrelated to the climate strike, MUNI \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/sfmta_muni/status/1175085628750364672\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">went down\u003c/a> this morning due to a PG&E power outage. Some service has returned, the SFMTA reports:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://twitter.com/sfmta_muni/status/1175085628750364672\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>9:48 a.m. Art Build at UC Berkeley\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1947672\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-1947672\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/UC-Berkeley-climate-strike-1020x765.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"480\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/UC-Berkeley-climate-strike-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/UC-Berkeley-climate-strike-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/UC-Berkeley-climate-strike-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/UC-Berkeley-climate-strike-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/UC-Berkeley-climate-strike-1200x900.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/UC-Berkeley-climate-strike-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/UC-Berkeley-climate-strike.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Lindsay Puddicombe and her 19-month-old daughter Maude at UC Berkeley \u003ccite>( Kate Wolffe/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Students, faculty and families are gathered at UC Berkeley’s Sproul Plaza to paint cardboard signs as part of an Art Build sponsored by Students for Climate Action, a coalition of university groups on campus, KQED’s Kate Wolffe reports.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While kids and adults painted away, climate group gave “teach ins” to educate the crowd about how to build a zero waste sustainable future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lindsay Puddicombe was there to paint signs with her 19-month-old daughter. One action they’ve taken to reduce their carbon footprint is to forgo eating meat or meat byproducts. “We try to do our part as best … we can. You know, it’s her future.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>9:33 a.m. On the protest itinerary\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>PG&E, which has made all kinds of news for not being prepared, is getting prepared — the company is an official destination on today’s protest itinerary.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1947658\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 403px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1947658\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/PGE-climate-strike-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"403\" height=\"303\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/PGE-climate-strike-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/PGE-climate-strike-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/PGE-climate-strike-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/PGE-climate-strike-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/PGE-climate-strike-1200x900.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/PGE-climate-strike-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/PGE-climate-strike.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 403px) 100vw, 403px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Outside PG&E headquarters in San Francisco. \u003ccite>(Bianca Hernandez/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Other protests are planned at Sen. Dianne Feinstein’s office, Amazon, and U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement, among other places. Here is the official \u003ca href=\"https://www.bayareaclimatestrike.net/march\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">march route\u003c/a> in San Francisco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>9:15 a.m.\u003c/em> On Twitter, the climate strike hashtag is \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/climatestrike?src=hashtag_click\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">#climatestrike\u003c/a>. The first thing that came up for us was this \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/TEDTalks/status/1175077155748769793\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">TED Talk\u003c/a> from Greta Thunberg, the 16-year-old Swedish climate activist who ignited the global climate action youth movement by walking out of school a little over a year ago as a protest against inaction on climate change by the Swedish government.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://twitter.com/TEDTalks/status/1175077155748769793\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>8:49 a.m. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003cem>Med students want meeting with Pelosi\u003c/em>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cem>12-year-old: we’re not going to let people sit around and destroy our planet\u003c/em>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>KQED’s Kevin Stark reports there are roughly 40 to 50 doctors, medical students and activists — all wearing white lab coats and carrying signs — that have entered the federal building in San Francisco to try and speak with Nancy Pelosi. They’re going through security, not forcing their way in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Colin Baylen, 30, who attends UCSF, said the group wants Pelosi to know that “We need to take action now because this is a health emergency and it’s going to impact all of our health.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Update 10:00 a.m. Monday, Sept. 23: \u003c/strong>The group, California Climate Health Now, met with Pelosi’s staff to discuss the need to reduce emissions in order to protect public health, according to Ashley McClure, one of the group’s organizers. The meeting was previously scheduled.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The group also met with staff members from both California senators and Representative Barbara Lee, D-Oakland. In an email, McClure said that the goal was “to share our grave concern for human health if climate change continues unabated.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our message to the electeds is that climate change is a medical emergency and needs to be framed as such in the American discourse,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California Climate Health Now is coalition of medical doctors and health professionals. Altogether, 34 medical professionals participated Friday, including 24 physicians, 8 UCSF medical students, 1 UC Berkeley public health professor, and 1 UC Berkeley nurse practitioner.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Original post 9:45 a.m. Friday, Sept. 10:\u003c/strong>Outside the federal building, Stark also spoke with Samara Ixchelnuo-Pelayo, 12, who was taking off school today. “We are fighting for our future and we’re not going to let people sit around and destroy our planet,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Speaking of K-12 students, Bay Area school districts are not necessarily on board with them missing class today. The San Francisco Chronicle \u003ca href=\"https://www.sfchronicle.com/education/article/Bay-Area-school-districts-won-t-excuse-students-14453720.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">reports\u003c/a> San Francisco, Oakland and other districts are not excusing students.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As a district we do not condone these walkouts and we asked our instructors to work the information into their curriculum if at all possible and talk about it with the students during the day,” said a spokesperson for San Jose Unified School District.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cem>3:24 p.m. \u003c/em>It’s as yet unclear just how many kids and adults participated in the youth climate strike today. The \u003ca href=\"https://www.theguardian.com/environment/live/2019/sep/20/climate-strike-global-change-protest-sydney-melbourne-london-new-york-nyc-school-student-protest-greta-thunberg-rally-live-news-latest-updates\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Guardian \u003c/a>says “millions of people from Sydney to Manila, Dhaka to London and New York” joined in. The \u003ca href=\"https://www.smh.com.au/national/global-climate-strike-live-australian-school-students-march-in-protest-of-climate-change-20190920-p52t70.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Sydney Morning Herald \u003c/a>reports more than 300,000 schoolchildren and college students took to the streets in Australia, alone. There were 270,000 in Berlin, says \u003ca href=\"https://www.ft.com/content/5dedd106-3391-33ff-ba2f-24ace1a914d6\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The Financial Times\u003c/a>. Organizers in London estimated more than 100,000, according to \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2019/09/20/climate/global-climate-strike.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The New York Times\u003c/a>. In New York, Mayor Bill De Blasio \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/NYCMayor/status/1175118915317436417\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">tweeted 60,000 and counting\u003c/a>. Greta Thunberg, who addressed a crowd in Battery Park, put the figure \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/GretaThunberg/status/1175142660283273218\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">considerably higher\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here in the Bay Area, Bay City News is reporting “tens of thousands” joined the demonstrations, from Cupertino, Los Altos, Palo Alto, Richmond, Fremont, Oakland, Berkeley, San Francisco and dozens of other communities. So far, no violent incidents or arrests have been reported.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>New York excused students from school in order to participate; most Bay Area school systems did not. Despite that distinct lack of permission, the kids filling Market Street were curb to curb, says our reporter Kevin Stark. They targeted, among other stops on the protest route, the offices of Nancy Pelosi and Dianne Feinstein; Amazon and PG&E; and U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What they had on their minds: Earth is warming, with the 10 hottest years on record all having occurred since 1998. Exposure to extreme heat is increasing, hurricanes and flooding are more intense, and wildfires are increasingly burning out of control. The world’s scientists say it’s only going to get worse if we don’t substantially reduce the planet-warming gases released by the burning of fossil fuels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since we’ve been talking to young people about this issue, their message has been fairly consistent: We are children, and you are adults. And on this issue, you have \u003cem>really\u003c/em> let us down.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“People aren’t listening to the scientists and what they’re trying to tell you about the Earth,” said Annabelle, 10 years old, in front of PG&E today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s just so many things we can see happening, and it’s so, kind of terrifying to see how so many of the people in power really don’t believe it and are denying it,” said Ariel Skolnick, 15, who walked out of Berkeley High School.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are fighting for our future, and we’re not going to let people sit around and destroy our planet,” said 12-year-old Samara Ixchelnuo-Pelayo.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kevin Stark followed these young protesters around all day, and we asked him what it felt like out there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Most of the day, the students are all leading this thing,” Stark said. “And they’re kind of fierce. They’re angry, and they’re frustrated, but they feel like they have this sense of power. Market Street is completely shut down; from Seventh to First streets, it’s full of students.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Then I go to the Ferry Building, and I see this line of two or three dozen students getting soft-serve. And it just kind of landed for me: They’re out there pushing for us, adults, to do something, and making this huge statement. But here they are, getting ice cream, Because these are \u003cem>kids\u003c/em>.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More climate actions are planned next week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>1:36 p.m\u003c/em>. More climate-related news from California today. California and 22 other states filed suit to prevent the Trump administration from revoking California’s authority to set more stringent standards on greenhouse gas emissions from vehicles than those put in place by the federal government.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>1:28 p.m. \u003c/em>Here’s Associated Press on the day’s events, around the world:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>A wave of climate change protests swept the globe Friday, with hundreds of thousands of young people sending a message to leaders headed for a U.N. summit: The warming world can’t wait for action. Marches, rallies and demonstrations were held from Canberra to Kabul and Cape Town to New York.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The “Global Climate Strike” events ranged from a gathering of about two dozen activists in Seoul using LED flashlights to send Morse code messages calling for action to rescue the earth to Australia demonstrations that organizers estimated were the country’s largest protests since the Iraq War began in 2003. In New York, where public schools excused students with parental permission, tens of thousands of mostly young people rallied and marched through lower Manhattan. And in Paris, teenagers and kids as young as 10 traded classrooms for the streets. Marie-Lou Sahai, 15, skipped school because “the only way to make people listen is to protest.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The protests were partly inspired by the activism of Swedish teenager Greta Thunberg, who has staged weekly “Fridays for Future” demonstrations for a year, urging world leaders to step up efforts against climate change. “It’s such a victory,” Thunberg told The Associated Press in an interview in New York. “I would never have predicted or believed that this was going to happen, and so fast — and only in 15 months.”\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>12:48 p.m.\u003c/em> Next stop on the protest schedule was PG&E.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">The \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/ClimateStrike?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#ClimateStrike\u003c/a>, passing under the \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/KQED?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">@KQED\u003c/a> offices.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They were blasting out ‘Wake Up’ by \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/arcadefire?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">@arcadefire\u003c/a>: “Children wake up / Hold your mistake up / Before they turn the summer into dust” \u003ca href=\"https://t.co/1BDQvyzqKr\">pic.twitter.com/1BDQvyzqKr\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Carly Severn (@TeacupInTheBay) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/TeacupInTheBay/status/1175136727154823168?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">September 20, 2019\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://platform.twitter.com/widgets.js\">https://platform.twitter.com/widgets.js\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>KQED is temporarily PG&E’s next door neighbor, so our intrepid reporter Molly Peterson took the elevator downstairs to interview kids who were making their displeasure at the adult world loudly known. She spoke with Wren, 9, and Annabelle, 10. Annabelle carried a sign that said “Why should I go to school if you won’t listen to the educated?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She explained it this way: “People aren’t listening to the scientists and what they’re trying to tell you about the earth,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Leo, 12, said he was advocating for the Green New Deal. He said his class had been discussing climate change and the need for renewable energy. Is there anyone doing something on the issue that he admires? “Greta Thunberg. I think she’s really important and all the things she’s done.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">San Francisco’s \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/ClimateStrike?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#ClimateStrike\u003c/a> just made it to Beale St. right in front of PG&E’s HQ.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Youth-led protestors are chanting “PG&E no more greed, we should own our energy.” 🌎 \u003ca href=\"https://t.co/zkCyWsyETR\">pic.twitter.com/zkCyWsyETR\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Chris Cox (@chriscoxrox) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/chriscoxrox/status/1175132127295197184?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">September 20, 2019\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://platform.twitter.com/widgets.js\">https://platform.twitter.com/widgets.js\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>12:30 p.m.\u003c/em> The protest hit Amazon Go’s office in San Francisco …\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-1947717\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/climate-protest-san-francisco-amazon-1020x1360.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"308\" height=\"411\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/climate-protest-san-francisco-amazon-1020x1360.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/climate-protest-san-francisco-amazon-160x213.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/climate-protest-san-francisco-amazon-800x1067.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/climate-protest-san-francisco-amazon-768x1024.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/climate-protest-san-francisco-amazon-900x1200.jpg 900w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/climate-protest-san-francisco-amazon-1920x2560.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/climate-protest-san-francisco-amazon.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 308px) 100vw, 308px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>12:07 p.m.\u003c/em> Some climate news out of Sacramento today. In an effort to align California’s $700 million dollar-plus pension investment portfolio with its climate action policy, Gov. Gavin Newsom signed an \u003ca href=\"https://www.gov.ca.gov/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/9.20.19-Climate-EO-N-19-19.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">executive order\u003c/a> directing the Department of Finance to create a climate-driven investment plan. The order aims to shift the state’s investments toward carbon-neutral and clean energy technologies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the heels of the federal government’s efforts this week to strip California’s authority over state emissions standards, Newsom also signed two bills aimed to reduce tailpipe pollution from trucks and other heavy-duty vehicles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here’s what Newsom said in a statement:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In the face of the White House’s inaction on climate change, California is stepping up and leading the way. Our state is proof that you can reach some of the strongest climate goals in the world while also achieving record economic growth. How we meet this moment will define our state – and country – for decades to come, just as the willemergence of the internet defined our economy over the past few decades. We have to get ahead of this and align our state investments, our purchasing power and our transportation and housing policies to be ready to meet this moment head-on.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>11:40 a.m.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">Found the front of the march, passing Grant and O’Farrell now… \u003ca href=\"https://t.co/kLya5exRxY\">pic.twitter.com/kLya5exRxY\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Kevin Stark (@StarkKev) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/StarkKev/status/1175109858254700545?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">September 20, 2019\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://platform.twitter.com/widgets.js\">https://platform.twitter.com/widgets.js\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1947681\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 463px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-1947681\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/climate-strike-1-1020x765.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"463\" height=\"347\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/climate-strike-1-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/climate-strike-1-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/climate-strike-1-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/climate-strike-1-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/climate-strike-1-1200x900.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/climate-strike-1-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/climate-strike-1.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 463px) 100vw, 463px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">7th and Market in San Francisco \u003ccite>(Steph Lister/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">From the \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/Climatestrike?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#Climatestrike\u003c/a> in San Francisco. \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/SFSU?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#SFSU\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://t.co/QjF9sckoAf\">pic.twitter.com/QjF9sckoAf\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Sustainable SF State (@sustainsfstate) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/sustainsfstate/status/1175109352019001344?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">September 20, 2019\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://platform.twitter.com/widgets.js\">https://platform.twitter.com/widgets.js\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-1947696\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/bay-area-climate-strike-4-1020x765.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"448\" height=\"336\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/bay-area-climate-strike-4-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/bay-area-climate-strike-4-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/bay-area-climate-strike-4-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/bay-area-climate-strike-4-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/bay-area-climate-strike-4-1200x900.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/bay-area-climate-strike-4-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/bay-area-climate-strike-4.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 448px) 100vw, 448px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>11:09 a.m\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">Students chanting “Dianne Feinstein listen to us. We are the people, you work for us” \u003ca href=\"https://t.co/N7r4kB3AmA\">pic.twitter.com/N7r4kB3AmA\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Kevin Stark (@StarkKev) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/StarkKev/status/1175106287933116416?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">September 20, 2019\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://platform.twitter.com/widgets.js\">https://platform.twitter.com/widgets.js\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>10:54 a.m. \u003c/em> Thousands of students have taken over Market street, KQED’s Kevin Stark reports, and Muni buses are lined up and sitting idle. Lots of youth “facilitators” and “coordinators” are leading contingents from Bay Area middle and high schools.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">A little scene from 7th towards Market from the SF \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/climatemarch?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#climatemarch\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://t.co/wGQ4Vw1Nuv\">pic.twitter.com/wGQ4Vw1Nuv\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Kevin Stark (@StarkKev) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/StarkKev/status/1175104942270373889?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">September 20, 2019\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://platform.twitter.com/widgets.js\">https://platform.twitter.com/widgets.js\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>10:28 a.m. Berkeley High walkout\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some 400 Berkeley High School students were expected to walk out today. This morning, a group gathered in the park across school while a brass band played. The contingent was headed into San Francisco via BART for the main rally.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sophomore Ariel Skolnick, 15, held a trio of signs, including one that read “Stop Denying Our Earth is Dying.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s just so many things we can see happening, and it’s so, kind of terrifying to see how so many of the people in power really don’t believe it and are denying it,” she said. “And it’s up to us, the youth, to try to make as much of a change as we can and try to get our voices out there as much as possible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I want them to know that we are the future and we’re doing what we can to make sure that our future is going to be able to happen.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>10:10 a.m. MUNI problems in San Francisco\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unrelated to the climate strike, MUNI \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/sfmta_muni/status/1175085628750364672\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">went down\u003c/a> this morning due to a PG&E power outage. Some service has returned, the SFMTA reports:\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>9:48 a.m. Art Build at UC Berkeley\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1947672\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-1947672\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/UC-Berkeley-climate-strike-1020x765.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"480\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/UC-Berkeley-climate-strike-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/UC-Berkeley-climate-strike-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/UC-Berkeley-climate-strike-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/UC-Berkeley-climate-strike-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/UC-Berkeley-climate-strike-1200x900.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/UC-Berkeley-climate-strike-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/UC-Berkeley-climate-strike.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Lindsay Puddicombe and her 19-month-old daughter Maude at UC Berkeley \u003ccite>( Kate Wolffe/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Students, faculty and families are gathered at UC Berkeley’s Sproul Plaza to paint cardboard signs as part of an Art Build sponsored by Students for Climate Action, a coalition of university groups on campus, KQED’s Kate Wolffe reports.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While kids and adults painted away, climate group gave “teach ins” to educate the crowd about how to build a zero waste sustainable future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lindsay Puddicombe was there to paint signs with her 19-month-old daughter. One action they’ve taken to reduce their carbon footprint is to forgo eating meat or meat byproducts. “We try to do our part as best … we can. You know, it’s her future.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>9:33 a.m. On the protest itinerary\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>PG&E, which has made all kinds of news for not being prepared, is getting prepared — the company is an official destination on today’s protest itinerary.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1947658\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 403px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1947658\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/PGE-climate-strike-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"403\" height=\"303\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/PGE-climate-strike-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/PGE-climate-strike-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/PGE-climate-strike-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/PGE-climate-strike-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/PGE-climate-strike-1200x900.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/PGE-climate-strike-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/PGE-climate-strike.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 403px) 100vw, 403px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Outside PG&E headquarters in San Francisco. \u003ccite>(Bianca Hernandez/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Other protests are planned at Sen. Dianne Feinstein’s office, Amazon, and U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement, among other places. Here is the official \u003ca href=\"https://www.bayareaclimatestrike.net/march\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">march route\u003c/a> in San Francisco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>9:15 a.m.\u003c/em> On Twitter, the climate strike hashtag is \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/climatestrike?src=hashtag_click\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">#climatestrike\u003c/a>. The first thing that came up for us was this \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/TEDTalks/status/1175077155748769793\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">TED Talk\u003c/a> from Greta Thunberg, the 16-year-old Swedish climate activist who ignited the global climate action youth movement by walking out of school a little over a year ago as a protest against inaction on climate change by the Swedish government.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>8:49 a.m. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003cem>Med students want meeting with Pelosi\u003c/em>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cem>12-year-old: we’re not going to let people sit around and destroy our planet\u003c/em>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>KQED’s Kevin Stark reports there are roughly 40 to 50 doctors, medical students and activists — all wearing white lab coats and carrying signs — that have entered the federal building in San Francisco to try and speak with Nancy Pelosi. They’re going through security, not forcing their way in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Colin Baylen, 30, who attends UCSF, said the group wants Pelosi to know that “We need to take action now because this is a health emergency and it’s going to impact all of our health.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Update 10:00 a.m. Monday, Sept. 23: \u003c/strong>The group, California Climate Health Now, met with Pelosi’s staff to discuss the need to reduce emissions in order to protect public health, according to Ashley McClure, one of the group’s organizers. The meeting was previously scheduled.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The group also met with staff members from both California senators and Representative Barbara Lee, D-Oakland. In an email, McClure said that the goal was “to share our grave concern for human health if climate change continues unabated.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our message to the electeds is that climate change is a medical emergency and needs to be framed as such in the American discourse,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California Climate Health Now is coalition of medical doctors and health professionals. Altogether, 34 medical professionals participated Friday, including 24 physicians, 8 UCSF medical students, 1 UC Berkeley public health professor, and 1 UC Berkeley nurse practitioner.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Original post 9:45 a.m. Friday, Sept. 10:\u003c/strong>Outside the federal building, Stark also spoke with Samara Ixchelnuo-Pelayo, 12, who was taking off school today. “We are fighting for our future and we’re not going to let people sit around and destroy our planet,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Speaking of K-12 students, Bay Area school districts are not necessarily on board with them missing class today. The San Francisco Chronicle \u003ca href=\"https://www.sfchronicle.com/education/article/Bay-Area-school-districts-won-t-excuse-students-14453720.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">reports\u003c/a> San Francisco, Oakland and other districts are not excusing students.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As a district we do not condone these walkouts and we asked our instructors to work the information into their curriculum if at all possible and talk about it with the students during the day,” said a spokesperson for San Jose Unified School District.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Richmond had a rough reputation. Now researchers call it a national model for reducing gun violence. They credit the city’s dramatic turnaround to a program that offers criminals cash not to shoot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2010 , when the city’s homicide rate was soaring, city workers offered Richmond’s most dangerous players training and support to stay out of trouble. Specifically, \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/10889015/other-cities-emulate-richmonds-innovative-approach-to-ending-gun-violence\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Operation Peacemaker \u003c/a>provides job training, substance abuse treatment, mentorship and up to a thousand bucks a month if individuals put away their guns.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The stipend is a gesture of saying you are valuable, your expertise is valuable, your contribution to this work of creating a healthier city is valuable,” DeVone Boggan, the program’s creator, told KQED in 2016. He said private grants pay for the stipends.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Boggan started the program after analyzing city crime data. He discovered that a small percentage of the population committed most of the shootings. By singling out about 30 ring leaders Boggan believed he could have the greatest effect on reducing gun violence. He was right.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A new\u003ca href=\"https://ajph.aphapublications.org/doi/10.2105/AJPH.2019.305288\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> study\u003c/a>, published in the \u003cem>American Journal of Public Health, \u003c/em>finds gunshot wounds and killings have fallen by about 50 percent since the fellowship program began.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jennifer Ahern, a UC Berkeley epidemiologist, praises the multi-pronged approach, even as she warns of unintended consequences. “The unexpected finding was a small increase in non-firearm related violence like being punched, or being kicked or perhaps a knife might be involved.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ahern theorizes the 16 percent rise in beatings and stabbings may be happening because gang members are working out conflicts through other means than guns. Or, the uptick may result from changing power dynamics on the streets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As the program is rolled out in new cities we think it’s important for them to keep an eye out for other forms of violence,” Ahern says. “It’s possible violence may shift in how it’s carried out.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, Ahern says her cautionary note is not meant to undermine the program’s success. As Richmond’s gun violence plummets, the fellows are thriving. Of the 106 fellows who have participated, 85 have not had a firearm-related injury, and 74 are not suspects in a firearm-related crime. And the true highlight: 101 of the 106 young men are alive.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Richmond had a rough reputation. Now researchers call it a national model for reducing gun violence. They credit the city’s dramatic turnaround to a program that offers criminals cash not to shoot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2010 , when the city’s homicide rate was soaring, city workers offered Richmond’s most dangerous players training and support to stay out of trouble. Specifically, \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/10889015/other-cities-emulate-richmonds-innovative-approach-to-ending-gun-violence\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Operation Peacemaker \u003c/a>provides job training, substance abuse treatment, mentorship and up to a thousand bucks a month if individuals put away their guns.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The stipend is a gesture of saying you are valuable, your expertise is valuable, your contribution to this work of creating a healthier city is valuable,” DeVone Boggan, the program’s creator, told KQED in 2016. He said private grants pay for the stipends.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Boggan started the program after analyzing city crime data. He discovered that a small percentage of the population committed most of the shootings. By singling out about 30 ring leaders Boggan believed he could have the greatest effect on reducing gun violence. He was right.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A new\u003ca href=\"https://ajph.aphapublications.org/doi/10.2105/AJPH.2019.305288\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> study\u003c/a>, published in the \u003cem>American Journal of Public Health, \u003c/em>finds gunshot wounds and killings have fallen by about 50 percent since the fellowship program began.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jennifer Ahern, a UC Berkeley epidemiologist, praises the multi-pronged approach, even as she warns of unintended consequences. “The unexpected finding was a small increase in non-firearm related violence like being punched, or being kicked or perhaps a knife might be involved.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ahern theorizes the 16 percent rise in beatings and stabbings may be happening because gang members are working out conflicts through other means than guns. Or, the uptick may result from changing power dynamics on the streets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As the program is rolled out in new cities we think it’s important for them to keep an eye out for other forms of violence,” Ahern says. “It’s possible violence may shift in how it’s carried out.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, Ahern says her cautionary note is not meant to undermine the program’s success. As Richmond’s gun violence plummets, the fellows are thriving. Of the 106 fellows who have participated, 85 have not had a firearm-related injury, and 74 are not suspects in a firearm-related crime. And the true highlight: 101 of the 106 young men are alive.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Over the past half-century, North America has lost more than a quarter of its entire bird population, or around 3 billion birds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s according to a \u003ca href=\"https://science.sciencemag.org/lookup/doi/10.1126/science.aaw1313\">new estimate\u003c/a> published in the journal \u003cem>Science \u003c/em>by researchers who brought together a variety of information that has been collected on 529 bird species since 1970.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We saw this tremendous net loss across the entire bird community,” says \u003ca href=\"https://www.birds.cornell.edu/home/staff/ken-rosenberg/\">Ken Rosenberg\u003c/a>, an applied conservation scientist at the \u003ca href=\"https://www.birds.cornell.edu/home/\">Cornell Lab of Ornithology\u003c/a> in Ithaca, N.Y. “By our estimates, it’s a 30% loss in the total number of breeding birds.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rosenberg and his colleagues already knew that a number of bird populations had been decreasing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“But we also knew that other bird populations were increasing,” he says. “And what we didn’t know is whether there was a net change.” Scientists thought there might simply be a shift in the total bird population toward more generalist birds adapted to living around humans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To find out, the researchers collected data from long-running surveys conducted with the help of volunteer bird spotters, such as the \u003ca href=\"https://www.pwrc.usgs.gov/bbs/\">North American Breeding Bird Survey\u003c/a> and the \u003ca href=\"https://www.audubon.org/conservation/science/christmas-bird-count\">Audubon Christmas Bird Count\u003c/a>. They combined that data with a decade’s worth of data on migrating bird flocks detected by 143 weather radar installations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Their results show that more than 90% of the loss can be attributed to just a dozen bird families, including sparrows, warblers, blackbirds and finches.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Common birds with decreasing populations include meadowlarks, dark-eyed juncos, horned larks and red-winged blackbirds, says Rosenberg. Grassland birds have suffered a 53% decrease in their numbers, and more than a third of the shorebird population has been lost.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bird populations that have increased include raptors, like the bald eagle, and waterfowl.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The numbers of ducks and geese are larger than they’ve ever been, and that’s not an accident,” says Rosenberg. “It’s because hunters who primarily want to see healthy waterfowl populations for recreational hunting have raised their voices.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Applied ecologist \u003ca href=\"https://sites.google.com/a/ncsu.edu/simons/\">Ted Simons\u003c/a> of North Carolina State University says that trying to enumerate bird populations and tracking them over time is a daunting task with a lot of uncertainty.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“People are doing a wonderful effort to try and understand our bird populations, but the actual systems that we have in place to try and answer really tough questions like this are really far short of what we need,” says Simons. “We’re certainly far from having the tools and having the resources to have real high confidence in our estimates of these populations.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, he says, “I think it is very likely that we are seeing substantial declines in our bird populations, particularly migratory birds.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other researchers say this continent wide decrease in bird numbers is about what they expected.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think that I buy the magnitude of loss,” says \u003ca href=\"https://sites.google.com/rams.colostate.edu/ruegglab/people?authuser=0\">Kristen Ruegg\u003c/a>, a biologist at Colorado State University in Fort Collins. “Overall, the conclusions weren’t necessarily surprising. I mean, they were depressing but not surprising,”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ruegg says there have been hints that the loss was this large from a variety of sources over the past few decades. But in most cases, these were species-specific accounts of local extinctions or models of projected losses resulting from things like climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This study, she says, “really sort of wakes people up to the idea that this is happening.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://msu.edu/user/ezipkin/lab-members.html\">Elise Zipkin\u003c/a>, a quantitative ecologist at Michigan State University, says the loss of individuals can be a big problem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Just because a species hasn’t gone extinct or isn’t even necessarily close to extinction, it might still be in trouble,” she says. “We need to be thinking about conservation efforts for that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers cite a variety of potential causes for the loss of birds, including habitat degradation, urbanization and the use of toxic pesticides, notes Zipkin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“And so I think this kind of lays the gauntlet,” she says, “for people to be thinking about ‘All right, how can we estimate maybe the relative contributions of these things to individual populations and their declines.’ ”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2019 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=North+America+Has+Lost+3+Billion+Birds%2C+Scientists+Say&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To find out, the researchers collected data from long-running surveys conducted with the help of volunteer bird spotters, such as the \u003ca href=\"https://www.pwrc.usgs.gov/bbs/\">North American Breeding Bird Survey\u003c/a> and the \u003ca href=\"https://www.audubon.org/conservation/science/christmas-bird-count\">Audubon Christmas Bird Count\u003c/a>. They combined that data with a decade’s worth of data on migrating bird flocks detected by 143 weather radar installations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Their results show that more than 90% of the loss can be attributed to just a dozen bird families, including sparrows, warblers, blackbirds and finches.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Common birds with decreasing populations include meadowlarks, dark-eyed juncos, horned larks and red-winged blackbirds, says Rosenberg. Grassland birds have suffered a 53% decrease in their numbers, and more than a third of the shorebird population has been lost.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bird populations that have increased include raptors, like the bald eagle, and waterfowl.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The numbers of ducks and geese are larger than they’ve ever been, and that’s not an accident,” says Rosenberg. “It’s because hunters who primarily want to see healthy waterfowl populations for recreational hunting have raised their voices.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Applied ecologist \u003ca href=\"https://sites.google.com/a/ncsu.edu/simons/\">Ted Simons\u003c/a> of North Carolina State University says that trying to enumerate bird populations and tracking them over time is a daunting task with a lot of uncertainty.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“People are doing a wonderful effort to try and understand our bird populations, but the actual systems that we have in place to try and answer really tough questions like this are really far short of what we need,” says Simons. “We’re certainly far from having the tools and having the resources to have real high confidence in our estimates of these populations.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, he says, “I think it is very likely that we are seeing substantial declines in our bird populations, particularly migratory birds.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other researchers say this continent wide decrease in bird numbers is about what they expected.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think that I buy the magnitude of loss,” says \u003ca href=\"https://sites.google.com/rams.colostate.edu/ruegglab/people?authuser=0\">Kristen Ruegg\u003c/a>, a biologist at Colorado State University in Fort Collins. “Overall, the conclusions weren’t necessarily surprising. I mean, they were depressing but not surprising,”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ruegg says there have been hints that the loss was this large from a variety of sources over the past few decades. But in most cases, these were species-specific accounts of local extinctions or models of projected losses resulting from things like climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This study, she says, “really sort of wakes people up to the idea that this is happening.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://msu.edu/user/ezipkin/lab-members.html\">Elise Zipkin\u003c/a>, a quantitative ecologist at Michigan State University, says the loss of individuals can be a big problem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Just because a species hasn’t gone extinct or isn’t even necessarily close to extinction, it might still be in trouble,” she says. “We need to be thinking about conservation efforts for that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers cite a variety of potential causes for the loss of birds, including habitat degradation, urbanization and the use of toxic pesticides, notes Zipkin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“And so I think this kind of lays the gauntlet,” she says, “for people to be thinking about ‘All right, how can we estimate maybe the relative contributions of these things to individual populations and their declines.’ ”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2019 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=North+America+Has+Lost+3+Billion+Birds%2C+Scientists+Say&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"soldout": {
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