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"content": "\u003cp>A modeling study on the \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/tag/coronavirus/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">new coronavirus\u003c/a> warns that intermittent periods of social distancing may need to persist into 2022 in the United States to keep the surge of people severely sickened by COVID-19 from overwhelming the health care system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The research, \u003ca href=\"https://science.sciencemag.org/content/early/2020/04/13/science.abb5793\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">published Tuesday\u003c/a> in the journal Science, looked at a range of scenarios for how the SARS-CoV-2 virus will spread over the next five years. Those scenarios included variables like whether people who are infected develop short-term immunity — less than a year — or longer-term protection. But, overall, the research concludes it is unlikely that life will return any time soon to the way it was before the virus’ emergence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers, from Harvard University’s T.H. Chan School of Public Health, acknowledged the economic fallout from the response to the virus has been profound. And they stressed they were not advocating one course of action over another.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our goal in modeling such policies is not to endorse them but to identify likely trajectories of the epidemic under alternative approaches,” they wrote. “We do not take a position on the advisability of these scenarios given the economic burden that sustained distancing may impose, but we note the potentially catastrophic burden on the healthcare system that is predicted if distancing is poorly effective and-or not sustained for long enough.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The authors suggest a number of factors will play a major role in the path the disease will take over the coming years — if transmission subsides in summer and resurges in winter, if there is some immunity induced by infection and how long it lasts, and whether people get any cross-protective immunity from having been infected with related human coronaviruses that cause common colds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In terms of the latter, they suggest if infection with the human coronaviruses, HKU1 and OC43, gives some protection again SARS-CoV-2, it could appear that transmission of the new virus was tapering off. But a return within a few years would be expected, perhaps by 2024, they suggested. The two human coronaviruses induce only short-term immunity — less than a year — in infected people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If SARS-CoV-2 triggers immunity of a similarly transient nature, annual wintertime waves of infection might be expected, they said. If the immunity lasts longer, the time between surges of cases might be a couple of years, or more.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And if immunity is permanent, the pandemic might burn itself out by about 2025, they said. The researchers suggested, though, that that scenario is unlikely.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The model predicts that a one-time social distancing effort of the type currently being employed in most parts of the country will not stop transmission of the virus. If treatments are developed that can prevent COVID-19 patients from progressing to severe disease or if a vaccine is developed, movement restrictions could be loosened without health care capacity being overwhelmed, the researchers said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Likewise, increasing the capacity for intensive care beds could also allow a community to loosen its restrictions, as long as it could cope with the severe cases the increased spread would generate. That could speed progress towards herd immunity — the point where enough people have some immunity that transmission should drop off, they said. Without these extra tools, though, transmission will resurge once controls are loosened, the authors warned.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So I think distancing interventions of some sort are going to have to continue, hopefully lightened and in conjunction with other interventions,” said Marc Lipsitch, a leading infectious diseases epidemiologist and senior author of the study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Infectious diseases epidemiologist Caitlin Rivers said the modeling work will be useful for public health officials and disease experts trying to plan for the continued response to the virus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What this is saying is that SARS-CoV-2 will stay with us through 2022, that it’s not going to die down to nothing in the summer. So I think it’s helpful for thinking what interventions are sustainable and effective,” said Rivers, an assistant professor of epidemiology at the Johns Hopkins Center for Health Security. “If we knew that we only had to make it through another two weeks, we might make different decisions than understanding that this is a threat that will be with us for many months,” she added.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While acknowledging that intermittent periods of distancing over several years “is obviously a very long time,’’ Lipsitch said loosened restrictions could come sooner if scientists discovered that a lot more people have been infected already and have some immunity. He and his co-authors stressed how critical it is to conduct long-term serology studies designed to map out human immune responses to the virus over time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“On the other hand, there are some indications coming out at the moment that not every case of COVID-19 infection … generates a robust immune response, which would mean that the build up of herd immunity is slower than its anticipated here,” he added.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study does not look at whether imposing social distancing only among certain high-risk groups — including older adults and those with serious underlying health problems — might keep the number of severe cases low enough that health systems would be able to handle them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another of the authors, Yonatan Grad, said tailoring restrictions to high-risk groups would be an important idea. But one would also need to factor in whether people who had been freed from social distancing restrictions would then interact with people in those restricted groups — something that might depend on the composition of individual households, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lipsitch acknowledged that delaying the development of herd immunity — effectively keeping large numbers of people susceptible to the virus by shielding them from infection — runs a risk of creating a larger wave of illness later, if controls are eased during a time when the virus transmits more easily, as it is expected to do during winter months. But delaying infections buys time, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Pushing bad things out into the future is something we want to do because we should know more about treatments, we may be closer to a vaccine,” he said. “So there is some benefit to delay, but it might be offset in the seasonal scenario where we push the peak into the high transmission time around the winter.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2020/04/14/some-social-distancing-may-be-needed-into-2022-to-keep-coronavirus-in-check-new-study-says/?utm_source=STAT+Newsletters&utm_campaign=e907cd26ff-Daily_Recap&utm_medium=email&utm_term=0_8cab1d7961-e907cd26ff-151495997\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">story\u003c/a> was originally published by \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/\">STAT\u003c/a>, an online publication of Boston Globe Media that covers health, medicine, and scientific discovery.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"title": "Looking to End of Shutdown, Hospitals Rush to Hire 'Army' of Coronavirus Trackers",
"headTitle": "Looking to End of Shutdown, Hospitals Rush to Hire ‘Army’ of Coronavirus Trackers | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"big-cap-wrap\">\u003cspan class=\"big-cap\">K\u003c/span>\u003c/span>.J. Seung is surprised to be hiring and training new workers in Boston.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His public health nonprofit, Partners in Health, specializes in helping the poorest people in developing nations — tracking down contacts of Ebola patients in Liberia and Sierra Leone; running child health and HIV clinics in Haiti; and operating tuberculosis control programs in Peru. But now it is advertising for 500 people to help do what’s known as contact tracing to try to control Covid-19 in Massachusetts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s the first step in the next stage of fighting the pandemic. Boston-based Partners in Health has trained 12,000 community health workers in countries including Malawi, Mexico, and Rwanda and now it will help train a battalion of workers in Massachusetts to interview everyone diagnosed with Covid-19 and find other people who may have been infected by them. This old-fashioned, shoe-leather public health approach contained the SARS outbreak in 2003 and 2004, and public health experts agree it will be vital to eventual control of the new disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We never thought we would be doing this kind of work here,” Seung, senior health and policy adviser for tuberculosis at Partners In Health, told STAT. “We never thought we would be in a once-in-100-year pandemic, either.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Combined with more widespread testing, \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2020/04/02/coronavirus-spreads-too-fast-for-contact-tracing-digital-tools-could-help/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">contact tracing\u003c/a> is seen as an essential part of the strategy for keeping the coronavirus in check after the first wave recedes and the economy reopens. But the work is highly labor-intensive, and public health departments across the U.S. have been woefully underfunded for years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is going to test the capacity of the existing public health system,” said Marcus Plescia, chief medical officer of the Association of State and Territorial Health Officials. “I don’t know if we have enough staff in public health departments to do that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hence the hiring spree kicking off in Massachusetts and a few other places.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Partners in Health is working with state officials in Massachusetts, who say they will eventually \u003ca href=\"https://www.mass.gov/news/baker-polito-administration-announces-covid-19-community-tracing-collaborative-to-further\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">deploy nearly 1,000 people\u003c/a> to do contact tracing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In San Francisco this weekend, three dozen volunteer nurses, medical students, and librarians started training at the University of California, San Francisco — the first of an expected 100 people who will supplement the city’s 10-person contact-tracing workforce.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are providing the people to make phone calls, we are working on standard scripts, we are working on IT solutions, training, and we are fielding teams of contact tracers,” said George Rutherford, UCSF’s head of disease and global epidemiology.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This will be the only way to contain further spread of Covid-19 once the initial surge is past, and get into the suppression phase, argues Tom Frieden, a former director of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. “We need an army of 300,000 people,” he told STAT.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The current CDC director, \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2020/04/04/an-interview-with-the-cdc-director-on-coronavirus-masks-and-an-agency-gone-quiet/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Robert Redfield\u003c/a>, said last week that a “substantial expansion of public health fieldworkers” will be needed to undertake aggressive contact tracing — “what I call ‘block and tackle.’”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2020/04/10/831200054/cdc-director-very-aggressive-contact-tracing-needed-for-u-s-to-return-to-normal\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Speaking to NPR\u003c/a> on Thursday, he said it would be “premature” to say how CDC would expand contact tracing but that planning was “far along.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Frieden said he doubted the federal government would help much immediately. “Until the federal response is more coherent, each state is going to be on its own,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Normally, the CDC would be taking the lead, Plescia added. “Right now, they are pretty maxed out. It is the state and local governments who will have to train people and have a system that works.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The $2 trillion stimulus package signed into law last month creates a $150 billion Coronavirus Relief Fund for states and local and tribal governments, plus gives $4.3 billion via the CDC to help in responding to the pandemic. The money is not earmarked for epidemiology but states could, in theory, use some of the money for hiring workers to do contact tracing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>David Harvey, executive director of the National Coalition of STD Directors, has seen a steady drop in the number of staff in state and local health agencies trained to track down contacts of patients with sexually transmitted diseases, even as \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2016/10/19/sexually-transmitted-diseases-stds-rates/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">STD rates have soared\u003c/a>. These same workers would have been immediately available to work on coronavirus. Now states will have to hire a fresh corps. “We need to radically increase the numbers of these positions in order to help the country recover,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Twenty years ago, this workforce had a high of 5,000 or 6,000 people,” Harvey told STAT. “Today it is only 1,600. The reality is that we at least need a work force of 30,000 people.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Frieden puts the needed number at 10 times that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Luckily, potential workers are right at hand, with so many jobs lost to Covid-19 over the past weeks. “There are a lot of people out there,” Frieden said. “There are college graduates, people working at social service agencies, social workers, child health workers, people doing Meals on Wheels.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Technology can help, and numerous apps are being developed to speed up the process of tracking down contacts. But public health experts said such tools won’t eliminate the need for thousands of new workers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Costs would be relatively low – maybe $720 million for 30,000 workers, said Harvey.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>States are not even close to having enough workers, and most state health departments contacted by STAT said they had not begun to think that far ahead. Florida, a state with the one of the smallest epidemiology work forces, hired 100 people in one weekend last month, \u003ca href=\"https://www.tampabay.com/news/health/2020/03/18/how-did-florida-hire-100-epidemiologists-in-a-weekend-heres-how/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">according to the Tampa Bay Times.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Plus, there are other barriers, Holtgrave noted. To diagnose cases, many more tests are needed. And any in-person contact will require personal protective equipment, also in short supply.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s why Partners in Health plans to start workers out on the back end, interviewing patients who have already been diagnosed to find their contacts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are not knocking on doors,” Seung said. “People are working in their homes and they are making phone calls.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One piece of good news – it’s not hard to find people who want to do the work. Seung says his office has received more than 5,000 applications for the 500 jobs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“People are really grasping to do something,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2020/01/26/containing-new-coronavirus-may-not-be-feasible-experts-say/?utm_source=STAT+Newsletters&utm_campaign=b4213b1d3b-MR_COPY_02&utm_medium=email&utm_term=0_8cab1d7961-b4213b1d3b-149648249\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">story\u003c/a> was originally published by \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/\">STAT\u003c/a>, an online publication of Boston Globe Media that covers health, medicine, and scientific discovery.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"big-cap-wrap\">\u003cspan class=\"big-cap\">K\u003c/span>\u003c/span>.J. Seung is surprised to be hiring and training new workers in Boston.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His public health nonprofit, Partners in Health, specializes in helping the poorest people in developing nations — tracking down contacts of Ebola patients in Liberia and Sierra Leone; running child health and HIV clinics in Haiti; and operating tuberculosis control programs in Peru. But now it is advertising for 500 people to help do what’s known as contact tracing to try to control Covid-19 in Massachusetts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s the first step in the next stage of fighting the pandemic. Boston-based Partners in Health has trained 12,000 community health workers in countries including Malawi, Mexico, and Rwanda and now it will help train a battalion of workers in Massachusetts to interview everyone diagnosed with Covid-19 and find other people who may have been infected by them. This old-fashioned, shoe-leather public health approach contained the SARS outbreak in 2003 and 2004, and public health experts agree it will be vital to eventual control of the new disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We never thought we would be doing this kind of work here,” Seung, senior health and policy adviser for tuberculosis at Partners In Health, told STAT. “We never thought we would be in a once-in-100-year pandemic, either.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Combined with more widespread testing, \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2020/04/02/coronavirus-spreads-too-fast-for-contact-tracing-digital-tools-could-help/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">contact tracing\u003c/a> is seen as an essential part of the strategy for keeping the coronavirus in check after the first wave recedes and the economy reopens. But the work is highly labor-intensive, and public health departments across the U.S. have been woefully underfunded for years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is going to test the capacity of the existing public health system,” said Marcus Plescia, chief medical officer of the Association of State and Territorial Health Officials. “I don’t know if we have enough staff in public health departments to do that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hence the hiring spree kicking off in Massachusetts and a few other places.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Partners in Health is working with state officials in Massachusetts, who say they will eventually \u003ca href=\"https://www.mass.gov/news/baker-polito-administration-announces-covid-19-community-tracing-collaborative-to-further\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">deploy nearly 1,000 people\u003c/a> to do contact tracing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In San Francisco this weekend, three dozen volunteer nurses, medical students, and librarians started training at the University of California, San Francisco — the first of an expected 100 people who will supplement the city’s 10-person contact-tracing workforce.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are providing the people to make phone calls, we are working on standard scripts, we are working on IT solutions, training, and we are fielding teams of contact tracers,” said George Rutherford, UCSF’s head of disease and global epidemiology.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This will be the only way to contain further spread of Covid-19 once the initial surge is past, and get into the suppression phase, argues Tom Frieden, a former director of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. “We need an army of 300,000 people,” he told STAT.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The current CDC director, \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2020/04/04/an-interview-with-the-cdc-director-on-coronavirus-masks-and-an-agency-gone-quiet/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Robert Redfield\u003c/a>, said last week that a “substantial expansion of public health fieldworkers” will be needed to undertake aggressive contact tracing — “what I call ‘block and tackle.’”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2020/04/10/831200054/cdc-director-very-aggressive-contact-tracing-needed-for-u-s-to-return-to-normal\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Speaking to NPR\u003c/a> on Thursday, he said it would be “premature” to say how CDC would expand contact tracing but that planning was “far along.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Frieden said he doubted the federal government would help much immediately. “Until the federal response is more coherent, each state is going to be on its own,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Normally, the CDC would be taking the lead, Plescia added. “Right now, they are pretty maxed out. It is the state and local governments who will have to train people and have a system that works.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The $2 trillion stimulus package signed into law last month creates a $150 billion Coronavirus Relief Fund for states and local and tribal governments, plus gives $4.3 billion via the CDC to help in responding to the pandemic. The money is not earmarked for epidemiology but states could, in theory, use some of the money for hiring workers to do contact tracing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>David Harvey, executive director of the National Coalition of STD Directors, has seen a steady drop in the number of staff in state and local health agencies trained to track down contacts of patients with sexually transmitted diseases, even as \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2016/10/19/sexually-transmitted-diseases-stds-rates/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">STD rates have soared\u003c/a>. These same workers would have been immediately available to work on coronavirus. Now states will have to hire a fresh corps. “We need to radically increase the numbers of these positions in order to help the country recover,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Twenty years ago, this workforce had a high of 5,000 or 6,000 people,” Harvey told STAT. “Today it is only 1,600. The reality is that we at least need a work force of 30,000 people.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Frieden puts the needed number at 10 times that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Luckily, potential workers are right at hand, with so many jobs lost to Covid-19 over the past weeks. “There are a lot of people out there,” Frieden said. “There are college graduates, people working at social service agencies, social workers, child health workers, people doing Meals on Wheels.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Technology can help, and numerous apps are being developed to speed up the process of tracking down contacts. But public health experts said such tools won’t eliminate the need for thousands of new workers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Costs would be relatively low – maybe $720 million for 30,000 workers, said Harvey.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>States are not even close to having enough workers, and most state health departments contacted by STAT said they had not begun to think that far ahead. Florida, a state with the one of the smallest epidemiology work forces, hired 100 people in one weekend last month, \u003ca href=\"https://www.tampabay.com/news/health/2020/03/18/how-did-florida-hire-100-epidemiologists-in-a-weekend-heres-how/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">according to the Tampa Bay Times.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Plus, there are other barriers, Holtgrave noted. To diagnose cases, many more tests are needed. And any in-person contact will require personal protective equipment, also in short supply.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s why Partners in Health plans to start workers out on the back end, interviewing patients who have already been diagnosed to find their contacts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are not knocking on doors,” Seung said. “People are working in their homes and they are making phone calls.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One piece of good news – it’s not hard to find people who want to do the work. Seung says his office has received more than 5,000 applications for the 500 jobs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“People are really grasping to do something,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2020/01/26/containing-new-coronavirus-may-not-be-feasible-experts-say/?utm_source=STAT+Newsletters&utm_campaign=b4213b1d3b-MR_COPY_02&utm_medium=email&utm_term=0_8cab1d7961-b4213b1d3b-149648249\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">story\u003c/a> was originally published by \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/\">STAT\u003c/a>, an online publication of Boston Globe Media that covers health, medicine, and scientific discovery.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "COVID-19 Antibody Testing Ramps Up in California",
"headTitle": "COVID-19 Antibody Testing Ramps Up in California | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>When infected with a virus or other pathogen, our immune system makes proteins called antibodies to fight off the infection. Now, scientists and health officials say newly authorized blood tests for \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41551-020-0553-6?utm_source=Nature+Briefing&utm_campaign=5907ab71f9-briefing-dy-20200408&utm_medium=email&utm_term=0_c9dfd39373-5907ab71f9-44182637\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">COVID-19 antibodies\u003c/a> may be key to tracking the spread of the virus and figuring out who could return to work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[emailsignup newslettername='science' align='right']A growing number of academic and private labs in California have begun running serological, or blood, tests for COVID-19 antibodies, including Stanford University as well as USC in conjunction with the Los Angeles County Department of Public Health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unlike nasal swab tests that detect who currently has the virus, antibody tests can capture those who already had it but were asymptomatic or never tested.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That will give a lot more information about penetrance in the community,” said Spenser Smith, lab director at \u003ca href=\"https://www.arcpointlabs.com/monterey-bay/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">ARCpoint Labs\u003c/a> of Monterey. The small private lab began running the skin-prick test last week on frontline health workers and other first responders. Tests are available by appointment or referrals from health care providers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You just have to poke on the finger, a couple of drops of blood and it kind of looks like a pregnancy test,” he said. “You’ll see a little line there denoting it was positive for those antibodies.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Smith says the test looks for two distinct COVID-19 antibodies, one the body produces to fight the virus right away and another that could be important for lasting immunity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re hopeful that once you’re exposed, you’ll be immune, at least for the season,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the science behind antibody tests is well-established, researchers are still trying to determine if COVID-19 antibodies prevent reinfection and for how long.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The FDA \u003ca href=\"https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/coronavirus-covid-19-update-serological-tests\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">recently authorized\u003c/a> the emergency use of COVID-19 serological testing in the U.S., but more data is needed to determine the reliability of some of the tests that are out there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. Charity Dean, assistant director of the California Department of Public Health and co-chair of the state’s testing task force, says once there’s more data, the state could begin using antibody tests to help determine who can stop sheltering at home.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“One of the benefits of doing the serology test in California is if these tests do, in fact, reflect immunity by someone who has been previously infected, it will help give California data that can inform our strategy,” Dean said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our hope is that the test to detect the antibody will actually be detecting immunity and be able to be scaled up…so that people who have been infected can go back to providing the critical services that they provide without the risk of becoming reinfected.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Smith’s lab has focused on frontline workers who have a high risk of exposure. He says ARCpoint is running about 150 tests a day via drive-through, and that some people have tested positive for COVID-19 antibodies. The lab is sharing that data with the Monterey County Health Department.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers at \u003ca href=\"https://www.mercurynews.com/2020/04/04/coronavirus-new-stanford-research-reveals-if-youve-been-exposed/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Stanford University\u003c/a> recently launched multiple projects to study and deploy serology tests for COVID-19 antibodies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. James Zehnder, director of clinical pathology at Stanford, says the university validated an antibody test through a rigorous study in its clinical lab over the course of two weeks. This means they tested for antibodies in people with known coronavirus infections, as well as testing a control group who did not have the virus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The university says first priority for antibody testing is given to health care workers, but testing is open to the entire Stanford community — including students, faculty and staff. Stanford can currently run about 500 tests per day, but plans to increase capacity soon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Results from the lab test, which requires a blood draw, are ready within two to three days. Zehnder says while the wait is longer than point-of-care skin-prick tests, the results are potentially more accurate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s been a proliferation of these point-of-care tests, and I think one concern that we have is that they need to be compared to sort of gold standard testing in clinical laboratories,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Zehnder says antibody tests will help researchers determine the rate of COVID-19 infections in the region, accounting for the potential number of asymptomatic cases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s two goals, really,” he said. “To ensure the safety of the workforce, and also to get a better idea in the community what the status of this disease is and how people are responding to it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since it can take two to three weeks for an infected person’s immune response to kick in and for antibodies to be detected, he says it can be done in tandem with nasal swab testing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Having both kinds of data allows you to have a more accurate picture of what’s going in an individual person at a moment in time,” Zehnder said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Serological testing may be key to developing vaccines and plasma treatments for the disease using antibody-rich blood. It could also help scientists determine if the population has lasting immunity. But Zehnder says we’re not there yet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These are research questions that everyone in the world wants to know the answer to. So we’re in the data collection phase now. And there’s researchers at Stanford and many institutions that are working together on this.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>When infected with a virus or other pathogen, our immune system makes proteins called antibodies to fight off the infection. Now, scientists and health officials say newly authorized blood tests for \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41551-020-0553-6?utm_source=Nature+Briefing&utm_campaign=5907ab71f9-briefing-dy-20200408&utm_medium=email&utm_term=0_c9dfd39373-5907ab71f9-44182637\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">COVID-19 antibodies\u003c/a> may be key to tracking the spread of the virus and figuring out who could return to work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>A growing number of academic and private labs in California have begun running serological, or blood, tests for COVID-19 antibodies, including Stanford University as well as USC in conjunction with the Los Angeles County Department of Public Health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unlike nasal swab tests that detect who currently has the virus, antibody tests can capture those who already had it but were asymptomatic or never tested.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That will give a lot more information about penetrance in the community,” said Spenser Smith, lab director at \u003ca href=\"https://www.arcpointlabs.com/monterey-bay/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">ARCpoint Labs\u003c/a> of Monterey. The small private lab began running the skin-prick test last week on frontline health workers and other first responders. Tests are available by appointment or referrals from health care providers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You just have to poke on the finger, a couple of drops of blood and it kind of looks like a pregnancy test,” he said. “You’ll see a little line there denoting it was positive for those antibodies.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Smith says the test looks for two distinct COVID-19 antibodies, one the body produces to fight the virus right away and another that could be important for lasting immunity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re hopeful that once you’re exposed, you’ll be immune, at least for the season,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the science behind antibody tests is well-established, researchers are still trying to determine if COVID-19 antibodies prevent reinfection and for how long.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The FDA \u003ca href=\"https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/coronavirus-covid-19-update-serological-tests\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">recently authorized\u003c/a> the emergency use of COVID-19 serological testing in the U.S., but more data is needed to determine the reliability of some of the tests that are out there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. Charity Dean, assistant director of the California Department of Public Health and co-chair of the state’s testing task force, says once there’s more data, the state could begin using antibody tests to help determine who can stop sheltering at home.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“One of the benefits of doing the serology test in California is if these tests do, in fact, reflect immunity by someone who has been previously infected, it will help give California data that can inform our strategy,” Dean said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our hope is that the test to detect the antibody will actually be detecting immunity and be able to be scaled up…so that people who have been infected can go back to providing the critical services that they provide without the risk of becoming reinfected.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Smith’s lab has focused on frontline workers who have a high risk of exposure. He says ARCpoint is running about 150 tests a day via drive-through, and that some people have tested positive for COVID-19 antibodies. The lab is sharing that data with the Monterey County Health Department.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers at \u003ca href=\"https://www.mercurynews.com/2020/04/04/coronavirus-new-stanford-research-reveals-if-youve-been-exposed/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Stanford University\u003c/a> recently launched multiple projects to study and deploy serology tests for COVID-19 antibodies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. James Zehnder, director of clinical pathology at Stanford, says the university validated an antibody test through a rigorous study in its clinical lab over the course of two weeks. This means they tested for antibodies in people with known coronavirus infections, as well as testing a control group who did not have the virus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The university says first priority for antibody testing is given to health care workers, but testing is open to the entire Stanford community — including students, faculty and staff. Stanford can currently run about 500 tests per day, but plans to increase capacity soon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Results from the lab test, which requires a blood draw, are ready within two to three days. Zehnder says while the wait is longer than point-of-care skin-prick tests, the results are potentially more accurate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s been a proliferation of these point-of-care tests, and I think one concern that we have is that they need to be compared to sort of gold standard testing in clinical laboratories,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Zehnder says antibody tests will help researchers determine the rate of COVID-19 infections in the region, accounting for the potential number of asymptomatic cases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s two goals, really,” he said. “To ensure the safety of the workforce, and also to get a better idea in the community what the status of this disease is and how people are responding to it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since it can take two to three weeks for an infected person’s immune response to kick in and for antibodies to be detected, he says it can be done in tandem with nasal swab testing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Having both kinds of data allows you to have a more accurate picture of what’s going in an individual person at a moment in time,” Zehnder said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Serological testing may be key to developing vaccines and plasma treatments for the disease using antibody-rich blood. It could also help scientists determine if the population has lasting immunity. But Zehnder says we’re not there yet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These are research questions that everyone in the world wants to know the answer to. So we’re in the data collection phase now. And there’s researchers at Stanford and many institutions that are working together on this.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Bay Area Pollution Way Down, Air District Estimates",
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"content": "\u003cp>The Bay Area’s grueling commute has all but disappeared as millions of people stay home at the order of public health officials seeking to slow the spread of this coronavirus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As millions of cars sit parked on the street or collect dust in garages, and public transit agencies drastically reduce service, researchers with the Bay Area Air Quality Management District say there’s some indication that regional air pollution is way down.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Traffic is the top contributor to air pollution in the Bay Area,” Kristine Roselius, a spokeswoman for the agency, said in an email. “Reducing the number of cars and trucks on our roads can have a significant, positive effect on our air quality.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers at the agency took early reports estimating bridge traffic was down by 70% and used them to calculate a corresponding reduction in pollution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The district’s numbers show a potential 20% reduction in fine particulates and a 38% drop in nitrogen oxides. Carbon dioxide emissions, the leading driver of climate change, would be down 26%.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Roselius said the estimate is likely “conservative” and traffic could have dipped by even more, though she cautions that researchers need to see more data before they can detect an actual trend.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Port of Oakland \u003ca href=\"https://www.portofoakland.com/port-of-oakland-updates/\">says\u003c/a> shipping traffic was down 11% in March. That could also contribute to a reduction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course, weather plays a major role in local air quality. A persistent low-pressure system hovering over Southern California has kept the air crisp and clear, according to Rick Canepa, a meteorologist with the National Weather Service in Monterey.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The pressure system brought blustery, rainy conditions to the region in late March and early April, one reason for the puffy cloud formations the last few weeks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Aclima, a San Francisco-based air quality mapping startup, says that Bay Area pollution levels have continuously declined since March 17, when many counties initiated stay-at-home orders, according to Meg Thurlow, the company’s vice president of Sensing Systems and Applied Science.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We continue to see the same large-scale changes that we have been seeing in air pollution across a variety of pollutants, especially those associated with traffic and fossil fuel combustion,” said Thurlow. (Aclima is publishing the results in \u003ca href=\"https://blog.aclima.io/bay-area-pollutant-levels-drop-for-second-week-b51be2dc5677\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">posts like this.\u003c/a>)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1961748 aligncenter\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/RS42688_SF_Covid_March20-April4_high-1-sfi.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"480\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/RS42688_SF_Covid_March20-April4_high-1-sfi.jpg 480w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/RS42688_SF_Covid_March20-April4_high-1-sfi-160x120.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 480px) 100vw, 480px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is especially true in West Oakland, a neighborhood bounded by freeways and the port.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The West Oakland Environmental Indicators Project and other advocacy groups have long noted punishing air pollution and high local asthma rates, which they say are caused by toxic diesel fumes from trucks driving in and out of the port.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Aclima is tracking a reduction in the region’s carbon footprint using aggregated data from air regulators, as well as sensors, including some attached to low-emission cars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since 2015, Aclima has mapped air quality in West Oakland and noted higher pollution levels compared to the broader Bay Area. Thurlow said that West Oakland’s carbon dioxide levels have dropped below the Bay Area regional average during the coronavirus crisis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She said the reduction in pollution provides “a really positive indicator to people that our actions are important with respect to air quality.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“But this is a brief reprieve when there’s a lifetime of pollution disparities that have existed throughout a lot of our communities.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The Bay Area’s grueling commute has all but disappeared as millions of people stay home at the order of public health officials seeking to slow the spread of this coronavirus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As millions of cars sit parked on the street or collect dust in garages, and public transit agencies drastically reduce service, researchers with the Bay Area Air Quality Management District say there’s some indication that regional air pollution is way down.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Traffic is the top contributor to air pollution in the Bay Area,” Kristine Roselius, a spokeswoman for the agency, said in an email. “Reducing the number of cars and trucks on our roads can have a significant, positive effect on our air quality.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers at the agency took early reports estimating bridge traffic was down by 70% and used them to calculate a corresponding reduction in pollution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The district’s numbers show a potential 20% reduction in fine particulates and a 38% drop in nitrogen oxides. Carbon dioxide emissions, the leading driver of climate change, would be down 26%.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Roselius said the estimate is likely “conservative” and traffic could have dipped by even more, though she cautions that researchers need to see more data before they can detect an actual trend.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Port of Oakland \u003ca href=\"https://www.portofoakland.com/port-of-oakland-updates/\">says\u003c/a> shipping traffic was down 11% in March. That could also contribute to a reduction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course, weather plays a major role in local air quality. A persistent low-pressure system hovering over Southern California has kept the air crisp and clear, according to Rick Canepa, a meteorologist with the National Weather Service in Monterey.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The pressure system brought blustery, rainy conditions to the region in late March and early April, one reason for the puffy cloud formations the last few weeks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Aclima, a San Francisco-based air quality mapping startup, says that Bay Area pollution levels have continuously declined since March 17, when many counties initiated stay-at-home orders, according to Meg Thurlow, the company’s vice president of Sensing Systems and Applied Science.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We continue to see the same large-scale changes that we have been seeing in air pollution across a variety of pollutants, especially those associated with traffic and fossil fuel combustion,” said Thurlow. (Aclima is publishing the results in \u003ca href=\"https://blog.aclima.io/bay-area-pollutant-levels-drop-for-second-week-b51be2dc5677\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">posts like this.\u003c/a>)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1961748 aligncenter\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/RS42688_SF_Covid_March20-April4_high-1-sfi.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"480\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/RS42688_SF_Covid_March20-April4_high-1-sfi.jpg 480w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/RS42688_SF_Covid_March20-April4_high-1-sfi-160x120.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 480px) 100vw, 480px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is especially true in West Oakland, a neighborhood bounded by freeways and the port.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The West Oakland Environmental Indicators Project and other advocacy groups have long noted punishing air pollution and high local asthma rates, which they say are caused by toxic diesel fumes from trucks driving in and out of the port.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Aclima is tracking a reduction in the region’s carbon footprint using aggregated data from air regulators, as well as sensors, including some attached to low-emission cars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since 2015, Aclima has mapped air quality in West Oakland and noted higher pollution levels compared to the broader Bay Area. Thurlow said that West Oakland’s carbon dioxide levels have dropped below the Bay Area regional average during the coronavirus crisis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She said the reduction in pollution provides “a really positive indicator to people that our actions are important with respect to air quality.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“But this is a brief reprieve when there’s a lifetime of pollution disparities that have existed throughout a lot of our communities.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Coronavirus: Here's How to Use Gloves to Help Prevent Infection",
"headTitle": "Coronavirus: Here’s How to Use Gloves to Help Prevent Infection | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Research has found that the coronavirus survives on different types of surfaces for \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1959172/coronavirus-how-and-when-to-clean-your-home-and-wash-your-hands\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">varying amounts of time\u003c/a>. Which is why you may have seen a lot of people wearing gloves, trying to protect themselves when they touch things like the shopping cart handle at the grocery store, for instance. From disposable medical gloves to winter mittens, people are using whatever they can find to cover their hands.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, does that work?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">“(A)ctually, they can give a false sense of security,” said Dr. Peter Chin-Hong, an infectious disease specialist with UCSF.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Respiratory viruses like the novel coronavirus mostly spread when an infected person coughs or sneezes, expelling a microscopic droplet that carries the virus to the mouth or nose of another person. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">“The virus doesn’t care about your hands,” Dr. Chin-Hong said. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Unless, of course, you touch something where a contaminated droplet has landed. “The hands and the fingers are sort of like transportation. It’s like the Muni of the virus, a free trip to the nose or mouth.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While gloves can provide a barrier to the coronavirus, if you touch your face, you can still become infected.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">And even if you follow that rule\u003cstrong>,\u003c/strong> gloves have their limits. “Don’t use gloves and think it’s a force shield,” Chin-Hong said. “The glove isn’t going to protect you from getting infected when the main source of infection is someone’s cough or sneezing.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Wearing gloves properly during this pandemic can turn out to be kind of a hassle, he says. “It’s actually much easier to wash your hands than to wear gloves on and off.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Still, Chin-Hong says gloves are a good strategy if used in combination with other preventive measures. The best thing people can do to protect themselves is to follow public health guidelines: Avoid touching your face, wash your hands regularly, and stay at least six feet away from other people. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">If you do wear gloves, there are some extra rules to follow:\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Always wash your hands before and after wearing gloves.\u003c/span>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Clean any surface you might have touched with your gloves on, \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">such as your phone, keys, wallet, eyewear or door handles. \u003c/span>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Throw away used disposable gloves, and wash fabric gloves with soap and water before using them again.\u003c/span>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Be careful to avoid contamination when taking gloves off.\u003c/span>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Again, even with gloves on, don’t touch your face, especially your nose or mouth.\u003c/span>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>Proper glove removal can actually be a bit tricky and may take some practice. In general, the key is to avoid touching the inside of a glove or your bare hand with the outside of a dirty glove. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has published this \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/vhf/ebola/pdf/poster-how-to-remove-gloves.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">diagram\u003c/a>, with step by step instructions on how to remove gloves safely.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https://www.cdc.gov/vhf/ebola/pdf/poster-how-to-remove-gloves.pdf\" width=\"75%\" height=\"1000\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Whether people choose to wear gloves or not, Chin-Hong says, following public health guidelines is just as important as ever. \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">“I think it’s really important to sustain all these wonderful efforts that we’ve been doing as a community and not to lose sight of the fact that we’re all in this together. Every member of the community has a responsibility to protect each other.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Research has found that the coronavirus survives on different types of surfaces for \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1959172/coronavirus-how-and-when-to-clean-your-home-and-wash-your-hands\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">varying amounts of time\u003c/a>. Which is why you may have seen a lot of people wearing gloves, trying to protect themselves when they touch things like the shopping cart handle at the grocery store, for instance. From disposable medical gloves to winter mittens, people are using whatever they can find to cover their hands.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, does that work?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">“(A)ctually, they can give a false sense of security,” said Dr. Peter Chin-Hong, an infectious disease specialist with UCSF.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Respiratory viruses like the novel coronavirus mostly spread when an infected person coughs or sneezes, expelling a microscopic droplet that carries the virus to the mouth or nose of another person. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">“The virus doesn’t care about your hands,” Dr. Chin-Hong said. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Unless, of course, you touch something where a contaminated droplet has landed. “The hands and the fingers are sort of like transportation. It’s like the Muni of the virus, a free trip to the nose or mouth.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While gloves can provide a barrier to the coronavirus, if you touch your face, you can still become infected.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">And even if you follow that rule\u003cstrong>,\u003c/strong> gloves have their limits. “Don’t use gloves and think it’s a force shield,” Chin-Hong said. “The glove isn’t going to protect you from getting infected when the main source of infection is someone’s cough or sneezing.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Wearing gloves properly during this pandemic can turn out to be kind of a hassle, he says. “It’s actually much easier to wash your hands than to wear gloves on and off.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Still, Chin-Hong says gloves are a good strategy if used in combination with other preventive measures. The best thing people can do to protect themselves is to follow public health guidelines: Avoid touching your face, wash your hands regularly, and stay at least six feet away from other people. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">If you do wear gloves, there are some extra rules to follow:\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Always wash your hands before and after wearing gloves.\u003c/span>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Clean any surface you might have touched with your gloves on, \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">such as your phone, keys, wallet, eyewear or door handles. \u003c/span>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Throw away used disposable gloves, and wash fabric gloves with soap and water before using them again.\u003c/span>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Be careful to avoid contamination when taking gloves off.\u003c/span>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Again, even with gloves on, don’t touch your face, especially your nose or mouth.\u003c/span>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>Proper glove removal can actually be a bit tricky and may take some practice. In general, the key is to avoid touching the inside of a glove or your bare hand with the outside of a dirty glove. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has published this \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/vhf/ebola/pdf/poster-how-to-remove-gloves.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">diagram\u003c/a>, with step by step instructions on how to remove gloves safely.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https://www.cdc.gov/vhf/ebola/pdf/poster-how-to-remove-gloves.pdf\" width=\"75%\" height=\"1000\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Whether people choose to wear gloves or not, Chin-Hong says, following public health guidelines is just as important as ever. \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">“I think it’s really important to sustain all these wonderful efforts that we’ve been doing as a community and not to lose sight of the fact that we’re all in this together. Every member of the community has a responsibility to protect each other.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Watch Out for These Coronavirus-Related Scams",
"headTitle": "Watch Out for These Coronavirus-Related Scams | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Scammers looking to profit from those anxious for their stimulus check; inflated prices for desperately needed masks; fake coronavirus cures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[pullquote]\u003cstrong>What You Should Be Watching Out For\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>* Stimulus scams: The IRS \u003ca href=\"https://www.irs.gov/newsroom/irs-issues-warning-about-coronavirus-related-scams-watch-out-for-schemes-tied-to-economic-impact-payments\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">warns\u003c/a> taxpayers, especially retirees, to be on the lookout for calls, email phishing attempts and other schemes tied to stimulus checks, which can lead to tax-related fraud and identity theft. Remember, the official term is “economic impact payment.” So, be cautious of people who use the term “stimulus,” ask you to verify bank or check information online, or suggest they can speed up the process.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>* Bogus Phone calls: Officials with the FCC \u003ca href=\"https://www.fcc.gov/covid-scams\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">report\u003c/a> scam text message campaigns and phone calls with people impersonating federal health workers and offering free home-testing kits, promoting cures and selling fake health insurance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>*Utility customer scams: PG&E says its security division has tracked between 5-10 \u003ca href=\"https://www.pge.com/en_US/residential/customer-service/help/scams/scams.page?WT.mc_id=Vanity_scams\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">scam\u003c/a> attempts per day over the phone in recent weeks. A call may appear to customers as if it’s from PG&E, when it’s actually a disguised number from outside the company, a subterfuge called spoofing. The utility says scammers, using a copy of an actual PG&E automated call recording, are requesting immediate payment with a debit card on a past due bill.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong> *\u003c/strong>Price gouging: The San Francisco district attorney’s office says it has received more than 50 calls or emails from people who report inflated prices for masks, disinfectant wipes and even products like chicken eggs and the vitamin C supplement EmergenC.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>*\u003c/strong>Unproven Cleaning Products: The federal Environmental Protection Agency warns that companies are flooding the market with disinfectants and sanitizer falsely claiming to be effective against the novel coronavirus, The New York Times \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/03/climate/epa-fake-coronavirus-cleaners.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">reported\u003c/a>. The agency threatened legal action against businesses that sell the unregistered products. (See here for an \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1959894/what-works-to-kill-coronavirus-as-you-clean-your-home\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">EPA-approved list of coronavirus-killing disinfectants\u003c/a>.)[/pullquote]Officials say these are just some of the cons and illegal attempts at cashing in on the current devastating health emergency.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve really seen a wide variety of scams,” said U.S. Attorney Nicola Hanna.\u003cspan class=\"Apple-converted-space\"> \u003c/span>“As hard as we all work for our money, these folks work equally hard to steal our money. They’re very inventive.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hanna oversees the Justice Department’s district office in Los Angeles, which covers seven counties and 20 million people. The office recently \u003ca href=\"https://www.justice.gov/usao-cdca/pr/southland-man-arrested-federal-charges-alleging-fraudulent-investment-scheme-featuring\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">charged\u003c/span>\u003c/a> a man arrested by an undercover FBI agent for allegedly soliciting investors with a fake coronavirus cure, and another man from the U.K. for \u003ca href=\"https://www.justice.gov/usao-cdca/pr/uk-national-charged-shipping-mislabeled-and-unapproved-treatments-patients-suffering\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">allegedly importing\u003c/a> a fake COVID-19 treatment in mislabeled packages.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But that’s just the beginning. Hanna warns of solicited donations by fake charities and GoFundMe pages, as well as people selling coveted protective equipment like safety masks they don’t actually have.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve seen phishing emails that purport to be from the Centers for Disease Control or the World Health Organization or other legitimate organizations,” Hanna said. “They’re not. And in fact, if you click on the link, it downloads malware onto your system.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The IRS is warning people looking for their $1,200 government stimulus check not to give out personal information over email or the phone. And there is \u003cspan class=\"s1\">no proven vaccine or antiviral treatment for COVID-19, so anyone claiming to have a coronavirus cure is lying.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not all of these are small-time consumer scams. As governments and hospitals across the nation desperately hunted for protective equipment, SEIU-United Healthcare Workers West \u003ca href=\"https://www.seiu-uhw.org/press/union-locates-massive-supply-of-n95-masks/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">announced\u003c/span>\u003c/a> on March 26 that it had found a supplier with 39 million protective masks for its members. But the deal fell apart after officials couldn’t verify and inspect the masks. Kaiser, which had placed an order for millions of them, said it learned the supplier never had them at all, the Los Angeles Times \u003ca href=\"https://www.latimes.com/california/story/2020-04-03/coronavirus-seiu-masks-supplies-investigation\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">reported\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Selling Bogus Coronavirus Treatments\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Keith “The Real Iron Man” Middlebrook had described himself to his roughly 2.4 million Instagram followers as a “Genius Entrepreneur Icon,” and “Actor Writer Producer,” among other things, according to a federal affidavit prosecutors provided to KQED.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then around March 24, as the coronavirus pandemic ground life to a halt in California, the businessman, bodybuilder and actor who \u003ca href=\"https://www.imdb.com/name/nm3033468/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">appeared\u003c/span>\u003c/a> briefly in “Iron Man 3,” “Moneyball” and other movies, crafted a new career: “Inventor: COVID19 Immunity & Coronavirus Cure.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Middlebrook’s social media feeds, usually featuring videos of him \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Uv3xhMtvPTw\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">sculpting\u003c/span>\u003c/a> softball-sized biceps or promoting his self-help regime of “xccelerated success,” with praise for Donald Trump sprinkled in, gave way to a new pitch touting an injectable cure for COVID-19 and pills to prevent a person from acquiring it. According to the affidavit,\u003cspan class=\"Apple-converted-space\"> \u003c/span>Middlebrook allegedly solicited investment in a company called Quantum Prevention CV Inc.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In text messages, prosecutors charge, Middlebrook claimed a patient from L.A who was sick with the virus “got up and walked out 51 hours after my injection,” boasting that investors could see returns of “$200M – $300M…conservative minimum,” on an investment of $1 million.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He also claimed former basketball superstar Earvin “Magic” Johnson was an investor. (Johnson told investigators that wasn’t true.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Officials say Middlebrook was arrested by an undercover FBI agent posing as an investor, making him the first person charged by the federal government for a coronavirus-related crime. A judge set his arraignment for April 16. If convicted as charged, he could face up to 20 years in prison.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s5\">Requests for comment to several of Middlebrook’s email addresses listed on his websites went unreturned.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p6\">\u003cb>Importing a ‘Miracle Cure’\u003cbr>\n\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p6\">According to another federal affidavit, 59-year-old Frank Richard Ludlow of West Sussex, England, had been shipping a health concoction called a “Trinity Remedy” for three years to a distributor with addresses in Utah and California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In March, according to the charges, as health officials in California were recommending people stay home from work, Ludlow relabeled the product as “Trinity COVID-19 SARS Antipathogenic Treatment.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p6\">\u003cspan class=\"s3\">The contents of the purported coronavirus kits matched the earlier product — a \u003c/span>powdered “miracle cure” made of vitamin c, potassium thiocyanate, hydrogen peroxide and enzymes,\u003cspan class=\"s3\"> according to the affidavit.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p6\">“A consumer was supposed to add 18 ounces of water, say a prayer, drink half of the solution, take a probiotic along with bee pollen, and then ingest the remainder of the solution,” prosecutors wrote.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s3\">The kits are still being examined. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The FDA, which must approve any drug defined as a “cure,” “mitigation,” or even “treatment” imported into the U.S., according to federal \u003ca href=\"https://www.fda.gov/regulatory-information/laws-enforced-fda/federal-food-drug-and-cosmetic-act-fdc-act\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">law\u003c/span>\u003c/a>, has not approved the product for any use, let alone to treat COVID-19.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On March 18, customs officers seized about 60 of the kits passing through a mail facility in Los Angeles in mislabeled boxes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s6\">Ludlow was \u003ca href=\"https://www.cityoflondon.police.uk/news/city-of-london/news/2020/march/pipcu/man-charged-with-making-and-selling-fake-covid-19-treatment-kits/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">arrested\u003c/span>\u003c/a> in the U.K. for making and selling the kits and remains in custody there, authorities said. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p6\">On April 1, Hanna charged Ludlow with one count of importing a misbranded drug into the U.S. He faces up to three years in federal prison.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Federal attorneys urge the public to report coronavirus scammers by calling the National Center for Disaster Fraud hotline (1-866-720-5721) or to the NCDF e-mail address \u003ca href=\"mailto:disaster@leo.gov\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">disaster@leo.gov\u003c/span>\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://twitter.com/SFDAOffice/status/1242631955675369472?s=20\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>The Associated Press contributed to this report. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n",
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"excerpt": "Scammers looking to profit from people anxious for their stimulus check; inflated prices for desperately needed masks; fake coronavirus cures. These are just some of the cons and illegal schemes trying to cash in on a devastating health emergency.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Scammers looking to profit from those anxious for their stimulus check; inflated prices for desperately needed masks; fake coronavirus cures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cstrong>What You Should Be Watching Out For\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>* Stimulus scams: The IRS \u003ca href=\"https://www.irs.gov/newsroom/irs-issues-warning-about-coronavirus-related-scams-watch-out-for-schemes-tied-to-economic-impact-payments\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">warns\u003c/a> taxpayers, especially retirees, to be on the lookout for calls, email phishing attempts and other schemes tied to stimulus checks, which can lead to tax-related fraud and identity theft. Remember, the official term is “economic impact payment.” So, be cautious of people who use the term “stimulus,” ask you to verify bank or check information online, or suggest they can speed up the process.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>* Bogus Phone calls: Officials with the FCC \u003ca href=\"https://www.fcc.gov/covid-scams\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">report\u003c/a> scam text message campaigns and phone calls with people impersonating federal health workers and offering free home-testing kits, promoting cures and selling fake health insurance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>*Utility customer scams: PG&E says its security division has tracked between 5-10 \u003ca href=\"https://www.pge.com/en_US/residential/customer-service/help/scams/scams.page?WT.mc_id=Vanity_scams\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">scam\u003c/a> attempts per day over the phone in recent weeks. A call may appear to customers as if it’s from PG&E, when it’s actually a disguised number from outside the company, a subterfuge called spoofing. The utility says scammers, using a copy of an actual PG&E automated call recording, are requesting immediate payment with a debit card on a past due bill.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong> *\u003c/strong>Price gouging: The San Francisco district attorney’s office says it has received more than 50 calls or emails from people who report inflated prices for masks, disinfectant wipes and even products like chicken eggs and the vitamin C supplement EmergenC.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>*\u003c/strong>Unproven Cleaning Products: The federal Environmental Protection Agency warns that companies are flooding the market with disinfectants and sanitizer falsely claiming to be effective against the novel coronavirus, The New York Times \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/03/climate/epa-fake-coronavirus-cleaners.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">reported\u003c/a>. The agency threatened legal action against businesses that sell the unregistered products. (See here for an \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1959894/what-works-to-kill-coronavirus-as-you-clean-your-home\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">EPA-approved list of coronavirus-killing disinfectants\u003c/a>.)",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>Officials say these are just some of the cons and illegal attempts at cashing in on the current devastating health emergency.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve really seen a wide variety of scams,” said U.S. Attorney Nicola Hanna.\u003cspan class=\"Apple-converted-space\"> \u003c/span>“As hard as we all work for our money, these folks work equally hard to steal our money. They’re very inventive.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hanna oversees the Justice Department’s district office in Los Angeles, which covers seven counties and 20 million people. The office recently \u003ca href=\"https://www.justice.gov/usao-cdca/pr/southland-man-arrested-federal-charges-alleging-fraudulent-investment-scheme-featuring\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">charged\u003c/span>\u003c/a> a man arrested by an undercover FBI agent for allegedly soliciting investors with a fake coronavirus cure, and another man from the U.K. for \u003ca href=\"https://www.justice.gov/usao-cdca/pr/uk-national-charged-shipping-mislabeled-and-unapproved-treatments-patients-suffering\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">allegedly importing\u003c/a> a fake COVID-19 treatment in mislabeled packages.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But that’s just the beginning. Hanna warns of solicited donations by fake charities and GoFundMe pages, as well as people selling coveted protective equipment like safety masks they don’t actually have.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve seen phishing emails that purport to be from the Centers for Disease Control or the World Health Organization or other legitimate organizations,” Hanna said. “They’re not. And in fact, if you click on the link, it downloads malware onto your system.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The IRS is warning people looking for their $1,200 government stimulus check not to give out personal information over email or the phone. And there is \u003cspan class=\"s1\">no proven vaccine or antiviral treatment for COVID-19, so anyone claiming to have a coronavirus cure is lying.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not all of these are small-time consumer scams. As governments and hospitals across the nation desperately hunted for protective equipment, SEIU-United Healthcare Workers West \u003ca href=\"https://www.seiu-uhw.org/press/union-locates-massive-supply-of-n95-masks/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">announced\u003c/span>\u003c/a> on March 26 that it had found a supplier with 39 million protective masks for its members. But the deal fell apart after officials couldn’t verify and inspect the masks. Kaiser, which had placed an order for millions of them, said it learned the supplier never had them at all, the Los Angeles Times \u003ca href=\"https://www.latimes.com/california/story/2020-04-03/coronavirus-seiu-masks-supplies-investigation\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">reported\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Selling Bogus Coronavirus Treatments\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Keith “The Real Iron Man” Middlebrook had described himself to his roughly 2.4 million Instagram followers as a “Genius Entrepreneur Icon,” and “Actor Writer Producer,” among other things, according to a federal affidavit prosecutors provided to KQED.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then around March 24, as the coronavirus pandemic ground life to a halt in California, the businessman, bodybuilder and actor who \u003ca href=\"https://www.imdb.com/name/nm3033468/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">appeared\u003c/span>\u003c/a> briefly in “Iron Man 3,” “Moneyball” and other movies, crafted a new career: “Inventor: COVID19 Immunity & Coronavirus Cure.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Middlebrook’s social media feeds, usually featuring videos of him \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Uv3xhMtvPTw\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">sculpting\u003c/span>\u003c/a> softball-sized biceps or promoting his self-help regime of “xccelerated success,” with praise for Donald Trump sprinkled in, gave way to a new pitch touting an injectable cure for COVID-19 and pills to prevent a person from acquiring it. According to the affidavit,\u003cspan class=\"Apple-converted-space\"> \u003c/span>Middlebrook allegedly solicited investment in a company called Quantum Prevention CV Inc.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In text messages, prosecutors charge, Middlebrook claimed a patient from L.A who was sick with the virus “got up and walked out 51 hours after my injection,” boasting that investors could see returns of “$200M – $300M…conservative minimum,” on an investment of $1 million.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He also claimed former basketball superstar Earvin “Magic” Johnson was an investor. (Johnson told investigators that wasn’t true.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Officials say Middlebrook was arrested by an undercover FBI agent posing as an investor, making him the first person charged by the federal government for a coronavirus-related crime. A judge set his arraignment for April 16. If convicted as charged, he could face up to 20 years in prison.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s5\">Requests for comment to several of Middlebrook’s email addresses listed on his websites went unreturned.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p6\">\u003cb>Importing a ‘Miracle Cure’\u003cbr>\n\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p6\">According to another federal affidavit, 59-year-old Frank Richard Ludlow of West Sussex, England, had been shipping a health concoction called a “Trinity Remedy” for three years to a distributor with addresses in Utah and California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In March, according to the charges, as health officials in California were recommending people stay home from work, Ludlow relabeled the product as “Trinity COVID-19 SARS Antipathogenic Treatment.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p6\">\u003cspan class=\"s3\">The contents of the purported coronavirus kits matched the earlier product — a \u003c/span>powdered “miracle cure” made of vitamin c, potassium thiocyanate, hydrogen peroxide and enzymes,\u003cspan class=\"s3\"> according to the affidavit.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p6\">“A consumer was supposed to add 18 ounces of water, say a prayer, drink half of the solution, take a probiotic along with bee pollen, and then ingest the remainder of the solution,” prosecutors wrote.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s3\">The kits are still being examined. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The FDA, which must approve any drug defined as a “cure,” “mitigation,” or even “treatment” imported into the U.S., according to federal \u003ca href=\"https://www.fda.gov/regulatory-information/laws-enforced-fda/federal-food-drug-and-cosmetic-act-fdc-act\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">law\u003c/span>\u003c/a>, has not approved the product for any use, let alone to treat COVID-19.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On March 18, customs officers seized about 60 of the kits passing through a mail facility in Los Angeles in mislabeled boxes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s6\">Ludlow was \u003ca href=\"https://www.cityoflondon.police.uk/news/city-of-london/news/2020/march/pipcu/man-charged-with-making-and-selling-fake-covid-19-treatment-kits/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">arrested\u003c/span>\u003c/a> in the U.K. for making and selling the kits and remains in custody there, authorities said. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p6\">On April 1, Hanna charged Ludlow with one count of importing a misbranded drug into the U.S. He faces up to three years in federal prison.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Federal attorneys urge the public to report coronavirus scammers by calling the National Center for Disaster Fraud hotline (1-866-720-5721) or to the NCDF e-mail address \u003ca href=\"mailto:disaster@leo.gov\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">disaster@leo.gov\u003c/span>\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "NASA’s Been Social Distancing Astronauts and Spacecraft for Decades. Why? Just in Case...",
"headTitle": "NASA’s Been Social Distancing Astronauts and Spacecraft for Decades. Why? Just in Case… | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Even before the worldwide outbreak of novel coronavirus, we were all familiar with social distancing and other practices to prevent the spread of disease in society: Staying home from work when sick; coughing into our arms; getting an annual flu vaccination.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But did you know that NASA has been engaged in these practices, on an interplanetary scale, for decades?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Planetary Protection\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NASA’s Office of \u003ca href=\"https://sma.nasa.gov/sma-disciplines/planetary-protection\">Planetary Protection\u003c/a> has established policies for preventing the transfer of terrestrial microbes and organic materials to other planets and moons in our solar system, as well as the protection of Earth from extraterrestrial organisms that might be carried back.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1960882\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 720px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1960882\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/Viking_Oven.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"720\" height=\"594\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/Viking_Oven.jpg 720w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/Viking_Oven-160x132.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 720px) 100vw, 720px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">NASA’s Viking lander (packed inside its protective reentry shell) is prepared for biological sterilization in a giant oven built for this purpose. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>These policies are designed to mitigate accidental cross-contamination by missions of exploration where a “stay-at-home” approach just doesn’t work. These practices include:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Building sterile, or “\u003ca href=\"https://www.universetoday.com/143792/panel-says-that-nasa-isnt-doing-enough-to-protect-other-worlds-from-earth-life/\">low biological burden\u003c/a>,” spacecraft to minimize the possibility of terrestrial microbes and organic material “hitchhiking” to other worlds\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Designing flight plans that prevent physical contact with other bodies in the solar system\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Creating plans for handling collected \u003ca href=\"https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2019/11/bold-space-mission-bring-back-rocks-mars-takes-shape\">samples \u003c/a>that have been brought back to Earth for laboratory study, in order to prevent extraterrestrial organisms — if they exist — from contaminating Earth’s biosphere.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Ensuring Astronauts Don’t Pick Up an Astro-bug\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the early days of solar system expeditions, there were many unknowns with respect to extraterrestrial life — the biggest being, of course, is there any?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The idea that the moon might harbor some form of contagion, though considered unlikely, prompted NASA to \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/feature/50-years-ago-apollo-11-astronauts-leave-quarantine\">quarantine the astronauts\u003c/a> of Apollos 11, 12 and 14 by housing them in special isolation trailers for three weeks following their return.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of these trailers is currently on display at the USS Hornet Museum in Alameda — though, ironically, you can’t go there right now because of our current quarantine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To this day we have not detected evidence of life beyond Earth, but we have learned a lot more about how terrestrial life has adapted to living under very extreme conditions on our planet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“\u003ca href=\"https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/extremophile.html\">Extremophile\u003c/a>” life forms thrive in Earth’s coldest, darkest, hottest, and most toxic environments — on the deep ocean floor, around geothermal hot springs, under Antarctic ice. Their adaptability and \u003ca href=\"https://futurism.com/organism-eats-meteorites-find-alien-life\">tenacity\u003c/a> both encourage and caution us that life might be found on other worlds in our solar system, and tell us that we must take great care in exploring them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Mars Vehicles Sterilized\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mars’ surface is now home to nine retired and still serving robotic landers and rovers, as well as a few derelicts and the wreckage of unsuccessful landings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Before leaving Earth, these vehicles were painstakingly sterilized to prevent the inadvertent transfer of terrestrial extremophiles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Why?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>First, because if there is indigenous Martian life — perhaps thriving in wet, underground environments — we don’t want to introduce an invasion of Earthling microbes that might cause a Martian pandemic. It would be a disaster if we accidentally wiped out organisms that have managed to survive Mars’ cold, dry environment for billions of years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1960885\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1960885\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/21383_PIA22111_1600-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/21383_PIA22111_1600-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/21383_PIA22111_1600-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/21383_PIA22111_1600-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/21383_PIA22111_1600-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/21383_PIA22111_1600.jpg 1600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Artist rendition of NASA’s next Mars rover, Perseverance, which will look for signs of past Martian life in Jezero Crater and collect samples of rock and soil for possible return to Earth by future missions. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The other reason not to contaminate Mars, or any other world we explore, is simply so that we don’t interfere with our \u003ca href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/programmissions/science/goal1/\">search for life there\u003c/a>. A robotic explorer carrying a sensitive life-detecting experiment might produce confusing results if it detected terrestrial extremophiles instead.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Incinerating Spacecraft\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Planetary protection also includes spacecraft never intended to land on other worlds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/missions/galileo/\">Galileo \u003c/a>spacecraft in the Jupiter system and \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-s-cassini-spacecraft-ends-its-historic-exploration-of-saturn\">Cassini\u003c/a> at Saturn weren’t designed to land on anything, but they could have eventually run out of fuel needed to maneuver, becoming derelicts that might one day crash into a moon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1960887\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 768px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1960887\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/137_GalileoEnd768.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"768\" height=\"361\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/137_GalileoEnd768.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/137_GalileoEnd768-160x75.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Artist concept of NASA’s Galileo spacecraft burning up in Jupiter’s atmosphere in a deliberate disposal maneuver designed to protect any life that may exist on Jovian moons like Europa. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Because an astounding outcome of both missions was the discovery of \u003ca href=\"https://www.popularmechanics.com/space/a14555/water-worlds-in-our-solar-system/\">moons that possess liquid water\u003c/a>, and the tantalizing possibility of life-harboring environments, NASA sent both spacecraft on fiery plummets into Jupiter and Saturn’s atmospheres, incinerating any possible biological material that could have contaminated those moons.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Speculating on the Damage From an ET Virus\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What would an extraterrestrial organism do to us if it were to contaminate Earth’s biosphere? The answer, of course, would depend on the nature of the organism, and if it could even survive in Earth’s environment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Science fiction writers have taken stabs at speculating such an event.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Michael Crichton’s “\u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YMbSpnlOOtE\">The Andromeda Strain\u003c/a>” dramatically envisions the arrival of an extraterrestrial pathogen on Earth, and scientists’ heroic efforts to curtail a pandemic that would dwarf the current COVID-19 crisis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1960889\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 785px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1960889\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/The_War_of_the_Worlds_by_Henrique_Alvim_Corr%C3%AAa_orginal_graphic_05.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"785\" height=\"1000\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/The_War_of_the_Worlds_by_Henrique_Alvim_Corrêa_orginal_graphic_05.jpg 785w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/The_War_of_the_Worlds_by_Henrique_Alvim_Corrêa_orginal_graphic_05-160x204.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/The_War_of_the_Worlds_by_Henrique_Alvim_Corrêa_orginal_graphic_05-768x978.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 785px) 100vw, 785px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Illustration from the 1906 French edition of H. G. Wells’ “The War of the Worlds” \u003ccite>(Henrique Alvim Corréa)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>H. G. Wells’ novel “\u003ca href=\"https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/welles-scares-nation\">The War of the Worlds\u003c/a>” takes a reverse approach to the idea of interplanetary contamination when an invading armada of Martians is ultimately destroyed by their lack of immunity to terrestrial microbes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, while we continue our safe social distancing and stay-at-home efforts against terrestrial bugs, we can find some comfort in NASA’s own safe solar-system exploration practices.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Even before the worldwide outbreak of novel coronavirus, we were all familiar with social distancing and other practices to prevent the spread of disease in society: Staying home from work when sick; coughing into our arms; getting an annual flu vaccination.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But did you know that NASA has been engaged in these practices, on an interplanetary scale, for decades?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Planetary Protection\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NASA’s Office of \u003ca href=\"https://sma.nasa.gov/sma-disciplines/planetary-protection\">Planetary Protection\u003c/a> has established policies for preventing the transfer of terrestrial microbes and organic materials to other planets and moons in our solar system, as well as the protection of Earth from extraterrestrial organisms that might be carried back.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1960882\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 720px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1960882\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/Viking_Oven.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"720\" height=\"594\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/Viking_Oven.jpg 720w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/Viking_Oven-160x132.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 720px) 100vw, 720px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">NASA’s Viking lander (packed inside its protective reentry shell) is prepared for biological sterilization in a giant oven built for this purpose. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>These policies are designed to mitigate accidental cross-contamination by missions of exploration where a “stay-at-home” approach just doesn’t work. These practices include:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Building sterile, or “\u003ca href=\"https://www.universetoday.com/143792/panel-says-that-nasa-isnt-doing-enough-to-protect-other-worlds-from-earth-life/\">low biological burden\u003c/a>,” spacecraft to minimize the possibility of terrestrial microbes and organic material “hitchhiking” to other worlds\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Designing flight plans that prevent physical contact with other bodies in the solar system\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Creating plans for handling collected \u003ca href=\"https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2019/11/bold-space-mission-bring-back-rocks-mars-takes-shape\">samples \u003c/a>that have been brought back to Earth for laboratory study, in order to prevent extraterrestrial organisms — if they exist — from contaminating Earth’s biosphere.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Ensuring Astronauts Don’t Pick Up an Astro-bug\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the early days of solar system expeditions, there were many unknowns with respect to extraterrestrial life — the biggest being, of course, is there any?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The idea that the moon might harbor some form of contagion, though considered unlikely, prompted NASA to \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/feature/50-years-ago-apollo-11-astronauts-leave-quarantine\">quarantine the astronauts\u003c/a> of Apollos 11, 12 and 14 by housing them in special isolation trailers for three weeks following their return.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of these trailers is currently on display at the USS Hornet Museum in Alameda — though, ironically, you can’t go there right now because of our current quarantine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To this day we have not detected evidence of life beyond Earth, but we have learned a lot more about how terrestrial life has adapted to living under very extreme conditions on our planet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“\u003ca href=\"https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/extremophile.html\">Extremophile\u003c/a>” life forms thrive in Earth’s coldest, darkest, hottest, and most toxic environments — on the deep ocean floor, around geothermal hot springs, under Antarctic ice. Their adaptability and \u003ca href=\"https://futurism.com/organism-eats-meteorites-find-alien-life\">tenacity\u003c/a> both encourage and caution us that life might be found on other worlds in our solar system, and tell us that we must take great care in exploring them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Mars Vehicles Sterilized\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mars’ surface is now home to nine retired and still serving robotic landers and rovers, as well as a few derelicts and the wreckage of unsuccessful landings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Before leaving Earth, these vehicles were painstakingly sterilized to prevent the inadvertent transfer of terrestrial extremophiles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Why?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>First, because if there is indigenous Martian life — perhaps thriving in wet, underground environments — we don’t want to introduce an invasion of Earthling microbes that might cause a Martian pandemic. It would be a disaster if we accidentally wiped out organisms that have managed to survive Mars’ cold, dry environment for billions of years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1960885\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1960885\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/21383_PIA22111_1600-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/21383_PIA22111_1600-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/21383_PIA22111_1600-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/21383_PIA22111_1600-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/21383_PIA22111_1600-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/21383_PIA22111_1600.jpg 1600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Artist rendition of NASA’s next Mars rover, Perseverance, which will look for signs of past Martian life in Jezero Crater and collect samples of rock and soil for possible return to Earth by future missions. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The other reason not to contaminate Mars, or any other world we explore, is simply so that we don’t interfere with our \u003ca href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/programmissions/science/goal1/\">search for life there\u003c/a>. A robotic explorer carrying a sensitive life-detecting experiment might produce confusing results if it detected terrestrial extremophiles instead.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Incinerating Spacecraft\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Planetary protection also includes spacecraft never intended to land on other worlds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/missions/galileo/\">Galileo \u003c/a>spacecraft in the Jupiter system and \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-s-cassini-spacecraft-ends-its-historic-exploration-of-saturn\">Cassini\u003c/a> at Saturn weren’t designed to land on anything, but they could have eventually run out of fuel needed to maneuver, becoming derelicts that might one day crash into a moon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1960887\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 768px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1960887\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/137_GalileoEnd768.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"768\" height=\"361\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/137_GalileoEnd768.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/137_GalileoEnd768-160x75.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Artist concept of NASA’s Galileo spacecraft burning up in Jupiter’s atmosphere in a deliberate disposal maneuver designed to protect any life that may exist on Jovian moons like Europa. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Because an astounding outcome of both missions was the discovery of \u003ca href=\"https://www.popularmechanics.com/space/a14555/water-worlds-in-our-solar-system/\">moons that possess liquid water\u003c/a>, and the tantalizing possibility of life-harboring environments, NASA sent both spacecraft on fiery plummets into Jupiter and Saturn’s atmospheres, incinerating any possible biological material that could have contaminated those moons.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Speculating on the Damage From an ET Virus\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What would an extraterrestrial organism do to us if it were to contaminate Earth’s biosphere? The answer, of course, would depend on the nature of the organism, and if it could even survive in Earth’s environment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Science fiction writers have taken stabs at speculating such an event.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Michael Crichton’s “\u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YMbSpnlOOtE\">The Andromeda Strain\u003c/a>” dramatically envisions the arrival of an extraterrestrial pathogen on Earth, and scientists’ heroic efforts to curtail a pandemic that would dwarf the current COVID-19 crisis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1960889\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 785px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1960889\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/The_War_of_the_Worlds_by_Henrique_Alvim_Corr%C3%AAa_orginal_graphic_05.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"785\" height=\"1000\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/The_War_of_the_Worlds_by_Henrique_Alvim_Corrêa_orginal_graphic_05.jpg 785w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/The_War_of_the_Worlds_by_Henrique_Alvim_Corrêa_orginal_graphic_05-160x204.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/The_War_of_the_Worlds_by_Henrique_Alvim_Corrêa_orginal_graphic_05-768x978.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 785px) 100vw, 785px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Illustration from the 1906 French edition of H. G. Wells’ “The War of the Worlds” \u003ccite>(Henrique Alvim Corréa)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>H. G. Wells’ novel “\u003ca href=\"https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/welles-scares-nation\">The War of the Worlds\u003c/a>” takes a reverse approach to the idea of interplanetary contamination when an invading armada of Martians is ultimately destroyed by their lack of immunity to terrestrial microbes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, while we continue our safe social distancing and stay-at-home efforts against terrestrial bugs, we can find some comfort in NASA’s own safe solar-system exploration practices.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"slug": "this-dangerous-mosquito-lays-her-armored-eggs-in-your-house",
"title": "This Dangerous Mosquito Lays Her Armored Eggs – in Your House",
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"content": "\u003cp>[dl_subscribe]Here’s something easy you can do to fight disease this spring. While the efforts to end COVID-19 have upended daily life, it may only take a few simple steps to stop the carriers of other dangerous diseases — mosquitoes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the weather starts to warm up in April and May, mosquito control districts across California are urging people to go through their yards and eliminate breeding places for mosquitoes that can transmit dengue fever, a painful and sometimes deadly disease that has exploded worldwide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Make sure you don’t have things that can hold water,” said Gary Goodman, manager of the \u003ca href=\"https://www.fightthebite.net/\">Sacramento-Yolo Mosquito and Vector Control District\u003c/a>. “Small children’s toys, small buckets.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1961006\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/DL706_Aedes_aegypti_mosquito_bites_1_1920.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1961006\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/DL706_Aedes_aegypti_mosquito_bites_1_1920.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/DL706_Aedes_aegypti_mosquito_bites_1_1920.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/DL706_Aedes_aegypti_mosquito_bites_1_1920-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/DL706_Aedes_aegypti_mosquito_bites_1_1920-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/DL706_Aedes_aegypti_mosquito_bites_1_1920-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/DL706_Aedes_aegypti_mosquito_bites_1_1920-1020x574.jpg 1020w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mosquito control districts across California are urging residents to get rid of breeding places in and around their homes for the \u003cem>Aedes aegypti\u003c/em> mosquito, which can transmit dengue, Zika and Chikungunya. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The \u003cem>Aedes aegypti\u003c/em> (AY-dees ee-GYP-tie) mosquito was first reported in California in 2013. It is \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdph.ca.gov/Programs/CID/DCDC/CDPH%20Document%20Library/AedesDistributionMap.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">now established in Southern California and the Central Valley\u003c/a>, with temperatures commonly in the 80 F to 82 F range that the mosquitoes need to reproduce.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The Bay Area isn’t warm enough,” said UC Davis entomologist Chris Barker, who studies the mosquito, “although there are parts of Santa Clara that get hotter and might be suitable.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The white-striped mosquito worries public health officials because its bite can transmit the four viruses that cause dengue, a flu-like illness known as “breakbone fever” for the severe pain in the joints that patients often feel. If a person gets infected a second time with a different dengue virus, the disease can be deadly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The mosquito can also pass on the viruses that cause Zika, which can lead to birth defects, and Chikungunya, another painful joint disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1961020\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/DL706_Aedes_aegypti_mosquito_feeds.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1961020\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/DL706_Aedes_aegypti_mosquito_feeds.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u003cem>Aedes aegypti\u003c/em> mosquitoes are found in Southern California and the Central Valley. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Though none of these diseases is being transmitted locally in California, every year travelers return to the state with infections they caught elsewhere. Last year \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdph.ca.gov/Programs/CID/DCDC/CDPH%20Document%20Library/TravelAssociatedCasesofDengueVirusinCA.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">263 California residents\u003c/a> came back home infected with dengue from other countries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All it would take would be for a returning infected person to land in a neighborhood where the mosquito is abundant, during the warmest part of the summer, for \u003cem>A. aegypti\u003c/em> mosquitoes to bite them and spread the disease locally, Barker said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“L.A. is the number one place where it could happen,” he said. “It’s warm, it has lots of people, it has \u003cem>Aedes aegypti\u003c/em> and people who travel back and forth to Asia and Central America who have meaningful connections there.” In other words, people who might hang out in their family’s backyard.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1961010\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/DL706_Aedes_aegypti_world_map_1920.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1961010\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/DL706_Aedes_aegypti_world_map_1920.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/DL706_Aedes_aegypti_world_map_1920.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/DL706_Aedes_aegypti_world_map_1920-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/DL706_Aedes_aegypti_world_map_1920-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/DL706_Aedes_aegypti_world_map_1920-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/DL706_Aedes_aegypti_world_map_1920-1020x574.jpg 1020w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This map shows in yellow the places where \u003cem>Aedes aegypti\u003c/em> mosquitoes are most likely to be found around the world. \u003ccite>(Map created by Chris Barker, UC Davis, with data from Moritz Kraemer and others.)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Brought on by the spread of \u003cem>A. aegypti\u003c/em>, dengue cases have increased dramatically worldwide in the past 20 years, with one study estimating that close to 100 million people end up sick each year, according to the World Health Organization. Dengue is common in Puerto Rico, the U.S. Virgin Islands and American Samoa. And local outbreaks have occurred in the past seven years in Hawaii, Florida and Texas, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. In addition to California, the mosquitoes are likely to be found \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/zika/vector/range.html\">in a vast swath that goes from Texas to Virginia.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>A. aegypti\u003c/em> mosquitoes don’t fly far – maybe a couple of city blocks. They lay their eggs in and around our homes and feed mainly on humans; they’re especially attracted to ankles and the lower body.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1961007\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/DL706_Aedes_aegypti_mosquito_bites_ankle_1_1920.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1961007\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/DL706_Aedes_aegypti_mosquito_bites_ankle_1_1920.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/DL706_Aedes_aegypti_mosquito_bites_ankle_1_1920.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/DL706_Aedes_aegypti_mosquito_bites_ankle_1_1920-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/DL706_Aedes_aegypti_mosquito_bites_ankle_1_1920-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/DL706_Aedes_aegypti_mosquito_bites_ankle_1_1920-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/DL706_Aedes_aegypti_mosquito_bites_ankle_1_1920-1020x574.jpg 1020w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u003cem>Aedes aegypti\u003c/em> mosquitoes have white markings on their legs and body, and a white lyre shape on their backs. This one just finished biting into an ankle. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Their ancestor mosquito, which still exists today, lays eggs in tree holes in the rainforests of West Africa and feeds on mammals other than humans. Researchers believe that 4,000 to 6,000 years ago a drought emptied out the tree holes and pushed the mosquito into villages, where they started laying eggs in water containers and feeding on humans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They went from being a wild species in the tropical rainforest biting nonhumans to being what I call domesticated, living closely with humans,” said Jeffrey Powell, who has studied the mosquito’s genetics at Yale.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Humans move these mosquitoes around the world by unwittingly transporting their eggs, which are drought-tolerant and travel well. While other mosquitoes — such as the common house mosquito that transmits West Nile virus in California — lay clumps of eggs on the water’s surface that need to remain wet in order to survive, \u003cem>A. aegypti\u003c/em> females lay individual eggs above the water line that can stay viable for up to six months after drying out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1961012\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/DL706_Aedes_aegypti_mosquito_lays_eggs1.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1961012\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/DL706_Aedes_aegypti_mosquito_lays_eggs1.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A female \u003cem>Aedes aegypti\u003c/em> mosquito lays eggs on a glass surface at UC Davis. \u003cem>A. aegypti\u003c/em> lay their eggs above the water line, rather than directly on the water’s surface, as other mosquitoes do. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Sitting above the water line, the eggs absorb a little bit of moisture that the larvae inside need to develop. At the same time, the eggs darken and their outside layer turns into a thick protective shell. After three days, the eggs can dry out safely and still remain viable. The next time the eggs come in contact with water — whether from a tropical rainfall or a sprinkler in California’s Central Valley — a wriggly whitish larva will hatch from each one and grow into a winged adult mosquito.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The eggs might look like a fine line of dirt. But they’re small and hard to spot, especially if the mosquito lays them in a dark container like a discarded tire. So experts recommend dumping the water out of containers once a week, to get rid of any larvae that might have hatched. It takes larvae 10 to 14 days to grow into adult mosquitoes, so emptying containers once a week prevents them from reaching that milestone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1961004\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/DL706_Aedes_aegypti_eggs_on_pot_1_1920.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1961004\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/DL706_Aedes_aegypti_eggs_on_pot_1_1920.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/DL706_Aedes_aegypti_eggs_on_pot_1_1920.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/DL706_Aedes_aegypti_eggs_on_pot_1_1920-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/DL706_Aedes_aegypti_eggs_on_pot_1_1920-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/DL706_Aedes_aegypti_eggs_on_pot_1_1920-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/DL706_Aedes_aegypti_eggs_on_pot_1_1920-1020x574.jpg 1020w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u003cem>Aedes aegypti\u003c/em> mosquito eggs look a lot like dirt on the outside of this clay pot. The mosquitoes lay eggs above the water line. This saucer holding excess water that seeped out of the pot created a perfect location for \u003cem>A. aegypti\u003c/em> to lay its eggs. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“No standing water,” Powell said. “Birdbaths, discarded tires, tin cans, anything, even a flowerpot. If you have a flowerpot and you have a tray underneath and you overwater and water collects in the tray underneath the flowerpot, that’s a good place for \u003cem>Aedes aegypti\u003c/em> to breed.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because the mosquitoes make their home inside and around people’s houses, they present a special challenge to mosquito control districts. Last summer, at the end of August, the Sacramento-Yolo Mosquito and Vector Control District found the first \u003cem>A. aegypti\u003c/em> mosquitoes reported in the area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1961021\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/DL706_Aedes_aegypti_mosquito_larvae_breathe.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1961021\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/DL706_Aedes_aegypti_mosquito_larvae_breathe.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Experts recommend emptying water from containers in and around the house once a week to eliminate any larvae that may have hatched from eggs. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>After they collected mosquitoes in four traps in the city of Citrus Heights, technicians fanned out to try to find where they were breeding. The mosquitoes that transmit West Nile virus are found in rice fields and catch basins, while \u003cem>A. aegypti\u003c/em>’s breeding places are harder to locate because they’re varied and smaller.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“One of our technicians was going up to a door. They looked down and on the porch the resident had a watering can for their flowers,” said Goodman, the district’s manager. “They noticed in that watering can an adult mosquito that was flying. And that’s where we found one of the breeding sites for the \u003cem>Aedes aegypti\u003c/em>.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In October, the district traced another small outbreak of the mosquito to an ornamental plant known as a lucky bamboo — which isn’t really bamboo, and in this case, wasn’t lucky either. A resident of the Sacramento neighborhood of Pocket-Greenhaven had received the plant as a housewarming gift from someone who bought it in Ontario, in San Bernardino County, an area known to have the mosquitoes. When technicians took the plant back to the district’s lab, they discovered larvae floating in the water in the pot. The mosquito had laid eggs on the inside of the pot and on the gray rocks the plant was wedged in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>No mosquitoes have been found in the neighborhood since the plant was removed. But the finding is an example of how the mosquitoes get around and breed in places where they go unnoticed. Goodman said it’s especially important to pay attention that the water from sprinklers isn’t collecting in places like drainage pipes. If you notice adult mosquitoes buzzing around, give your district a call.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And one more thing. “Use a good repellent,” he said. “Because if you’re not bitten by a mosquito, then the risk of transmission of disease is eliminated.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "An easy thing to do to fight disease and mosquitoes this spring: Eliminate breeding places in and around your home.",
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"title": "This Dangerous Mosquito Lays Her Armored Eggs – in Your House | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>Here’s something easy you can do to fight disease this spring. While the efforts to end COVID-19 have upended daily life, it may only take a few simple steps to stop the carriers of other dangerous diseases — mosquitoes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the weather starts to warm up in April and May, mosquito control districts across California are urging people to go through their yards and eliminate breeding places for mosquitoes that can transmit dengue fever, a painful and sometimes deadly disease that has exploded worldwide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Make sure you don’t have things that can hold water,” said Gary Goodman, manager of the \u003ca href=\"https://www.fightthebite.net/\">Sacramento-Yolo Mosquito and Vector Control District\u003c/a>. “Small children’s toys, small buckets.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1961006\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/DL706_Aedes_aegypti_mosquito_bites_1_1920.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1961006\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/DL706_Aedes_aegypti_mosquito_bites_1_1920.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/DL706_Aedes_aegypti_mosquito_bites_1_1920.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/DL706_Aedes_aegypti_mosquito_bites_1_1920-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/DL706_Aedes_aegypti_mosquito_bites_1_1920-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/DL706_Aedes_aegypti_mosquito_bites_1_1920-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/DL706_Aedes_aegypti_mosquito_bites_1_1920-1020x574.jpg 1020w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mosquito control districts across California are urging residents to get rid of breeding places in and around their homes for the \u003cem>Aedes aegypti\u003c/em> mosquito, which can transmit dengue, Zika and Chikungunya. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The \u003cem>Aedes aegypti\u003c/em> (AY-dees ee-GYP-tie) mosquito was first reported in California in 2013. It is \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdph.ca.gov/Programs/CID/DCDC/CDPH%20Document%20Library/AedesDistributionMap.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">now established in Southern California and the Central Valley\u003c/a>, with temperatures commonly in the 80 F to 82 F range that the mosquitoes need to reproduce.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The Bay Area isn’t warm enough,” said UC Davis entomologist Chris Barker, who studies the mosquito, “although there are parts of Santa Clara that get hotter and might be suitable.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The white-striped mosquito worries public health officials because its bite can transmit the four viruses that cause dengue, a flu-like illness known as “breakbone fever” for the severe pain in the joints that patients often feel. If a person gets infected a second time with a different dengue virus, the disease can be deadly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The mosquito can also pass on the viruses that cause Zika, which can lead to birth defects, and Chikungunya, another painful joint disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1961020\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/DL706_Aedes_aegypti_mosquito_feeds.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1961020\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/DL706_Aedes_aegypti_mosquito_feeds.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u003cem>Aedes aegypti\u003c/em> mosquitoes are found in Southern California and the Central Valley. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Though none of these diseases is being transmitted locally in California, every year travelers return to the state with infections they caught elsewhere. Last year \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdph.ca.gov/Programs/CID/DCDC/CDPH%20Document%20Library/TravelAssociatedCasesofDengueVirusinCA.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">263 California residents\u003c/a> came back home infected with dengue from other countries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All it would take would be for a returning infected person to land in a neighborhood where the mosquito is abundant, during the warmest part of the summer, for \u003cem>A. aegypti\u003c/em> mosquitoes to bite them and spread the disease locally, Barker said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“L.A. is the number one place where it could happen,” he said. “It’s warm, it has lots of people, it has \u003cem>Aedes aegypti\u003c/em> and people who travel back and forth to Asia and Central America who have meaningful connections there.” In other words, people who might hang out in their family’s backyard.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1961010\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/DL706_Aedes_aegypti_world_map_1920.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1961010\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/DL706_Aedes_aegypti_world_map_1920.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/DL706_Aedes_aegypti_world_map_1920.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/DL706_Aedes_aegypti_world_map_1920-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/DL706_Aedes_aegypti_world_map_1920-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/DL706_Aedes_aegypti_world_map_1920-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/DL706_Aedes_aegypti_world_map_1920-1020x574.jpg 1020w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This map shows in yellow the places where \u003cem>Aedes aegypti\u003c/em> mosquitoes are most likely to be found around the world. \u003ccite>(Map created by Chris Barker, UC Davis, with data from Moritz Kraemer and others.)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Brought on by the spread of \u003cem>A. aegypti\u003c/em>, dengue cases have increased dramatically worldwide in the past 20 years, with one study estimating that close to 100 million people end up sick each year, according to the World Health Organization. Dengue is common in Puerto Rico, the U.S. Virgin Islands and American Samoa. And local outbreaks have occurred in the past seven years in Hawaii, Florida and Texas, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. In addition to California, the mosquitoes are likely to be found \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/zika/vector/range.html\">in a vast swath that goes from Texas to Virginia.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>A. aegypti\u003c/em> mosquitoes don’t fly far – maybe a couple of city blocks. They lay their eggs in and around our homes and feed mainly on humans; they’re especially attracted to ankles and the lower body.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1961007\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/DL706_Aedes_aegypti_mosquito_bites_ankle_1_1920.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1961007\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/DL706_Aedes_aegypti_mosquito_bites_ankle_1_1920.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/DL706_Aedes_aegypti_mosquito_bites_ankle_1_1920.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/DL706_Aedes_aegypti_mosquito_bites_ankle_1_1920-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/DL706_Aedes_aegypti_mosquito_bites_ankle_1_1920-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/DL706_Aedes_aegypti_mosquito_bites_ankle_1_1920-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/DL706_Aedes_aegypti_mosquito_bites_ankle_1_1920-1020x574.jpg 1020w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u003cem>Aedes aegypti\u003c/em> mosquitoes have white markings on their legs and body, and a white lyre shape on their backs. This one just finished biting into an ankle. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Their ancestor mosquito, which still exists today, lays eggs in tree holes in the rainforests of West Africa and feeds on mammals other than humans. Researchers believe that 4,000 to 6,000 years ago a drought emptied out the tree holes and pushed the mosquito into villages, where they started laying eggs in water containers and feeding on humans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They went from being a wild species in the tropical rainforest biting nonhumans to being what I call domesticated, living closely with humans,” said Jeffrey Powell, who has studied the mosquito’s genetics at Yale.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Humans move these mosquitoes around the world by unwittingly transporting their eggs, which are drought-tolerant and travel well. While other mosquitoes — such as the common house mosquito that transmits West Nile virus in California — lay clumps of eggs on the water’s surface that need to remain wet in order to survive, \u003cem>A. aegypti\u003c/em> females lay individual eggs above the water line that can stay viable for up to six months after drying out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1961012\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/DL706_Aedes_aegypti_mosquito_lays_eggs1.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1961012\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/DL706_Aedes_aegypti_mosquito_lays_eggs1.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A female \u003cem>Aedes aegypti\u003c/em> mosquito lays eggs on a glass surface at UC Davis. \u003cem>A. aegypti\u003c/em> lay their eggs above the water line, rather than directly on the water’s surface, as other mosquitoes do. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Sitting above the water line, the eggs absorb a little bit of moisture that the larvae inside need to develop. At the same time, the eggs darken and their outside layer turns into a thick protective shell. After three days, the eggs can dry out safely and still remain viable. The next time the eggs come in contact with water — whether from a tropical rainfall or a sprinkler in California’s Central Valley — a wriggly whitish larva will hatch from each one and grow into a winged adult mosquito.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The eggs might look like a fine line of dirt. But they’re small and hard to spot, especially if the mosquito lays them in a dark container like a discarded tire. So experts recommend dumping the water out of containers once a week, to get rid of any larvae that might have hatched. It takes larvae 10 to 14 days to grow into adult mosquitoes, so emptying containers once a week prevents them from reaching that milestone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1961004\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/DL706_Aedes_aegypti_eggs_on_pot_1_1920.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1961004\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/DL706_Aedes_aegypti_eggs_on_pot_1_1920.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/DL706_Aedes_aegypti_eggs_on_pot_1_1920.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/DL706_Aedes_aegypti_eggs_on_pot_1_1920-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/DL706_Aedes_aegypti_eggs_on_pot_1_1920-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/DL706_Aedes_aegypti_eggs_on_pot_1_1920-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/DL706_Aedes_aegypti_eggs_on_pot_1_1920-1020x574.jpg 1020w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u003cem>Aedes aegypti\u003c/em> mosquito eggs look a lot like dirt on the outside of this clay pot. The mosquitoes lay eggs above the water line. This saucer holding excess water that seeped out of the pot created a perfect location for \u003cem>A. aegypti\u003c/em> to lay its eggs. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“No standing water,” Powell said. “Birdbaths, discarded tires, tin cans, anything, even a flowerpot. If you have a flowerpot and you have a tray underneath and you overwater and water collects in the tray underneath the flowerpot, that’s a good place for \u003cem>Aedes aegypti\u003c/em> to breed.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because the mosquitoes make their home inside and around people’s houses, they present a special challenge to mosquito control districts. Last summer, at the end of August, the Sacramento-Yolo Mosquito and Vector Control District found the first \u003cem>A. aegypti\u003c/em> mosquitoes reported in the area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1961021\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/DL706_Aedes_aegypti_mosquito_larvae_breathe.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1961021\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/DL706_Aedes_aegypti_mosquito_larvae_breathe.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Experts recommend emptying water from containers in and around the house once a week to eliminate any larvae that may have hatched from eggs. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>After they collected mosquitoes in four traps in the city of Citrus Heights, technicians fanned out to try to find where they were breeding. The mosquitoes that transmit West Nile virus are found in rice fields and catch basins, while \u003cem>A. aegypti\u003c/em>’s breeding places are harder to locate because they’re varied and smaller.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“One of our technicians was going up to a door. They looked down and on the porch the resident had a watering can for their flowers,” said Goodman, the district’s manager. “They noticed in that watering can an adult mosquito that was flying. And that’s where we found one of the breeding sites for the \u003cem>Aedes aegypti\u003c/em>.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In October, the district traced another small outbreak of the mosquito to an ornamental plant known as a lucky bamboo — which isn’t really bamboo, and in this case, wasn’t lucky either. A resident of the Sacramento neighborhood of Pocket-Greenhaven had received the plant as a housewarming gift from someone who bought it in Ontario, in San Bernardino County, an area known to have the mosquitoes. When technicians took the plant back to the district’s lab, they discovered larvae floating in the water in the pot. The mosquito had laid eggs on the inside of the pot and on the gray rocks the plant was wedged in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>No mosquitoes have been found in the neighborhood since the plant was removed. But the finding is an example of how the mosquitoes get around and breed in places where they go unnoticed. Goodman said it’s especially important to pay attention that the water from sprinklers isn’t collecting in places like drainage pipes. If you notice adult mosquitoes buzzing around, give your district a call.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And one more thing. “Use a good repellent,” he said. “Because if you’re not bitten by a mosquito, then the risk of transmission of disease is eliminated.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>As March began, Kermit Holderman was picking up his daughter-in-law Kelley curbside at the airport after a girls’ weekend in Vail, hugging her and helping her put luggage into the car.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“My dad had a few things he loved to do. And one of those things was pick us up from the airport,” said Zack Holderman, Kermit’s son. “He’d be at the cell lot 30 minutes before the plane would land.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the month ended, the Holdermans were saying goodbye to the 73-year-old grandfather, father and retired educator who had in recent years taken steps to be as healthy as he could be. He died after testing positive for COVID-19.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state reports 276 Californians have died as a result of the global pandemic. On the day of that airport pickup, there were none. Over this month, families and the health system that cares for COVID-19 patients are just beginning to make sense of what is happening.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Among them are the Holdermans, who hope Kermit’s story motivates people to stay alert to the virus’ threat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“People have called and said, I saw it on CNN. It wasn’t really real,” Zack Holderman says. “And then when I heard about your dad, it became real.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>‘The Vail Connection Has Just Been Scary’\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kermit Holderman started to feel ill just a few days after that airport trip, right about the same time that the resort town Kelley visited confirmed its first cases of COVID-19.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Colorado health officials now believe Italian snowboarders brought the virus to Vail. The Holdermans believe Kelley brought it home to California. Of 12 women who traveled and stayed in condominiums together, 10 have now tested positive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When Kermit got to the hospital, according to Zack, “they said, you know, this thing is going around. We’re gonna give you a test. You got some other symptoms that are similar.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He found out his father had COVID-19 at about 1:30 in the morning, the first Saturday in March, by text.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Dominoes Toppling Normal Life\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kermit Holderman taught English and coached sports over four decades at schools including Holy Cross Abbey in Canyon City, Colorado; Woodside Priory, in Portola Valley; and St. Francis High School, in Mountain View. He spent the final 20 years of his teaching career at Sacred Heart Preparatory in Atherton, where he would sometimes grill outside his classroom as a treat for his students.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He taught Zack and his younger brother Dane. An A student generally, Zack says his dad rarely gave out Ds, but he only earned a B-plus from his dad.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Where his father was a poet, Zack says he’s a numbers guy; he works in mortgage lending.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So to describe how he felt that first week in March, after his father was admitted to the hospital, Zack lists what happened: His wife had tested positive but was healthy; his mother was positive too, and had symptoms, but “not getting better or worse;” the kids were out of school; the family was in self-quarantine; “economy’s going to hell,” he said. “It was just a very tough period of time and every day seemed to get a little bit worse.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On his mind, too, was the emotional burden his wife Kelley felt, that her airport run and close contact with her father-in-law had passed a silent threat on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All of these dominoes toppled normal life in just over a week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I don’t want to say I was desperate,” Zack says. “I was starting to feel a little scared.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Doctors said Holderman needed a ventilator, so they sedated him. They said it might be three days, maybe a week. But more time intubated raises a patient’s risk: of more infection, and of a more difficult recovery. And Holderman wasn’t getting better.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kermit Holderman turned 73 in the hospital on March 27. Four days later, at the end of March, his wife, and Zack and Kelley, sat bedside layered in PPE — gloves, masks, and gowns — as he slipped away. Holderman’s younger son Dane, whose wife is a doctor in the Sacramento area, made the difficult decision to stay away with his young child.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I have cried more than I’ve ever cried my entire life in the past three weeks, which is not a bad thing,” Zack says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>‘Just Some Guy From The Sticks of Oklahoma’\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Besides his family, Kermit Holderman leaves behind thousands of students he educated and coached over a 44-year career. One remembers when he showed the movie Airplane in class, but blocked the screen for the naughty parts. Another says he checked on her daily, after a family member died.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kevin Morris, a computer science coordinator and teacher at Sacred Heart, remembers bleacher time at high school sports events, betting Holderman with hot dogs rather than money on which referee would call the most fouls, or whether the final score would be odd or even.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’ve heard him say hundreds of times, ‘What do I know? I’m just some guy from the sticks of Oklahoma,’” Morris says. “Nothing could be further from the truth.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After graduating from Oklahoma State, Holderman had joined the Peace Corps; Ethiopian food became a lifelong passion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When he taught my brother English, Holderman introduced him to \u003ca href=\"https://www.theguardian.com/food/2018/oct/06/yotam-ottolenghi-eritrean-ethiopian-recipes-berbere-vegetables-teff-flatbread\">berbere\u003c/a>, a north African spice mix. Later, he went back and taught at our high school, and Holderman cooked \u003ca href=\"https://cooking.nytimes.com/recipes/1019079-doro-wat-ethiopian-style-spicy-chicken\">doro wat\u003c/a> with him; later still, he was leaving to go to grad school.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Kermit came up to me in the hallway with an envelope,” Michael Peterson remembers. “And inside of it was a bunch of that dark red berbere powder. And he said, this is the last of the good stuff that I had imported. I put a recipe in there too. A handwritten recipe for his doro wat, which is a recipe I still use today.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Zack says the Holdermans would eat doro wat and \u003ca href=\"https://www.cnn.com/travel/article/ethiopian-food-best-dishes-africa/index.html\">kitfo\u003c/a> at holidays. He doesn’t know who will cook the dishes now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He hopes the end of his father’s life can be of service, just as his father himself was.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Do what the people who know tell you,” Zack says. “This virus is horrible.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>As March began, Kermit Holderman was picking up his daughter-in-law Kelley curbside at the airport after a girls’ weekend in Vail, hugging her and helping her put luggage into the car.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“My dad had a few things he loved to do. And one of those things was pick us up from the airport,” said Zack Holderman, Kermit’s son. “He’d be at the cell lot 30 minutes before the plane would land.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the month ended, the Holdermans were saying goodbye to the 73-year-old grandfather, father and retired educator who had in recent years taken steps to be as healthy as he could be. He died after testing positive for COVID-19.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state reports 276 Californians have died as a result of the global pandemic. On the day of that airport pickup, there were none. Over this month, families and the health system that cares for COVID-19 patients are just beginning to make sense of what is happening.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Among them are the Holdermans, who hope Kermit’s story motivates people to stay alert to the virus’ threat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“People have called and said, I saw it on CNN. It wasn’t really real,” Zack Holderman says. “And then when I heard about your dad, it became real.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>‘The Vail Connection Has Just Been Scary’\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kermit Holderman started to feel ill just a few days after that airport trip, right about the same time that the resort town Kelley visited confirmed its first cases of COVID-19.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Colorado health officials now believe Italian snowboarders brought the virus to Vail. The Holdermans believe Kelley brought it home to California. Of 12 women who traveled and stayed in condominiums together, 10 have now tested positive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When Kermit got to the hospital, according to Zack, “they said, you know, this thing is going around. We’re gonna give you a test. You got some other symptoms that are similar.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He found out his father had COVID-19 at about 1:30 in the morning, the first Saturday in March, by text.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Dominoes Toppling Normal Life\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kermit Holderman taught English and coached sports over four decades at schools including Holy Cross Abbey in Canyon City, Colorado; Woodside Priory, in Portola Valley; and St. Francis High School, in Mountain View. He spent the final 20 years of his teaching career at Sacred Heart Preparatory in Atherton, where he would sometimes grill outside his classroom as a treat for his students.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He taught Zack and his younger brother Dane. An A student generally, Zack says his dad rarely gave out Ds, but he only earned a B-plus from his dad.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Where his father was a poet, Zack says he’s a numbers guy; he works in mortgage lending.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So to describe how he felt that first week in March, after his father was admitted to the hospital, Zack lists what happened: His wife had tested positive but was healthy; his mother was positive too, and had symptoms, but “not getting better or worse;” the kids were out of school; the family was in self-quarantine; “economy’s going to hell,” he said. “It was just a very tough period of time and every day seemed to get a little bit worse.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On his mind, too, was the emotional burden his wife Kelley felt, that her airport run and close contact with her father-in-law had passed a silent threat on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All of these dominoes toppled normal life in just over a week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I don’t want to say I was desperate,” Zack says. “I was starting to feel a little scared.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Doctors said Holderman needed a ventilator, so they sedated him. They said it might be three days, maybe a week. But more time intubated raises a patient’s risk: of more infection, and of a more difficult recovery. And Holderman wasn’t getting better.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kermit Holderman turned 73 in the hospital on March 27. Four days later, at the end of March, his wife, and Zack and Kelley, sat bedside layered in PPE — gloves, masks, and gowns — as he slipped away. Holderman’s younger son Dane, whose wife is a doctor in the Sacramento area, made the difficult decision to stay away with his young child.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I have cried more than I’ve ever cried my entire life in the past three weeks, which is not a bad thing,” Zack says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>‘Just Some Guy From The Sticks of Oklahoma’\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Besides his family, Kermit Holderman leaves behind thousands of students he educated and coached over a 44-year career. One remembers when he showed the movie Airplane in class, but blocked the screen for the naughty parts. Another says he checked on her daily, after a family member died.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kevin Morris, a computer science coordinator and teacher at Sacred Heart, remembers bleacher time at high school sports events, betting Holderman with hot dogs rather than money on which referee would call the most fouls, or whether the final score would be odd or even.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’ve heard him say hundreds of times, ‘What do I know? I’m just some guy from the sticks of Oklahoma,’” Morris says. “Nothing could be further from the truth.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After graduating from Oklahoma State, Holderman had joined the Peace Corps; Ethiopian food became a lifelong passion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When he taught my brother English, Holderman introduced him to \u003ca href=\"https://www.theguardian.com/food/2018/oct/06/yotam-ottolenghi-eritrean-ethiopian-recipes-berbere-vegetables-teff-flatbread\">berbere\u003c/a>, a north African spice mix. Later, he went back and taught at our high school, and Holderman cooked \u003ca href=\"https://cooking.nytimes.com/recipes/1019079-doro-wat-ethiopian-style-spicy-chicken\">doro wat\u003c/a> with him; later still, he was leaving to go to grad school.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Kermit came up to me in the hallway with an envelope,” Michael Peterson remembers. “And inside of it was a bunch of that dark red berbere powder. And he said, this is the last of the good stuff that I had imported. I put a recipe in there too. A handwritten recipe for his doro wat, which is a recipe I still use today.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Zack says the Holdermans would eat doro wat and \u003ca href=\"https://www.cnn.com/travel/article/ethiopian-food-best-dishes-africa/index.html\">kitfo\u003c/a> at holidays. He doesn’t know who will cook the dishes now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He hopes the end of his father’s life can be of service, just as his father himself was.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "As April Begins, California's Snowpack is About Half of Normal",
"headTitle": "As April Begins, California’s Snowpack is About Half of Normal | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>California water officials announced Wednesday that snowpack across the Sierra Nevada is measuring \u003ca href=\"http://cdec.water.ca.gov/snowapp/sweq.action\">53 percent\u003c/a> of the historical average for the start of April.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state’s \u003ca href=\"https://water.ca.gov/\">Department of Water Resources\u003c/a> (DWR) conducted the fourth monthly snow survey of the season today at Phillips Station snow course south of Lake Tahoe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>DWR spokesman Chris Orrock says the region experienced a handful of big snow storms in March, but they weren’t enough to make up for a dry January and one of the driest Februaries on record.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This year we’re probably going to have one of the 10 worst snowpacks in California history,” says Orrock.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists in California closely monitor Sierra snowpack leading up to April 1st, around the time when the spring runoff typically begins. The water that melts off the snowpack helps to replenish California’s reservoirs in dry months.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water from melting Sierra snowpack accounts for about 30 percent of California’s annual water supply.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Orrock says the majority of that snowpack accumulates from December through the end of March.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“April 1st is kind of our benchmark. Typically that’s when we see the deepest snowpack with the most water,” says Orrock.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over the past decade, Sierra snowpack totals have varied significantly from year to year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In the past 10 years, we’ve seen three of our smallest snowpacks on record, but we’ve also seen three of our largest snowpacks on record,” said Sean de Guzman, DWR’s chief of Snow Survey and Water Supply Forecast Section, in a statement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While 2020 will go down as a dry year, Orrock says runoff from last year’s snowpack, which was was well above average, has left the state’s major reservoirs near — or above — average for this time of year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water officials say climate change has played a role in the variability observed in California’s snowpack.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“While today’s survey results show our snowpack is better off than it was just last month, they still underscore the need for widespread, wise use of our water supplies,” said DWR Director Karla Nemeth in a statement. “California’s climate continues to show extreme unpredictability, and February’s record dryness is a clear example of the extremes associated with climate change.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://twitter.com/CA_DWR/status/1245483339470929920\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>California water officials announced Wednesday that snowpack across the Sierra Nevada is measuring \u003ca href=\"http://cdec.water.ca.gov/snowapp/sweq.action\">53 percent\u003c/a> of the historical average for the start of April.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state’s \u003ca href=\"https://water.ca.gov/\">Department of Water Resources\u003c/a> (DWR) conducted the fourth monthly snow survey of the season today at Phillips Station snow course south of Lake Tahoe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>DWR spokesman Chris Orrock says the region experienced a handful of big snow storms in March, but they weren’t enough to make up for a dry January and one of the driest Februaries on record.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This year we’re probably going to have one of the 10 worst snowpacks in California history,” says Orrock.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists in California closely monitor Sierra snowpack leading up to April 1st, around the time when the spring runoff typically begins. The water that melts off the snowpack helps to replenish California’s reservoirs in dry months.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water from melting Sierra snowpack accounts for about 30 percent of California’s annual water supply.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Orrock says the majority of that snowpack accumulates from December through the end of March.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“April 1st is kind of our benchmark. Typically that’s when we see the deepest snowpack with the most water,” says Orrock.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over the past decade, Sierra snowpack totals have varied significantly from year to year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In the past 10 years, we’ve seen three of our smallest snowpacks on record, but we’ve also seen three of our largest snowpacks on record,” said Sean de Guzman, DWR’s chief of Snow Survey and Water Supply Forecast Section, in a statement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While 2020 will go down as a dry year, Orrock says runoff from last year’s snowpack, which was was well above average, has left the state’s major reservoirs near — or above — average for this time of year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water officials say climate change has played a role in the variability observed in California’s snowpack.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“While today’s survey results show our snowpack is better off than it was just last month, they still underscore the need for widespread, wise use of our water supplies,” said DWR Director Karla Nemeth in a statement. “California’s climate continues to show extreme unpredictability, and February’s record dryness is a clear example of the extremes associated with climate change.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>The coronavirus pandemic has dramatically changed the landscape of California and the United States. Places that were regularly crowded are now empty. Landmarks and freeways that teemed with thousands of people every day before the outbreak are now mostly quiet. The satellite views below are from Planet, a San Francisco company.\u003c/p>\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" width=\"100%\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\">\n\u003ctbody>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd>\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd width=\"100%\">\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\">\u003cstrong>San Francisco Bay Bridge\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nBefore: Feb. 19 2019, 10:30 a.m.\u003cbr>\nAfter: Mar. 16, 2020, 1:00 p.m.\u003c/p>\n\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd width=\"100%\">\n\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"100%\" scrolling=\"no\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" src=\"https://cdn.knightlab.com/libs/juxtapose/latest/embed/index.html?uid=c85eb9c4-73f0-11ea-b9b8-0edaf8f81e27\" height=\"500\" class=\"iframe-class\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\n\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd width=\"100%\" height=\"1\">\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd width=\"100%\">\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\">\u003cstrong>San Francisco International Airport\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nBefore: Jan. 7, 2020\u003cbr>\nAfter: Mar. 20, 2020\u003c/p>\n\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd width=\"100%\">\n\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"100%\" scrolling=\"no\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" src=\"https://cdn.knightlab.com/libs/juxtapose/latest/embed/index.html?uid=4dfed3e2-73f2-11ea-b9b8-0edaf8f81e27\" height=\"500\" class=\"iframe-class\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\n\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd width=\"100%\" height=\"1\">\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd width=\"100%\">\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\">\u003cstrong>Luxor Hotel & Casino, Las Vegas\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nBefore: Jan. 26, 2020\u003cbr>\nAfter: Mar. 17, 2020\u003c/p>\n\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd width=\"100%\">\n\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"100%\" scrolling=\"no\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" src=\"https://cdn.knightlab.com/libs/juxtapose/latest/embed/index.html?uid=0a25e936-73f1-11ea-b9b8-0edaf8f81e27\" height=\"500\" class=\"iframe-class\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\n\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd width=\"100%\" height=\"1\">\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd width=\"100%\">\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\">\u003cstrong>Hollywood Freeway\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nBefore: Feb. 6 2020\u003cbr>\nAfter: Mar. 18 2020\u003c/p>\n\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd width=\"100%\">\n\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"100%\" scrolling=\"no\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" src=\"https://cdn.knightlab.com/libs/juxtapose/latest/embed/index.html?uid=2ada6102-73f1-11ea-b9b8-0edaf8f81e27\" height=\"500\" class=\"iframe-class\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\n\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd width=\"100%\">\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\">\u003cstrong>Disneyworld Orlando\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nBefore: Jan. 6 2020\u003cbr>\nAfter: Mar. 3 2020\u003c/p>\n\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd width=\"100%\">\n\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"100%\" scrolling=\"no\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" src=\"https://cdn.knightlab.com/libs/juxtapose/latest/embed/index.html?uid=4cb283c2-7455-11ea-b9b8-0edaf8f81e27\" height=\"500\" class=\"iframe-class\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\n\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd width=\"100%\">\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\">\u003cstrong>Miami Beach\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nBefore: Nov. 27 2019\u003cbr>\nAfter: Mar. 20 2020\u003c/p>\n\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd width=\"100%\">\n\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"100%\" scrolling=\"no\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" src=\"https://cdn.knightlab.com/libs/juxtapose/latest/embed/index.html?uid=69e30c82-73f1-11ea-b9b8-0edaf8f81e27\" height=\"500\" class=\"iframe-class\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\n\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003c/tbody>\n\u003c/table>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"title": "Experts Say Crucial Hospital Statistics Are Missing From Reports on Spread of Coronavirus",
"headTitle": "Experts Say Crucial Hospital Statistics Are Missing From Reports on Spread of Coronavirus | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>With coronavirus testing still limited in California, epidemiologists say the best way to track the spread of the virus and its potential impact on the health care system is to watch what’s happening at the state’s hospitals: how many COVID-19 patients are being admitted and how many are under treatment in intensive care units.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But counties around the Bay Area have been slow to publicly release that information, if they release it at all. And most health care providers aren’t disclosing data, in some cases citing patient privacy rules.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re not getting hospitalizations consistently from all the counties,” said Steven Goodman, an epidemiologist at Stanford University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The data the counties all release on a daily basis — featuring updated numbers of confirmed coronavirus cases — is skewed because of the inconsistent nature of testing for the disease, he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The total case numbers “should be almost completely ignored, because it is so dependent on the availability of testing, which is increasing every day, and the highly variable criteria used for testing,” Goodman said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The more reliable numbers, aside from the number of deaths, are how many people get sick enough to be in the hospital and in the ICU,” he said. “That’s what we need to know.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If epidemiologists have a clear hospitalization rate, they can predict how many people may eventually die from this coronavirus and estimate how many beds a hospital system will need as the virus spreads.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So as long as people aren’t being turned away, we must focus on hospitalizations and ICU cases,” Goodman said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under pressure from public health experts and the media, the state has begun releasing some overall numbers on the number of patients admitted to hospitals with COVID-19. As of Tuesday, the California Department of Public Health said the statewide count stood at 1,617 hospitalizations for the disease, including 657 patients being treated in ICUs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state says another 3,400 patients have been admitted with suspected COVID-19 symptoms, with 600 or so in that group also in ICUs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Newsom began mentioning specific hospitalization numbers last weekend. But that was well after other jurisdictions experiencing major outbreaks, like \u003ca href=\"https://www1.nyc.gov/site/doh/covid/covid-19-data.page\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">New York City\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://ldh.la.gov/Coronavirus/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Louisiana\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://experience.arcgis.com/experience/96dd742462124fa0b38ddedb9b25e429\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Florida\u003c/a> began posting detailed data on testing and hospitalizations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although the Bay Area has led the nation in \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1957877/live-updates-coronavirus-in-the-san-francisco-bay-area#0331lockdown\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">adopting aggressive social distancing measures\u003c/a>, detailed information on hospitalizations in the region is relatively scarce:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli style=\"list-style-type: none\">\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Alameda County\u003c/strong>: Does not report hospitalizations related to COVID-19.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Contra Costa County\u003c/strong>: 23 hospitalizations related to COVID-19 as of March 30.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Contra Costa County COVID-19 Numbers\" aria-label=\"Interactive line chart\" src=\"//datawrapper.dwcdn.net/PSBq2/1/\" scrolling=\"no\" frameborder=\"0\" style=\"border: none;\" width=\"600\" height=\"400\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli style=\"list-style-type: none\">\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Marin County\u003c/strong>: 14 hospitalizations related to COVID-19 as of March 30.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Napa County\u003c/strong>: Does not report hospitalizations related to COVID-19.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>San Mateo County\u003c/strong>: Does not report hospitalizations related to COVID-19.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Santa Clara County\u003c/strong>: 152 hospitalizations as of March 31.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Santa Clara County's COVID-19 Numbers\" aria-label=\"Interactive line chart\" src=\"//datawrapper.dwcdn.net/nWiWL/4/\" scrolling=\"no\" frameborder=\"0\" style=\"border: none;\" width=\"600\" height=\"500\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>San Francisco County\u003c/strong>: 58 hospitalizations related to COVID-19 as of March 30.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Sonoma County\u003c/strong>: 17 hospitalizations related to COVID-19 as of March 31.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Solano County\u003c/strong>:13 hospitalizations related to COVID-19 as of March 31.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Call for More and Better Data\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Public health experts and reporters are \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/forum/2010101876720/some-public-health-experts-call-for-more-transparency-for-coronavirus-data\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">calling\u003c/a> for more transparency around the state’s coronavirus data.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a response to a reporter’s question Monday about why the state health department is not providing county hospitalization totals, Newsom said: “We will provide that information. We will make sure you get it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some places will report the latest hospital numbers when it’s requested, including San Francisco and Contra Costa counties. Other jurisdictions have begun to push their data through online dashboards, including Sonoma, Marin and Solano counties.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While some counties have released data, it’s not enough to paint a clear picture of what is happening at hospitals around the Bay Area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Making the picture harder to interpret, some counties, like Solano a report their total number of hospitalizations over the course of the pandemic, while Contra Costa and other counties track the daily total. Other places aren’t reporting hospitalizations at all.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We don’t have the capacity to extract information and provide to the media or the public,” said Preston Merchant, public information officer with San Mateo County.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Santa Clara, the hardest hit county in the Bay Area, was \u003ca href=\"https://www.mercurynews.com/2020/03/24/coronavirus-when-will-bay-area-hospitals-see-surge-in-patients/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">posting\u003c/a> daily public hospitalization numbers, but stopped doing that last week after introducing a streamlined \u003ca href=\"https://www.sccgov.org/sites/phd/DiseaseInformation/novel-coronavirus/Pages/home.aspx?utm_campaign=coronavirus&utm_source=scchomepage&utm_medium=banner\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">data dashboard\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>County health officials said in an emailed statement that they “know the public is interested in receiving up-to-date information regarding hospital utilization and capacity in anticipation for the surge in COVID-19 cases. We are working to provide that information as quickly as possible. We plan to release additional elements of our data dashboard in the coming days.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In contrast to Bay Area counties, Southern California jurisdictions have been posting daily updates on the number of people hospitalized with COVID-19. On Tuesday, for instance, Los Angeles County \u003ca href=\"http://publichealth.lacounty.gov/media/Coronavirus/locations.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">reported\u003c/a> a total of 594 hospitalizations to date — up from 160 on March 25.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Similarly, \u003ca href=\"https://www.sandiegocounty.gov/content/sdc/hhsa/programs/phs/community_epidemiology/dc/2019-nCoV/status.html#Table\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">San Diego\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://occovid19.ochealthinfo.com/coronavirus-in-oc\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Orange\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://www.vcemergency.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Ventura\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://publichealthsbc.org/status-reports/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Santa Barbara\u003c/a> counties are all posting patient numbers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some health care providers say they won’t provide data on the number of COVID-19 hospitalizations they’re seeing, citing patient privacy laws.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sutter Health spokeswoman Angie Sheets said the company cannot release such data “out of respect for patient and employee privacy.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Even in times of emergency, HIPAA (a federal health care law) still applies, and it is our duty to protect patient, staff and clinician privacy,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kaiser Permanente, which operates more Northern California’s biggest hospital network, also declined to report its coronavirus patient numbers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But according to internal Kaiser information obtained by NPR, as of Monday evening, 184 coronavirus patients were hospitalized in Kaiser’s Northern California hospitals. Sixty-three of those patients are in Kaiser ICUs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not all hospitals are declining to disclose their numbers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital reports 15 patients with the virus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At UCSF, Dr. Bob Wachter, chair of the school’s department of medicine, has been tweeting out the number of patients in that hospital system each day. As of Monday, it was 14.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://twitter.com/Bob_Wachter/status/1244812876935598080?s=20\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>NPR’s Lauren Sommer contributed to this report. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Epidemiologists say that as the COVID-19 outbreak accelerates, it's crucial to know how many people are being hospitalized. But that data is hard to come by. ",
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"description": "Epidemiologists say that as the COVID-19 outbreak accelerates, it's crucial to know how many people are being hospitalized. But that data is hard to come by. ",
"title": "Experts Say Crucial Hospital Statistics Are Missing From Reports on Spread of Coronavirus | KQED",
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"headline": "Experts Say Crucial Hospital Statistics Are Missing From Reports on Spread of Coronavirus",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>With coronavirus testing still limited in California, epidemiologists say the best way to track the spread of the virus and its potential impact on the health care system is to watch what’s happening at the state’s hospitals: how many COVID-19 patients are being admitted and how many are under treatment in intensive care units.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But counties around the Bay Area have been slow to publicly release that information, if they release it at all. And most health care providers aren’t disclosing data, in some cases citing patient privacy rules.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re not getting hospitalizations consistently from all the counties,” said Steven Goodman, an epidemiologist at Stanford University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The data the counties all release on a daily basis — featuring updated numbers of confirmed coronavirus cases — is skewed because of the inconsistent nature of testing for the disease, he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The total case numbers “should be almost completely ignored, because it is so dependent on the availability of testing, which is increasing every day, and the highly variable criteria used for testing,” Goodman said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The more reliable numbers, aside from the number of deaths, are how many people get sick enough to be in the hospital and in the ICU,” he said. “That’s what we need to know.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If epidemiologists have a clear hospitalization rate, they can predict how many people may eventually die from this coronavirus and estimate how many beds a hospital system will need as the virus spreads.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So as long as people aren’t being turned away, we must focus on hospitalizations and ICU cases,” Goodman said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under pressure from public health experts and the media, the state has begun releasing some overall numbers on the number of patients admitted to hospitals with COVID-19. As of Tuesday, the California Department of Public Health said the statewide count stood at 1,617 hospitalizations for the disease, including 657 patients being treated in ICUs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state says another 3,400 patients have been admitted with suspected COVID-19 symptoms, with 600 or so in that group also in ICUs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Newsom began mentioning specific hospitalization numbers last weekend. But that was well after other jurisdictions experiencing major outbreaks, like \u003ca href=\"https://www1.nyc.gov/site/doh/covid/covid-19-data.page\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">New York City\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://ldh.la.gov/Coronavirus/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Louisiana\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://experience.arcgis.com/experience/96dd742462124fa0b38ddedb9b25e429\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Florida\u003c/a> began posting detailed data on testing and hospitalizations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although the Bay Area has led the nation in \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1957877/live-updates-coronavirus-in-the-san-francisco-bay-area#0331lockdown\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">adopting aggressive social distancing measures\u003c/a>, detailed information on hospitalizations in the region is relatively scarce:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli style=\"list-style-type: none\">\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Alameda County\u003c/strong>: Does not report hospitalizations related to COVID-19.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Contra Costa County\u003c/strong>: 23 hospitalizations related to COVID-19 as of March 30.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Contra Costa County COVID-19 Numbers\" aria-label=\"Interactive line chart\" src=\"//datawrapper.dwcdn.net/PSBq2/1/\" scrolling=\"no\" frameborder=\"0\" style=\"border: none;\" width=\"600\" height=\"400\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli style=\"list-style-type: none\">\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Marin County\u003c/strong>: 14 hospitalizations related to COVID-19 as of March 30.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Napa County\u003c/strong>: Does not report hospitalizations related to COVID-19.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>San Mateo County\u003c/strong>: Does not report hospitalizations related to COVID-19.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Santa Clara County\u003c/strong>: 152 hospitalizations as of March 31.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Santa Clara County's COVID-19 Numbers\" aria-label=\"Interactive line chart\" src=\"//datawrapper.dwcdn.net/nWiWL/4/\" scrolling=\"no\" frameborder=\"0\" style=\"border: none;\" width=\"600\" height=\"500\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>San Francisco County\u003c/strong>: 58 hospitalizations related to COVID-19 as of March 30.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Sonoma County\u003c/strong>: 17 hospitalizations related to COVID-19 as of March 31.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Solano County\u003c/strong>:13 hospitalizations related to COVID-19 as of March 31.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Call for More and Better Data\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Public health experts and reporters are \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/forum/2010101876720/some-public-health-experts-call-for-more-transparency-for-coronavirus-data\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">calling\u003c/a> for more transparency around the state’s coronavirus data.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a response to a reporter’s question Monday about why the state health department is not providing county hospitalization totals, Newsom said: “We will provide that information. We will make sure you get it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some places will report the latest hospital numbers when it’s requested, including San Francisco and Contra Costa counties. Other jurisdictions have begun to push their data through online dashboards, including Sonoma, Marin and Solano counties.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While some counties have released data, it’s not enough to paint a clear picture of what is happening at hospitals around the Bay Area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Making the picture harder to interpret, some counties, like Solano a report their total number of hospitalizations over the course of the pandemic, while Contra Costa and other counties track the daily total. Other places aren’t reporting hospitalizations at all.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We don’t have the capacity to extract information and provide to the media or the public,” said Preston Merchant, public information officer with San Mateo County.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Santa Clara, the hardest hit county in the Bay Area, was \u003ca href=\"https://www.mercurynews.com/2020/03/24/coronavirus-when-will-bay-area-hospitals-see-surge-in-patients/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">posting\u003c/a> daily public hospitalization numbers, but stopped doing that last week after introducing a streamlined \u003ca href=\"https://www.sccgov.org/sites/phd/DiseaseInformation/novel-coronavirus/Pages/home.aspx?utm_campaign=coronavirus&utm_source=scchomepage&utm_medium=banner\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">data dashboard\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>County health officials said in an emailed statement that they “know the public is interested in receiving up-to-date information regarding hospital utilization and capacity in anticipation for the surge in COVID-19 cases. We are working to provide that information as quickly as possible. We plan to release additional elements of our data dashboard in the coming days.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In contrast to Bay Area counties, Southern California jurisdictions have been posting daily updates on the number of people hospitalized with COVID-19. On Tuesday, for instance, Los Angeles County \u003ca href=\"http://publichealth.lacounty.gov/media/Coronavirus/locations.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">reported\u003c/a> a total of 594 hospitalizations to date — up from 160 on March 25.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Similarly, \u003ca href=\"https://www.sandiegocounty.gov/content/sdc/hhsa/programs/phs/community_epidemiology/dc/2019-nCoV/status.html#Table\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">San Diego\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://occovid19.ochealthinfo.com/coronavirus-in-oc\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Orange\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://www.vcemergency.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Ventura\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://publichealthsbc.org/status-reports/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Santa Barbara\u003c/a> counties are all posting patient numbers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some health care providers say they won’t provide data on the number of COVID-19 hospitalizations they’re seeing, citing patient privacy laws.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sutter Health spokeswoman Angie Sheets said the company cannot release such data “out of respect for patient and employee privacy.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Even in times of emergency, HIPAA (a federal health care law) still applies, and it is our duty to protect patient, staff and clinician privacy,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kaiser Permanente, which operates more Northern California’s biggest hospital network, also declined to report its coronavirus patient numbers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But according to internal Kaiser information obtained by NPR, as of Monday evening, 184 coronavirus patients were hospitalized in Kaiser’s Northern California hospitals. Sixty-three of those patients are in Kaiser ICUs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not all hospitals are declining to disclose their numbers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital reports 15 patients with the virus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At UCSF, Dr. Bob Wachter, chair of the school’s department of medicine, has been tweeting out the number of patients in that hospital system each day. As of Monday, it was 14.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>NPR’s Lauren Sommer contributed to this report. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/BBC-World-Service-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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},
"link": "/radio/program/bbc-world-service",
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"rss": "https://podcasts.files.bbci.co.uk/p02nq0gn.rss"
}
},
"californiareport": {
"id": "californiareport",
"title": "The California Report",
"tagline": "California, day by day",
"info": "KQED’s statewide radio news program providing daily coverage of issues, trends and public policy decisions.",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-California-Report-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/californiareport",
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 8
},
"link": "/californiareport",
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}
},
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"title": "The California Report Magazine",
"tagline": "Your state, your stories",
"info": "Every week, The California Report Magazine takes you on a road trip for the ears: to visit the places and meet the people who make California unique. The in-depth storytelling podcast from the California Report.",
"airtime": "FRI 4:30pm-5pm, 6:30pm-7pm, 11pm-11:30pm",
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"order": 10
},
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM3NjkwNjk1OTAz",
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},
"city-arts": {
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"info": "A one-hour radio program to hear celebrated writers, artists and thinkers address contemporary ideas and values, often discussing the creative process. Please note: tapes or transcripts are not available",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/05/cityartsandlecture-300x300.jpg",
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"airtime": "SUN 1pm-2pm, TUE 10pm, WED 1am",
"meta": {
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"source": "City Arts & Lectures"
},
"link": "https://www.cityarts.net",
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"rss": "https://www.cityarts.net/feed/"
}
},
"closealltabs": {
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"order": 1
},
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"title": "Code Switch / Life Kit",
"info": "\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />",
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"meta": {
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"id": "commonwealth-club",
"title": "Commonwealth Club of California Podcast",
"info": "The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.",
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"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Commonwealth-Club-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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"meta": {
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"source": "Commonwealth Club of California"
},
"link": "/radio/program/commonwealth-club",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cDovL3d3dy5jb21tb253ZWFsdGhjbHViLm9yZy9hdWRpby9wb2RjYXN0L3dlZWtseS54bWw",
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"id": "forum",
"title": "Forum",
"tagline": "The conversation starts here",
"info": "KQED’s live call-in program discussing local, state, national and international issues, as well as in-depth interviews.",
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"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Forum-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Forum with Mina Kim and Alexis Madrigal",
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 9
},
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM5NTU3MzgxNjMz",
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"freakonomics-radio": {
"id": "freakonomics-radio",
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"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/05/freakonomicsRadio.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://freakonomics.com/",
"airtime": "SUN 1am-2am, SAT 3pm-4pm",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "WNYC"
},
"link": "/radio/program/freakonomics-radio",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/freakonomics-radio/id354668519",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/podcasts/WNYC-Podcasts/Freakonomics-Radio-p272293/",
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},
"fresh-air": {
"id": "fresh-air",
"title": "Fresh Air",
"info": "Hosted by Terry Gross, \u003cem>Fresh Air from WHYY\u003c/em> is the Peabody Award-winning weekday magazine of contemporary arts and issues. One of public radio's most popular programs, Fresh Air features intimate conversations with today's biggest luminaries.",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=214089682&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"here-and-now": {
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"info": "A live production of NPR and WBUR Boston, in collaboration with stations across the country, Here & Now reflects the fluid world of news as it's happening in the middle of the day, with timely, in-depth news, interviews and conversation. Hosted by Robin Young, Jeremy Hobson and Tonya Mosley.",
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},
"hidden-brain": {
"id": "hidden-brain",
"title": "Hidden Brain",
"info": "Shankar Vedantam uses science and storytelling to reveal the unconscious patterns that drive human behavior, shape our choices and direct our relationships.",
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"airtime": "SUN 7pm-8pm",
"meta": {
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"source": "NPR"
},
"link": "/radio/program/hidden-brain",
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},
"how-i-built-this": {
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"title": "How I Built This with Guy Raz",
"info": "Guy Raz dives into the stories behind some of the world's best known companies. How I Built This weaves a narrative journey about innovators, entrepreneurs and idealists—and the movements they built.",
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"airtime": "SUN 7:30pm-8pm",
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},
"link": "/radio/program/how-i-built-this",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/how-i-built-this-with-guy-raz/id1150510297?mt=2",
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},
"hyphenacion": {
"id": "hyphenacion",
"title": "Hyphenación",
"tagline": "Where conversation and cultura meet",
"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/Hyphenacion_FinalAssets_PodcastTile.png",
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"order": 15
},
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},
"jerrybrown": {
"id": "jerrybrown",
"title": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown",
"tagline": "Lessons from a lifetime in politics",
"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-Political-Mind-of-Jerry-Brown-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
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"order": 18
},
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}
},
"latino-usa": {
"id": "latino-usa",
"title": "Latino USA",
"airtime": "MON 1am-2am, SUN 6pm-7pm",
"info": "Latino USA, the radio journal of news and culture, is the only national, English-language radio program produced from a Latino perspective.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/latinoUsa.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://latinousa.org/",
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},
"link": "/radio/program/latino-usa",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=79681317&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510016/podcast.xml"
}
},
"marketplace": {
"id": "marketplace",
"title": "Marketplace",
"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Marketplace-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.marketplace.org/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "American Public Media"
},
"link": "/radio/program/marketplace",
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"rss": "https://feeds.publicradio.org/public_feeds/marketplace-pm/rss/rss"
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},
"masters-of-scale": {
"id": "masters-of-scale",
"title": "Masters of Scale",
"info": "Masters of Scale is an original podcast in which LinkedIn co-founder and Greylock Partner Reid Hoffman sets out to describe and prove theories that explain how great entrepreneurs take their companies from zero to a gazillion in ingenious fashion.",
"airtime": "Every other Wednesday June 12 through October 16 at 8pm (repeats Thursdays at 2am)",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "https://mastersofscale.com/",
"meta": {
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"source": "WaitWhat"
},
"link": "/radio/program/masters-of-scale",
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"rss": "https://rss.art19.com/masters-of-scale"
}
},
"mindshift": {
"id": "mindshift",
"title": "MindShift",
"tagline": "A podcast about the future of learning and how we raise our kids",
"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/mindshift/",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 12
},
"link": "/podcasts/mindshift",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5",
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}
},
"morning-edition": {
"id": "morning-edition",
"title": "Morning Edition",
"info": "\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. Hosts Steve Inskeep, David Greene and Rachel Martin bring you the latest breaking news and features to prepare you for the day.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 3am-9am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Morning-Edition-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/programs/morning-edition/",
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"link": "/radio/program/morning-edition"
},
"onourwatch": {
"id": "onourwatch",
"title": "On Our Watch",
"tagline": "Deeply-reported investigative journalism",
"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/On-Our-Watch-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "On Our Watch from NPR and KQED",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 11
},
"link": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
"subscribe": {
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5ucHIub3JnLzUxMDM2MC9wb2RjYXN0LnhtbD9zYz1nb29nbGVwb2RjYXN0cw",
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