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"content": "\u003cp>California has a decade to reach its self-mandated goal of slashing greenhouse gas emissions to 40% of 1990 levels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One independent \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1948712/your-suv-is-really-messing-with-the-states-climate-plans\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">analysis\u003c/a> found the state is falling behind — in part, because emissions from the transportation sector have soared to record highs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But energy experts see hope in an eye-popping decline in the cost of renewable energy. In the last decade, onshore and offshore wind prices fell by about 57% and utility-scale solar by 86%. Those numbers are good news for California, \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">near the top of the nation in both\u003c/span>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Perhaps the best news is in the decline in the cost of battery energy storage. Based on data compiled by \u003ca href=\"https://www.climatecentral.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Climate Central\u003c/a> in a new \u003ca href=\"https://climatecentral.org/news/climate-central-solutions-brief-battery-energy-storage\">solutions brief\u003c/a>, it’s $186 per megawatt-hour, a 76% drop since 2012.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-1951009\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/11/2019Batteries_Cost_CMN-800x587.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"587\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/11/2019Batteries_Cost_CMN-800x587.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/11/2019Batteries_Cost_CMN-160x117.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/11/2019Batteries_Cost_CMN-768x564.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/11/2019Batteries_Cost_CMN-1020x749.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/11/2019Batteries_Cost_CMN-1200x881.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/11/2019Batteries_Cost_CMN-1920x1409.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/11/2019Batteries_Cost_CMN.jpg 2000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With batteries, California can increase the state’s ability to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by storing energy generated by intermittent renewable resources. The sun doesn’t shine at night, for example, but batteries can absorb excess solar energy and send it back to the grid whenever needed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Batteries are a fundamentally different kind of asset than what we have historically placed on the grid,” said Jeremy Twitchell, an energy research analyst with the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory. “They are much more flexible and can provide a much wider range of services than what we traditionally have.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In some instances, batteries can offset the need to build transmission lines and power plants to meet peak demand, and can provide clean backup energy when the grid goes down. Solar power by itself can’t keep the lights on unless it is coupled with some kind of storage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As climate change bakes the state’s forests and neighborhoods continue to spread into them, batteries can stand in for generators and boost \u003ca href=\"https://rmi.org/importance-distribution-scale-solar-grid-resilience/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">resilience\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A little more than a decade ago, batteries were inefficient and impractical at grid scale. The cost was too high to store power in large amounts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California has launched commercially viable projects – a lot of them – because of recent advancements in technology and manufacturing. The state has 262 megawatts of grid-scale storage installed, reports Climate Central, \u003ca href=\"https://www.eia.gov/electricity/monthly/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">more\u003c/a> than any other state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s enough power for nearly \u003ca href=\"https://www.seia.org/initiatives/whats-megawatt\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">50,000 homes\u003c/a>, with much more in the pipeline.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Back in 2013, state lawmakers and regulators mandated the state’s largest investor-owned utilities – PG&E, Southern California Edison and San Diego Gas & Electric – to procure 1,325 megawatts of battery storage by 2020. They are on track to shatter that goal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The CPUC has approved more than 1,600 megawatts worth of battery storage projects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last year, PG&E won the \u003ca href=\"http://docs.cpuc.ca.gov/PublishedDocs/Published/G000/M238/K048/238048767.PDF\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">go-ahead\u003c/a> for a mega-project in the South Bay that includes a 300-megawatt Vistra Energy project and a 182-megawatt Tesla system, two of the largest battery systems in the world. “These are really breakthrough projects,” said Paul Doherty, a spokesman for PG&E.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Approval is great, but the state’s utilities must keep pushing until these projects are operational, said Alex Morris, vice president of policy with California Energy Storage Alliance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The peak for the grid is around 50,000 megawatts,” Morris says. “I don’t want to take away from the hard work, but it is really just the first step. Only a tiny amount of new storage is up and running on the grid.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Batteries are still more expensive than other energy sources – especially cheap and abundant natural gas – and regulators impose other challenges.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>‘Batteries Can Do That, Too’\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When temperatures rise during a heat wave, all at once people flip on their air conditioning units to cool down and the demand for power spikes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s when utilities turn to natural gas turbines that spool up and ramp down quickly. But the power comes with a price as the plants belch planet warming gases into the atmosphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gas peaker plants respond to sudden increases in demand by generating power fast, but “batteries can do that, too,” said Chuck Kutscher, a senior research associate with University of Colorado-Boulder.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“For states that are really interested in achieving carbon emissions reductions, they’re looking at batteries to replace gas peakers,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the price of batteries continues to fall, California is starting to make this move. East Bay Community Energy, for example, recently signed a \u003ca href=\"https://ebce.org/ebce-signs-new-power-contracts/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">contract\u003c/a> to replace a gas peaker with a standalone storage facility. 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Commissioner Martha Guzman Aceves vowed to “never support another extension,” the San Diego Union-Tribune \u003ca href=\"https://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/business/energy-green/story/2019-11-07/concerned-about-future-power-shortages-utilities-commission-bumps-up-resource-requirements\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">reported\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>California has a decade to reach its self-mandated goal of slashing greenhouse gas emissions to 40% of 1990 levels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One independent \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1948712/your-suv-is-really-messing-with-the-states-climate-plans\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">analysis\u003c/a> found the state is falling behind — in part, because emissions from the transportation sector have soared to record highs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But energy experts see hope in an eye-popping decline in the cost of renewable energy. In the last decade, onshore and offshore wind prices fell by about 57% and utility-scale solar by 86%. Those numbers are good news for California, \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">near the top of the nation in both\u003c/span>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Perhaps the best news is in the decline in the cost of battery energy storage. Based on data compiled by \u003ca href=\"https://www.climatecentral.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Climate Central\u003c/a> in a new \u003ca href=\"https://climatecentral.org/news/climate-central-solutions-brief-battery-energy-storage\">solutions brief\u003c/a>, it’s $186 per megawatt-hour, a 76% drop since 2012.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-1951009\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/11/2019Batteries_Cost_CMN-800x587.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"587\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/11/2019Batteries_Cost_CMN-800x587.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/11/2019Batteries_Cost_CMN-160x117.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/11/2019Batteries_Cost_CMN-768x564.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/11/2019Batteries_Cost_CMN-1020x749.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/11/2019Batteries_Cost_CMN-1200x881.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/11/2019Batteries_Cost_CMN-1920x1409.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/11/2019Batteries_Cost_CMN.jpg 2000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With batteries, California can increase the state’s ability to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by storing energy generated by intermittent renewable resources. The sun doesn’t shine at night, for example, but batteries can absorb excess solar energy and send it back to the grid whenever needed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Batteries are a fundamentally different kind of asset than what we have historically placed on the grid,” said Jeremy Twitchell, an energy research analyst with the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory. “They are much more flexible and can provide a much wider range of services than what we traditionally have.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In some instances, batteries can offset the need to build transmission lines and power plants to meet peak demand, and can provide clean backup energy when the grid goes down. Solar power by itself can’t keep the lights on unless it is coupled with some kind of storage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As climate change bakes the state’s forests and neighborhoods continue to spread into them, batteries can stand in for generators and boost \u003ca href=\"https://rmi.org/importance-distribution-scale-solar-grid-resilience/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">resilience\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A little more than a decade ago, batteries were inefficient and impractical at grid scale. The cost was too high to store power in large amounts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California has launched commercially viable projects – a lot of them – because of recent advancements in technology and manufacturing. The state has 262 megawatts of grid-scale storage installed, reports Climate Central, \u003ca href=\"https://www.eia.gov/electricity/monthly/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">more\u003c/a> than any other state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s enough power for nearly \u003ca href=\"https://www.seia.org/initiatives/whats-megawatt\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">50,000 homes\u003c/a>, with much more in the pipeline.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Back in 2013, state lawmakers and regulators mandated the state’s largest investor-owned utilities – PG&E, Southern California Edison and San Diego Gas & Electric – to procure 1,325 megawatts of battery storage by 2020. They are on track to shatter that goal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The CPUC has approved more than 1,600 megawatts worth of battery storage projects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last year, PG&E won the \u003ca href=\"http://docs.cpuc.ca.gov/PublishedDocs/Published/G000/M238/K048/238048767.PDF\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">go-ahead\u003c/a> for a mega-project in the South Bay that includes a 300-megawatt Vistra Energy project and a 182-megawatt Tesla system, two of the largest battery systems in the world. “These are really breakthrough projects,” said Paul Doherty, a spokesman for PG&E.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Approval is great, but the state’s utilities must keep pushing until these projects are operational, said Alex Morris, vice president of policy with California Energy Storage Alliance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The peak for the grid is around 50,000 megawatts,” Morris says. “I don’t want to take away from the hard work, but it is really just the first step. Only a tiny amount of new storage is up and running on the grid.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Batteries are still more expensive than other energy sources – especially cheap and abundant natural gas – and regulators impose other challenges.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>‘Batteries Can Do That, Too’\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When temperatures rise during a heat wave, all at once people flip on their air conditioning units to cool down and the demand for power spikes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s when utilities turn to natural gas turbines that spool up and ramp down quickly. But the power comes with a price as the plants belch planet warming gases into the atmosphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gas peaker plants respond to sudden increases in demand by generating power fast, but “batteries can do that, too,” said Chuck Kutscher, a senior research associate with University of Colorado-Boulder.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“For states that are really interested in achieving carbon emissions reductions, they’re looking at batteries to replace gas peakers,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the price of batteries continues to fall, California is starting to make this move. East Bay Community Energy, for example, recently signed a \u003ca href=\"https://ebce.org/ebce-signs-new-power-contracts/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">contract\u003c/a> to replace a gas peaker with a standalone storage facility. 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"content": "\u003cp>California can now begin enforcing new minimum standards for light bulb efficiency, \u003ca href=\"https://www.nrdc.org/sites/default/files/cec-lawsuit-tro-denial-20191231.pdf\">a federal judge ruled\u003c/a> Tuesday. It’s the latest split between the state and the Trump administration, which has moved to reverse the same standards on a national level.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The judge rejected a petition for a temporary block by two industry groups, the \u003ca href=\"https://www.nema.org/pages/default.aspx\">National Electrical Manufacturers Association\u003c/a> and the \u003ca href=\"https://alalighting.com/\">American Lighting Association\u003c/a>. The ALA \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/ALALighting/status/1212140654081564672\">says\u003c/a> it’s “conferring with counsel on next steps.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The standards were adopted by the California Energy Commission (CEC) after the Trump administration recently moved to \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2019/09/04/757623821/trump-administration-reverses-standards-for-energy-efficient-light-bulbs\">roll them back\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The light bulb efficiency standards originally passed under President George W. Bush, then were expanded during the Obama administration. That expanded version includes specialty light bulbs like those used in bathroom vanities and recessed lighting, as well as candle-shaped lights.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Obama-era rule aimed to phase out all incandescent and halogen bulbs, and replace them with LED bulbs that meet a minimum energy efficiency of 45 lumens per watt. (Still not up on your lumens-watt conversion? Here’s some \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=265489559\">help\u003c/a>!)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/save-electricity-and-fuel/lighting-choices-save-you-money/led-lighting\">According to the Energy Department\u003c/a>, LED bulbs are among the most energy efficient in the market today, using 75-80% less energy than regular ones.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In November, 16 states, including California and New York, \u003ca href=\"https://www.reuters.com/article/usa-environment-lawsuit/states-enviros-sue-against-light-bulb-energy-saving-rule-reversal-idUSL2N27M0EX\">sued the federal government\u003c/a> over its reversal of the latest standards, and the California Energy Commission decided to adopt the original federal legislation. That’s when the two industry groups petitioned for a temporary restraining order.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The judge denied that petition Tuesday, saying the efficiency standards have “garnered significant support from consumer groups.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The judge’s decision “keeps California at the forefront of the movement to resist the Trump Department of Energy’s efforts to tie Americans to the technology of the past,” said \u003ca href=\"https://www.nrdc.org/experts/noah-horowitz\">Noah Horowitz\u003c/a>, director of the Center for Energy Efficiency at the \u003ca href=\"https://www.edf.org/news/environmental-defense-fund-natural-resources-defense-council-friends-earth-american-lung-associ?utm_campaign=edf_evergreenfy19_pd_acq&gclid=CjwKCAiAo7HwBRBKEiwAvC_Q8eiJ2Ri-yZIfML9nKXdmTMxan17ybnWwuLoXMSrzAdg-Yrn9uS5x4hoCtzMQAvD_BwE\">National Resources Defense Council \u003c/a>(NRDC), in a statement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to the NRDC, the new standards will save California residents up to $2.4 billion on their annual utility bills.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2020 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=California+Will+Enforce+The+Energy-Efficient+Lightbulb+Rule+Trump+Wants+To+Reverse&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>California can now begin enforcing new minimum standards for light bulb efficiency, \u003ca href=\"https://www.nrdc.org/sites/default/files/cec-lawsuit-tro-denial-20191231.pdf\">a federal judge ruled\u003c/a> Tuesday. It’s the latest split between the state and the Trump administration, which has moved to reverse the same standards on a national level.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The judge rejected a petition for a temporary block by two industry groups, the \u003ca href=\"https://www.nema.org/pages/default.aspx\">National Electrical Manufacturers Association\u003c/a> and the \u003ca href=\"https://alalighting.com/\">American Lighting Association\u003c/a>. The ALA \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/ALALighting/status/1212140654081564672\">says\u003c/a> it’s “conferring with counsel on next steps.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The standards were adopted by the California Energy Commission (CEC) after the Trump administration recently moved to \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2019/09/04/757623821/trump-administration-reverses-standards-for-energy-efficient-light-bulbs\">roll them back\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The light bulb efficiency standards originally passed under President George W. Bush, then were expanded during the Obama administration. That expanded version includes specialty light bulbs like those used in bathroom vanities and recessed lighting, as well as candle-shaped lights.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Obama-era rule aimed to phase out all incandescent and halogen bulbs, and replace them with LED bulbs that meet a minimum energy efficiency of 45 lumens per watt. (Still not up on your lumens-watt conversion? Here’s some \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=265489559\">help\u003c/a>!)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration has released a list of the agency’s most epic satellite images from 2019. From NOAA’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.nesdis.noaa.gov/content/2019-look-best-images-above\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">site\u003c/a>:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>It was a year of record-breaking tropical cyclones—in both the Atlantic and Pacific. Many parts of the globe were ravaged by wildfires in 2019 while the wonders of our solar system were on full display. … With their lofty view from space, NOAA satellites can see both the awe-inspiring beauty and the sobering destruction that Mother Nature creates across our dynamic blue planet.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Here are some of the captivating images …\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Total Solar Eclipse Spreads Darkness Across the Southern Hemisphere\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.nesdis.noaa.gov/sites/default/files/a-celestrial-treat.gif\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On July 2, people in parts of Chile and Argentina witnessed the moon entirely obscure the sun. At the same time, NOAA’s GOES-16 satellite tracked the moon’s shadow spreading over South America and the Pacific Ocean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Kincade Fire’s Long Plume \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.nesdis.noaa.gov/sites/default/files/americas-on-fire-1.gif\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gusting winds blew the Kincade Fire’s massive smoke plume hundreds of miles away from the blaze in Sonoma County. On Oct. 27, NOAA’s GOES-17 satellite caught the fire’s smoke streaming over the Pacific Ocean. Look closely and you can see smoke wafting from a \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11783200/glen-cove-fire-in-vallejo-closes-carquinez-bridge-and-portion-of-i-80-evacuations-ordered\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">separate fire in Vallejo\u003c/a> that briefly closed the Carquinez Bridge.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Eye of the Hurricane \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.nesdis.noaa.gov/sites/default/files/dorian_eye_nologo.gif\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NOAA’s GOES-16 satellite had a view straight into the eye of Hurricane Dorian as it swirled around Abaco Island, Bahamas, on Sept. 1, 2019.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>You Can Look At the Sun With a Solar Ultraviolet Imager \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.nesdis.noaa.gov/sites/default/files/glassy-sun.gif\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Using a special telescope, NOAA’s GOES-16 satellite can capture images of the sun by recording its ultraviolet radiation. On March 8, 2019, the satellite saw the eruption of a solar flare on the sun’s surface.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Cloud Formations Around Hawaii \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.nesdis.noaa.gov/sites/default/files/Hawaii%20clouds2.gif\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Back on Earth, NOAA’s GOES-17 satellite flew over Hawaii on Jan. 15, 2019, as clouds formed around the Big Island.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Dust Plumes off Western Africa\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.nesdis.noaa.gov/sites/default/files/dust-in-the-wind.gif\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NOAA’s GOES-16 satellite scoped one of the largest dust plumes of the year billowing across the Atlantic Ocean from the Sahara Desert on Aug. 26, 2019.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nesdis.noaa.gov/content/2019-look-best-images-above\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">More images on NOAA’s website here\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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If you assumed they were complacent and inept, you skipped the champagne and headed straight for the bottled water.[/pullquote]While this may sound like the beginning of some sort of alternate history series from Netflix, it’s actually a literal description of my end-of-the-millennium plans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The company was Yahoo!, which at the time was the darling of the nascent internet sector — if you said the word “Google” back then, most people thought you were trying to imitate a baby. It was also a time when the economy boomed, the stock market sizzled, and September 11 was just another date on the calendar.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yet, as the countdown to the new millennium grew shorter, the specter of a global glitch in the technological revolution that had spawned so much prosperity loomed on the other side of midnight.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Surely you’ve heard of the Y2K Bug.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The problem stemmed from the lack of foresight coded into computer systems created in the 1950s and ‘60s. Programmers back then made an allowance for the passage of time by noting only the last two digits of any year, as opposed to the full four. Thus, 1971 was represented by a byte-saving 71, 1995 by a 95, and so on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But that digital shorthand would only work so long as the human race remained bound to the 20th Century. When clocks around the world ticked from 11:59 p.m., Dec. 31, 1999 to 12:00 a.m., Jan 1, 2000, those foundational computer systems, now woven into critical applications used by banks, air traffic controllers, nuclear power plants, the Social Security Administration and countless other entities you \u003cem>really\u003c/em> wanted to function, would do what they were programmed to: read the two zeros, assume the 19, and recognize the date as 1900.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yeah, so?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This August, 1998 \u003ca href=\"https://www.wired.com/1998/08/y2k-2/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">piece\u003c/a> from Wired explains what some apocalyptic-minded computer programmers thought would happen after the most anticipated tick-of-the-clock in history:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>On January 1 (or shortly thereafter), the electricity grid will go dead. Groceries in America’s refrigerators will go bad. Food distribution systems will crash and store shelves will go bare within days. … As losses mount and companies go under, the stock market will plummet. Banks will calculate interest for negative 100 years. The government will stop issuing entitlement checks to gray-haired senior citizens when their age suddenly clicks back to -35. Panic will set in. …\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The article included some ominous nonspeculative stats: A poll found 44 percent of U.S. companies had already experienced Y2K failures. A hundred and eighty billion lines of computer code had yet to be vetted. A House committee warned that 37% of federal agencies would not be ready upon the zero hour.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The story also had the head of President Clinton’s Year 2000 Conversation Council poo-pooing the doomsayers, and an academic attributing the panic to “secular millennialism.” (Me, I thought the fear was numerical: Nobody wanted to see those three fulsome nines overridden by a trey of zeroes.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the other hand, Wired pointed out, “the people who are taking Y2K most seriously are not lay people or neophytes – they are specialized technicians who approach the situation with a sophisticated understanding of society’s hidden machinery.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What to make of it? A web developer at work gave me his take: How you feel about the Y2K bug depends upon your faith in humanity. If you think decisionmakers and leaders are responsible and competent, your only necessary New Year’s Eve plans involved champagne. But if you assume those in charge are complacent or inept, skip the champagne and head straight for the bottled water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By late December 1999, the consensus seemed to be one of cautious \u003ca href=\"https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/library/tech/99/12/biztech/articles/13puls.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">whatever\u003c/a>, even though some problems were already on the books. In \u003ca href=\"https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/library/tech/99/12/biztech/articles/25latin.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Brazil\u003c/a>, for instance, thousands of customers received a letter stating they would be charged fees as of Jan. 4, 1900. And many people were taking no chances: Airlines \u003ca href=\"https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/library/tech/00/01/biztech/articles/01air.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">canceled\u003c/a> thousands of flights over the new year due to low demand.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But a New York Times \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/1999/12/30/opinion/watching-for-the-y2k-bug.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">editorial\u003c/a> on Dec. 30, citing the $100 billion American companies and governments had spent to correct the problem, predicted disruptions of the noncatastrophic variety, but with several caveats, including lack of preparation in countries such as Russia and China, and “potential stoppages and delays” in the “vital functions” of “local schools, hospitals, nursing homes, transit systems and small or medium-sized businesses.” The editorial concluded that we would end the millennium listening “expectantly to the news, hoping for the best.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Which is where I came in. As the editor of a Yahoo! News service called Full Coverage, I had been preparing for Y2K all year. This was the era when newspapers and magazines all over the world had rushed to put their stories online, and (in an orgy of shortsightedness) made them available for free. That allowed aggregators like Yahoo to subsume thousands of articles and organize them by topic-based web pages. As the clock counted down, while the general public may have been somewhat blasé about the possibility of two little absent digits finally doing us in, online readers — at the time, a vastly smaller and more technologically oriented percentage of the overall population than it is today — appeared less sanguine, as evidenced by the growing tsunami of pageviews our Y2K section registered from all over the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, in anticipation of what I thought would be the biggest online news event to date, I had organized our coverage by geographical categories and subcategories, in order to accommodate the massive global flow of stories that would surely come pouring in as problems emerged. I mean, if an Albanian government agency went down, my Albania section was ready. If the Sydney Morning Herald reported problems at a bank, into the Australia bucket it would go. From an online news angle, at least, I was \u003cem>prepared\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In order to catch the very earliest midnight on the planet, in the South Pacific, I started work in Sunnyvale the night of Dec. 30. I figured no matter how small the initial surge of problems, it would still be of big interest to Yahoo! News users. And if the problems turned out to be worse than anticipated, it was going to require 24-7 coverage. I reported in for this marathon web surfing session carrying an overnight bag containing a change of clothes, a toothbrush and snacks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The year 2000 first hit the tiny island nation of Kiribati, right on schedule. Just a titch overeager, I scoured the wires for signs of trouble. Next came Tonga, Fiji, parts of New Zealand. What did the New Zealand Herald have to say? Not much. \u003ca href=\"http://www.pireport.org/articles/1999/12/22/papua-new-guinea-new-years-eve-day-beat-y2k-bug\">Papua\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"http://www.pireport.org/articles/1999/12/22/papua-new-guinea-new-years-eve-day-beat-y2k-bug\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">New\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"http://www.pireport.org/articles/1999/12/22/papua-new-guinea-new-years-eve-day-beat-y2k-bug\">Guinea\u003c/a>? Nothing. Australia, Japan, South Korea? All clear. China, India, Iran? No snags. Yet, it was still the middle of the night. What would happen when the new day dawned? Anything yet, New Zealand? How about you, oh longitudinally endowed Russia? The country had \u003cem>nine\u003c/em> time zones — at least one of them had to be generating some news.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the midnights came, the midnights went, and nobody seemed to wake up in the year 1900. The Y2K bug did not bite in Asia; it did not bite in Europe; it did not bite in the U.S. As the sun came up on a succession of slow news days around the globe, I realized I was not going to need that change of underwear after all. So I went home.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Was I disappointed? To state the obvious, dirty little not-so-secret that most people in my profession grapple with, we like it when there’s actual \u003cem>news\u003c/em>. Sure, as a human being, I was thrilled — 24 hours later. But on New Year’s day, as my reservoir of adrenaline emptied, I have to admit, I felt let down.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For a long time I thought the coda to the Y2K story really consisted of the series of unforeseen disasters visited upon the country in the years following, exhibiting once again the human capacity for focusing on the wrong problem. After Y2K happily fizzled, the already bloated stock market ratcheted higher in what one analyst called “panic buying.” But in March, the bubble popped, disappearing trillions of dollars from investment portfolios. In the November election, the Bush-Gore tie devolved into a constitutional crisis. Not a year later, September 11. Followed by a war in Afghanistan and one in Iraq, a recession, a global financial crisis, a much worse recession, and the accelerating pace of climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, however, I don’t really think that’s the meaning of Y2K at all. Here’s a Time magazine \u003ca href=\"https://news.yahoo.com/20-years-later-y2k-bug-170022464.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">piece\u003c/a> paying homage to all the people who worked behind the scenes to fix the Y2K bug so that Jan 1, 2000, could \u003cem>be\u003c/em> a slow news day. In revisiting this episode, there’s a danger of learning the wrong lesson: that nothing needed to be done in the first place. (Some \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Year_2000_problem#Documented_errors\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">problems\u003c/a> actually did manifest.) Instead, you can potentially view the Y2K nonevent as one of the great problem-solving achievements of the last century.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It could, maybe, have gone another way. What if, for example, the Clinton administration had dismissed Y2K as a “Chinese hoax”?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Twenty years ago on New Year’s Eve, I and other employees of the No. 1 Internet company in the world partied like it was 1999. That meant gathering at our Silicon Valley headquarters to stand watch, in case, at the stroke of midnight, civilization as we knew it came to a crashing halt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>While this may sound like the beginning of some sort of alternate history series from Netflix, it’s actually a literal description of my end-of-the-millennium plans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The company was Yahoo!, which at the time was the darling of the nascent internet sector — if you said the word “Google” back then, most people thought you were trying to imitate a baby. It was also a time when the economy boomed, the stock market sizzled, and September 11 was just another date on the calendar.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yet, as the countdown to the new millennium grew shorter, the specter of a global glitch in the technological revolution that had spawned so much prosperity loomed on the other side of midnight.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Surely you’ve heard of the Y2K Bug.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The problem stemmed from the lack of foresight coded into computer systems created in the 1950s and ‘60s. Programmers back then made an allowance for the passage of time by noting only the last two digits of any year, as opposed to the full four. Thus, 1971 was represented by a byte-saving 71, 1995 by a 95, and so on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But that digital shorthand would only work so long as the human race remained bound to the 20th Century. When clocks around the world ticked from 11:59 p.m., Dec. 31, 1999 to 12:00 a.m., Jan 1, 2000, those foundational computer systems, now woven into critical applications used by banks, air traffic controllers, nuclear power plants, the Social Security Administration and countless other entities you \u003cem>really\u003c/em> wanted to function, would do what they were programmed to: read the two zeros, assume the 19, and recognize the date as 1900.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yeah, so?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This August, 1998 \u003ca href=\"https://www.wired.com/1998/08/y2k-2/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">piece\u003c/a> from Wired explains what some apocalyptic-minded computer programmers thought would happen after the most anticipated tick-of-the-clock in history:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>On January 1 (or shortly thereafter), the electricity grid will go dead. Groceries in America’s refrigerators will go bad. Food distribution systems will crash and store shelves will go bare within days. … As losses mount and companies go under, the stock market will plummet. Banks will calculate interest for negative 100 years. The government will stop issuing entitlement checks to gray-haired senior citizens when their age suddenly clicks back to -35. Panic will set in. …\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The article included some ominous nonspeculative stats: A poll found 44 percent of U.S. companies had already experienced Y2K failures. A hundred and eighty billion lines of computer code had yet to be vetted. A House committee warned that 37% of federal agencies would not be ready upon the zero hour.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The story also had the head of President Clinton’s Year 2000 Conversation Council poo-pooing the doomsayers, and an academic attributing the panic to “secular millennialism.” (Me, I thought the fear was numerical: Nobody wanted to see those three fulsome nines overridden by a trey of zeroes.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the other hand, Wired pointed out, “the people who are taking Y2K most seriously are not lay people or neophytes – they are specialized technicians who approach the situation with a sophisticated understanding of society’s hidden machinery.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What to make of it? A web developer at work gave me his take: How you feel about the Y2K bug depends upon your faith in humanity. If you think decisionmakers and leaders are responsible and competent, your only necessary New Year’s Eve plans involved champagne. But if you assume those in charge are complacent or inept, skip the champagne and head straight for the bottled water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By late December 1999, the consensus seemed to be one of cautious \u003ca href=\"https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/library/tech/99/12/biztech/articles/13puls.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">whatever\u003c/a>, even though some problems were already on the books. In \u003ca href=\"https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/library/tech/99/12/biztech/articles/25latin.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Brazil\u003c/a>, for instance, thousands of customers received a letter stating they would be charged fees as of Jan. 4, 1900. And many people were taking no chances: Airlines \u003ca href=\"https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/library/tech/00/01/biztech/articles/01air.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">canceled\u003c/a> thousands of flights over the new year due to low demand.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But a New York Times \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/1999/12/30/opinion/watching-for-the-y2k-bug.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">editorial\u003c/a> on Dec. 30, citing the $100 billion American companies and governments had spent to correct the problem, predicted disruptions of the noncatastrophic variety, but with several caveats, including lack of preparation in countries such as Russia and China, and “potential stoppages and delays” in the “vital functions” of “local schools, hospitals, nursing homes, transit systems and small or medium-sized businesses.” The editorial concluded that we would end the millennium listening “expectantly to the news, hoping for the best.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Which is where I came in. As the editor of a Yahoo! News service called Full Coverage, I had been preparing for Y2K all year. This was the era when newspapers and magazines all over the world had rushed to put their stories online, and (in an orgy of shortsightedness) made them available for free. That allowed aggregators like Yahoo to subsume thousands of articles and organize them by topic-based web pages. As the clock counted down, while the general public may have been somewhat blasé about the possibility of two little absent digits finally doing us in, online readers — at the time, a vastly smaller and more technologically oriented percentage of the overall population than it is today — appeared less sanguine, as evidenced by the growing tsunami of pageviews our Y2K section registered from all over the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, in anticipation of what I thought would be the biggest online news event to date, I had organized our coverage by geographical categories and subcategories, in order to accommodate the massive global flow of stories that would surely come pouring in as problems emerged. I mean, if an Albanian government agency went down, my Albania section was ready. If the Sydney Morning Herald reported problems at a bank, into the Australia bucket it would go. From an online news angle, at least, I was \u003cem>prepared\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In order to catch the very earliest midnight on the planet, in the South Pacific, I started work in Sunnyvale the night of Dec. 30. I figured no matter how small the initial surge of problems, it would still be of big interest to Yahoo! News users. And if the problems turned out to be worse than anticipated, it was going to require 24-7 coverage. I reported in for this marathon web surfing session carrying an overnight bag containing a change of clothes, a toothbrush and snacks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The year 2000 first hit the tiny island nation of Kiribati, right on schedule. Just a titch overeager, I scoured the wires for signs of trouble. Next came Tonga, Fiji, parts of New Zealand. What did the New Zealand Herald have to say? Not much. \u003ca href=\"http://www.pireport.org/articles/1999/12/22/papua-new-guinea-new-years-eve-day-beat-y2k-bug\">Papua\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"http://www.pireport.org/articles/1999/12/22/papua-new-guinea-new-years-eve-day-beat-y2k-bug\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">New\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"http://www.pireport.org/articles/1999/12/22/papua-new-guinea-new-years-eve-day-beat-y2k-bug\">Guinea\u003c/a>? Nothing. Australia, Japan, South Korea? All clear. China, India, Iran? No snags. Yet, it was still the middle of the night. What would happen when the new day dawned? Anything yet, New Zealand? How about you, oh longitudinally endowed Russia? The country had \u003cem>nine\u003c/em> time zones — at least one of them had to be generating some news.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the midnights came, the midnights went, and nobody seemed to wake up in the year 1900. The Y2K bug did not bite in Asia; it did not bite in Europe; it did not bite in the U.S. As the sun came up on a succession of slow news days around the globe, I realized I was not going to need that change of underwear after all. So I went home.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Was I disappointed? To state the obvious, dirty little not-so-secret that most people in my profession grapple with, we like it when there’s actual \u003cem>news\u003c/em>. Sure, as a human being, I was thrilled — 24 hours later. But on New Year’s day, as my reservoir of adrenaline emptied, I have to admit, I felt let down.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For a long time I thought the coda to the Y2K story really consisted of the series of unforeseen disasters visited upon the country in the years following, exhibiting once again the human capacity for focusing on the wrong problem. After Y2K happily fizzled, the already bloated stock market ratcheted higher in what one analyst called “panic buying.” But in March, the bubble popped, disappearing trillions of dollars from investment portfolios. In the November election, the Bush-Gore tie devolved into a constitutional crisis. Not a year later, September 11. Followed by a war in Afghanistan and one in Iraq, a recession, a global financial crisis, a much worse recession, and the accelerating pace of climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, however, I don’t really think that’s the meaning of Y2K at all. Here’s a Time magazine \u003ca href=\"https://news.yahoo.com/20-years-later-y2k-bug-170022464.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">piece\u003c/a> paying homage to all the people who worked behind the scenes to fix the Y2K bug so that Jan 1, 2000, could \u003cem>be\u003c/em> a slow news day. In revisiting this episode, there’s a danger of learning the wrong lesson: that nothing needed to be done in the first place. (Some \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Year_2000_problem#Documented_errors\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">problems\u003c/a> actually did manifest.) Instead, you can potentially view the Y2K nonevent as one of the great problem-solving achievements of the last century.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It could, maybe, have gone another way. What if, for example, the Clinton administration had dismissed Y2K as a “Chinese hoax”?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "China Scientist Who Edited Genes of Human Embryos Sentenced To Prison",
"headTitle": "China Scientist Who Edited Genes of Human Embryos Sentenced To Prison | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>A Chinese scientist who shocked the medical community last year when he said he had illegally created the world’s first gene-edited babies has been sentenced to three years in prison by a court in southern China.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He Jiankui announced in November 2018 that he had used a powerful technique called CRISPR on a human embryo to edit the genes of twin girls. He said he modified a gene with the intention of protecting the girls against HIV, the virus that causes AIDS. Many scientists expressed concerns about possible unintended side effects of the genetic changes that could be passed down to future generations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last fall, He also indicated there might be another pregnancy involving a gene-edited embryo. The court indicated that three genetically edited babies have been born.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The closed court in Shenzhen found He and two colleagues guilty of illegal medical practice by knowingly violating the country’s regulations and ethical principles with their experiments, \u003ca href=\"http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2019-12/30/c_138666754.htm\">Xinhua news agency\u003c/a> reported. It also ordered He to pay a fine of about $430,000.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He’s colleagues, Zhang Renli and Qin Jinzhou, were handed lesser sentences and fines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“None of the three defendants acquired doctor’s qualifications. [They] craved fame and fortune and deliberately went against the country’s regulations on scientific research and medical management. [They] went beyond the bottom lines of scientific research and medical ethics,” the court stated, according to the \u003ca href=\"https://www.scmp.com/news/china/science/article/3043894/chinas-gene-editing-frankenstein-jailed-3-years-modified-baby\">South China Morning Post\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He has defended his controversial work by saying that it will help families. “I understand my work will be controversial,” he said, as \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2018/11/26/670752865/chinese-scientist-says-hes-first-to-genetically-edit-babies\">NPR’s Rob Stein reported\u003c/a>. “But I believe families need this technology. And I am willing to take the criticism for them.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the time, scientists had previously genetically modified human embryos, but none had publicly claimed to have implanted embryos in a woman’s womb in an experiment that resulted in human babies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chinese police detained He in January and, as the \u003cem>Post\u003c/em> reported, an initial investigation concluded that he “organised a project team that included foreign staff, which intentionally avoided surveillance and used technology of uncertain safety and effectiveness to perform human embryo gene-editing activity with the purpose of reproduction, which is officially banned in the country.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The gene that He edited, CCR5, is known as a pathway for HIV to infect immune system cells. But \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2019/06/03/727957768/2-chinese-babies-with-edited-genes-may-face-higher-risk-of-premature-death\">as Stein notes\u003c/a>, research carried out since He’s stunning announcement has suggested that the genetic changes he made could cause more harm than good to the babies’ health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A study \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41591-019-0459-6\">in Nature Medicine\u003c/a> analyzed the DNA of more than 400,000 people and found that the changes that He made could make people more vulnerable to viruses such as West Nile and influenza.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is a lesson in humility,” \u003ca href=\"https://daley.med.harvard.edu/\">George Daley\u003c/a>, the dean of the Harvard Medical School, told Stein. “Even when we think we know something about a gene, we can always be surprised and even startled, like in this case, to find out that a gene we thought was protective may actually be a problem.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Marcy Darnovsky, the executive director of the Center for Genetics and Society, said in an email to NPR that He’s “reckless and self-serving acts should highlight the broader and deeper risks — and the pointlessness — of any proposal to use gene editing in human reproduction.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>William Hurlbut, a scientist and bioethicist at Stanford who had attempted to persuade He (who is nicknamed JK) not to do the experiment, called his arrest a “sad story.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Everyone lost in this (JK, his family, his colleagues, and his country), but the one gain is that the world is awakened to the seriousness of our advancing genetic technologies,” Hurlbut said in an emailed statement. “I feel sorry for JK’s little family though — I warned him things could end this way, but it was just too late.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2019 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Chinese+Researcher+Who+Created+Gene-Edited+Babies+Sentenced+To+3+Years+In+Prison&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>A Chinese scientist who shocked the medical community last year when he said he had illegally created the world’s first gene-edited babies has been sentenced to three years in prison by a court in southern China.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He Jiankui announced in November 2018 that he had used a powerful technique called CRISPR on a human embryo to edit the genes of twin girls. He said he modified a gene with the intention of protecting the girls against HIV, the virus that causes AIDS. Many scientists expressed concerns about possible unintended side effects of the genetic changes that could be passed down to future generations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last fall, He also indicated there might be another pregnancy involving a gene-edited embryo. The court indicated that three genetically edited babies have been born.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The closed court in Shenzhen found He and two colleagues guilty of illegal medical practice by knowingly violating the country’s regulations and ethical principles with their experiments, \u003ca href=\"http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2019-12/30/c_138666754.htm\">Xinhua news agency\u003c/a> reported. It also ordered He to pay a fine of about $430,000.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He’s colleagues, Zhang Renli and Qin Jinzhou, were handed lesser sentences and fines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“None of the three defendants acquired doctor’s qualifications. [They] craved fame and fortune and deliberately went against the country’s regulations on scientific research and medical management. [They] went beyond the bottom lines of scientific research and medical ethics,” the court stated, according to the \u003ca href=\"https://www.scmp.com/news/china/science/article/3043894/chinas-gene-editing-frankenstein-jailed-3-years-modified-baby\">South China Morning Post\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He has defended his controversial work by saying that it will help families. “I understand my work will be controversial,” he said, as \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2018/11/26/670752865/chinese-scientist-says-hes-first-to-genetically-edit-babies\">NPR’s Rob Stein reported\u003c/a>. “But I believe families need this technology. And I am willing to take the criticism for them.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the time, scientists had previously genetically modified human embryos, but none had publicly claimed to have implanted embryos in a woman’s womb in an experiment that resulted in human babies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chinese police detained He in January and, as the \u003cem>Post\u003c/em> reported, an initial investigation concluded that he “organised a project team that included foreign staff, which intentionally avoided surveillance and used technology of uncertain safety and effectiveness to perform human embryo gene-editing activity with the purpose of reproduction, which is officially banned in the country.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The gene that He edited, CCR5, is known as a pathway for HIV to infect immune system cells. But \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2019/06/03/727957768/2-chinese-babies-with-edited-genes-may-face-higher-risk-of-premature-death\">as Stein notes\u003c/a>, research carried out since He’s stunning announcement has suggested that the genetic changes he made could cause more harm than good to the babies’ health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A study \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41591-019-0459-6\">in Nature Medicine\u003c/a> analyzed the DNA of more than 400,000 people and found that the changes that He made could make people more vulnerable to viruses such as West Nile and influenza.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is a lesson in humility,” \u003ca href=\"https://daley.med.harvard.edu/\">George Daley\u003c/a>, the dean of the Harvard Medical School, told Stein. “Even when we think we know something about a gene, we can always be surprised and even startled, like in this case, to find out that a gene we thought was protective may actually be a problem.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Marcy Darnovsky, the executive director of the Center for Genetics and Society, said in an email to NPR that He’s “reckless and self-serving acts should highlight the broader and deeper risks — and the pointlessness — of any proposal to use gene editing in human reproduction.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>William Hurlbut, a scientist and bioethicist at Stanford who had attempted to persuade He (who is nicknamed JK) not to do the experiment, called his arrest a “sad story.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Everyone lost in this (JK, his family, his colleagues, and his country), but the one gain is that the world is awakened to the seriousness of our advancing genetic technologies,” Hurlbut said in an emailed statement. “I feel sorry for JK’s little family though — I warned him things could end this way, but it was just too late.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2019 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Chinese+Researcher+Who+Created+Gene-Edited+Babies+Sentenced+To+3+Years+In+Prison&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"headTitle": "Lighting Industry Sues to Stop New Efficiency Standards | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Two lighting industry groups are suing California to stop new light bulb efficiency standards from taking effect next week. The standards that take effect Jan. 1 will effectively remove most incandescent and halogen bulbs from store shelves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The commission estimates this will save business and households between $736 million and $2.4 billion in \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.energy.ca.gov/business_meetings/2019_packets/2019-11-13/Item_05_Appliance%20Efficiency%20Regulations%20Rulemaking%20for%20General%20Service%20Lamps%20(Docket%20Number%2019-AAER-04).pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">energy costs\u003c/a> each year, because the new standards require bulbs to produce about three times more light per watt of energy used. The average \u003ca href=\"https://www.consumer.ftc.gov/articles/0164-shopping-light-bulbs\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">incandescent bulb\u003c/a> produces 11-16 lumens per watt; the new standard requires all general purpose light bulbs sold in California for home use to produce 45 lumens per watt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last month on, Nov. 13, the California Energy Commission \u003ca href=\"https://thehill.com/policy/energy-environment/470352-california-bucks-trump-administration-lightbulb-rollback-with\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">adopted rules\u003c/a> to expand which bulbs the standards applied to. For example, candle-shaped bulbs used in chandeliers are now included, but the bulbs used in appliances or in bug lamps are not.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, in a \u003ca href=\"https://www.nrdc.org/sites/default/files/complaint-nema-v-cec-20191213.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">lawsuit filed\u003c/a> this month two industry groups, the National Electrical Manufacturers Association and the American Lighting Association, asked the court to reverse the expansion, citing harm to manufacturers, retailers and consumers, and claiming market forces will \u003ca href=\"https://blog.nema.org/2019/11/13/light-bulbs-and-naturally-occurring-market-adoption-nomad/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">take care of\u003c/a> the transition to more efficient light bulbs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state energy commission says unless it hears from the courts, it will proceed as planned.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The backdrop of the updated standards (and associated lawsuit) stretch back to the George W. Bush administration. In 2007, President Bush signed into law the \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/laws-regulations/summary-energy-independence-and-security-act\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Energy Independence and Security Act\u003c/a>, requiring lower energy use from “general service lamps” — loosely defined as general purpose light bulbs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The act gave California and Nevada the right to implement standards earlier than other states. So, while the rest of the country switched from \u003ca href=\"https://www.topbulb.com/blog/whats-difference-halogen-incandescent-bulb/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">tungsten filament to halogen\u003c/a> incandescents between 2012-14, in California and Nevada made the switch in 2011-13.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The act also dictated that the Department of Energy would set energy efficiency standards for “general service” bulbs to take effect Jan. 1, 2020. If they didn’t (and they did not), the standard of 45 lumens per watt would go into effect.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Amid all of that, the Obama administration in 2017 expanded the scope of which bulbs would be considered “general service” to include 3-way incandescent bulbs, among others. The Trump administration rolled those back in September of this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This prompted a \u003ca href=\"https://oag.ca.gov/news/press-releases/attorney-general-becerra-sues-department-energy-rollback-energy-efficiency\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">lawsuit opposing the rollback\u003c/a> from the city of New York and the attorneys general of California, New York, Colorado, Connecticut, Illinois, Massachusetts, Maryland, Maine, Michigan, Minnesota, New Jersey, Nevada, Oregon, Vermont, Washington, and the District of Columbia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The results of both lawsuits are pending.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Two lighting industry groups are suing California to stop new light bulb efficiency standards from taking effect next week. The standards that take effect Jan. 1 will effectively remove most incandescent and halogen bulbs from store shelves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The commission estimates this will save business and households between $736 million and $2.4 billion in \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.energy.ca.gov/business_meetings/2019_packets/2019-11-13/Item_05_Appliance%20Efficiency%20Regulations%20Rulemaking%20for%20General%20Service%20Lamps%20(Docket%20Number%2019-AAER-04).pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">energy costs\u003c/a> each year, because the new standards require bulbs to produce about three times more light per watt of energy used. The average \u003ca href=\"https://www.consumer.ftc.gov/articles/0164-shopping-light-bulbs\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">incandescent bulb\u003c/a> produces 11-16 lumens per watt; the new standard requires all general purpose light bulbs sold in California for home use to produce 45 lumens per watt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last month on, Nov. 13, the California Energy Commission \u003ca href=\"https://thehill.com/policy/energy-environment/470352-california-bucks-trump-administration-lightbulb-rollback-with\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">adopted rules\u003c/a> to expand which bulbs the standards applied to. For example, candle-shaped bulbs used in chandeliers are now included, but the bulbs used in appliances or in bug lamps are not.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, in a \u003ca href=\"https://www.nrdc.org/sites/default/files/complaint-nema-v-cec-20191213.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">lawsuit filed\u003c/a> this month two industry groups, the National Electrical Manufacturers Association and the American Lighting Association, asked the court to reverse the expansion, citing harm to manufacturers, retailers and consumers, and claiming market forces will \u003ca href=\"https://blog.nema.org/2019/11/13/light-bulbs-and-naturally-occurring-market-adoption-nomad/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">take care of\u003c/a> the transition to more efficient light bulbs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state energy commission says unless it hears from the courts, it will proceed as planned.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The backdrop of the updated standards (and associated lawsuit) stretch back to the George W. Bush administration. In 2007, President Bush signed into law the \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/laws-regulations/summary-energy-independence-and-security-act\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Energy Independence and Security Act\u003c/a>, requiring lower energy use from “general service lamps” — loosely defined as general purpose light bulbs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The act gave California and Nevada the right to implement standards earlier than other states. So, while the rest of the country switched from \u003ca href=\"https://www.topbulb.com/blog/whats-difference-halogen-incandescent-bulb/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">tungsten filament to halogen\u003c/a> incandescents between 2012-14, in California and Nevada made the switch in 2011-13.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The act also dictated that the Department of Energy would set energy efficiency standards for “general service” bulbs to take effect Jan. 1, 2020. If they didn’t (and they did not), the standard of 45 lumens per watt would go into effect.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Amid all of that, the Obama administration in 2017 expanded the scope of which bulbs would be considered “general service” to include 3-way incandescent bulbs, among others. The Trump administration rolled those back in September of this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This prompted a \u003ca href=\"https://oag.ca.gov/news/press-releases/attorney-general-becerra-sues-department-energy-rollback-energy-efficiency\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">lawsuit opposing the rollback\u003c/a> from the city of New York and the attorneys general of California, New York, Colorado, Connecticut, Illinois, Massachusetts, Maryland, Maine, Michigan, Minnesota, New Jersey, Nevada, Oregon, Vermont, Washington, and the District of Columbia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The results of both lawsuits are pending.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Most Pharmacies Give Wrong Information When People Ask How to Get Rid of Old Drugs",
"headTitle": "Most Pharmacies Give Wrong Information When People Ask How to Get Rid of Old Drugs | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>In 2018, UC San Francisco doctors posing as parents of children who were recovering from surgery called pharmacies across California with a few simple questions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Their kid didn’t use all of the antibiotics from their prescription, how should they dispose of the leftover pills?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[pullquote size='medium']Leftover meds pose big health threats, especially for a curious child who sneaks into the medicine cabinet.[/pullquote]And what about the extra pain meds that are just sitting on the shelf?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of the nearly 900 pharmacies the doctors called, 47% \u003ca href=\"https://annals.org/aim/article-abstract/2758283/unwanted-medication-disposal-audit-california-pharmacy-advice\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">failed\u003c/a> to follow federal guidelines in recommending how to dispose of antibiotics and just 19% gave correct instructions for throwing out a frequently prescribed painkiller that can poison children when they accidentally consume it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Drug Enforcement Agency has \u003ca href=\"https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2014/09/09/2014-20926/disposal-of-controlled-substances\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">allowed\u003c/a> pharmacies to take back old drugs since 2015 and the U.S. Food and Drug Administration recommends that they do so, although the agency doesn’t require it. But researchers found that just 10% of the pharmacies offer a program to dispose of old, unused or expired medicines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s surprising that fewer than half of the pharmacies surveyed provided correct disposal information and only one-tenth provided take back programs,” said Hillary Copp, a UCSF urologist and senior author of the study. “Expanding disposal programs to ensure access and patient education are critical steps for improving disposal practices.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How to Dispose of Old Medications\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Leftover meds pose big health threats, especially for a curious child who sneaks into the medicine cabinet. Opiates are dangerously addictive, and doctors say the best way to ensure people don’t intentionally misuse painkillers is to discard excess prescriptions promptly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, what \u003cem>should \u003c/em>pharmacists be telling consumers?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>First, say FDA guidelines, people should take their extra drugs to designated \u003ca href=\"https://www.fda.gov/drugs/disposal-unused-medicines-what-you-should-know/drug-disposal-drug-take-back-locations\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">pharmacies and other “take back” locations\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last year, in an effort to fight the opioid epidemic, Google launched an \u003ca href=\"https://thehill.com/policy/technology/430855-google-launches-effort-to-fight-opioid-epidemic\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">initiative\u003c/a> to help people find directions to the disposal location closest to them. Users can find these centers with Google Maps by searching phrases similar to “drug drop-off near me.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For people who are unable to take old prescriptions to a drop-off spot, FDA \u003ca href=\"https://www.fda.gov/drugs/safe-disposal-medicines/disposal-unused-medicines-what-you-should-know\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">guidelines\u003c/a> include instructions for disposing of medicine at home.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Morphine, opium, codeine, hydrocodone and other opiates can be deadly if consumed in large doses. For this reason, the agency recommends people flush these painkillers down the toilet. The FDA’s site includes a \u003ca href=\"https://www.fda.gov/drugs/disposal-unused-medicines-what-you-should-know/drug-disposal-flush-potentially-dangerous-medicine#FlushList\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">list\u003c/a> of drugs the agency says should go down the drain if the choice is between that and leaving it on your shelf.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, flushed drugs usually cannot be filtered out at water treatment plants and \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2019/12/11/787192604/prescription-drugs-found-in-large-concentrations-in-water-near-manufacturing-pla\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">can get into\u003c/a> bays and lakes and harm marine life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is particularly a concern for flushed antibiotics. Rather than putting these drugs down the drain, the FDA recommends people mix them with unappetizing substances like cat litter or spent coffee grounds, seal them in a container and throw them in the garbage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Copp says doctors, nurses and other healthcare professionals should also take responsibility for educating consumers about how to dispose of their old meds. “This is going to require many different approaches to reduce the amount of unwanted medication,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The UCSF survey was conducted over a two-month period. The findings were \u003ca href=\"https://annals.org/aim/article-abstract/2758283/unwanted-medication-disposal-audit-california-pharmacy-advice\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">published\u003c/a> Monday in the scientific journal \u003ca href=\"https://annals.org/aim\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cem>Annals of Internal Medicine\u003c/em>\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>In 2018, UC San Francisco doctors posing as parents of children who were recovering from surgery called pharmacies across California with a few simple questions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Their kid didn’t use all of the antibiotics from their prescription, how should they dispose of the leftover pills?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>And what about the extra pain meds that are just sitting on the shelf?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of the nearly 900 pharmacies the doctors called, 47% \u003ca href=\"https://annals.org/aim/article-abstract/2758283/unwanted-medication-disposal-audit-california-pharmacy-advice\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">failed\u003c/a> to follow federal guidelines in recommending how to dispose of antibiotics and just 19% gave correct instructions for throwing out a frequently prescribed painkiller that can poison children when they accidentally consume it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Drug Enforcement Agency has \u003ca href=\"https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2014/09/09/2014-20926/disposal-of-controlled-substances\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">allowed\u003c/a> pharmacies to take back old drugs since 2015 and the U.S. Food and Drug Administration recommends that they do so, although the agency doesn’t require it. But researchers found that just 10% of the pharmacies offer a program to dispose of old, unused or expired medicines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s surprising that fewer than half of the pharmacies surveyed provided correct disposal information and only one-tenth provided take back programs,” said Hillary Copp, a UCSF urologist and senior author of the study. “Expanding disposal programs to ensure access and patient education are critical steps for improving disposal practices.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How to Dispose of Old Medications\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Leftover meds pose big health threats, especially for a curious child who sneaks into the medicine cabinet. Opiates are dangerously addictive, and doctors say the best way to ensure people don’t intentionally misuse painkillers is to discard excess prescriptions promptly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, what \u003cem>should \u003c/em>pharmacists be telling consumers?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>First, say FDA guidelines, people should take their extra drugs to designated \u003ca href=\"https://www.fda.gov/drugs/disposal-unused-medicines-what-you-should-know/drug-disposal-drug-take-back-locations\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">pharmacies and other “take back” locations\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last year, in an effort to fight the opioid epidemic, Google launched an \u003ca href=\"https://thehill.com/policy/technology/430855-google-launches-effort-to-fight-opioid-epidemic\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">initiative\u003c/a> to help people find directions to the disposal location closest to them. Users can find these centers with Google Maps by searching phrases similar to “drug drop-off near me.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For people who are unable to take old prescriptions to a drop-off spot, FDA \u003ca href=\"https://www.fda.gov/drugs/safe-disposal-medicines/disposal-unused-medicines-what-you-should-know\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">guidelines\u003c/a> include instructions for disposing of medicine at home.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Morphine, opium, codeine, hydrocodone and other opiates can be deadly if consumed in large doses. For this reason, the agency recommends people flush these painkillers down the toilet. The FDA’s site includes a \u003ca href=\"https://www.fda.gov/drugs/disposal-unused-medicines-what-you-should-know/drug-disposal-flush-potentially-dangerous-medicine#FlushList\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">list\u003c/a> of drugs the agency says should go down the drain if the choice is between that and leaving it on your shelf.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, flushed drugs usually cannot be filtered out at water treatment plants and \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2019/12/11/787192604/prescription-drugs-found-in-large-concentrations-in-water-near-manufacturing-pla\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">can get into\u003c/a> bays and lakes and harm marine life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is particularly a concern for flushed antibiotics. Rather than putting these drugs down the drain, the FDA recommends people mix them with unappetizing substances like cat litter or spent coffee grounds, seal them in a container and throw them in the garbage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Copp says doctors, nurses and other healthcare professionals should also take responsibility for educating consumers about how to dispose of their old meds. “This is going to require many different approaches to reduce the amount of unwanted medication,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The UCSF survey was conducted over a two-month period. The findings were \u003ca href=\"https://annals.org/aim/article-abstract/2758283/unwanted-medication-disposal-audit-california-pharmacy-advice\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">published\u003c/a> Monday in the scientific journal \u003ca href=\"https://annals.org/aim\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cem>Annals of Internal Medicine\u003c/em>\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Denise MacDonald held out a tray of spiny purple sea urchins. The roe, served in the shell and the color of egg yolk, contrasted nicely with the urchin’s dark, purple spines. MacDonald, director of global brand marketing at a company called Urchinomics, invited me to have a taste. I scooped up a blueberry-sized amount with a spoon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s good: salty, fresh, creamy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Tastes like the sea,” I said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“But with a buttery aftertaste,” said MacDonald.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Urchinomics and its partner, the UC Davis Bodega Marine Laboratory, are running a trial designed to develop methods for ranching purple sea urchins for profit, while at the same time addressing the consequences of a nasty ecological chain reaction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2014-15, sea stars began dying en masse from a \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1937467/historic-sea-star-die-off-tied-to-global-warming\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">mysterious wasting disease\u003c/a>, which scientists believe was exacerbated by a massive blob of warm water that spread throughout the Pacific Ocean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because starfish prey on sea urchins, the latter population’s exploded when the former’s dwindled. The urchin boom had a profound effect on another ocean-living organism: kelp, a type of seaweed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“During that time, the urchin populations … started to eat all of the kelp forests along our coast,” said Laura Rogers-Bennett, an environmental scientist at the Bodega Marine Laboratory.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ocean hasn’t been the same since.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“More than 90% of the kelp forest has disappeared from San Francisco up into southern Oregon and has been replaced by sea urchin barrens,” Rogers-Bennett said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Normally, a kelp forest provides a wealth of benefits, harboring fish, sequestering carbon, preventing shoreline erosion and producing oxygen. Areas bare of kelp can’t do any of that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But while the regrowth of trees takes decades, these kelp forests could bounce back.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They’re very fast-growing,” said Rogers-Bennett. “It would take them only six months to rebound, if we could remove some of this urchin-grazing pressure.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And that’s where eating purple sea urchins comes in …\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1952342\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1952342\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/RS40333_IMG_4548-qut-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/RS40333_IMG_4548-qut-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/RS40333_IMG_4548-qut-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/RS40333_IMG_4548-qut-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/RS40333_IMG_4548-qut-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/RS40333_IMG_4548-qut-1200x800.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/RS40333_IMG_4548-qut.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The contrast between an urchin just brought in from the barrens (left) and an urchin plumped up on kombu seaweed in a lab trial, demonstrates the effectiveness of the urchin ranching operation at the UC Davis Bodega Marine Laboratory. \u003ccite>(Ryan Tamborski/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Introducing Your New Favorite Delicacy \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What we’re doing here is we’re looking at a financial incentive model that makes these purple urchins of value,” said Karl Menard, aquatic resources manager at the Bodega lab.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The idea is that divers can collect urchins off the coast by the thousands and relocate them into a sort of urchin ranch. The urchins, having gobbled up an entire seaweed forest into nonexistence, frequently arrive at the lab in a state of starvation. They are raised in plastic crates and fed pellets of dried algae, made from the trimmings of kombu, a type of kelp that is processed in factories for human consumption. That diet can fatten them up in about eight weeks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1952343\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 540px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1952343\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/RS40335_IMG_4513-sfi.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"540\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/RS40335_IMG_4513-sfi.jpg 540w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/RS40335_IMG_4513-sfi-160x107.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 540px) 100vw, 540px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Karl Menard lifts a tray out of urchins out of the water in the Bodega Marine Lab urchin ranching operations. \u003ccite>(Ryan Tamborski/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The “roe” or uni is already a delicacy in Japan and commonly used in sushi. (Technically speaking, roe is a mass of eggs, but uni are urchin gonads.) A live urchin full of uni can be sold for good money.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They would be considered a premium product and could be worth $8 or $10 or more in the market,” said Menard.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The hope ultimately is to make urchins a common food anywhere they have created a barrens on the Pacific coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>MacDonald envisions one day being able to go into seafood restaurants to try urchin from different regions, the way we do now with oysters. “I think that there’s there’s room for that,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This month Urchinomics opened a commercial site in Oita, on the Japanese island of Kyushu. The company is currently negotiating a lease for a property in Bodega Bay, and it’s hoping to be fully operational in 2020.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Denise MacDonald held out a tray of spiny purple sea urchins. The roe, served in the shell and the color of egg yolk, contrasted nicely with the urchin’s dark, purple spines. MacDonald, director of global brand marketing at a company called Urchinomics, invited me to have a taste. I scooped up a blueberry-sized amount with a spoon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s good: salty, fresh, creamy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Tastes like the sea,” I said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“But with a buttery aftertaste,” said MacDonald.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Urchinomics and its partner, the UC Davis Bodega Marine Laboratory, are running a trial designed to develop methods for ranching purple sea urchins for profit, while at the same time addressing the consequences of a nasty ecological chain reaction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2014-15, sea stars began dying en masse from a \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1937467/historic-sea-star-die-off-tied-to-global-warming\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">mysterious wasting disease\u003c/a>, which scientists believe was exacerbated by a massive blob of warm water that spread throughout the Pacific Ocean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because starfish prey on sea urchins, the latter population’s exploded when the former’s dwindled. The urchin boom had a profound effect on another ocean-living organism: kelp, a type of seaweed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“During that time, the urchin populations … started to eat all of the kelp forests along our coast,” said Laura Rogers-Bennett, an environmental scientist at the Bodega Marine Laboratory.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ocean hasn’t been the same since.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“More than 90% of the kelp forest has disappeared from San Francisco up into southern Oregon and has been replaced by sea urchin barrens,” Rogers-Bennett said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Normally, a kelp forest provides a wealth of benefits, harboring fish, sequestering carbon, preventing shoreline erosion and producing oxygen. Areas bare of kelp can’t do any of that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But while the regrowth of trees takes decades, these kelp forests could bounce back.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They’re very fast-growing,” said Rogers-Bennett. “It would take them only six months to rebound, if we could remove some of this urchin-grazing pressure.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And that’s where eating purple sea urchins comes in …\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1952342\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1952342\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/RS40333_IMG_4548-qut-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/RS40333_IMG_4548-qut-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/RS40333_IMG_4548-qut-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/RS40333_IMG_4548-qut-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/RS40333_IMG_4548-qut-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/RS40333_IMG_4548-qut-1200x800.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/RS40333_IMG_4548-qut.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The contrast between an urchin just brought in from the barrens (left) and an urchin plumped up on kombu seaweed in a lab trial, demonstrates the effectiveness of the urchin ranching operation at the UC Davis Bodega Marine Laboratory. \u003ccite>(Ryan Tamborski/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Introducing Your New Favorite Delicacy \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What we’re doing here is we’re looking at a financial incentive model that makes these purple urchins of value,” said Karl Menard, aquatic resources manager at the Bodega lab.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The idea is that divers can collect urchins off the coast by the thousands and relocate them into a sort of urchin ranch. The urchins, having gobbled up an entire seaweed forest into nonexistence, frequently arrive at the lab in a state of starvation. They are raised in plastic crates and fed pellets of dried algae, made from the trimmings of kombu, a type of kelp that is processed in factories for human consumption. That diet can fatten them up in about eight weeks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1952343\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 540px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1952343\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/RS40335_IMG_4513-sfi.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"540\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/RS40335_IMG_4513-sfi.jpg 540w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/RS40335_IMG_4513-sfi-160x107.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 540px) 100vw, 540px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Karl Menard lifts a tray out of urchins out of the water in the Bodega Marine Lab urchin ranching operations. \u003ccite>(Ryan Tamborski/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The “roe” or uni is already a delicacy in Japan and commonly used in sushi. (Technically speaking, roe is a mass of eggs, but uni are urchin gonads.) A live urchin full of uni can be sold for good money.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They would be considered a premium product and could be worth $8 or $10 or more in the market,” said Menard.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The hope ultimately is to make urchins a common food anywhere they have created a barrens on the Pacific coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>MacDonald envisions one day being able to go into seafood restaurants to try urchin from different regions, the way we do now with oysters. “I think that there’s there’s room for that,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This month Urchinomics opened a commercial site in Oita, on the Japanese island of Kyushu. The company is currently negotiating a lease for a property in Bodega Bay, and it’s hoping to be fully operational in 2020.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>The 2010s saw breakthroughs in medical science and spectacular discoveries in space and physics. For Californians, it was also the decade that climate change arrived in our front yards in the form of serial cataclysmic fire seasons.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During the decade, scientists refined the regimen of HIV/AIDS medication, made life-saving advances in the treatment of cancer, and invented an entirely new gene-editing technology, with the hope of one day curing diseases before they begin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NASA’s New Horizons probe captured the first close-up \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/feature/new-horizons-best-close-up-of-plutos-surface\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">images\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/feature/new-horizons-best-close-up-of-plutos-surface\">of\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/feature/new-horizons-best-close-up-of-plutos-surface\">Pluto\u003c/a>, and the world caught its first \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/forum/2010101870482/first-photos-of-a-black-hole-captured-by-event-horizon-telescope-project\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">glimpse\u003c/a>, albeit a bit blurry, of a black hole. Our understanding of exoplanets exploded: the Kepler Space Telescope and the TESS satellite found thousands of new planets outside our solar system, and researchers began to comprehend what those worlds might actually look like.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the decade closes, the KQED Science team has created a sort of mixtape of the major trends, significant moments and noteworthy discoveries, with an eye toward California and the Bay Area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Do you want the good news or the bad news first? Well, let’s get it out of the way …\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Wildfires Create Havoc\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1952558\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1952558 size-complete_open_graph\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/RS40592_GettyImages-1178415177-qut-1200x800.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"427\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/RS40592_GettyImages-1178415177-qut-1200x800.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/RS40592_GettyImages-1178415177-qut-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/RS40592_GettyImages-1178415177-qut-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/RS40592_GettyImages-1178415177-qut-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/RS40592_GettyImages-1178415177-qut-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/RS40592_GettyImages-1178415177-qut.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A crew of inmate firefighters make their way to firefighting operations to battle the Kincade Fire in Healdsburg, California on October 26, 2019.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The changing climate is leading to longer dry periods in California, which is at least three degrees warmer since the beginning of the industrial era, the Environmental Protection Agency \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2016-09/documents/climate-change-ca.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">reported\u003c/a> in 2016.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Climate change, combined with a century of suppressing wildfires and denser populations in areas perilously close to fire-prone wilderness, have created the worst fire seasons on record. Since 2012, four of the five \u003ca href=\"https://www.fire.ca.gov/media/5510/top20_acres.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">biggest\u003c/a> California wildfires have \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1934533/the-new-abnormal-climate-effects-on-the-fire-season-are-just-beginning;%20https:/www.kqed.org/science/1950703/climate-change-is-driving-californias-wildfires-the-kincade-fire-not-so-much)\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">burned\u003c/a> over 1.2 million acres.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Late on Oct. 8, 2017, hot, dry winds downed power lines, carrying sparks and flaming embers long distances to ignite multiple fires. The Tubbs Fire and other North Bay blazes scorched large areas of Sonoma and Napa counties, claiming 44 lives and destroying over 8,000 buildings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The following summer, during the Carr Fire, a “\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1928143/reddings-firenado-was-not-your-garden-variety-fire-whirl\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">fire tornado\u003c/a>” exploded into the outskirts of Redding, devastating everything in its path. The blaze killed eight people and destroyed 1,000 homes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the worst was yet to come. In November, the Camp Fire nearly wiped out the town of Paradise and surrounding communities. It was the deadliest wildfire in California history, killing 86 people, destroying almost 14,000 homes, and costing more money than any natural disaster in the world that year. Across wide swaths of the state, smoke from the fire rendered the air unhealthy to breathe, inundating the Bay Area for almost two weeks so that the region registered its worst air quality on record.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1952579\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1952579 size-complete_open_graph\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/RS40593_GettyImages-1129061413-qut-1200x774.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"413\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/RS40593_GettyImages-1129061413-qut-1200x774.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/RS40593_GettyImages-1129061413-qut-160x103.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/RS40593_GettyImages-1129061413-qut-800x516.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/RS40593_GettyImages-1129061413-qut-768x495.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/RS40593_GettyImages-1129061413-qut-1020x658.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/RS40593_GettyImages-1129061413-qut.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An aerial view of homes destroyed by the Camp Fire on February 11, 2019 in Paradise, California. \u003ccite>(Photo by Justin Sullivan/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>As far as global warming goes, the outlook is not good, whether it relates to fires or to other natural disasters. The 2010s included the hottest year (2017) and the hottest month (July 2019) on record, and the 10 years that make up the decade will almost certainly set a new temperature mark as well, according to the U.N., based on millions of global measurements taken over the last 170 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This summer, our series \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/tag/livingwithwildfire\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Living With Wildfire: California Reimagined\u003c/a> asked some big questions about how the state can, in our warming world, learn to survive more frequent and ferocious conflagrations. Are some fire-prone areas now too dangerous to accommodate new housing? How can towns prepare for mass evacuations? And neighborhoods make themselves fire-resistant? Are Californians willing to suffer the inconvenience and financial cost to protect the state from extreme wildfires? Perhaps, but it will mean big changes in how we think and live. — \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/DanielleVenton\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Danielle Venton\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Rise of Renewables\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As Californians began to experience climate change in the form of hotter days and more destructive fires, state policies to mitigate global warming began to pay dividends. California’s investor-owned utilities shattered \u003ca href=\"https://www.cpuc.ca.gov/rps/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">renewable energy\u003c/a> targets mandated by the state, and California \u003ca href=\"https://apnews.com/942b5a251fac413a84fc4eb93a67c46c/California-meets-greenhouse-gas-reduction-goal-years-early\">reduced\u003c/a> its overall emissions of greenhouse gases below the 1990 level, two years ahead of schedule.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These climate policies, in a state with the world’s fifth largest economy, helped spur a rapid decline in the cost of renewable energy around the U.S. This past decade, the cost of wind energy fell by 57%, utility-scale solar power by 86%, and battery energy storage by 76%. In 2019, for the first time, power generation in the U.S. from renewable energy \u003ca href=\"https://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.php?id=39992\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">surpassed\u003c/a> power produced from coal. \u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1952593 alignright\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/2019Batteries_Cost_CMN-768x564-1.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"768\" height=\"564\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/2019Batteries_Cost_CMN-768x564-1.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/2019Batteries_Cost_CMN-768x564-1-160x118.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those are big successes, but California has a lot of work to do over the next 10 years if the state is going to meet its 2045 goal of net-zero emissions, also called carbon neutrality. California is \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1948712/your-suv-is-really-messing-with-the-states-climate-plans\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">way behind \u003c/a>in meeting this ambitious objective, in part because emissions from the transportation sector are soaring, due to Californians driving more miles in larger, gas-guzzling trucks and of SUVs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state is trying to reverse this trend by incentivizing fuel-efficient cars and setting a \u003ca href=\"https://www.cpuc.ca.gov/zev/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">target\u003c/a> of 5 million electric vehicles traversing California roads by 2030. But meeting that goal is going to be tough, with sales of EVs currently standing at only a \u003ca href=\"https://www.veloz.org/sales-dashboard/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">fraction of that total.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, frustrated by the lack of progress in the fight against climate change, young people took to the streets the last couple of years. The Sunrise Movement, Youth vs. Apocalypse and other Bay Area advocacy groups participated in \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1947584/live-blog-bay-area-climate-strike\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">global climate strikes \u003c/a>protesting the failure of government, finance, industry and other institutions to address climate change.– \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/StarkKev\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Kevin Stark\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Medical Advances\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The decade saw major advances in the treatment of HIV and cancer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over the last 10 years, scientists have perfected antiretroviral drugs, taken daily in a single pill by people who are HIV-positive. These drugs allow HIV patients to live relatively free of sickness, a far cry from the first decade of the epidemic, when the diagnosis was tantamount to a death sentence. No longer highly toxic, antiretrovirals now work so well they can lower a patient’s viral load to undetectable levels, making it untransmittable from one person to another. Another daily pill, called \u003ca href=\"https://www.sfaf.org/resource-library/prep/?utm_source=GoogleAds&utm_medium=CPC&utm_campaign=GoogleAds_UEqualsU_PrEP&gclid=CjwKCAiAluLvBRASEiwAAbX3GcnQ19OOhwWeCw4YFui4HMm-wM45wQzXB0fgh9a1hPAxzgkFYKnxRBoCsswQAvD_BwE\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">PrEP,\u003c/a> can be used as a prophylactic against HIV exposure by people who are still free of the virus. Such major strides in treatment and prevention are why scientists are optimistic HIV will be eradicated altogether within the next decade.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For some types of cancer, a treatment called immunotherapy drastically improved survival and cure rates. For example, \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/futureofyou/444527/advanced-skin-cancer-was-once-a-death-sentence-immunotherapy-is-changing-that\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">stage 4 melanoma \u003c/a>, which doesn’t respond to radiation or chemotherapy, used to mean \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/futureofyou/444527/advanced-skin-cancer-was-once-a-death-sentence-immunotherapy-is-changing-that\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">certain death\u003c/a>, with patients surviving less than a year on average. But over the last decade, instead of burning or poisoning cancer cells to stop the disease, new medicines have unleashed the body’s natural defenses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Normally the immune system recognizes disease-causing organisms. But cancer cells go undetected as harmful. New drugs, as well as \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/futureofyou/439584/new-gene-therapy-gives-teen-a-second-chance-after-cancer\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">genetic engineering\u003c/a> techniques, make them visible and ripe for attack. Think of it like affixing a flag with the message “kill me” on cells that previously operated with impunity. Pancreatic, breast and prostate cancer, among other types, do not currently respond to immunotherapy, but scientists foresee a day when the treatment could be the primary weapon against an array of cancers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/DESKTOP_CRISPR_171115-1.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1952602 size-complete_open_graph\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/DESKTOP_CRISPR_171115-1-1200x797.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"425\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/DESKTOP_CRISPR_171115-1-1200x797.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/DESKTOP_CRISPR_171115-1-160x106.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/DESKTOP_CRISPR_171115-1-800x531.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/DESKTOP_CRISPR_171115-1-768x510.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/DESKTOP_CRISPR_171115-1-1020x677.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/DESKTOP_CRISPR_171115-1.jpg 1280w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There may also be a day when doctors can eliminate genetic diseases altogether. A tool called \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/futureofyou/370/a-crispr-solution-to-bubble-boy-disease\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">CRISPR \u003c/a>acts as a molecular scalpel that can make precise changes to genetic mutations giving rise to disease. Scientists hope to one day cure genetic conditions like blindness or sickle cell anemia before they even start. Though tinkering with our DNA raises all kinds of ethical questions about “\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1934916/chinese-scientist-says-hes-first-to-create-genetically-modified-babies-using-crispr\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">playing God\u003c/a>.”– \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/lesleywmcclurg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Lesley McClurg\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Predictions Fulfilled\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The decade saw some spectacular discoveries in space and physics, some of which had been predicted for decades. Theoretical foresight frequently falls short or remains unproven, but once in a while, it’s right on the money.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two discoveries in particular should be remembered as a vindication of the human ability to understand and model the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2012, two teams at CERN, often referred to as the European Laboratory for Particle Physics, announced they had independently detected the Higgs boson. This is a particle associated with an energy field, called the Higgs field, that was theorized in the 1960s and ’70s as a solution to the question: How does matter obtain mass?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The answer: Through the action of an elementary particle, such as an electron or a quark, interacting with the Higgs field. The more the particle interacts, the more massive it is. And the boson? That’s the particle that the Higgs field emits. The detection of the Higgs boson proved that the Higgs field is real, and it was the final piece of the puzzle for the Standard Model, a set of equations describing how three of the four fundamental forces work. Now, only gravity remains unexplained.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The decade also saw the discovery of gravitational waves, predicted by none other than Albert Einstein in 1916. Einstein thought the acceleration of objects with enough mass would create ripples in the fabric of spacetime. And he thought right. About 100 years later, dual detectors that make up the Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory, or LIGO, registered those ripples in the form of the aftershock created by two black holes colliding.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Traveling far above Earth-bound detection instruments like LIGO, spacecraft originating on Earth reached interstellar space for the first time. These are the Voyager probes, each carrying a copy of the \u003ca href=\"https://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/golden-record/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Golden Record\u003c/a>, which holds images, music and greetings from Earth. — \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/DanielleVenton\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Danielle Venton\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The 2010s saw breakthroughs in medical science and spectacular discoveries in space and physics. For Californians, it was also the decade that climate change arrived in our front yards in the form of serial cataclysmic fire seasons.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During the decade, scientists refined the regimen of HIV/AIDS medication, made life-saving advances in the treatment of cancer, and invented an entirely new gene-editing technology, with the hope of one day curing diseases before they begin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NASA’s New Horizons probe captured the first close-up \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/feature/new-horizons-best-close-up-of-plutos-surface\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">images\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/feature/new-horizons-best-close-up-of-plutos-surface\">of\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/feature/new-horizons-best-close-up-of-plutos-surface\">Pluto\u003c/a>, and the world caught its first \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/forum/2010101870482/first-photos-of-a-black-hole-captured-by-event-horizon-telescope-project\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">glimpse\u003c/a>, albeit a bit blurry, of a black hole. Our understanding of exoplanets exploded: the Kepler Space Telescope and the TESS satellite found thousands of new planets outside our solar system, and researchers began to comprehend what those worlds might actually look like.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the decade closes, the KQED Science team has created a sort of mixtape of the major trends, significant moments and noteworthy discoveries, with an eye toward California and the Bay Area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Do you want the good news or the bad news first? Well, let’s get it out of the way …\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Wildfires Create Havoc\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1952558\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1952558 size-complete_open_graph\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/RS40592_GettyImages-1178415177-qut-1200x800.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"427\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/RS40592_GettyImages-1178415177-qut-1200x800.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/RS40592_GettyImages-1178415177-qut-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/RS40592_GettyImages-1178415177-qut-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/RS40592_GettyImages-1178415177-qut-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/RS40592_GettyImages-1178415177-qut-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/RS40592_GettyImages-1178415177-qut.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A crew of inmate firefighters make their way to firefighting operations to battle the Kincade Fire in Healdsburg, California on October 26, 2019.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The changing climate is leading to longer dry periods in California, which is at least three degrees warmer since the beginning of the industrial era, the Environmental Protection Agency \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2016-09/documents/climate-change-ca.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">reported\u003c/a> in 2016.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Climate change, combined with a century of suppressing wildfires and denser populations in areas perilously close to fire-prone wilderness, have created the worst fire seasons on record. Since 2012, four of the five \u003ca href=\"https://www.fire.ca.gov/media/5510/top20_acres.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">biggest\u003c/a> California wildfires have \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1934533/the-new-abnormal-climate-effects-on-the-fire-season-are-just-beginning;%20https:/www.kqed.org/science/1950703/climate-change-is-driving-californias-wildfires-the-kincade-fire-not-so-much)\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">burned\u003c/a> over 1.2 million acres.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Late on Oct. 8, 2017, hot, dry winds downed power lines, carrying sparks and flaming embers long distances to ignite multiple fires. The Tubbs Fire and other North Bay blazes scorched large areas of Sonoma and Napa counties, claiming 44 lives and destroying over 8,000 buildings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The following summer, during the Carr Fire, a “\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1928143/reddings-firenado-was-not-your-garden-variety-fire-whirl\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">fire tornado\u003c/a>” exploded into the outskirts of Redding, devastating everything in its path. The blaze killed eight people and destroyed 1,000 homes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the worst was yet to come. In November, the Camp Fire nearly wiped out the town of Paradise and surrounding communities. It was the deadliest wildfire in California history, killing 86 people, destroying almost 14,000 homes, and costing more money than any natural disaster in the world that year. Across wide swaths of the state, smoke from the fire rendered the air unhealthy to breathe, inundating the Bay Area for almost two weeks so that the region registered its worst air quality on record.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1952579\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1952579 size-complete_open_graph\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/RS40593_GettyImages-1129061413-qut-1200x774.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"413\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/RS40593_GettyImages-1129061413-qut-1200x774.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/RS40593_GettyImages-1129061413-qut-160x103.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/RS40593_GettyImages-1129061413-qut-800x516.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/RS40593_GettyImages-1129061413-qut-768x495.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/RS40593_GettyImages-1129061413-qut-1020x658.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/RS40593_GettyImages-1129061413-qut.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An aerial view of homes destroyed by the Camp Fire on February 11, 2019 in Paradise, California. \u003ccite>(Photo by Justin Sullivan/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>As far as global warming goes, the outlook is not good, whether it relates to fires or to other natural disasters. The 2010s included the hottest year (2017) and the hottest month (July 2019) on record, and the 10 years that make up the decade will almost certainly set a new temperature mark as well, according to the U.N., based on millions of global measurements taken over the last 170 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This summer, our series \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/tag/livingwithwildfire\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Living With Wildfire: California Reimagined\u003c/a> asked some big questions about how the state can, in our warming world, learn to survive more frequent and ferocious conflagrations. Are some fire-prone areas now too dangerous to accommodate new housing? How can towns prepare for mass evacuations? And neighborhoods make themselves fire-resistant? Are Californians willing to suffer the inconvenience and financial cost to protect the state from extreme wildfires? Perhaps, but it will mean big changes in how we think and live. — \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/DanielleVenton\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Danielle Venton\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Rise of Renewables\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As Californians began to experience climate change in the form of hotter days and more destructive fires, state policies to mitigate global warming began to pay dividends. California’s investor-owned utilities shattered \u003ca href=\"https://www.cpuc.ca.gov/rps/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">renewable energy\u003c/a> targets mandated by the state, and California \u003ca href=\"https://apnews.com/942b5a251fac413a84fc4eb93a67c46c/California-meets-greenhouse-gas-reduction-goal-years-early\">reduced\u003c/a> its overall emissions of greenhouse gases below the 1990 level, two years ahead of schedule.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These climate policies, in a state with the world’s fifth largest economy, helped spur a rapid decline in the cost of renewable energy around the U.S. This past decade, the cost of wind energy fell by 57%, utility-scale solar power by 86%, and battery energy storage by 76%. In 2019, for the first time, power generation in the U.S. from renewable energy \u003ca href=\"https://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.php?id=39992\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">surpassed\u003c/a> power produced from coal. \u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1952593 alignright\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/2019Batteries_Cost_CMN-768x564-1.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"768\" height=\"564\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/2019Batteries_Cost_CMN-768x564-1.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/2019Batteries_Cost_CMN-768x564-1-160x118.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those are big successes, but California has a lot of work to do over the next 10 years if the state is going to meet its 2045 goal of net-zero emissions, also called carbon neutrality. California is \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1948712/your-suv-is-really-messing-with-the-states-climate-plans\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">way behind \u003c/a>in meeting this ambitious objective, in part because emissions from the transportation sector are soaring, due to Californians driving more miles in larger, gas-guzzling trucks and of SUVs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state is trying to reverse this trend by incentivizing fuel-efficient cars and setting a \u003ca href=\"https://www.cpuc.ca.gov/zev/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">target\u003c/a> of 5 million electric vehicles traversing California roads by 2030. But meeting that goal is going to be tough, with sales of EVs currently standing at only a \u003ca href=\"https://www.veloz.org/sales-dashboard/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">fraction of that total.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, frustrated by the lack of progress in the fight against climate change, young people took to the streets the last couple of years. The Sunrise Movement, Youth vs. Apocalypse and other Bay Area advocacy groups participated in \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1947584/live-blog-bay-area-climate-strike\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">global climate strikes \u003c/a>protesting the failure of government, finance, industry and other institutions to address climate change.– \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/StarkKev\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Kevin Stark\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Medical Advances\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The decade saw major advances in the treatment of HIV and cancer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over the last 10 years, scientists have perfected antiretroviral drugs, taken daily in a single pill by people who are HIV-positive. These drugs allow HIV patients to live relatively free of sickness, a far cry from the first decade of the epidemic, when the diagnosis was tantamount to a death sentence. No longer highly toxic, antiretrovirals now work so well they can lower a patient’s viral load to undetectable levels, making it untransmittable from one person to another. Another daily pill, called \u003ca href=\"https://www.sfaf.org/resource-library/prep/?utm_source=GoogleAds&utm_medium=CPC&utm_campaign=GoogleAds_UEqualsU_PrEP&gclid=CjwKCAiAluLvBRASEiwAAbX3GcnQ19OOhwWeCw4YFui4HMm-wM45wQzXB0fgh9a1hPAxzgkFYKnxRBoCsswQAvD_BwE\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">PrEP,\u003c/a> can be used as a prophylactic against HIV exposure by people who are still free of the virus. Such major strides in treatment and prevention are why scientists are optimistic HIV will be eradicated altogether within the next decade.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For some types of cancer, a treatment called immunotherapy drastically improved survival and cure rates. For example, \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/futureofyou/444527/advanced-skin-cancer-was-once-a-death-sentence-immunotherapy-is-changing-that\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">stage 4 melanoma \u003c/a>, which doesn’t respond to radiation or chemotherapy, used to mean \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/futureofyou/444527/advanced-skin-cancer-was-once-a-death-sentence-immunotherapy-is-changing-that\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">certain death\u003c/a>, with patients surviving less than a year on average. But over the last decade, instead of burning or poisoning cancer cells to stop the disease, new medicines have unleashed the body’s natural defenses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Normally the immune system recognizes disease-causing organisms. But cancer cells go undetected as harmful. New drugs, as well as \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/futureofyou/439584/new-gene-therapy-gives-teen-a-second-chance-after-cancer\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">genetic engineering\u003c/a> techniques, make them visible and ripe for attack. Think of it like affixing a flag with the message “kill me” on cells that previously operated with impunity. Pancreatic, breast and prostate cancer, among other types, do not currently respond to immunotherapy, but scientists foresee a day when the treatment could be the primary weapon against an array of cancers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/DESKTOP_CRISPR_171115-1.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1952602 size-complete_open_graph\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/DESKTOP_CRISPR_171115-1-1200x797.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"425\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/DESKTOP_CRISPR_171115-1-1200x797.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/DESKTOP_CRISPR_171115-1-160x106.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/DESKTOP_CRISPR_171115-1-800x531.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/DESKTOP_CRISPR_171115-1-768x510.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/DESKTOP_CRISPR_171115-1-1020x677.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/DESKTOP_CRISPR_171115-1.jpg 1280w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There may also be a day when doctors can eliminate genetic diseases altogether. A tool called \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/futureofyou/370/a-crispr-solution-to-bubble-boy-disease\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">CRISPR \u003c/a>acts as a molecular scalpel that can make precise changes to genetic mutations giving rise to disease. Scientists hope to one day cure genetic conditions like blindness or sickle cell anemia before they even start. Though tinkering with our DNA raises all kinds of ethical questions about “\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1934916/chinese-scientist-says-hes-first-to-create-genetically-modified-babies-using-crispr\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">playing God\u003c/a>.”– \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/lesleywmcclurg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Lesley McClurg\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Predictions Fulfilled\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The decade saw some spectacular discoveries in space and physics, some of which had been predicted for decades. Theoretical foresight frequently falls short or remains unproven, but once in a while, it’s right on the money.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two discoveries in particular should be remembered as a vindication of the human ability to understand and model the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2012, two teams at CERN, often referred to as the European Laboratory for Particle Physics, announced they had independently detected the Higgs boson. This is a particle associated with an energy field, called the Higgs field, that was theorized in the 1960s and ’70s as a solution to the question: How does matter obtain mass?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The answer: Through the action of an elementary particle, such as an electron or a quark, interacting with the Higgs field. The more the particle interacts, the more massive it is. And the boson? That’s the particle that the Higgs field emits. The detection of the Higgs boson proved that the Higgs field is real, and it was the final piece of the puzzle for the Standard Model, a set of equations describing how three of the four fundamental forces work. Now, only gravity remains unexplained.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The decade also saw the discovery of gravitational waves, predicted by none other than Albert Einstein in 1916. Einstein thought the acceleration of objects with enough mass would create ripples in the fabric of spacetime. And he thought right. About 100 years later, dual detectors that make up the Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory, or LIGO, registered those ripples in the form of the aftershock created by two black holes colliding.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Traveling far above Earth-bound detection instruments like LIGO, spacecraft originating on Earth reached interstellar space for the first time. These are the Voyager probes, each carrying a copy of the \u003ca href=\"https://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/golden-record/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Golden Record\u003c/a>, which holds images, music and greetings from Earth. — \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/DanielleVenton\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Danielle Venton\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "CDC Blames Most Vaping Deaths on THC Contaminant",
"headTitle": "CDC Blames Most Vaping Deaths on THC Contaminant | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>A health-surveillance system put in place after the terrorist attacks of September 2001 has been used to pinpoint the cause of the vaping-related lung injuries that have killed 54 Americans and sent more than 2,500 people to the hospital.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Using this system, researchers at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention have found that the lung injuries rose sharply in June of this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/about/leadership/leaders/pdd.html\">Dr. Anne Schuchat\u003c/a>, the CDC’s principal deputy director, says this sharp spike strongly points to a single culprit for most of these cases: vitamin E acetate, an additive found in illicit cannabis-containing vapes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That doesn’t mean that there aren’t other chemicals that can or are causing lung injury,” Schuchat said during a telephone news conference. But backed with additional data about vitamin E acetate found in lung samples from people who were injured after vaping, she attributes the bulk of the outbreak to that additive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The CDC is still trying to understand the mechanism by which this substance injures lung tissue. It may interfere with a natural fluid in the lung called surfactant, which helps make lung tissue stretchy. Or a byproduct may be a toxic chemical.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Emergency-room doctors in Wisconsin first noticed an outbreak of these lung injuries in June. They alerted state and federal health officials, who quickly \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2019/10/22/772368792/cdc-studying-tissue-to-try-and-track-down-root-cause-of-vaping-related-lung-dama\">started investigating \u003c/a>the extent of the outbreak as they looked for what could be causing it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Investigators homed in on vaping products containing marijuana extracts, specifically those that were purchased online or on the street, rather than through dispensaries. Further research focused on vitamin E acetate, which is used in some of these preparations to dilute the much more expensive THC oil.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was important to understand the timing of the outbreak as part of this investigation. Health officials wanted to know when exactly the problems first cropped up, and whether they had missed many cases before those initial reports. That’s why they turned to the surveillance data, collected from more than 3,200 emergency rooms from most states.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They found a gradual increase in emergency-room visits among people who vaped or used e-cigarettes, starting in January of 2017.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Those visits weren’t limited to lung injury, so there may be other health effects that people were experiencing,” says Kathleen Hartnett, an epidemiologist at the CDC who is first author of a study being published by the \u003cem>New England Journal of Medicine\u003c/em>. People may have also been going to the emergency room because of nicotine poisoning, or intoxication from THC, the main psychoactive ingredient in marijuana.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Narrowing their search to people under the age of 35, they detected a sharp spike in June of 2019 — the same time that the doctors in Wisconsin reported their first cases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The number of cases climbed from June into September, when they peaked. They have since declined, but the CDC still reports about 100 cases a week, and the death toll continues to tick up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The surveillance system doesn’t automatically flag health concerns – often scientists dive into the data once their suspicion is raised, as it was in this case. The outbreak only became apparent in the data once researchers defined more closely what they were looking for and focused on one age group.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“While electronic health data are increasingly powerful, they really can’t yet replace the experience of clinicians like the ones in Wisconsin, who most definitely saved lives when they… reported these first cases,” Hartnett says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The US Food and Drug Administration also announced Friday a crackdown on illicit vaping cartridges. The FDA and the Drug Enforcement Administration seized 44 websites advertising the sale of these products, as part of “Operation Vapor Lock,” its response to the lung injuries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>You can contact NPR Science Correspondent Richard Harris at \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"mailto:rharris@npr.org\">\u003cem>rharris@npr.org\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003cem>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2019 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=CDC+Confirms+A+THC+Contaminant%2C+Vitamin+E+Acetate%2C+The+Culprit+In+Most+Vaping+Deaths&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "The spate of more than 2,500 acute vaping-related lung injuries tracked by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention is on the decline, epidemiologists say, and the number of deaths has slowed.",
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"description": "The spate of more than 2,500 acute vaping-related lung injuries tracked by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention is on the decline, epidemiologists say, and the number of deaths has slowed.",
"title": "CDC Blames Most Vaping Deaths on THC Contaminant | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>A health-surveillance system put in place after the terrorist attacks of September 2001 has been used to pinpoint the cause of the vaping-related lung injuries that have killed 54 Americans and sent more than 2,500 people to the hospital.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Using this system, researchers at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention have found that the lung injuries rose sharply in June of this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/about/leadership/leaders/pdd.html\">Dr. Anne Schuchat\u003c/a>, the CDC’s principal deputy director, says this sharp spike strongly points to a single culprit for most of these cases: vitamin E acetate, an additive found in illicit cannabis-containing vapes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That doesn’t mean that there aren’t other chemicals that can or are causing lung injury,” Schuchat said during a telephone news conference. But backed with additional data about vitamin E acetate found in lung samples from people who were injured after vaping, she attributes the bulk of the outbreak to that additive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The CDC is still trying to understand the mechanism by which this substance injures lung tissue. It may interfere with a natural fluid in the lung called surfactant, which helps make lung tissue stretchy. Or a byproduct may be a toxic chemical.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Emergency-room doctors in Wisconsin first noticed an outbreak of these lung injuries in June. They alerted state and federal health officials, who quickly \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2019/10/22/772368792/cdc-studying-tissue-to-try-and-track-down-root-cause-of-vaping-related-lung-dama\">started investigating \u003c/a>the extent of the outbreak as they looked for what could be causing it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Investigators homed in on vaping products containing marijuana extracts, specifically those that were purchased online or on the street, rather than through dispensaries. Further research focused on vitamin E acetate, which is used in some of these preparations to dilute the much more expensive THC oil.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was important to understand the timing of the outbreak as part of this investigation. Health officials wanted to know when exactly the problems first cropped up, and whether they had missed many cases before those initial reports. That’s why they turned to the surveillance data, collected from more than 3,200 emergency rooms from most states.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They found a gradual increase in emergency-room visits among people who vaped or used e-cigarettes, starting in January of 2017.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Those visits weren’t limited to lung injury, so there may be other health effects that people were experiencing,” says Kathleen Hartnett, an epidemiologist at the CDC who is first author of a study being published by the \u003cem>New England Journal of Medicine\u003c/em>. People may have also been going to the emergency room because of nicotine poisoning, or intoxication from THC, the main psychoactive ingredient in marijuana.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Narrowing their search to people under the age of 35, they detected a sharp spike in June of 2019 — the same time that the doctors in Wisconsin reported their first cases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The number of cases climbed from June into September, when they peaked. They have since declined, but the CDC still reports about 100 cases a week, and the death toll continues to tick up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The surveillance system doesn’t automatically flag health concerns – often scientists dive into the data once their suspicion is raised, as it was in this case. The outbreak only became apparent in the data once researchers defined more closely what they were looking for and focused on one age group.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“While electronic health data are increasingly powerful, they really can’t yet replace the experience of clinicians like the ones in Wisconsin, who most definitely saved lives when they… reported these first cases,” Hartnett says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The US Food and Drug Administration also announced Friday a crackdown on illicit vaping cartridges. The FDA and the Drug Enforcement Administration seized 44 websites advertising the sale of these products, as part of “Operation Vapor Lock,” its response to the lung injuries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>You can contact NPR Science Correspondent Richard Harris at \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"mailto:rharris@npr.org\">\u003cem>rharris@npr.org\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003cem>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2019 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=CDC+Confirms+A+THC+Contaminant%2C+Vitamin+E+Acetate%2C+The+Culprit+In+Most+Vaping+Deaths&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "The Precarious Future of Treasure Island: Rising Seas and Sinking Land",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Treasure Island is a man-made polygon of 400 acres \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11790693/magic-city-and-the-making-of-treasure-island\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">constructed by engineers\u003c/a> on a shallow reef in the middle of San Francisco Bay. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The low-lying island, as well as neighboring Yerba Buena island, are also the site of a multibillion-dollar neighborhood development. The project calls for 8,000 new homes and condos that could house more than 20,000 people, 500 new hotel rooms, and over 550,000 square feet of commercial space.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But how will climate change affect these plans?\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1952319\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 720px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1952319\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/RS40544_Shoal02.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"720\" height=\"410\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/RS40544_Shoal02.jpg 720w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/RS40544_Shoal02-160x91.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 720px) 100vw, 720px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">In the 1930s, federal engineers constructed Treasure Island with bay mud and sand. \u003ccite>(Treasure Island Development Authority)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Rising Water, Sinking Land\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This year, researchers with the U.S. Geological Survey \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-019-40742-z\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">published\u003c/a> a comprehensive climate change study on the impact of rising sea levels, storms and erosion on the California coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study found that the homes of hundreds of thousands of coastal residents and $150 billion worth of property in California are threatened by rising water levels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Treasure Island is one of the most vulnerable locations in the entire state,” said Patrick Barnard, lead author of the study and a coastal geologist with USGS. “Not only because it sits right above sea level; [the island] is all fill. The ground itself is sinking.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He says Treasure Island faces several threats:\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1952334\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 1102px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1952334\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/TI_OCOF.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1102\" height=\"650\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/TI_OCOF.png 1102w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/TI_OCOF-160x94.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/TI_OCOF-800x472.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/TI_OCOF-768x453.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/TI_OCOF-1020x602.png 1020w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1102px) 100vw, 1102px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Researchers at U.S. Geologic Survey developed a flood map to help planners understand the impact of rising sea levels. The image shows Treasure Island after 3.3 feet of sea level rise and a ‘hundred year’ storm. \u003ccite>(Our Coast Our Future)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The water in San Francisco Bay is rising.\u003c/strong> Average high tides could increase by about 3 feet by 2100 under mid-range sea level rise \u003ca href=\"http://data.pointblue.org/apps/ocof/cms/index.php?page=flood-map\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">scenarios\u003c/a>, according to studies by the \u003ca href=\"https://www.nap.edu/catalog/13389/sea-level-rise-for-the-coasts-of-california-oregon-and-washington\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">National Research Council\u003c/a> and the \u003ca href=\"https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/2018/02/WG1AR5_Chapter13_FINAL.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Storm waves push water levels even higher.\u003c/strong> Severe weather with a 1% chance of occurring in any year, called a 100-year storm, can push tides an additional 3 feet higher.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Treasure Island’s own construction.\u003c/strong> Engineers built the island atop a bottom layer of mud. The weight of earth and buildings on this gooey muck compresses it like a sponge and over time causes the island to sink. Treasure Island is descending at about the same rate as the sea is rising, Barnard says. So, that equates to “about twice as much sea level rise as a static shoreline.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Building High\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2011 the San Francisco Board of Supervisors approved a \u003ca href=\"https://sftreasureisland.org/FinalEIR\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">plan\u003c/a> to re-engineer Treasure Island in order to stabilize the land and stop it from sinking.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1952321\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 357px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1952321\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/RS40545_Ibeam.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"357\" height=\"540\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/RS40545_Ibeam.jpg 357w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/RS40545_Ibeam-160x242.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 357px) 100vw, 357px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The vibrating beam. \u003ccite>(Treasure Island Development Authority.)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The first step: Using long straws, or what they call wick drains, engineers siphon off water from the mud as it compresses. When the water escapes from the straws onto the surface of the island, it evaporates. This speeds up the natural settlement of the land and prevent it from sinking.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Step two: Towering cranes slam long, vibrating beams into the ground. The vibrations cause the land to settle quicker.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Step three: Workers weigh the island down with mounds of earth. The weight compresses more water out of the bay mud.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To mitigate flooding damage from rising waters, the plan calls for raising the grade of the island and setting buildings back from the shoreline.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And, because the rise in the water level is projected to accelerate toward the end of the century, the plan asks Treasure Island residents to pay an annual fee toward future engineering work.\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>“Build high. Monitor. Give yourself ample space and ample money to adapt as you go forward,” said Bob Beck, director of the \u003ca href=\"https://sftreasureisland.org/about-tida\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Treasure Island Development Authority\u003c/a>, summarizing the strategy.\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>The development authority has finished several years of this geotechnical work. Developers began constructing condos on Yerba Buena Island this year, with more residential construction expected on Treasure Island in 2020.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Melting Ice Sheets\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But in the years since the plan was approved, scientific studies show rising water levels have tracked at the upper bound of earlier projections.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[baycuriousbug]More troubling still, studies based on computer models, including one \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/nature17145\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">published\u003c/a> in \u003cem>Nature \u003c/em>in 2017, show that melting ice sheets in Antarctica and Greenland could push the San Francisco Bay to a height more than double the latest calculation from the IPCC. The extreme estimates suggest that sea level could rise by as much as 10 feet, with storms roiling the water even higher.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The Treasure Island case really reveals how vulnerable planning is to changes in the estimated magnitude of sea level rise,” said Kristina Hill, an environmental planner at UC Berkeley. “Seeing how much ice is melting in Greenland and Antarctica — [what was the] worst case turned out to be too low.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2017, California convened a group of climate scientists to review the new research. They warned in a \u003ca href=\"http://www.opc.ca.gov/webmaster/ftp/pdf/docs/rising-seas-in-california-an-update-on-sea-level-rise-science.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">report\u003c/a> that “Waiting for scientific certainty is neither a safe nor prudent option. … Consideration of high and even extreme sea levels in decisions with implications past 2050 is needed to safeguard the people and resources of coastal California.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Beck acknowledges that the scientific projections are concerning, but he argues that Treasure Island has the space and the funding to adjust.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The strategy to adapt to sea level rise is baked into the land use and the funding plan here,” Beck said. “We are well-positioned to adapt to even some of the worst-case scenarios.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[baycuriousquestion]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Treasure Island is a man-made polygon of 400 acres \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11790693/magic-city-and-the-making-of-treasure-island\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">constructed by engineers\u003c/a> on a shallow reef in the middle of San Francisco Bay. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The low-lying island, as well as neighboring Yerba Buena island, are also the site of a multibillion-dollar neighborhood development. The project calls for 8,000 new homes and condos that could house more than 20,000 people, 500 new hotel rooms, and over 550,000 square feet of commercial space.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But how will climate change affect these plans?\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1952319\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 720px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1952319\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/RS40544_Shoal02.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"720\" height=\"410\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/RS40544_Shoal02.jpg 720w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/RS40544_Shoal02-160x91.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 720px) 100vw, 720px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">In the 1930s, federal engineers constructed Treasure Island with bay mud and sand. \u003ccite>(Treasure Island Development Authority)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Rising Water, Sinking Land\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This year, researchers with the U.S. Geological Survey \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-019-40742-z\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">published\u003c/a> a comprehensive climate change study on the impact of rising sea levels, storms and erosion on the California coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study found that the homes of hundreds of thousands of coastal residents and $150 billion worth of property in California are threatened by rising water levels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Treasure Island is one of the most vulnerable locations in the entire state,” said Patrick Barnard, lead author of the study and a coastal geologist with USGS. “Not only because it sits right above sea level; [the island] is all fill. The ground itself is sinking.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He says Treasure Island faces several threats:\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1952334\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 1102px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1952334\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/TI_OCOF.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1102\" height=\"650\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/TI_OCOF.png 1102w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/TI_OCOF-160x94.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/TI_OCOF-800x472.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/TI_OCOF-768x453.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/TI_OCOF-1020x602.png 1020w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1102px) 100vw, 1102px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Researchers at U.S. Geologic Survey developed a flood map to help planners understand the impact of rising sea levels. The image shows Treasure Island after 3.3 feet of sea level rise and a ‘hundred year’ storm. \u003ccite>(Our Coast Our Future)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The water in San Francisco Bay is rising.\u003c/strong> Average high tides could increase by about 3 feet by 2100 under mid-range sea level rise \u003ca href=\"http://data.pointblue.org/apps/ocof/cms/index.php?page=flood-map\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">scenarios\u003c/a>, according to studies by the \u003ca href=\"https://www.nap.edu/catalog/13389/sea-level-rise-for-the-coasts-of-california-oregon-and-washington\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">National Research Council\u003c/a> and the \u003ca href=\"https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/2018/02/WG1AR5_Chapter13_FINAL.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Storm waves push water levels even higher.\u003c/strong> Severe weather with a 1% chance of occurring in any year, called a 100-year storm, can push tides an additional 3 feet higher.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Treasure Island’s own construction.\u003c/strong> Engineers built the island atop a bottom layer of mud. The weight of earth and buildings on this gooey muck compresses it like a sponge and over time causes the island to sink. Treasure Island is descending at about the same rate as the sea is rising, Barnard says. So, that equates to “about twice as much sea level rise as a static shoreline.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Building High\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2011 the San Francisco Board of Supervisors approved a \u003ca href=\"https://sftreasureisland.org/FinalEIR\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">plan\u003c/a> to re-engineer Treasure Island in order to stabilize the land and stop it from sinking.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1952321\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 357px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1952321\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/RS40545_Ibeam.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"357\" height=\"540\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/RS40545_Ibeam.jpg 357w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/RS40545_Ibeam-160x242.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 357px) 100vw, 357px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The vibrating beam. \u003ccite>(Treasure Island Development Authority.)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The first step: Using long straws, or what they call wick drains, engineers siphon off water from the mud as it compresses. When the water escapes from the straws onto the surface of the island, it evaporates. This speeds up the natural settlement of the land and prevent it from sinking.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Step two: Towering cranes slam long, vibrating beams into the ground. The vibrations cause the land to settle quicker.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Step three: Workers weigh the island down with mounds of earth. The weight compresses more water out of the bay mud.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To mitigate flooding damage from rising waters, the plan calls for raising the grade of the island and setting buildings back from the shoreline.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And, because the rise in the water level is projected to accelerate toward the end of the century, the plan asks Treasure Island residents to pay an annual fee toward future engineering work.\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>“Build high. Monitor. Give yourself ample space and ample money to adapt as you go forward,” said Bob Beck, director of the \u003ca href=\"https://sftreasureisland.org/about-tida\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Treasure Island Development Authority\u003c/a>, summarizing the strategy.\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>The development authority has finished several years of this geotechnical work. Developers began constructing condos on Yerba Buena Island this year, with more residential construction expected on Treasure Island in 2020.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Melting Ice Sheets\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But in the years since the plan was approved, scientific studies show rising water levels have tracked at the upper bound of earlier projections.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003caside class=\"alignleft utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__bayCuriousPodcastShortcode__bayCurious\">\u003cimg src=https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/bayCuriousLogo.png alt=\"Bay Curious Podcast\" loading=\"lazy\" />\n What do you wonder about the Bay Area, its culture or people that you want KQED to investigate?\n \u003ca href=\"/news/series/baycurious\">Ask Bay Curious.\u003c/a>\u003c/aside>\u003c/p>\u003cp>More troubling still, studies based on computer models, including one \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/nature17145\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">published\u003c/a> in \u003cem>Nature \u003c/em>in 2017, show that melting ice sheets in Antarctica and Greenland could push the San Francisco Bay to a height more than double the latest calculation from the IPCC. The extreme estimates suggest that sea level could rise by as much as 10 feet, with storms roiling the water even higher.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The Treasure Island case really reveals how vulnerable planning is to changes in the estimated magnitude of sea level rise,” said Kristina Hill, an environmental planner at UC Berkeley. “Seeing how much ice is melting in Greenland and Antarctica — [what was the] worst case turned out to be too low.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2017, California convened a group of climate scientists to review the new research. They warned in a \u003ca href=\"http://www.opc.ca.gov/webmaster/ftp/pdf/docs/rising-seas-in-california-an-update-on-sea-level-rise-science.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">report\u003c/a> that “Waiting for scientific certainty is neither a safe nor prudent option. … Consideration of high and even extreme sea levels in decisions with implications past 2050 is needed to safeguard the people and resources of coastal California.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Beck acknowledges that the scientific projections are concerning, but he argues that Treasure Island has the space and the funding to adjust.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The strategy to adapt to sea level rise is baked into the land use and the funding plan here,” Beck said. “We are well-positioned to adapt to even some of the worst-case scenarios.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>It’s that time of year, again. Family meals, bands of merry carolers, decked-out Christmas trees, inflatable reindeer. And, don’t forget … the presents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But from stocking stuffers to gifts that barely fit under the tree, in some cases the ribbons, glitter and even paper used as wrapping can’t be recycled.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Robert Reed, a spokesperson for \u003ca href=\"https://www.recology.com/recology-san-francisco/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Recology San Francisco\u003c/a>, says that over the holiday season, crews collect 17% more tons of recycling, compost and garbage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We see a big increase,” Reed said. “A lot of consumption.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Reed suggests gift givers go green by making more sustainable choices about not just what they buy, but what they wrap it in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Avoid Shiny Paper and Glitter\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If your wrap of choice is designed with glossy, reflective material, chances are it will end up in a landfill. That’s because shiny wrapping paper is often made with Mylar, a plastic film coated with aluminum.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[pullquote]Sustainable Gift Wrap Alternatives\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Sunday comics, newspapers, old maps\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Reusable tote bag\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Glass Mason jar\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Children’s drawings\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Traditional paper that isn’t shiny and can crumple[/pullquote]“We encourage people to avoid metallic wrapping paper,” Reed said.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>Metallic gift wrap typically doesn’t contain enough paper fibers to be useful in paper mills and can even contaminate other recyclable material. Laminated paper and paper coated with plastic or glitter should also be avoided.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And those shiny stick-on bows and sparkly nylon ribbons?Unrecyclable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But simple matte wrapping paper, even the colorful kind, can be tossed in the blue recycle bin without concern, Reed says. As for tissue paper, the San Francisco Department of the Environment \u003ca href=\"https://sfenvironment.org/recycle-specialty-gift-wrap-tissue-paper-or-shiny-wrapping-paper\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">says \u003c/a>it should be composted, except if it contains metal or plastic, in which case it can be neither composted nor recycled. Keep in mind different counties will have different requirements for specific items.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.recyclenow.com/what-to-do-with/wrapping-paper-1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Recyle Now\u003c/a>, a United Kingdom recycling program, suggests a rule of thumb for which wrapping paper can be recycled and which can’t. It’s called the Scrunch Test: Wrapping paper you can crumple up is a good candidate for recycling. But if it resists your scrunching, that could mean it’s not recyclable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8PBps0ccvXc\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Newspapers, Tea Towels, Tote Bags\u003cbr>\n\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But whether the paper you tear open over the holidays is recyclable or not, and no matter what the specific rules are in your area, recycling experts agree you can avoid the problem altogether by using \u003ca href=\"https://sfenvironment.org/recycle-specialty-gift-wrap-tissue-paper-or-shiny-wrapping-paper\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">sustainable alternatives\u003c/a> to traditional, single-use gift wrap.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Reusing something is always the most sustainable option, and it can often be the most creative option as well,” said Charles Sheehan, spokesperson for SF Environment, in an email.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Reed suggested the tried-and-true method of repurposing the Sunday comics, maps, magazines and brown grocery bags.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Earlier this month, New York Times subscribers received free recyclable wrapping paper in the form of a sponsored advertisement. And the cover to the Times’ \u003ca href=\"https://store.nytimes.com/products/puzzlemania\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Puzzle Mania\u003c/a> section on Sunday, geometrically patterned with bright-colored cubes, included a suggestion to use it as gift wrap.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A way to bypass paper altogether: Package one gift inside another. For example, put a coffee mug into a reusable tote bag, and voilà: two presents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://earth911.com/living-well-being/events-entertainement/buy-or-diy-eco-friendly-gift-wrap/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Earth 911\u003c/a> offers a list of 11 eco-friendly substitutes for wrapping paper, including cotton tea towels, which could pair well with gifts for the kitchen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We would encourage you to … think about including Mother Earth on your gift list,” said Reed.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>It’s that time of year, again. Family meals, bands of merry carolers, decked-out Christmas trees, inflatable reindeer. And, don’t forget … the presents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But from stocking stuffers to gifts that barely fit under the tree, in some cases the ribbons, glitter and even paper used as wrapping can’t be recycled.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Robert Reed, a spokesperson for \u003ca href=\"https://www.recology.com/recology-san-francisco/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Recology San Francisco\u003c/a>, says that over the holiday season, crews collect 17% more tons of recycling, compost and garbage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We see a big increase,” Reed said. “A lot of consumption.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Reed suggests gift givers go green by making more sustainable choices about not just what they buy, but what they wrap it in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "Sustainable Gift Wrap Alternatives\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Sunday comics, newspapers, old maps\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Reusable tote bag\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Glass Mason jar\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Children’s drawings\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Traditional paper that isn’t shiny and can crumple",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>“We encourage people to avoid metallic wrapping paper,” Reed said.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>Metallic gift wrap typically doesn’t contain enough paper fibers to be useful in paper mills and can even contaminate other recyclable material. Laminated paper and paper coated with plastic or glitter should also be avoided.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And those shiny stick-on bows and sparkly nylon ribbons?Unrecyclable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But simple matte wrapping paper, even the colorful kind, can be tossed in the blue recycle bin without concern, Reed says. As for tissue paper, the San Francisco Department of the Environment \u003ca href=\"https://sfenvironment.org/recycle-specialty-gift-wrap-tissue-paper-or-shiny-wrapping-paper\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">says \u003c/a>it should be composted, except if it contains metal or plastic, in which case it can be neither composted nor recycled. Keep in mind different counties will have different requirements for specific items.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.recyclenow.com/what-to-do-with/wrapping-paper-1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Recyle Now\u003c/a>, a United Kingdom recycling program, suggests a rule of thumb for which wrapping paper can be recycled and which can’t. It’s called the Scrunch Test: Wrapping paper you can crumple up is a good candidate for recycling. But if it resists your scrunching, that could mean it’s not recyclable.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/8PBps0ccvXc'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/8PBps0ccvXc'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cb>Newspapers, Tea Towels, Tote Bags\u003cbr>\n\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But whether the paper you tear open over the holidays is recyclable or not, and no matter what the specific rules are in your area, recycling experts agree you can avoid the problem altogether by using \u003ca href=\"https://sfenvironment.org/recycle-specialty-gift-wrap-tissue-paper-or-shiny-wrapping-paper\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">sustainable alternatives\u003c/a> to traditional, single-use gift wrap.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Reusing something is always the most sustainable option, and it can often be the most creative option as well,” said Charles Sheehan, spokesperson for SF Environment, in an email.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Reed suggested the tried-and-true method of repurposing the Sunday comics, maps, magazines and brown grocery bags.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Earlier this month, New York Times subscribers received free recyclable wrapping paper in the form of a sponsored advertisement. And the cover to the Times’ \u003ca href=\"https://store.nytimes.com/products/puzzlemania\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Puzzle Mania\u003c/a> section on Sunday, geometrically patterned with bright-colored cubes, included a suggestion to use it as gift wrap.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A way to bypass paper altogether: Package one gift inside another. For example, put a coffee mug into a reusable tote bag, and voilà: two presents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://earth911.com/living-well-being/events-entertainement/buy-or-diy-eco-friendly-gift-wrap/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Earth 911\u003c/a> offers a list of 11 eco-friendly substitutes for wrapping paper, including cotton tea towels, which could pair well with gifts for the kitchen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We would encourage you to … think about including Mother Earth on your gift list,” said Reed.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"amazon": "https://music.amazon.com/podcasts/26099305-72af-4542-9dde-ac1807fe36d5/kqed-s-the-california-report",
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},
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"id": "californiareportmagazine",
"title": "The California Report Magazine",
"tagline": "Your state, your stories",
"info": "Every week, The California Report Magazine takes you on a road trip for the ears: to visit the places and meet the people who make California unique. The in-depth storytelling podcast from the California Report.",
"airtime": "FRI 4:30pm-5pm, 6:30pm-7pm, 11pm-11:30pm",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/californiareportmagazine",
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"order": 10
},
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM3NjkwNjk1OTAz",
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},
"city-arts": {
"id": "city-arts",
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"info": "A one-hour radio program to hear celebrated writers, artists and thinkers address contemporary ideas and values, often discussing the creative process. Please note: tapes or transcripts are not available",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/05/cityartsandlecture-300x300.jpg",
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"airtime": "SUN 1pm-2pm, TUE 10pm, WED 1am",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "City Arts & Lectures"
},
"link": "https://www.cityarts.net",
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"rss": "https://www.cityarts.net/feed/"
}
},
"closealltabs": {
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"info": "Close All Tabs breaks down how digital culture shapes our world through thoughtful insights and irreverent humor.",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/closealltabs",
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"order": 1
},
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"title": "Code Switch / Life Kit",
"info": "\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />",
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"id": "commonwealth-club",
"title": "Commonwealth Club of California Podcast",
"info": "The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.",
"airtime": "THU 10pm, FRI 1am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Commonwealth-Club-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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"meta": {
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"source": "Commonwealth Club of California"
},
"link": "/radio/program/commonwealth-club",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cDovL3d3dy5jb21tb253ZWFsdGhjbHViLm9yZy9hdWRpby9wb2RjYXN0L3dlZWtseS54bWw",
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},
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"id": "forum",
"title": "Forum",
"tagline": "The conversation starts here",
"info": "KQED’s live call-in program discussing local, state, national and international issues, as well as in-depth interviews.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 9am-11am, 10pm-11pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Forum-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Forum with Mina Kim and Alexis Madrigal",
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 9
},
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM5NTU3MzgxNjMz",
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"id": "freakonomics-radio",
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"info": "Freakonomics Radio is a one-hour award-winning podcast and public-radio project hosted by Stephen Dubner, with co-author Steve Levitt as a regular guest. It is produced in partnership with WNYC.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/05/freakonomicsRadio.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://freakonomics.com/",
"airtime": "SUN 1am-2am, SAT 3pm-4pm",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "WNYC"
},
"link": "/radio/program/freakonomics-radio",
"subscribe": {
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/freakonomics-radio/id354668519",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/podcasts/WNYC-Podcasts/Freakonomics-Radio-p272293/",
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},
"fresh-air": {
"id": "fresh-air",
"title": "Fresh Air",
"info": "Hosted by Terry Gross, \u003cem>Fresh Air from WHYY\u003c/em> is the Peabody Award-winning weekday magazine of contemporary arts and issues. One of public radio's most popular programs, Fresh Air features intimate conversations with today's biggest luminaries.",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=214089682&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"here-and-now": {
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"info": "A live production of NPR and WBUR Boston, in collaboration with stations across the country, Here & Now reflects the fluid world of news as it's happening in the middle of the day, with timely, in-depth news, interviews and conversation. Hosted by Robin Young, Jeremy Hobson and Tonya Mosley.",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510051/podcast.xml"
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},
"hidden-brain": {
"id": "hidden-brain",
"title": "Hidden Brain",
"info": "Shankar Vedantam uses science and storytelling to reveal the unconscious patterns that drive human behavior, shape our choices and direct our relationships.",
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"airtime": "SUN 7pm-8pm",
"meta": {
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"source": "NPR"
},
"link": "/radio/program/hidden-brain",
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},
"how-i-built-this": {
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"title": "How I Built This with Guy Raz",
"info": "Guy Raz dives into the stories behind some of the world's best known companies. How I Built This weaves a narrative journey about innovators, entrepreneurs and idealists—and the movements they built.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/05/howIBuiltThis.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510313/how-i-built-this",
"airtime": "SUN 7:30pm-8pm",
"meta": {
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"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/how-i-built-this",
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"npr": "https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/3zxy",
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/how-i-built-this-with-guy-raz/id1150510297?mt=2",
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},
"hyphenacion": {
"id": "hyphenacion",
"title": "Hyphenación",
"tagline": "Where conversation and cultura meet",
"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/Hyphenacion_FinalAssets_PodcastTile.png",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/hyphenacion",
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"order": 15
},
"link": "/podcasts/hyphenacion",
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"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/2p3Fifq96nw9BPcmFdIq0o?si=39209f7b25774f38",
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},
"jerrybrown": {
"id": "jerrybrown",
"title": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown",
"tagline": "Lessons from a lifetime in politics",
"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-Political-Mind-of-Jerry-Brown-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 18
},
"link": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/id1492194549",
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}
},
"latino-usa": {
"id": "latino-usa",
"title": "Latino USA",
"airtime": "MON 1am-2am, SUN 6pm-7pm",
"info": "Latino USA, the radio journal of news and culture, is the only national, English-language radio program produced from a Latino perspective.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/latinoUsa.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://latinousa.org/",
"meta": {
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"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/latino-usa",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=79681317&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510016/podcast.xml"
}
},
"marketplace": {
"id": "marketplace",
"title": "Marketplace",
"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Marketplace-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.marketplace.org/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "American Public Media"
},
"link": "/radio/program/marketplace",
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"rss": "https://feeds.publicradio.org/public_feeds/marketplace-pm/rss/rss"
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},
"masters-of-scale": {
"id": "masters-of-scale",
"title": "Masters of Scale",
"info": "Masters of Scale is an original podcast in which LinkedIn co-founder and Greylock Partner Reid Hoffman sets out to describe and prove theories that explain how great entrepreneurs take their companies from zero to a gazillion in ingenious fashion.",
"airtime": "Every other Wednesday June 12 through October 16 at 8pm (repeats Thursdays at 2am)",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "https://mastersofscale.com/",
"meta": {
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"source": "WaitWhat"
},
"link": "/radio/program/masters-of-scale",
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"apple": "http://mastersofscale.app.link/",
"rss": "https://rss.art19.com/masters-of-scale"
}
},
"mindshift": {
"id": "mindshift",
"title": "MindShift",
"tagline": "A podcast about the future of learning and how we raise our kids",
"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/mindshift/",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 12
},
"link": "/podcasts/mindshift",
"subscribe": {
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5",
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"stitcher": "https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/stories-teachers-share",
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}
},
"morning-edition": {
"id": "morning-edition",
"title": "Morning Edition",
"info": "\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. Hosts Steve Inskeep, David Greene and Rachel Martin bring you the latest breaking news and features to prepare you for the day.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 3am-9am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Morning-Edition-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/programs/morning-edition/",
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"link": "/radio/program/morning-edition"
},
"onourwatch": {
"id": "onourwatch",
"title": "On Our Watch",
"tagline": "Deeply-reported investigative journalism",
"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/On-Our-Watch-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "On Our Watch from NPR and KQED",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 11
},
"link": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/id1567098962",
"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5ucHIub3JnLzUxMDM2MC9wb2RjYXN0LnhtbD9zYz1nb29nbGVwb2RjYXN0cw",
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}
},
"on-the-media": {
"id": "on-the-media",
"title": "On The Media",
"info": "Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. For one hour a week, the show tries to lift the veil from the process of \"making media,\" especially news media, because it's through that lens that we see the world and the world sees us",
"airtime": "SUN 2pm-3pm, MON 12am-1am",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/onTheMedia.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.wnycstudios.org/shows/otm",
"meta": {
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"source": "wnyc"
},
"link": "/radio/program/on-the-media",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/on-the-media/id73330715?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/On-the-Media-p69/",
"rss": "http://feeds.wnyc.org/onthemedia"
}
},
"pbs-newshour": {
"id": "pbs-newshour",
"title": "PBS NewsHour",
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