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"content": "\u003cp>The Alameda County Board of Supervisors is considering a repeal of the region’s first fracking ban.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Alameda County was the first in the Bay Area to \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11026152/alameda-county-becomes-first-bay-area-ban-fracking\">halt high-intensity oil and gas operations back in 2016\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, county officials believe those regulations may have been invalidated when the California Supreme Court \u003ca href=\"https://www.sfchronicle.com/politics/article/monterey-county-oil-drilling-18277282.php\">struck down a similar policy in Monterey County last year\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Back in 2016, residents of Monterey County approved Measure Z with 56% of the vote, which prohibited both wastewater injection from oil and gas operations and the drilling of new wells. Community groups pushed for the measure and hoped that it would prevent the use of hydraulic fracturing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chevron and other fossil fuel industry companies opposed it and later sued the county, which halted enforcement as the issue worked its way through the court.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In August of last year, the state Supreme Court in \u003cem>Chevron USA Inc. v. County of Monterey\u003c/em> \u003ca href=\"https://tmsnrt.rs/47tzc2e\">unanimously sided with the industry groups\u003c/a>, ruling that state regulators, and not local governments, have the authority to regulate the methods for oil and gas extraction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, supervisors in Alameda County have \u003ca href=\"http://www.acgov.org/board/bos_calendar/documents/DocsAgendaReg_4_1_24/GENERAL%20ADMINISTRATION/Regular%20Calendar/Item_3_Ordinance_repeal_17_06_100_140.pdf\">drafted a repeal of their fracking ban\u003c/a>, which outlines a view that, based on the court ruling, the county’s law “is preempted by state law and should be repealed.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The supervisors were scheduled to debate it on Monday during a planning committee hearing but tabled it without discussion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hollin Kretzmann, senior attorney with the Centers for Biological Diversity, said the Monterey County court case has had a “chilling effect for local governments because it’s very unclear after the court case what is allowed and what is not allowed.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He added that Alameda County’s ordinance is crafted differently from Measure Z and could still be within local control “because fracking has its own provisions in state law.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Cities and counties have had decades of oil and gas ordinances on the books, not just Alameda County, but Ventura and Los Angeles,” he said. “All of these [jurisdictions] have had decades worth of regulations. Some banned oil and gas altogether. They are all beginning to take a second look at that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[aside label='Related Coverage' tag='fracking']Kretzmann said each of the local ordinances should be evaluated independently.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For that reason, his group sponsored \u003ca href=\"https://legiscan.com/CA/text/AB3233/id/2966080#:~:text=This%20bill%20would%20authorize%20a,issued%20by%20the%20supervisor%20or\">Assembly Bill 3233\u003c/a>, a new bill allowing local governments to prohibit oil and gas operations, methods, and locations within their jurisdiction. The bill was introduced last month by Democratic Assemblymember Dawn Addis, whose district includes portions of Monterey County.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a statement, Addis said that pollution from oil and gas production hurts the health of Californians and harms the environment and climate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As California transitions away from its dependency on fossil fuels, more cities and counties have introduced ordinances to ban oil and gas operations,” she said. “Assembly Bill 3233 uplifts the voices of our local communities by codifying their right to enact these policies.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Alameda County’s fracking ban was always largely symbolic. When it passed back about eight years ago, the county only had one oil generator, E&B Natural Resources, which didn’t use fracking. That operation has since wound down, and there is no active oil and gas drilling in the county. The company did not respond to a request for comment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Kretzmann said Alameda County residents would benefit from the assurances of a fracking ban and similar restrictions on high-intensity oil and gas development.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Taking that off the books after people work so hard to get that in place, understandably makes people nervous about what’s going to happen with the future of Alameda County,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Statewide, regulators at the Geologic Energy Management Division have issued a \u003ca href=\"https://www.sacbee.com/news/california/article285393757.html#storylink=cpy\">draft rule that said they will cease to approve hydraulic fracturing permits\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In August of last year, the state Supreme Court in \u003cem>Chevron USA Inc. v. County of Monterey\u003c/em> \u003ca href=\"https://tmsnrt.rs/47tzc2e\">unanimously sided with the industry groups\u003c/a>, ruling that state regulators, and not local governments, have the authority to regulate the methods for oil and gas extraction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, supervisors in Alameda County have \u003ca href=\"http://www.acgov.org/board/bos_calendar/documents/DocsAgendaReg_4_1_24/GENERAL%20ADMINISTRATION/Regular%20Calendar/Item_3_Ordinance_repeal_17_06_100_140.pdf\">drafted a repeal of their fracking ban\u003c/a>, which outlines a view that, based on the court ruling, the county’s law “is preempted by state law and should be repealed.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The supervisors were scheduled to debate it on Monday during a planning committee hearing but tabled it without discussion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hollin Kretzmann, senior attorney with the Centers for Biological Diversity, said the Monterey County court case has had a “chilling effect for local governments because it’s very unclear after the court case what is allowed and what is not allowed.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He added that Alameda County’s ordinance is crafted differently from Measure Z and could still be within local control “because fracking has its own provisions in state law.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Cities and counties have had decades of oil and gas ordinances on the books, not just Alameda County, but Ventura and Los Angeles,” he said. “All of these [jurisdictions] have had decades worth of regulations. Some banned oil and gas altogether. They are all beginning to take a second look at that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>Kretzmann said each of the local ordinances should be evaluated independently.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For that reason, his group sponsored \u003ca href=\"https://legiscan.com/CA/text/AB3233/id/2966080#:~:text=This%20bill%20would%20authorize%20a,issued%20by%20the%20supervisor%20or\">Assembly Bill 3233\u003c/a>, a new bill allowing local governments to prohibit oil and gas operations, methods, and locations within their jurisdiction. The bill was introduced last month by Democratic Assemblymember Dawn Addis, whose district includes portions of Monterey County.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a statement, Addis said that pollution from oil and gas production hurts the health of Californians and harms the environment and climate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As California transitions away from its dependency on fossil fuels, more cities and counties have introduced ordinances to ban oil and gas operations,” she said. “Assembly Bill 3233 uplifts the voices of our local communities by codifying their right to enact these policies.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Alameda County’s fracking ban was always largely symbolic. When it passed back about eight years ago, the county only had one oil generator, E&B Natural Resources, which didn’t use fracking. That operation has since wound down, and there is no active oil and gas drilling in the county. The company did not respond to a request for comment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Kretzmann said Alameda County residents would benefit from the assurances of a fracking ban and similar restrictions on high-intensity oil and gas development.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Taking that off the books after people work so hard to get that in place, understandably makes people nervous about what’s going to happen with the future of Alameda County,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Statewide, regulators at the Geologic Energy Management Division have issued a \u003ca href=\"https://www.sacbee.com/news/california/article285393757.html#storylink=cpy\">draft rule that said they will cease to approve hydraulic fracturing permits\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"headTitle": "Should I Buy an Electric Vehicle in California? All Your Questions Answered | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Over the past few years, the KQED garage has become increasingly populated by electric vehicles. And the conversation at our shared office kitchens is turning to them too: how do they compare to cars that run on gas, when is the right time to buy, and what are the ever-changing incentives?\u003cbr>\n[pullquote size=\"medium\" align=\"right\" citation=\"Albert Gore, executive director of the national advocacy group Zero Emission Transportation Association\"]‘We’re really just beginning to fully realize the impact of the last several years of policymaking and economic activity.’[/pullquote]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.energy.ca.gov/data-reports/energy-almanac/zero-emission-vehicle-and-infrastructure-statistics/new-zev-sales\">More than a quarter\u003c/a> of the state’s new vehicle sales were electric at the end of last year, according to the state’s energy commission. Getting into the EV game is becoming more and more mainstream. But lots of questions remain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So here we’re bringing you answers to the practical queries about incentives and timing and to the bigger picture ones about how much of an impact swapping a gas car for an electric one can have.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Jump straight to:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli style=\"list-style-type: none\">\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"#rebates\">\u003cstrong>What rebates apply to me and the car I want?\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"#now\">\u003cstrong>Is now a good time to buy an EV, or should I wait a year or two?\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"#newused\">\u003cstrong>Should I buy new or used?\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"#leasebuy\">\u003cstrong>Should I lease or buy?\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"#charging\">\u003cstrong>How do I charge the car if I park on the street?\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"#greenest\">\u003cstrong>What is the greenest kind of car?\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"#traditional\">\u003cstrong>So, is an EV truly greener than a traditional vehicle?\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"#emissions\">\u003cstrong>From an emissions standpoint, is it better to drive my current gas car into the ground before going electric?\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"#difference\">\u003cstrong>Does my switching to an EV really make a difference in tackling climate change?\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch2>\u003ca id=\"rebates\">\u003c/a>What rebates apply to me and the car I want?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>As a first stop, check out the California Air Resources Board’s \u003ca href=\"https://driveclean.ca.gov/search-incentives\">website\u003c/a>, searchable by zip code.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here are the \u003cstrong>federal incentives\u003c/strong>:\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://fueleconomy.gov/feg/tax2023.shtml\">If you buy new:\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>You get up to $7,500 off \u003cem>at checkout\u003c/em> (this instant rebate is new – before you had to claim the tax credit the following year) if:\u003c/p>\n\u003col>\n\u003cli>Your modified adjusted gross income (AGI) (line 11 of your \u003ca href=\"https://www.irs.gov/forms-pubs/about-form-1040\">Form 1040\u003c/a>) from the year you buy or the year prior is less than:\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ol>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli style=\"list-style-type: none\">\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>$300,000 for married couples filing jointly\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>$225,000 for heads of households\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>$150,000 for all other filers\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>2. The manufacturer’s retail price (MSRP) is less than:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli style=\"list-style-type: none\">\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>$80,000 for vans, sport utility vehicles and pickup trucks\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>$55,000 for other vehicles\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>3. Final assembly of the vehicle is in North America.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>4. A certain percentage of the battery is sourced from the U.S. or a trade partner.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003ca href=\"https://fueleconomy.gov/feg/taxused.shtml\">If you buy used\u003c/a>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>You get 30% off (up to $4000) at checkout if:\u003cbr>\n1. You buy from a dealer\u003cbr>\n2. You have a modified adjusted gross income (AGI) (line 11 of your \u003ca href=\"https://www.irs.gov/forms-pubs/about-form-1040\">Form 1040\u003c/a>) less than:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>$150,000 for married couples filing jointly\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>$112,500 for heads of households\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>$75,000 for all other filers\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>3. The car costs $25,000 or less.\u003cbr>\n4. The car is two years older than the year when you buy it (e.g., the car has to be 2022 or earlier if you buy in 2024)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some states have their own incentive programs. California doesn’t right now, as it \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/news/californias-clean-vehicle-rebate-program-will-transition-helping-low-income-residents\">transitions its program\u003c/a> to focus on low-income residents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To find local incentives, check out what your air pollution district and energy utility provider may offer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Bay Area Air Quality Management District \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/our-work/programs/clean-cars-4-all#:~:text=Clean%20Cars%204%20All%20provides,with%20newer%20and%20cleaner%20transportation.\">runs a program\u003c/a> for people with lower incomes to replace highly polluting vehicles with newer ones or rebates for e-bikes or public transit. There is some funding for home car chargers as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003ca id=\"now\">\u003c/a>Is now a good time to buy an EV, or should I wait a year or two?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>From a cost perspective, yes, it is a good time to buy. Federal and state incentives are bringing certain EVs on par with the cost of gas vehicles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But there are other factors to consider, like:\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>Do you drive a lot?\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>If yes, then buying an EV could save money. You won’t need to pay for gas, and \u003ca href=\"https://www.aaa.com/autorepair/articles/true-cost-of-ev\">EVs require less maintenance\u003c/a> than traditional gas engines.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Changes to federal tax credits\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Federal tax credits have changed for the better. You can use them right at checkout instead of waiting for tax season.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Federal tax credits have also changed for the worse. The list of vehicles that qualify for these tax credits has shrunk due to increasing requirements that components come from America or a trade partner. But that list of cars will grow as manufacturers overhaul their production and supply chains.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Do you want a car charger that can work with Tesla’s more built-out and reliable charging network?\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Many automakers are standardizing their charging system to the one developed by Tesla. If you’d like that charging system to be native to your vehicle (you could alternatively use an adapter), wait a year or so for 2025 models.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.pcmag.com/news/electric-vehicles-that-can-charge-at-tesla-superchargers\">Some companies\u003c/a> have inked a deal where their drivers can also charge at Tesla superchargers beginning this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003ca id=\"newused\">\u003c/a>Should I buy new or used?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Both are good options.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003cem>Pros for buying used\u003c/em>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Buying used will be cheaper, and even more so if you qualify for federal incentives.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From an emissions standpoint, a used EV is always better, said Scott Moura, UC Berkeley engineering associate professor. “You’re extending its life,” and stretching the greenhouse gas emissions that went into building the car.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003cem>Pros for buying new\u003c/em>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Over time, batteries degrade, and mileage doesn’t tell the whole story of battery health. It matters how the battery has been charged (repeated charging at fast chargers degrades batteries faster than charging in a garage) and what kind of physical climate it’s been in. Batteries last longer in temperate versus extreme climates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Compare the original range of the vehicle to its range when fully charged by the dealer. Give it a test drive and note how quickly the range declines to get a sense of what shape the battery is in.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003ca id=\"leasebuy\">\u003c/a>Should I lease or buy?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Here again are two good options, depending on what’s right for you.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That said, keep this in mind:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you buy, you \u003cem>may\u003c/em> qualify for federal incentives.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But if you lease, you are more likely to. Leasing can unlock federal incentives if you, or the car you want, don’t qualify for credits if you were to buy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s because \u003cem>companies\u003c/em> that buy EVs don’t have the same stringent production and materials requirements in order to access incentives as \u003cem>individuals\u003c/em>. That includes companies that lease cars. And many of those leasing companies will pass the federal incentive savings on to you (although they are not required to).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you’re worried buying will leave you with a rapidly outdated vehicle, one thing to consider is that most EVs have “over-the-air” updates. That means the software systems will periodically upgrade, and voila, you’ll have new features in your car a few hours later.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003ca id=\"charging\">\u003c/a>How do I charge the car if I park on the street?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Not easily.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“First of all, let’s recognize that’s difficult. Let’s not ignore it,” UC Berkeley’s Moura said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Options include where you work (only available to some), public and fast charging stations, though the latter could get expensive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We need to find ways where we can install a lot of charging points in apartment buildings and multi-unit dwellings without having to upgrade the electrical infrastructure,” Moura said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Inês Azevedo, associate professor in energy science and engineering at Stanford University, said policy intervention is needed to build out charging and bolster rebates in low-income communities. EVs are within reach for people in middle and income brackets, but they are far harder to access for people who are low-income.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some communities are getting creative with their charging ideas, piloting building public chargers \u003ca href=\"https://www.wri.org/research/pole-mounted-electric-vehicle-charging-preliminary-guidance\">from utility poles and streetlights\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003ca id=\"greenest\">\u003c/a>What is the greenest kind of car?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>No car!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the most effective individual actions you can take to bring down your personal greenhouse gas emissions \u003ca href=\"https://www.kimnicholas.com/responding-to-climate-change.html\">is to ditch your car\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The best way to get around in terms of emissions and also probably for your pocketbook is to bike, walk or use public transit,” said David Reichmuth, a senior engineer with the Union of Concerned Scientists. Reichmuth also \u003ca href=\"https://blog.ucsusa.org/dave-reichmuth/electric-bikes-a-less-polluting-option-for-commutes-and-errands-in-the-new-normal/\">recommends considering an e-bike\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Figure out a carpool, Moura said, or even better, take the bus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.kneedeeptimes.org/stoked-for-car-lite-bike-safe-living/\">a story of one couple who totaled their car and chose not to replace it\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003ca id=\"traditional\">\u003c/a>Is an EV truly greener than a gas vehicle?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>In California and most of the U.S., yes (except \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-024-51697-1\">some rural counties in the Midwest and South\u003c/a>, where hybrids had fewer emissions than EVs).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Every time you fire up a car that uses gas, you are burning fossil fuels. EVs have zero tailpipe emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s true that manufacturing an EV can create more pollution than making a car with an internal combustion engine (due to the energy required to manufacture the battery). But “over the lifetime of the vehicle, total GHG emissions associated with manufacturing, charging, and driving an EV are \u003ca href=\"https://theicct.org/publication/a-global-comparison-of-the-life-cycle-greenhouse-gas-emissions-of-combustion-engine-and-electric-passenger-cars/\">typically lower than the total GHGs associated with a gasoline car,\u003c/a>” according to the \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/greenvehicles/electric-vehicle-myths\">federal Environmental Protection Agency\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On average, it takes \u003ca href=\"https://www.ucsusa.org/sites/default/files/2022-09/driving-cleaner-report.pdf\">1-2 years of driving an EV\u003c/a> for an electric vehicle to “repay its carbon debt,” that is, for the emissions that went into making it to match those saved from driving it. And it takes less time if a very green grid powers that EV.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California’s grid currently consists of 60% carbon-free electricity. The state’s goal is to have 100% clean electricity by 2045.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1991200\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1991200\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/01/Screenshot-2024-01-22-at-1.39.06%E2%80%AFPM-800x447.png\" alt=\"A graphic showing estimates for battery length. \" width=\"800\" height=\"447\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/01/Screenshot-2024-01-22-at-1.39.06 PM-800x447.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/01/Screenshot-2024-01-22-at-1.39.06 PM-1020x570.png 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/01/Screenshot-2024-01-22-at-1.39.06 PM-160x89.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/01/Screenshot-2024-01-22-at-1.39.06 PM-768x429.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/01/Screenshot-2024-01-22-at-1.39.06 PM-1536x858.png 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/01/Screenshot-2024-01-22-at-1.39.06 PM-1920x1072.png 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/01/Screenshot-2024-01-22-at-1.39.06 PM.png 2016w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Estimates represent model year 2020. Emissions will vary based on assumptions about the specific vehicles being compared, EV battery size and chemistry, vehicle lifetimes, and the electricity grid used to recharge the EV, among other factors. \u003ccite>(U.S. EPA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>An EV is also way better for community health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Combusting the gas that powers an internal combustion engine releases air pollution like fine particulate matter called PM 2.5, nitrogen oxides and sulfur dioxide, among others. [aside tag=\"ev, electric-vehicles\" label=\"More Related Stories\"]Those pollutants can worsen asthma and increase the risk of heart attack, among other health complications. Adopting an EV sooner will bring these health benefits to your community sooner. Note: these air quality benefits are rolling out unequally, as \u003ca href=\"https://calmatters.org/environment/2023/03/california-electric-cars-demographics/\">there are more EVs in higher-income communities\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003ca id=\"emissions\">\u003c/a>From an emissions standpoint, is it better to drive my current gas car into the ground before going electric?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>C\u003ca href=\"https://wecanfixit.substack.com/p/the-only-time-buying-new-is-better\">limate scientist Kimberly Nicholas said no\u003c/a>. She writes, “When something burns fossil fuels every time you use it, scrap the old one and get a low-carbon new one as soon as you can afford it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Especially if you’re logging a lot of miles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Azevedo said that older vehicles also tend to be “much more highly emitting” than new ones.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The exception is if you don’t drive very much. Then go ahead and keep that older car.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Generally, I think it makes sense to hold on to the product that you have as long as you can,” Moura said. For one, it could reduce the number of new vehicles you purchase in your lifetime.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He also noted that the U.S. is building out its own EV supply and manufacturing chains and bolstering sustainability practices as it does so. Waiting may mean you’ll have a car made more sustainably and locally, requiring less shipping.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003ca id=\"difference\">\u003c/a>Does my switching to an EV really make a difference in tackling climate change?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>If you were the only one who did? No.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But since you won’t be, yes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/ghg-inventory-graphs\">Roughly 27%\u003c/a> of California’s emissions come from passenger vehicles, according to the California Air Resources Board. Your one car won’t significantly move the needle, but en masse, an army of electric vehicles will reduce emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And that army is coming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1991186\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1991186\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/01/EV-Sales-Graphic-1-800x800.jpg\" alt=\"A graphic showing how EV sales in California have grown.\" width=\"800\" height=\"800\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/01/EV-Sales-Graphic-1-800x800.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/01/EV-Sales-Graphic-1-1020x1020.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/01/EV-Sales-Graphic-1-160x160.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/01/EV-Sales-Graphic-1-768x768.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/01/EV-Sales-Graphic-1.jpg 1080w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">In Q3 of 2023, from July through September, 26.7% of new cars sold in California were zero-emission vehicles (ZEVs). \u003ccite>(Courtesy of the Office of Governor Gavin Newsom)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>California mandates that all new cars sold by 2035 be hybrid or electric.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, emissions from the state’s transportation sector have been decreasing. “It definitely is having an effect in aggregate, no doubt about it,” Moura said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s the single most important sector that we need to tackle right now,” Stanford’s Azevedo said. For one thing, the technologies are ready to go: the cars are “nearly perfect substitutes” for those powered by gas, Azevedo said. Costs are declining; sales are increasing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Albert Gore, son of the former Vice President and executive director of the national advocacy group Zero Emission Transportation Association, said this is just the start. “We’re really just beginning to fully realize the impact of the last several years of policymaking and economic activity. There are investments that have been made in huge waves across the country that are going to transform the manufacturing economy in the United States for decades to come,” Gore said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1991187\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1991187\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/01/Screenshot-2024-01-22-at-11.40.21%E2%80%AFAM-800x616.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"616\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/01/Screenshot-2024-01-22-at-11.40.21 AM-800x616.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/01/Screenshot-2024-01-22-at-11.40.21 AM-1020x786.png 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/01/Screenshot-2024-01-22-at-11.40.21 AM-160x123.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/01/Screenshot-2024-01-22-at-11.40.21 AM-768x592.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/01/Screenshot-2024-01-22-at-11.40.21 AM.png 1384w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This figure shows the transformation of California’s light-duty fleet, with significant strides being made in fuel efficiency improvements and zero-emission vehicle adoption. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of California Air Resources Board, December 14, 2023.)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>To learn more about the costs and emissions of a specific EV, combined with the specific energy mix of the grid in your state, you can check out \u003ca href=\"https://evtool.ucsusa.org/\">this tool by the Union of Concerned Scientists\u003c/a> or \u003ca href=\"https://www.carboncounter.com/#!/explore\">this tool created by folks at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology\u003c/a> (fun tip: if you’re a Californian, click on “customize,” then “CA” and then the other states to see how different energy mixes influence vehicle emissions). \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC8t6qd-ss-pTvi0bqVzYGog\">This podcast\u003c/a> can answer some of your more specific questions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can also decrease emissions based on \u003cem>when\u003c/em> you charge. In California, \u003ca href=\"https://energy.stanford.edu/news/charging-cars-needs-move-nighttime-home-daytime-work-stanford-study-finds\">charging an EV in the middle of the day\u003c/a> when solar production is peaking results in a lower carbon footprint than charging in the evening. Presently, California’s electricity rates don’t align with this, and EV owners are incentivized to charge their vehicles at night.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n",
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"excerpt": "More than a quarter of the cars sold in California last quarter were EVs. Here’s everything you need to know about buying an EV in the Bay Area in 2024.",
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"description": "More than a quarter of the cars sold in California last quarter were EVs. Here’s everything you need to know about buying an EV in the Bay Area in 2024.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Over the past few years, the KQED garage has become increasingly populated by electric vehicles. And the conversation at our shared office kitchens is turning to them too: how do they compare to cars that run on gas, when is the right time to buy, and what are the ever-changing incentives?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.energy.ca.gov/data-reports/energy-almanac/zero-emission-vehicle-and-infrastructure-statistics/new-zev-sales\">More than a quarter\u003c/a> of the state’s new vehicle sales were electric at the end of last year, according to the state’s energy commission. Getting into the EV game is becoming more and more mainstream. But lots of questions remain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So here we’re bringing you answers to the practical queries about incentives and timing and to the bigger picture ones about how much of an impact swapping a gas car for an electric one can have.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Jump straight to:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli style=\"list-style-type: none\">\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"#rebates\">\u003cstrong>What rebates apply to me and the car I want?\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"#now\">\u003cstrong>Is now a good time to buy an EV, or should I wait a year or two?\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"#newused\">\u003cstrong>Should I buy new or used?\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"#leasebuy\">\u003cstrong>Should I lease or buy?\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"#charging\">\u003cstrong>How do I charge the car if I park on the street?\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"#greenest\">\u003cstrong>What is the greenest kind of car?\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"#traditional\">\u003cstrong>So, is an EV truly greener than a traditional vehicle?\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"#emissions\">\u003cstrong>From an emissions standpoint, is it better to drive my current gas car into the ground before going electric?\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"#difference\">\u003cstrong>Does my switching to an EV really make a difference in tackling climate change?\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch2>\u003ca id=\"rebates\">\u003c/a>What rebates apply to me and the car I want?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>As a first stop, check out the California Air Resources Board’s \u003ca href=\"https://driveclean.ca.gov/search-incentives\">website\u003c/a>, searchable by zip code.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here are the \u003cstrong>federal incentives\u003c/strong>:\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://fueleconomy.gov/feg/tax2023.shtml\">If you buy new:\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>You get up to $7,500 off \u003cem>at checkout\u003c/em> (this instant rebate is new – before you had to claim the tax credit the following year) if:\u003c/p>\n\u003col>\n\u003cli>Your modified adjusted gross income (AGI) (line 11 of your \u003ca href=\"https://www.irs.gov/forms-pubs/about-form-1040\">Form 1040\u003c/a>) from the year you buy or the year prior is less than:\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ol>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli style=\"list-style-type: none\">\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>$300,000 for married couples filing jointly\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>$225,000 for heads of households\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>$150,000 for all other filers\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>2. The manufacturer’s retail price (MSRP) is less than:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli style=\"list-style-type: none\">\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>$80,000 for vans, sport utility vehicles and pickup trucks\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>$55,000 for other vehicles\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>3. Final assembly of the vehicle is in North America.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>4. A certain percentage of the battery is sourced from the U.S. or a trade partner.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003ca href=\"https://fueleconomy.gov/feg/taxused.shtml\">If you buy used\u003c/a>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>You get 30% off (up to $4000) at checkout if:\u003cbr>\n1. You buy from a dealer\u003cbr>\n2. You have a modified adjusted gross income (AGI) (line 11 of your \u003ca href=\"https://www.irs.gov/forms-pubs/about-form-1040\">Form 1040\u003c/a>) less than:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>$150,000 for married couples filing jointly\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>$112,500 for heads of households\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>$75,000 for all other filers\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>3. The car costs $25,000 or less.\u003cbr>\n4. The car is two years older than the year when you buy it (e.g., the car has to be 2022 or earlier if you buy in 2024)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some states have their own incentive programs. California doesn’t right now, as it \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/news/californias-clean-vehicle-rebate-program-will-transition-helping-low-income-residents\">transitions its program\u003c/a> to focus on low-income residents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To find local incentives, check out what your air pollution district and energy utility provider may offer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Bay Area Air Quality Management District \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/our-work/programs/clean-cars-4-all#:~:text=Clean%20Cars%204%20All%20provides,with%20newer%20and%20cleaner%20transportation.\">runs a program\u003c/a> for people with lower incomes to replace highly polluting vehicles with newer ones or rebates for e-bikes or public transit. There is some funding for home car chargers as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003ca id=\"now\">\u003c/a>Is now a good time to buy an EV, or should I wait a year or two?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>From a cost perspective, yes, it is a good time to buy. Federal and state incentives are bringing certain EVs on par with the cost of gas vehicles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But there are other factors to consider, like:\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>Do you drive a lot?\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>If yes, then buying an EV could save money. You won’t need to pay for gas, and \u003ca href=\"https://www.aaa.com/autorepair/articles/true-cost-of-ev\">EVs require less maintenance\u003c/a> than traditional gas engines.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Changes to federal tax credits\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Federal tax credits have changed for the better. You can use them right at checkout instead of waiting for tax season.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Federal tax credits have also changed for the worse. The list of vehicles that qualify for these tax credits has shrunk due to increasing requirements that components come from America or a trade partner. But that list of cars will grow as manufacturers overhaul their production and supply chains.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Do you want a car charger that can work with Tesla’s more built-out and reliable charging network?\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Many automakers are standardizing their charging system to the one developed by Tesla. If you’d like that charging system to be native to your vehicle (you could alternatively use an adapter), wait a year or so for 2025 models.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.pcmag.com/news/electric-vehicles-that-can-charge-at-tesla-superchargers\">Some companies\u003c/a> have inked a deal where their drivers can also charge at Tesla superchargers beginning this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003ca id=\"newused\">\u003c/a>Should I buy new or used?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Both are good options.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003cem>Pros for buying used\u003c/em>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Buying used will be cheaper, and even more so if you qualify for federal incentives.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From an emissions standpoint, a used EV is always better, said Scott Moura, UC Berkeley engineering associate professor. “You’re extending its life,” and stretching the greenhouse gas emissions that went into building the car.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003cem>Pros for buying new\u003c/em>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Over time, batteries degrade, and mileage doesn’t tell the whole story of battery health. It matters how the battery has been charged (repeated charging at fast chargers degrades batteries faster than charging in a garage) and what kind of physical climate it’s been in. Batteries last longer in temperate versus extreme climates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Compare the original range of the vehicle to its range when fully charged by the dealer. Give it a test drive and note how quickly the range declines to get a sense of what shape the battery is in.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003ca id=\"leasebuy\">\u003c/a>Should I lease or buy?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Here again are two good options, depending on what’s right for you.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That said, keep this in mind:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you buy, you \u003cem>may\u003c/em> qualify for federal incentives.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But if you lease, you are more likely to. Leasing can unlock federal incentives if you, or the car you want, don’t qualify for credits if you were to buy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s because \u003cem>companies\u003c/em> that buy EVs don’t have the same stringent production and materials requirements in order to access incentives as \u003cem>individuals\u003c/em>. That includes companies that lease cars. And many of those leasing companies will pass the federal incentive savings on to you (although they are not required to).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you’re worried buying will leave you with a rapidly outdated vehicle, one thing to consider is that most EVs have “over-the-air” updates. That means the software systems will periodically upgrade, and voila, you’ll have new features in your car a few hours later.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003ca id=\"charging\">\u003c/a>How do I charge the car if I park on the street?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Not easily.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“First of all, let’s recognize that’s difficult. Let’s not ignore it,” UC Berkeley’s Moura said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Options include where you work (only available to some), public and fast charging stations, though the latter could get expensive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We need to find ways where we can install a lot of charging points in apartment buildings and multi-unit dwellings without having to upgrade the electrical infrastructure,” Moura said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Inês Azevedo, associate professor in energy science and engineering at Stanford University, said policy intervention is needed to build out charging and bolster rebates in low-income communities. EVs are within reach for people in middle and income brackets, but they are far harder to access for people who are low-income.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some communities are getting creative with their charging ideas, piloting building public chargers \u003ca href=\"https://www.wri.org/research/pole-mounted-electric-vehicle-charging-preliminary-guidance\">from utility poles and streetlights\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003ca id=\"greenest\">\u003c/a>What is the greenest kind of car?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>No car!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the most effective individual actions you can take to bring down your personal greenhouse gas emissions \u003ca href=\"https://www.kimnicholas.com/responding-to-climate-change.html\">is to ditch your car\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The best way to get around in terms of emissions and also probably for your pocketbook is to bike, walk or use public transit,” said David Reichmuth, a senior engineer with the Union of Concerned Scientists. Reichmuth also \u003ca href=\"https://blog.ucsusa.org/dave-reichmuth/electric-bikes-a-less-polluting-option-for-commutes-and-errands-in-the-new-normal/\">recommends considering an e-bike\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Figure out a carpool, Moura said, or even better, take the bus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.kneedeeptimes.org/stoked-for-car-lite-bike-safe-living/\">a story of one couple who totaled their car and chose not to replace it\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003ca id=\"traditional\">\u003c/a>Is an EV truly greener than a gas vehicle?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>In California and most of the U.S., yes (except \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-024-51697-1\">some rural counties in the Midwest and South\u003c/a>, where hybrids had fewer emissions than EVs).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Every time you fire up a car that uses gas, you are burning fossil fuels. EVs have zero tailpipe emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s true that manufacturing an EV can create more pollution than making a car with an internal combustion engine (due to the energy required to manufacture the battery). But “over the lifetime of the vehicle, total GHG emissions associated with manufacturing, charging, and driving an EV are \u003ca href=\"https://theicct.org/publication/a-global-comparison-of-the-life-cycle-greenhouse-gas-emissions-of-combustion-engine-and-electric-passenger-cars/\">typically lower than the total GHGs associated with a gasoline car,\u003c/a>” according to the \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/greenvehicles/electric-vehicle-myths\">federal Environmental Protection Agency\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On average, it takes \u003ca href=\"https://www.ucsusa.org/sites/default/files/2022-09/driving-cleaner-report.pdf\">1-2 years of driving an EV\u003c/a> for an electric vehicle to “repay its carbon debt,” that is, for the emissions that went into making it to match those saved from driving it. And it takes less time if a very green grid powers that EV.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California’s grid currently consists of 60% carbon-free electricity. The state’s goal is to have 100% clean electricity by 2045.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1991200\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1991200\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/01/Screenshot-2024-01-22-at-1.39.06%E2%80%AFPM-800x447.png\" alt=\"A graphic showing estimates for battery length. \" width=\"800\" height=\"447\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/01/Screenshot-2024-01-22-at-1.39.06 PM-800x447.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/01/Screenshot-2024-01-22-at-1.39.06 PM-1020x570.png 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/01/Screenshot-2024-01-22-at-1.39.06 PM-160x89.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/01/Screenshot-2024-01-22-at-1.39.06 PM-768x429.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/01/Screenshot-2024-01-22-at-1.39.06 PM-1536x858.png 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/01/Screenshot-2024-01-22-at-1.39.06 PM-1920x1072.png 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/01/Screenshot-2024-01-22-at-1.39.06 PM.png 2016w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Estimates represent model year 2020. Emissions will vary based on assumptions about the specific vehicles being compared, EV battery size and chemistry, vehicle lifetimes, and the electricity grid used to recharge the EV, among other factors. \u003ccite>(U.S. EPA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>An EV is also way better for community health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Combusting the gas that powers an internal combustion engine releases air pollution like fine particulate matter called PM 2.5, nitrogen oxides and sulfur dioxide, among others. \u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>Those pollutants can worsen asthma and increase the risk of heart attack, among other health complications. Adopting an EV sooner will bring these health benefits to your community sooner. Note: these air quality benefits are rolling out unequally, as \u003ca href=\"https://calmatters.org/environment/2023/03/california-electric-cars-demographics/\">there are more EVs in higher-income communities\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003ca id=\"emissions\">\u003c/a>From an emissions standpoint, is it better to drive my current gas car into the ground before going electric?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>C\u003ca href=\"https://wecanfixit.substack.com/p/the-only-time-buying-new-is-better\">limate scientist Kimberly Nicholas said no\u003c/a>. She writes, “When something burns fossil fuels every time you use it, scrap the old one and get a low-carbon new one as soon as you can afford it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Especially if you’re logging a lot of miles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Azevedo said that older vehicles also tend to be “much more highly emitting” than new ones.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The exception is if you don’t drive very much. Then go ahead and keep that older car.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Generally, I think it makes sense to hold on to the product that you have as long as you can,” Moura said. For one, it could reduce the number of new vehicles you purchase in your lifetime.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He also noted that the U.S. is building out its own EV supply and manufacturing chains and bolstering sustainability practices as it does so. Waiting may mean you’ll have a car made more sustainably and locally, requiring less shipping.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003ca id=\"difference\">\u003c/a>Does my switching to an EV really make a difference in tackling climate change?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>If you were the only one who did? No.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But since you won’t be, yes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/ghg-inventory-graphs\">Roughly 27%\u003c/a> of California’s emissions come from passenger vehicles, according to the California Air Resources Board. Your one car won’t significantly move the needle, but en masse, an army of electric vehicles will reduce emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And that army is coming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1991186\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1991186\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/01/EV-Sales-Graphic-1-800x800.jpg\" alt=\"A graphic showing how EV sales in California have grown.\" width=\"800\" height=\"800\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/01/EV-Sales-Graphic-1-800x800.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/01/EV-Sales-Graphic-1-1020x1020.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/01/EV-Sales-Graphic-1-160x160.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/01/EV-Sales-Graphic-1-768x768.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/01/EV-Sales-Graphic-1.jpg 1080w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">In Q3 of 2023, from July through September, 26.7% of new cars sold in California were zero-emission vehicles (ZEVs). \u003ccite>(Courtesy of the Office of Governor Gavin Newsom)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>California mandates that all new cars sold by 2035 be hybrid or electric.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, emissions from the state’s transportation sector have been decreasing. “It definitely is having an effect in aggregate, no doubt about it,” Moura said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s the single most important sector that we need to tackle right now,” Stanford’s Azevedo said. For one thing, the technologies are ready to go: the cars are “nearly perfect substitutes” for those powered by gas, Azevedo said. Costs are declining; sales are increasing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Albert Gore, son of the former Vice President and executive director of the national advocacy group Zero Emission Transportation Association, said this is just the start. “We’re really just beginning to fully realize the impact of the last several years of policymaking and economic activity. There are investments that have been made in huge waves across the country that are going to transform the manufacturing economy in the United States for decades to come,” Gore said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1991187\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1991187\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/01/Screenshot-2024-01-22-at-11.40.21%E2%80%AFAM-800x616.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"616\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/01/Screenshot-2024-01-22-at-11.40.21 AM-800x616.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/01/Screenshot-2024-01-22-at-11.40.21 AM-1020x786.png 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/01/Screenshot-2024-01-22-at-11.40.21 AM-160x123.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/01/Screenshot-2024-01-22-at-11.40.21 AM-768x592.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/01/Screenshot-2024-01-22-at-11.40.21 AM.png 1384w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This figure shows the transformation of California’s light-duty fleet, with significant strides being made in fuel efficiency improvements and zero-emission vehicle adoption. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of California Air Resources Board, December 14, 2023.)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>To learn more about the costs and emissions of a specific EV, combined with the specific energy mix of the grid in your state, you can check out \u003ca href=\"https://evtool.ucsusa.org/\">this tool by the Union of Concerned Scientists\u003c/a> or \u003ca href=\"https://www.carboncounter.com/#!/explore\">this tool created by folks at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology\u003c/a> (fun tip: if you’re a Californian, click on “customize,” then “CA” and then the other states to see how different energy mixes influence vehicle emissions). \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC8t6qd-ss-pTvi0bqVzYGog\">This podcast\u003c/a> can answer some of your more specific questions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can also decrease emissions based on \u003cem>when\u003c/em> you charge. In California, \u003ca href=\"https://energy.stanford.edu/news/charging-cars-needs-move-nighttime-home-daytime-work-stanford-study-finds\">charging an EV in the middle of the day\u003c/a> when solar production is peaking results in a lower carbon footprint than charging in the evening. Presently, California’s electricity rates don’t align with this, and EV owners are incentivized to charge their vehicles at night.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>The nonprofit founded by Adam McKay — writer and director of the popular climate film “Don’t Look Up” — has released a video lambasting Stanford University’s new climate school for its stance on accepting money from the fossil fuel industry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the tongue-in-cheek short film, \u003ca href=\"https://yellowdotstudios.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Yellow Dot Studio\u003c/a> videographers, alongside students and staff, call out \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/weareyellowdot/status/1709607101646180592\">what they say is a point of hypocrisy\u003c/a> — officials with the Stanford Doerr School of Sustainability saying it would take funds from oil and gas companies like Chevron or Exxon to pay for research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The video, which has been viewed more than 200,000 times online, starts with school back in session and a recognition that the new college was founded two summers ago with a promise to come up with ways to combat climate change. But then comes the irony.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So, we’re calling on the help of all our friends at Big Oil,” the narrator said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://twitter.com/weareyellowdot/status/1709607101646180592\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since its inception in the summer of 2022, the sustainability school — launched with a $1.1 billion gift from John and Ann Doerr, the largest gift in university history — hasn’t been able to shake this kind of criticism.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The school’s then-incoming inaugural dean, Arun Majumdar,\u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2022/05/04/climate/john-doerr-stanford-climate.html\"> told the New York Times that the school would accept funding and work with fossil fuel companies\u003c/a>. Later in the year, he clarified that the dollars would not be used for general operations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If there are companies that are making measurably meaningful efforts to be part of the solution, I feel it would be prudent to be open to engaging such companies while remaining vigilant that their values align with ours,” Majumdar \u003ca href=\"https://sustainability.stanford.edu/news/message-arun-majumdar-looking-forward\">said in a statement from 2022\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The goal of the new college is \u003ca href=\"https://news.stanford.edu/2022/05/04/stanford-doerr-school-sustainability-universitys-first-new-school-70-years-will-accelerate-solutions-global-climate-crisis/\">to aid in coming up with climate solutions\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over the past year, Stanford researchers have \u003ca href=\"https://sustainability.stanford.edu/news/research\">released studies on everything from water vulnerability to solar power to wildfire prevention.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, some students and staff think accepting money from fossil fuel companies is a slippery slope that could shape research agendas. And argue that burning fossil fuels directly creates human-caused climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On their website, the Coalition for a True School of Sustainability lists Stanford programs with past or current \u003ca href=\"https://www.truesustainabilityschool.com/big-oil-entanglements\">‘\u003c/a>\u003ca href=\"https://www.truesustainabilityschool.com/big-oil-entanglements\">Big Oil Entanglements.\u003c/a>’ The group represents a coalition of Stanford scientists who believe fossil fuel money invested for research undercuts swift climate action.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The fossil fuel industry for decades has misled the public on the reality of climate change,” said Mallory Harris, a graduate student in biology at the university and a member of the coalition. “When they’re talking about bringing them into this research space, it undermines the quality and integrity of the research that we’re doing\u003cem>.”\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The advocates have pressed Stanford to be more transparent in disclosing the origins of their funding and to ensure that every corporate donor has a credible energy transition pathway. They also want to know if these companies are lobbying for or against climate legislation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The group would like a third-party enforcement board to analyze funding from fossil fuel companies, especially for those who plan to continue expanding extraction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If by those criteria they find those companies are not trustworthy partners, then the university should dissociate from partnering with them,” said \u003ca href=\"https://stanforddaily.com/2022/06/02/from-the-community-should-any-fossil-fuel-company-qualify-for-funding-stanfords-school-of-sustainability-a-response-to-dean-majumdars-letter/\">Thom Hersbach\u003c/a>, a researcher at Stanford and member of the coalition.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://news.stanford.edu/report/2023/02/24/members-named-committee-reviewing-fossil-fuel-funding-research/\">university created a working group in late 2022\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://news.stanford.edu/report/2023/02/24/members-named-committee-reviewing-fossil-fuel-funding-research/\"> \u003c/a>to assess Stanford’s approach to funding research with money from fossil fuel companies. The committee’s job is to evaluate current funding, review the process of other universities and provide pros and cons of continuing accepting funds or different paths.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We recognize this is an impassioned topic for members in our community, and the university is approaching this matter with the seriousness and rigor it deserves,” Amy Adams, associate dean of marketing and communications, told KQED in a statement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We look forward to the results from the thoughtful process being carried out by the committee,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Students and staff said they plan to continue to make a fuss over the issue because they want the college to succeed at reducing carbon emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’m doing this because this school can do so much good, and I want to ensure it does,” Hersbach said.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The nonprofit founded by Adam McKay — writer and director of the popular climate film “Don’t Look Up” — has released a video lambasting Stanford University’s new climate school for its stance on accepting money from the fossil fuel industry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the tongue-in-cheek short film, \u003ca href=\"https://yellowdotstudios.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Yellow Dot Studio\u003c/a> videographers, alongside students and staff, call out \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/weareyellowdot/status/1709607101646180592\">what they say is a point of hypocrisy\u003c/a> — officials with the Stanford Doerr School of Sustainability saying it would take funds from oil and gas companies like Chevron or Exxon to pay for research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The video, which has been viewed more than 200,000 times online, starts with school back in session and a recognition that the new college was founded two summers ago with a promise to come up with ways to combat climate change. But then comes the irony.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So, we’re calling on the help of all our friends at Big Oil,” the narrator said.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since its inception in the summer of 2022, the sustainability school — launched with a $1.1 billion gift from John and Ann Doerr, the largest gift in university history — hasn’t been able to shake this kind of criticism.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The school’s then-incoming inaugural dean, Arun Majumdar,\u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2022/05/04/climate/john-doerr-stanford-climate.html\"> told the New York Times that the school would accept funding and work with fossil fuel companies\u003c/a>. Later in the year, he clarified that the dollars would not be used for general operations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If there are companies that are making measurably meaningful efforts to be part of the solution, I feel it would be prudent to be open to engaging such companies while remaining vigilant that their values align with ours,” Majumdar \u003ca href=\"https://sustainability.stanford.edu/news/message-arun-majumdar-looking-forward\">said in a statement from 2022\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The goal of the new college is \u003ca href=\"https://news.stanford.edu/2022/05/04/stanford-doerr-school-sustainability-universitys-first-new-school-70-years-will-accelerate-solutions-global-climate-crisis/\">to aid in coming up with climate solutions\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over the past year, Stanford researchers have \u003ca href=\"https://sustainability.stanford.edu/news/research\">released studies on everything from water vulnerability to solar power to wildfire prevention.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, some students and staff think accepting money from fossil fuel companies is a slippery slope that could shape research agendas. And argue that burning fossil fuels directly creates human-caused climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On their website, the Coalition for a True School of Sustainability lists Stanford programs with past or current \u003ca href=\"https://www.truesustainabilityschool.com/big-oil-entanglements\">‘\u003c/a>\u003ca href=\"https://www.truesustainabilityschool.com/big-oil-entanglements\">Big Oil Entanglements.\u003c/a>’ The group represents a coalition of Stanford scientists who believe fossil fuel money invested for research undercuts swift climate action.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The fossil fuel industry for decades has misled the public on the reality of climate change,” said Mallory Harris, a graduate student in biology at the university and a member of the coalition. “When they’re talking about bringing them into this research space, it undermines the quality and integrity of the research that we’re doing\u003cem>.”\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The advocates have pressed Stanford to be more transparent in disclosing the origins of their funding and to ensure that every corporate donor has a credible energy transition pathway. They also want to know if these companies are lobbying for or against climate legislation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The group would like a third-party enforcement board to analyze funding from fossil fuel companies, especially for those who plan to continue expanding extraction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If by those criteria they find those companies are not trustworthy partners, then the university should dissociate from partnering with them,” said \u003ca href=\"https://stanforddaily.com/2022/06/02/from-the-community-should-any-fossil-fuel-company-qualify-for-funding-stanfords-school-of-sustainability-a-response-to-dean-majumdars-letter/\">Thom Hersbach\u003c/a>, a researcher at Stanford and member of the coalition.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://news.stanford.edu/report/2023/02/24/members-named-committee-reviewing-fossil-fuel-funding-research/\">university created a working group in late 2022\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://news.stanford.edu/report/2023/02/24/members-named-committee-reviewing-fossil-fuel-funding-research/\"> \u003c/a>to assess Stanford’s approach to funding research with money from fossil fuel companies. The committee’s job is to evaluate current funding, review the process of other universities and provide pros and cons of continuing accepting funds or different paths.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We recognize this is an impassioned topic for members in our community, and the university is approaching this matter with the seriousness and rigor it deserves,” Amy Adams, associate dean of marketing and communications, told KQED in a statement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We look forward to the results from the thoughtful process being carried out by the committee,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Students and staff said they plan to continue to make a fuss over the issue because they want the college to succeed at reducing carbon emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’m doing this because this school can do so much good, and I want to ensure it does,” Hersbach said.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "California Mandates Coastal Cities Plan for Future Sea-Level Rise",
"headTitle": "California Mandates Coastal Cities Plan for Future Sea-Level Rise | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>For the first time in California history, all coastal cities, including those in the Bay Area, must plan for \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1979603/california-overhauls-its-sea-level-rise-plan-as-climate-change-reshapes-coastal-life\">sea-level rise, a looming climate impact yet to be fully experienced\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new law — \u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billTextClient.xhtml?bill_id=202320240SB272\">SB\u003c/a>\u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billTextClient.xhtml?bill_id=202320240SB272\"> 272\u003c/a> — requires big cities like San Francisco and small towns like Strawberry along Richardson Bay to develop strategies and recommend projects to address future sea-level rise by 2034. While seas have risen only about 8 inches since the 1880s, the \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1979603/california-overhauls-its-sea-level-rise-plan-as-climate-change-reshapes-coastal-life#:~:text=The%20draft%20report%2C%20set%20to,regardless%20of%20future%20emissions%20reductions.\">ocean and the bay could rise by about a foot by midcentury\u003c/a> — thanks mainly to human-caused climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sen. John Laird (D-Santa Cruz) authored the bill recently signed into law by Gov. Gavin Newsom. The governor vetoed a similar bill last fall, noting budget constraints. Laird said his team worked with Newsom’s office to ensure there are dollars in the budget for local planning on sea-level rise. California’s final budget included \u003ca href=\"https://ebudget.ca.gov/2023-24/pdf/Enacted/BudgetSummary/ClimateChange.pdf\">$1.1 billion in investments for coastal resilience programs\u003c/a> over multiple years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There are lots of discussions, and the hope is we have these discussions before it’s a crisis and before these big extreme events happen,” Laird said, referring to significant flooding from storms that sea-level rise could exacerbate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The storms that we just had [last winter] changed the equation for people who didn’t even realize they had some of the coming impacts,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The law requires local governments to create sea-level rise plans based on the best available science, conduct vulnerability assessments — including for at-risk communities — determine adaptation strategies and sketch out a list of recommended projects with timelines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[aside postID=\"science_1982800,science_1982875,news_11961003\" label=\"Related Stories\"]Laird said the new law stops short of declaring exactly where state funding will come from for sea-level rise plans and adaptation projects. But the state will prioritize funding for cities and counties with plans in place, Laird said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I expect that there will be pushback in certain places because some people are going to have to come to grips with the reality of the challenge to their homes or businesses,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1982816\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1020px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/gettyimages-1315066305-1020x573/\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1982816 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2023/05/GettyImages-1315066305-1020x573-1.jpg\" alt=\"A shot of the coastline in California with houses and the bay.\" width=\"1020\" height=\"573\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/05/GettyImages-1315066305-1020x573-1.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/05/GettyImages-1315066305-1020x573-1-800x449.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/05/GettyImages-1315066305-1020x573-1-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/05/GettyImages-1315066305-1020x573-1-768x431.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1020px) 100vw, 1020px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Sea levels along coastlines in the U.S. will rise up to 1 foot by the year 2050, according to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). \u003ccite>(Jason Doiy/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Walking slowly and with too small a stick \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The law does not lay out any punishment for cities that don’t comply.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[pullquote size=\"medium\" align=\"right\" citation=\"Larry Goldzband, executive director, BCDC\"]‘There’s going to be huge amounts of social and economic dislocation due to flooding if we don’t adapt.’[/pullquote]While the bill is an excellent starting point for sea-level rise planning, John Gioia, a supervisor from Contra Costa County, said the law should have come with more of a stick for local governments that don’t comply.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A bill like this gets the ball rolling,” he said. “We’ll soon realize it’s not fast enough.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He holds fast to his perspective that the region needs a stronger, central authority on sea-level rise to match the dire consequences of not adequately preparing for rising seas. Currently, the Bay Area is governed by a patchwork quilt of local and state authorities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Direct authority gets things done faster and more effectively than voluntary action,” he said. “Given the urgency of this issue in the Bay Area and the speed of development, we need to act now.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Len Materman, CEO of OneShoreline, San Mateo County’s flood and sea-level rise resiliency district, applauds the bill’s passing but wishes the law went further to include specific requirements for places like airports, hospitals and harbors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“No local government can address this or most other climate threats, so resilience activities should align protection across multiple jurisdictions,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state expects local governments to cooperate. Coastal regulators with the California Coastal Commission and the Bay Conservation Development Commission, or BCDC, have the power to approve or deny plans for adaptation projects and development along the shoreline.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Sea level is already rising on our shorelines and more is already ‘baked in,’” said Zachary Wasserman, chair of BCDC, in a letter of support for the bill. “The only questions are how fast the oceans will rise and whether or not California will be prepared.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The agency is creating \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1981687/the-bay-could-soon-have-its-first-region-wide-sea-level-rise-plan-but-no-one-to-enforce-it\">a regional sea-level rise plan\u003c/a>, with a first draft supposedly available by the end of 2024. Larry Goldzband, executive director of BCDC, said the plan is vital because it will cost at least \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1982800/new-map-exposes-critical-gaps-in-bay-areas-readiness-for-sea-level-rise\">$110 billion for the Bay Area\u003c/a> to adapt to mid-century flooding caused by rising sea levels. But if leaders fail to act, the price could be much higher at around $230 billion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Local governments have until January 2034 to develop sea-level rise plans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Everybody now sees that deadline ten years from now and recognizes that this is real,” Goldzband said. “There’s going to be huge amounts of social and economic dislocation due to flooding if we don’t adapt.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His team plans to follow up with all local governments around the region to ensure they are on board so the Bay Area of tomorrow isn’t overwhelmed by water. The agency is holding community and government meetings across the area to get input on the plan, said Dana Brechwald, assistant planning director for climate adaptation with BCDC.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new law comes at a perfect time, she said, as the state’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1979603/california-overhauls-its-sea-level-rise-plan-as-climate-change-reshapes-coastal-life\">updated sea-level rise standards\u003c/a> could come out in the next few months.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is a trifecta of initiatives we’ve never seen before,” she said. “I think it’s going to accelerate action throughout the state. We’re excited. This is what we live for.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>For the first time in California history, all coastal cities, including those in the Bay Area, must plan for \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1979603/california-overhauls-its-sea-level-rise-plan-as-climate-change-reshapes-coastal-life\">sea-level rise, a looming climate impact yet to be fully experienced\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new law — \u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billTextClient.xhtml?bill_id=202320240SB272\">SB\u003c/a>\u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billTextClient.xhtml?bill_id=202320240SB272\"> 272\u003c/a> — requires big cities like San Francisco and small towns like Strawberry along Richardson Bay to develop strategies and recommend projects to address future sea-level rise by 2034. While seas have risen only about 8 inches since the 1880s, the \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1979603/california-overhauls-its-sea-level-rise-plan-as-climate-change-reshapes-coastal-life#:~:text=The%20draft%20report%2C%20set%20to,regardless%20of%20future%20emissions%20reductions.\">ocean and the bay could rise by about a foot by midcentury\u003c/a> — thanks mainly to human-caused climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sen. John Laird (D-Santa Cruz) authored the bill recently signed into law by Gov. Gavin Newsom. The governor vetoed a similar bill last fall, noting budget constraints. Laird said his team worked with Newsom’s office to ensure there are dollars in the budget for local planning on sea-level rise. California’s final budget included \u003ca href=\"https://ebudget.ca.gov/2023-24/pdf/Enacted/BudgetSummary/ClimateChange.pdf\">$1.1 billion in investments for coastal resilience programs\u003c/a> over multiple years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There are lots of discussions, and the hope is we have these discussions before it’s a crisis and before these big extreme events happen,” Laird said, referring to significant flooding from storms that sea-level rise could exacerbate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The storms that we just had [last winter] changed the equation for people who didn’t even realize they had some of the coming impacts,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The law requires local governments to create sea-level rise plans based on the best available science, conduct vulnerability assessments — including for at-risk communities — determine adaptation strategies and sketch out a list of recommended projects with timelines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>Laird said the new law stops short of declaring exactly where state funding will come from for sea-level rise plans and adaptation projects. But the state will prioritize funding for cities and counties with plans in place, Laird said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I expect that there will be pushback in certain places because some people are going to have to come to grips with the reality of the challenge to their homes or businesses,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1982816\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1020px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/gettyimages-1315066305-1020x573/\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1982816 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2023/05/GettyImages-1315066305-1020x573-1.jpg\" alt=\"A shot of the coastline in California with houses and the bay.\" width=\"1020\" height=\"573\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/05/GettyImages-1315066305-1020x573-1.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/05/GettyImages-1315066305-1020x573-1-800x449.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/05/GettyImages-1315066305-1020x573-1-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/05/GettyImages-1315066305-1020x573-1-768x431.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1020px) 100vw, 1020px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Sea levels along coastlines in the U.S. will rise up to 1 foot by the year 2050, according to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). \u003ccite>(Jason Doiy/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Walking slowly and with too small a stick \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The law does not lay out any punishment for cities that don’t comply.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "‘There’s going to be huge amounts of social and economic dislocation due to flooding if we don’t adapt.’",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>While the bill is an excellent starting point for sea-level rise planning, John Gioia, a supervisor from Contra Costa County, said the law should have come with more of a stick for local governments that don’t comply.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A bill like this gets the ball rolling,” he said. “We’ll soon realize it’s not fast enough.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He holds fast to his perspective that the region needs a stronger, central authority on sea-level rise to match the dire consequences of not adequately preparing for rising seas. Currently, the Bay Area is governed by a patchwork quilt of local and state authorities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Direct authority gets things done faster and more effectively than voluntary action,” he said. “Given the urgency of this issue in the Bay Area and the speed of development, we need to act now.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Len Materman, CEO of OneShoreline, San Mateo County’s flood and sea-level rise resiliency district, applauds the bill’s passing but wishes the law went further to include specific requirements for places like airports, hospitals and harbors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“No local government can address this or most other climate threats, so resilience activities should align protection across multiple jurisdictions,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state expects local governments to cooperate. Coastal regulators with the California Coastal Commission and the Bay Conservation Development Commission, or BCDC, have the power to approve or deny plans for adaptation projects and development along the shoreline.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Sea level is already rising on our shorelines and more is already ‘baked in,’” said Zachary Wasserman, chair of BCDC, in a letter of support for the bill. “The only questions are how fast the oceans will rise and whether or not California will be prepared.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The agency is creating \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1981687/the-bay-could-soon-have-its-first-region-wide-sea-level-rise-plan-but-no-one-to-enforce-it\">a regional sea-level rise plan\u003c/a>, with a first draft supposedly available by the end of 2024. Larry Goldzband, executive director of BCDC, said the plan is vital because it will cost at least \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1982800/new-map-exposes-critical-gaps-in-bay-areas-readiness-for-sea-level-rise\">$110 billion for the Bay Area\u003c/a> to adapt to mid-century flooding caused by rising sea levels. But if leaders fail to act, the price could be much higher at around $230 billion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Local governments have until January 2034 to develop sea-level rise plans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Everybody now sees that deadline ten years from now and recognizes that this is real,” Goldzband said. “There’s going to be huge amounts of social and economic dislocation due to flooding if we don’t adapt.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His team plans to follow up with all local governments around the region to ensure they are on board so the Bay Area of tomorrow isn’t overwhelmed by water. The agency is holding community and government meetings across the area to get input on the plan, said Dana Brechwald, assistant planning director for climate adaptation with BCDC.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new law comes at a perfect time, she said, as the state’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1979603/california-overhauls-its-sea-level-rise-plan-as-climate-change-reshapes-coastal-life\">updated sea-level rise standards\u003c/a> could come out in the next few months.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is a trifecta of initiatives we’ve never seen before,” she said. “I think it’s going to accelerate action throughout the state. We’re excited. This is what we live for.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Bay Area Red Tide Crisis Ends, Watchdog Group Declares Algae Bloom Over",
"headTitle": "Bay Area Red Tide Crisis Ends, Watchdog Group Declares Algae Bloom Over | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>The red tide that \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1983631/last-summers-fish-killing-algae-bloom-is-back-in-the-bay\">gave East Bay waters a light brown sheen\u003c/a> earlier this month is likely over, declared the environmental watchdog group San Francisco Baykeeper Monday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I would say this bloom is done for now,” said the group’s staff scientist \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/Ian__Wren\">Ian Wren\u003c/a> on a boat under the eastern half of the Bay Bridge, where the water was olive green instead of a murky tea color brought on by the bloom.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Almost overnight the bloom died and the water was crystal clear,” he added.[pullquote size=\"medium\" align=\"right\" citation=\"Eileen White, executive officer, San Francisco Bay Regional Water Quality Control Board\"]‘We don’t have enough knowledge of the species. Warmer weather could bring it back and we will continue to monitor the situation.’[/pullquote]Even though the red tide has dissipated, Eileen White, executive officer of the San Francisco Bay Regional Water Quality Control Board, is hesitant “to declare victory.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is still summertime and at this time I am cautiously optimistic,” she said. “We don’t have enough knowledge of the species. Warmer weather could bring it back and we will continue to monitor the situation.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last year the red tide — literally billions of tiny algae called \u003ca href=\"https://coastalscience.noaa.gov/project/toxicity-toxic-alga-heterosigma-akashiwo-puget-sound/\">Heterosigma akashiwo\u003c/a> — killed an immeasurable amount of fish. This year, the algae killed fewer than 100, according to \u003ca href=\"https://www.inaturalist.org/projects/sf-bay-harmful-algae-bloom-2023\">a state-run citizen science project\u003c/a>. Sitings of important Bay Area species, including sturgeons, bat rays and crabs, were among the dead.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1983935\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1983935\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2023/08/RS67934_20230814-SFBaykeeper-04-JY-KQED-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"The wake of a boat on the water.\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/08/RS67934_20230814-SFBaykeeper-04-JY-KQED-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/08/RS67934_20230814-SFBaykeeper-04-JY-KQED-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/08/RS67934_20230814-SFBaykeeper-04-JY-KQED-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/08/RS67934_20230814-SFBaykeeper-04-JY-KQED-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/08/RS67934_20230814-SFBaykeeper-04-JY-KQED-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/08/RS67934_20230814-SFBaykeeper-04-JY-KQED-1920x1280.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/08/RS67934_20230814-SFBaykeeper-04-JY-KQED.jpg 2000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Waves from the San Francisco Baykeeper splash in Oakland, on Tuesday, Aug. 15, 2023. \u003ccite>(Juliana Yamada/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“I am so happy it’s only 85 fish and I am glad it didn’t spread to the South Bay,” White said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over the last week, Wren said citizen scientists monitoring the bloom looked at bay water “under the microscope and couldn’t find any of the problem algae.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The microscopic critter looks like a swimming potato chip with a tail, said Raphael Kudela, a phytoplankton ecologist at UC Santa Cruz. He said the organism thrives in the bay because the shallow water warms up quickly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s just really happy when it’s in the bay,” he said. “As long as it’s happy, it’s just going to keep going, and going, and going.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wren, with SF Baykeeper, isn’t exactly sure what cut the bloom short this year. Still, he said there are a few theories as to why the algae didn’t return in force: it could have been too cloudy decreasing light, it wasn’t warm enough, the bay waters mixed causing the algae to die off or there weren’t enough concentrations of tiny particles in the water that the algae like to dine on.[pullquote size=\"medium\" align=\"right\" citation=\"Ian Wren, staff scientist, SF Baykeeper\"]‘With the bloom getting so big and widespread last year, it is highly likely a lot more cysts are present throughout the bay, ready to spark again.’[/pullquote]Wren said output from the region’s 37 regional wastewater treatments is a big part of why the algae blooms can get so bad. The wastewater includes nutrients like phosphorus and nitrogen, which the algae go to town on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There could have been a lower level of nutrients to start with and this bloom could have just fizzled out naturally, eating what it could and never having the chance to take off,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists like Wren and Peter Roopnarine, curator of invertebrate zoology and geology at the California Academy of Sciences, said humans are the main reason why this algae bloom got so bad. He blames wastewater agencies almost continually pumping nutrient-filled water into the bay and a warming world because of the burning of fossil fuels globally.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1983936\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1983936\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2023/08/RS67935_20230814-SFBaykeeper-06-JY-KQED-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"Small boats and buildings along a waterfront.\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/08/RS67935_20230814-SFBaykeeper-06-JY-KQED-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/08/RS67935_20230814-SFBaykeeper-06-JY-KQED-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/08/RS67935_20230814-SFBaykeeper-06-JY-KQED-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/08/RS67935_20230814-SFBaykeeper-06-JY-KQED-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/08/RS67935_20230814-SFBaykeeper-06-JY-KQED-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/08/RS67935_20230814-SFBaykeeper-06-JY-KQED-1920x1280.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/08/RS67935_20230814-SFBaykeeper-06-JY-KQED.jpg 2000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The San Francisco Baykeeper is seen in the Oakland Marina in Oakland on Tuesday, Aug. 15, 2023. \u003ccite>(Juliana Yamada/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“It’s almost all about us to blame,” said Roopnarine. “The bay is kind of a gigantic laboratory flask in some ways where you can put in ingredients, can mix them and it’s not easy for those to have an outside influence from the ocean.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wren said the tide is unlikely to return this year, but just because the red tide has disappeared doesn’t mean it won’t come back next year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When under stress, the algae can create little cysts, like seeds, and plant themselves at the bottom of the bay, lying dormant until the right conditions for the organisms to proliferate return. Conditions include light, warmth and calm water.[aside tag=\"algae, algal bloom\" label=\"More Related Stories\"]“With the bloom getting so big and widespread last year, it is highly likely a lot more cysts are present throughout the bay, ready to spark again,” Wren said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s sort of like a long-term easter egg hunt with potentially deadly consequences for fish, Wren said. The idea is that when the algae are present, the water holds less oxygen, killing the fish. The algae are \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1983775/as-algal-bloom-returns-to-the-bay-is-swimming-safe-for-humans-and-pets\">not known to have any direct harmful effects on humans or mammals\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Given that we have had two back-to-back years of blooms, this likely could be the new normal,” he said. “We might see small, medium and large blooms on an annual basis.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A new normal because Wren said climate change likely means more algae blooms — and not just the lesser toxic bloom this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There are other harmful algae in the bay that could just as easily have taken off with more lethal consequences to wildfire and humans,” he said. “These algae are just waiting to go nuts.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The red tide that \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1983631/last-summers-fish-killing-algae-bloom-is-back-in-the-bay\">gave East Bay waters a light brown sheen\u003c/a> earlier this month is likely over, declared the environmental watchdog group San Francisco Baykeeper Monday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I would say this bloom is done for now,” said the group’s staff scientist \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/Ian__Wren\">Ian Wren\u003c/a> on a boat under the eastern half of the Bay Bridge, where the water was olive green instead of a murky tea color brought on by the bloom.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Almost overnight the bloom died and the water was crystal clear,” he added.\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>Even though the red tide has dissipated, Eileen White, executive officer of the San Francisco Bay Regional Water Quality Control Board, is hesitant “to declare victory.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is still summertime and at this time I am cautiously optimistic,” she said. “We don’t have enough knowledge of the species. Warmer weather could bring it back and we will continue to monitor the situation.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last year the red tide — literally billions of tiny algae called \u003ca href=\"https://coastalscience.noaa.gov/project/toxicity-toxic-alga-heterosigma-akashiwo-puget-sound/\">Heterosigma akashiwo\u003c/a> — killed an immeasurable amount of fish. This year, the algae killed fewer than 100, according to \u003ca href=\"https://www.inaturalist.org/projects/sf-bay-harmful-algae-bloom-2023\">a state-run citizen science project\u003c/a>. Sitings of important Bay Area species, including sturgeons, bat rays and crabs, were among the dead.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1983935\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1983935\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2023/08/RS67934_20230814-SFBaykeeper-04-JY-KQED-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"The wake of a boat on the water.\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/08/RS67934_20230814-SFBaykeeper-04-JY-KQED-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/08/RS67934_20230814-SFBaykeeper-04-JY-KQED-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/08/RS67934_20230814-SFBaykeeper-04-JY-KQED-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/08/RS67934_20230814-SFBaykeeper-04-JY-KQED-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/08/RS67934_20230814-SFBaykeeper-04-JY-KQED-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/08/RS67934_20230814-SFBaykeeper-04-JY-KQED-1920x1280.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/08/RS67934_20230814-SFBaykeeper-04-JY-KQED.jpg 2000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Waves from the San Francisco Baykeeper splash in Oakland, on Tuesday, Aug. 15, 2023. \u003ccite>(Juliana Yamada/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“I am so happy it’s only 85 fish and I am glad it didn’t spread to the South Bay,” White said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over the last week, Wren said citizen scientists monitoring the bloom looked at bay water “under the microscope and couldn’t find any of the problem algae.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The microscopic critter looks like a swimming potato chip with a tail, said Raphael Kudela, a phytoplankton ecologist at UC Santa Cruz. He said the organism thrives in the bay because the shallow water warms up quickly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s just really happy when it’s in the bay,” he said. “As long as it’s happy, it’s just going to keep going, and going, and going.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wren, with SF Baykeeper, isn’t exactly sure what cut the bloom short this year. Still, he said there are a few theories as to why the algae didn’t return in force: it could have been too cloudy decreasing light, it wasn’t warm enough, the bay waters mixed causing the algae to die off or there weren’t enough concentrations of tiny particles in the water that the algae like to dine on.\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "‘With the bloom getting so big and widespread last year, it is highly likely a lot more cysts are present throughout the bay, ready to spark again.’",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>Wren said output from the region’s 37 regional wastewater treatments is a big part of why the algae blooms can get so bad. The wastewater includes nutrients like phosphorus and nitrogen, which the algae go to town on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There could have been a lower level of nutrients to start with and this bloom could have just fizzled out naturally, eating what it could and never having the chance to take off,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists like Wren and Peter Roopnarine, curator of invertebrate zoology and geology at the California Academy of Sciences, said humans are the main reason why this algae bloom got so bad. He blames wastewater agencies almost continually pumping nutrient-filled water into the bay and a warming world because of the burning of fossil fuels globally.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1983936\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1983936\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2023/08/RS67935_20230814-SFBaykeeper-06-JY-KQED-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"Small boats and buildings along a waterfront.\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/08/RS67935_20230814-SFBaykeeper-06-JY-KQED-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/08/RS67935_20230814-SFBaykeeper-06-JY-KQED-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/08/RS67935_20230814-SFBaykeeper-06-JY-KQED-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/08/RS67935_20230814-SFBaykeeper-06-JY-KQED-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/08/RS67935_20230814-SFBaykeeper-06-JY-KQED-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/08/RS67935_20230814-SFBaykeeper-06-JY-KQED-1920x1280.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/08/RS67935_20230814-SFBaykeeper-06-JY-KQED.jpg 2000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The San Francisco Baykeeper is seen in the Oakland Marina in Oakland on Tuesday, Aug. 15, 2023. \u003ccite>(Juliana Yamada/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“It’s almost all about us to blame,” said Roopnarine. “The bay is kind of a gigantic laboratory flask in some ways where you can put in ingredients, can mix them and it’s not easy for those to have an outside influence from the ocean.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wren said the tide is unlikely to return this year, but just because the red tide has disappeared doesn’t mean it won’t come back next year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When under stress, the algae can create little cysts, like seeds, and plant themselves at the bottom of the bay, lying dormant until the right conditions for the organisms to proliferate return. Conditions include light, warmth and calm water.\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>“With the bloom getting so big and widespread last year, it is highly likely a lot more cysts are present throughout the bay, ready to spark again,” Wren said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s sort of like a long-term easter egg hunt with potentially deadly consequences for fish, Wren said. The idea is that when the algae are present, the water holds less oxygen, killing the fish. The algae are \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1983775/as-algal-bloom-returns-to-the-bay-is-swimming-safe-for-humans-and-pets\">not known to have any direct harmful effects on humans or mammals\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Given that we have had two back-to-back years of blooms, this likely could be the new normal,” he said. “We might see small, medium and large blooms on an annual basis.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A new normal because Wren said climate change likely means more algae blooms — and not just the lesser toxic bloom this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There are other harmful algae in the bay that could just as easily have taken off with more lethal consequences to wildfire and humans,” he said. “These algae are just waiting to go nuts.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "How Sea Level Rise Poses a Looming Threat to San Leandro's Underground Infrastructure",
"headTitle": "How Sea Level Rise Poses a Looming Threat to San Leandro’s Underground Infrastructure | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>On an unseasonably hot day on the edge of the San Leandro neighborhood of Mulford Gardens, David O’Donnell uses a heavy metal bar to lift a thick steel cover off a utility hole, exposing an echoey chamber running several hundred feet to the bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Oh, we got a crab in there. It crawled all the way through,” said O’Donnell, a maintenance supervisor for the city.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Below ground, tidal water pushes through the city’s pipes that were built to pump stormwater in the opposite direction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re fighting the tide and fighting nature,” O’Donnell said. “It’s a bit of an uphill battle. There’s no pump we can install underground to hold the bay back at high tide.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These pipes — and other below-ground infrastructure — which already periodically flood during high tides could become more routinely inundated as the bay continues to rise because of human-caused climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1982915\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1982915\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2023/06/RS65982_010_KQED_SanLeandroSeaLevelRise_06012023-KQED.jpg\" alt=\"A view of a drain with water flowing.\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1280\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/06/RS65982_010_KQED_SanLeandroSeaLevelRise_06012023-KQED.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/06/RS65982_010_KQED_SanLeandroSeaLevelRise_06012023-KQED-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/06/RS65982_010_KQED_SanLeandroSeaLevelRise_06012023-KQED-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/06/RS65982_010_KQED_SanLeandroSeaLevelRise_06012023-KQED-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/06/RS65982_010_KQED_SanLeandroSeaLevelRise_06012023-KQED-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/06/RS65982_010_KQED_SanLeandroSeaLevelRise_06012023-KQED-1536x1024.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Water flows from a drain into the bay at the San Leandro Marina on June 1, 2023. \u003ccite>(Beth LaBerge/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>San Leandro recently secured a small grant to develop a comprehensive plan to address the potential impact rising sea levels could have on its roughly 10-mile shoreline and intricate network of underground pipes. The city is also partnering with a team of San Diego State University climate scientists to determine how many of its 90,000 residents may be at risk from flooding.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Having the plan now will put us in a much better place to plan how we can move forward into [the future],” said Hoi-Fei Mok, San Leandro’s sustainability manager, who uses they/them pronouns.[aside label=\"Related Stories\" postID=\"science_1981900,science_1982800,science_1981687\"]“It’s not like people don’t care,” said Mok, who grew up in San Leandro, where the vast majority of residents are people of color. “I’m able to tap into what the community is saying and bring that forward to [the San Leandro City Council] and be that extra amplification of community voices.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A former community organizer, Mok says they are dedicated to making sure this community is able to persevere through smoky skies, heat waves, floods and other increasingly frequent climate-induced conditions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Ultimately, it is my community that is being impacted,” they added.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>San Leandro’s shoreline makes up less than 3% of the entirety of the lip of San Francisco Bay, but sea level rise will affect this entire region. Mok’s work is feeding into a regional partnership to ready every inch of the shoreline for the future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A Bay Area-wide Regional Shoreline Adaptation Plan is expected to be completed in mid-2024. The team behind it, led by Dana Brechwald, must get buy-in from more than 40 cities and counties — including San Leandro — to engage environmental-justice communities and develop uniform sea level rise standards.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We want to make sure we’re considering impacts on neighbors so that we don’t have this issue of one city behind a tall wall and everybody around it flooding,” said Brechwald.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1982918\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1982918\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2023/06/RS65999_004_KQED_HoiFeiMokSanLeandro_06012023-KQED.jpg\" alt=\"An Asian American person sits and looks away from the camera.\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1280\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/06/RS65999_004_KQED_HoiFeiMokSanLeandro_06012023-KQED.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/06/RS65999_004_KQED_HoiFeiMokSanLeandro_06012023-KQED-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/06/RS65999_004_KQED_HoiFeiMokSanLeandro_06012023-KQED-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/06/RS65999_004_KQED_HoiFeiMokSanLeandro_06012023-KQED-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/06/RS65999_004_KQED_HoiFeiMokSanLeandro_06012023-KQED-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/06/RS65999_004_KQED_HoiFeiMokSanLeandro_06012023-KQED-1536x1024.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Hoi-Fei Mok, sustainability manager for the city of San Leandro, stands outside San Leandro City Hall on June 1, 2023. \u003ccite>(Beth LaBerge/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>It’s still unclear how San Leandro’s underground infrastructure will be affected as groundwater rises under the city. \u003ca href=\"https://sfei.maps.arcgis.com/apps/instant/portfolio/index.html?appid=2ab0c998497f4f7398aa54f176a6fb26%20\">Maps\u003c/a> produced by the San Francisco Estuary Institute and Pathways Climate Institute show that even 1 foot of sea level rise will cause groundwater to emerge in San Leandro.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The city’s stormwater pipes appear to be in good condition, according to Hassan Davani, associate professor at SDSU and a water resources engineer who is leading the team that’s partnering with San Leandro. Davani’s models don’t show major threats in the near term. Still, he said, his work, sponsored by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, does not include many other underground infrastructures like sewers, belowground power lines and drinking water pipes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Also, by looking at United States Geological Survey groundwater data, maps of underground infrastructure in the city and middle-of-the-road climate models, Hassan concluded that — as climate change worsens — the current stormwater system will almost certainly “be disrupted” by the end of the century. This could look like the bay pushing further up the drainage system, preventing stormwater from escaping and in turn flooding inland areas of the city.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1982880\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 2560px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1982880\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2023/06/IMG_7810-scaled.jpg\" alt=\"Two young men stand by the side of a street and gaze at a handheld screen.\" width=\"2560\" height=\"1920\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/06/IMG_7810-scaled.jpg 2560w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/06/IMG_7810-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/06/IMG_7810-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/06/IMG_7810-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/06/IMG_7810-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/06/IMG_7810-1536x1152.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/06/IMG_7810-2048x1536.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/06/IMG_7810-1920x1440.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Hassan Davani (right), a San Diego State University professor and water resources engineer, said that as climate change worsens, San Leandro will become increasingly vulnerable, and its current stormwater system will almost certainly ‘be disrupted’ by the end of the century. Kian Bagheri (left) is a doctoral student in Davani’s lab. \u003ccite>(Ezra David Romero/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“We’re going to have flooding further inland, kilometers inland, because the system will be packed with water at the downstream side,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But when taking into account more extreme climate models, Davani said, the disruption to the stormwater system could come around mid-century.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pauline Russo Cutter, who served as mayor of San Leandro until earlier this year, said the city has also tested its wastewater infrastructure and has yet to find any red flags.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But she recognizes “it’s only a matter of time” before emerging groundwater becomes an issue.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If no one’s thinking about it, then these things kind of appear. That’s what can sink a city,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1982881\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 2560px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1982881\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2023/06/IMG_7758-scaled.jpg\" alt=\"A middle aged white woman with dark brown hair stands beside the shore of San Leandro Bay as she talks toward the camera with sunglasses on.\" width=\"2560\" height=\"1920\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/06/IMG_7758-scaled.jpg 2560w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/06/IMG_7758-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/06/IMG_7758-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/06/IMG_7758-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/06/IMG_7758-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/06/IMG_7758-1536x1152.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/06/IMG_7758-2048x1536.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/06/IMG_7758-1920x1440.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Former San Leandro Mayor Pauline Russo Cutter says ‘it’s only a matter of time’ before emerging groundwater becomes an issue. \u003ccite>(Ezra David Romero/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In preparing for sea level rise, Mok, the sustainability manager, dreams of a range of solutions — everything from building levees to utilizing marshes to soak up waves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think nature-based solutions have a lot of benefits that I think would be great for us,” Mok said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But, despite the imminent threat that sea level rise poses — with the bay expected to rise by at least a foot in the next three decades — Mok acknowledges that actively preparing for it now can be a hard sell given more immediate concerns like budget issues, staff shortages and ongoing health emergencies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1982916\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1982916\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2023/06/RS65984_011_KQED_SanLeandroSeaLevelRise_06012023-KQED.jpg\" alt=\"A view of a street leading to a marina sign.\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1280\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/06/RS65984_011_KQED_SanLeandroSeaLevelRise_06012023-KQED.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/06/RS65984_011_KQED_SanLeandroSeaLevelRise_06012023-KQED-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/06/RS65984_011_KQED_SanLeandroSeaLevelRise_06012023-KQED-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/06/RS65984_011_KQED_SanLeandroSeaLevelRise_06012023-KQED-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/06/RS65984_011_KQED_SanLeandroSeaLevelRise_06012023-KQED-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/06/RS65984_011_KQED_SanLeandroSeaLevelRise_06012023-KQED-1536x1024.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A sign for the San Leandro Marina marks the entrance to the shoreline in the Mulford Gardens neighborhood in San Leandro on June 1, 2023. \u003ccite>(Beth LaBerge/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“Sea level rise is tricky for people to wrap their heads around,” said Mok. “I’m hoping this is an opportunity not to get alarmed, but to realize this is something that is coming, not just in San Leandro, but regionally.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>On an unseasonably hot day on the edge of the San Leandro neighborhood of Mulford Gardens, David O’Donnell uses a heavy metal bar to lift a thick steel cover off a utility hole, exposing an echoey chamber running several hundred feet to the bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Oh, we got a crab in there. It crawled all the way through,” said O’Donnell, a maintenance supervisor for the city.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Below ground, tidal water pushes through the city’s pipes that were built to pump stormwater in the opposite direction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re fighting the tide and fighting nature,” O’Donnell said. “It’s a bit of an uphill battle. There’s no pump we can install underground to hold the bay back at high tide.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These pipes — and other below-ground infrastructure — which already periodically flood during high tides could become more routinely inundated as the bay continues to rise because of human-caused climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1982915\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1982915\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2023/06/RS65982_010_KQED_SanLeandroSeaLevelRise_06012023-KQED.jpg\" alt=\"A view of a drain with water flowing.\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1280\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/06/RS65982_010_KQED_SanLeandroSeaLevelRise_06012023-KQED.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/06/RS65982_010_KQED_SanLeandroSeaLevelRise_06012023-KQED-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/06/RS65982_010_KQED_SanLeandroSeaLevelRise_06012023-KQED-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/06/RS65982_010_KQED_SanLeandroSeaLevelRise_06012023-KQED-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/06/RS65982_010_KQED_SanLeandroSeaLevelRise_06012023-KQED-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/06/RS65982_010_KQED_SanLeandroSeaLevelRise_06012023-KQED-1536x1024.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Water flows from a drain into the bay at the San Leandro Marina on June 1, 2023. \u003ccite>(Beth LaBerge/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>San Leandro recently secured a small grant to develop a comprehensive plan to address the potential impact rising sea levels could have on its roughly 10-mile shoreline and intricate network of underground pipes. The city is also partnering with a team of San Diego State University climate scientists to determine how many of its 90,000 residents may be at risk from flooding.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Having the plan now will put us in a much better place to plan how we can move forward into [the future],” said Hoi-Fei Mok, San Leandro’s sustainability manager, who uses they/them pronouns.\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>“It’s not like people don’t care,” said Mok, who grew up in San Leandro, where the vast majority of residents are people of color. “I’m able to tap into what the community is saying and bring that forward to [the San Leandro City Council] and be that extra amplification of community voices.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A former community organizer, Mok says they are dedicated to making sure this community is able to persevere through smoky skies, heat waves, floods and other increasingly frequent climate-induced conditions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Ultimately, it is my community that is being impacted,” they added.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>San Leandro’s shoreline makes up less than 3% of the entirety of the lip of San Francisco Bay, but sea level rise will affect this entire region. Mok’s work is feeding into a regional partnership to ready every inch of the shoreline for the future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A Bay Area-wide Regional Shoreline Adaptation Plan is expected to be completed in mid-2024. The team behind it, led by Dana Brechwald, must get buy-in from more than 40 cities and counties — including San Leandro — to engage environmental-justice communities and develop uniform sea level rise standards.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We want to make sure we’re considering impacts on neighbors so that we don’t have this issue of one city behind a tall wall and everybody around it flooding,” said Brechwald.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1982918\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1982918\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2023/06/RS65999_004_KQED_HoiFeiMokSanLeandro_06012023-KQED.jpg\" alt=\"An Asian American person sits and looks away from the camera.\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1280\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/06/RS65999_004_KQED_HoiFeiMokSanLeandro_06012023-KQED.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/06/RS65999_004_KQED_HoiFeiMokSanLeandro_06012023-KQED-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/06/RS65999_004_KQED_HoiFeiMokSanLeandro_06012023-KQED-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/06/RS65999_004_KQED_HoiFeiMokSanLeandro_06012023-KQED-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/06/RS65999_004_KQED_HoiFeiMokSanLeandro_06012023-KQED-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/06/RS65999_004_KQED_HoiFeiMokSanLeandro_06012023-KQED-1536x1024.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Hoi-Fei Mok, sustainability manager for the city of San Leandro, stands outside San Leandro City Hall on June 1, 2023. \u003ccite>(Beth LaBerge/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>It’s still unclear how San Leandro’s underground infrastructure will be affected as groundwater rises under the city. \u003ca href=\"https://sfei.maps.arcgis.com/apps/instant/portfolio/index.html?appid=2ab0c998497f4f7398aa54f176a6fb26%20\">Maps\u003c/a> produced by the San Francisco Estuary Institute and Pathways Climate Institute show that even 1 foot of sea level rise will cause groundwater to emerge in San Leandro.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The city’s stormwater pipes appear to be in good condition, according to Hassan Davani, associate professor at SDSU and a water resources engineer who is leading the team that’s partnering with San Leandro. Davani’s models don’t show major threats in the near term. Still, he said, his work, sponsored by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, does not include many other underground infrastructures like sewers, belowground power lines and drinking water pipes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Also, by looking at United States Geological Survey groundwater data, maps of underground infrastructure in the city and middle-of-the-road climate models, Hassan concluded that — as climate change worsens — the current stormwater system will almost certainly “be disrupted” by the end of the century. This could look like the bay pushing further up the drainage system, preventing stormwater from escaping and in turn flooding inland areas of the city.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1982880\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 2560px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1982880\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2023/06/IMG_7810-scaled.jpg\" alt=\"Two young men stand by the side of a street and gaze at a handheld screen.\" width=\"2560\" height=\"1920\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/06/IMG_7810-scaled.jpg 2560w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/06/IMG_7810-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/06/IMG_7810-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/06/IMG_7810-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/06/IMG_7810-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/06/IMG_7810-1536x1152.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/06/IMG_7810-2048x1536.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/06/IMG_7810-1920x1440.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Hassan Davani (right), a San Diego State University professor and water resources engineer, said that as climate change worsens, San Leandro will become increasingly vulnerable, and its current stormwater system will almost certainly ‘be disrupted’ by the end of the century. Kian Bagheri (left) is a doctoral student in Davani’s lab. \u003ccite>(Ezra David Romero/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“We’re going to have flooding further inland, kilometers inland, because the system will be packed with water at the downstream side,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But when taking into account more extreme climate models, Davani said, the disruption to the stormwater system could come around mid-century.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pauline Russo Cutter, who served as mayor of San Leandro until earlier this year, said the city has also tested its wastewater infrastructure and has yet to find any red flags.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But she recognizes “it’s only a matter of time” before emerging groundwater becomes an issue.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If no one’s thinking about it, then these things kind of appear. That’s what can sink a city,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1982881\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 2560px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1982881\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2023/06/IMG_7758-scaled.jpg\" alt=\"A middle aged white woman with dark brown hair stands beside the shore of San Leandro Bay as she talks toward the camera with sunglasses on.\" width=\"2560\" height=\"1920\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/06/IMG_7758-scaled.jpg 2560w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/06/IMG_7758-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/06/IMG_7758-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/06/IMG_7758-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/06/IMG_7758-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/06/IMG_7758-1536x1152.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/06/IMG_7758-2048x1536.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/06/IMG_7758-1920x1440.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Former San Leandro Mayor Pauline Russo Cutter says ‘it’s only a matter of time’ before emerging groundwater becomes an issue. \u003ccite>(Ezra David Romero/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In preparing for sea level rise, Mok, the sustainability manager, dreams of a range of solutions — everything from building levees to utilizing marshes to soak up waves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think nature-based solutions have a lot of benefits that I think would be great for us,” Mok said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But, despite the imminent threat that sea level rise poses — with the bay expected to rise by at least a foot in the next three decades — Mok acknowledges that actively preparing for it now can be a hard sell given more immediate concerns like budget issues, staff shortages and ongoing health emergencies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1982916\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1982916\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2023/06/RS65984_011_KQED_SanLeandroSeaLevelRise_06012023-KQED.jpg\" alt=\"A view of a street leading to a marina sign.\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1280\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/06/RS65984_011_KQED_SanLeandroSeaLevelRise_06012023-KQED.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/06/RS65984_011_KQED_SanLeandroSeaLevelRise_06012023-KQED-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/06/RS65984_011_KQED_SanLeandroSeaLevelRise_06012023-KQED-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/06/RS65984_011_KQED_SanLeandroSeaLevelRise_06012023-KQED-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/06/RS65984_011_KQED_SanLeandroSeaLevelRise_06012023-KQED-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/06/RS65984_011_KQED_SanLeandroSeaLevelRise_06012023-KQED-1536x1024.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A sign for the San Leandro Marina marks the entrance to the shoreline in the Mulford Gardens neighborhood in San Leandro on June 1, 2023. \u003ccite>(Beth LaBerge/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“Sea level rise is tricky for people to wrap their heads around,” said Mok. “I’m hoping this is an opportunity not to get alarmed, but to realize this is something that is coming, not just in San Leandro, but regionally.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "Marin Health Officials Track Illicit Drug Use by Testing Wastewater",
"headTitle": "Marin Health Officials Track Illicit Drug Use by Testing Wastewater | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Public health officials in Marin County are now tracking illicit drugs in local wastewater — everything from nicotine to methamphetamine and fentanyl. Testing sewer water can illustrate exactly what is “hot” and where, offering a more accurate picture of the drug crisis than simply counting overdoses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We know now that our clinical data sources just show us the tip of the iceberg of actual overdoses, because if someone doesn’t call 911, or doesn’t present to the emergency department, we might never hear about it,” said Dr. Haylea Hannah, an epidemiologist for Marin County.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In early February, the Marin public health office began testing weekly samples collected at the Central Marin Sanitation Agency in San Rafael. The move followed the county’s success using sewers for COVID-19 surveillance — communities are increasingly relying on wastewater data to track viral levels, because sewers can show the burden of disease much more accurately than clinical testing data, since people are no longer going to the hospital for PCR tests.[aside postID=science_1979985 hero='https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/08/52097193159_6be76f8d61_k-ffc4b0c69375aac110c3b9b2c63ebec818ebdf1a-1020x765.jpg']Hannah says the county is testing sewer water for a long list of common drugs like heroin and cocaine. They just added \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11941201/dangerous-animal-tranquilizer-found-in-san-francisco-street-drug-supply\">xylazine — also known as “Tranq” — an animal tranquilizer\u003c/a>, which is increasingly laced with fentanyl; dealers add fentanyl to extend euphoric effects, but it can cause chronic infections. Since December, five people in San Francisco had low levels of xylazine in their systems when they lethally overdosed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“New instrumentation can find very small quantities of molecules of interest in the dirty soup that is going down the drain and ultimately into the sewers,” said Rolf Halden, professor and director of the Biodesign Center for Environmental Health Engineering at Arizona State University. “We never know who exactly took a drug, but we can determine the consumption rates of different substances in a community on a per-1,000 people level.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After someone consumes a drug, their body will metabolize it, and scientists can measure the metabolites that are washed down the drain. That means tests can decipher whether the drug was consumed by a person or flushed down the toilet in a raid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists can monitor an individual pipe or the confluence that merges at a treatment plant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Ideally, with an automated sample, that takes a little sip every so often and creates what’s known as a 24-hour composite sample,” said Halden. “In essence, you have a radar screen and you see the identity and the quantity of the substances that are used in the city.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Technically, wastewater data could also be used to incriminate. For example, it is possible to test the sewer line from a particular house to determine whether drugs are being consumed inside. However, that should never be the objective, Halden says, because the process should follow a moral and ethical code.[pullquote align=\"right\" size=\"medium\" citation=\"Rolf Halden, professor, Arizona State University\"]‘In essence, you have a radar screen and you see the identity and the quantity of the substances that are used in the city.’[/pullquote]“It’s important that you gain the trust of the community,” said Halden. “And it’s not monopolized by some and used in potentially harmful ways.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Halden says data collected at Arizona State University during the pandemic revealed that drug-use patterns changed in the community. Dealers faced the same supply-chain disruptions that plagued the consumer market, forcing people to switch up what they were consuming based on what was available. Knowing what’s popular can inform education campaigns and help officials target specific prevention strategies to the neighborhoods that need it most.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, if an area shows an increase in heroin consumption, then law enforcement in that neighborhood can stock up on \u003ca href=\"https://nida.nih.gov/publications/drugfacts/naloxone\">naloxone\u003c/a>, marketed as Narcan, to reverse overdoses. Or, if wastewater testing reveals an uptick in fentanyl use at a school, that could motivate parents to discuss the potential threat with their children.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over time, officials could also track whether a health policy is working to lower drug consumption in a particular area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We hope other communities who use wastewater testing involve their community members to ensure that the people most affected by this overdose crisis are also included in the solutions that we’re implementing,” said Hannah.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Public health officials in Marin County are now tracking illicit drugs in local wastewater — everything from nicotine to methamphetamine and fentanyl. Testing sewer water can illustrate exactly what is “hot” and where, offering a more accurate picture of the drug crisis than simply counting overdoses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We know now that our clinical data sources just show us the tip of the iceberg of actual overdoses, because if someone doesn’t call 911, or doesn’t present to the emergency department, we might never hear about it,” said Dr. Haylea Hannah, an epidemiologist for Marin County.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In early February, the Marin public health office began testing weekly samples collected at the Central Marin Sanitation Agency in San Rafael. The move followed the county’s success using sewers for COVID-19 surveillance — communities are increasingly relying on wastewater data to track viral levels, because sewers can show the burden of disease much more accurately than clinical testing data, since people are no longer going to the hospital for PCR tests.\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>Hannah says the county is testing sewer water for a long list of common drugs like heroin and cocaine. They just added \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11941201/dangerous-animal-tranquilizer-found-in-san-francisco-street-drug-supply\">xylazine — also known as “Tranq” — an animal tranquilizer\u003c/a>, which is increasingly laced with fentanyl; dealers add fentanyl to extend euphoric effects, but it can cause chronic infections. Since December, five people in San Francisco had low levels of xylazine in their systems when they lethally overdosed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“New instrumentation can find very small quantities of molecules of interest in the dirty soup that is going down the drain and ultimately into the sewers,” said Rolf Halden, professor and director of the Biodesign Center for Environmental Health Engineering at Arizona State University. “We never know who exactly took a drug, but we can determine the consumption rates of different substances in a community on a per-1,000 people level.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After someone consumes a drug, their body will metabolize it, and scientists can measure the metabolites that are washed down the drain. That means tests can decipher whether the drug was consumed by a person or flushed down the toilet in a raid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists can monitor an individual pipe or the confluence that merges at a treatment plant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Ideally, with an automated sample, that takes a little sip every so often and creates what’s known as a 24-hour composite sample,” said Halden. “In essence, you have a radar screen and you see the identity and the quantity of the substances that are used in the city.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Technically, wastewater data could also be used to incriminate. For example, it is possible to test the sewer line from a particular house to determine whether drugs are being consumed inside. However, that should never be the objective, Halden says, because the process should follow a moral and ethical code.\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>“It’s important that you gain the trust of the community,” said Halden. “And it’s not monopolized by some and used in potentially harmful ways.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Halden says data collected at Arizona State University during the pandemic revealed that drug-use patterns changed in the community. Dealers faced the same supply-chain disruptions that plagued the consumer market, forcing people to switch up what they were consuming based on what was available. Knowing what’s popular can inform education campaigns and help officials target specific prevention strategies to the neighborhoods that need it most.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, if an area shows an increase in heroin consumption, then law enforcement in that neighborhood can stock up on \u003ca href=\"https://nida.nih.gov/publications/drugfacts/naloxone\">naloxone\u003c/a>, marketed as Narcan, to reverse overdoses. Or, if wastewater testing reveals an uptick in fentanyl use at a school, that could motivate parents to discuss the potential threat with their children.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over time, officials could also track whether a health policy is working to lower drug consumption in a particular area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We hope other communities who use wastewater testing involve their community members to ensure that the people most affected by this overdose crisis are also included in the solutions that we’re implementing,” said Hannah.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Three little girls gathered around 20-year-old Charlotte Bleu at a preschool in San José, and squealed, “I like Miss Charlotte! She’s a good teacher.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bleu beamed, as she looked down at her doting students.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She said she’s grateful her life is back on track, just a few years after struggling with depression and numbing her pain with heroin and crystal meth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I had a plan one day to try to commit suicide, and my plan was to use fentanyl to do it,” said Bleu, recalling a moment of despair when she was just 18. “I wanted all my problems to go away.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2021, fentanyl, which can be up to 50 times more potent than heroin, was \u003ca href=\"https://skylab.cdph.ca.gov/ODdash/?tab=CA\">responsible for roughly 20% of deaths among 15- to 24-year-olds in California\u003c/a>. That same year, the state’s \u003ca href=\"https://skylab.cdph.ca.gov/ODdash/?tab=CA\">overall fentanyl-related death toll\u003c/a> was more than six times higher than just three years earlier.[aside postID=news_11945418 hero='https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/04/RS63872_012_KQED_SOMABuprenorphineDelivery_03232023-qut-1020x680.jpg']While overdose deaths among young people have skyrocketed across the country in recent years, \u003ca href=\"https://www.kff.org/other/state-indicator/opioid-overdose-deaths-by-age-group/?dataView=1¤tTimeframe=0&sortModel=%7B%22colId%22:%22Location%22,%22sort%22:%22asc%22%7D\">rates in the Golden State are even higher than the national average\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The night Bleu smoked fentanyl for the first time, she overdosed. “I was out for 30 minutes,” she said. “It was crazy. I almost didn’t survive.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bleu’s friends eventually sprayed three doses of \u003ca href=\"https://nida.nih.gov/publications/drugfacts/naloxone\">Narcan\u003c/a>, which reverses opioid overdoses, into her nose to restore her breathing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That was the beginning of her downward spiral into fentanyl addiction. It was cheap and easy to buy from street dealers in the Tenderloin neighborhood. Every time she tried to quit, withdrawal symptoms — like intense itching, nausea and cold sweats — struck with a vengeance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I remember laying in bed all day feeling like complete garbage and not knowing if I was going to make it out or not,” Bleu said. “Every few days I would just give up and smoke again because I couldn’t handle the feeling of withdrawal.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She says she had to lose everything before she sought help. “I lost my car, I lost my friends, my boyfriend. I just kind of lost touch with myself,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bleu was able to start getting help through a Santa Clara County drug counselor who eventually directed her to a \u003ca href=\"https://www.scvmc.org/hospitals-clinics/valley-homeless-health-care-program-vhhp\">new treatment program for youth\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They were there for me when no one else was,” said Bleu. “They helped me get on Suboxone to get off of the drugs, and help with the withdrawals.”[pullquote align=\"right\" size=\"medium\" citation=\"Dr. Lee Trope, pediatrician, San José\"]‘We’ve been shocked by how many teens and young adults in the community have come to us desperate for help … Some of them are using every two to three hours, like 10 fentanyl pills a day.’[/pullquote]Suboxone, the brand name of the drug \u003ca href=\"https://psychiatry.uams.edu/clinical-care/cast/buprenorphine/\">buprenorphine\u003c/a>, is available as a pill or as a film that dissolves under the tongue. It binds to opioid receptors in the brain but doesn’t activate them all the way, so patients don’t feel high, but also don’t experience withdrawal symptoms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bleu felt immediate relief when she started taking Suboxone daily, and within a month she started to slowly turn her life around. Now, two years later, she’s still clean, and when she is not teaching preschool, Bleu is in community college studying dental hygiene.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve been shocked by how many teens and young adults in the community have come to us desperate for help,” said Dr. Lee Trope, a pediatrician in San José. “Some of them are using every two to three hours, like 10 fentanyl pills a day.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The fentanyl crisis is actually \u003ca href=\"https://www.mercurynews.com/2022/10/30/we-are-not-trying-to-scare-you-in-california-fentanyl-now-behind-1-out-every-5-youth-deaths/\">much worse in other Bay Area counties like San Francisco and Contra Costa\u003c/a>, according to data-crunching from the Mercury News.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Trope says she often can’t prescribe Suboxone to many of the adolescents who need it most because California requires consent from a parent (or legal guardian) to begin what’s known as medical-assisted treatment (or MAT) for 16- to 18-year-olds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s not uncommon that they’re living on the street,” Trope said. “Many of them are living with grandparents or aunts or uncles because their guardians are in the grips of addiction themselves.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To address that, San Francisco Democratic Assemblymember Matt Haney in February introduced a \u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=202320240AB816\">bill\u003c/a> that would allow anyone 16 and over to start Suboxone treatment without the need for parental consent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1982217\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1982217\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2023/04/GettyImages-1353920451-800x534.jpg\" alt=\"Headshot of a lightly bearded white man with brown short-cropped hair gesticulating with his left hand and wearing a suit and tie as he speaks into a microphone.\" width=\"800\" height=\"534\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/04/GettyImages-1353920451-800x534.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/04/GettyImages-1353920451-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/04/GettyImages-1353920451-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/04/GettyImages-1353920451-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/04/GettyImages-1353920451.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Former San Francisco Supervisor and current Assemblymember Matt Haney speaks during a press conference on Nov. 16, 2021, at City Hall in San Francisco. \u003ccite>(Gabrielle Lurie/The San Francisco Chronicle via Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“Teenagers who, for a variety of reasons, can’t talk to their parents about their addiction shouldn’t be prohibited from getting help,” Haney said. “Suboxone is the most effective form of treatment for opioid-use disorder, and it’s critical that we get people enrolled in it as soon as possible.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Assemblymember Bill Essayli, a Riverside County Republican, worries the proposed legislation will encourage kids to hide their addiction from their parents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think it is too sweeping, it’s too broad, and it covers a bigger class of people and minors than the bill is intended to target,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Essayli said he would rather see much narrower legislation limited to kids who are estranged from their parents, and that focuses to a greater degree on connecting them to social services.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Charlotte Bleu in San José isn’t sure she would be here today if she had needed her parents’ permission to start Suboxone treatment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“My parents were very against it,” Bleu said. “They thought that it was an easy way out. They still believed that it was a drug to make me high.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She tried to explain to them that Suboxone only partially activates the opioid receptors, so it does not stimulate euphoria — but she said they didn’t believe her.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’m so thankful that I did survive, because if I didn’t,” Bleu said, “I wouldn’t have been able to learn all these valuable lessons and get to the healthy point that I am today.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n",
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"excerpt": "San Francisco Assemblymember Matt Haney introduced a bill that would allow some teenagers to receive Suboxone/buprenorphine to ease opiate withdrawals without their parents' consent, lifting what he argues is a key barrier to treatment.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Three little girls gathered around 20-year-old Charlotte Bleu at a preschool in San José, and squealed, “I like Miss Charlotte! She’s a good teacher.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bleu beamed, as she looked down at her doting students.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She said she’s grateful her life is back on track, just a few years after struggling with depression and numbing her pain with heroin and crystal meth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I had a plan one day to try to commit suicide, and my plan was to use fentanyl to do it,” said Bleu, recalling a moment of despair when she was just 18. “I wanted all my problems to go away.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2021, fentanyl, which can be up to 50 times more potent than heroin, was \u003ca href=\"https://skylab.cdph.ca.gov/ODdash/?tab=CA\">responsible for roughly 20% of deaths among 15- to 24-year-olds in California\u003c/a>. That same year, the state’s \u003ca href=\"https://skylab.cdph.ca.gov/ODdash/?tab=CA\">overall fentanyl-related death toll\u003c/a> was more than six times higher than just three years earlier.\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>While overdose deaths among young people have skyrocketed across the country in recent years, \u003ca href=\"https://www.kff.org/other/state-indicator/opioid-overdose-deaths-by-age-group/?dataView=1¤tTimeframe=0&sortModel=%7B%22colId%22:%22Location%22,%22sort%22:%22asc%22%7D\">rates in the Golden State are even higher than the national average\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The night Bleu smoked fentanyl for the first time, she overdosed. “I was out for 30 minutes,” she said. “It was crazy. I almost didn’t survive.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bleu’s friends eventually sprayed three doses of \u003ca href=\"https://nida.nih.gov/publications/drugfacts/naloxone\">Narcan\u003c/a>, which reverses opioid overdoses, into her nose to restore her breathing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That was the beginning of her downward spiral into fentanyl addiction. It was cheap and easy to buy from street dealers in the Tenderloin neighborhood. Every time she tried to quit, withdrawal symptoms — like intense itching, nausea and cold sweats — struck with a vengeance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I remember laying in bed all day feeling like complete garbage and not knowing if I was going to make it out or not,” Bleu said. “Every few days I would just give up and smoke again because I couldn’t handle the feeling of withdrawal.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She says she had to lose everything before she sought help. “I lost my car, I lost my friends, my boyfriend. I just kind of lost touch with myself,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bleu was able to start getting help through a Santa Clara County drug counselor who eventually directed her to a \u003ca href=\"https://www.scvmc.org/hospitals-clinics/valley-homeless-health-care-program-vhhp\">new treatment program for youth\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They were there for me when no one else was,” said Bleu. “They helped me get on Suboxone to get off of the drugs, and help with the withdrawals.”\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>Suboxone, the brand name of the drug \u003ca href=\"https://psychiatry.uams.edu/clinical-care/cast/buprenorphine/\">buprenorphine\u003c/a>, is available as a pill or as a film that dissolves under the tongue. It binds to opioid receptors in the brain but doesn’t activate them all the way, so patients don’t feel high, but also don’t experience withdrawal symptoms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bleu felt immediate relief when she started taking Suboxone daily, and within a month she started to slowly turn her life around. Now, two years later, she’s still clean, and when she is not teaching preschool, Bleu is in community college studying dental hygiene.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve been shocked by how many teens and young adults in the community have come to us desperate for help,” said Dr. Lee Trope, a pediatrician in San José. “Some of them are using every two to three hours, like 10 fentanyl pills a day.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The fentanyl crisis is actually \u003ca href=\"https://www.mercurynews.com/2022/10/30/we-are-not-trying-to-scare-you-in-california-fentanyl-now-behind-1-out-every-5-youth-deaths/\">much worse in other Bay Area counties like San Francisco and Contra Costa\u003c/a>, according to data-crunching from the Mercury News.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Trope says she often can’t prescribe Suboxone to many of the adolescents who need it most because California requires consent from a parent (or legal guardian) to begin what’s known as medical-assisted treatment (or MAT) for 16- to 18-year-olds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s not uncommon that they’re living on the street,” Trope said. “Many of them are living with grandparents or aunts or uncles because their guardians are in the grips of addiction themselves.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To address that, San Francisco Democratic Assemblymember Matt Haney in February introduced a \u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=202320240AB816\">bill\u003c/a> that would allow anyone 16 and over to start Suboxone treatment without the need for parental consent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1982217\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1982217\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2023/04/GettyImages-1353920451-800x534.jpg\" alt=\"Headshot of a lightly bearded white man with brown short-cropped hair gesticulating with his left hand and wearing a suit and tie as he speaks into a microphone.\" width=\"800\" height=\"534\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/04/GettyImages-1353920451-800x534.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/04/GettyImages-1353920451-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/04/GettyImages-1353920451-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/04/GettyImages-1353920451-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/04/GettyImages-1353920451.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Former San Francisco Supervisor and current Assemblymember Matt Haney speaks during a press conference on Nov. 16, 2021, at City Hall in San Francisco. \u003ccite>(Gabrielle Lurie/The San Francisco Chronicle via Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“Teenagers who, for a variety of reasons, can’t talk to their parents about their addiction shouldn’t be prohibited from getting help,” Haney said. “Suboxone is the most effective form of treatment for opioid-use disorder, and it’s critical that we get people enrolled in it as soon as possible.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Assemblymember Bill Essayli, a Riverside County Republican, worries the proposed legislation will encourage kids to hide their addiction from their parents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think it is too sweeping, it’s too broad, and it covers a bigger class of people and minors than the bill is intended to target,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Essayli said he would rather see much narrower legislation limited to kids who are estranged from their parents, and that focuses to a greater degree on connecting them to social services.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Charlotte Bleu in San José isn’t sure she would be here today if she had needed her parents’ permission to start Suboxone treatment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“My parents were very against it,” Bleu said. “They thought that it was an easy way out. They still believed that it was a drug to make me high.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She tried to explain to them that Suboxone only partially activates the opioid receptors, so it does not stimulate euphoria — but she said they didn’t believe her.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’m so thankful that I did survive, because if I didn’t,” Bleu said, “I wouldn’t have been able to learn all these valuable lessons and get to the healthy point that I am today.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Perhaps unsurprisingly, taking photographs from a doorless helicopter was proving more difficult than San Francisco Bay Area photographer joSon had anticipated. Bundled in ski apparel and buckled into his seat, he had done his best to prepare. But the driving winds on this chilly November day quickly numbed his fingers, and more than once his camera smacked against his face as a gust rattled the two-seater aircraft.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Four thousand feet below, the placid salt ponds that lured him to this precarious position draped the southern inland tip of San Francisco Bay like a multicolored quilt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like many Bay Area residents, joSon’s first glimpse of the South Bay’s salt ponds was from the relative comfort of a commercial airliner. Descending into San Francisco International Airport, travelers glimpse an otherworldly landscape of geometric lines and vibrant colors fringing the jagged coastline and muddy blue-green of the Bay — the result of more than 150 years of industrial salt mining. As bay water is pumped through a series of artificial ponds, sun and steady winds cause it to evaporate, leaving each pond saltier than the one before. And as the salinity changes, so do the pigmented microorganisms that thrive in the brine, giving each pond a unique color — from the lime green of Dunaliella algae in low-salinity pools to the rose-petal reds of salt-loving halobacteria in crystallization ponds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1979883\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A2474.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1979883\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A2474-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"Levees neatly separate the photo into four squares of red and rose. One is the red of a stop sign, another is a desert rose, a third is a pale orange, and a fourth is a dark rose. \" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A2474-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A2474-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A2474-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A2474-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A2474-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A2474-2048x1365.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A2474-1920x1280.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Halobacteria produce a red tinge in the South Bay’s saltiest ponds. \u003ccite>(joSon/bioGraphic)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The colors and patterns reminded joSon of rice paddies in Vietnam, where he spent part of his childhood and lived as a Buddhist monk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1979881\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A2645.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1979881\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A2645-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"Pale lime water marks a salt pond at the top of the page in a curve with a foot shape at the bottom. On the left is another pond in yellow-gold. The lower right shows ??????\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A2645-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A2645-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A2645-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A2645-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A2645-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A2645-2048x1365.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A2645-1920x1280.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">By 2050, sea levels along the West Coast are expected to rise between 4 and 8 inches. \u003ccite>(joSon/bioGraphic)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Captivated, he returned to the South Bay salt ponds again and again, dangling from a helicopter, often in frigid temperatures, over the course of two years to capture their “bizarre beauty.” Over time, he noticed a transformation taking place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Where some of the ponds once were, the locations were now flooded with seawater,” joSon told me. In place of the neon colors of industrial salt ponds, he began noticing “thousands of pearl-like brown and white dots” — flocks of American avocets (Recurvirostra americana) and other shorebirds returning to the South Bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although he didn’t yet realize it, joSon was documenting one of the largest wetland restoration projects in United States history.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2003, the multinational corporation Cargill sold more than 15,000 acres of its South Bay salt ponds — most but not all of its holdings — to the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, the California State Coastal Conservancy, and the California Department of Fish and Game. This sale launched the South Bay Salt Pond Restoration Project.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1979879\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3866.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1979879\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3866-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"Two turquoise creeks run from the bottom of the image to the top. On the left, the creek shows branching tributaries. The creeks run parallel to a levee in the center of the photo, through a lush landscape of green and brown restored wetlands.\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3866-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3866-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3866-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3866-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3866-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3866-2048x1365.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3866-1920x1280.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Two creeks run parallel to a levee through restored South Bay wetlands. \u003ccite>(joSon/bioGraphic)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In the decades since, a consortium of more than a dozen nonprofits and state and federal agencies have collaborated to return much of the area to tidal marsh by mid-century. In doing so, they hope to recreate habitat for beleaguered native species, restore the coastline’s natural flood resilience, and improve the overall quality of the South Bay’s coastal ecosystems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But nature has adapted in ways that are complicating their efforts. While the salt ponds have undeniably had negative impacts on many species, including threatened Ridgway’s rails (Rallus obsoletus), they have unintentionally benefited others, like canvasbacks (Aythya valisineria) and buffleheads (Bucephala albeola), which overwinter on the shallow pools. More complicating still, the threat of climate change and sea-level rise has been looming ever larger since the project’s inception. Restoring the wetlands requires balancing the needs of plants and animals — including humans — that have long populated the South Bay’s wetlands with those of species that have more recently come to depend upon the human-made salt ponds.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>Exploitation of the salty South Bay\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Despite their surreal present-day appearance, salt ponds have a history in the South Bay stretching nearly as far back as the wetlands themselves. Around 3,000 years ago, as the rapid rate of sea-level rise driven by the end of the last Ice Age began to slow, marsh plants took hold along the edges of the bay. The increased vegetation trapped more and more sediment from upstream erosion and tidal deposition, leveling out the transition from water to land and allowing wetlands to rise above the tidal flats.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For millennia afterward, expansive mudflats bordered the South Bay’s shore, exposed twice daily at low tide. Upslope, verdant marshes were a meshwork of hundreds of plant species. Further inland still, bay water, filling natural depressions only during the highest winter tides, evaporated under the late-summer sun, leaving behind large natural salt deposits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">[aside postID='science_1918301' label='What Are Those Weird, Pink Ponds in San Francisco Bay?\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">]\u003c/span>Even human harvesting of the ponds dates to prehistoric times. Long before European colonizers arrived, Ohlone people crystallized salt on willow twigs or burned small patches of marsh plants to reap the salty ash left behind. Such harvests were bountiful enough to not only enrich the Ohlone’s own food, but to trade with other tribes throughout the region.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Archaeological surveys of Ohlone shellmounds — sacred sites often constructed for burials — give us an idea of the region’s biodiversity during these early stewards’ time. Though mostly composed of shells from bay mussels, clams and oysters mixed with sand and clay, the mounds also contained remnants of other animals, including black-tailed deer, harbor seals, Chinook salmon and even species no longer found in the San Francisco estuary, such as Tule elk and sea otters. In some instances, the interred were not humans, but culturally significant species like the California condor (Gymnogyps californianus), which went extinct in the wild in the 1980s and has since been reintroduced through captive breeding programs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1979880\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3459.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1979880\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3459-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"Swirls of pale gold, dusty gray and dark gold pour across the image, with dots of crusty islands in white and green running across the upper right corner.\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3459-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3459-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3459-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3459-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3459-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3459-2048x1365.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3459-1920x1280.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">As the salinity of the South Bay’s salt ponds changes so, too, does the pigmented microorganisms that thrive in the brine, resulting in an array of striking colors. \u003ccite>(joSon/bioGraphic)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>After arriving in the late 1700s, the Spanish quickly co-opted Indigenous salt harvesting techniques and enslaved the Ohlone to produce salt for export to Europe. Still, this early salt production remained relatively small in scale, relying on natural salinas — the Spanish term for elongated, landward pools used to harvest salt —the largest of which was the1,200-acre Crystal Salt Pond near the modern-day city of Hayward.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1979878\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A4200.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1979878\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A4200-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"A curve of green water in the upper left corner abuts a yellow and green border, shaped to the bay's curve. On the other side of the bay, the sharp, 90-degree edges of man-made levees square off against the curving bay. The levees are in stripes of dark orange, indigo blue, and pale tan. Outside the levees is a broken landscape of pale brown with dark cracks running through.\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A4200-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A4200-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A4200-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A4200-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A4200-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A4200-2048x1365.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A4200-1920x1280.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Along the coast of the South Bay, the soft curves of tidal wetlands often butt up against the straight lines of human-made levees. \u003ccite>(joSon/bioGraphic)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The South Bay’s first artificial salt ponds were built by a German sailor named John Johnson in 1853. Even as he and others began manipulating the landscape, however, legal restrictions on how much acreage could be bought on credit meant that most salt ponds were small, family-run operations. Many families owned as few as 20 acres, and built pond levees against natural creeks and sloughs, minimizing impacts on the local ecology.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then, in 1868, California removed all acreage restrictions, clearing the way for land barons to purchase and “reclaim” vast swaths of wetlands. Almost immediately, speculators began buying up tracts of Bay Area wetlands with grand visions of industrialization to support the region’s burgeoning cities — themselves built atop meadows and oak woodlands. Within decades, shellmounds turned into shipping hubs, hunting grounds into game lodges, and family-owned ponds into corporate-owned saltworks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the rest of San Francisco Bay was being developed, the South Bay proved surprisingly difficult to break. The salty soil made agriculture untenable, and the shallow, muddy bay bottom stifled developers’ dreams of building the world’s most valuable industrial harbor. Salt harvesting, however, remained profitable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By the 1950s, artificial South Bay salt ponds, at this point almost entirely consolidated under the ownership of a single company called Leslie Salt, covered 25,000 acres and had consumed roughly half of historical tidal marshes. Levees crisscrossed the edges of the bay, segmenting the former marshes into pools of varying salinities and upending the hydrology that had long fed the wetlands. The wetlands that weren’t used for salt production were snatched up by real estate developers, who dredged, filled and built upon them to create communities like Foster City and Redwood Shores.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1979888\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A4310.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1979888\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A4310-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"Triangular and rectangular shapes of dry brown land with fractal edges jut from the lower right and upper left corners of the image, into brownish-green water on the left of the image and baby blue water on the top of the image. Large river-like cracks in the dry land open to intrusion from the water.\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A4310-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A4310-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A4310-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A4310-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A4310-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A4310-2048x1365.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A4310-1920x1280.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">More than a century and a half of rampant development has upended the natural hydrology of the Bay Area. \u003ccite>(joSon/bioGraphic)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>These projects, combined with a report from the Army Corps of Engineers advocating further filling of the bay, sparked outrage among ecologically conscious locals who wished to preserve the space for public access and wildlife. In 1961, environmentalists formed the Save San Francisco Bay Association (later known as Save the Bay, a key partner on the South Bay Salt Pond Restoration Project).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The organization successfully advocated a ban on filling the bay to build more housing. In 1974, the Don Edwards San Francisco Bay National Wildlife Refuge, the nation’s first urban wildlife refuge, was established on land formerly owned by Leslie Salt. A few years later, Leslie sold their remaining holdings to Cargill, which harvested and sold a million tons of salt per year at its peak — slightly more than the weight of the nearby Golden Gate Bridge. Of particular interest to joSon, some of that salt helped produce the napalm that the United States military used to destroy villages and lives during the Vietnam War.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1979877\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A4239.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1979877\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A4239-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"A bright orange square intrudes from the lower right corner of the image, bumping up against a levee of white and blue, separating the salt pond from the bay. Landscapes of green and brown spill in fractal shapes from the levee into the a pale turquoise water of the bay.\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A4239-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A4239-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A4239-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A4239-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A4239-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A4239-2048x1365.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A4239-1920x1280.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A surreal patch of San Francisco Bay and artificial salt pond. \u003ccite>(joSon/bioGraphic)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>By the time Cargill sold most of its ponds to the state of California, setting the stage for the West Coast’s largest wetlands restoration project, San Francisco Bay’s estuary was in dire straits. In total, somewhere between 80% and 95% of tidal wetlands had been degraded or developed. Removal of groundwater for reclamation had caused the land to actually sink in places — as much as 13 feet in the Santa Clara Valley — leaving the surrounding communities more vulnerable to flooding. Just 1,000 of the original 6,000 miles of channels that fed the bay and deposited the sediment and freshwater necessary for the wetlands to thrive were left intact.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The fabric of interwoven wetland ecosystems that provide natural flood protection and habitat for thousands of species had been unraveled. One of the few, frayed threads remaining were the salt ponds.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>Migratory birds return\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>When John Johnson, Leslie Salt, and other fortune-seekers began diking the South Bay for salt ponds, they likely put little thought into what it would mean for the surrounding waterfowl, shorebirds, and other wetland species. But while they were molding the land to their own purposes, nature was adapting to them. And though many species were forced out, others found sanctuary in the salty South Bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1979889\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3705.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1979889\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3705-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"Dark brown and black waters swirl in curving lines through dark grey salt flats dotte,d by white birds.\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3705-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3705-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3705-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3705-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3705-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3705-2048x1365.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3705-1920x1280.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Even dry salt beds provide important habitat for local and transient species. \u003ccite>(joSon/bioGraphic)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>For threatened western snowy plovers (Charadrius alexandrinus nivosus), driven by beachgoers from the shorelines they historically populated, the salt ponds granted reprieve. Earthen islands built to dampen the tidal erosion of the levees and dried salt beds proved well-suited for camouflaging the sandy-feathered shorebirds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Likewise, migratory water birds left with few places to roost and forage during their yearly journey along the 9,000-mile Pacific Flyway, a migration corridor stretching from Alaska to Patagonia, found a feast of brine shrimp and other invertebrates in the calm, shallow salt ponds. During one spring migration in the 1980s, researchers tallied more than 200,000 birds in a single pond.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1979882\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A4348.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1979882\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A4348-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"Thousands of white dots mark a landscape far below of dark green and brown. These are migratory birds in a single salt pond.\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A4348-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A4348-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A4348-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A4348-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A4348-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A4348-2048x1365.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A4348-1920x1280.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">During one spring migration in the 1980s, researchers tallied more than 200,000 birds in a single salt pond. \u003ccite>(joSon/bioGraphic)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“The whole Pacific Flyway comes through here,” says Dave Halsing, a California State Coastal Conservancy scientist and executive project manager for the South Bay Salt Pond Restoration Project (SBSPRP). “For those couple of weeks, this is all there is. The whole Central Valley of California used to be marshy open space. Now it’s all subdivisions and farmland. The stopover has become the bay.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even humans have benefitted to some degree from the salt ponds. Though not nearly as effective as wetlands, the ponds’ levees provide an important buffer between the bay and the surrounding communities, reducing flood risks during heavy rains and high tides.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">[aside PostID='quest_20389']\u003c/span>Taking all of these unintended consequences into consideration has complicated efforts to restore the South Bay. “If all we had to do was tidal marsh restoration, it would be very simple,” Halsing says. “But it’s not.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In response, the SBSPRP is taking an adaptive approach, essentially treating the whole 50-year-long project as a series of smaller, more manageable endeavors, with the overall goal of restoring at least half of the 15,100 acres to tidal wetlands while maintaining current levels of flood protection and biodiversity. What this means in practice is breaching many of the ponds, preserving others as they are, and enhancing the rest by adding artificial islands for roosting, or altering salinity and water levels to attract certain species. Then the team monitors how those changes impact various species, and adjusts its strategy as needed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From a distance, the work looks like a child’s sandbox, with mounds of earth surrounding bright yellow mechanical beasts of all shapes and sizes. Up close, it’s not all that different from any other construction site; half a dozen people or so busying about in hard hats and bright-colored vests, the loud rumble and hydraulic hisses of excavators and bulldozers roaring to life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[pullquote size='medium' citation='Donna Ball, San Francisco Estuary Institute']‘We had thought that it would take longer. It’s great to know that we’re having a positive effect.’[/pullquote]Once the groundwork has been laid according to a specific pond’s fate — levees raised or lowered, earth graded to the desired slope, flood channels added or gated — volunteers from Save the Bay work with project biologists for what Donna Ball, a San Francisco Estuary Institute biologist and lead scientist on the SBSPRP, says is one of the most important parts of restoring the ecosystem: replanting vegetation. “Putting plants in is really the habitat piece,” Ball says. “It’s really the meat of trying to think about each species and what they might need.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To date, around 3,000 acres have been restored to tidal wetlands and 700 acres of ponds have been enhanced. Just as the first plants 3,000 years ago provided the foundation for the wetlands — and all the biodiversity they support — these initial plantings are bringing life back to the landscape.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2014, just eight years after breaching the first ponds, Ridgway’s rails were discovered meandering through the marsh. A year later, researchers found salt marsh harvest mice (Reithrodontomys raviventris), an endangered species endemic to the Bay Area, scampering around dense carpets of pickleweed. Even threatened longfin smelt (Spirinchus thaleichthys) and other local fishes were visiting the surrounding waters in greater numbers than before.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The wetlands were returning much faster than anyone had anticipated. “We had thought that it would take longer,” Ball says. “It’s great to know that we’re having a positive effect.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Importantly, even with the number of artificial salt ponds shrinking, improvements to those that remain has actually increased migratory water bird numbers. A study from the U.S. Geological Survey found that between 2002 and 2014, the number of overwintering water birds (both waterfowl and shorebirds) that stopped over in the project area more than doubled. By comparison, in nearby ponds still owned by Cargill for salt production, there was virtually no change in water bird visitation over roughly the same period.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1979890\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3997.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1979890\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3997-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"A landscape of a white salt crust sits on top of winding dark red waters, wriggling through the salt crust. A dark yellow levee runs from the lower right corner to the upper left corner.\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3997-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3997-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3997-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3997-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3997-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3997-2048x1365.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3997-1920x1280.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Though many of the South Bay’s salt ponds are being converted to tidal marsh, some will be left intact to support ground-nesting birds. \u003ccite>(joSon/bioGraphic)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cdiv class=\"mceTemp\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>And though they haven’t experienced a similar surge, western snowy plover populations have held steady thanks to habitat enhancements, including spreading oyster shells on dried salt ponds for improved camouflage and removing nearby perches used by predatory raptors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The SBSPRP was restoring balance to the South Bay wetlands. But increasingly, the weight of climate change has been threatening to tip the scales back out of whack. To ensure their progress would not be undone, the project leaders had to start planning not only for what the wetlands needed today, but for what they will need in the near future.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>‘A fighting chance’ as bay waters rise\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>As I stand on one of the easternmost levees of Ravenswood, an open space preserve along the shore of the South Bay and one of three main restoration sites for the SBSPRP, it’s easy to grasp the Bay Area’s vulnerability to climate change. Within a 7-mile radius of me, over largely flat terrain, lies Redwood City, Palo Alto, and Menlo Park, with a combined population of nearly 200,000 people. Water from the bay practically laps at my feet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to a recent report from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, by 2050 sea levels along the West Coast are expected to rise between 4 and 8 inches. At the same time, flooding is expected to become more frequent and severe, with major flood events occurring five times as often.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1979891\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3554.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1979891\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3554-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"Dark orange salt pond water in the upper left corner meets a pale gold curve of levee. On the other side of the levee are the pale and dark brown wetlands, with dark green riparian areas twisting through.\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3554-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3554-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3554-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3554-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3554-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3554-2048x1365.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3554-1920x1280.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Both levees and wetlands can protect surrounding communities from sea level rise. \u003ccite>(joSon/bioGraphic)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>While climate change had long been considered by the SBSPRP, Ball says the increasingly dire predictions about when the Bay Area could feel its effects — and how severe those impacts could be on people and wildlife — has ramped up the project’s urgency, since healthy wetlands can serve as a natural barrier to flooding and storm surges.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The key word, however, is healthy. Even under ideal conditions, it takes time for restored wetlands to go from sparse and fragile vegetation to lush and robust. And rising seas and severe storms are not ideal circumstances for adolescent wetlands, inundating or robbing the young upstarts of the sediment they need to develop and thrive. The sooner ponds can be breached and restoration started, the more likely it is that the wetlands will be able to mature into a resilient ecosystem. Indeed, a 2019 study from Point Blue Conservation Science, a key partner in the restoration project, showed that if tidal fluctuations weren’t restored to certain parts of the project area by mid-century, they might never accrete enough sediment to survive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even mature wetlands will eventually succumb to rising seas if rates of erosion and inundation outpace sedimentation. That is, unless they have somewhere to run.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While plants might appear immobile, over long periods of time plant populations can move in response to their environment. For wetland flora such as salt marsh gumplant (Grindelia stricta) or alkali heath (Frankenia salina), both of which love salty soil but prefer drier conditions, this means extending their roots upland as water levels rise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1979871\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3636.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1979871\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3636-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"A landscape of marsh plants in peach, yellow, cream and brown falls from the upper left to the lower right, meeting a narrow triangle of grey-blue water. Long, narrow rivers run down the wetland to the bay.\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3636-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3636-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3636-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3636-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3636-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3636-2048x1365.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3636-1920x1280.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Given time, marsh plants will move upslope or downslope to more suitable soil. \u003ccite>(joSon/bioGraphic)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Historically, there was plenty of space for Bay Area marshes to migrate. Gradually sloped transition zones, or ecotones, hundreds to thousands of feet wide, bordered much of the wetlands, providing a spectrum of overlapping habitats from subtidal to salt marsh to upland meadows. Today, development has encroached on 90% of those areas, reducing them in most places to just a handful of feet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To give the South Bay’s nascent wetlands a fighting chance in the face of climate change, the SBSPRP is adding ecotones to many of their tidal marsh restoration sites during the latest phase of construction. Ecotones aren’t possible everywhere, but they have wide-ranging benefits. In addition to restoring wildlife habitat and tempering floods, they can preserve the beauty and accessibility of the wetlands for the region’s human inhabitants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1979892\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3805.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1979892 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3805-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"A pale tan creek winds from the bottom of the image to the upper left corner, through lush green wetlands. The vegetation on either side of the creek is yellow-green, dark green and brown.\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3805-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3805-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3805-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3805-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3805-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3805-2048x1365.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3805-1920x1280.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A small creek winds through restored wetlands in San Francisco’s South Bay. \u003ccite>(joSon/bioGraphic)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Rather than protecting the Bay Area from floods by building a levee that would turn San Francisco Bay into a giant bathtub, Ball says, ecotones and other nature-based solutions can help “maintain this habitat — even for people.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>A continual cycle of rebirth\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>On a sunny early afternoon in spring, I visit Eden Landing Ecological Reserve, another of the main project sites for the SBSPRP. At the entrance, a sign briefly nods to the complicated history of the landscape, no doubt preparing visitors who might soon be confused by the presence of levees, flood control gates, and managed ponds in an ecological reserve. Moments into my walk, however, I feel no confusion: This land is undoubtedly wild.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As I head toward the trail loop, marsh wrens (Cistothorus palustris) burst from the grasses lining both sides of the path, chittering in alarm at my presence before sinking back into the tangle. To my right, a raft of American avocets, heads golden-brown, beaks slightly upturned, bob lazily in a shallow pond. To my left, a long-billed curlew (Numenius americanus) slinks through the tidal mudflats foraging for invertebrates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Further down the trail, I find myself face-to-face with the full scope of the restoration project. I pass a half dozen ponds of various water levels and shades of yellow, hinting at their differences in salinity. In most, an artificial island emerges a foot or so above the surface. I walk atop levees for most of the journey, occasionally crossing over a floodgate separating pond from pond, or pond from bay. At one of the outermost points from the trailhead I come upon a dried salt bed, a parched moonscape shattered at the edges and scattered with oyster shells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And at each turn I find signs of life. Goldfinches, yellowthroats and song sparrows flitting through the tall upland grasses. Ducks, herons and egrets along the channels bordering the tidal marshes. Sandpipers, willets, and stilts on the islands of the managed ponds. I even come across an unattended egg nestled atop a patch of clover on the bank of the levee.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I feel grateful for this space, a stone’s throw from busy metropolises and yet a world away. But strangely, I also find myself feeling thankful for the salt ponds — not only those that have been restored and enhanced, but also their human-made predecessors. Almost all of the restorable land along the shores of the South Bay exists because the industrial salt ponds unintentionally preserved this place. If not for the salt ponds, the area would have almost certainly been developed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The tension between what I know of the land’s tumultuous history and the peace I find there makes me think of joSon. Drawing on his past as a Buddhist monk, the photographer considers the restoration project a form of rebirth, a way of healing the wetlands while reconciling the land’s past traumas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The concept of rebirth defines how we grow and redefine ourselves by simultaneously shedding and embracing our painful past,” he says. For him, the arc of the salt ponds’ history offers a way of thinking about how individuals, cultures and places can “adapt and move on.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Near the end of the trail, I come across the relics of a former salt harvesting operation, retained for posterity. Beyond, wooden pilings worn smooth by tides and time emerge from mudflats and murky ponds, supporting ghost structures no longer present. As the wetlands devour the scars of industry, a semblance of what this landscape once was — and has always been to the Ohlone, who continue to hold ceremonies at shellmound sites — is reemerging: a sacred place for plants, animals and people, a wetland in a constant cycle of being reborn.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n",
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"excerpt": "In San Francisco's salty South Bay, an ambitious wetlands restoration project is attempting to balance a return to the ecological past with the realities of a warming future.",
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"title": "Migratory Birds Return As Salt Ponds Heal: Documenting a Damaged World in Transition | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Perhaps unsurprisingly, taking photographs from a doorless helicopter was proving more difficult than San Francisco Bay Area photographer joSon had anticipated. Bundled in ski apparel and buckled into his seat, he had done his best to prepare. But the driving winds on this chilly November day quickly numbed his fingers, and more than once his camera smacked against his face as a gust rattled the two-seater aircraft.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Four thousand feet below, the placid salt ponds that lured him to this precarious position draped the southern inland tip of San Francisco Bay like a multicolored quilt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like many Bay Area residents, joSon’s first glimpse of the South Bay’s salt ponds was from the relative comfort of a commercial airliner. Descending into San Francisco International Airport, travelers glimpse an otherworldly landscape of geometric lines and vibrant colors fringing the jagged coastline and muddy blue-green of the Bay — the result of more than 150 years of industrial salt mining. As bay water is pumped through a series of artificial ponds, sun and steady winds cause it to evaporate, leaving each pond saltier than the one before. And as the salinity changes, so do the pigmented microorganisms that thrive in the brine, giving each pond a unique color — from the lime green of Dunaliella algae in low-salinity pools to the rose-petal reds of salt-loving halobacteria in crystallization ponds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1979883\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A2474.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1979883\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A2474-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"Levees neatly separate the photo into four squares of red and rose. One is the red of a stop sign, another is a desert rose, a third is a pale orange, and a fourth is a dark rose. \" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A2474-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A2474-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A2474-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A2474-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A2474-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A2474-2048x1365.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A2474-1920x1280.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Halobacteria produce a red tinge in the South Bay’s saltiest ponds. \u003ccite>(joSon/bioGraphic)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The colors and patterns reminded joSon of rice paddies in Vietnam, where he spent part of his childhood and lived as a Buddhist monk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1979881\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A2645.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1979881\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A2645-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"Pale lime water marks a salt pond at the top of the page in a curve with a foot shape at the bottom. On the left is another pond in yellow-gold. The lower right shows ??????\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A2645-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A2645-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A2645-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A2645-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A2645-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A2645-2048x1365.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A2645-1920x1280.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">By 2050, sea levels along the West Coast are expected to rise between 4 and 8 inches. \u003ccite>(joSon/bioGraphic)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Captivated, he returned to the South Bay salt ponds again and again, dangling from a helicopter, often in frigid temperatures, over the course of two years to capture their “bizarre beauty.” Over time, he noticed a transformation taking place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Where some of the ponds once were, the locations were now flooded with seawater,” joSon told me. In place of the neon colors of industrial salt ponds, he began noticing “thousands of pearl-like brown and white dots” — flocks of American avocets (Recurvirostra americana) and other shorebirds returning to the South Bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although he didn’t yet realize it, joSon was documenting one of the largest wetland restoration projects in United States history.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2003, the multinational corporation Cargill sold more than 15,000 acres of its South Bay salt ponds — most but not all of its holdings — to the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, the California State Coastal Conservancy, and the California Department of Fish and Game. This sale launched the South Bay Salt Pond Restoration Project.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1979879\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3866.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1979879\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3866-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"Two turquoise creeks run from the bottom of the image to the top. On the left, the creek shows branching tributaries. The creeks run parallel to a levee in the center of the photo, through a lush landscape of green and brown restored wetlands.\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3866-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3866-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3866-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3866-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3866-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3866-2048x1365.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3866-1920x1280.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Two creeks run parallel to a levee through restored South Bay wetlands. \u003ccite>(joSon/bioGraphic)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In the decades since, a consortium of more than a dozen nonprofits and state and federal agencies have collaborated to return much of the area to tidal marsh by mid-century. In doing so, they hope to recreate habitat for beleaguered native species, restore the coastline’s natural flood resilience, and improve the overall quality of the South Bay’s coastal ecosystems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But nature has adapted in ways that are complicating their efforts. While the salt ponds have undeniably had negative impacts on many species, including threatened Ridgway’s rails (Rallus obsoletus), they have unintentionally benefited others, like canvasbacks (Aythya valisineria) and buffleheads (Bucephala albeola), which overwinter on the shallow pools. More complicating still, the threat of climate change and sea-level rise has been looming ever larger since the project’s inception. Restoring the wetlands requires balancing the needs of plants and animals — including humans — that have long populated the South Bay’s wetlands with those of species that have more recently come to depend upon the human-made salt ponds.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>Exploitation of the salty South Bay\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Despite their surreal present-day appearance, salt ponds have a history in the South Bay stretching nearly as far back as the wetlands themselves. Around 3,000 years ago, as the rapid rate of sea-level rise driven by the end of the last Ice Age began to slow, marsh plants took hold along the edges of the bay. The increased vegetation trapped more and more sediment from upstream erosion and tidal deposition, leveling out the transition from water to land and allowing wetlands to rise above the tidal flats.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For millennia afterward, expansive mudflats bordered the South Bay’s shore, exposed twice daily at low tide. Upslope, verdant marshes were a meshwork of hundreds of plant species. Further inland still, bay water, filling natural depressions only during the highest winter tides, evaporated under the late-summer sun, leaving behind large natural salt deposits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/span>Even human harvesting of the ponds dates to prehistoric times. Long before European colonizers arrived, Ohlone people crystallized salt on willow twigs or burned small patches of marsh plants to reap the salty ash left behind. Such harvests were bountiful enough to not only enrich the Ohlone’s own food, but to trade with other tribes throughout the region.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Archaeological surveys of Ohlone shellmounds — sacred sites often constructed for burials — give us an idea of the region’s biodiversity during these early stewards’ time. Though mostly composed of shells from bay mussels, clams and oysters mixed with sand and clay, the mounds also contained remnants of other animals, including black-tailed deer, harbor seals, Chinook salmon and even species no longer found in the San Francisco estuary, such as Tule elk and sea otters. In some instances, the interred were not humans, but culturally significant species like the California condor (Gymnogyps californianus), which went extinct in the wild in the 1980s and has since been reintroduced through captive breeding programs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1979880\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3459.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1979880\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3459-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"Swirls of pale gold, dusty gray and dark gold pour across the image, with dots of crusty islands in white and green running across the upper right corner.\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3459-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3459-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3459-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3459-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3459-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3459-2048x1365.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3459-1920x1280.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">As the salinity of the South Bay’s salt ponds changes so, too, does the pigmented microorganisms that thrive in the brine, resulting in an array of striking colors. \u003ccite>(joSon/bioGraphic)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>After arriving in the late 1700s, the Spanish quickly co-opted Indigenous salt harvesting techniques and enslaved the Ohlone to produce salt for export to Europe. Still, this early salt production remained relatively small in scale, relying on natural salinas — the Spanish term for elongated, landward pools used to harvest salt —the largest of which was the1,200-acre Crystal Salt Pond near the modern-day city of Hayward.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1979878\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A4200.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1979878\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A4200-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"A curve of green water in the upper left corner abuts a yellow and green border, shaped to the bay's curve. On the other side of the bay, the sharp, 90-degree edges of man-made levees square off against the curving bay. The levees are in stripes of dark orange, indigo blue, and pale tan. Outside the levees is a broken landscape of pale brown with dark cracks running through.\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A4200-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A4200-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A4200-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A4200-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A4200-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A4200-2048x1365.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A4200-1920x1280.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Along the coast of the South Bay, the soft curves of tidal wetlands often butt up against the straight lines of human-made levees. \u003ccite>(joSon/bioGraphic)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The South Bay’s first artificial salt ponds were built by a German sailor named John Johnson in 1853. Even as he and others began manipulating the landscape, however, legal restrictions on how much acreage could be bought on credit meant that most salt ponds were small, family-run operations. Many families owned as few as 20 acres, and built pond levees against natural creeks and sloughs, minimizing impacts on the local ecology.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then, in 1868, California removed all acreage restrictions, clearing the way for land barons to purchase and “reclaim” vast swaths of wetlands. Almost immediately, speculators began buying up tracts of Bay Area wetlands with grand visions of industrialization to support the region’s burgeoning cities — themselves built atop meadows and oak woodlands. Within decades, shellmounds turned into shipping hubs, hunting grounds into game lodges, and family-owned ponds into corporate-owned saltworks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the rest of San Francisco Bay was being developed, the South Bay proved surprisingly difficult to break. The salty soil made agriculture untenable, and the shallow, muddy bay bottom stifled developers’ dreams of building the world’s most valuable industrial harbor. Salt harvesting, however, remained profitable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By the 1950s, artificial South Bay salt ponds, at this point almost entirely consolidated under the ownership of a single company called Leslie Salt, covered 25,000 acres and had consumed roughly half of historical tidal marshes. Levees crisscrossed the edges of the bay, segmenting the former marshes into pools of varying salinities and upending the hydrology that had long fed the wetlands. The wetlands that weren’t used for salt production were snatched up by real estate developers, who dredged, filled and built upon them to create communities like Foster City and Redwood Shores.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1979888\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A4310.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1979888\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A4310-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"Triangular and rectangular shapes of dry brown land with fractal edges jut from the lower right and upper left corners of the image, into brownish-green water on the left of the image and baby blue water on the top of the image. Large river-like cracks in the dry land open to intrusion from the water.\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A4310-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A4310-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A4310-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A4310-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A4310-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A4310-2048x1365.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A4310-1920x1280.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">More than a century and a half of rampant development has upended the natural hydrology of the Bay Area. \u003ccite>(joSon/bioGraphic)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>These projects, combined with a report from the Army Corps of Engineers advocating further filling of the bay, sparked outrage among ecologically conscious locals who wished to preserve the space for public access and wildlife. In 1961, environmentalists formed the Save San Francisco Bay Association (later known as Save the Bay, a key partner on the South Bay Salt Pond Restoration Project).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The organization successfully advocated a ban on filling the bay to build more housing. In 1974, the Don Edwards San Francisco Bay National Wildlife Refuge, the nation’s first urban wildlife refuge, was established on land formerly owned by Leslie Salt. A few years later, Leslie sold their remaining holdings to Cargill, which harvested and sold a million tons of salt per year at its peak — slightly more than the weight of the nearby Golden Gate Bridge. Of particular interest to joSon, some of that salt helped produce the napalm that the United States military used to destroy villages and lives during the Vietnam War.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1979877\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A4239.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1979877\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A4239-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"A bright orange square intrudes from the lower right corner of the image, bumping up against a levee of white and blue, separating the salt pond from the bay. Landscapes of green and brown spill in fractal shapes from the levee into the a pale turquoise water of the bay.\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A4239-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A4239-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A4239-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A4239-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A4239-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A4239-2048x1365.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A4239-1920x1280.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A surreal patch of San Francisco Bay and artificial salt pond. \u003ccite>(joSon/bioGraphic)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>By the time Cargill sold most of its ponds to the state of California, setting the stage for the West Coast’s largest wetlands restoration project, San Francisco Bay’s estuary was in dire straits. In total, somewhere between 80% and 95% of tidal wetlands had been degraded or developed. Removal of groundwater for reclamation had caused the land to actually sink in places — as much as 13 feet in the Santa Clara Valley — leaving the surrounding communities more vulnerable to flooding. Just 1,000 of the original 6,000 miles of channels that fed the bay and deposited the sediment and freshwater necessary for the wetlands to thrive were left intact.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The fabric of interwoven wetland ecosystems that provide natural flood protection and habitat for thousands of species had been unraveled. One of the few, frayed threads remaining were the salt ponds.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>Migratory birds return\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>When John Johnson, Leslie Salt, and other fortune-seekers began diking the South Bay for salt ponds, they likely put little thought into what it would mean for the surrounding waterfowl, shorebirds, and other wetland species. But while they were molding the land to their own purposes, nature was adapting to them. And though many species were forced out, others found sanctuary in the salty South Bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1979889\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3705.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1979889\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3705-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"Dark brown and black waters swirl in curving lines through dark grey salt flats dotte,d by white birds.\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3705-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3705-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3705-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3705-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3705-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3705-2048x1365.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3705-1920x1280.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Even dry salt beds provide important habitat for local and transient species. \u003ccite>(joSon/bioGraphic)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>For threatened western snowy plovers (Charadrius alexandrinus nivosus), driven by beachgoers from the shorelines they historically populated, the salt ponds granted reprieve. Earthen islands built to dampen the tidal erosion of the levees and dried salt beds proved well-suited for camouflaging the sandy-feathered shorebirds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Likewise, migratory water birds left with few places to roost and forage during their yearly journey along the 9,000-mile Pacific Flyway, a migration corridor stretching from Alaska to Patagonia, found a feast of brine shrimp and other invertebrates in the calm, shallow salt ponds. During one spring migration in the 1980s, researchers tallied more than 200,000 birds in a single pond.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1979882\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A4348.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1979882\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A4348-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"Thousands of white dots mark a landscape far below of dark green and brown. These are migratory birds in a single salt pond.\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A4348-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A4348-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A4348-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A4348-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A4348-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A4348-2048x1365.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A4348-1920x1280.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">During one spring migration in the 1980s, researchers tallied more than 200,000 birds in a single salt pond. \u003ccite>(joSon/bioGraphic)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“The whole Pacific Flyway comes through here,” says Dave Halsing, a California State Coastal Conservancy scientist and executive project manager for the South Bay Salt Pond Restoration Project (SBSPRP). “For those couple of weeks, this is all there is. The whole Central Valley of California used to be marshy open space. Now it’s all subdivisions and farmland. The stopover has become the bay.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even humans have benefitted to some degree from the salt ponds. Though not nearly as effective as wetlands, the ponds’ levees provide an important buffer between the bay and the surrounding communities, reducing flood risks during heavy rains and high tides.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/span>Taking all of these unintended consequences into consideration has complicated efforts to restore the South Bay. “If all we had to do was tidal marsh restoration, it would be very simple,” Halsing says. “But it’s not.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In response, the SBSPRP is taking an adaptive approach, essentially treating the whole 50-year-long project as a series of smaller, more manageable endeavors, with the overall goal of restoring at least half of the 15,100 acres to tidal wetlands while maintaining current levels of flood protection and biodiversity. What this means in practice is breaching many of the ponds, preserving others as they are, and enhancing the rest by adding artificial islands for roosting, or altering salinity and water levels to attract certain species. Then the team monitors how those changes impact various species, and adjusts its strategy as needed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From a distance, the work looks like a child’s sandbox, with mounds of earth surrounding bright yellow mechanical beasts of all shapes and sizes. Up close, it’s not all that different from any other construction site; half a dozen people or so busying about in hard hats and bright-colored vests, the loud rumble and hydraulic hisses of excavators and bulldozers roaring to life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "‘We had thought that it would take longer. It’s great to know that we’re having a positive effect.’",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>Once the groundwork has been laid according to a specific pond’s fate — levees raised or lowered, earth graded to the desired slope, flood channels added or gated — volunteers from Save the Bay work with project biologists for what Donna Ball, a San Francisco Estuary Institute biologist and lead scientist on the SBSPRP, says is one of the most important parts of restoring the ecosystem: replanting vegetation. “Putting plants in is really the habitat piece,” Ball says. “It’s really the meat of trying to think about each species and what they might need.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To date, around 3,000 acres have been restored to tidal wetlands and 700 acres of ponds have been enhanced. Just as the first plants 3,000 years ago provided the foundation for the wetlands — and all the biodiversity they support — these initial plantings are bringing life back to the landscape.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2014, just eight years after breaching the first ponds, Ridgway’s rails were discovered meandering through the marsh. A year later, researchers found salt marsh harvest mice (Reithrodontomys raviventris), an endangered species endemic to the Bay Area, scampering around dense carpets of pickleweed. Even threatened longfin smelt (Spirinchus thaleichthys) and other local fishes were visiting the surrounding waters in greater numbers than before.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The wetlands were returning much faster than anyone had anticipated. “We had thought that it would take longer,” Ball says. “It’s great to know that we’re having a positive effect.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Importantly, even with the number of artificial salt ponds shrinking, improvements to those that remain has actually increased migratory water bird numbers. A study from the U.S. Geological Survey found that between 2002 and 2014, the number of overwintering water birds (both waterfowl and shorebirds) that stopped over in the project area more than doubled. By comparison, in nearby ponds still owned by Cargill for salt production, there was virtually no change in water bird visitation over roughly the same period.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1979890\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3997.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1979890\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3997-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"A landscape of a white salt crust sits on top of winding dark red waters, wriggling through the salt crust. A dark yellow levee runs from the lower right corner to the upper left corner.\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3997-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3997-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3997-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3997-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3997-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3997-2048x1365.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3997-1920x1280.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Though many of the South Bay’s salt ponds are being converted to tidal marsh, some will be left intact to support ground-nesting birds. \u003ccite>(joSon/bioGraphic)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cdiv class=\"mceTemp\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>And though they haven’t experienced a similar surge, western snowy plover populations have held steady thanks to habitat enhancements, including spreading oyster shells on dried salt ponds for improved camouflage and removing nearby perches used by predatory raptors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The SBSPRP was restoring balance to the South Bay wetlands. But increasingly, the weight of climate change has been threatening to tip the scales back out of whack. To ensure their progress would not be undone, the project leaders had to start planning not only for what the wetlands needed today, but for what they will need in the near future.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>‘A fighting chance’ as bay waters rise\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>As I stand on one of the easternmost levees of Ravenswood, an open space preserve along the shore of the South Bay and one of three main restoration sites for the SBSPRP, it’s easy to grasp the Bay Area’s vulnerability to climate change. Within a 7-mile radius of me, over largely flat terrain, lies Redwood City, Palo Alto, and Menlo Park, with a combined population of nearly 200,000 people. Water from the bay practically laps at my feet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to a recent report from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, by 2050 sea levels along the West Coast are expected to rise between 4 and 8 inches. At the same time, flooding is expected to become more frequent and severe, with major flood events occurring five times as often.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1979891\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3554.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1979891\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3554-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"Dark orange salt pond water in the upper left corner meets a pale gold curve of levee. On the other side of the levee are the pale and dark brown wetlands, with dark green riparian areas twisting through.\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3554-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3554-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3554-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3554-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3554-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3554-2048x1365.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3554-1920x1280.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Both levees and wetlands can protect surrounding communities from sea level rise. \u003ccite>(joSon/bioGraphic)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>While climate change had long been considered by the SBSPRP, Ball says the increasingly dire predictions about when the Bay Area could feel its effects — and how severe those impacts could be on people and wildlife — has ramped up the project’s urgency, since healthy wetlands can serve as a natural barrier to flooding and storm surges.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The key word, however, is healthy. Even under ideal conditions, it takes time for restored wetlands to go from sparse and fragile vegetation to lush and robust. And rising seas and severe storms are not ideal circumstances for adolescent wetlands, inundating or robbing the young upstarts of the sediment they need to develop and thrive. The sooner ponds can be breached and restoration started, the more likely it is that the wetlands will be able to mature into a resilient ecosystem. Indeed, a 2019 study from Point Blue Conservation Science, a key partner in the restoration project, showed that if tidal fluctuations weren’t restored to certain parts of the project area by mid-century, they might never accrete enough sediment to survive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even mature wetlands will eventually succumb to rising seas if rates of erosion and inundation outpace sedimentation. That is, unless they have somewhere to run.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While plants might appear immobile, over long periods of time plant populations can move in response to their environment. For wetland flora such as salt marsh gumplant (Grindelia stricta) or alkali heath (Frankenia salina), both of which love salty soil but prefer drier conditions, this means extending their roots upland as water levels rise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1979871\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3636.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1979871\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3636-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"A landscape of marsh plants in peach, yellow, cream and brown falls from the upper left to the lower right, meeting a narrow triangle of grey-blue water. Long, narrow rivers run down the wetland to the bay.\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3636-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3636-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3636-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3636-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3636-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3636-2048x1365.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3636-1920x1280.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Given time, marsh plants will move upslope or downslope to more suitable soil. \u003ccite>(joSon/bioGraphic)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Historically, there was plenty of space for Bay Area marshes to migrate. Gradually sloped transition zones, or ecotones, hundreds to thousands of feet wide, bordered much of the wetlands, providing a spectrum of overlapping habitats from subtidal to salt marsh to upland meadows. Today, development has encroached on 90% of those areas, reducing them in most places to just a handful of feet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To give the South Bay’s nascent wetlands a fighting chance in the face of climate change, the SBSPRP is adding ecotones to many of their tidal marsh restoration sites during the latest phase of construction. Ecotones aren’t possible everywhere, but they have wide-ranging benefits. In addition to restoring wildlife habitat and tempering floods, they can preserve the beauty and accessibility of the wetlands for the region’s human inhabitants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1979892\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3805.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1979892 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3805-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"A pale tan creek winds from the bottom of the image to the upper left corner, through lush green wetlands. The vegetation on either side of the creek is yellow-green, dark green and brown.\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3805-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3805-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3805-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3805-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3805-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3805-2048x1365.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3805-1920x1280.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A small creek winds through restored wetlands in San Francisco’s South Bay. \u003ccite>(joSon/bioGraphic)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Rather than protecting the Bay Area from floods by building a levee that would turn San Francisco Bay into a giant bathtub, Ball says, ecotones and other nature-based solutions can help “maintain this habitat — even for people.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>A continual cycle of rebirth\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>On a sunny early afternoon in spring, I visit Eden Landing Ecological Reserve, another of the main project sites for the SBSPRP. At the entrance, a sign briefly nods to the complicated history of the landscape, no doubt preparing visitors who might soon be confused by the presence of levees, flood control gates, and managed ponds in an ecological reserve. Moments into my walk, however, I feel no confusion: This land is undoubtedly wild.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As I head toward the trail loop, marsh wrens (Cistothorus palustris) burst from the grasses lining both sides of the path, chittering in alarm at my presence before sinking back into the tangle. To my right, a raft of American avocets, heads golden-brown, beaks slightly upturned, bob lazily in a shallow pond. To my left, a long-billed curlew (Numenius americanus) slinks through the tidal mudflats foraging for invertebrates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Further down the trail, I find myself face-to-face with the full scope of the restoration project. I pass a half dozen ponds of various water levels and shades of yellow, hinting at their differences in salinity. In most, an artificial island emerges a foot or so above the surface. I walk atop levees for most of the journey, occasionally crossing over a floodgate separating pond from pond, or pond from bay. At one of the outermost points from the trailhead I come upon a dried salt bed, a parched moonscape shattered at the edges and scattered with oyster shells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And at each turn I find signs of life. Goldfinches, yellowthroats and song sparrows flitting through the tall upland grasses. Ducks, herons and egrets along the channels bordering the tidal marshes. Sandpipers, willets, and stilts on the islands of the managed ponds. I even come across an unattended egg nestled atop a patch of clover on the bank of the levee.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I feel grateful for this space, a stone’s throw from busy metropolises and yet a world away. But strangely, I also find myself feeling thankful for the salt ponds — not only those that have been restored and enhanced, but also their human-made predecessors. Almost all of the restorable land along the shores of the South Bay exists because the industrial salt ponds unintentionally preserved this place. If not for the salt ponds, the area would have almost certainly been developed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The tension between what I know of the land’s tumultuous history and the peace I find there makes me think of joSon. Drawing on his past as a Buddhist monk, the photographer considers the restoration project a form of rebirth, a way of healing the wetlands while reconciling the land’s past traumas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The concept of rebirth defines how we grow and redefine ourselves by simultaneously shedding and embracing our painful past,” he says. For him, the arc of the salt ponds’ history offers a way of thinking about how individuals, cultures and places can “adapt and move on.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Near the end of the trail, I come across the relics of a former salt harvesting operation, retained for posterity. Beyond, wooden pilings worn smooth by tides and time emerge from mudflats and murky ponds, supporting ghost structures no longer present. As the wetlands devour the scars of industry, a semblance of what this landscape once was — and has always been to the Ohlone, who continue to hold ceremonies at shellmound sites — is reemerging: a sacred place for plants, animals and people, a wetland in a constant cycle of being reborn.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "2022 Promises Continued Climate Extremes, But Also A Glimmer of Hope for Californians",
"headTitle": "2022 Promises Continued Climate Extremes, But Also A Glimmer of Hope for Californians | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>It’s a brand new year, and perhaps you have hopeful resolutions in mind—losing weight, getting politically active, leaving your house more often.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But when you look over your shoulder, the demon that was 2021 is lurking behind you. In its eyes is the pandemic that kept you in your house for way too long, on its breath are the flames that nearly burned down your favorite part of the Sierra, the sweltering heat from last summer, and the wildfire smoke choking out the space in your lungs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[pullquote size='medium' align='right' citation='Kristina Hill, UC Berkeley']“We should be planning now while things are stable, instead of running around treating it as a disaster in 20 years.”[/pullquote]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We can’t promise 2022 will be that much better, but we can let you in on a little secret: There’s a lot of work happening and billions of dollars available to help Californians withstand the worst of climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://lao.ca.gov/staff/AssignmentDetail/223\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Rachel Ehlers\u003c/a>, principal fiscal and policy analyst for the Legislative Analyst’s Office, says billions are set aside in the state budget over three years for adapting to climate change, including money for drought, wildfire, and environmental justice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What got climate on the front of everyone’s mind is that we had so many climate disasters last summer,” she said. “The silver lining is it is being taken as a big priority, to help avoid some of the bad impacts on the horizon.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And there are impacts on the horizon. Stanford climate scientist \u003ca href=\"https://earth.stanford.edu/people/noah-diffenbaugh#gs.kvl2oc\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Noah Diffenbaugh\u003c/a> says Californians should get used to climate extremes like flooding, minimal snowpacks, and extreme heat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are in a climate where we’ve had so much warming already that some of these factors are becoming much more reliable predictions,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With years of inclement weather and climate events, Ehlers says Californians know what’s coming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What can we do now to prepare,” she asked. “So, we don’t have people losing their homes in big wildfires or have significant health impacts because it’s too hot.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[pullquote size='medium' align='right' citation='Michael Méndez, UC Irvine']‘If we really want to tackle climate change and our dependence on fossil fuel as an economy, directly addressing our oil production and oil imports is a key factor for our state.’[/pullquote] Ehlers says billions of dollars in the federal infrastructure bill could \u003ca href=\"https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/CALIFORNIA_The-Infrastructure-Investment-and-Jobs-Act-State-Fact-Sheet.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">infuse California\u003c/a> with money to ready roads and bridges for a changing climate. There are also millions to protect infrastructure against wildfires, deliver clean drinking water to communities, and expand an electric vehicle charging network across the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even with the infusion of cash, Ehlers cautions that throwing money at climate impacts isn’t a cure for the root cause of atmospheric warming — burning fossil fuels. And just because we have the dollars doesn’t preclude \u003ca class=\"c-link\" href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1977844/im-ready-to-act-on-climate-do-i-start-big-or-small\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-stringify-link=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1977844/im-ready-to-act-on-climate-do-i-start-big-or-small\" data-sk=\"tooltip_parent\" data-remove-tab-index=\"true\">actions each of us can take to calm the storm ahead of us\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.michaelanthonymendez.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Michael Méndez\u003c/a>, author of the book “\u003ca href=\"https://yalebooks.yale.edu/book/9780300232158/climate-change-streets\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Climate Change from the Streets\u003c/a>,” says people can vote and pressure local, state and federal leaders to act on climate change and phasing out fossil fuels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If people care about climate change and environmental issues, it’s important, they stay active and educated about who’s running for office,” he said. “Many people think that their vote doesn’t count, but we see it does count.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For a glimpse of what 2022 holds for California climate-wise, click the links below.\u003cbr>\n\u003ca id=\"backtotop\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003ca href=\"#question1\">Weather\u003c/a> | \u003ca href=\"#question2\">Drought\u003c/a> | \u003ca href=\"#question3\">Wildfire\u003c/a> | \u003ca href=\"#question4\">Environmental Justice\u003c/a> | \u003ca href=\"#question5\">Oil & Gas\u003c/a> | \u003ca href=\"#question6\">Energy\u003c/a>| \u003ca href=\"#question7\">Electric Cars\u003c/a> | \u003ca href=\"#question8\">Sea Level Rise\u003c/a>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Weather\u003c/h3>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1978125\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/12/GettyImages-1348746012-scaled.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1978125\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/12/GettyImages-1348746012-800x529.jpg\" alt=\"Curtains of water spray up on both sides of a truck driving on a flooded street in October 2021 in Mill Valley. \" width=\"800\" height=\"529\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/12/GettyImages-1348746012-800x529.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/12/GettyImages-1348746012-1020x675.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/12/GettyImages-1348746012-160x106.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/12/GettyImages-1348746012-768x508.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/12/GettyImages-1348746012-1536x1016.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/12/GettyImages-1348746012-2048x1355.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/12/GettyImages-1348746012-1920x1270.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Water kicks up as a truck drives on a flooded street in October 2021 in Mill Valley. A category 5 atmospheric river brought heavy precipitation, high winds and power outages to the San Francisco Bay Area. \u003ccite>(Justin Sullivan/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>2021 has been a year: A dry winter, the \u003ca href=\"https://www.latimes.com/california/story/2021-09-09/california-records-hottest-summer-amid-heat-wave-flex-alert\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">hottest summer on record\u003c/a>, wildfires, and atmospheric rivers. Brian Garcia, a warning meteorologist for the National Weather Service’s \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/NWSBayArea\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Bay Area\u003c/a> office, says he’s excited to see California start the year soggy and wet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“For 2022, I would expect much more normal conditions than we’ve seen over the past few years, but also expect a warmer-than-normal summer,” Garcia said. He also says long-term climate models signal a dry-out in late January or February.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But there may be less time to prepare for storms and heat waves. A \u003ca href=\"https://news.stanford.edu/2021/12/14/warming-makes-weather-less-predictable/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">recent study\u003c/a> from Stanford professor \u003ca href=\"https://profiles.stanford.edu/aditi-sheshadri\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Aditi Sheshadri\u003c/a> found warming is making it harder to predict 10-day forecasts accurately.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So, if we know that the window of accurate predictability is going to reduce as we go forward, that is valuable knowledge for anyone who has to respond to changing weather conditions, whether it’s extreme or not,” she said.\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"#backtotop\">Back to top\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca id=\"question2\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Drought\u003c/h3>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1975263\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-1975263\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/06/oroville-drought_custom-21f30a6c6bd7d461408a015ffe94746ec6b5cd7e-1020x679.jpg\" alt=\"In an aerial view, low water levels are visible at Lake Oroville on April 27, 2021 in Oroville, California.\" width=\"640\" height=\"426\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Low water levels were visible at Lake Oroville on April 27, 2021. \u003ccite>(Photo: Justin Sullivan/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>While 2022 is starting as wet and balmy, California needs \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1977196/newsom-declares-drought-emergency-across-california\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">140% of average rain\u003c/a> and snow to get reservoir levels back to average. Even with recent rains, large reservoirs the state relies on for water supply, such as Lake Shasta and Lake Oroville, are still below average. But the rain has filled some small reservoirs to above-average levels; for example, Marin’s reservoir levels noticeably rise with each storm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One person who’d like to see stricter drought restrictions this year is \u003ca href=\"https://waterinthewest.stanford.edu/about/people/newsha-ajami\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Newsha Ajami\u003c/a>. She’s the director of urban water policy for Stanford University’s Water in the West initiative. She says all the bouncing between weather extremes is just not working for California’s aging water system, built for a climate that does not exist anymore.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She’s concerned heat waves will melt the Sierra Nevada snowpack and dry out wildlands early. That’s a large part of what exacerbated the scale of the drought and wildfires in 2021.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’m looking into 2022, thinking, this is great, we are seeing another atmospheric river, lots of rain, some snow in the mountains, but I’m hoping and praying that we are not going to be hit with another heatwave that would melt all of this,” she said.\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"#backtotop\">Back to top\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca id=\"question3\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Wildfire\u003c/h3>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1975975\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-1975975\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/07/RS50400_GettyImages-1234171316-qut-1020x671.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"421\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/07/RS50400_GettyImages-1234171316-qut-1020x671.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/07/RS50400_GettyImages-1234171316-qut-800x526.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/07/RS50400_GettyImages-1234171316-qut-160x105.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/07/RS50400_GettyImages-1234171316-qut-768x505.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/07/RS50400_GettyImages-1234171316-qut-1536x1010.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/07/RS50400_GettyImages-1234171316-qut.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A home burns as flames from the Dixie fire tear through the Indian Falls neighborhood of unincorporated Plumas County, California on July 24, 2021. Rising temperatures are drying out forests, priming them for big fires. \u003ccite>(JOSH EDELSON/AFP via Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The 2021 fire season was truly ferocious, and over the past year, the sheer scale of the fires shifted the public consciousness. Californians realized how we fight wildfires isn’t working. As a result, state leaders created policy goals and \u003ca href=\"https://www.capradio.org/articles/2021/09/16/prescribed-burns-could-help-reduce-californias-wildfires-a-new-bill-could-help-make-planned-fires-more-frequent/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">laws\u003c/a> to make it easier for fire experts to light controlled \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11887158/in-california-restoring-our-relationship-with-fire-is-possible\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">good fires\u003c/a> that clear excess vegetation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wildfire experts are still concerned that large, impossible-to-control wildfires will ignite again in the early summer months through the fall. \u003ca href=\"https://www.eri.ucsb.edu/people/leila-m-v-carvalho\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Leila Carvalho\u003c/a>, a UC Santa Barbara professor of meteorology and climatology, says long-term climate trends—like heat waves drying out vegetation early in the year or drier springs—will continue throughout 2022.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Major fires will happen,” she said. “The cycles tend to repeat when we have the right conditions of winds and ignitions.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Carvalho is hopeful for two significant reasons. First, the state has set aside more than a \u003ca href=\"https://apnews.com/article/business-health-fires-climate-california-eec48e6279099449851b3c7f150cda33\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">billion dollars\u003c/a> to strategically remove brush and trees to rescue catastrophic wildfires. Second, so many scientists are studying the effects climate change and historic fire suppression has on drying wildland areas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“People are trying to find solutions to mitigate and adapt because we have to deal with these swinging extremes in climate,” she said. “I’m hopeful that we are perhaps dealing with problems in ways we haven’t been doing before.”\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"#backtotop\">Back to top\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca id=\"question4\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Environmental Justice\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Communities already dealing with the effects of climate change stand to benefit from $100 million in state funds to establish community resilience hubs where people can go when climate emergencies strike. The hubs will be permanent neighborhood-based facilities — youth centers, churches, senior centers — that can provide emergency response, including backup power, food, economic assistance, internet services and a respite from smoke-filled air.[pullquote size='medium' align='right' citation='Alvaro Sanchez, Greenlining Institute']“The fact that we’re still hitting up against political barriers to make the progress that we need to make just indicates how hard this is and how much growth we still need to have when it comes to addressing these challenges head-on.”[/pullquote]Still, \u003ca href=\"https://greenlining.org/about/our-team/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Alvaro Sanchez\u003c/a>, policy director for the Greenlining Institute, says the funds only “scratch the surface” of what’s needed for low-income communities as swings in weather increase.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He says the legislature failed to advance a bill that would have sped up meeting California’s climate goals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The fact that we’re still hitting up against political barriers to make the progress that we need to make just indicates how hard this is and how much growth we still need to have when it comes to addressing these challenges head-on,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sanchez is excited that the state and two environmental justice-oriented groups are collaborating to develop a mapping platform that identifies the places most likely to flood, burn, dry out, etc. The maps will consider socioeconomic status, a factor that puts some populations at a greater risk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is going to take some time to develop, but it’s going to be what keeps California in the forefront on the way that we’re addressing climate change and bringing intersectional perspectives into the climate conversation,” he said.\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"#backtotop\">Back to top\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca id=\"question5\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Oil & Gas\u003c/h3>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1946654\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-1946654\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/RS23868_GettyImages-3188665-qut-1020x701.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"440\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/RS23868_GettyImages-3188665-qut-1020x701.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/RS23868_GettyImages-3188665-qut-160x110.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/RS23868_GettyImages-3188665-qut-800x550.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/RS23868_GettyImages-3188665-qut-768x528.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/RS23868_GettyImages-3188665-qut-1200x824.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/RS23868_GettyImages-3188665-qut.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Smoke drifts away from a Shell Oil refinery April 1, 2004 in Martinez, California. \u003ccite>(Justin Sullivan/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>There were two milestones in 2021 for phasing out fossil fuels in California: Newsom \u003ca href=\"https://calmatters.org/environment/2021/04/newsom-ban-new-oil-fracking/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">banned new oil fracking by 2024\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://www.google.com/amp/s/www.independent.com/2021/12/06/oil-rig-setback-rule-doesnt-go-far-enough/%3famp=1\">drafted\u003c/a> a ban on new oil and gas wells sometime after 2023 within 3,200 feet of homes, schools, or healthcare facilities. Even so, Michael Méndez, an assistant professor of environmental planning and policy at UC Irvine, says California isn’t doing enough. The state is the 7th largest crude oil producer in the county.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If we really want to tackle climate change and our dependence on fossil fuel as an economy, directly addressing our oil production and oil imports is a key factor for our state,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Méndez is also looking forward to California beginning a conversation about updating its climate roadmap this year. He says a crucial part of the plan will be ensuring that California’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1972789/california-says-it-will-review-cap-and-trade-amid-growing-criticism\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">cap-and-trade\u003c/a> system, which puts a price on carbon, actually lowers carbon emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’m not sure if we should totally scrap the cap-and-trade program, but it needs a thorough public reevaluation in the legislature,” he said. “Are these market based systems happening at the expense of immediate public health outcomes and improvements for low-income communities of color?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Méndez says there’s a growing concern that the cap-and-trade is an insufficient policy because it allows “polluting industries to pay to pollute in communities without changing their practices.” And a \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1975164/california-not-doing-as-well-as-it-thinks-in-reducing-carbon-investigation-finds\">report\u003c/a> last summer found that millions of carbon credits from the program do not represent real reductions in planet-warming gas emissions.\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"#backtotop\">Back to top\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca id=\"question6\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Energy\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Decisions that both eased and further complicated renewable energy marked 2021—think of plans for offshore wind and reducing the rate at which homeowners can sell extra electricity from rooftop solar panels—and lots of work around holding PG&E accountable for starting wildfires.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[pullquote size='medium' align='right' citation='Meredith Fowlie Energy Institute, UC Berkeley’s Haas School of Business']‘More and more people are coming to understand the urgency of climate action, but we’re coming to terms with deep divides and social inequalities. The choices we make are going to determine how much it costs and who pays the prices.’[/pullquote]Energy experts say there will be a ramping up of greening the grid this year. California is also hosting an in-person offshore wind industry \u003ca href=\"https://www.offshorewindca.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">conference\u003c/a> in March in San Francisco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.meredithfowlie.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Meredith Fowlie\u003c/a>, faculty director of the Energy Institute at UC Berkeley’s Haas School of Business, says as the electricity sector further decarbonizes and renewable energy options expand in 2022, California needs to make sure the clean energy transition is equitable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“More and more people are coming to understand the urgency of climate action, but we’re coming to terms with deep divides and social inequalities,” she said. “The choices we make are going to determine how much it costs and who pays the prices.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As companies like PG&E put transmission lines underground to prevent catastrophic wildfires, the cost will likely extend to ratepayers, says \u003ca href=\"https://erg.berkeley.edu/people/callaway-duncan/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Duncan Callaway\u003c/a>, an associate professor of Energy and Resources at UC Berkeley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It will be harder for customers to justify purchasing that new electrified appliance or car because the cost to charge or run their electric heat pump will be too high,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The last piece of exciting energy news to start off 2022 is that California is beginning to work on a Fifth Climate Assessment. \u003ca href=\"https://erg.berkeley.edu/people/andrew-d-jones/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Andy Jones\u003c/a>, an earth scientist in the Energy and Resources Group at UC Berkeley, is helping build a tool to take the terabytes of data electricity companies and agencies have “about the future climate and extract useful knowledge from all of that.”\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"#backtotop\">Back to top\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca id=\"question7\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Electric Cars\u003c/h3>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1931178\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-1931178\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/ElectricCars_AW_06-1020x574.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/ElectricCars_AW_06-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/ElectricCars_AW_06-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/ElectricCars_AW_06-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/ElectricCars_AW_06-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/ElectricCars_AW_06-1200x675.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/ElectricCars_AW_06.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/ElectricCars_AW_06-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/ElectricCars_AW_06-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/ElectricCars_AW_06-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/ElectricCars_AW_06-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/ElectricCars_AW_06-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Electric cars are growing in the Bay Area but are only 6 percent of new vehicle sales statewide. \u003ccite>(Anne Wernikoff)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Petty much no one’s trying to kill the electric car these days— at least, not in California — and in 2022, Ford is even releasing an \u003ca href=\"https://media.ford.com/content/fordmedia/fna/us/en/news/2021/05/19/all-electric-ford-f-150-lightning.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">electric version\u003c/a> of the popular Ford F-150.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In the US, where we love trucks, it’s really important that people who drive those vehicles really want to drive the electric versions of them,” said \u003ca href=\"https://faculty.engineering.ucdavis.edu/kendall/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Alissa Kendall\u003c/a>. She studies electric cars as chair of the Energy Graduate Group at UC Davis. “I think that’s what we’re going to see in 2022, a positive and exciting shift.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Kendall says what’s missing from the zero-emission vehicle conversation are ways to make electric vehicles accessible, affordable, and convenient for low-income people. A \u003ca href=\"https://calmatters.org/commentary/2021/11/california-must-ensure-ev-charging-access-for-all/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">coalition\u003c/a> of elected officials, companies, and advocacy groups want all new multi-unit family housing to come with electric vehicle charging.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kendall thinks 2022 could be a year where there’s increased investment in charging stations in areas accessible to all Californians, not just for homeowners or businesses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We still have a big access issue,” she said of both electrified public transportation and electric cars. “How do we deliver transit that actually decreases the burdens of pollution on communities already experiencing disproportionate burdens?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kendall says California has a few big things to figure out in 2022, including what to do with car batteries at the end of their lives and how to source and produce materials to make batteries instate.\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"#backtotop\">Back to top\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca id=\"question8\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Sea Level Rise\u003c/h3>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1955614\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-1955614\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/kingtides-1020x679.jpg\" alt=\"King Tide along San Francisco's Embarcadero, in February 2011.\" width=\"640\" height=\"426\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/kingtides-1020x679.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/kingtides-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/kingtides-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/kingtides-768x511.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/kingtides-1200x799.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/kingtides.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">King Tide along San Francisco’s Embarcadero, in February 2011. \u003ccite>(Dave R/Flickr)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Rising tides resulting from warming temperatures globally is a major climate impact the state can prepare for—even with the \u003ca href=\"https://www.cnn.com/2021/12/14/world/noaa-climate-change-arctic-report/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">news\u003c/a> late last year that the Arctic is rapidly losing ice—because the worst effects won’t come for decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://ced.berkeley.edu/ced/faculty-staff/kristina-hill\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Kristina Hill\u003c/a>, director of the Institute for Urban and Regional Development at UC Berkeley, says it’s essential to plan now for sea-level rise; otherwise, the Bay Area will undergo similar devastation mountain communities are enduring from wildfires.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We should be planning now while things are stable, instead of running around treating it as a disaster in 20 years, which it will be if we don’t plan ahead, because the rate of change is accelerating,” she said. “This is the last period when it’s going to feel slow. After this, it’s going to be fast for hundreds of years.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the Bay Area is beginning to prepare for rising tides. Counties, agencies, nonprofits and cities are collaborating \u003ca href=\"https://www.bayadapt.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">to prepare for sea level rise as one region\u003c/a>. San Mateo County is planning an entire \u003ca href=\"https://oneshoreline.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">shoreline protection project\u003c/a>, and university scientists are researching how to prepare the most vulnerable residents for \u003ca href=\"https://sites.google.com/berkeley.edu/toxictides\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">rising water levels\u003c/a>\u003ca href=\"https://sites.google.com/berkeley.edu/toxictides\"> \u003c/a>(groundwater and the sea).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The one area Hill says needs to be taken seriously this year is that sea level rise can cause groundwater flooding and make existing contamination worse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re already seeing evidence of that water coming up out of manholes and Alameda and San Leandro,” she said. “That water is rising with the high tides, under contaminated sites. It’s entering sewer pipes, it’s going to cause impacts to infrastructure, and it’s going to expose people to more health risks, from contaminants that are moving in the groundwater.”\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"#backtotop\">Back to top\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Take a look back at big climate and environmental events of 2021, and some hopeful forecasts for 2022. ",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>It’s a brand new year, and perhaps you have hopeful resolutions in mind—losing weight, getting politically active, leaving your house more often.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But when you look over your shoulder, the demon that was 2021 is lurking behind you. In its eyes is the pandemic that kept you in your house for way too long, on its breath are the flames that nearly burned down your favorite part of the Sierra, the sweltering heat from last summer, and the wildfire smoke choking out the space in your lungs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "“We should be planning now while things are stable, instead of running around treating it as a disaster in 20 years.”",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We can’t promise 2022 will be that much better, but we can let you in on a little secret: There’s a lot of work happening and billions of dollars available to help Californians withstand the worst of climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://lao.ca.gov/staff/AssignmentDetail/223\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Rachel Ehlers\u003c/a>, principal fiscal and policy analyst for the Legislative Analyst’s Office, says billions are set aside in the state budget over three years for adapting to climate change, including money for drought, wildfire, and environmental justice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What got climate on the front of everyone’s mind is that we had so many climate disasters last summer,” she said. “The silver lining is it is being taken as a big priority, to help avoid some of the bad impacts on the horizon.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And there are impacts on the horizon. Stanford climate scientist \u003ca href=\"https://earth.stanford.edu/people/noah-diffenbaugh#gs.kvl2oc\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Noah Diffenbaugh\u003c/a> says Californians should get used to climate extremes like flooding, minimal snowpacks, and extreme heat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are in a climate where we’ve had so much warming already that some of these factors are becoming much more reliable predictions,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With years of inclement weather and climate events, Ehlers says Californians know what’s coming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What can we do now to prepare,” she asked. “So, we don’t have people losing their homes in big wildfires or have significant health impacts because it’s too hot.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "‘If we really want to tackle climate change and our dependence on fossil fuel as an economy, directly addressing our oil production and oil imports is a key factor for our state.’",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp> Ehlers says billions of dollars in the federal infrastructure bill could \u003ca href=\"https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/CALIFORNIA_The-Infrastructure-Investment-and-Jobs-Act-State-Fact-Sheet.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">infuse California\u003c/a> with money to ready roads and bridges for a changing climate. There are also millions to protect infrastructure against wildfires, deliver clean drinking water to communities, and expand an electric vehicle charging network across the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even with the infusion of cash, Ehlers cautions that throwing money at climate impacts isn’t a cure for the root cause of atmospheric warming — burning fossil fuels. And just because we have the dollars doesn’t preclude \u003ca class=\"c-link\" href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1977844/im-ready-to-act-on-climate-do-i-start-big-or-small\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-stringify-link=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1977844/im-ready-to-act-on-climate-do-i-start-big-or-small\" data-sk=\"tooltip_parent\" data-remove-tab-index=\"true\">actions each of us can take to calm the storm ahead of us\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.michaelanthonymendez.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Michael Méndez\u003c/a>, author of the book “\u003ca href=\"https://yalebooks.yale.edu/book/9780300232158/climate-change-streets\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Climate Change from the Streets\u003c/a>,” says people can vote and pressure local, state and federal leaders to act on climate change and phasing out fossil fuels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If people care about climate change and environmental issues, it’s important, they stay active and educated about who’s running for office,” he said. “Many people think that their vote doesn’t count, but we see it does count.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For a glimpse of what 2022 holds for California climate-wise, click the links below.\u003cbr>\n\u003ca id=\"backtotop\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003ca href=\"#question1\">Weather\u003c/a> | \u003ca href=\"#question2\">Drought\u003c/a> | \u003ca href=\"#question3\">Wildfire\u003c/a> | \u003ca href=\"#question4\">Environmental Justice\u003c/a> | \u003ca href=\"#question5\">Oil & Gas\u003c/a> | \u003ca href=\"#question6\">Energy\u003c/a>| \u003ca href=\"#question7\">Electric Cars\u003c/a> | \u003ca href=\"#question8\">Sea Level Rise\u003c/a>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Weather\u003c/h3>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1978125\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/12/GettyImages-1348746012-scaled.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1978125\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/12/GettyImages-1348746012-800x529.jpg\" alt=\"Curtains of water spray up on both sides of a truck driving on a flooded street in October 2021 in Mill Valley. \" width=\"800\" height=\"529\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/12/GettyImages-1348746012-800x529.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/12/GettyImages-1348746012-1020x675.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/12/GettyImages-1348746012-160x106.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/12/GettyImages-1348746012-768x508.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/12/GettyImages-1348746012-1536x1016.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/12/GettyImages-1348746012-2048x1355.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/12/GettyImages-1348746012-1920x1270.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Water kicks up as a truck drives on a flooded street in October 2021 in Mill Valley. A category 5 atmospheric river brought heavy precipitation, high winds and power outages to the San Francisco Bay Area. \u003ccite>(Justin Sullivan/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>2021 has been a year: A dry winter, the \u003ca href=\"https://www.latimes.com/california/story/2021-09-09/california-records-hottest-summer-amid-heat-wave-flex-alert\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">hottest summer on record\u003c/a>, wildfires, and atmospheric rivers. Brian Garcia, a warning meteorologist for the National Weather Service’s \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/NWSBayArea\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Bay Area\u003c/a> office, says he’s excited to see California start the year soggy and wet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“For 2022, I would expect much more normal conditions than we’ve seen over the past few years, but also expect a warmer-than-normal summer,” Garcia said. He also says long-term climate models signal a dry-out in late January or February.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But there may be less time to prepare for storms and heat waves. A \u003ca href=\"https://news.stanford.edu/2021/12/14/warming-makes-weather-less-predictable/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">recent study\u003c/a> from Stanford professor \u003ca href=\"https://profiles.stanford.edu/aditi-sheshadri\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Aditi Sheshadri\u003c/a> found warming is making it harder to predict 10-day forecasts accurately.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So, if we know that the window of accurate predictability is going to reduce as we go forward, that is valuable knowledge for anyone who has to respond to changing weather conditions, whether it’s extreme or not,” she said.\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"#backtotop\">Back to top\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca id=\"question2\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Drought\u003c/h3>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1975263\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-1975263\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/06/oroville-drought_custom-21f30a6c6bd7d461408a015ffe94746ec6b5cd7e-1020x679.jpg\" alt=\"In an aerial view, low water levels are visible at Lake Oroville on April 27, 2021 in Oroville, California.\" width=\"640\" height=\"426\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Low water levels were visible at Lake Oroville on April 27, 2021. \u003ccite>(Photo: Justin Sullivan/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>While 2022 is starting as wet and balmy, California needs \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1977196/newsom-declares-drought-emergency-across-california\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">140% of average rain\u003c/a> and snow to get reservoir levels back to average. Even with recent rains, large reservoirs the state relies on for water supply, such as Lake Shasta and Lake Oroville, are still below average. But the rain has filled some small reservoirs to above-average levels; for example, Marin’s reservoir levels noticeably rise with each storm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One person who’d like to see stricter drought restrictions this year is \u003ca href=\"https://waterinthewest.stanford.edu/about/people/newsha-ajami\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Newsha Ajami\u003c/a>. She’s the director of urban water policy for Stanford University’s Water in the West initiative. She says all the bouncing between weather extremes is just not working for California’s aging water system, built for a climate that does not exist anymore.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She’s concerned heat waves will melt the Sierra Nevada snowpack and dry out wildlands early. That’s a large part of what exacerbated the scale of the drought and wildfires in 2021.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’m looking into 2022, thinking, this is great, we are seeing another atmospheric river, lots of rain, some snow in the mountains, but I’m hoping and praying that we are not going to be hit with another heatwave that would melt all of this,” she said.\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"#backtotop\">Back to top\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca id=\"question3\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Wildfire\u003c/h3>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1975975\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-1975975\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/07/RS50400_GettyImages-1234171316-qut-1020x671.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"421\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/07/RS50400_GettyImages-1234171316-qut-1020x671.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/07/RS50400_GettyImages-1234171316-qut-800x526.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/07/RS50400_GettyImages-1234171316-qut-160x105.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/07/RS50400_GettyImages-1234171316-qut-768x505.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/07/RS50400_GettyImages-1234171316-qut-1536x1010.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/07/RS50400_GettyImages-1234171316-qut.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A home burns as flames from the Dixie fire tear through the Indian Falls neighborhood of unincorporated Plumas County, California on July 24, 2021. Rising temperatures are drying out forests, priming them for big fires. \u003ccite>(JOSH EDELSON/AFP via Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The 2021 fire season was truly ferocious, and over the past year, the sheer scale of the fires shifted the public consciousness. Californians realized how we fight wildfires isn’t working. As a result, state leaders created policy goals and \u003ca href=\"https://www.capradio.org/articles/2021/09/16/prescribed-burns-could-help-reduce-californias-wildfires-a-new-bill-could-help-make-planned-fires-more-frequent/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">laws\u003c/a> to make it easier for fire experts to light controlled \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11887158/in-california-restoring-our-relationship-with-fire-is-possible\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">good fires\u003c/a> that clear excess vegetation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wildfire experts are still concerned that large, impossible-to-control wildfires will ignite again in the early summer months through the fall. \u003ca href=\"https://www.eri.ucsb.edu/people/leila-m-v-carvalho\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Leila Carvalho\u003c/a>, a UC Santa Barbara professor of meteorology and climatology, says long-term climate trends—like heat waves drying out vegetation early in the year or drier springs—will continue throughout 2022.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Major fires will happen,” she said. “The cycles tend to repeat when we have the right conditions of winds and ignitions.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Carvalho is hopeful for two significant reasons. First, the state has set aside more than a \u003ca href=\"https://apnews.com/article/business-health-fires-climate-california-eec48e6279099449851b3c7f150cda33\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">billion dollars\u003c/a> to strategically remove brush and trees to rescue catastrophic wildfires. Second, so many scientists are studying the effects climate change and historic fire suppression has on drying wildland areas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“People are trying to find solutions to mitigate and adapt because we have to deal with these swinging extremes in climate,” she said. “I’m hopeful that we are perhaps dealing with problems in ways we haven’t been doing before.”\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"#backtotop\">Back to top\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca id=\"question4\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Environmental Justice\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Communities already dealing with the effects of climate change stand to benefit from $100 million in state funds to establish community resilience hubs where people can go when climate emergencies strike. The hubs will be permanent neighborhood-based facilities — youth centers, churches, senior centers — that can provide emergency response, including backup power, food, economic assistance, internet services and a respite from smoke-filled air.\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "“The fact that we’re still hitting up against political barriers to make the progress that we need to make just indicates how hard this is and how much growth we still need to have when it comes to addressing these challenges head-on.”",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>Still, \u003ca href=\"https://greenlining.org/about/our-team/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Alvaro Sanchez\u003c/a>, policy director for the Greenlining Institute, says the funds only “scratch the surface” of what’s needed for low-income communities as swings in weather increase.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He says the legislature failed to advance a bill that would have sped up meeting California’s climate goals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The fact that we’re still hitting up against political barriers to make the progress that we need to make just indicates how hard this is and how much growth we still need to have when it comes to addressing these challenges head-on,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sanchez is excited that the state and two environmental justice-oriented groups are collaborating to develop a mapping platform that identifies the places most likely to flood, burn, dry out, etc. The maps will consider socioeconomic status, a factor that puts some populations at a greater risk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is going to take some time to develop, but it’s going to be what keeps California in the forefront on the way that we’re addressing climate change and bringing intersectional perspectives into the climate conversation,” he said.\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"#backtotop\">Back to top\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca id=\"question5\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Oil & Gas\u003c/h3>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1946654\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-1946654\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/RS23868_GettyImages-3188665-qut-1020x701.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"440\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/RS23868_GettyImages-3188665-qut-1020x701.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/RS23868_GettyImages-3188665-qut-160x110.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/RS23868_GettyImages-3188665-qut-800x550.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/RS23868_GettyImages-3188665-qut-768x528.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/RS23868_GettyImages-3188665-qut-1200x824.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/RS23868_GettyImages-3188665-qut.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Smoke drifts away from a Shell Oil refinery April 1, 2004 in Martinez, California. \u003ccite>(Justin Sullivan/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>There were two milestones in 2021 for phasing out fossil fuels in California: Newsom \u003ca href=\"https://calmatters.org/environment/2021/04/newsom-ban-new-oil-fracking/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">banned new oil fracking by 2024\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://www.google.com/amp/s/www.independent.com/2021/12/06/oil-rig-setback-rule-doesnt-go-far-enough/%3famp=1\">drafted\u003c/a> a ban on new oil and gas wells sometime after 2023 within 3,200 feet of homes, schools, or healthcare facilities. Even so, Michael Méndez, an assistant professor of environmental planning and policy at UC Irvine, says California isn’t doing enough. The state is the 7th largest crude oil producer in the county.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If we really want to tackle climate change and our dependence on fossil fuel as an economy, directly addressing our oil production and oil imports is a key factor for our state,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Méndez is also looking forward to California beginning a conversation about updating its climate roadmap this year. He says a crucial part of the plan will be ensuring that California’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1972789/california-says-it-will-review-cap-and-trade-amid-growing-criticism\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">cap-and-trade\u003c/a> system, which puts a price on carbon, actually lowers carbon emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’m not sure if we should totally scrap the cap-and-trade program, but it needs a thorough public reevaluation in the legislature,” he said. “Are these market based systems happening at the expense of immediate public health outcomes and improvements for low-income communities of color?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Méndez says there’s a growing concern that the cap-and-trade is an insufficient policy because it allows “polluting industries to pay to pollute in communities without changing their practices.” And a \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1975164/california-not-doing-as-well-as-it-thinks-in-reducing-carbon-investigation-finds\">report\u003c/a> last summer found that millions of carbon credits from the program do not represent real reductions in planet-warming gas emissions.\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"#backtotop\">Back to top\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca id=\"question6\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Energy\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Decisions that both eased and further complicated renewable energy marked 2021—think of plans for offshore wind and reducing the rate at which homeowners can sell extra electricity from rooftop solar panels—and lots of work around holding PG&E accountable for starting wildfires.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "‘More and more people are coming to understand the urgency of climate action, but we’re coming to terms with deep divides and social inequalities. The choices we make are going to determine how much it costs and who pays the prices.’",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>Energy experts say there will be a ramping up of greening the grid this year. California is also hosting an in-person offshore wind industry \u003ca href=\"https://www.offshorewindca.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">conference\u003c/a> in March in San Francisco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.meredithfowlie.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Meredith Fowlie\u003c/a>, faculty director of the Energy Institute at UC Berkeley’s Haas School of Business, says as the electricity sector further decarbonizes and renewable energy options expand in 2022, California needs to make sure the clean energy transition is equitable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“More and more people are coming to understand the urgency of climate action, but we’re coming to terms with deep divides and social inequalities,” she said. “The choices we make are going to determine how much it costs and who pays the prices.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As companies like PG&E put transmission lines underground to prevent catastrophic wildfires, the cost will likely extend to ratepayers, says \u003ca href=\"https://erg.berkeley.edu/people/callaway-duncan/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Duncan Callaway\u003c/a>, an associate professor of Energy and Resources at UC Berkeley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It will be harder for customers to justify purchasing that new electrified appliance or car because the cost to charge or run their electric heat pump will be too high,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The last piece of exciting energy news to start off 2022 is that California is beginning to work on a Fifth Climate Assessment. \u003ca href=\"https://erg.berkeley.edu/people/andrew-d-jones/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Andy Jones\u003c/a>, an earth scientist in the Energy and Resources Group at UC Berkeley, is helping build a tool to take the terabytes of data electricity companies and agencies have “about the future climate and extract useful knowledge from all of that.”\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"#backtotop\">Back to top\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca id=\"question7\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Electric Cars\u003c/h3>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1931178\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-1931178\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/ElectricCars_AW_06-1020x574.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/ElectricCars_AW_06-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/ElectricCars_AW_06-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/ElectricCars_AW_06-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/ElectricCars_AW_06-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/ElectricCars_AW_06-1200x675.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/ElectricCars_AW_06.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/ElectricCars_AW_06-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/ElectricCars_AW_06-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/ElectricCars_AW_06-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/ElectricCars_AW_06-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/ElectricCars_AW_06-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Electric cars are growing in the Bay Area but are only 6 percent of new vehicle sales statewide. \u003ccite>(Anne Wernikoff)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Petty much no one’s trying to kill the electric car these days— at least, not in California — and in 2022, Ford is even releasing an \u003ca href=\"https://media.ford.com/content/fordmedia/fna/us/en/news/2021/05/19/all-electric-ford-f-150-lightning.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">electric version\u003c/a> of the popular Ford F-150.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In the US, where we love trucks, it’s really important that people who drive those vehicles really want to drive the electric versions of them,” said \u003ca href=\"https://faculty.engineering.ucdavis.edu/kendall/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Alissa Kendall\u003c/a>. She studies electric cars as chair of the Energy Graduate Group at UC Davis. “I think that’s what we’re going to see in 2022, a positive and exciting shift.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Kendall says what’s missing from the zero-emission vehicle conversation are ways to make electric vehicles accessible, affordable, and convenient for low-income people. A \u003ca href=\"https://calmatters.org/commentary/2021/11/california-must-ensure-ev-charging-access-for-all/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">coalition\u003c/a> of elected officials, companies, and advocacy groups want all new multi-unit family housing to come with electric vehicle charging.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kendall thinks 2022 could be a year where there’s increased investment in charging stations in areas accessible to all Californians, not just for homeowners or businesses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We still have a big access issue,” she said of both electrified public transportation and electric cars. “How do we deliver transit that actually decreases the burdens of pollution on communities already experiencing disproportionate burdens?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kendall says California has a few big things to figure out in 2022, including what to do with car batteries at the end of their lives and how to source and produce materials to make batteries instate.\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"#backtotop\">Back to top\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca id=\"question8\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Sea Level Rise\u003c/h3>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1955614\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-1955614\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/kingtides-1020x679.jpg\" alt=\"King Tide along San Francisco's Embarcadero, in February 2011.\" width=\"640\" height=\"426\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/kingtides-1020x679.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/kingtides-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/kingtides-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/kingtides-768x511.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/kingtides-1200x799.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/kingtides.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">King Tide along San Francisco’s Embarcadero, in February 2011. \u003ccite>(Dave R/Flickr)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Rising tides resulting from warming temperatures globally is a major climate impact the state can prepare for—even with the \u003ca href=\"https://www.cnn.com/2021/12/14/world/noaa-climate-change-arctic-report/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">news\u003c/a> late last year that the Arctic is rapidly losing ice—because the worst effects won’t come for decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://ced.berkeley.edu/ced/faculty-staff/kristina-hill\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Kristina Hill\u003c/a>, director of the Institute for Urban and Regional Development at UC Berkeley, says it’s essential to plan now for sea-level rise; otherwise, the Bay Area will undergo similar devastation mountain communities are enduring from wildfires.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We should be planning now while things are stable, instead of running around treating it as a disaster in 20 years, which it will be if we don’t plan ahead, because the rate of change is accelerating,” she said. “This is the last period when it’s going to feel slow. After this, it’s going to be fast for hundreds of years.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the Bay Area is beginning to prepare for rising tides. Counties, agencies, nonprofits and cities are collaborating \u003ca href=\"https://www.bayadapt.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">to prepare for sea level rise as one region\u003c/a>. San Mateo County is planning an entire \u003ca href=\"https://oneshoreline.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">shoreline protection project\u003c/a>, and university scientists are researching how to prepare the most vulnerable residents for \u003ca href=\"https://sites.google.com/berkeley.edu/toxictides\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">rising water levels\u003c/a>\u003ca href=\"https://sites.google.com/berkeley.edu/toxictides\"> \u003c/a>(groundwater and the sea).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The one area Hill says needs to be taken seriously this year is that sea level rise can cause groundwater flooding and make existing contamination worse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re already seeing evidence of that water coming up out of manholes and Alameda and San Leandro,” she said. “That water is rising with the high tides, under contaminated sites. It’s entering sewer pipes, it’s going to cause impacts to infrastructure, and it’s going to expose people to more health risks, from contaminants that are moving in the groundwater.”\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"#backtotop\">Back to top\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cb>\u003ci>The COP26 climate conference is underway in Glasgow, Scotland. Here in the Bay Area, KQED’s climate reporters are talking with locals who are working on solutions.\u003c/i>\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What are repeated climate-driven disasters doing to our minds, bodies and spirit? That’s the question four Santa Rosa Junior College Students set out to answer in the four-part podcast series “\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/1047076622/chronic-catastrophe\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Chronic Catastrophe\u003c/a>.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since 2017, six major wildfires have burned across Sonoma County, killing over 100 people and destroying tens of thousands of buildings. Half of county inhabitants have had to evacuate their homes due to wildfire threat. Months of bad air and public safety power shutoffs have become almost routine. The Russian River spilled over its banks in 2019 after soaking rains, \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11729368/photos-rains-bring-floods-to-north-bay-communites\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">swamping roads and flooding homes\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1977680\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1977680\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/11/Lauren-and-Bea-1-scaled.jpg\" alt=\"A woman with long brown hair holds a young girl with light blonde hair and a white dress.\" width=\"1920\" height=\"2560\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/11/Lauren-and-Bea-1-scaled.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/11/Lauren-and-Bea-1-800x1067.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/11/Lauren-and-Bea-1-1020x1360.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/11/Lauren-and-Bea-1-160x213.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/11/Lauren-and-Bea-1-768x1024.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/11/Lauren-and-Bea-1-1152x1536.jpg 1152w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/11/Lauren-and-Bea-1-1536x2048.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Lauren Spates, one of the producers of the Chronic Catastrophe podcast, with her young daughter. \u003ccite>(Lauren Spates, used with permission)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Lauren Spates produces the podcast and is a student and teaching assistant at the junior college. She spoke with KQED climate reporter Danielle Venton.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The following has been lightly edited for length and clarity.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003cb>You helped produce a podcast that was about climate driven disasters. What inspired that work?\u003c/b>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>The podcast is called Chronic Catastrophe. Living in Sonoma County was not easy the past five years. We see hellacious wildfire, but we’ve also lived through floods and through days of bad air, where [smoke from] fires from other places blows over us. We really wanted to think about [this idea]: What is it doing to us? There’s a lot of discussion about the economic and environmental impact of climate change, but there aren’t a lot of people talking about what it does to human beings and their the health of society. And we wanted to fill that hole.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003cb>What are you hoping to contribute to people’s understanding?\u003c/b>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>I hope that listeners start to grasp that climate change is something that is affecting everyone. Even if you don’t really live near California’s fires or by the coast, where the sea level is rising. Climate change affects even our cognitive function, the way we think as humans. It has really broad implications for the health of society as a whole.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003cb>What are you hoping will happen at COP26 that will affect the work you do?\u003c/b>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>I really hope that the U.S. and that other more developed nations will actually put some teeth behind what they’re talking about. I hope we start to walk the walk and not just talk the talk. It’s not enough. I mean, we really need to move away from fossil fuels and from coal. But you know, there’s also the individual level. There’s the idea that you think globally and act locally. What can you do on a day-to-day basis? It’s not only about what leaders around the world [are doing]. It’s about what we buy, how we spend, what we do each day. And we need to focus on that in addition to what happens in Glasgow.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>Are there solutions to the issues that you care about that inspire you?\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>In the podcast, we talked to Linda Hopkins. She’s the the chair of the Sonoma County Board of Supervisors. She’s spoken a lot about building codes and what we need to do in terms of building in a sustainable fashion, but also building in a way that protects human beings from what is going to continue to happen with more devastating fires. We have to think about where we’re building. Are we building in burn scars? Are we allowing that to happen? It’s very complicated, right? The land is expensive. It’s at a premium in the Bay Area. How does local government manage that? Do you buy them out? What do you do? I hope there’s more clarity around that. That’s what’s going to matter most for my children and for who comes next. How do we change what our communities look like so that we can survive?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cb>\u003ci>The COP26 climate conference is underway in Glasgow, Scotland. Here in the Bay Area, KQED’s climate reporters are talking with locals who are working on solutions.\u003c/i>\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What are repeated climate-driven disasters doing to our minds, bodies and spirit? That’s the question four Santa Rosa Junior College Students set out to answer in the four-part podcast series “\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/1047076622/chronic-catastrophe\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Chronic Catastrophe\u003c/a>.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since 2017, six major wildfires have burned across Sonoma County, killing over 100 people and destroying tens of thousands of buildings. Half of county inhabitants have had to evacuate their homes due to wildfire threat. Months of bad air and public safety power shutoffs have become almost routine. The Russian River spilled over its banks in 2019 after soaking rains, \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11729368/photos-rains-bring-floods-to-north-bay-communites\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">swamping roads and flooding homes\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1977680\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1977680\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/11/Lauren-and-Bea-1-scaled.jpg\" alt=\"A woman with long brown hair holds a young girl with light blonde hair and a white dress.\" width=\"1920\" height=\"2560\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/11/Lauren-and-Bea-1-scaled.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/11/Lauren-and-Bea-1-800x1067.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/11/Lauren-and-Bea-1-1020x1360.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/11/Lauren-and-Bea-1-160x213.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/11/Lauren-and-Bea-1-768x1024.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/11/Lauren-and-Bea-1-1152x1536.jpg 1152w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/11/Lauren-and-Bea-1-1536x2048.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Lauren Spates, one of the producers of the Chronic Catastrophe podcast, with her young daughter. \u003ccite>(Lauren Spates, used with permission)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Lauren Spates produces the podcast and is a student and teaching assistant at the junior college. She spoke with KQED climate reporter Danielle Venton.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The following has been lightly edited for length and clarity.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003cb>You helped produce a podcast that was about climate driven disasters. What inspired that work?\u003c/b>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>The podcast is called Chronic Catastrophe. Living in Sonoma County was not easy the past five years. We see hellacious wildfire, but we’ve also lived through floods and through days of bad air, where [smoke from] fires from other places blows over us. We really wanted to think about [this idea]: What is it doing to us? There’s a lot of discussion about the economic and environmental impact of climate change, but there aren’t a lot of people talking about what it does to human beings and their the health of society. And we wanted to fill that hole.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003cb>What are you hoping to contribute to people’s understanding?\u003c/b>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>I hope that listeners start to grasp that climate change is something that is affecting everyone. Even if you don’t really live near California’s fires or by the coast, where the sea level is rising. Climate change affects even our cognitive function, the way we think as humans. It has really broad implications for the health of society as a whole.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003cb>What are you hoping will happen at COP26 that will affect the work you do?\u003c/b>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>I really hope that the U.S. and that other more developed nations will actually put some teeth behind what they’re talking about. I hope we start to walk the walk and not just talk the talk. It’s not enough. I mean, we really need to move away from fossil fuels and from coal. But you know, there’s also the individual level. There’s the idea that you think globally and act locally. What can you do on a day-to-day basis? It’s not only about what leaders around the world [are doing]. It’s about what we buy, how we spend, what we do each day. And we need to focus on that in addition to what happens in Glasgow.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>Are there solutions to the issues that you care about that inspire you?\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>In the podcast, we talked to Linda Hopkins. She’s the the chair of the Sonoma County Board of Supervisors. She’s spoken a lot about building codes and what we need to do in terms of building in a sustainable fashion, but also building in a way that protects human beings from what is going to continue to happen with more devastating fires. We have to think about where we’re building. Are we building in burn scars? Are we allowing that to happen? It’s very complicated, right? The land is expensive. It’s at a premium in the Bay Area. 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"headTitle": "En sus propias palabras: Los residentes de la ciudad del Este de Palo Alto responden al aumento del nivel del mar que se avecina | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>\u003cem>Esta serie es parte de la iniciativa nacional de periodismo ‘\u003ca href=\"http://connected-coastlines.pulitzercenter.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Connected Coastlines\u003c/a>‘ del Centro Pulitzer.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1973645/in-their-own-words-east-palo-alto-residents-on-the-coming-rise-in-sea-level\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cem>Read in English\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>El creciente nivel del mar a causa del cambio climático no afectará a todos por igual.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>En el Área de la Bahía, la ciudad del Este de Palo Alto \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1974191\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">corre un mayor riesgo\u003c/a> ante el aumento del nivel del mar: está rodeada de agua por tres lados y se encuentra junto a la zona sur de la bahía, donde las mareas son las más altas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[aside postID=\"science_1974191,science_1974195\"]Infraestructuras críticas como el puente Dumbarton y la autopista 101 se encuentran dentro o a lado del Este de Palo Alto, y el ascendente nivel del mar en el litoral de la ciudad alterará la vida de muchos en el Área de la Bahía.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pero para las personas con un hogar en esta ciudad, que frecuentan las tiendas y parques del barrio, quienes tienen familia y amistades por todo el vecindario, la posibilidad de que siga subiendo el nivel del mar es algo mucho más estremecedor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A continuación, tres residentes comparten sus perspectivas sobre cómo luchan para proteger a la gente y los lugares que están cerca de sus corazones a medida que el mundo sigue calentándose.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Los siguientes testimonios han sido editados para mayor claridad y duración.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Filiberto Zaragoza, de 18 años, estudiante de cuarto año en el bachillerato Menlo-Atherton\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Cuando me enteré de lo que es el cambio climático, no sabía cómo procesar esa información. Aún era joven y pensaba, “ah, todo está bien en el mundo”. Pero aprender sobre el tema me hizo cuestionar, ¿qué en verdad está haciendo la gente para ayudarnos?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2029/04/OwnWordsPhoto1.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright wp-image-1973715 \" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2029/04/OwnWordsPhoto1-1020x639.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"426\" height=\"268\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2029/04/OwnWordsPhoto1-1020x639.png 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2029/04/OwnWordsPhoto1-800x501.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2029/04/OwnWordsPhoto1-160x100.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2029/04/OwnWordsPhoto1-768x481.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2029/04/OwnWordsPhoto1.png 1424w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 426px) 100vw, 426px\">\u003c/a>He vivido en el Este de Palo Alto toda mi vida. Vivimos a lado de la bahía, rodeados de agua. Mi mayor temor es que en el futuro regrese aquí y vea que sólo permanecen ciertas partes de mi ciudad y que los vecindarios que conozco estén sumergidos bajo el agua o inundados.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pero tengo mucha esperanza por el cambio. Soy un integrante principal del grupo ‘Youth United for Community Action’, donde luchamos a favor de la vivienda, la justicia ecológica y la justicia restaurativa. Sé que en el futuro, a medida que las cosas empeoren, YUCA seguirá aquí en el Este de Palo Alto protegiendo a la ciudad.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>*Nota editorial: ‘Youth United for Community Action’ en español significa: Jóvenes Unidos para Acción Comunitaria y también es conocido como YUCA por sus siglas en inglés.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Ulises Barbosa, de 34 años, trabaja en la construcción\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright wp-image-1973718\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2029/04/Ulises-scaled-e1618344888530-800x1141.jpeg\" alt=\"\" width=\"275\" height=\"392\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2029/04/Ulises-scaled-e1618344888530-800x1141.jpeg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2029/04/Ulises-scaled-e1618344888530-1020x1455.jpeg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2029/04/Ulises-scaled-e1618344888530-160x228.jpeg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2029/04/Ulises-scaled-e1618344888530-768x1095.jpeg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2029/04/Ulises-scaled-e1618344888530-1077x1536.jpeg 1077w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2029/04/Ulises-scaled-e1618344888530-1436x2048.jpeg 1436w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2029/04/Ulises-scaled-e1618344888530.jpeg 1440w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 275px) 100vw, 275px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>La primera vez que me enteré del cambio climático fue algo agridulce. Tuve sentimientos encontrados. Me interesó saber más sobre este tema, pero me di cuenta de que, de una manera inconsciente estábamos dañando nuestro planeta. Y eso me me hizo sentir muy triste e impotente, porque no sabía qué hacer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Los que vivimos aquí en el Este de Palo Alto tenemos miedo porque sabemos que ya hemos sido afectados y que si no ponemos manos a la obra, no seguirá afectando. Nos gustaría tener más conocimiento sobre el cambio climático. Actualmente la mayoría de mis amigos y yo hemos estado asistiendo a una clase de concientización ambiental, en la que se habla mucho del cambio del clima.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Vivimos a orillas del mar. El cambio climático puede afectar el nivel del mar lo suficiente como para que este cubra gran parte del Este de Palo Alto, prácticamente tapando todas nuestras viviendas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pues yo espero que no solamente seamos nosotros, sino que gran parte de la comunidad, los políticos y todo el mundo también se unan para contrarrestar este problema. Mientras tanto, aquí seguiremos poniendo nuestro granito de arena cada día, poco a poco.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Cristina Becerra, de 16 años, estudiante de tercer año en el bachillerato Palo Alto\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Me siento muy triste pero también con mucha esperanza y con un sentido de urgencia, hay que hacer esto ahora. Siento que debo de decirles a cuantas personas sea posible de lo que está pasando y lo que pueden hacer para ayudar. Siempre le digo a mi papá que debemos de utilizar la energía solar y que quiero plantar árboles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2029/04/Cristina.jpeg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright wp-image-1973716\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2029/04/Cristina-1020x680.jpeg\" alt=\"\" width=\"417\" height=\"279\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2029/04/Cristina-1020x680.jpeg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2029/04/Cristina-800x533.jpeg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2029/04/Cristina-160x107.jpeg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2029/04/Cristina-768x512.jpeg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2029/04/Cristina.jpeg 1280w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 417px) 100vw, 417px\">\u003c/a>Mi mayor miedo es que si no se hace nada y llegue el día en que todas estas casas se inunden, mucha gente no tendrá un lugar a donde ir, o tenga que vivir con agua en sus pisos. Simplemente no será una situación segura.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Y también la preocupación de tener que pagar el alquiler y reparar su hogar, ¿qué se supone que van hacer? ¿A dónde va ir toda esa gente?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mi esperanza es que se logren algunos cambios. Cambios a pequeña escala, como por ejemplo que toda la ciudad del Este de Palo Alto comenzara a usar energía solar. Esto en verdad motivaría a otras ciudades: “Ah, mira lo que ellos están haciendo. Deberíamos hacer eso también”.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Espero que el Este de Palo Alto tome medidas preventivas, construyendo diques o simplemente asegurándose de que todas las viviendas, especialmente las que están cercas de las zonas propensas a inundaciones, estén preparadas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Este artículo fue traducido por el periodista, \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/author/ccabreralomeli\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Carlos Cabrera-Lomelí \u003c/a>y editado por la periodista \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/soytapatia\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">María Peña\u003c/a> del equipo de \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/kqedenespanol\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">KQED en Español\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\n[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"excerpt": "Tres residentes de East Palo Alto hablan sobre lo que es vivir con la amenaza de inundaciones a medida que sube el nivel del mar a causa del cambio climático y lo que están haciendo al respecto.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cem>Esta serie es parte de la iniciativa nacional de periodismo ‘\u003ca href=\"http://connected-coastlines.pulitzercenter.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Connected Coastlines\u003c/a>‘ del Centro Pulitzer.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1973645/in-their-own-words-east-palo-alto-residents-on-the-coming-rise-in-sea-level\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cem>Read in English\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>El creciente nivel del mar a causa del cambio climático no afectará a todos por igual.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>En el Área de la Bahía, la ciudad del Este de Palo Alto \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1974191\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">corre un mayor riesgo\u003c/a> ante el aumento del nivel del mar: está rodeada de agua por tres lados y se encuentra junto a la zona sur de la bahía, donde las mareas son las más altas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>Infraestructuras críticas como el puente Dumbarton y la autopista 101 se encuentran dentro o a lado del Este de Palo Alto, y el ascendente nivel del mar en el litoral de la ciudad alterará la vida de muchos en el Área de la Bahía.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pero para las personas con un hogar en esta ciudad, que frecuentan las tiendas y parques del barrio, quienes tienen familia y amistades por todo el vecindario, la posibilidad de que siga subiendo el nivel del mar es algo mucho más estremecedor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A continuación, tres residentes comparten sus perspectivas sobre cómo luchan para proteger a la gente y los lugares que están cerca de sus corazones a medida que el mundo sigue calentándose.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Los siguientes testimonios han sido editados para mayor claridad y duración.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Filiberto Zaragoza, de 18 años, estudiante de cuarto año en el bachillerato Menlo-Atherton\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Cuando me enteré de lo que es el cambio climático, no sabía cómo procesar esa información. Aún era joven y pensaba, “ah, todo está bien en el mundo”. Pero aprender sobre el tema me hizo cuestionar, ¿qué en verdad está haciendo la gente para ayudarnos?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2029/04/OwnWordsPhoto1.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright wp-image-1973715 \" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2029/04/OwnWordsPhoto1-1020x639.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"426\" height=\"268\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2029/04/OwnWordsPhoto1-1020x639.png 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2029/04/OwnWordsPhoto1-800x501.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2029/04/OwnWordsPhoto1-160x100.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2029/04/OwnWordsPhoto1-768x481.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2029/04/OwnWordsPhoto1.png 1424w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 426px) 100vw, 426px\">\u003c/a>He vivido en el Este de Palo Alto toda mi vida. Vivimos a lado de la bahía, rodeados de agua. Mi mayor temor es que en el futuro regrese aquí y vea que sólo permanecen ciertas partes de mi ciudad y que los vecindarios que conozco estén sumergidos bajo el agua o inundados.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pero tengo mucha esperanza por el cambio. Soy un integrante principal del grupo ‘Youth United for Community Action’, donde luchamos a favor de la vivienda, la justicia ecológica y la justicia restaurativa. Sé que en el futuro, a medida que las cosas empeoren, YUCA seguirá aquí en el Este de Palo Alto protegiendo a la ciudad.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>*Nota editorial: ‘Youth United for Community Action’ en español significa: Jóvenes Unidos para Acción Comunitaria y también es conocido como YUCA por sus siglas en inglés.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Ulises Barbosa, de 34 años, trabaja en la construcción\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright wp-image-1973718\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2029/04/Ulises-scaled-e1618344888530-800x1141.jpeg\" alt=\"\" width=\"275\" height=\"392\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2029/04/Ulises-scaled-e1618344888530-800x1141.jpeg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2029/04/Ulises-scaled-e1618344888530-1020x1455.jpeg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2029/04/Ulises-scaled-e1618344888530-160x228.jpeg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2029/04/Ulises-scaled-e1618344888530-768x1095.jpeg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2029/04/Ulises-scaled-e1618344888530-1077x1536.jpeg 1077w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2029/04/Ulises-scaled-e1618344888530-1436x2048.jpeg 1436w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2029/04/Ulises-scaled-e1618344888530.jpeg 1440w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 275px) 100vw, 275px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>La primera vez que me enteré del cambio climático fue algo agridulce. Tuve sentimientos encontrados. Me interesó saber más sobre este tema, pero me di cuenta de que, de una manera inconsciente estábamos dañando nuestro planeta. Y eso me me hizo sentir muy triste e impotente, porque no sabía qué hacer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Los que vivimos aquí en el Este de Palo Alto tenemos miedo porque sabemos que ya hemos sido afectados y que si no ponemos manos a la obra, no seguirá afectando. Nos gustaría tener más conocimiento sobre el cambio climático. Actualmente la mayoría de mis amigos y yo hemos estado asistiendo a una clase de concientización ambiental, en la que se habla mucho del cambio del clima.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Vivimos a orillas del mar. El cambio climático puede afectar el nivel del mar lo suficiente como para que este cubra gran parte del Este de Palo Alto, prácticamente tapando todas nuestras viviendas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pues yo espero que no solamente seamos nosotros, sino que gran parte de la comunidad, los políticos y todo el mundo también se unan para contrarrestar este problema. Mientras tanto, aquí seguiremos poniendo nuestro granito de arena cada día, poco a poco.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Cristina Becerra, de 16 años, estudiante de tercer año en el bachillerato Palo Alto\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Me siento muy triste pero también con mucha esperanza y con un sentido de urgencia, hay que hacer esto ahora. Siento que debo de decirles a cuantas personas sea posible de lo que está pasando y lo que pueden hacer para ayudar. Siempre le digo a mi papá que debemos de utilizar la energía solar y que quiero plantar árboles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2029/04/Cristina.jpeg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright wp-image-1973716\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2029/04/Cristina-1020x680.jpeg\" alt=\"\" width=\"417\" height=\"279\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2029/04/Cristina-1020x680.jpeg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2029/04/Cristina-800x533.jpeg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2029/04/Cristina-160x107.jpeg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2029/04/Cristina-768x512.jpeg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2029/04/Cristina.jpeg 1280w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 417px) 100vw, 417px\">\u003c/a>Mi mayor miedo es que si no se hace nada y llegue el día en que todas estas casas se inunden, mucha gente no tendrá un lugar a donde ir, o tenga que vivir con agua en sus pisos. Simplemente no será una situación segura.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Y también la preocupación de tener que pagar el alquiler y reparar su hogar, ¿qué se supone que van hacer? ¿A dónde va ir toda esa gente?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mi esperanza es que se logren algunos cambios. Cambios a pequeña escala, como por ejemplo que toda la ciudad del Este de Palo Alto comenzara a usar energía solar. Esto en verdad motivaría a otras ciudades: “Ah, mira lo que ellos están haciendo. Deberíamos hacer eso también”.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Espero que el Este de Palo Alto tome medidas preventivas, construyendo diques o simplemente asegurándose de que todas las viviendas, especialmente las que están cercas de las zonas propensas a inundaciones, estén preparadas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Este artículo fue traducido por el periodista, \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/author/ccabreralomeli\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Carlos Cabrera-Lomelí \u003c/a>y editado por la periodista \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/soytapatia\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">María Peña\u003c/a> del equipo de \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/kqedenespanol\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">KQED en Español\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"tagline": "The flip side of gentrification, told through one town",
"info": "Gentrification is changing cities across America, forcing people from neighborhoods they have long called home. Call them the displaced. Now those priced out of the Bay Area are looking for a better life in an unlikely place. American Suburb follows this migration to one California town along the Delta, 45 miles from San Francisco. But is this once sleepy suburb ready for them?",
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"tagline": "Exploring the Bay Area, one question at a time",
"info": "KQED’s new podcast, Bay Curious, gets to the bottom of the mysteries — both profound and peculiar — that give the Bay Area its unique identity. And we’ll do it with your help! You ask the questions. You decide what Bay Curious investigates. And you join us on the journey to find the answers.",
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"info": "KQED’s statewide radio news program providing daily coverage of issues, trends and public policy decisions.",
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"order": 8
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},
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"order": 1
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"info": "\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />",
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"id": "commonwealth-club",
"title": "Commonwealth Club of California Podcast",
"info": "The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.",
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"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Commonwealth-Club-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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"source": "Commonwealth Club of California"
},
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"info": "KQED’s live call-in program discussing local, state, national and international issues, as well as in-depth interviews.",
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"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Forum-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"order": 9
},
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"id": "fresh-air",
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"hidden-brain": {
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"airtime": "SUN 7pm-8pm",
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"airtime": "SUN 7:30pm-8pm",
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"tagline": "Where conversation and cultura meet",
"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
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"title": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown",
"tagline": "Lessons from a lifetime in politics",
"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
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"order": 18
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},
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"id": "latino-usa",
"title": "Latino USA",
"airtime": "MON 1am-2am, SUN 6pm-7pm",
"info": "Latino USA, the radio journal of news and culture, is the only national, English-language radio program produced from a Latino perspective.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/latinoUsa.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://latinousa.org/",
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},
"marketplace": {
"id": "marketplace",
"title": "Marketplace",
"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Marketplace-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.marketplace.org/",
"meta": {
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"source": "American Public Media"
},
"link": "/radio/program/marketplace",
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"rss": "https://feeds.publicradio.org/public_feeds/marketplace-pm/rss/rss"
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},
"masters-of-scale": {
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"title": "Masters of Scale",
"info": "Masters of Scale is an original podcast in which LinkedIn co-founder and Greylock Partner Reid Hoffman sets out to describe and prove theories that explain how great entrepreneurs take their companies from zero to a gazillion in ingenious fashion.",
"airtime": "Every other Wednesday June 12 through October 16 at 8pm (repeats Thursdays at 2am)",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "https://mastersofscale.com/",
"meta": {
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"source": "WaitWhat"
},
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"rss": "https://rss.art19.com/masters-of-scale"
}
},
"mindshift": {
"id": "mindshift",
"title": "MindShift",
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"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
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