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"content": "\u003cp>Chemical contamination from the North Bay Fires could now force Santa Rosa to replace the water delivery system for the severely burned Fountaingrove neighborhood, at an unbudgeted cost of $43 million.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Santa Rosa water officials \u003ca href=\"https://srcity.org/2801/Water-Quality-Advisory\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">will present an update\u003c/a> on the problem and a recommendation about how to address it at a meeting Tuesday at 2 p.m.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The fire was merciless on Fountaingrove’s hillsides, leaving just 13 homes standing out of hundreds in a nearly 200-square-mile area. Connecting those homes to the water system were pipes made of high-density polyethylene or HDPE — a kind of plastic preferred for its cost, and for its flexibility in terrain that can be shaken by earthquakes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But plastic has a downside.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Plastics burn,” says Santa Rosa’s Director of Water, Ben Horenstein. “And no question when plastics burn and melt, they give off constituents you would not want in your water supply.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class='\"pullquote'>’No question when plastics burn, they give off constituents you would not want in your water supply.’\u003ccite>Ben Horenstein, Santa Rosa Water\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>That happened last October, says Horenstein. After an investigation, he says his department believes melted components released cancer-causing benzene, along with other hydrocarbons and contaminants that were then sucked further into the city’s depressurized water system. Sitting in the water mains, the contaminants migrated into the plastic mains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The water department learned of the problem only when returning residents reported bad odors and tastes. Hundreds of subsequent water samples found benzene in all of the mains and lines within an advisory area, where residents were warned not to boil or drink tap water. Testing beyond the advisory area in greater Santa Rosa \u003ca href=\"https://santa-rosa.legistar.com/View.ashx?M=F&ID=6156758&GUID=B4432391-FB8D-4DF8-8578-A5702DEB7BEA\">found benzene\u003c/a> in some smaller lines, but no water mains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>New Risks to Old Systems\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state’s Division of Drinking Water \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1920335\">has said that\u003c/a> Santa Rosa’s problem is the first of its kind reported in California. But Horenstein suspects this could have happened in other communities, where smell and odor telltales weren’t as apparent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Horenstein believes Santa Rosa’s response could have implications for other communities at risk of a similar incident, even nationally.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think questions are being raised about prudent use of plastics in a water distribution system,” he says. I think there’s a lot of related questions that will slowly come out of this in terms of industry-wide standards, industry-wide approaches and industry-wide responses to similar problems.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even if Santa Rosa’s problem is unusual, other California cities have suffered damages to water systems after significant fire events and related natural disasters. In Santa Barbara County, heavy rains \u003ca href=\"http://www.montecitowater.com/latest-news/mwd-corrects-facts-on-jan-9-debris-flow-incidents/\">drove a debris flow\u003c/a> into the highline distribution water main for the Montecito Water District. Montecito, which is also recovering from major fires, ordered residents \u003ca href=\"http://www.montecitowater.com/latest-news/cancellation-of-boil-water-order/\">to boil water\u003c/a> before drinking for about a month in January. Other communities in that area \u003ca href=\"https://www.noozhawk.com/article/storm_causes_major_damage_montecito_water_distribution_south_coast_conduit\">have suffered\u003c/a> rock falls and mudslides.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think we’re seeing a lot of events both in California and around the country and around the world, where we are experiencing how the change in probability of climate extremes has these indirect effects,” says Stanford climatologist Noah Diffenbaugh. “We’ve made decisions about where to site infrastructure, how to construct infrastructure, based on assumptions about climate that are no longer valid in a statistical sense.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Diffenbaugh is a member of the \u003ca href=\"http://resources.ca.gov/climate/climate-safe-infrastructure-working-group/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Climate-Safe Infrastructure Working Group\u003c/a> convened by California Natural Resources Secretary John Laird, which \u003ca href=\"http://resources.ca.gov/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/AB2800_Mtg2_SummaryNotes_final.pdf\">is\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"http://resources.ca.gov/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/AB2800_Mtg2_SummaryNotes_final.pdf\">considering\u003c/a> how to better integrate climate considerations into infrastructure design and maintenance. The group will produce a report later this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1921722\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/FountaingroveAdvisoryArea.jpeg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1921722 size-large\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/FountaingroveAdvisoryArea-1020x1318.jpeg\" alt=\"Map of Fountaingrove water advisory area\" width=\"640\" height=\"827\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/FountaingroveAdvisoryArea-1020x1318.jpeg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/FountaingroveAdvisoryArea-160x207.jpeg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/FountaingroveAdvisoryArea-800x1034.jpeg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/FountaingroveAdvisoryArea-768x992.jpeg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/FountaingroveAdvisoryArea-1920x2481.jpeg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/FountaingroveAdvisoryArea-1180x1525.jpeg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/FountaingroveAdvisoryArea-960x1241.jpeg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/FountaingroveAdvisoryArea-240x310.jpeg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/FountaingroveAdvisoryArea-375x485.jpeg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/FountaingroveAdvisoryArea-520x672.jpeg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/FountaingroveAdvisoryArea.jpeg 2012w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Click image to enlarge. \u003ccite>(Santa Rosa Water)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Return to Normal\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Santa Rosa, Horenstein says the city’s goal is to return people to their homes, and return the area to a pre-fire condition. \u003ca href=\"https://santa-rosa.legistar.com/View.ashx?M=F&ID=6156758&GUID=B4432391-FB8D-4DF8-8578-A5702DEB7BEA\">According to a city presentation\u003c/a>, the best-case scenario for full replacement in the advisory area would replace the drinking water system over two years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It does feel very important for me to assure people, we are going to solve this thing,” Horenstein says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Santa Rosa could dip into reserves, seek federal aid, or even raise water rates to pay for the full replacement of Fountaingrove’s water delivery system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And the city may have to weigh that investment against future fire risk: Fountaingrove has now burned twice in the last 54 years.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Chemical contamination from the North Bay Fires could now force Santa Rosa to replace the water delivery system for the severely burned Fountaingrove neighborhood, at an unbudgeted cost of $43 million.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Santa Rosa water officials \u003ca href=\"https://srcity.org/2801/Water-Quality-Advisory\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">will present an update\u003c/a> on the problem and a recommendation about how to address it at a meeting Tuesday at 2 p.m.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The fire was merciless on Fountaingrove’s hillsides, leaving just 13 homes standing out of hundreds in a nearly 200-square-mile area. Connecting those homes to the water system were pipes made of high-density polyethylene or HDPE — a kind of plastic preferred for its cost, and for its flexibility in terrain that can be shaken by earthquakes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But plastic has a downside.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Plastics burn,” says Santa Rosa’s Director of Water, Ben Horenstein. “And no question when plastics burn and melt, they give off constituents you would not want in your water supply.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class='\"pullquote'>’No question when plastics burn, they give off constituents you would not want in your water supply.’\u003ccite>Ben Horenstein, Santa Rosa Water\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>That happened last October, says Horenstein. After an investigation, he says his department believes melted components released cancer-causing benzene, along with other hydrocarbons and contaminants that were then sucked further into the city’s depressurized water system. Sitting in the water mains, the contaminants migrated into the plastic mains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The water department learned of the problem only when returning residents reported bad odors and tastes. Hundreds of subsequent water samples found benzene in all of the mains and lines within an advisory area, where residents were warned not to boil or drink tap water. Testing beyond the advisory area in greater Santa Rosa \u003ca href=\"https://santa-rosa.legistar.com/View.ashx?M=F&ID=6156758&GUID=B4432391-FB8D-4DF8-8578-A5702DEB7BEA\">found benzene\u003c/a> in some smaller lines, but no water mains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>New Risks to Old Systems\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state’s Division of Drinking Water \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1920335\">has said that\u003c/a> Santa Rosa’s problem is the first of its kind reported in California. But Horenstein suspects this could have happened in other communities, where smell and odor telltales weren’t as apparent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Horenstein believes Santa Rosa’s response could have implications for other communities at risk of a similar incident, even nationally.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think questions are being raised about prudent use of plastics in a water distribution system,” he says. I think there’s a lot of related questions that will slowly come out of this in terms of industry-wide standards, industry-wide approaches and industry-wide responses to similar problems.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even if Santa Rosa’s problem is unusual, other California cities have suffered damages to water systems after significant fire events and related natural disasters. In Santa Barbara County, heavy rains \u003ca href=\"http://www.montecitowater.com/latest-news/mwd-corrects-facts-on-jan-9-debris-flow-incidents/\">drove a debris flow\u003c/a> into the highline distribution water main for the Montecito Water District. Montecito, which is also recovering from major fires, ordered residents \u003ca href=\"http://www.montecitowater.com/latest-news/cancellation-of-boil-water-order/\">to boil water\u003c/a> before drinking for about a month in January. Other communities in that area \u003ca href=\"https://www.noozhawk.com/article/storm_causes_major_damage_montecito_water_distribution_south_coast_conduit\">have suffered\u003c/a> rock falls and mudslides.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think we’re seeing a lot of events both in California and around the country and around the world, where we are experiencing how the change in probability of climate extremes has these indirect effects,” says Stanford climatologist Noah Diffenbaugh. “We’ve made decisions about where to site infrastructure, how to construct infrastructure, based on assumptions about climate that are no longer valid in a statistical sense.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Diffenbaugh is a member of the \u003ca href=\"http://resources.ca.gov/climate/climate-safe-infrastructure-working-group/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Climate-Safe Infrastructure Working Group\u003c/a> convened by California Natural Resources Secretary John Laird, which \u003ca href=\"http://resources.ca.gov/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/AB2800_Mtg2_SummaryNotes_final.pdf\">is\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"http://resources.ca.gov/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/AB2800_Mtg2_SummaryNotes_final.pdf\">considering\u003c/a> how to better integrate climate considerations into infrastructure design and maintenance. The group will produce a report later this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1921722\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/FountaingroveAdvisoryArea.jpeg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1921722 size-large\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/FountaingroveAdvisoryArea-1020x1318.jpeg\" alt=\"Map of Fountaingrove water advisory area\" width=\"640\" height=\"827\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/FountaingroveAdvisoryArea-1020x1318.jpeg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/FountaingroveAdvisoryArea-160x207.jpeg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/FountaingroveAdvisoryArea-800x1034.jpeg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/FountaingroveAdvisoryArea-768x992.jpeg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/FountaingroveAdvisoryArea-1920x2481.jpeg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/FountaingroveAdvisoryArea-1180x1525.jpeg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/FountaingroveAdvisoryArea-960x1241.jpeg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/FountaingroveAdvisoryArea-240x310.jpeg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/FountaingroveAdvisoryArea-375x485.jpeg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/FountaingroveAdvisoryArea-520x672.jpeg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/FountaingroveAdvisoryArea.jpeg 2012w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Click image to enlarge. \u003ccite>(Santa Rosa Water)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Return to Normal\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Santa Rosa, Horenstein says the city’s goal is to return people to their homes, and return the area to a pre-fire condition. \u003ca href=\"https://santa-rosa.legistar.com/View.ashx?M=F&ID=6156758&GUID=B4432391-FB8D-4DF8-8578-A5702DEB7BEA\">According to a city presentation\u003c/a>, the best-case scenario for full replacement in the advisory area would replace the drinking water system over two years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It does feel very important for me to assure people, we are going to solve this thing,” Horenstein says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Santa Rosa could dip into reserves, seek federal aid, or even raise water rates to pay for the full replacement of Fountaingrove’s water delivery system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And the city may have to weigh that investment against future fire risk: Fountaingrove has now burned twice in the last 54 years.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Desalinated Water Doesn’t Have to Come From the Ocean",
"headTitle": "Desalinated Water Doesn’t Have to Come From the Ocean | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>The California Department of Water Resources has awarded $34 million in \u003ca href=\"http://wdl.water.ca.gov/desalination/2017Cycle4Awards.cfm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">grants\u003c/a> to eight desalination projects throughout the state. The money is part of a round of awards for desalination projects, as designated by \u003ca href=\"https://www.water.ca.gov/Work-With-Us/Grants-And-Loans/IRWM-Grant-Programs/Proposition-1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Proposition 1\u003c/a>.[contextly_sidebar id=”hUI6nVdV1PEPfKrni70ff3tufawP4LA6″]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While ocean desalination has often caught most of the public attention, two of those construction projects, in Antioch and Camarillo, focused specifically on inland brackish desalination, as did several of the other projects that received grant money. California has plenty of salty inland water,\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/806524/water-windfall-found-in-drought-stricken-california\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> such as the water\u003c/a> in the upstream Delta or in underground aquifers that have absorbed soil salts. As local agencies look for more potable water sources, desalinating that local water may become an important part of the equation, says Richard Mills, the Department of Water Resources’ recycling and desalination chief.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it’s not cheap. Mills says that brackish desalination can run from about $800 for an acre-foot of water to about $3,000. While these projects are generally cheaper than ocean desalination, costs vary significantly by location. Still, the proposed projects show that, despite the cost, there is still a lot of interest in brackish desalination. “That may mean that we’re running out of cheap water sources,” he said.[contextly_sidebar id=”qKThB4hgZBTNSY1ykLSmBw3XA8xhsCgm”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water Deeply spoke with Mills about the projects and the role of brackish desalination, especially groundwater desalination, throughout California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong> Water Deeply: In these awards, why is there so much emphasis on brackish desalination, as opposed to ocean water desalination?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Richard Mills: I think that cost and the sustainability of implementation accounts for a lot of that. The cost of brackish water desalination is generally much less than seawater desalination, in part because the treatment itself – the cost is very much affected by the degree of salinity. The less salinity, the less cost. The environmental issues can [also] tend to be somewhat less, depending on the individual situation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: What are the current environmental impacts of brackish desalination?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mills: For open water intakes for brackish water – from San Francisco Bay or the upstream Delta – you have the effects on aquatic organisms in the water column. Brackish water [desalination] growth in California has been more focused on using groundwater, where the intake part isn’t so much of an environmental impact, other than the effect on the groundwater itself and potentially overdrafting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brine is the other key environmental issue.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: Why is brackish groundwater desalination cheaper than seawater desalination?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mills: I should say that, for either ocean water or brackish water projects, there is a very wide range of project costs. If you just look at the treatment itself, the desalination treatment technology is to take the salts out of the water, and the most common treatment technology that is being used currently is reverse osmosis, which can be fairly energy-intensive and the amount of energy required is greatly affected by the concentration of the salts in the source water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the brackish water projects, we seem to be dealing in the range of 1,000–3,000 milligrams per liter of total dissolved solids, whereas when we’re talking about ocean water, we’re more in the range of 30,000–35,000 milligrams of total dissolved solids. So you’re dealing with a concentration of salts that is about one-tenth that of ocean water, and therefore the cost itself is much less.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1921629\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1921629\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/856161841-800x538.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"538\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/856161841.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/856161841-160x108.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/856161841-768x516.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/856161841-240x161.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/856161841-375x252.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/856161841-520x350.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Poseidon Water Desalination Plant in Carlsbad, California, is one of the largest seawater treatment plants in the U.S. \u003ccite>(Don Bartletti/Los Angeles Times/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The brine is another significant cost, as well as an environmental issue. With ocean desalination, the quantities of brine are much greater, but one advantage is that you generally have the ability to discharge them into the ocean in an environmentally acceptable way. With inland projects, there’s the issue of what to do with the salts. Putting them in a landfill – could there potentially be contamination issues as salts leech back into the groundwater?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So we can’t say that in an individual situation, brackish groundwater desalination is going to be a cheaper alternative, but as you see from the eight awards there is still a lot of interest in it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: How much do you think that brackish desalination will be a part of how California deals with water issues in the future?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mills: In the California Water Plan 2013, we had kind of an inventory of projects that were in place at the time, and also what seemed to be in planning. In 2013, there were 23 brackish groundwater desalination plants, and three ocean desalination plants. The ocean plants, at that time, were very minuscule in size, so the annual production and capacity was only 560 acre-feet a year, whereas with the brackish groundwater, the annual capacity was 139,000 acre-feet a year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: As brackish desalination becomes a bigger part of California communities meeting their water needs, how is the Department of Water Resources balancing brackish groundwater withdrawal with the Sustainable Groundwater Management Act?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mills: Well, one thing is that when we give grants toward the planning or even for construction, we’re expecting that there be an analysis of how the drawing of additional brackish water from the ground may impact the overall groundwater supply.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With the Groundwater Management Act, there’s a mandate to analyze these issues. I think that even if there wasn’t a prudent local effort to analyze the impacts on the part of the proponents of local brackish groundwater use, the groundwater management agencies that are trying to comply with the Groundwater Management Act are going to be a driving force to make sure that proper analysis is being done.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong> Water Deeply: Thank you for talking with us. Is there anything else that you would like to say?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mills: I think in summary, it’s not going to be on a statewide level a huge contribution to our state’s water supply, but it is important for many local communities who need a more significant source of supply, and it is a way to take advantage of a source of water that is currently unusable and being able to use it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>This article originally appeared on \u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>Water Deeply\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>, and you can find it \u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/community/2018/03/20/desalinated-water-in-california-doesnt-have-to-come-from-the-ocean\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>here\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>. For important news about the California drought, you can \u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"http://waterdeeply.us5.list-manage.com/subscribe?u=8b78e9a34ff7443ec1e8c62c6&id=2947becb78\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>sign up\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci> to the Water Deeply email list.\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "California has granted more than $34 million to desalination projects, and much of that money is going toward brackish water projects. That approach isn’t cheap or without environmental concerns, says Richard Mills of the Department of Water Resources.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The California Department of Water Resources has awarded $34 million in \u003ca href=\"http://wdl.water.ca.gov/desalination/2017Cycle4Awards.cfm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">grants\u003c/a> to eight desalination projects throughout the state. The money is part of a round of awards for desalination projects, as designated by \u003ca href=\"https://www.water.ca.gov/Work-With-Us/Grants-And-Loans/IRWM-Grant-Programs/Proposition-1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Proposition 1\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While ocean desalination has often caught most of the public attention, two of those construction projects, in Antioch and Camarillo, focused specifically on inland brackish desalination, as did several of the other projects that received grant money. California has plenty of salty inland water,\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/806524/water-windfall-found-in-drought-stricken-california\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> such as the water\u003c/a> in the upstream Delta or in underground aquifers that have absorbed soil salts. As local agencies look for more potable water sources, desalinating that local water may become an important part of the equation, says Richard Mills, the Department of Water Resources’ recycling and desalination chief.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it’s not cheap. Mills says that brackish desalination can run from about $800 for an acre-foot of water to about $3,000. While these projects are generally cheaper than ocean desalination, costs vary significantly by location. Still, the proposed projects show that, despite the cost, there is still a lot of interest in brackish desalination. “That may mean that we’re running out of cheap water sources,” he said.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water Deeply spoke with Mills about the projects and the role of brackish desalination, especially groundwater desalination, throughout California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong> Water Deeply: In these awards, why is there so much emphasis on brackish desalination, as opposed to ocean water desalination?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Richard Mills: I think that cost and the sustainability of implementation accounts for a lot of that. The cost of brackish water desalination is generally much less than seawater desalination, in part because the treatment itself – the cost is very much affected by the degree of salinity. The less salinity, the less cost. The environmental issues can [also] tend to be somewhat less, depending on the individual situation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: What are the current environmental impacts of brackish desalination?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mills: For open water intakes for brackish water – from San Francisco Bay or the upstream Delta – you have the effects on aquatic organisms in the water column. Brackish water [desalination] growth in California has been more focused on using groundwater, where the intake part isn’t so much of an environmental impact, other than the effect on the groundwater itself and potentially overdrafting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brine is the other key environmental issue.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: Why is brackish groundwater desalination cheaper than seawater desalination?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mills: I should say that, for either ocean water or brackish water projects, there is a very wide range of project costs. If you just look at the treatment itself, the desalination treatment technology is to take the salts out of the water, and the most common treatment technology that is being used currently is reverse osmosis, which can be fairly energy-intensive and the amount of energy required is greatly affected by the concentration of the salts in the source water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the brackish water projects, we seem to be dealing in the range of 1,000–3,000 milligrams per liter of total dissolved solids, whereas when we’re talking about ocean water, we’re more in the range of 30,000–35,000 milligrams of total dissolved solids. So you’re dealing with a concentration of salts that is about one-tenth that of ocean water, and therefore the cost itself is much less.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1921629\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1921629\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/856161841-800x538.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"538\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/856161841.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/856161841-160x108.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/856161841-768x516.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/856161841-240x161.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/856161841-375x252.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/856161841-520x350.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Poseidon Water Desalination Plant in Carlsbad, California, is one of the largest seawater treatment plants in the U.S. \u003ccite>(Don Bartletti/Los Angeles Times/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The brine is another significant cost, as well as an environmental issue. With ocean desalination, the quantities of brine are much greater, but one advantage is that you generally have the ability to discharge them into the ocean in an environmentally acceptable way. With inland projects, there’s the issue of what to do with the salts. Putting them in a landfill – could there potentially be contamination issues as salts leech back into the groundwater?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So we can’t say that in an individual situation, brackish groundwater desalination is going to be a cheaper alternative, but as you see from the eight awards there is still a lot of interest in it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: How much do you think that brackish desalination will be a part of how California deals with water issues in the future?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mills: In the California Water Plan 2013, we had kind of an inventory of projects that were in place at the time, and also what seemed to be in planning. In 2013, there were 23 brackish groundwater desalination plants, and three ocean desalination plants. The ocean plants, at that time, were very minuscule in size, so the annual production and capacity was only 560 acre-feet a year, whereas with the brackish groundwater, the annual capacity was 139,000 acre-feet a year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: As brackish desalination becomes a bigger part of California communities meeting their water needs, how is the Department of Water Resources balancing brackish groundwater withdrawal with the Sustainable Groundwater Management Act?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mills: Well, one thing is that when we give grants toward the planning or even for construction, we’re expecting that there be an analysis of how the drawing of additional brackish water from the ground may impact the overall groundwater supply.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With the Groundwater Management Act, there’s a mandate to analyze these issues. I think that even if there wasn’t a prudent local effort to analyze the impacts on the part of the proponents of local brackish groundwater use, the groundwater management agencies that are trying to comply with the Groundwater Management Act are going to be a driving force to make sure that proper analysis is being done.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong> Water Deeply: Thank you for talking with us. Is there anything else that you would like to say?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mills: I think in summary, it’s not going to be on a statewide level a huge contribution to our state’s water supply, but it is important for many local communities who need a more significant source of supply, and it is a way to take advantage of a source of water that is currently unusable and being able to use it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>This article originally appeared on \u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>Water Deeply\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>, and you can find it \u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/community/2018/03/20/desalinated-water-in-california-doesnt-have-to-come-from-the-ocean\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>here\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>. For important news about the California drought, you can \u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"http://waterdeeply.us5.list-manage.com/subscribe?u=8b78e9a34ff7443ec1e8c62c6&id=2947becb78\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>sign up\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci> to the Water Deeply email list.\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"slug": "how-ticks-dig-in-with-a-mouth-full-of-hooks",
"title": "How Ticks Dig In With a Mouth Full of Hooks",
"publishDate": 1521550830,
"format": "video",
"headTitle": "How Ticks Dig In With a Mouth Full of Hooks | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cp>[dl_subscribe]Spring is here. Unfortunately for hikers and picnickers out enjoying the warmer weather, the new season is prime time for ticks, which can transmit bacteria that cause Lyme disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>How they latch on — and stay on — is a feat of engineering that scientists have been piecing together. Once you know how a tick’s mouth works, you understand why it’s impossible to simply flick a tick.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The key to their success is a menacing mouth covered in hooks that they use to get under the surface of our skin and attach themselves for several days while they fatten up on our blood.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1921328\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/DL_505TickBite_MOUTHPARTS_CU_1920.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1921328\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/DL_505TickBite_MOUTHPARTS_CU_1920.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/DL_505TickBite_MOUTHPARTS_CU_1920.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/DL_505TickBite_MOUTHPARTS_CU_1920-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/DL_505TickBite_MOUTHPARTS_CU_1920-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/DL_505TickBite_MOUTHPARTS_CU_1920-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/DL_505TickBite_MOUTHPARTS_CU_1920-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/DL_505TickBite_MOUTHPARTS_CU_1920-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/DL_505TickBite_MOUTHPARTS_CU_1920-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/DL_505TickBite_MOUTHPARTS_CU_1920-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/DL_505TickBite_MOUTHPARTS_CU_1920-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/DL_505TickBite_MOUTHPARTS_CU_1920-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A tick’s mouth is covered in hooks that help it dig into the skin and stay attached for several days. This young tick’s mouth was photographed under the microscope at San Francisco State University. \u003ccite>(Annette Chan/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“Ticks have a lovely, evolved mouth part for doing exactly what they need to do, which is extended feeding,” said Kerry Padgett, supervising public health biologist at the \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdph.ca.gov/Programs/CID/DCDC/Pages/Tick-Borne-Diseases.aspx\">California Department of Public Health\u003c/a> in Richmond. “They’re not like a mosquito that can just put their mouth parts in and out nicely, like a hypodermic needle.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Instead, a tick digs in using two sets of hooks. Each set looks like a hand with three hooked fingers. The hooks dig in and wriggle into the skin. Then these “hands” bend in unison to perform approximately half-a-dozen breaststrokes that pull skin out of the way so the tick can push in a long stubby part called the hypostome.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1921330\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/DL_505TickBite_ANIMATION_OF_TICK_USING_HOOKS_ON_MOUTHPARTS_TO_GET_INTO_SKIN.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1921330 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/DL_505TickBite_ANIMATION_OF_TICK_USING_HOOKS_ON_MOUTHPARTS_TO_GET_INTO_SKIN.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">In this animation, a tick uses two sets of hooks on its mouth to dig into the skin and push in a long part called the hypostome. Rows of backward-facing hooks on the bottom of the hypostome will anchor the tick to the skin. \u003ccite>(Teodros Hailye/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“It’s almost like swimming into the skin,” said \u003ca href=\"https://www.tu-braunschweig.de/geooekologie/institut/usa/personal/dania_richter/index.html\">Dania Richter\u003c/a>, a biologist at the Technische Universität Braunschweig in Germany, who has studied the mechanism closely. “By bending the hooks it’s engaging the skin. It’s pulling the skin when it retracts.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The bottom of their long hypostome is also covered in rows of hooks that give it the look of a chainsaw. Those hooks act like mini-harpoons, anchoring the tick to us for the long haul.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They’re teeth that are backwards facing, similar to one of those gates you would drive over, but you’re not allowed to back up or else you’d puncture your tires,” said Padgett.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Compounds in ticks’ saliva help blood pool under the surface of our skin. Ticks sip it, like drinking from a straw.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ticks need to stay firmly attached because they’re going in for a meal that can last for three to 10 days, depending on whether they’re young ticks or adult females. Compare that to a speedy mosquito, which digs in to human skin, sucks blood and leaves, all within seconds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1921331\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1921px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/DL_505TickBite_TICK_NYMPH_ATTACHED_TO_HUMAN_SKIN_PROFILE_1920_2.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1921331\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/DL_505TickBite_TICK_NYMPH_ATTACHED_TO_HUMAN_SKIN_PROFILE_1920_2.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1921\" height=\"1081\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/DL_505TickBite_TICK_NYMPH_ATTACHED_TO_HUMAN_SKIN_PROFILE_1920_2.jpg 1921w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/DL_505TickBite_TICK_NYMPH_ATTACHED_TO_HUMAN_SKIN_PROFILE_1920_2-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/DL_505TickBite_TICK_NYMPH_ATTACHED_TO_HUMAN_SKIN_PROFILE_1920_2-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/DL_505TickBite_TICK_NYMPH_ATTACHED_TO_HUMAN_SKIN_PROFILE_1920_2-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/DL_505TickBite_TICK_NYMPH_ATTACHED_TO_HUMAN_SKIN_PROFILE_1920_2-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/DL_505TickBite_TICK_NYMPH_ATTACHED_TO_HUMAN_SKIN_PROFILE_1920_2-1920x1080.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/DL_505TickBite_TICK_NYMPH_ATTACHED_TO_HUMAN_SKIN_PROFILE_1920_2-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/DL_505TickBite_TICK_NYMPH_ATTACHED_TO_HUMAN_SKIN_PROFILE_1920_2-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/DL_505TickBite_TICK_NYMPH_ATTACHED_TO_HUMAN_SKIN_PROFILE_1920_2-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/DL_505TickBite_TICK_NYMPH_ATTACHED_TO_HUMAN_SKIN_PROFILE_1920_2-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/DL_505TickBite_TICK_NYMPH_ATTACHED_TO_HUMAN_SKIN_PROFILE_1920_2-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1921px) 100vw, 1921px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A tick nymph, or young tick, has dug its mouth into a human arm. Left to its own devices, this western blacklegged tick nymph will stay attached for three to four days, during which time it will drink enough blood to later molt and grow into an adult. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>For ticks, the stakes are high because instead of taking small meals they need to gorge themselves each time. A western blacklegged tick, the species that transmits Lyme bacteria to humans along the Pacific Coast, lives three years. But in that time it eats only three huge meals, each one necessary for it to grow to its next life stage. It needs enough blood to grow from larva to nymph, nymph to adult, and then for females to lay their eggs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An adult female tick drinks so much blood during its one meal that its weight increases 200 times, said Richter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1921333\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/DL_505TickBite_TICK_LARVA_AFTER_BLOOD_MEAL_500.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1921333\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/DL_505TickBite_TICK_LARVA_AFTER_BLOOD_MEAL_500.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A tiny tick larva after its blood meal at the research lab of Andrea Swei, at San Francisco State University. Once full, ticks fall off their host, molt and grow to the next life stage. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>So what’s the best way to get rid of a tick?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The hooks that make these infrequent, but long, banquets possible are what make it hard to pull out a tick. But pulling one out isn’t as hard as you may think. Padgett recommends grabbing the tick close to the skin using a pair of fine tweezers and simply pulling straight up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“No twisting or jerking,” she said. “Use a smooth motion pulling up.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1921335\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/DL_505TickBite_HOW_TO_PULL_A_TICK_OUT_500.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1921335\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/DL_505TickBite_HOW_TO_PULL_A_TICK_OUT_500.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Public health experts recommend grabbing the tick close to the skin using a pair of fine tweezers and simply pulling straight up. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Padgett warned against using other strategies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Don’t use Vaseline or try to burn the tick or use a cotton swab soaked in soft soap or any of these other techniques that might take a little longer or might not work at all,” she said. “You really want to remove the tick as soon as possible.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Time is of the essence. If an infected tick bites humans, it actually takes at least 24 hours before Lyme bacteria start swimming out in the saliva the tick drips into its host.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So don’t worry if the tick’s mouth parts — the ones covered in those tenacious hooks — stay behind when you pull.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The mouth parts are not going to transmit disease to people,” said Padgett.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once the tick’s body is no longer attached, it can’t transmit bacteria. And if the mouth stays behind in your skin, it will eventually work its way out, sort of like a splinter does, she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1921336\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/DL_505TickBite_TICK_QUESTING_500.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1921336\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/DL_505TickBite_TICK_QUESTING_500.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">In a behavior known as questing, an adult female western blacklegged tick waves its two front legs and waits for a host to latch onto at Tilden Park in Berkeley in January. Ticks can sense humans and other animals by the carbon dioxide they give off. Adult ticks are active in the winter. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>About 100 cases of Lyme disease are diagnosed each year in California, where infections occur mainly in Northern California. Ticks need humid environments and don’t do well in the desert.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention estimates that more than 300,000 cases of Lyme disease occur each year in the United States, mainly in the Northeast and upper Midwest. Initial symptoms may include headaches, fatigue, and muscle and joint pain, as well as a rash at the site of the bite that develops up to a month later. If the infection isn’t treated with antibiotics, it can lead to problems such as nerve pain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1921338\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/DL_505TickBite_TICK_NYMPH_ON_HUMAN_SKIN_1920.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1921338\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/DL_505TickBite_TICK_NYMPH_ON_HUMAN_SKIN_1920.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/DL_505TickBite_TICK_NYMPH_ON_HUMAN_SKIN_1920.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/DL_505TickBite_TICK_NYMPH_ON_HUMAN_SKIN_1920-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/DL_505TickBite_TICK_NYMPH_ON_HUMAN_SKIN_1920-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/DL_505TickBite_TICK_NYMPH_ON_HUMAN_SKIN_1920-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/DL_505TickBite_TICK_NYMPH_ON_HUMAN_SKIN_1920-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/DL_505TickBite_TICK_NYMPH_ON_HUMAN_SKIN_1920-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/DL_505TickBite_TICK_NYMPH_ON_HUMAN_SKIN_1920-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/DL_505TickBite_TICK_NYMPH_ON_HUMAN_SKIN_1920-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/DL_505TickBite_TICK_NYMPH_ON_HUMAN_SKIN_1920-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/DL_505TickBite_TICK_NYMPH_ON_HUMAN_SKIN_1920-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Most people who get Lyme disease in California get it from a western blacklegged nymphal tick like this one at the research lab of Andrea Swei, at San Francisco State University. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The spring brings a particular threat to Northern California, where small immature ticks called nymphs become more abundant. Nymphs can be found year-round in Northern California, but their activity peaks in late spring through early summer, according to the California Department of Public Health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nymphs are hard to find because they’re about the size of a poppyseed and less colorful than the red female adult western blacklegged ticks that are active in Northern California’s forests in the winter. Nymphs are light brown, with dark innards visible through their translucent bodies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Most people are infected by nymphal ticks because they’re small and you tend not to catch them,” said \u003ca href=\"https://www.smcmvcd.org/profile/tara-roth-phd\">Tara Roth\u003c/a>, an ecologist with the \u003ca href=\"https://www.smcmvcd.org/ticks\">San Mateo County Mosquito and Vector Control District\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nymphs are also more of a threat than adult ticks because they’re more likely to carry Lyme bacteria, said Padgett.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1921347\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/DL_505TickBite_FEMALE_IXODES_PACIFICUS_TICK_QUESTING_1920.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1921347 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/DL_505TickBite_FEMALE_IXODES_PACIFICUS_TICK_QUESTING_1920.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/DL_505TickBite_FEMALE_IXODES_PACIFICUS_TICK_QUESTING_1920.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/DL_505TickBite_FEMALE_IXODES_PACIFICUS_TICK_QUESTING_1920-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/DL_505TickBite_FEMALE_IXODES_PACIFICUS_TICK_QUESTING_1920-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/DL_505TickBite_FEMALE_IXODES_PACIFICUS_TICK_QUESTING_1920-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/DL_505TickBite_FEMALE_IXODES_PACIFICUS_TICK_QUESTING_1920-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/DL_505TickBite_FEMALE_IXODES_PACIFICUS_TICK_QUESTING_1920-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/DL_505TickBite_FEMALE_IXODES_PACIFICUS_TICK_QUESTING_1920-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/DL_505TickBite_FEMALE_IXODES_PACIFICUS_TICK_QUESTING_1920-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/DL_505TickBite_FEMALE_IXODES_PACIFICUS_TICK_QUESTING_1920-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/DL_505TickBite_FEMALE_IXODES_PACIFICUS_TICK_QUESTING_1920-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An adult female western blacklegged tick on a blade of grass at Tilden Park in Berkeley in January. Only about 1 percent of adult female ticks in the park carry Lyme bacteria, according to Kerry Padgett, of the California Department of Public Health. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Adult ticks carry Lyme bacteria less often than nymphs because of a biological quirk in California. Ticks that carry Lyme bacteria and feed on the western fence lizard lose their infection in the process. The lizard’s blood actually clears the infection, said \u003ca href=\"http://biology.sfsu.edu/people/andrea-swei\">Andrea Swei\u003c/a>, who studies ticks and disease transmission at San Francisco State University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ticks most commonly feed on the lizards when they’re larvae and nymphs. If a nymph had been infected before it fed on a lizard, it will no longer be infected after it grows into an adult.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1921340\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/DL_505TickBite_CLAW_ON_TICK_FOOT.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1921340\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/DL_505TickBite_CLAW_ON_TICK_FOOT.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A tick nymph will use claws on its two front legs to latch onto a host for a blood meal. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Studies in Northern California indicate that western blacklegged nymphs are most commonly found in leaf litter, and on wood products such as downed logs, tree trunks and even wooden picnic tables, according to the state public health department.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We also find them on mossy rocks,” said Padgett.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Experts say a key way to avoid tick bites is to be prepared. Wear long pants and put on repellent next time you’re planning a hike or picnic in an area where ticks and their impressive hooks may be lurking.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Spring is here and so are ticks, with a mouth full of hooks that they use to dig in and stay on for days.",
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"title": "How Ticks Dig In With a Mouth Full of Hooks | KQED",
"description": "Spring is here and so are ticks, with a mouth full of hooks that they use to dig in and stay on for days.",
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"headline": "How Ticks Dig In With a Mouth Full of Hooks",
"datePublished": "2018-03-20T06:00:30-07:00",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>Spring is here. Unfortunately for hikers and picnickers out enjoying the warmer weather, the new season is prime time for ticks, which can transmit bacteria that cause Lyme disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>How they latch on — and stay on — is a feat of engineering that scientists have been piecing together. Once you know how a tick’s mouth works, you understand why it’s impossible to simply flick a tick.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The key to their success is a menacing mouth covered in hooks that they use to get under the surface of our skin and attach themselves for several days while they fatten up on our blood.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1921328\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/DL_505TickBite_MOUTHPARTS_CU_1920.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1921328\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/DL_505TickBite_MOUTHPARTS_CU_1920.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/DL_505TickBite_MOUTHPARTS_CU_1920.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/DL_505TickBite_MOUTHPARTS_CU_1920-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/DL_505TickBite_MOUTHPARTS_CU_1920-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/DL_505TickBite_MOUTHPARTS_CU_1920-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/DL_505TickBite_MOUTHPARTS_CU_1920-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/DL_505TickBite_MOUTHPARTS_CU_1920-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/DL_505TickBite_MOUTHPARTS_CU_1920-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/DL_505TickBite_MOUTHPARTS_CU_1920-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/DL_505TickBite_MOUTHPARTS_CU_1920-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/DL_505TickBite_MOUTHPARTS_CU_1920-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A tick’s mouth is covered in hooks that help it dig into the skin and stay attached for several days. This young tick’s mouth was photographed under the microscope at San Francisco State University. \u003ccite>(Annette Chan/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“Ticks have a lovely, evolved mouth part for doing exactly what they need to do, which is extended feeding,” said Kerry Padgett, supervising public health biologist at the \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdph.ca.gov/Programs/CID/DCDC/Pages/Tick-Borne-Diseases.aspx\">California Department of Public Health\u003c/a> in Richmond. “They’re not like a mosquito that can just put their mouth parts in and out nicely, like a hypodermic needle.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Instead, a tick digs in using two sets of hooks. Each set looks like a hand with three hooked fingers. The hooks dig in and wriggle into the skin. Then these “hands” bend in unison to perform approximately half-a-dozen breaststrokes that pull skin out of the way so the tick can push in a long stubby part called the hypostome.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1921330\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/DL_505TickBite_ANIMATION_OF_TICK_USING_HOOKS_ON_MOUTHPARTS_TO_GET_INTO_SKIN.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1921330 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/DL_505TickBite_ANIMATION_OF_TICK_USING_HOOKS_ON_MOUTHPARTS_TO_GET_INTO_SKIN.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">In this animation, a tick uses two sets of hooks on its mouth to dig into the skin and push in a long part called the hypostome. Rows of backward-facing hooks on the bottom of the hypostome will anchor the tick to the skin. \u003ccite>(Teodros Hailye/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“It’s almost like swimming into the skin,” said \u003ca href=\"https://www.tu-braunschweig.de/geooekologie/institut/usa/personal/dania_richter/index.html\">Dania Richter\u003c/a>, a biologist at the Technische Universität Braunschweig in Germany, who has studied the mechanism closely. “By bending the hooks it’s engaging the skin. It’s pulling the skin when it retracts.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The bottom of their long hypostome is also covered in rows of hooks that give it the look of a chainsaw. Those hooks act like mini-harpoons, anchoring the tick to us for the long haul.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They’re teeth that are backwards facing, similar to one of those gates you would drive over, but you’re not allowed to back up or else you’d puncture your tires,” said Padgett.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Compounds in ticks’ saliva help blood pool under the surface of our skin. Ticks sip it, like drinking from a straw.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ticks need to stay firmly attached because they’re going in for a meal that can last for three to 10 days, depending on whether they’re young ticks or adult females. Compare that to a speedy mosquito, which digs in to human skin, sucks blood and leaves, all within seconds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1921331\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1921px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/DL_505TickBite_TICK_NYMPH_ATTACHED_TO_HUMAN_SKIN_PROFILE_1920_2.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1921331\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/DL_505TickBite_TICK_NYMPH_ATTACHED_TO_HUMAN_SKIN_PROFILE_1920_2.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1921\" height=\"1081\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/DL_505TickBite_TICK_NYMPH_ATTACHED_TO_HUMAN_SKIN_PROFILE_1920_2.jpg 1921w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/DL_505TickBite_TICK_NYMPH_ATTACHED_TO_HUMAN_SKIN_PROFILE_1920_2-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/DL_505TickBite_TICK_NYMPH_ATTACHED_TO_HUMAN_SKIN_PROFILE_1920_2-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/DL_505TickBite_TICK_NYMPH_ATTACHED_TO_HUMAN_SKIN_PROFILE_1920_2-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/DL_505TickBite_TICK_NYMPH_ATTACHED_TO_HUMAN_SKIN_PROFILE_1920_2-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/DL_505TickBite_TICK_NYMPH_ATTACHED_TO_HUMAN_SKIN_PROFILE_1920_2-1920x1080.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/DL_505TickBite_TICK_NYMPH_ATTACHED_TO_HUMAN_SKIN_PROFILE_1920_2-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/DL_505TickBite_TICK_NYMPH_ATTACHED_TO_HUMAN_SKIN_PROFILE_1920_2-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/DL_505TickBite_TICK_NYMPH_ATTACHED_TO_HUMAN_SKIN_PROFILE_1920_2-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/DL_505TickBite_TICK_NYMPH_ATTACHED_TO_HUMAN_SKIN_PROFILE_1920_2-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/DL_505TickBite_TICK_NYMPH_ATTACHED_TO_HUMAN_SKIN_PROFILE_1920_2-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1921px) 100vw, 1921px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A tick nymph, or young tick, has dug its mouth into a human arm. Left to its own devices, this western blacklegged tick nymph will stay attached for three to four days, during which time it will drink enough blood to later molt and grow into an adult. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>For ticks, the stakes are high because instead of taking small meals they need to gorge themselves each time. A western blacklegged tick, the species that transmits Lyme bacteria to humans along the Pacific Coast, lives three years. But in that time it eats only three huge meals, each one necessary for it to grow to its next life stage. It needs enough blood to grow from larva to nymph, nymph to adult, and then for females to lay their eggs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An adult female tick drinks so much blood during its one meal that its weight increases 200 times, said Richter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1921333\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/DL_505TickBite_TICK_LARVA_AFTER_BLOOD_MEAL_500.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1921333\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/DL_505TickBite_TICK_LARVA_AFTER_BLOOD_MEAL_500.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A tiny tick larva after its blood meal at the research lab of Andrea Swei, at San Francisco State University. Once full, ticks fall off their host, molt and grow to the next life stage. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>So what’s the best way to get rid of a tick?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The hooks that make these infrequent, but long, banquets possible are what make it hard to pull out a tick. But pulling one out isn’t as hard as you may think. Padgett recommends grabbing the tick close to the skin using a pair of fine tweezers and simply pulling straight up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“No twisting or jerking,” she said. “Use a smooth motion pulling up.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1921335\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/DL_505TickBite_HOW_TO_PULL_A_TICK_OUT_500.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1921335\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/DL_505TickBite_HOW_TO_PULL_A_TICK_OUT_500.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Public health experts recommend grabbing the tick close to the skin using a pair of fine tweezers and simply pulling straight up. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Padgett warned against using other strategies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Don’t use Vaseline or try to burn the tick or use a cotton swab soaked in soft soap or any of these other techniques that might take a little longer or might not work at all,” she said. “You really want to remove the tick as soon as possible.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Time is of the essence. If an infected tick bites humans, it actually takes at least 24 hours before Lyme bacteria start swimming out in the saliva the tick drips into its host.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So don’t worry if the tick’s mouth parts — the ones covered in those tenacious hooks — stay behind when you pull.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The mouth parts are not going to transmit disease to people,” said Padgett.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once the tick’s body is no longer attached, it can’t transmit bacteria. And if the mouth stays behind in your skin, it will eventually work its way out, sort of like a splinter does, she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1921336\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/DL_505TickBite_TICK_QUESTING_500.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1921336\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/DL_505TickBite_TICK_QUESTING_500.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">In a behavior known as questing, an adult female western blacklegged tick waves its two front legs and waits for a host to latch onto at Tilden Park in Berkeley in January. Ticks can sense humans and other animals by the carbon dioxide they give off. Adult ticks are active in the winter. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>About 100 cases of Lyme disease are diagnosed each year in California, where infections occur mainly in Northern California. Ticks need humid environments and don’t do well in the desert.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention estimates that more than 300,000 cases of Lyme disease occur each year in the United States, mainly in the Northeast and upper Midwest. Initial symptoms may include headaches, fatigue, and muscle and joint pain, as well as a rash at the site of the bite that develops up to a month later. If the infection isn’t treated with antibiotics, it can lead to problems such as nerve pain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1921338\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/DL_505TickBite_TICK_NYMPH_ON_HUMAN_SKIN_1920.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1921338\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/DL_505TickBite_TICK_NYMPH_ON_HUMAN_SKIN_1920.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/DL_505TickBite_TICK_NYMPH_ON_HUMAN_SKIN_1920.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/DL_505TickBite_TICK_NYMPH_ON_HUMAN_SKIN_1920-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/DL_505TickBite_TICK_NYMPH_ON_HUMAN_SKIN_1920-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/DL_505TickBite_TICK_NYMPH_ON_HUMAN_SKIN_1920-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/DL_505TickBite_TICK_NYMPH_ON_HUMAN_SKIN_1920-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/DL_505TickBite_TICK_NYMPH_ON_HUMAN_SKIN_1920-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/DL_505TickBite_TICK_NYMPH_ON_HUMAN_SKIN_1920-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/DL_505TickBite_TICK_NYMPH_ON_HUMAN_SKIN_1920-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/DL_505TickBite_TICK_NYMPH_ON_HUMAN_SKIN_1920-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/DL_505TickBite_TICK_NYMPH_ON_HUMAN_SKIN_1920-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Most people who get Lyme disease in California get it from a western blacklegged nymphal tick like this one at the research lab of Andrea Swei, at San Francisco State University. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The spring brings a particular threat to Northern California, where small immature ticks called nymphs become more abundant. Nymphs can be found year-round in Northern California, but their activity peaks in late spring through early summer, according to the California Department of Public Health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nymphs are hard to find because they’re about the size of a poppyseed and less colorful than the red female adult western blacklegged ticks that are active in Northern California’s forests in the winter. Nymphs are light brown, with dark innards visible through their translucent bodies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Most people are infected by nymphal ticks because they’re small and you tend not to catch them,” said \u003ca href=\"https://www.smcmvcd.org/profile/tara-roth-phd\">Tara Roth\u003c/a>, an ecologist with the \u003ca href=\"https://www.smcmvcd.org/ticks\">San Mateo County Mosquito and Vector Control District\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nymphs are also more of a threat than adult ticks because they’re more likely to carry Lyme bacteria, said Padgett.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1921347\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/DL_505TickBite_FEMALE_IXODES_PACIFICUS_TICK_QUESTING_1920.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1921347 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/DL_505TickBite_FEMALE_IXODES_PACIFICUS_TICK_QUESTING_1920.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/DL_505TickBite_FEMALE_IXODES_PACIFICUS_TICK_QUESTING_1920.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/DL_505TickBite_FEMALE_IXODES_PACIFICUS_TICK_QUESTING_1920-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/DL_505TickBite_FEMALE_IXODES_PACIFICUS_TICK_QUESTING_1920-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/DL_505TickBite_FEMALE_IXODES_PACIFICUS_TICK_QUESTING_1920-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/DL_505TickBite_FEMALE_IXODES_PACIFICUS_TICK_QUESTING_1920-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/DL_505TickBite_FEMALE_IXODES_PACIFICUS_TICK_QUESTING_1920-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/DL_505TickBite_FEMALE_IXODES_PACIFICUS_TICK_QUESTING_1920-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/DL_505TickBite_FEMALE_IXODES_PACIFICUS_TICK_QUESTING_1920-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/DL_505TickBite_FEMALE_IXODES_PACIFICUS_TICK_QUESTING_1920-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/DL_505TickBite_FEMALE_IXODES_PACIFICUS_TICK_QUESTING_1920-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An adult female western blacklegged tick on a blade of grass at Tilden Park in Berkeley in January. Only about 1 percent of adult female ticks in the park carry Lyme bacteria, according to Kerry Padgett, of the California Department of Public Health. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Adult ticks carry Lyme bacteria less often than nymphs because of a biological quirk in California. Ticks that carry Lyme bacteria and feed on the western fence lizard lose their infection in the process. The lizard’s blood actually clears the infection, said \u003ca href=\"http://biology.sfsu.edu/people/andrea-swei\">Andrea Swei\u003c/a>, who studies ticks and disease transmission at San Francisco State University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ticks most commonly feed on the lizards when they’re larvae and nymphs. If a nymph had been infected before it fed on a lizard, it will no longer be infected after it grows into an adult.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1921340\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/DL_505TickBite_CLAW_ON_TICK_FOOT.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1921340\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/DL_505TickBite_CLAW_ON_TICK_FOOT.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A tick nymph will use claws on its two front legs to latch onto a host for a blood meal. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Studies in Northern California indicate that western blacklegged nymphs are most commonly found in leaf litter, and on wood products such as downed logs, tree trunks and even wooden picnic tables, according to the state public health department.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We also find them on mossy rocks,” said Padgett.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Experts say a key way to avoid tick bites is to be prepared. Wear long pants and put on repellent next time you’re planning a hike or picnic in an area where ticks and their impressive hooks may be lurking.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Those Reports That Astronaut Scott Kelly's DNA Changed — They're Wrong",
"headTitle": "Those Reports That Astronaut Scott Kelly’s DNA Changed — They’re Wrong | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Following several misleading news reports that claimed 7 percent of an identical twin’s DNA changed after he spent one year in space, rendering them no longer identical, NASA reissued the press release clarifying the preliminary findings of their “\u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/research/experiments/2104.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Twins Study\u003c/a>.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Mark and Scott Kelly are still identical twins; Scott’s DNA did not fundamentally change,” the \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/feature/nasa-twins-study-confirms-preliminary-findings\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">updated press release\u003c/a> says.[contextly_sidebar id=”ZTDqyNC4dv1rL1BBeaeUBeLuTAJ8Jrmr”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scott and his twin brother, Mark Kelly, were the subjects of the study, which looked at how spaceflight affects the human body. Scott \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/futureofyou/437105/beyond-a-year-in-space-living-on-space-station-takes-toll-on-astronauts-health\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">lived\u003c/a> on the International Space Station from March 2015 to March 2016. Researchers documented physiological and psychological changes in Scott and compared the data to his twin brother Mark, who remained on Earth and served as a control subject.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">In reality, if a whopping 7 percent of Scott’s DNA had really changed, he likely would no longer be human.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The confusion seems to stem from NASA’s original, January press release, which was vaguely worded. Publications like Newsweek began reporting that some of Scott’s DNA had changed, based on this excerpt from the original press release:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>Researchers now know that 93% of Scott’s genes returned to normal after landing. However, the remaining 7% point to possible longer term changes in genes related to his immune system, DNA repair, bone formation networks, hypoxia, and hypercapnia.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>In reality if 7 percent of Scott’s DNA had changed, he likely would no longer be human. As National Geographic’s Nadia Drake \u003ca href=\"https://news.nationalgeographic.com/2018/03/scott-kelly-astronaut-space-station-dna-health-science/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">noted\u003c/a>, \u003ci>“\u003c/i>humans and chimps have genetic sequences that differ by less than 2 percent, and individual humans—even completely unrelated strangers—differ by about 0.1 percent.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So what exactly did NASA researchers discover?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The changes in Scott’s genome were related to gene expression, not the actual structure of his DNA. The updated press release is careful to note that the observed changes were “very minimal.”[contextly_sidebar id=”IXpaDahM4jLd2Fi1dCeYHWZZVNvQkKX4”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What researchers did observe are changes in gene expression, which is how your body reacts to your environment,” the press release says. “This likely is within the range for humans under stress, such as mountain climbing or SCUBA diving.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meaning that the observed changes are not all that surprising and can happen to anyone who engages in some sort of strenuous activity. Changes in genetic expression\u003cspan class=\"clearfix\"> reflect whether genes are activated or deactivated, which in turn determines how cells develop and function.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"clearfix\">“Within each of us, most of our cells are otherwise genetically identical, but their genes are expressed at different levels,” writes Drake. “It’s those patterns of expression that produce hearts, brains, eyeballs, and other things, kind of like using the same set of ingredients to cook up vastly different dishes.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The confusing news reports overshadowed some important findings of the multifaceted study, which also looked at how the spaceflight environment impacts cognitive performance and the immune system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers noted a pronounced decrease in cognitive speed and accuracy after Scott landed, possibly related to re-adapting to Earth’s gravity. The preliminary study noted however that most of the biological changes observed in Scott quickly returned to normal after he returned to Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NASA says it plans on releasing more comprehensive results of its study later this year.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Following several misleading news reports that claimed 7 percent of an identical twin’s DNA changed after he spent one year in space, rendering them no longer identical, NASA reissued the press release clarifying the preliminary findings of their “\u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/research/experiments/2104.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Twins Study\u003c/a>.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Mark and Scott Kelly are still identical twins; Scott’s DNA did not fundamentally change,” the \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/feature/nasa-twins-study-confirms-preliminary-findings\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">updated press release\u003c/a> says.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scott and his twin brother, Mark Kelly, were the subjects of the study, which looked at how spaceflight affects the human body. Scott \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/futureofyou/437105/beyond-a-year-in-space-living-on-space-station-takes-toll-on-astronauts-health\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">lived\u003c/a> on the International Space Station from March 2015 to March 2016. Researchers documented physiological and psychological changes in Scott and compared the data to his twin brother Mark, who remained on Earth and served as a control subject.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">In reality, if a whopping 7 percent of Scott’s DNA had really changed, he likely would no longer be human.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The confusion seems to stem from NASA’s original, January press release, which was vaguely worded. Publications like Newsweek began reporting that some of Scott’s DNA had changed, based on this excerpt from the original press release:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>Researchers now know that 93% of Scott’s genes returned to normal after landing. However, the remaining 7% point to possible longer term changes in genes related to his immune system, DNA repair, bone formation networks, hypoxia, and hypercapnia.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>In reality if 7 percent of Scott’s DNA had changed, he likely would no longer be human. As National Geographic’s Nadia Drake \u003ca href=\"https://news.nationalgeographic.com/2018/03/scott-kelly-astronaut-space-station-dna-health-science/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">noted\u003c/a>, \u003ci>“\u003c/i>humans and chimps have genetic sequences that differ by less than 2 percent, and individual humans—even completely unrelated strangers—differ by about 0.1 percent.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So what exactly did NASA researchers discover?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The changes in Scott’s genome were related to gene expression, not the actual structure of his DNA. The updated press release is careful to note that the observed changes were “very minimal.”\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What researchers did observe are changes in gene expression, which is how your body reacts to your environment,” the press release says. “This likely is within the range for humans under stress, such as mountain climbing or SCUBA diving.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meaning that the observed changes are not all that surprising and can happen to anyone who engages in some sort of strenuous activity. Changes in genetic expression\u003cspan class=\"clearfix\"> reflect whether genes are activated or deactivated, which in turn determines how cells develop and function.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"clearfix\">“Within each of us, most of our cells are otherwise genetically identical, but their genes are expressed at different levels,” writes Drake. “It’s those patterns of expression that produce hearts, brains, eyeballs, and other things, kind of like using the same set of ingredients to cook up vastly different dishes.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The confusing news reports overshadowed some important findings of the multifaceted study, which also looked at how the spaceflight environment impacts cognitive performance and the immune system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers noted a pronounced decrease in cognitive speed and accuracy after Scott landed, possibly related to re-adapting to Earth’s gravity. The preliminary study noted however that most of the biological changes observed in Scott quickly returned to normal after he returned to Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NASA says it plans on releasing more comprehensive results of its study later this year.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "San Francisco Bay Shellfish Are Loaded With Toxins, Study Finds",
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"content": "\u003cp>A whopping 99 percent of mussels collected from the San Francisco Bay were contaminated with at least one algal toxin, while more than a third contained four different kinds of algal toxins, according to a \u003ca href=\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1568988318300258\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">study\u003c/a>\u003ca href=\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1568988318300258\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> \u003c/a>published in the March issue of the scientific journal, \u003cem>Harmful Algae\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Contamination levels were often high enough to make people and animals sick, according to researchers at the U\u003cspan id=\"\">niversity of California, Santa Cruz. Their findings revealed that c\u003c/span>ontamination levels “greatly exceeded” regulatory guidelines for multiple toxins in 2012, 2014, and 2015.[contextly_sidebar id=”VZ7twXvSlZ6p2W7R5hF8UnzAhBBoGGxP”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is the first time we’ve found all four of those toxins, including both freshwater and marine toxins, in the same mussel samples,” says lead author and ocean scientist Raphael Kudela. “A big concern is that we don’t know what happens if someone is exposed to multiple toxins at the same time.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>San Francisco Bay, where freshwwater and marine waters converge, acts as a “big mixing bowl” where toxins collect, according to the report.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Consuming algal toxins — toxic substances released by certain algae — can have detrimental health effects in people and animals. In humans, it can produce allergic reactions such as skin rashes, respiratory symptoms, gastroenteritis, even liver and kidney failure or death, according to the \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/national-aquatic-resource-surveys/indicators-algal-toxins-microcystin\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Environmental Protection Agency\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘A big concern is that we don’t know what happens if someone is exposed to multiple toxins at the same time.’\u003ccite>Dr. Raphael Kudela\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"color: black\">Although there are no commercial shellfish operations in San Francisco Bay, individuals harvest shellfish for their own consumption, according to the report. Online blogs feature some of the best locations along the bay to collect shellfish, including places where researchers say they found the highest toxin levels.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I don’t know how widespread it is, but I wouldn’t recommend harvesting shellfish from the bay,” warns Kudela, “even if you’re following the state quarantine guidelines, because the state only monitors the open coast.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Mussel Samples\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nResearchers began tracking algal toxin levels in 2011 using water quality surveys issued by the U.S. Geological Survey. Initially, they looked for two kinds of algal toxins: domoic acid and microcystins. When they found both, researchers began testing mussels for other contaminants and found that they not only contained the first two substances, but two additional kinds of algal toxins — paralytic shellfish and dinophysis shellfish toxins.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Moreover, mussel samples often exceeded recommended guidelines for human consumption for both microcystins and \u003cem>Dinophysis\u003c/em> shellfish toxins. The \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/national-aquatic-resource-surveys/indicators-algal-toxins-microcystin\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">EPA lists\u003c/a> microcystins as a possible human carcinogen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Levels of domoic acid and paralytic shellfish toxins were lower than the regulatory limits, but \u003ca href=\"https://escholarship.org/content/qt9vm5m5ct/qt9vm5m5ct.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">some studies\u003c/a> suggest repeated exposure to even low levels of these toxins may cause neurological disorders.[contextly_sidebar id=”8st0m0rgfavfMo8lG1TQpIcPkT62cfeg”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"color: black\">The study says ocean warming and the recent drought may have contributed to the situation.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"color: black\">“Drought potentially brought some of the marine toxins further into the bay because there was less river flow, and it probably intensified the freshwater toxins,” Kudela says. “We don’t think the toxins were only there because of the drought, but it could have amplified things.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"color: black\">Local and federal agencies have begun to review their monitoring programs as a result of the findings. But in areas like San Francisco Bay it can be difficult to determine who is responsible for monitoring the waters.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"color: black\">“We need to look at coastal areas more holistically,” says Kudela, “so we don’t end up with a regulatory gray area where nobody’s monitoring the shellfish but people are still eating them.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>A whopping 99 percent of mussels collected from the San Francisco Bay were contaminated with at least one algal toxin, while more than a third contained four different kinds of algal toxins, according to a \u003ca href=\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1568988318300258\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">study\u003c/a>\u003ca href=\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1568988318300258\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> \u003c/a>published in the March issue of the scientific journal, \u003cem>Harmful Algae\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Contamination levels were often high enough to make people and animals sick, according to researchers at the U\u003cspan id=\"\">niversity of California, Santa Cruz. Their findings revealed that c\u003c/span>ontamination levels “greatly exceeded” regulatory guidelines for multiple toxins in 2012, 2014, and 2015.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is the first time we’ve found all four of those toxins, including both freshwater and marine toxins, in the same mussel samples,” says lead author and ocean scientist Raphael Kudela. “A big concern is that we don’t know what happens if someone is exposed to multiple toxins at the same time.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>San Francisco Bay, where freshwwater and marine waters converge, acts as a “big mixing bowl” where toxins collect, according to the report.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Consuming algal toxins — toxic substances released by certain algae — can have detrimental health effects in people and animals. In humans, it can produce allergic reactions such as skin rashes, respiratory symptoms, gastroenteritis, even liver and kidney failure or death, according to the \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/national-aquatic-resource-surveys/indicators-algal-toxins-microcystin\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Environmental Protection Agency\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘A big concern is that we don’t know what happens if someone is exposed to multiple toxins at the same time.’\u003ccite>Dr. Raphael Kudela\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"color: black\">Although there are no commercial shellfish operations in San Francisco Bay, individuals harvest shellfish for their own consumption, according to the report. Online blogs feature some of the best locations along the bay to collect shellfish, including places where researchers say they found the highest toxin levels.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I don’t know how widespread it is, but I wouldn’t recommend harvesting shellfish from the bay,” warns Kudela, “even if you’re following the state quarantine guidelines, because the state only monitors the open coast.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Mussel Samples\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nResearchers began tracking algal toxin levels in 2011 using water quality surveys issued by the U.S. Geological Survey. Initially, they looked for two kinds of algal toxins: domoic acid and microcystins. When they found both, researchers began testing mussels for other contaminants and found that they not only contained the first two substances, but two additional kinds of algal toxins — paralytic shellfish and dinophysis shellfish toxins.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Moreover, mussel samples often exceeded recommended guidelines for human consumption for both microcystins and \u003cem>Dinophysis\u003c/em> shellfish toxins. The \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/national-aquatic-resource-surveys/indicators-algal-toxins-microcystin\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">EPA lists\u003c/a> microcystins as a possible human carcinogen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Levels of domoic acid and paralytic shellfish toxins were lower than the regulatory limits, but \u003ca href=\"https://escholarship.org/content/qt9vm5m5ct/qt9vm5m5ct.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">some studies\u003c/a> suggest repeated exposure to even low levels of these toxins may cause neurological disorders.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"color: black\">The study says ocean warming and the recent drought may have contributed to the situation.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"color: black\">“Drought potentially brought some of the marine toxins further into the bay because there was less river flow, and it probably intensified the freshwater toxins,” Kudela says. “We don’t think the toxins were only there because of the drought, but it could have amplified things.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"color: black\">Local and federal agencies have begun to review their monitoring programs as a result of the findings. But in areas like San Francisco Bay it can be difficult to determine who is responsible for monitoring the waters.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"color: black\">“We need to look at coastal areas more holistically,” says Kudela, “so we don’t end up with a regulatory gray area where nobody’s monitoring the shellfish but people are still eating them.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"headTitle": "Prescription Opioids Fail Rigorous New Test for Chronic Pain | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>A year long study offers rigorous new evidence against using prescription opioids for chronic pain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In patients with stubborn back aches or hip or knee arthritis, opioids worked no better than over-the-counter drugs or other nonopioids at reducing problems with walking or sleeping. And they provided slightly less pain relief.[contextly_sidebar id=”DeI5FTobRIDirMlmfHpXOBtry0YyTRp9″]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Opioids tested included generic Vicodin, oxycodone or fentanyl patches although few patients needed the most potent opioids. Nonopioids included generic Tylenol, ibuprofen and prescription pills for nerve or muscle pain. The study randomly assigned patients to take opioids or other painkillers. That’s the gold standard design for research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If they don’t work better than less risky drugs, there’s no reason to use opioids given “their really nasty side effects — death and addiction,” said lead author Dr. Erin Krebs, a physician and researcher with the Minneapolis Veterans Affairs Health Care System.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The results likely will surprise many people “because opioids have this reputation as being really powerful painkillers, and that is not what we found,” Krebs said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The results echo less rigorous studies and bolster guidelines against routine use of opioids for chronic pain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study was published Tuesday in the \u003ca href=\"https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Journal\u003c/a> of the American Medical Association.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Overdose Deaths\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nAbout 42,000 drug overdose deaths in the U.S. in 2016 involved opioids, including prescription painkillers, heroin and fentanyl. Many people get hooked while taking opioids prescribed for injuries or other short-term pain and move on to cheaper, more accessible illicit drugs like heroin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A report released Tuesday by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention found emergency rooms saw a big jump in overdoses from opioids last year. Opioid overdoses increased 30 percent late last summer, compared to the same three-month period in 2016. The biggest jumps were in the Midwest and in cities, but increases occurred nationwide. The report did not break down overdoses by type of opioid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-841668 alignleft\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/iStock_18222596_XXXLARGE-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"378\" height=\"252\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/iStock_18222596_XXXLARGE-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/iStock_18222596_XXXLARGE-400x267.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/iStock_18222596_XXXLARGE-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/iStock_18222596_XXXLARGE-1440x960.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/iStock_18222596_XXXLARGE-1920x1280.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/iStock_18222596_XXXLARGE-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/iStock_18222596_XXXLARGE-960x640.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 378px) 100vw, 378px\">U.S. government guidelines in 2016 said opioids are not the preferred treatment for chronic pain, and they recommend non-drug treatment or nonopioid painkillers instead. Opioids should only be used if other methods don’t work for chronic pain, the guidelines recommend. Prescribing rates have declined slightly in recent years although they are still much higher than two decades ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Krebs said the strongest evidence from other studies shows that physical therapy, exercise or rehabilitation therapy works best for chronic pain. And she said noted that there are a variety of nonopioid drugs to try if one type doesn’t work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study involved 234 patients from Minneapolis-area VA clinics who were assigned to use generic versions of opioids or nonopioids for a year. Follow-up ended in 2016.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is a very important study,” said Dr. David Reuben, geriatrics chief at UCLA’s medical school. “It will likely change the approach to managing long-term back, hip and knee pain.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Study Participants\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nHe noted one limitation — most study participants were men, but Krebs said the results in women studied were similar.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study’s opioid patients started on relatively low daily doses of morphine, oxycodone or generic Vicodin. They switched to higher doses if needed or to long-acting opioids or fentanyl patches. The nonopioid group started on acetaminophen, ibuprofen or similar anti-inflammatory drugs. They also could switch to higher doses or prescription nonopioid pain pills. Few in either group used the strongest medicines.[contextly_sidebar id=”O6pDbM1ee8t0UncZ6dP9CFNxvb3diHPM”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Patients reported changes in function or pain on questionnaires. Function scores improved in each group by about two points on an 11-point scale, where higher scores meant worse function. Both groups started out with average pain and function scores of about 5.5 points.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pain intensity dropped about two points in the nonopioid group and slightly less in the opioid patients.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other research has shown that over-the-counter medicines can also work as well as opioids at treating short-term pain, including from broken bones, kidney stones or dental work.\u003cbr>\n___\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>AP reporter Mike Stobbe in New York contributed to this report.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>A year long study offers rigorous new evidence against using prescription opioids for chronic pain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In patients with stubborn back aches or hip or knee arthritis, opioids worked no better than over-the-counter drugs or other nonopioids at reducing problems with walking or sleeping. And they provided slightly less pain relief.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Opioids tested included generic Vicodin, oxycodone or fentanyl patches although few patients needed the most potent opioids. Nonopioids included generic Tylenol, ibuprofen and prescription pills for nerve or muscle pain. The study randomly assigned patients to take opioids or other painkillers. That’s the gold standard design for research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If they don’t work better than less risky drugs, there’s no reason to use opioids given “their really nasty side effects — death and addiction,” said lead author Dr. Erin Krebs, a physician and researcher with the Minneapolis Veterans Affairs Health Care System.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The results likely will surprise many people “because opioids have this reputation as being really powerful painkillers, and that is not what we found,” Krebs said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The results echo less rigorous studies and bolster guidelines against routine use of opioids for chronic pain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study was published Tuesday in the \u003ca href=\"https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Journal\u003c/a> of the American Medical Association.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Overdose Deaths\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nAbout 42,000 drug overdose deaths in the U.S. in 2016 involved opioids, including prescription painkillers, heroin and fentanyl. Many people get hooked while taking opioids prescribed for injuries or other short-term pain and move on to cheaper, more accessible illicit drugs like heroin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A report released Tuesday by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention found emergency rooms saw a big jump in overdoses from opioids last year. Opioid overdoses increased 30 percent late last summer, compared to the same three-month period in 2016. The biggest jumps were in the Midwest and in cities, but increases occurred nationwide. The report did not break down overdoses by type of opioid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-841668 alignleft\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/iStock_18222596_XXXLARGE-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"378\" height=\"252\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/iStock_18222596_XXXLARGE-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/iStock_18222596_XXXLARGE-400x267.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/iStock_18222596_XXXLARGE-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/iStock_18222596_XXXLARGE-1440x960.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/iStock_18222596_XXXLARGE-1920x1280.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/iStock_18222596_XXXLARGE-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/iStock_18222596_XXXLARGE-960x640.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 378px) 100vw, 378px\">U.S. government guidelines in 2016 said opioids are not the preferred treatment for chronic pain, and they recommend non-drug treatment or nonopioid painkillers instead. Opioids should only be used if other methods don’t work for chronic pain, the guidelines recommend. Prescribing rates have declined slightly in recent years although they are still much higher than two decades ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Krebs said the strongest evidence from other studies shows that physical therapy, exercise or rehabilitation therapy works best for chronic pain. And she said noted that there are a variety of nonopioid drugs to try if one type doesn’t work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study involved 234 patients from Minneapolis-area VA clinics who were assigned to use generic versions of opioids or nonopioids for a year. Follow-up ended in 2016.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is a very important study,” said Dr. David Reuben, geriatrics chief at UCLA’s medical school. “It will likely change the approach to managing long-term back, hip and knee pain.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Study Participants\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nHe noted one limitation — most study participants were men, but Krebs said the results in women studied were similar.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study’s opioid patients started on relatively low daily doses of morphine, oxycodone or generic Vicodin. They switched to higher doses if needed or to long-acting opioids or fentanyl patches. The nonopioid group started on acetaminophen, ibuprofen or similar anti-inflammatory drugs. They also could switch to higher doses or prescription nonopioid pain pills. Few in either group used the strongest medicines.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Patients reported changes in function or pain on questionnaires. Function scores improved in each group by about two points on an 11-point scale, where higher scores meant worse function. Both groups started out with average pain and function scores of about 5.5 points.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pain intensity dropped about two points in the nonopioid group and slightly less in the opioid patients.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other research has shown that over-the-counter medicines can also work as well as opioids at treating short-term pain, including from broken bones, kidney stones or dental work.\u003cbr>\n___\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>AP reporter Mike Stobbe in New York contributed to this report.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "State Wins Appeal Affirming Roundup Listing as Probable Carcinogen",
"headTitle": "State Wins Appeal Affirming Roundup Listing as Probable Carcinogen | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>\u003cstrong>UPDATE: April 20, 2018\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>A California Appellate Court affirmed that the main ingredient in the popular weed killer Round-up can be listed as a probable carcinogen under \u003ca href=\"https://oehha.ca.gov/proposition-65\">Proposition 65\u003c/a>. Last year the state determined consumers should be warned that glyphosate could cause cancer. Monsanto challenged the ruling about their herbicide but lost the battle yesterday. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Proposition 65 requires notification and labeling of all chemicals known to cause cancer, birth defects or other reproductive harm, and prohibits their discharge into drinking waters of the state.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Original Story, March 5, 2018:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A Claims that the active ingredient in the widely used weed killer Roundup can cause cancer have been evaluated by international agencies, U.S. and foreign regulators and the product’s manufacturer — agribusiness giant Monsanto.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, a federal judge in San Francisco will conduct his own review during an unusual set of court hearings scheduled to start Monday. It has big stakes for Monsanto and hundreds of farmers and others who have sued the company.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>U.S. District Judge Vince Chhabria will spend a week hearing from experts to help decide whether there is valid scientific evidence to support the lawsuits’ claim that exposure to Roundup can cause non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma.[contextly_sidebar id=”HjEwa348Joj3qmYbjKbXSdj8hUL33ynu”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chhabria is presiding over more than 300 lawsuits against Monsanto Co. by cancer victims and their families who say the company long knew about Roundup’s cancer risk but failed to warn them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The plaintiffs must first persuade Chhabria, however, that he should allow their epidemiologists and other doctors to testify to a jury that Roundup can cause cancer. Many regulators have rejected the link, and Monsanto vehemently denies it and says hundreds of studies have found glyphosate — Roundup’s active ingredient — is safe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chhabria will not determine if the cancer connection exists, but whether the claim has been tested, reviewed and published and is widely accepted in the scientific community.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s game over for the plaintiffs if they can’t get over this hurdle,” said David Levine, an expert in federal court procedure at the University of California, Hastings College of the Law.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Herbicide Glyphosate On Trial\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nMonsanto developed glyphosate in the 1970s, and the weed killer is now sold in more than 160 countries. Farmers in California use it on more than 200 types of crops. Homeowners use it to keep their lawns and gardens pristine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>St. Louis-based Monsanto also sells seeds genetically modified to produce crops that can tolerate being sprayed with glyphosate as the surrounding weeds die.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1920400\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 401px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-1920400\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/GettyImages-899547980-800x532.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"401\" height=\"267\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/GettyImages-899547980-800x532.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/GettyImages-899547980-160x106.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/GettyImages-899547980-768x511.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/GettyImages-899547980-1020x679.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/GettyImages-899547980-1920x1278.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/GettyImages-899547980-1180x785.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/GettyImages-899547980-960x639.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/GettyImages-899547980-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/GettyImages-899547980-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/GettyImages-899547980-520x346.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 401px) 100vw, 401px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A farmer fills his agricultural sprayer with roundup, a glyphosate based herbicide made by agrochemical giant Monsanto, in Piace, northwestern France, on December 29, 2017. \u003ccite>(Jean-Francois Monier/AFP/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But the herbicide came under increasing scrutiny after the International Agency for Research on Cancer, based in Lyon, France — part of the World Health Organization — classified it as a “probable human carcinogen” in 2015. A flurry of lawsuits against Monsanto in federal and states courts followed, and California added glyphosate to its list of chemicals known to cause cancer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Christine Sheppard, among those suing Monsanto, said she sprayed Roundup for years to control weeds on her Hawaii coffee farm. In 2003, she was diagnosed with non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma and given six months to live. Now 68, she is in remission but experiences severe pain in her hands and legs from her cancer treatment and has a weak immune system. She believes Roundup is to blame.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The thing that really gets to me right now is when I walk into Home Depot and places like that and see Roundup still for sale, still advertised as the best thing people can use,” said Sheppard, who now lives near San Diego.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Monsanto has attacked the international research agency’s opinion as an outlier. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency says glyphosate is safe for humans when used in accordance with label directions. A draft report by the agency last year concluded the herbicide is not likely to be carcinogenic to humans. The report noted science reviews by numerous other countries as well as a 2017 National Institute of Health survey had reached the same conclusion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There are more than 800 published studies — scientific, medical and peer-reviewed — which demonstrate that glyphosate is safe and there is no association whatsoever with any form of cancer,” said Scott Partridge, vice president of strategy at Monsanto.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Warning Label Blocked\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nA federal judge in Sacramento last week blocked California from requiring that Roundup carry a label stating that it is known to cause cancer, saying the warning is misleading because almost all regulators have concluded there is no evidence glyphosate is a carcinogen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Timothy Litzenburg, an attorney for the plaintiffs, said the connection between glyphosate and cancer is not “junk science.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You can just do a literature search and find many, many peer-reviewed, published articles concluding that glyphosate exposure increases the risk of non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "In an unusual set of hearings scheduled this week, a federal judge will conduct his own Monsanto review.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cstrong>UPDATE: April 20, 2018\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>A California Appellate Court affirmed that the main ingredient in the popular weed killer Round-up can be listed as a probable carcinogen under \u003ca href=\"https://oehha.ca.gov/proposition-65\">Proposition 65\u003c/a>. Last year the state determined consumers should be warned that glyphosate could cause cancer. Monsanto challenged the ruling about their herbicide but lost the battle yesterday. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Proposition 65 requires notification and labeling of all chemicals known to cause cancer, birth defects or other reproductive harm, and prohibits their discharge into drinking waters of the state.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Original Story, March 5, 2018:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A Claims that the active ingredient in the widely used weed killer Roundup can cause cancer have been evaluated by international agencies, U.S. and foreign regulators and the product’s manufacturer — agribusiness giant Monsanto.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, a federal judge in San Francisco will conduct his own review during an unusual set of court hearings scheduled to start Monday. It has big stakes for Monsanto and hundreds of farmers and others who have sued the company.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>U.S. District Judge Vince Chhabria will spend a week hearing from experts to help decide whether there is valid scientific evidence to support the lawsuits’ claim that exposure to Roundup can cause non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chhabria is presiding over more than 300 lawsuits against Monsanto Co. by cancer victims and their families who say the company long knew about Roundup’s cancer risk but failed to warn them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The plaintiffs must first persuade Chhabria, however, that he should allow their epidemiologists and other doctors to testify to a jury that Roundup can cause cancer. Many regulators have rejected the link, and Monsanto vehemently denies it and says hundreds of studies have found glyphosate — Roundup’s active ingredient — is safe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chhabria will not determine if the cancer connection exists, but whether the claim has been tested, reviewed and published and is widely accepted in the scientific community.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s game over for the plaintiffs if they can’t get over this hurdle,” said David Levine, an expert in federal court procedure at the University of California, Hastings College of the Law.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Herbicide Glyphosate On Trial\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nMonsanto developed glyphosate in the 1970s, and the weed killer is now sold in more than 160 countries. Farmers in California use it on more than 200 types of crops. Homeowners use it to keep their lawns and gardens pristine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>St. Louis-based Monsanto also sells seeds genetically modified to produce crops that can tolerate being sprayed with glyphosate as the surrounding weeds die.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1920400\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 401px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-1920400\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/GettyImages-899547980-800x532.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"401\" height=\"267\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/GettyImages-899547980-800x532.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/GettyImages-899547980-160x106.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/GettyImages-899547980-768x511.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/GettyImages-899547980-1020x679.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/GettyImages-899547980-1920x1278.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/GettyImages-899547980-1180x785.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/GettyImages-899547980-960x639.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/GettyImages-899547980-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/GettyImages-899547980-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/GettyImages-899547980-520x346.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 401px) 100vw, 401px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A farmer fills his agricultural sprayer with roundup, a glyphosate based herbicide made by agrochemical giant Monsanto, in Piace, northwestern France, on December 29, 2017. \u003ccite>(Jean-Francois Monier/AFP/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But the herbicide came under increasing scrutiny after the International Agency for Research on Cancer, based in Lyon, France — part of the World Health Organization — classified it as a “probable human carcinogen” in 2015. A flurry of lawsuits against Monsanto in federal and states courts followed, and California added glyphosate to its list of chemicals known to cause cancer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Christine Sheppard, among those suing Monsanto, said she sprayed Roundup for years to control weeds on her Hawaii coffee farm. In 2003, she was diagnosed with non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma and given six months to live. Now 68, she is in remission but experiences severe pain in her hands and legs from her cancer treatment and has a weak immune system. She believes Roundup is to blame.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The thing that really gets to me right now is when I walk into Home Depot and places like that and see Roundup still for sale, still advertised as the best thing people can use,” said Sheppard, who now lives near San Diego.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Monsanto has attacked the international research agency’s opinion as an outlier. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency says glyphosate is safe for humans when used in accordance with label directions. A draft report by the agency last year concluded the herbicide is not likely to be carcinogenic to humans. The report noted science reviews by numerous other countries as well as a 2017 National Institute of Health survey had reached the same conclusion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There are more than 800 published studies — scientific, medical and peer-reviewed — which demonstrate that glyphosate is safe and there is no association whatsoever with any form of cancer,” said Scott Partridge, vice president of strategy at Monsanto.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Warning Label Blocked\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nA federal judge in Sacramento last week blocked California from requiring that Roundup carry a label stating that it is known to cause cancer, saying the warning is misleading because almost all regulators have concluded there is no evidence glyphosate is a carcinogen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Timothy Litzenburg, an attorney for the plaintiffs, said the connection between glyphosate and cancer is not “junk science.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You can just do a literature search and find many, many peer-reviewed, published articles concluding that glyphosate exposure increases the risk of non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "California Launches Environmental Justice Unit to Protect Vulnerable Neighborhoods",
"headTitle": "California Launches Environmental Justice Unit to Protect Vulnerable Neighborhoods | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>California is getting an Environmental Justice Bureau charged with \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2017/11/20/bike-car-or-train-which-commute-has-the-worst-air-pollution-2/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">looking into polluters\u003c/a> who operate in low-income and minority neighborhoods.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘Far too many families in California suffer from both poverty and pollution. In fact, they usually go hand in hand.’\u003ccite>Vien Truong, Green for All\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>A spokesman for state Attorney General Xavier Becerra says the new team will have four lawyers when it’s fully staffed, and is funded from the department’s existing budget. It’s unclear, however, where the funds are being apportioned from.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The harsh reality is that some communities in California – particularly low-income communities and communities of color – continue to bear the brunt of pollution from industrial development, poor land use decisions, transportation, and trade corridors,” Becerra said in a statement. “Meeting the needs of these communities requires our focused attention.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Pollution Follows Poverty\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nrdc.org/sites/default/files/toxic-wastes-and-race-at-twenty-1987-2007.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Studies\u003c/a> show that hazardous industrial facilities tend to be located in minority neighborhoods. One long-term \u003ca href=\"http://ns.umich.edu/new/releases/23414-targeting-minority-low-income-neighborhoods-for-hazardous-waste-sites\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">study\u003c/a> that reviewed 30 years of demographic data found a “consistent pattern” of placing hazardous waste sites where poor people and people of color live.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Minorities and low-income communities are seen as the path of least resistance because they have fewer resources and political clout to oppose the siting of unwanted facilities,” said the 2016 report, published by the University of Michigan and University of Montana.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”ddd8eFNoCX4pnjsLz68jDKO0soOYCwDw”]Another long-term \u003ca href=\"https://www.nrdc.org/sites/default/files/toxic-wastes-and-race-at-twenty-1987-2007.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">study\u003c/a>, \u003cem>Toxic Waste and Race at Twenty\u003c/em>, found more than half of all people in the U.S. who live within 1.86 miles of a hazardous waste facility are minorities, exposing neighborhoods dominated by people of color to higher rates of air pollution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new environmental justice unit will focus on cleaning up contaminated drinking water; reducing exposure to toxics in consumer products; and penalizing illegal discharges to air and water affecting low-income and minority neighborhoods. The office will continue to challenge federal decisions that could affect the health of vulnerable neighborhoods.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Among the issues the new unit is expected to look at includes a federal case concerning the storage of coal at the Port of Oakland.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”Gm3fR5HiYhpFWii7VSdOZw7MixnAyNjE”]A spokesman for Becerra’s office said the state joined the suit by filing an \u003cem>amicus\u003c/em> brief in support of Oakland’s coal ordinance in order to “send a strong message that the time for taking advantage of communities of color is no more.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Becerra’s new unit has injected optimism among local activists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Far too many families in California suffer from both poverty and pollution — in fact, they usually go hand in hand,” said Vien Truong, director of Oakland-based nonprofit Green For All. “Families across the state will breathe a sigh of relief with the promise of justice and accountability for polluters.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A \u003ca href=\"http://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billTextClient.xhtml?bill_id=201720180AB2636\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">bill\u003c/a> introduced by Assemblyman Eduardo Garcia (D-Coachella) would establish an environmental justice fund for monies from penalties and court settlements, which can then be used for further investigations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>California vs. Trump\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California has emerged as a prominent challenger to the Trump administration’s efforts to restructure U.S. environmental policy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve got the scientists, we’ve got the lawyers, and we’re ready to fight,” Governor Jerry Brown said during a speech to the American Geophysical Union last December.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since Trump took office, Becerra has filed more than two dozen lawsuits against the Environmental Protection Agency, Department of Energy, Department of Interior, and others. The lawsuits include challenges to federal decisions to repeal fracking regulations and suspend a 2015 rule that would have protected more California rivers under the Clean Water Act.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Environmental Justice Bureau is part of a broader effort by Becerra to clamp down on polluters in the state. According to his office, almost half of the 26\u003cb> \u003c/b>federal lawsuits he has filed so far have focused on children’s access to clean air and drinking water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”8epGbOrco4QRXafClKjAijgiwnLEsYSf”]The announcement of the unit comes just weeks after the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency eliminated a key Clinton-era measure that regulated air pollutants such as arsenic, mercury and lead.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is among the most dangerous actions that the Trump EPA has taken yet against public health,” John Walke, clean air director at the Natural Resources Defense Council (NRDC), said in \u003ca href=\"https://www.nrdc.org/media/2018/180125-0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">a statement\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A spokesperson for Becerra’s office says positions in the new unit will be filled soon.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>California is getting an Environmental Justice Bureau charged with \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2017/11/20/bike-car-or-train-which-commute-has-the-worst-air-pollution-2/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">looking into polluters\u003c/a> who operate in low-income and minority neighborhoods.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘Far too many families in California suffer from both poverty and pollution. In fact, they usually go hand in hand.’\u003ccite>Vien Truong, Green for All\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>A spokesman for state Attorney General Xavier Becerra says the new team will have four lawyers when it’s fully staffed, and is funded from the department’s existing budget. It’s unclear, however, where the funds are being apportioned from.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The harsh reality is that some communities in California – particularly low-income communities and communities of color – continue to bear the brunt of pollution from industrial development, poor land use decisions, transportation, and trade corridors,” Becerra said in a statement. “Meeting the needs of these communities requires our focused attention.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Pollution Follows Poverty\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nrdc.org/sites/default/files/toxic-wastes-and-race-at-twenty-1987-2007.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Studies\u003c/a> show that hazardous industrial facilities tend to be located in minority neighborhoods. One long-term \u003ca href=\"http://ns.umich.edu/new/releases/23414-targeting-minority-low-income-neighborhoods-for-hazardous-waste-sites\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">study\u003c/a> that reviewed 30 years of demographic data found a “consistent pattern” of placing hazardous waste sites where poor people and people of color live.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Minorities and low-income communities are seen as the path of least resistance because they have fewer resources and political clout to oppose the siting of unwanted facilities,” said the 2016 report, published by the University of Michigan and University of Montana.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>Another long-term \u003ca href=\"https://www.nrdc.org/sites/default/files/toxic-wastes-and-race-at-twenty-1987-2007.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">study\u003c/a>, \u003cem>Toxic Waste and Race at Twenty\u003c/em>, found more than half of all people in the U.S. who live within 1.86 miles of a hazardous waste facility are minorities, exposing neighborhoods dominated by people of color to higher rates of air pollution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new environmental justice unit will focus on cleaning up contaminated drinking water; reducing exposure to toxics in consumer products; and penalizing illegal discharges to air and water affecting low-income and minority neighborhoods. The office will continue to challenge federal decisions that could affect the health of vulnerable neighborhoods.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Among the issues the new unit is expected to look at includes a federal case concerning the storage of coal at the Port of Oakland.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>A spokesman for Becerra’s office said the state joined the suit by filing an \u003cem>amicus\u003c/em> brief in support of Oakland’s coal ordinance in order to “send a strong message that the time for taking advantage of communities of color is no more.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Becerra’s new unit has injected optimism among local activists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Far too many families in California suffer from both poverty and pollution — in fact, they usually go hand in hand,” said Vien Truong, director of Oakland-based nonprofit Green For All. “Families across the state will breathe a sigh of relief with the promise of justice and accountability for polluters.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A \u003ca href=\"http://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billTextClient.xhtml?bill_id=201720180AB2636\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">bill\u003c/a> introduced by Assemblyman Eduardo Garcia (D-Coachella) would establish an environmental justice fund for monies from penalties and court settlements, which can then be used for further investigations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>California vs. Trump\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California has emerged as a prominent challenger to the Trump administration’s efforts to restructure U.S. environmental policy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve got the scientists, we’ve got the lawyers, and we’re ready to fight,” Governor Jerry Brown said during a speech to the American Geophysical Union last December.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since Trump took office, Becerra has filed more than two dozen lawsuits against the Environmental Protection Agency, Department of Energy, Department of Interior, and others. The lawsuits include challenges to federal decisions to repeal fracking regulations and suspend a 2015 rule that would have protected more California rivers under the Clean Water Act.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Environmental Justice Bureau is part of a broader effort by Becerra to clamp down on polluters in the state. According to his office, almost half of the 26\u003cb> \u003c/b>federal lawsuits he has filed so far have focused on children’s access to clean air and drinking water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>The announcement of the unit comes just weeks after the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency eliminated a key Clinton-era measure that regulated air pollutants such as arsenic, mercury and lead.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is among the most dangerous actions that the Trump EPA has taken yet against public health,” John Walke, clean air director at the Natural Resources Defense Council (NRDC), said in \u003ca href=\"https://www.nrdc.org/media/2018/180125-0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">a statement\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A spokesperson for Becerra’s office says positions in the new unit will be filled soon.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Gun Injuries in US Drop 20 Percent During NRA Conventions, Study Says. But Why?",
"headTitle": "Gun Injuries in US Drop 20 Percent During NRA Conventions, Study Says. But Why? | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>After 17 people died during the Parkland school shooting in Florida two weeks ago, many lawmakers and \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2017/10/05/does-gun-ownership-really-make-you-safer-research-says-no/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">gun control advocates\u003c/a> have called for tighter regulations on who can buy and keep guns.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The National Rifle Association has rebuffed those calls. But a new study published Wednesday in the New England Journal of Medicine is suggesting that firearm injuries actually drop during the group’s annual conventions — when roughly 80,000 members, and their guns, are off the street and in meetings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study addresses the question: “What is the risk of a gun injury just simply by using guns alone?”[contextly_sidebar id=”43E2TybZjAnduvRcPWI8FcCamTwxHmkr”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study analyzed nearly 76 million private insurance claims filed nationwide for people under age 65 — specifically, from emergency department visits during convention dates between 2007 and 2015, plus three weeks before and three weeks after each annual meeting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When conventions weren’t happening during that roughly six-week window, firearm injuries occurred at a rate of 1.5 per 100,000 people, the report says. But during conventions, that rate dipped to 1.2 per 100,000 people — a 20-percent drop nationwide, according to the study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Anupam Jena, the lead author on the study, is an economist and physician with an eye for Freakonomics-style research. He has studied how marathon routes clog city streets and hurt survival rates for heart attack patients. He has explored the relationship between major cardiology conferences and health outcomes for heart disease patients.[contextly_sidebar id=”sLD4Xg58WapNaQBgevyWRBsQvFIgDUwL”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In his latest study, Jena, an associate professor of health care policy at Harvard Medical School, wanted to know what data revealed about firearms injuries nationwide when tens of thousands of gun owners suddenly leave home and head to the same location.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What drove Jena to conduct this analysis was the argument that if people were trained to use guns more safely, then fewer gun injuries would occur. In the report, the authors suggest “firearm-safety concerns and risks of injury are relevant even among experienced gun owners.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The NRA did not immediately respond to a request for comment on the study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This observational study does not provide conclusive evidence about the NRA’s influence on gun safety overall and “cannot be causally attributed to the meetings themselves,” the report said. But Jena said the study does raise an important question: “What is the risk of a gun injury just simply by using guns alone?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s a question that has dominated political debates in the days since a gunman entered Marjory Stoneman Douglas High School and opened fire on students and teachers, killing 17 people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s not much federal research on gun violence. In 1996, Congress passed a provision known as the Dickey Amendment, that said the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention can’t use funding to “advocate or promote gun control.” That does not directly rule out research, but has had what many have called “a chilling effect” on what data the agency has produced. Some lawmakers have called for rolling back that provision.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Not Enough Data \u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nThis latest study, while statistically significant, is “not necessarily meaningful,” said Mark Rosenberg, the president emeritus of the Task Force for Global Health and the founding director of the National Center for Injury Prevention and Control. It highlights the fact that the United States has “so little meaningful data.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The United States has “so little meaningful data” on gun violence that “we’res so ill-prepared to answer the most compelling questions.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re so ill-prepared to answer the most compelling questions” about gun violence, said Mark Rosenberg, the president emeritus of the Task Force for Global Health and the founding director of the National Center for Injury Prevention and Control. “If you don’t know what works, you can claim anything works.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rosenberg said the country needs to appropriate money so the CDC can collect “large-scale, multi-jurisdictional data” about gun violence to better understand what the problem is, what causes are driving it, what solutions work and how to scale them up.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘No politician anywhere can tell the NRA not to come to their city.’\u003ccite>Andrew Arulanandam, NRA Public Affairs.\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Republican Govs. Rick Scott of Florida and Bill Haslam of Tennessee , split from the NRA and their party on tightening gun control laws after Parkland. Both said they want to ban bump stocks, and Scott, who has been Florida’s governor during three mass shootings since 2016, said he wanted require that a person must be at least 21 before buying a gun.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During the Conservative Political Action Conference (CPAC) near Washington, D.C., NRA Executive Vice-President Wayne LaPierre criticized Democrats and the media as being elitists eager to attack the NRA and “eradicate all individual freedom.”[contextly_sidebar id=”ayC6v0wKZgoDEsIucWU8M8v2MD3ewjQI”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“No politician anywhere can tell the NRA not to come to their city … We are already there.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As usual, the opportunists wasted not one second to exploit tragedy for political gain” with calls for more gun control, LaPierre said, adding that the “breathless national media” was “eager to smear the NRA.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Feb. 19, Dallas Mayor Pro-Tem Dwaine Caraway stood before a bank of microphones and said the NRA should “reconsider coming to Dallas” this May for its annual convention. A self-professed “believer in the Second Amendment” who owns five guns, Caraway said he didn’t want to host the group until it came to the table “to solve the problem.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Responding to Caraway’s comments, Andrew Arulanandam, the NRA’s managing director of public affairs, said in a written statement to the PBS NewsHour: “Dallas, like every American city and community, is populated by NRA members.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“No politician anywhere can tell the NRA not to come to their city,” he said. “We are already there.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Going forward, Jena said he wanted to analyze state Medicaid data to see if similar trends emerged during NRA convention dates.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>After 17 people died during the Parkland school shooting in Florida two weeks ago, many lawmakers and \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2017/10/05/does-gun-ownership-really-make-you-safer-research-says-no/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">gun control advocates\u003c/a> have called for tighter regulations on who can buy and keep guns.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The National Rifle Association has rebuffed those calls. But a new study published Wednesday in the New England Journal of Medicine is suggesting that firearm injuries actually drop during the group’s annual conventions — when roughly 80,000 members, and their guns, are off the street and in meetings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study addresses the question: “What is the risk of a gun injury just simply by using guns alone?”\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study analyzed nearly 76 million private insurance claims filed nationwide for people under age 65 — specifically, from emergency department visits during convention dates between 2007 and 2015, plus three weeks before and three weeks after each annual meeting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When conventions weren’t happening during that roughly six-week window, firearm injuries occurred at a rate of 1.5 per 100,000 people, the report says. But during conventions, that rate dipped to 1.2 per 100,000 people — a 20-percent drop nationwide, according to the study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Anupam Jena, the lead author on the study, is an economist and physician with an eye for Freakonomics-style research. He has studied how marathon routes clog city streets and hurt survival rates for heart attack patients. He has explored the relationship between major cardiology conferences and health outcomes for heart disease patients.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In his latest study, Jena, an associate professor of health care policy at Harvard Medical School, wanted to know what data revealed about firearms injuries nationwide when tens of thousands of gun owners suddenly leave home and head to the same location.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What drove Jena to conduct this analysis was the argument that if people were trained to use guns more safely, then fewer gun injuries would occur. In the report, the authors suggest “firearm-safety concerns and risks of injury are relevant even among experienced gun owners.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The NRA did not immediately respond to a request for comment on the study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This observational study does not provide conclusive evidence about the NRA’s influence on gun safety overall and “cannot be causally attributed to the meetings themselves,” the report said. But Jena said the study does raise an important question: “What is the risk of a gun injury just simply by using guns alone?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s a question that has dominated political debates in the days since a gunman entered Marjory Stoneman Douglas High School and opened fire on students and teachers, killing 17 people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s not much federal research on gun violence. In 1996, Congress passed a provision known as the Dickey Amendment, that said the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention can’t use funding to “advocate or promote gun control.” That does not directly rule out research, but has had what many have called “a chilling effect” on what data the agency has produced. Some lawmakers have called for rolling back that provision.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Not Enough Data \u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nThis latest study, while statistically significant, is “not necessarily meaningful,” said Mark Rosenberg, the president emeritus of the Task Force for Global Health and the founding director of the National Center for Injury Prevention and Control. It highlights the fact that the United States has “so little meaningful data.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The United States has “so little meaningful data” on gun violence that “we’res so ill-prepared to answer the most compelling questions.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re so ill-prepared to answer the most compelling questions” about gun violence, said Mark Rosenberg, the president emeritus of the Task Force for Global Health and the founding director of the National Center for Injury Prevention and Control. “If you don’t know what works, you can claim anything works.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rosenberg said the country needs to appropriate money so the CDC can collect “large-scale, multi-jurisdictional data” about gun violence to better understand what the problem is, what causes are driving it, what solutions work and how to scale them up.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘No politician anywhere can tell the NRA not to come to their city.’\u003ccite>Andrew Arulanandam, NRA Public Affairs.\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Republican Govs. Rick Scott of Florida and Bill Haslam of Tennessee , split from the NRA and their party on tightening gun control laws after Parkland. Both said they want to ban bump stocks, and Scott, who has been Florida’s governor during three mass shootings since 2016, said he wanted require that a person must be at least 21 before buying a gun.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During the Conservative Political Action Conference (CPAC) near Washington, D.C., NRA Executive Vice-President Wayne LaPierre criticized Democrats and the media as being elitists eager to attack the NRA and “eradicate all individual freedom.”\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“No politician anywhere can tell the NRA not to come to their city … We are already there.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As usual, the opportunists wasted not one second to exploit tragedy for political gain” with calls for more gun control, LaPierre said, adding that the “breathless national media” was “eager to smear the NRA.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Feb. 19, Dallas Mayor Pro-Tem Dwaine Caraway stood before a bank of microphones and said the NRA should “reconsider coming to Dallas” this May for its annual convention. A self-professed “believer in the Second Amendment” who owns five guns, Caraway said he didn’t want to host the group until it came to the table “to solve the problem.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Responding to Caraway’s comments, Andrew Arulanandam, the NRA’s managing director of public affairs, said in a written statement to the PBS NewsHour: “Dallas, like every American city and community, is populated by NRA members.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“No politician anywhere can tell the NRA not to come to their city,” he said. “We are already there.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Going forward, Jena said he wanted to analyze state Medicaid data to see if similar trends emerged during NRA convention dates.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "DOJ to Support Lawsuits Against Companies Selling Opioids",
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"content": "\u003cp>The Justice Department said Tuesday it will support local officials in hundreds of lawsuits against manufacturers and distributors of \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/2018/01/31/mapping-americas-opioid-epidemic/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">powerful opioid painkillers\u003c/a> that are fueling the nation’s drug abuse crisis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The move is part of a broader effort to more aggressively target prescription drugmakers for their role in the epidemic, Attorney General Jeff Sessions said. The Justice Department will file a statement of interest in the multidistrict lawsuit, arguing the federal government has borne substantial costs as a result of the crisis that claimed more than 64,000 lives in 2016.[contextly_sidebar id=”TPj6DlWUFUSRks5WMly44yKA1U38s6D0″]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Trump administration has said it is focusing intensely on fighting drug addiction, but critics say its efforts fall short of what is needed. Trump signed off this month on a bipartisan budget deal to provide a record $6 billion over the next two years to fight opioids, but it’s not yet decided how that will be allocated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The statement of interest was the latest move by the Justice Department, which has also sought to crack down on black market drug peddlers and doctors who negligently prescribe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It could increase the role of the federal government in talks aimed at reaching a settlement between government entities, drugmakers, distributors and others. A federal judge in Cleveland is overseeing the talks as an attempt to resolve the case rather than hold a trial involving more than 370 plaintiffs, mostly county and local governments. The talks also include a group of about 40 states that are conducting a joint investigation of the crisis but which have not yet sued, as well as states that have sued in state courts.[contextly_sidebar id=”I0XIc12M0lCjOxL5gRGox9f58Xx4qhgp”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Any deal could include billions of dollars in payments that could be used for treatment programs, abuse prevention and to cover some of the costs incurred by government dealing with the crisis. A filing could also put the federal government in line to receive some of the payouts in a deal. But any settlement is not likely to cover the cost of the crisis. A White House report last year estimated the annual cost at about $500 billion, including deaths, health care, lost productivity and criminal justice costs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a game-changer,” Ohio’s attorney general Mike DeWine said of the Justice Department’s involvement. “It’s a real realization of what has been going on.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The latest effort by the Justice Department targets powerful, but legal, prescription painkillers OxyContin and Vicodin, which have been widely blamed for ushering in the drug crisis. But prescribing of those drugs has been falling since 2011 due to policies by government, medical and law enforcement officials designed to reverse years of overprescribing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The majority of opioid deaths now involve illegal drugs, especially the ultra-potent opioid fentanyl. Deaths tied to those fentanyl and related drugs doubled in 2016, to more than 19,000, dragging down Americans’ life expectancy for the second year in a row.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>__\u003cbr>\nMulvihill reported from Cherry Hill, New Jersey. Associated Press writer Matthew Perrone contributed from Washington.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The Justice Department said Tuesday it will support local officials in hundreds of lawsuits against manufacturers and distributors of \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/2018/01/31/mapping-americas-opioid-epidemic/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">powerful opioid painkillers\u003c/a> that are fueling the nation’s drug abuse crisis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The move is part of a broader effort to more aggressively target prescription drugmakers for their role in the epidemic, Attorney General Jeff Sessions said. The Justice Department will file a statement of interest in the multidistrict lawsuit, arguing the federal government has borne substantial costs as a result of the crisis that claimed more than 64,000 lives in 2016.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Trump administration has said it is focusing intensely on fighting drug addiction, but critics say its efforts fall short of what is needed. Trump signed off this month on a bipartisan budget deal to provide a record $6 billion over the next two years to fight opioids, but it’s not yet decided how that will be allocated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The statement of interest was the latest move by the Justice Department, which has also sought to crack down on black market drug peddlers and doctors who negligently prescribe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It could increase the role of the federal government in talks aimed at reaching a settlement between government entities, drugmakers, distributors and others. A federal judge in Cleveland is overseeing the talks as an attempt to resolve the case rather than hold a trial involving more than 370 plaintiffs, mostly county and local governments. The talks also include a group of about 40 states that are conducting a joint investigation of the crisis but which have not yet sued, as well as states that have sued in state courts.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Any deal could include billions of dollars in payments that could be used for treatment programs, abuse prevention and to cover some of the costs incurred by government dealing with the crisis. A filing could also put the federal government in line to receive some of the payouts in a deal. But any settlement is not likely to cover the cost of the crisis. A White House report last year estimated the annual cost at about $500 billion, including deaths, health care, lost productivity and criminal justice costs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a game-changer,” Ohio’s attorney general Mike DeWine said of the Justice Department’s involvement. “It’s a real realization of what has been going on.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The latest effort by the Justice Department targets powerful, but legal, prescription painkillers OxyContin and Vicodin, which have been widely blamed for ushering in the drug crisis. But prescribing of those drugs has been falling since 2011 due to policies by government, medical and law enforcement officials designed to reverse years of overprescribing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The majority of opioid deaths now involve illegal drugs, especially the ultra-potent opioid fentanyl. Deaths tied to those fentanyl and related drugs doubled in 2016, to more than 19,000, dragging down Americans’ life expectancy for the second year in a row.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>__\u003cbr>\nMulvihill reported from Cherry Hill, New Jersey. Associated Press writer Matthew Perrone contributed from Washington.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "US Judge Blocks Weed-Killer Warning Label in California",
"headTitle": "US Judge Blocks Weed-Killer Warning Label in California | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>A U.S. judge blocked California from requiring that the popular weed-killer Roundup \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2017/11/08/california-cracks-down-on-weed-killer-as-lawsuits-abound/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">carry a label stating\u003c/a> that it is known to cause cancer, saying the warning is misleading because almost all regulators have concluded there is no evidence that the product’s main ingredient is a carcinogen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>U.S. District Judge William Shubb in Sacramento issued a preliminary injunction on Monday in a lawsuit challenging the state’s decision last year to list glyphosate as a chemical known to cause cancer.[contextly_sidebar id=”kY5lSMHhL8AzkhMONHQweUiZtG5rHRJs”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The listing triggered the warning label requirement for Roundup that was set to go into effect in July.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Glyphosate is\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/2016/09/18/epa-weighs-in-on-glyphosate-says-it-doesnt-cause-cancer/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> not restricted by\u003c/a> the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and has been widely used since 1974 to kill weeds while leaving crops and other plants alive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The International Agency for Research on Cancer, based in Lyon, France, has classified the chemical as a “probable human carcinogen.” That prompted the California Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment to add glyphosate to its cancer list.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shubb said a “reasonable consumer would not understand that a substance is ‘known to cause cancer’ where only one health organization had found that the substance in question causes cancer.”[contextly_sidebar id=”5DGlYE7SZR8ceGlmvVYboRpv0zEapZjj”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“On the evidence before the court, the required warning for glyphosate does not appear to be factually accurate and uncontroversial because it conveys the message that glyphosate’s carcinogenicity is an undisputed fact,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>California Cancer List\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sam Delson, a spokesman for the state’s office of environmental health hazard assessment, noted that the judge did not block the state from putting glyphosate on\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2016/07/28/california-adds-atrazine-to-list-of-toxic-chemicals-but-no-ban/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> its cancer list\u003c/a>, but only from requiring the warning label.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are pleased that the listing of glyphosate remains in effect, and we believe our actions were lawful,” he said.[contextly_sidebar id=”7kFwYwEkgyKQBVknvLn0Y67iPxWjdr61″]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He said the office had not decided yet whether to appeal the ruling on Monday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ruling came in a lawsuit filed by the national wheat and corn growers associations, state agriculture and business organizations in Iowa, Missouri, North Dakota and South Dakota, and a regional group representing herbicide sellers in California, Arizona and Hawaii. The plaintiffs also include \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/tag/monsanto/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">St. Louis-based Monsanto Co.\u003c/a>, which makes Roundup.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Every regulatory body in the world that has reviewed glyphosate has found it safe for use, and no available product matches glyphosate with a comparable health and environmental safety profile,” Chandler Goule, CEO of the National Association of Wheat Growers, said in a statement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The lawsuit will continue with Shubb’s injunction in place.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shubb said a “reasonable consumer would not understand that a substance is ‘known to cause cancer’ where only one health organization had found that the substance in question causes cancer.”\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“On the evidence before the court, the required warning for glyphosate does not appear to be factually accurate and uncontroversial because it conveys the message that glyphosate’s carcinogenicity is an undisputed fact,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>California Cancer List\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sam Delson, a spokesman for the state’s office of environmental health hazard assessment, noted that the judge did not block the state from putting glyphosate on\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2016/07/28/california-adds-atrazine-to-list-of-toxic-chemicals-but-no-ban/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> its cancer list\u003c/a>, but only from requiring the warning label.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are pleased that the listing of glyphosate remains in effect, and we believe our actions were lawful,” he said.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He said the office had not decided yet whether to appeal the ruling on Monday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ruling came in a lawsuit filed by the national wheat and corn growers associations, state agriculture and business organizations in Iowa, Missouri, North Dakota and South Dakota, and a regional group representing herbicide sellers in California, Arizona and Hawaii. The plaintiffs also include \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/tag/monsanto/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">St. Louis-based Monsanto Co.\u003c/a>, which makes Roundup.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Every regulatory body in the world that has reviewed glyphosate has found it safe for use, and no available product matches glyphosate with a comparable health and environmental safety profile,” Chandler Goule, CEO of the National Association of Wheat Growers, said in a statement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The lawsuit will continue with Shubb’s injunction in place.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
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"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
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"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
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"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
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"tagline": "Politics from a personal perspective",
"info": "Political Breakdown is a new series that explores the political intersection of California and the nation. Each week hosts Scott Shafer and Marisa Lagos are joined with a new special guest to unpack politics -- with personality — and offer an insider’s glimpse at how politics happens.",
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"possible": {
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"title": "Possible",
"info": "Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.",
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"pri-the-world": {
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"title": "PRI's The World: Latest Edition",
"info": "Each weekday, host Marco Werman and his team of producers bring you the world's most interesting stories in an hour of radio that reminds us just how small our planet really is.",
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"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-World-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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},
"radiolab": {
"id": "radiolab",
"title": "Radiolab",
"info": "A two-time Peabody Award-winner, Radiolab is an investigation told through sounds and stories, and centered around one big idea. In the Radiolab world, information sounds like music and science and culture collide. Hosted by Jad Abumrad and Robert Krulwich, the show is designed for listeners who demand skepticism, but appreciate wonder. WNYC Studios is the producer of other leading podcasts including Freakonomics Radio, Death, Sex & Money, On the Media and many more.",
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},
"reveal": {
"id": "reveal",
"title": "Reveal",
"info": "Created by The Center for Investigative Reporting and PRX, Reveal is public radios first one-hour weekly radio show and podcast dedicated to investigative reporting. Credible, fact based and without a partisan agenda, Reveal combines the power and artistry of driveway moment storytelling with data-rich reporting on critically important issues. The result is stories that inform and inspire, arming our listeners with information to right injustices, hold the powerful accountable and improve lives.Reveal is hosted by Al Letson and showcases the award-winning work of CIR and newsrooms large and small across the nation. In a radio and podcast market crowded with choices, Reveal focuses on important and often surprising stories that illuminate the world for our listeners.",
"airtime": "SAT 4pm-5pm",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.revealnews.org/episodes/",
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},
"rightnowish": {
"id": "rightnowish",
"title": "Rightnowish",
"tagline": "Art is where you find it",
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