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"content": "\u003cp>A California judge has ordered state officials to stop spraying chemicals to kill invasive insects until they prove they can do it safely. Sacramento County Superior Court Judge Timothy Frawley determined current practices to extinguish plants pests pose a risk to the environment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This battle began in 2007 when former Gov. Arnold Schwarzenegger’s administration used airplanes to spray chemicals over Bay Area communities to kill the light brown apple moth. The state worried the insect would threaten the $45 billion agriculture industry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Aerial spraying angered some residents and sparked lawsuits. Even though the eradication effort ceased in 2008, the issue inspired environmental advocates to push for tighter protections when the California Department of Food and Agriculture attacks non-native insects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now a decade later, the court has issued an injunction that requires the state to stop using 79 pesticides to ward off foreign bugs until officials address the impacts that spraying has on public health and the environment. The injunction takes effect in about two weeks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Farmers can still spray their fields and officials can continue deploying non-chemical ways to wipe out pests. The ruling does not affect efforts to eradicate invasive species that carry human diseases like the Zika virus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The decision is a victory for 11 conservation and food safety organizations as well as the City of Berkeley, who argued that the state’s current program violates many California environmental laws.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Officials have had the ability to do whatever they feel they need to do to manage any pest for thirty years,” says Paul Towers, advocate with Pesticide Action Network. He wants the state to allow for more public notice and scrutiny.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state is considering an appeal.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>A California judge has ordered state officials to stop spraying chemicals to kill invasive insects until they prove they can do it safely. Sacramento County Superior Court Judge Timothy Frawley determined current practices to extinguish plants pests pose a risk to the environment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This battle began in 2007 when former Gov. Arnold Schwarzenegger’s administration used airplanes to spray chemicals over Bay Area communities to kill the light brown apple moth. The state worried the insect would threaten the $45 billion agriculture industry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Aerial spraying angered some residents and sparked lawsuits. Even though the eradication effort ceased in 2008, the issue inspired environmental advocates to push for tighter protections when the California Department of Food and Agriculture attacks non-native insects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now a decade later, the court has issued an injunction that requires the state to stop using 79 pesticides to ward off foreign bugs until officials address the impacts that spraying has on public health and the environment. The injunction takes effect in about two weeks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Farmers can still spray their fields and officials can continue deploying non-chemical ways to wipe out pests. The ruling does not affect efforts to eradicate invasive species that carry human diseases like the Zika virus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The decision is a victory for 11 conservation and food safety organizations as well as the City of Berkeley, who argued that the state’s current program violates many California environmental laws.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Officials have had the ability to do whatever they feel they need to do to manage any pest for thirty years,” says Paul Towers, advocate with Pesticide Action Network. He wants the state to allow for more public notice and scrutiny.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state is considering an appeal.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Some drinking water in Santa Rosa remains undrinkable months after the \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/tag/north-bay-fires/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">North Bay fires\u003c/a>, and pressure is mounting on the city’s water department to locate and control the cause.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The city is very interested to get people back and rebuilt into their homes, of course, as soon as possible,” says Bennett Horenstein, the City of Santa Rosa’s Water Director.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘This contamination is certainly attributable to the fire.’\u003ccite>Bennett Horenstein, Santa Rosa Water Department\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Fire savaged the neighborhood around Fountaingrove parkway last October. Where more than 350 families once lived, 13 homes remain standing. In November, people returning to the neighborhood complained of foul smelling and tasting water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Engineers for Santa Rosa’s water department isolated water service for Fountaingrove, in an aim to prevent wider contamination. The department \u003ca href=\"https://www.sonomacountyrecovers.org/not-drink-not-boil-water-advisory-issued-two-specific-areas-fountaingrove/\">ordered\u003c/a> residents not to drink or boil the water there. Then its tests found benzene, a chemical that can cause cancer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This contamination is certainly attributable to the fire,” says Horenstein, “specifically the heating and burning of different plastic components in the system.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”GtYvC57AGilad5nS8LixjHYFgyORRCxR”]Initial sampling found benzene in the Fountaingrove water main, the local service components, and the lines that connected to destroyed properties. The city has now \u003ca href=\"https://srcity.org/2801/Water-Quality-Advisory\">gathered\u003c/a> more than 300 water samples, examining them with the help of a forensic chemist. And water officials say evidence points to burned polyethylene plastic, found in service lines to homes and other components of the water system, as a source of benzene.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The service lines fed water from a main to individual properties, and melted above ground, potentially releasing toxic chemicals. The water lines in that part of Santa Rosa lost pressure in the fire, which officials say could have helped benzene to spread further when equipment melted\u003cstrong>.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1920337\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-1920337\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/Document-1020x787.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"494\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/Document-1020x787.png 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/Document-160x124.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/Document-800x618.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/Document-768x593.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/Document-1920x1482.png 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/Document-1180x911.png 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/Document-960x741.png 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/Document-240x185.png 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/Document-375x289.png 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/Document-520x401.png 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Benzene has been found in a number of locations burned in last year’s North Bay Fires. \u003ccite>(Santa Rosa Water)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Test results and forensic science have made other explanations seem less likely. So far, sampling has not found petroleum byproducts in the contamination, which would be expected if the benzene came from underground tanks or soil. But samples have shown the presence of vinyl chloride, which is linked to melted plastic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a very logical source as far as we’re concerned,” says Bruce Burton, Northern California section chief for the State Water Resources Control Board’s Division of Drinking Water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California water regulations set a limit for carcinogenic benzene at one part per billion. Initial samples found 87 instances where that limit was exceeded, mostly, but not exclusively, in the Fountaingrove neighborhood. A second round of sampling in February found more benzene, including at seven locations outside the quarantined area. Horenstein stressed that the benzene in areas outside Fountaingrove was less pervasive, and had not been found in the city’s mains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”8fhBNx5dRmkNAqTdVZR5GsT99sWt4egf”]Still, water department investigators \u003ca href=\"https://srcity.org/documentcenter/view/18949\">now\u003c/a> are looking for melted plastic components, benzene, and explanations in Coffey Park as well as Fountaingrove.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We aren’t seeing [the contamination] broad-based, everywhere,” says Horenstein. “We’re just seeing some, maybe 10 percent of these homes, have concerns with benzene. And that, we really don’t know why.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As far as DDW’s Burton knows, plastic pipes spreading water contamination after a catastrophic fire event is unprecedented. But he acknowledges Santa Rosa’s problems may have implications for future fires in other cities\u003cstrong>.\u003c/strong> “Certainly if we were faced with similar circumstances again, we would want the system to test to see if this had happened,” Burton says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pressure is mounting on Santa Rosa to take action for another reason too: Horenstein says testing for benzene, finding damaged water systems components, and replacing melted pipe could cost “twenty, forty, fifty” million dollars – an unanticipated cost.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Santa Rosa will seek disaster response assistance from the Federal Emergency Management Agency to address this problem. But the clock is ticking. Horenstein says the city has “weeks” to wrap up its investigation, and until mid-April to determine the scope of the contamination.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Some drinking water in Santa Rosa remains undrinkable months after the \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/tag/north-bay-fires/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">North Bay fires\u003c/a>, and pressure is mounting on the city’s water department to locate and control the cause.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The city is very interested to get people back and rebuilt into their homes, of course, as soon as possible,” says Bennett Horenstein, the City of Santa Rosa’s Water Director.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘This contamination is certainly attributable to the fire.’\u003ccite>Bennett Horenstein, Santa Rosa Water Department\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Fire savaged the neighborhood around Fountaingrove parkway last October. Where more than 350 families once lived, 13 homes remain standing. In November, people returning to the neighborhood complained of foul smelling and tasting water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Engineers for Santa Rosa’s water department isolated water service for Fountaingrove, in an aim to prevent wider contamination. The department \u003ca href=\"https://www.sonomacountyrecovers.org/not-drink-not-boil-water-advisory-issued-two-specific-areas-fountaingrove/\">ordered\u003c/a> residents not to drink or boil the water there. Then its tests found benzene, a chemical that can cause cancer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This contamination is certainly attributable to the fire,” says Horenstein, “specifically the heating and burning of different plastic components in the system.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>Initial sampling found benzene in the Fountaingrove water main, the local service components, and the lines that connected to destroyed properties. The city has now \u003ca href=\"https://srcity.org/2801/Water-Quality-Advisory\">gathered\u003c/a> more than 300 water samples, examining them with the help of a forensic chemist. And water officials say evidence points to burned polyethylene plastic, found in service lines to homes and other components of the water system, as a source of benzene.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The service lines fed water from a main to individual properties, and melted above ground, potentially releasing toxic chemicals. The water lines in that part of Santa Rosa lost pressure in the fire, which officials say could have helped benzene to spread further when equipment melted\u003cstrong>.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1920337\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-1920337\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/Document-1020x787.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"494\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/Document-1020x787.png 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/Document-160x124.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/Document-800x618.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/Document-768x593.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/Document-1920x1482.png 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/Document-1180x911.png 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/Document-960x741.png 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/Document-240x185.png 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/Document-375x289.png 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/Document-520x401.png 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Benzene has been found in a number of locations burned in last year’s North Bay Fires. \u003ccite>(Santa Rosa Water)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Test results and forensic science have made other explanations seem less likely. So far, sampling has not found petroleum byproducts in the contamination, which would be expected if the benzene came from underground tanks or soil. But samples have shown the presence of vinyl chloride, which is linked to melted plastic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a very logical source as far as we’re concerned,” says Bruce Burton, Northern California section chief for the State Water Resources Control Board’s Division of Drinking Water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California water regulations set a limit for carcinogenic benzene at one part per billion. Initial samples found 87 instances where that limit was exceeded, mostly, but not exclusively, in the Fountaingrove neighborhood. A second round of sampling in February found more benzene, including at seven locations outside the quarantined area. Horenstein stressed that the benzene in areas outside Fountaingrove was less pervasive, and had not been found in the city’s mains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>Still, water department investigators \u003ca href=\"https://srcity.org/documentcenter/view/18949\">now\u003c/a> are looking for melted plastic components, benzene, and explanations in Coffey Park as well as Fountaingrove.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We aren’t seeing [the contamination] broad-based, everywhere,” says Horenstein. “We’re just seeing some, maybe 10 percent of these homes, have concerns with benzene. And that, we really don’t know why.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As far as DDW’s Burton knows, plastic pipes spreading water contamination after a catastrophic fire event is unprecedented. But he acknowledges Santa Rosa’s problems may have implications for future fires in other cities\u003cstrong>.\u003c/strong> “Certainly if we were faced with similar circumstances again, we would want the system to test to see if this had happened,” Burton says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pressure is mounting on Santa Rosa to take action for another reason too: Horenstein says testing for benzene, finding damaged water systems components, and replacing melted pipe could cost “twenty, forty, fifty” million dollars – an unanticipated cost.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Santa Rosa will seek disaster response assistance from the Federal Emergency Management Agency to address this problem. But the clock is ticking. Horenstein says the city has “weeks” to wrap up its investigation, and until mid-April to determine the scope of the contamination.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "U.S. District Court Rejects Trump Administration Attack on BLM Waste Prevention Rule",
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"content": "\u003cp>A second federal judge has rejected the Trump administration’s efforts to delay an Obama-era regulation aimed at restricting harmful methane emissions from oil and gas production on federal lands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>U.S. District Judge William Orrick of the Northern District of California ordered the Interior Department to reinstate the regulation, which the Trump administration has repeatedly moved to delay or suspend.[contextly_sidebar id=”dwApIDW24HepgpoPhXfZWB9j8oHAyEk9″]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Orrick said Interior’s delay was “untethered to evidence” and likely to cause “irreparable injury” to California, New Mexico and other states in the form of increased air pollution and negative impacts on public health and the climate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ruling marks the second time a federal judge has rebuffed the Trump administration for failing to enforce the methane rule.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>U.S. Magistrate Judge Elizabeth Laporte ordered the Obama rule reinstated in October.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>A second federal judge has rejected the Trump administration’s efforts to delay an Obama-era regulation aimed at restricting harmful methane emissions from oil and gas production on federal lands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>U.S. District Judge William Orrick of the Northern District of California ordered the Interior Department to reinstate the regulation, which the Trump administration has repeatedly moved to delay or suspend.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Orrick said Interior’s delay was “untethered to evidence” and likely to cause “irreparable injury” to California, New Mexico and other states in the form of increased air pollution and negative impacts on public health and the climate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ruling marks the second time a federal judge has rebuffed the Trump administration for failing to enforce the methane rule.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>U.S. Magistrate Judge Elizabeth Laporte ordered the Obama rule reinstated in October.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>A popular herbal supplement that some people use in lieu of powerful opioid drugs has been linked to an outbreak of salmonella, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention reported Tuesday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So far 28 people in 20 states are believed to have been sickened by contaminated kratom, a plant native to Southeast Asia that’s variously ingested as pills or powder or brewed into tea. Eleven people have been hospitalized.[contextly_sidebar id=”mMDaODYL30i2OmcqGTTECgnVuAaxFwKG”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Laura Gieraltowski, the CDC’s foodborne outbreak team lead, said it’s not yet known how the kratom would have come to be contaminated with salmonella, noting it could have happened in processing, or the plants could have been contaminated in the field. But Gieraltowski said the CDC has seen outbreaks caused by supplements before, including powders used in smoothies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She suggested there are probably more cases that haven’t come to the attention of the medical community. Salmonella causes diarrhea, fever and stomach cramps that can last for up to a week, but most people recover without treatment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kratom can be purchased easily and legally — at least at present. But it is under intense scrutiny by the Food and Drug Administration. Earlier this month the agency reported that its studies had found the plant was an opioid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Kratom should not be used to treat medical conditions, nor should it be used as an alternative to prescription opioids,” FDA Commissioner Scott Gottlieb said in a statement. “There is no evidence to indicate that kratom is safe or effective for any medical use.”[contextly_sidebar id=”0EqC9euyWnTn90qV5iBBmDwqlID3iaF0″]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2016 the Drug Enforcement Administration touched off a firestorm when it announced that on an emergency basis it was going to unilaterally classify ingredients in the supplement as a Schedule I drug. Schedule I drugs are defined as having no accepted medical use and a high risk for abuse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other drugs in that classification include heroin, ecstasy and LSD.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The American Kratom Association and patients who use the supplement for pain control immediately pushed back on that decision. A few months later, in the autumn of 2016, the DEA said it would delay rendering a decision on kratom until the FDA was able to complete a scientific evaluation of the supplement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There have been several signs since then that the legal status of the supplement may be headed for a change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In an earlier statement issued last fall, Gottlieb warned that the agency knew of 36 deaths linked to kratom use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kratom goes by a variety of names including Thang, Kakuam, Thom, Ketom, and Biak.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The CDC said so far the outbreak investigation has not pointed to a common brand or supplier of the supplement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This story was originally published by \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">STAT\u003c/a>, an online publication of Boston Globe Media that covers health, medicine, and scientific discovery.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>A popular herbal supplement that some people use in lieu of powerful opioid drugs has been linked to an outbreak of salmonella, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention reported Tuesday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So far 28 people in 20 states are believed to have been sickened by contaminated kratom, a plant native to Southeast Asia that’s variously ingested as pills or powder or brewed into tea. Eleven people have been hospitalized.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Laura Gieraltowski, the CDC’s foodborne outbreak team lead, said it’s not yet known how the kratom would have come to be contaminated with salmonella, noting it could have happened in processing, or the plants could have been contaminated in the field. But Gieraltowski said the CDC has seen outbreaks caused by supplements before, including powders used in smoothies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She suggested there are probably more cases that haven’t come to the attention of the medical community. Salmonella causes diarrhea, fever and stomach cramps that can last for up to a week, but most people recover without treatment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kratom can be purchased easily and legally — at least at present. But it is under intense scrutiny by the Food and Drug Administration. Earlier this month the agency reported that its studies had found the plant was an opioid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Kratom should not be used to treat medical conditions, nor should it be used as an alternative to prescription opioids,” FDA Commissioner Scott Gottlieb said in a statement. “There is no evidence to indicate that kratom is safe or effective for any medical use.”\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2016 the Drug Enforcement Administration touched off a firestorm when it announced that on an emergency basis it was going to unilaterally classify ingredients in the supplement as a Schedule I drug. Schedule I drugs are defined as having no accepted medical use and a high risk for abuse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other drugs in that classification include heroin, ecstasy and LSD.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The American Kratom Association and patients who use the supplement for pain control immediately pushed back on that decision. A few months later, in the autumn of 2016, the DEA said it would delay rendering a decision on kratom until the FDA was able to complete a scientific evaluation of the supplement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There have been several signs since then that the legal status of the supplement may be headed for a change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In an earlier statement issued last fall, Gottlieb warned that the agency knew of 36 deaths linked to kratom use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kratom goes by a variety of names including Thang, Kakuam, Thom, Ketom, and Biak.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The CDC said so far the outbreak investigation has not pointed to a common brand or supplier of the supplement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This story was originally published by \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">STAT\u003c/a>, an online publication of Boston Globe Media that covers health, medicine, and scientific discovery.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "The Big Sort: What To Do With 2 Million Tons of Fire Debris",
"headTitle": "The Big Sort: What To Do With 2 Million Tons of Fire Debris | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>California’s biggest disaster cleanup in a century is now three-quarters complete, according to the Army Corps of Engineers. And like the North Bay fires that caused it, this massive response is one for the record books.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is a very complicated debris removal operation,” California Office of Emergency Services director Mark Ghilarducci \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yIW8ji8-fgw\">told\u003c/a> a Santa Rosa Town Hall in January. “The largest debris clearance operation we’ve seen since the 1906 earthquake.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But unlike after the 1906 quake, when people \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfmuseum.org/1906.2/swamp.html\">dumped\u003c/a> debris in the bay and took \u003ca href=\"https://calisphere.org/item/ad57c35b1381b65b99b4b5867fd86988/\">bricks\u003c/a> home in wheelbarrows to shore up their own property, current laws require that debris be safely removed, for the environment and public health. State and local officials also say they hope to recycle or re-use about half the recovered material.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1920029\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2000px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/IMG_9149.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1920029 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/IMG_9149.jpg\" alt=\"Piles of fire debris in Santa Rosa\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1500\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/IMG_9149.jpg 2000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/IMG_9149-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/IMG_9149-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/IMG_9149-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/IMG_9149-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/IMG_9149-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/IMG_9149-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/IMG_9149-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/IMG_9149-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/IMG_9149-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/IMG_9149-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2000px) 100vw, 2000px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Piles of fire debris await removal in a Santa Rosa parking lot. Millions of tons went to landfills and recycling centers. \u003ccite>(Craig Miller/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Debris Measured in Bridge Weights\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last October, ten to eleven thousand structures burned, on about six thousand parcels of land, spread out across 250 square miles, in four counties. All those numbers add up to about $1 billion in contracts to clean up Sonoma, Napa, Lake and Mendocino counties, issued by the Army Corps of Engineers under the authority of the Federal Emergency Management Agency. (CalRecycle, a state agency, is handling fire clean-up in three additional counties.)\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘It’s the largest debris clearance operation we’ve seen since the 1906 earthquake’\u003ccite>Mark Ghilarducci, CalOES\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>A typical residential parcel yields 200 to 250 tons of material. By the time cleanup is complete, thousands of truck trips will have removed about 2 million tons of debris: that’s double the weight of the Golden Gate Bridge.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/180217-Infographic.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-1920075\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/180217-Infographic-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/180217-Infographic-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/180217-Infographic-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/180217-Infographic-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/180217-Infographic-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/180217-Infographic-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/180217-Infographic-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/180217-Infographic-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/180217-Infographic-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/180217-Infographic-520x293.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/180217-Infographic.jpg 1280w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Tricky Business\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Household hazardous waste was the first problem to tackle: the propane tanks, motor oil, pesticides, paint hanging around garages or sheds. The Environmental Protection Agency and state toxic regulators helped crews pick it out of the rubble safely; they finished last fall.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a second phase, Army Corps contractors are separating concrete from ash and metal, for transport to different places. It’s finicky work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’m picking up rebar in little pieces; that’s a four-five-foot bucket and you’re trying to pick up a little bicycle or a night awning or a chair or something,” explained Kenny Drew, who was operating an excavator for contractor Ghilotti Bros. in Santa Rosa’s Coffey Park neighborhood. “We grab what we can, push it into a pile, separate that, and the rest goes to the dumps.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1920028\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2000px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/PC180613.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1920028\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/PC180613.jpg\" alt=\"Excavator removing fire debris\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1500\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/PC180613.jpg 2000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/PC180613-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/PC180613-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/PC180613-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/PC180613-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/PC180613-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/PC180613-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/PC180613-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/PC180613-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/PC180613-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/PC180613-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2000px) 100vw, 2000px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Excavator operator Kenny Drew slings a burned lawnmower into a dump truck. Metals are among the debris that can be recycled. \u003ccite>(Craig Miller/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What Goes Where\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Separated debris follows different routes to different fates. Drew’s crew will recycle usable metal for scrap. Once crushed, concrete can find a second use below asphalt in roads, or if pulverized, that material can be recycled for new concrete.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ashy wood and home debris, black, white, or gray, threatens public health if airborne or dumped into a river. Crews wet it down or fold it into a “burrito wrap” – a sheet to keep toxic particulates out of the air while it’s in the bed of a truck headed for the dump.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An array of regulations control landfill operations under normal circumstances, limiting how many trucks can go there each day, how much they can leave, and what materials a landfill can take in. But after the fires, state and county response managers obtained waivers for some of these rules. Consequently, some landfills are seeing five to eight times as much traffic, not to mention long lines. Every truck carrying disaster debris also requires special paperwork.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nevertheless, the cleanup itself is a declared health emergency. CalRecycle’s Lance Klug emphasizes that waivers don’t lower significant rules, or permit toxic and hazardous material from being dumped just anywhere. For example, local codes still prohibit draining your pool water, which could carry chlorine and ash, into a waterway.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Landfill Rush\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fire certainly speeds the consumption of landfill space, but may not shorten the lifespan of an expandable dump site. A supervisor in Lake County has said that fire debris will take up a third of the county’s available landfill — what the industry calls “airspace” — shaving about 4 years off the landfill’s projected life. Officials in Sonoma County and Cal Recycling acknowledge that landfills there may require expansion sooner than planned, but they say those in use have plenty of room left.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The scale of debris removal isn’t the only reason it’s shocking: fires this destructive haven’t commonly happened in the North Bay, so there’s no practiced history of responding to them. Along the Gulf Coast, where hurricanes like Katrina and Harvey have repeatedly wreaked havoc, tens of tons of debris have scattered across a dozen states. State officials and fire scientists say that if we become accustomed to catastrophic fires, we’ll have to also accustom ourselves to recovering from their wrath.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>KQED Science Editor Craig Miller contributed to this story.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>California’s biggest disaster cleanup in a century is now three-quarters complete, according to the Army Corps of Engineers. And like the North Bay fires that caused it, this massive response is one for the record books.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is a very complicated debris removal operation,” California Office of Emergency Services director Mark Ghilarducci \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yIW8ji8-fgw\">told\u003c/a> a Santa Rosa Town Hall in January. “The largest debris clearance operation we’ve seen since the 1906 earthquake.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But unlike after the 1906 quake, when people \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfmuseum.org/1906.2/swamp.html\">dumped\u003c/a> debris in the bay and took \u003ca href=\"https://calisphere.org/item/ad57c35b1381b65b99b4b5867fd86988/\">bricks\u003c/a> home in wheelbarrows to shore up their own property, current laws require that debris be safely removed, for the environment and public health. State and local officials also say they hope to recycle or re-use about half the recovered material.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1920029\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2000px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/IMG_9149.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1920029 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/IMG_9149.jpg\" alt=\"Piles of fire debris in Santa Rosa\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1500\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/IMG_9149.jpg 2000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/IMG_9149-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/IMG_9149-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/IMG_9149-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/IMG_9149-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/IMG_9149-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/IMG_9149-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/IMG_9149-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/IMG_9149-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/IMG_9149-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/IMG_9149-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2000px) 100vw, 2000px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Piles of fire debris await removal in a Santa Rosa parking lot. Millions of tons went to landfills and recycling centers. \u003ccite>(Craig Miller/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Debris Measured in Bridge Weights\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last October, ten to eleven thousand structures burned, on about six thousand parcels of land, spread out across 250 square miles, in four counties. All those numbers add up to about $1 billion in contracts to clean up Sonoma, Napa, Lake and Mendocino counties, issued by the Army Corps of Engineers under the authority of the Federal Emergency Management Agency. (CalRecycle, a state agency, is handling fire clean-up in three additional counties.)\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘It’s the largest debris clearance operation we’ve seen since the 1906 earthquake’\u003ccite>Mark Ghilarducci, CalOES\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>A typical residential parcel yields 200 to 250 tons of material. By the time cleanup is complete, thousands of truck trips will have removed about 2 million tons of debris: that’s double the weight of the Golden Gate Bridge.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/180217-Infographic.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-1920075\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/180217-Infographic-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/180217-Infographic-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/180217-Infographic-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/180217-Infographic-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/180217-Infographic-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/180217-Infographic-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/180217-Infographic-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/180217-Infographic-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/180217-Infographic-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/180217-Infographic-520x293.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/180217-Infographic.jpg 1280w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Tricky Business\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Household hazardous waste was the first problem to tackle: the propane tanks, motor oil, pesticides, paint hanging around garages or sheds. The Environmental Protection Agency and state toxic regulators helped crews pick it out of the rubble safely; they finished last fall.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a second phase, Army Corps contractors are separating concrete from ash and metal, for transport to different places. It’s finicky work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’m picking up rebar in little pieces; that’s a four-five-foot bucket and you’re trying to pick up a little bicycle or a night awning or a chair or something,” explained Kenny Drew, who was operating an excavator for contractor Ghilotti Bros. in Santa Rosa’s Coffey Park neighborhood. “We grab what we can, push it into a pile, separate that, and the rest goes to the dumps.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1920028\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2000px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/PC180613.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1920028\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/PC180613.jpg\" alt=\"Excavator removing fire debris\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1500\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/PC180613.jpg 2000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/PC180613-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/PC180613-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/PC180613-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/PC180613-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/PC180613-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/PC180613-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/PC180613-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/PC180613-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/PC180613-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/PC180613-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2000px) 100vw, 2000px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Excavator operator Kenny Drew slings a burned lawnmower into a dump truck. Metals are among the debris that can be recycled. \u003ccite>(Craig Miller/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What Goes Where\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Separated debris follows different routes to different fates. Drew’s crew will recycle usable metal for scrap. Once crushed, concrete can find a second use below asphalt in roads, or if pulverized, that material can be recycled for new concrete.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ashy wood and home debris, black, white, or gray, threatens public health if airborne or dumped into a river. Crews wet it down or fold it into a “burrito wrap” – a sheet to keep toxic particulates out of the air while it’s in the bed of a truck headed for the dump.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An array of regulations control landfill operations under normal circumstances, limiting how many trucks can go there each day, how much they can leave, and what materials a landfill can take in. But after the fires, state and county response managers obtained waivers for some of these rules. Consequently, some landfills are seeing five to eight times as much traffic, not to mention long lines. Every truck carrying disaster debris also requires special paperwork.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nevertheless, the cleanup itself is a declared health emergency. CalRecycle’s Lance Klug emphasizes that waivers don’t lower significant rules, or permit toxic and hazardous material from being dumped just anywhere. For example, local codes still prohibit draining your pool water, which could carry chlorine and ash, into a waterway.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Landfill Rush\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fire certainly speeds the consumption of landfill space, but may not shorten the lifespan of an expandable dump site. A supervisor in Lake County has said that fire debris will take up a third of the county’s available landfill — what the industry calls “airspace” — shaving about 4 years off the landfill’s projected life. Officials in Sonoma County and Cal Recycling acknowledge that landfills there may require expansion sooner than planned, but they say those in use have plenty of room left.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The scale of debris removal isn’t the only reason it’s shocking: fires this destructive haven’t commonly happened in the North Bay, so there’s no practiced history of responding to them. Along the Gulf Coast, where hurricanes like Katrina and Harvey have repeatedly wreaked havoc, tens of tons of debris have scattered across a dozen states. State officials and fire scientists say that if we become accustomed to catastrophic fires, we’ll have to also accustom ourselves to recovering from their wrath.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>KQED Science Editor Craig Miller contributed to this story.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Our 10 Most Read Science Stories of 2017",
"headTitle": "Our 10 Most Read Science Stories of 2017 | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>From drought, to floods, to getting liquefied when you die, we look back at the most read KQED science stories of 2017.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2017/01/25/before-and-after-the-rains-impact-on-three-california-reservoirs/\">Before and After: The Rain’s Impact on Three California Reservoirs\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1352123\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1352123\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/Header_Folsom_V02-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/Header_Folsom_V02-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/Header_Folsom_V02-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/Header_Folsom_V02-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/Header_Folsom_V02-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/Header_Folsom_V02.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/Header_Folsom_V02-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/Header_Folsom_V02-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/Header_Folsom_V02-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/Header_Folsom_V02-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/Header_Folsom_V02-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Folsom Lake on Oct. 26, 2015. Right: Folsom Lake on Jan. 14, 2017. \u003ccite>(Images provided by \u003ca href=\"https://www.planet.com/\" target=\"_blank\">Planet Labs\u003c/a>)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Seeing is believing. Our readers really enjoyed viewing the differences in California’s largest reservoirs after the drought-busting rains of last winter, as captured by satellite images from San Francisco-based \u003ca href=\"https://www.planet.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Planet Labs\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2017/10/15/california-third-gender-nonbinary/\">California Now Recognizes a Third Gender\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_334581\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-334581\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2020/01/Max-e1493051858120-800x708.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"708\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Max, a 13-year-old Californian who identifies as agender, one of multiple gender identities that fall into the umbrella of ‘nonbinary.’ The state will allow residents to choose nonbinary as an official gender on drivers licenses and birth certificates starting in 2019.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Gender is no longer either male or female, according to the state of California. In October Gov. Jerry Brown signed legislation into law requiring a third gender option for driver’s licenses and birth certificates. \u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2017/04/10/heres-what-californias-wildflower-super-bloom-looks-like-from-space/\">Here’s What California’s Wildflower ‘Super Bloom’ Looks Like From Space\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1540495\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1540495\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/Main_feature_sized_for_web-800x450.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/Main_feature_sized_for_web-800x450.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/Main_feature_sized_for_web-160x90.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/Main_feature_sized_for_web-768x432.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/Main_feature_sized_for_web-1020x574.png 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/Main_feature_sized_for_web-1180x664.png 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/Main_feature_sized_for_web-960x540.png 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/Main_feature_sized_for_web-240x135.png 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/Main_feature_sized_for_web-375x211.png 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/Main_feature_sized_for_web-520x292.png 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/Main_feature_sized_for_web.png 1892w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Wildflowers north of Los Padres National Forest in early December 2016 (before the winter rains) and in late March during the wildflower super bloom. \u003ccite>(Images provided by \u003ca href=\"https://www.planet.com/\" target=\"_blank\">Planet Labs\u003c/a>)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>What is better than a wildflower super bloom? Seeing it from space. It was a fantastic spring for wildflower lovers, who flocked to fields of poppies, lupine and golden brush. In another collaboration with \u003ca href=\"https://www.planet.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Planet Labs\u003c/a>, high resolution satellite imagery reveals dense and colorful wildflower fields in Southern California following the epic winter rains. \u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2017/04/24/boy-girl-both-neither-a-new-generation-overthrows-gender/\">Boy? Girl? Both? Neither? A New Generation Overthrows Gender\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_329386\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2020/01/genderphoto6-e1486745816629.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-329386\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2020/01/genderphoto6-800x1067.jpg\" alt=\"Davi Mühlinghaus-Anderson, 20, identifies as gender neutral. \" width=\"800\" height=\"1067\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Davi Mühlinghaus-Anderson, 20, identifies as gender neutral. (Jon Brooks/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In a story that captured both our attention and our readers, we explored the lives of several young people who do not identify as male or female. Expect to hear more about this topic, as recent studies and polls suggest we are in the midst of a gender revolution, both in terms of expression and identity. \u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2017/08/22/daddy-longlegs-risk-life-and-especially-limb-to-survive/\">Daddy Longlegs Risk Life…and Especially Limb…to Survive\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>https://youtu.be/tjDmH8zhp6o\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not pulling your leg here: When attacked, daddy longlegs deliberately release their limbs to escape. Watch to see autotomy, the voluntary release of a body part, in action.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2017/09/20/want-to-cut-your-carbon-footprint-get-liquefied-when-youre-dead/\">Governor Signs Law Allowing Californians to Choose to Liquefy Their Remains\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_428960\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 641px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-428960\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2017/07/Picture-of-bone-fragments.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"641\" height=\"480\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The bones left over after a water cremation. The fragments will be pulverized into a powder, which can be memorialized in an urn.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>This year Gov. Jerry Brown signed into law the bill that legalizes a method of disposing of human remains commonly called ‘water cremation’. The process doesn’t actually use water, but a chemical that speeds up decomposition of bodies and leaves behind only sterile water, bones, and medical implants or devices.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2017/03/13/can-probiotics-help-your-depression-what-we-know-what-we-dont/\">Can Probiotics Help Your Depression? What We Know, What We Don’t\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_353891\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-353891\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2017/03/BacteriaImage_Blue_Mills-800x543.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"543\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Bifidobacteria are found naturally in the intestines of humans and are also common in probiotic foods.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>What if your psychiatrist prescribed yogurt and vegetables as an antidepressant? Researchers at the intersection of psychiatry and biochemistry think adding beneficial bacteria to our diet could be a treatment for anxiety and depression. But there are still many unknowns about which foods can help.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2017/04/14/photos-your-pics-of-californias-super-bloom/\">PHOTOS: Your Pics of California’s ‘Super Bloom’\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1555936\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1555936\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/elliotmcgucken-at-Carrizo-Plain-3-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/elliotmcgucken-at-Carrizo-Plain-3-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/elliotmcgucken-at-Carrizo-Plain-3-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/elliotmcgucken-at-Carrizo-Plain-3-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/elliotmcgucken-at-Carrizo-Plain-3-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/elliotmcgucken-at-Carrizo-Plain-3-960x640.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/elliotmcgucken-at-Carrizo-Plain-3-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/elliotmcgucken-at-Carrizo-Plain-3-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/elliotmcgucken-at-Carrizo-Plain-3-520x347.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/elliotmcgucken-at-Carrizo-Plain-3.jpg 1080w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Carrizo Plain \u003ccite>(From @elliotmcgucken, via Instagram)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>We asked our social media fans for your photos of California’s wildflower ‘Super Bloom” spectacle, and you delivered! Here’s a sampling of the \u003ca href=\"https://www.instagram.com/explore/tags/casuperbloom/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">#CASuperBloom.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2017/01/25/food-as-medicine-its-not-just-a-fringe-idea-anymore/\">Food as Medicine is No Longer a Fringe Idea\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_310908\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-310908\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2016/12/shop-with-doc-800x460.jpg\" alt=\"Dr. Daniel Nadeau gives Allison Scott a few tips on getting kids to eat healthy, at Ralph's Supermarket in Huntington Beach.\" width=\"800\" height=\"460\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Dr. Daniel Nadeau gives Allison Scott a few tips on getting kids to eat healthy, at Ralph’s Supermarket in Huntington Beach.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>What we put in our bodies can be medicine. Literally. Food wisdom now finds its way into hospitals and even medical schools.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2017/05/02/suicides-push-medical-schools-to-finally-address-student-mental-health/\">Medical Student Suicides Prompt Schools to Finally Take Action\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_381345\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-381345\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2017/04/IMG_1536.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"640\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Sean Petro, at age 24, one year before his suicide while attending the USC Keck School of Medicine.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After aspiring doctors receive a prized acceptance letter to medical school, they face a daunting reality. Suicides in medical schools, as well as studies showing an alarming number of medical students consider ending their lives, have prompted schools and residency programs to provide more support for mental health.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "From drought to flooding in one season to getting liquefied when you die, we look back at the science stories that made a splash in 2017.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>From drought, to floods, to getting liquefied when you die, we look back at the most read KQED science stories of 2017.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2017/01/25/before-and-after-the-rains-impact-on-three-california-reservoirs/\">Before and After: The Rain’s Impact on Three California Reservoirs\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1352123\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1352123\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/Header_Folsom_V02-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/Header_Folsom_V02-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/Header_Folsom_V02-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/Header_Folsom_V02-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/Header_Folsom_V02-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/Header_Folsom_V02.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/Header_Folsom_V02-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/Header_Folsom_V02-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/Header_Folsom_V02-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/Header_Folsom_V02-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/Header_Folsom_V02-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Folsom Lake on Oct. 26, 2015. Right: Folsom Lake on Jan. 14, 2017. \u003ccite>(Images provided by \u003ca href=\"https://www.planet.com/\" target=\"_blank\">Planet Labs\u003c/a>)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Seeing is believing. Our readers really enjoyed viewing the differences in California’s largest reservoirs after the drought-busting rains of last winter, as captured by satellite images from San Francisco-based \u003ca href=\"https://www.planet.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Planet Labs\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2017/10/15/california-third-gender-nonbinary/\">California Now Recognizes a Third Gender\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_334581\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-334581\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2020/01/Max-e1493051858120-800x708.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"708\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Max, a 13-year-old Californian who identifies as agender, one of multiple gender identities that fall into the umbrella of ‘nonbinary.’ The state will allow residents to choose nonbinary as an official gender on drivers licenses and birth certificates starting in 2019.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Gender is no longer either male or female, according to the state of California. In October Gov. Jerry Brown signed legislation into law requiring a third gender option for driver’s licenses and birth certificates. \u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2017/04/10/heres-what-californias-wildflower-super-bloom-looks-like-from-space/\">Here’s What California’s Wildflower ‘Super Bloom’ Looks Like From Space\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1540495\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1540495\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/Main_feature_sized_for_web-800x450.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/Main_feature_sized_for_web-800x450.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/Main_feature_sized_for_web-160x90.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/Main_feature_sized_for_web-768x432.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/Main_feature_sized_for_web-1020x574.png 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/Main_feature_sized_for_web-1180x664.png 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/Main_feature_sized_for_web-960x540.png 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/Main_feature_sized_for_web-240x135.png 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/Main_feature_sized_for_web-375x211.png 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/Main_feature_sized_for_web-520x292.png 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/Main_feature_sized_for_web.png 1892w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Wildflowers north of Los Padres National Forest in early December 2016 (before the winter rains) and in late March during the wildflower super bloom. \u003ccite>(Images provided by \u003ca href=\"https://www.planet.com/\" target=\"_blank\">Planet Labs\u003c/a>)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>What is better than a wildflower super bloom? Seeing it from space. It was a fantastic spring for wildflower lovers, who flocked to fields of poppies, lupine and golden brush. In another collaboration with \u003ca href=\"https://www.planet.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Planet Labs\u003c/a>, high resolution satellite imagery reveals dense and colorful wildflower fields in Southern California following the epic winter rains. \u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2017/04/24/boy-girl-both-neither-a-new-generation-overthrows-gender/\">Boy? Girl? Both? Neither? A New Generation Overthrows Gender\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_329386\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2020/01/genderphoto6-e1486745816629.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-329386\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2020/01/genderphoto6-800x1067.jpg\" alt=\"Davi Mühlinghaus-Anderson, 20, identifies as gender neutral. \" width=\"800\" height=\"1067\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Davi Mühlinghaus-Anderson, 20, identifies as gender neutral. (Jon Brooks/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In a story that captured both our attention and our readers, we explored the lives of several young people who do not identify as male or female. Expect to hear more about this topic, as recent studies and polls suggest we are in the midst of a gender revolution, both in terms of expression and identity. \u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2017/08/22/daddy-longlegs-risk-life-and-especially-limb-to-survive/\">Daddy Longlegs Risk Life…and Especially Limb…to Survive\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/tjDmH8zhp6o'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/tjDmH8zhp6o'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not pulling your leg here: When attacked, daddy longlegs deliberately release their limbs to escape. Watch to see autotomy, the voluntary release of a body part, in action.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2017/09/20/want-to-cut-your-carbon-footprint-get-liquefied-when-youre-dead/\">Governor Signs Law Allowing Californians to Choose to Liquefy Their Remains\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_428960\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 641px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-428960\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2017/07/Picture-of-bone-fragments.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"641\" height=\"480\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The bones left over after a water cremation. The fragments will be pulverized into a powder, which can be memorialized in an urn.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>This year Gov. Jerry Brown signed into law the bill that legalizes a method of disposing of human remains commonly called ‘water cremation’. The process doesn’t actually use water, but a chemical that speeds up decomposition of bodies and leaves behind only sterile water, bones, and medical implants or devices.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2017/03/13/can-probiotics-help-your-depression-what-we-know-what-we-dont/\">Can Probiotics Help Your Depression? What We Know, What We Don’t\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_353891\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-353891\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2017/03/BacteriaImage_Blue_Mills-800x543.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"543\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Bifidobacteria are found naturally in the intestines of humans and are also common in probiotic foods.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>What if your psychiatrist prescribed yogurt and vegetables as an antidepressant? Researchers at the intersection of psychiatry and biochemistry think adding beneficial bacteria to our diet could be a treatment for anxiety and depression. But there are still many unknowns about which foods can help.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2017/04/14/photos-your-pics-of-californias-super-bloom/\">PHOTOS: Your Pics of California’s ‘Super Bloom’\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1555936\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1555936\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/elliotmcgucken-at-Carrizo-Plain-3-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/elliotmcgucken-at-Carrizo-Plain-3-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/elliotmcgucken-at-Carrizo-Plain-3-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/elliotmcgucken-at-Carrizo-Plain-3-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/elliotmcgucken-at-Carrizo-Plain-3-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/elliotmcgucken-at-Carrizo-Plain-3-960x640.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/elliotmcgucken-at-Carrizo-Plain-3-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/elliotmcgucken-at-Carrizo-Plain-3-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/elliotmcgucken-at-Carrizo-Plain-3-520x347.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/elliotmcgucken-at-Carrizo-Plain-3.jpg 1080w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Carrizo Plain \u003ccite>(From @elliotmcgucken, via Instagram)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>We asked our social media fans for your photos of California’s wildflower ‘Super Bloom” spectacle, and you delivered! Here’s a sampling of the \u003ca href=\"https://www.instagram.com/explore/tags/casuperbloom/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">#CASuperBloom.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2017/01/25/food-as-medicine-its-not-just-a-fringe-idea-anymore/\">Food as Medicine is No Longer a Fringe Idea\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_310908\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-310908\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2016/12/shop-with-doc-800x460.jpg\" alt=\"Dr. Daniel Nadeau gives Allison Scott a few tips on getting kids to eat healthy, at Ralph's Supermarket in Huntington Beach.\" width=\"800\" height=\"460\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Dr. Daniel Nadeau gives Allison Scott a few tips on getting kids to eat healthy, at Ralph’s Supermarket in Huntington Beach.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>What we put in our bodies can be medicine. Literally. Food wisdom now finds its way into hospitals and even medical schools.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2017/05/02/suicides-push-medical-schools-to-finally-address-student-mental-health/\">Medical Student Suicides Prompt Schools to Finally Take Action\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_381345\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-381345\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2017/04/IMG_1536.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"640\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Sean Petro, at age 24, one year before his suicide while attending the USC Keck School of Medicine.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After aspiring doctors receive a prized acceptance letter to medical school, they face a daunting reality. Suicides in medical schools, as well as studies showing an alarming number of medical students consider ending their lives, have prompted schools and residency programs to provide more support for mental health.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Breathing Fire: Californians' Health Is a Casualty of Climate-Fueled Blazes",
"headTitle": "Breathing Fire: Californians’ Health Is a Casualty of Climate-Fueled Blazes | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 4.6875em;float: left;line-height: 0.733em;padding: 0.05em 0.1em 0 0;font-family: times, serif, georgia\">A\u003c/span>s the deadliest fires in California history swept through leafy neighborhoods in Santa Rosa, Kathleen Sarmento fled her home in the dark, drove to an evacuation center and began setting up a medical triage unit. Patients with burns and other severe injuries were dispatched to hospitals. She set about treating many people whose symptoms resulted from exposure to polluted air and heavy smoke.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“People were coming in with headaches. I had one. My eyes were burning,” said Sarmento, the director of nursing at Santa Rosa Community Health, which provides health care for those who cannot afford it. But respiratory problems — coughs and shortness of breath — were among the biggest risks. “We made sure everyone had a mask.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More than half of the evacuees at the shelter that October night were elderly, some from nursing homes who needed oxygen 24/7. Sarmento scrambled to find regulators for oxygen tanks that were otherwise useless. It was a chaotic night — but what came to worry her most were the weeks and months ahead.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”Xlg0O9oyLXkaXQvm4ibSW3KwbYbGKbmz”]“It looked like it was snowing for days,” Sarmento said of the falling ash. “People really need to take the smoke seriously. You’ve got cars exploding, tires burning. There has to be some long- term effect” on people’s health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From Puget Sound to Disneyland and east over the Rockies, Americans have coughed and wheezed, rushed to emergency rooms and shut themselves indoors this year as pollution from wildfires darkened skies and rained soot across the landscape. Even to healthy people, it can make breathing a miserable, chest-heaving experience. To the elderly, the young and the frail, the pollution can be disabling or deadly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even though the nation has greatly improved air quality over the last 40 years through environmental regulations and technological improvements, the increasing frequency of large wildfires now undermines that progress, releasing copious pollutants that spread far and wide through the air and linger long after the fires are extinguished.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists say climate change, degraded ecosystems and the fickleness of the weather have been amplifying fires in forests, grasslands and neighborhoods throughout the West. Nine times more western forestland is burning in large fires each year on average now than 30 years ago, according to \u003ca href=\"http://www.pnas.org/content/113/42/11770.abstract\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">calculations by two leading scientists\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1917533\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 6068px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/Colette-Hatch-Santa-Rosa.Heidi-de-Marco-KHN.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1917533\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/Colette-Hatch-Santa-Rosa.Heidi-de-Marco-KHN.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"6068\" height=\"4050\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Colette Hatch has a lung disease and uses a nebulizer daily. Three weeks after the fires started, she still won’t open her windows and sleeps with an air purifier. “I still have a dry cough, a dry throat,” she says. \u003ccite>(Heidi de Marco/KHN)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The blazes create smoke waves — pulses of pollution containing everything from charred plastic residue to soot to other small particles that lodge deep in the lungs. They can trigger short-term ailments, such as coughing; worsen chronic diseases, such as asthma; and lead to long-term damage, including cancer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The effect of the fires in Northern California’s wine country, which destroyed thousands of homes and killed 43 people, went well beyond the burn zone. The smoke choked the San Francisco Bay Area, home to 7 million people in nine counties, for days.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Colette Hatch, 75, of Santa Rosa, who suffers from lung disease and uses a nebulizer daily, evacuated to her daughter’s home in Sunnyvale, in Silicon Valley, when the fires came. But even nearly 100 miles away, Hatch said she struggled to breathe, coughing so hard she couldn’t sleep.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wafting beyond Oakland and Livermore in the East Bay, the smoke headed into California’s agricultural heartland, the Sacramento and San Joaquin valleys.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Known collectively as the Central Valley, it stretches for hundreds of miles roughly north to south, bracketed by mountain ranges that trap some of the dirtiest air in America. Increasingly, wildfires like the ones in Northern California’s wine country funnel smoke into the chute, significantly raising the pollution levels in places as far away as Fresno.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1917547\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 3264px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/Prescribed-Burn.John-Upton.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1917547\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/Prescribed-Burn.John-Upton.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"3264\" height=\"2448\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/Prescribed-Burn.John-Upton.jpg 3264w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/Prescribed-Burn.John-Upton-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/Prescribed-Burn.John-Upton-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/Prescribed-Burn.John-Upton-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/Prescribed-Burn.John-Upton-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/Prescribed-Burn.John-Upton-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/Prescribed-Burn.John-Upton-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/Prescribed-Burn.John-Upton-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/Prescribed-Burn.John-Upton-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/Prescribed-Burn.John-Upton-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/Prescribed-Burn.John-Upton-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 3264px) 100vw, 3264px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Firefighter Josh Bien ignites the forest floor during a prescribed burn in Sierra National Park. \u003ccite>(John Upton/Climate Central)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Climate Central, a research and journalism nonprofit, examined air district data from California’s Sacramento and San Joaquin valleys. \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/report-wildfires-undermining-air-pollution-progress-21753\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The analysis\u003c/a> showed that while the number of heavily polluted days is falling overall each year on average — those days are occurring more frequently during the peak fire season. The researchers, who share their work with editorially independent journalists, say wildfire smoke is to blame.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Monitors in the San Joaquin Valley and San Francisco Bay Area showed levels spiked in October as the wine country fires sullied skies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With large wildfires on the rise, smoke and the attendant breathing ailments seemed everywhere this year. In September, smoke from fires burning in California, the Pacific Northwest and Montana pushed as far east as Pennsylvania. Smoke triggered emergency declarations in Washington state and California. The Evergreen State was experiencing few fires of its own in July when it was hit by smoke waves that poured across the Canadian border. And smoke returned to much of the northwest in August and September as fires \u003ca href=\"http://vis.ecowest.org/interactive/wildfires.php#year=2017&firekey=waowf-000351&f=all&h=0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">broke out in the Cascades\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://vis.ecowest.org/interactive/wildfires.php#year=2017&firekey=ormhf-000176&f=all&h=0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">the Columbia Gorge\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I remember waking up one morning and the sky was orangey-red and there was ash falling out of the sky,” said \u003ca href=\"http://deohs.washington.edu/faculty/hess_jeremy\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Jeremy Hess\u003c/a>, a researcher and physician at the University of Washington in Seattle. “This summer was very busy for us in the emergency department and we were often over capacity. If it wasn’t the smoke, it was the heat,” Hess said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>As World Warms, Environment and Health Suffer\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The blazes came after \u003ca href=\"http://www.mercurynews.com/2017/09/01/bay-area-weather-scorching-temperatures-will-produce-hottest-days-in-a-decade/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">record-breaking late summer heat\u003c/a> dried out grass that had flourished following \u003ca href=\"http://www.pressdemocrat.com/news/6861398-181/just-like-that-santa-rosa?gallery=6866230&artslide=0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">record-breaking winter rains\u003c/a> — both forms of extreme weather that are worsened by global warming. In addition, a high pressure system over the Pacific fanned the flames by driving unusually hot and powerful seasonal winds into Northern California from the dry highlands of Nevada.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The immediate precipitant may have been sparks from power lines, although \u003ca href=\"http://www.pressdemocrat.com/news/7567756-181/north-bay-fires-a-complex?artslide=0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">investigations into the causes\u003c/a> are ongoing. But a changing climate helped fuel the blazes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1917529\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 451px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/Trees-killed-by-drought.John-Upton.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-1917529\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/Trees-killed-by-drought.John-Upton.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"451\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/Trees-killed-by-drought.John-Upton.jpg 5184w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/Trees-killed-by-drought.John-Upton-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/Trees-killed-by-drought.John-Upton-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/Trees-killed-by-drought.John-Upton-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/Trees-killed-by-drought.John-Upton-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/Trees-killed-by-drought.John-Upton-1920x1280.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/Trees-killed-by-drought.John-Upton-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/Trees-killed-by-drought.John-Upton-960x640.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/Trees-killed-by-drought.John-Upton-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/Trees-killed-by-drought.John-Upton-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/Trees-killed-by-drought.John-Upton-520x347.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 451px) 100vw, 451px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Trees killed by the effects of drought in the Sierra National Forest. \u003ccite>(John Upton/Climate Central)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“Climate change was not the cause but it’s definitely an ingredient,” said \u003ca href=\"http://www.ldeo.columbia.edu/user/williams\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Park Williams\u003c/a>, a climate and ecology researcher at Columbia University’s Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory. And that means worse is to come.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Williams said there was a clear connection between the nearly 2 degrees Fahrenheit overall increase in global temperature since the late 1800s and the severity of these and other fires. (Warming in the West has been outpacing the global average in recent decades because of natural cycles.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Fire really responds strongly to even that small of a change of temperature,” said Williams, whose assessment of global warming’s role in the wine country fires is shared by other experts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Environmentally, the fires are a double whammy: They destroy trees that help to slow global warming by absorbing heat-trapping carbon dioxide as they grow. They also release carbon dioxide stored within, as well as black carbon that melts snow and ice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Research \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378112715001796\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">indicated in 2015 that large fires had helped turn \u003c/a>California’s forests and other lands into polluters, releasing more carbon to the atmosphere than they suck back in. The state’s wildlands released more heat-trapping pollution from 2001 through 2010 than Vermont’s entire economy. Rising temperatures aren’t the only cause — the forests are overloaded with fuel following more than a century of aggressive firefighting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While public attention has tended to focus on other health risks from climate change such as heat stroke in summer and the spread of mosquito-borne diseases northward, the effects of smoke pollution have been gaining more attention following dramatic and widespread wildfires.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1917553\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/San-Fran-in-Smoke.Amy-Graff-SFGATE.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1917553\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/San-Fran-in-Smoke.Amy-Graff-SFGATE.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1024\" height=\"768\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/San-Fran-in-Smoke.Amy-Graff-SFGATE.jpg 1024w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/San-Fran-in-Smoke.Amy-Graff-SFGATE-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/San-Fran-in-Smoke.Amy-Graff-SFGATE-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/San-Fran-in-Smoke.Amy-Graff-SFGATE-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/San-Fran-in-Smoke.Amy-Graff-SFGATE-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/San-Fran-in-Smoke.Amy-Graff-SFGATE-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/San-Fran-in-Smoke.Amy-Graff-SFGATE-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/San-Fran-in-Smoke.Amy-Graff-SFGATE-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/San-Fran-in-Smoke.Amy-Graff-SFGATE-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Smoky air in San Francisco during the North Bay fires. \u003ccite>(Amy Graff/SFGate)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The most dangerous pollution from wildfires is fine soot — “really small particles that we know can get into the lungs,” said \u003ca href=\"https://www.colorado.edu/geography/colleen-reid-0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Colleen Reid\u003c/a>, a geographer at the University of Colorado who researches climate change and human health. It’s known as PM2.5, meaning “particulate matter” that’s less than 2.5 microns wide, only visible using microscopes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It can nestle into lung tissue and pass into the bloodstream, contributing to an array of health problems including infections and, potentially, heart attacks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Symptoms related to smoke waves may not be diagnosed right away, making it hard to recognize the role a fire may have played in an illness or death. Reid led an analysis \u003ca href=\"https://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/14-09277/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">published a year ago\u003c/a> based on hundreds of studies into fire pollution’s health effects. The clearest links shown in the studies were between PM2.5 and asthma and other breathing problems; links to heart disease were less conclusive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers from leading American universities\u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27648592\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> examined fire pollution \u003c/a>across the West, finding that two of every three counties in the region suffered at least one smoke wave from 2004 through 2009. When they correlated those findings with medical data, they found a 7 percent jump in breathing-related hospitalizations after smoke levels were most extreme.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1917531\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 6963px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/air-pollution-9.-Coffey-Park-neighborhood-of-Santa-Rosa.Heidi-de-Marco-KHN.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1917531\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/air-pollution-9.-Coffey-Park-neighborhood-of-Santa-Rosa.Heidi-de-Marco-KHN.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"6963\" height=\"4647\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/air-pollution-9.-Coffey-Park-neighborhood-of-Santa-Rosa.Heidi-de-Marco-KHN.jpg 6963w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/air-pollution-9.-Coffey-Park-neighborhood-of-Santa-Rosa.Heidi-de-Marco-KHN-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/air-pollution-9.-Coffey-Park-neighborhood-of-Santa-Rosa.Heidi-de-Marco-KHN-800x534.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/air-pollution-9.-Coffey-Park-neighborhood-of-Santa-Rosa.Heidi-de-Marco-KHN-768x513.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/air-pollution-9.-Coffey-Park-neighborhood-of-Santa-Rosa.Heidi-de-Marco-KHN-1020x681.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/air-pollution-9.-Coffey-Park-neighborhood-of-Santa-Rosa.Heidi-de-Marco-KHN-1920x1281.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/air-pollution-9.-Coffey-Park-neighborhood-of-Santa-Rosa.Heidi-de-Marco-KHN-1180x788.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/air-pollution-9.-Coffey-Park-neighborhood-of-Santa-Rosa.Heidi-de-Marco-KHN-960x641.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/air-pollution-9.-Coffey-Park-neighborhood-of-Santa-Rosa.Heidi-de-Marco-KHN-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/air-pollution-9.-Coffey-Park-neighborhood-of-Santa-Rosa.Heidi-de-Marco-KHN-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/air-pollution-9.-Coffey-Park-neighborhood-of-Santa-Rosa.Heidi-de-Marco-KHN-520x347.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 6963px) 100vw, 6963px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Remnants from the fire in the Coffey Park neighborhood of Santa Rosa, Calif., on Oct. 27, 2017. \u003ccite>(Heidi de Marco/KHN)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“An acute fire lasting, for example, days to weeks, may not show up as an immediate problem but as health problems that may occur over a time span of weeks or months,” said Loretta Mickley, a Harvard researcher who worked on the study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>This Summer in California\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Elva Hernandez, 51, has lived in the San Joaquin Valley most of her life. She’s suffered from asthma since she was 10. This summer she was stuck inside her house for several weeks as smoke waves suffocated her neighborhood in the small town of Kerman, Calif., near Fresno.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The smell, all the dust, the smoke, the smog, everything, it’s just — you can’t breathe,” said Hernandez, a stay-at-home mom whose husband analyzes lab samples at a hospital. “You can’t live your life normally.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The San Joaquin Valley is home to 4 million people, many of them poor. One in six children suffers from asthma. Poor people often are most affected by air pollution, partly because they tend to live in more drafty housing in more polluted neighborhoods.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But enforcement of federal regulations dating to the Nixon administration has been reducing air pollution from fossil fuels and fertilizers in the valley, requiring cleaner engines for trucks and the replacement of outdated equipment on farms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve been seeing a lot of positive trends,” said Jon Klassen, manager of the air monitoring team at the San Joaquin Valley Air Pollution Control District. At the same time, “there’s a lot more emissions coming from these fires. They’re uncontrollable. They’re very difficult to deal with.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘We’re trying to ensure that we have healthy, resilient forests that are net sinks of carbon.’\u003ccite>Russ Henly, California Natural Resources Agency\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Research looking at air pollution levels helps explain why people like Hernandez are suffering more during fire seasons. The Climate Central analysis of San Joaquin Valley air data showed that while the number of days each year on which levels of PM2.5 exceeded federal standards declined by about 45 percent overall from 2000 to 2016, they increased by almost a third during the peak summer fire season.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the Sacramento Valley to the north, summer fire season pollution has been responsible for about 40 percent of the days when federal standards for PM2.5 pollution were exceeded in recent years. That’s up from less than a tenth of them earlier this century, the researchers found.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wildfires also release toxic material and chemicals that react in the atmosphere to form ozone pollution, which can hang over neighborhoods as haze. Ozone irritates lungs and throats, triggers shortness of breath and aggravates diseases like bronchitis, emphysema, and asthma.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hernandez’s asthma doctor, Praveen Buddiga, who operates his own practice in nearby Fresno, treated patients with oxygen and medicine during September fires in the Sierra Nevada mountains, which straddle California and Nevada. He did so again following the wine country fires in October. For asthmatics, the onslaughts of fire pollution are “like pouring a little salt into the wounds,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Buddiga suggests his patients limit their time outside, drive with windows rolled up and wear masks when smoke waves hit. Better yet, he advises them to leave the area if possible until the smoke clears.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1917530\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1150px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/2016.07.11-Stanislaus-National-Forrest-still-photography-014.Jason-Steinberg.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1917530\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/2016.07.11-Stanislaus-National-Forrest-still-photography-014.Jason-Steinberg.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1150\" height=\"768\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/2016.07.11-Stanislaus-National-Forrest-still-photography-014.Jason-Steinberg.jpg 1150w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/2016.07.11-Stanislaus-National-Forrest-still-photography-014.Jason-Steinberg-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/2016.07.11-Stanislaus-National-Forrest-still-photography-014.Jason-Steinberg-800x534.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/2016.07.11-Stanislaus-National-Forrest-still-photography-014.Jason-Steinberg-768x513.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/2016.07.11-Stanislaus-National-Forrest-still-photography-014.Jason-Steinberg-1020x681.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/2016.07.11-Stanislaus-National-Forrest-still-photography-014.Jason-Steinberg-960x641.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/2016.07.11-Stanislaus-National-Forrest-still-photography-014.Jason-Steinberg-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/2016.07.11-Stanislaus-National-Forrest-still-photography-014.Jason-Steinberg-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/2016.07.11-Stanislaus-National-Forrest-still-photography-014.Jason-Steinberg-520x347.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1150px) 100vw, 1150px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Stands of trees killed by the 2013 Rim Fire in Stanislaus National Forest. \u003ccite>(Jason Steinberg/Climate Central)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But risks can be difficult to gauge for patients and experts who want to offer precautions. Scientists who sampled pollution from wildfires using a NASA jet \u003ca href=\"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/2016JD026315/abstract\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">reported in June\u003c/a> that fire pollution is being “significantly underestimated” by the federal government. While fleets of mobile air monitors are deployed near fires to help government agencies project the movement of smoke waves, the network of permanent monitors is sparse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have no real good way of communicating to people, ‘Hey, the wildfire smoke is really bad in these spots, and this is where you take precautions,’” said Rob Carlmark, a weathercaster with ABC10 in Sacramento whose audience stretches from Bay Area cities to Lake Tahoe at the Nevada border. Absent local smoke pollution data, he tells viewers, “The best smoke detector is your nose.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Lighting Up to Protect Lungs — and the Planet\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Josh Bien wore a heavy pack and held a hoe in one hand. Using the other, the firefighter dripped a burning mixture of diesel fuel and gasoline on the forest floor from a spouted canister. Saplings and beds of pine needles sizzled and burned around him in a national forest in the Sierra Nevada, an hour’s drive east of Fresno.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like smoke from suburban fires in the San Francisco Bay Area, that from large wildfires in the forest of this 600-mile mountain range can travel into the Central Valley. A spate of large fires in August and September created heavy smoke that suffocated foothills towns and drove people like Elva Hernandez indoors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Devastating forest fire seasons in recent years \u003ca href=\"https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/53771\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">have prompted research\u003c/a> pointing to the need for more prescribed burns like this one. They’re set and managed by firefighters and foresters and guided by computer models that predict the spread of fires and their smoke. They’re aimed at removing highly flammable undergrowth and spare the mature trees.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘The challenge we still face is how to get out of decades of managing forests in ways that increase, rather than decrease, fire risk.’\u003ccite>Chris Field, ecology professor at Stanford University\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“You can either do it on your terms,” said Adam Hernandez, a prescribed fire and fuels management officer with the U.S. Forest Service, as gray smoke billowed around, “or you wait for that wildfire to come and it does it on its terms — and then you’re in a bad way.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Small fires used to burn regularly through the understories of the Sierra Nevada’s forests, started by lightning and native tribes. That changed after the Native Americans were forced from the mountain range, followed by more than a century of logging and aggressive firefighting. Those activities replaced stands of large, fire-resistant trees with thickets of smaller ones, building up fuel for enormous blazes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When you have some of these extreme wildfires, you’re creating more harmful emissions,” said Jonathan Long, an ecologist with the U.S. Forest Service. Extreme fires burn larger areas and their flames jump from forest floors to incinerate canopies, producing heavy black smoke and killing mature trees. “We think taking the medicine in small doses is a lot healthier.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The excessive undergrowth amplified the impact of California’s recent drought — there was too little water for so many trees. More than 100 million trees may have died across the Sierra Nevada in recent years. The dead trees can provide nesting cavities and their logs create important habitat for wildlife, but some scientists fear they may also intensify fires after they topple into desiccated piles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The federal government has been striking agreements with state agencies to use more prescribed burns and take other steps to better manage forests. In January, California \u003ca href=\"http://fire.ca.gov/fcat/downloads/California%20Forest%20Carbon%20Plan%20Draft%20for%20Public%20Review_Jan17.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">released an ambitious draft plan\u003c/a> to restore forests over the decades to come — through a focus on prescribed burns — with the goal of reducing pollution from wildfires.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re trying to ensure that we have healthy, resilient forests that are net sinks of carbon so that they’re storing more carbon than they’re releasing,” said Russ Henly, a California Natural Resources Agency official who helped draft the plan. By 2020, the plan seeks to double the amount of land treated using prescribed burns to 35,000 acres a year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With so many local, state and federal agencies overseeing environmental rules and owning land in California, the state says coordination will be key. For example, the San Joaquin Valley Air Pollution Control District can prevent national parks and other landowners from conducting prescribed burns when pollution levels will be affected — which is most of the time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mindful of the growing danger of big blazes, the air district has become more accommodating of prescribed fires. Still, finding the money to pay for the work remains a challenge.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some members of Congress have pushed logging as a way to ease forest fires, though that approach could have the opposite effect: Trees valued by loggers tend to be the largest and most fire-resistant. Troublesome small trees and dead ones have little value other than as fuel for power plants, and even then they’re generally too expensive to gather. Low natural gas prices have been forcing the closure of biomass power plants, which are fueled with wood.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even if the money is found to improve forest management, climate change will likely limit the progress from improved forest management, said Christopher Field, an ecology professor at Stanford University. The fire season will continue to lengthen. Landscapes will continue to dry out. “The challenge we still face is how to get out of decades of managing forests in ways that increase, rather than decrease, fire risk,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Field oversaw a survey dealing with Sierra Nevada forests completed by 75 academics, government officials and nonprofit and industry employees. While most agreed that prescribed burns and other approaches can lock carbon into the mountain’s ecosystems, they warned it will be difficult to overcome the losses from wildfires as temperatures rise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California doesn’t include carbon losses from forest fires when it tallies its progress toward reducing climate pollution. But amid the burning, logging and clearing of tropical forests from Indonesia to the Amazon and the Congo, destructive fires in the forestlands of a U.S. state that has some of the world’s most ambitious climate goals are contributing to the problem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And, in the process, they are making people sick.\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>\u003cbr>\nThis story was produced through a partnership between \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Climate Central \u003c/a>and \u003ca href=\"https://khn.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Kaiser Health News\u003c/a> with support from the \u003ca href=\"https://west.stanford.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Bill Lane Center for the American West \u003c/a>at Stanford University. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Large wildfires are releasing pollution that’s undermining decades of progress in cleaning the air, sickening Americans.",
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"description": "Large wildfires are releasing pollution that’s undermining decades of progress in cleaning the air, sickening Americans.",
"title": "Breathing Fire: Californians' Health Is a Casualty of Climate-Fueled Blazes | KQED",
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"headline": "Breathing Fire: Californians' Health Is a Casualty of Climate-Fueled Blazes",
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"nprByline": "\u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/what-we-do/people/john-upton\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">John Upton\u003c/a>, Climate Central\u003c/br>\u003ca href=\"https://californiahealthline.org/news/author/barbara-feder-ostrov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Barbara Feder Ostrov\u003c/a>, California Healthline",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 4.6875em;float: left;line-height: 0.733em;padding: 0.05em 0.1em 0 0;font-family: times, serif, georgia\">A\u003c/span>s the deadliest fires in California history swept through leafy neighborhoods in Santa Rosa, Kathleen Sarmento fled her home in the dark, drove to an evacuation center and began setting up a medical triage unit. Patients with burns and other severe injuries were dispatched to hospitals. She set about treating many people whose symptoms resulted from exposure to polluted air and heavy smoke.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“People were coming in with headaches. I had one. My eyes were burning,” said Sarmento, the director of nursing at Santa Rosa Community Health, which provides health care for those who cannot afford it. But respiratory problems — coughs and shortness of breath — were among the biggest risks. “We made sure everyone had a mask.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More than half of the evacuees at the shelter that October night were elderly, some from nursing homes who needed oxygen 24/7. Sarmento scrambled to find regulators for oxygen tanks that were otherwise useless. It was a chaotic night — but what came to worry her most were the weeks and months ahead.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>“It looked like it was snowing for days,” Sarmento said of the falling ash. “People really need to take the smoke seriously. You’ve got cars exploding, tires burning. There has to be some long- term effect” on people’s health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From Puget Sound to Disneyland and east over the Rockies, Americans have coughed and wheezed, rushed to emergency rooms and shut themselves indoors this year as pollution from wildfires darkened skies and rained soot across the landscape. Even to healthy people, it can make breathing a miserable, chest-heaving experience. To the elderly, the young and the frail, the pollution can be disabling or deadly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even though the nation has greatly improved air quality over the last 40 years through environmental regulations and technological improvements, the increasing frequency of large wildfires now undermines that progress, releasing copious pollutants that spread far and wide through the air and linger long after the fires are extinguished.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists say climate change, degraded ecosystems and the fickleness of the weather have been amplifying fires in forests, grasslands and neighborhoods throughout the West. Nine times more western forestland is burning in large fires each year on average now than 30 years ago, according to \u003ca href=\"http://www.pnas.org/content/113/42/11770.abstract\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">calculations by two leading scientists\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1917533\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 6068px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/Colette-Hatch-Santa-Rosa.Heidi-de-Marco-KHN.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1917533\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/Colette-Hatch-Santa-Rosa.Heidi-de-Marco-KHN.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"6068\" height=\"4050\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Colette Hatch has a lung disease and uses a nebulizer daily. Three weeks after the fires started, she still won’t open her windows and sleeps with an air purifier. “I still have a dry cough, a dry throat,” she says. \u003ccite>(Heidi de Marco/KHN)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The blazes create smoke waves — pulses of pollution containing everything from charred plastic residue to soot to other small particles that lodge deep in the lungs. They can trigger short-term ailments, such as coughing; worsen chronic diseases, such as asthma; and lead to long-term damage, including cancer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The effect of the fires in Northern California’s wine country, which destroyed thousands of homes and killed 43 people, went well beyond the burn zone. The smoke choked the San Francisco Bay Area, home to 7 million people in nine counties, for days.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Colette Hatch, 75, of Santa Rosa, who suffers from lung disease and uses a nebulizer daily, evacuated to her daughter’s home in Sunnyvale, in Silicon Valley, when the fires came. But even nearly 100 miles away, Hatch said she struggled to breathe, coughing so hard she couldn’t sleep.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wafting beyond Oakland and Livermore in the East Bay, the smoke headed into California’s agricultural heartland, the Sacramento and San Joaquin valleys.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Known collectively as the Central Valley, it stretches for hundreds of miles roughly north to south, bracketed by mountain ranges that trap some of the dirtiest air in America. Increasingly, wildfires like the ones in Northern California’s wine country funnel smoke into the chute, significantly raising the pollution levels in places as far away as Fresno.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1917547\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 3264px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/Prescribed-Burn.John-Upton.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1917547\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/Prescribed-Burn.John-Upton.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"3264\" height=\"2448\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/Prescribed-Burn.John-Upton.jpg 3264w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/Prescribed-Burn.John-Upton-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/Prescribed-Burn.John-Upton-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/Prescribed-Burn.John-Upton-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/Prescribed-Burn.John-Upton-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/Prescribed-Burn.John-Upton-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/Prescribed-Burn.John-Upton-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/Prescribed-Burn.John-Upton-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/Prescribed-Burn.John-Upton-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/Prescribed-Burn.John-Upton-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/Prescribed-Burn.John-Upton-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 3264px) 100vw, 3264px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Firefighter Josh Bien ignites the forest floor during a prescribed burn in Sierra National Park. \u003ccite>(John Upton/Climate Central)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Climate Central, a research and journalism nonprofit, examined air district data from California’s Sacramento and San Joaquin valleys. \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/report-wildfires-undermining-air-pollution-progress-21753\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The analysis\u003c/a> showed that while the number of heavily polluted days is falling overall each year on average — those days are occurring more frequently during the peak fire season. The researchers, who share their work with editorially independent journalists, say wildfire smoke is to blame.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Monitors in the San Joaquin Valley and San Francisco Bay Area showed levels spiked in October as the wine country fires sullied skies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With large wildfires on the rise, smoke and the attendant breathing ailments seemed everywhere this year. In September, smoke from fires burning in California, the Pacific Northwest and Montana pushed as far east as Pennsylvania. Smoke triggered emergency declarations in Washington state and California. The Evergreen State was experiencing few fires of its own in July when it was hit by smoke waves that poured across the Canadian border. And smoke returned to much of the northwest in August and September as fires \u003ca href=\"http://vis.ecowest.org/interactive/wildfires.php#year=2017&firekey=waowf-000351&f=all&h=0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">broke out in the Cascades\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://vis.ecowest.org/interactive/wildfires.php#year=2017&firekey=ormhf-000176&f=all&h=0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">the Columbia Gorge\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I remember waking up one morning and the sky was orangey-red and there was ash falling out of the sky,” said \u003ca href=\"http://deohs.washington.edu/faculty/hess_jeremy\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Jeremy Hess\u003c/a>, a researcher and physician at the University of Washington in Seattle. “This summer was very busy for us in the emergency department and we were often over capacity. If it wasn’t the smoke, it was the heat,” Hess said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>As World Warms, Environment and Health Suffer\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The blazes came after \u003ca href=\"http://www.mercurynews.com/2017/09/01/bay-area-weather-scorching-temperatures-will-produce-hottest-days-in-a-decade/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">record-breaking late summer heat\u003c/a> dried out grass that had flourished following \u003ca href=\"http://www.pressdemocrat.com/news/6861398-181/just-like-that-santa-rosa?gallery=6866230&artslide=0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">record-breaking winter rains\u003c/a> — both forms of extreme weather that are worsened by global warming. In addition, a high pressure system over the Pacific fanned the flames by driving unusually hot and powerful seasonal winds into Northern California from the dry highlands of Nevada.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The immediate precipitant may have been sparks from power lines, although \u003ca href=\"http://www.pressdemocrat.com/news/7567756-181/north-bay-fires-a-complex?artslide=0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">investigations into the causes\u003c/a> are ongoing. But a changing climate helped fuel the blazes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1917529\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 451px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/Trees-killed-by-drought.John-Upton.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-1917529\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/Trees-killed-by-drought.John-Upton.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"451\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/Trees-killed-by-drought.John-Upton.jpg 5184w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/Trees-killed-by-drought.John-Upton-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/Trees-killed-by-drought.John-Upton-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/Trees-killed-by-drought.John-Upton-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/Trees-killed-by-drought.John-Upton-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/Trees-killed-by-drought.John-Upton-1920x1280.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/Trees-killed-by-drought.John-Upton-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/Trees-killed-by-drought.John-Upton-960x640.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/Trees-killed-by-drought.John-Upton-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/Trees-killed-by-drought.John-Upton-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/Trees-killed-by-drought.John-Upton-520x347.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 451px) 100vw, 451px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Trees killed by the effects of drought in the Sierra National Forest. \u003ccite>(John Upton/Climate Central)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“Climate change was not the cause but it’s definitely an ingredient,” said \u003ca href=\"http://www.ldeo.columbia.edu/user/williams\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Park Williams\u003c/a>, a climate and ecology researcher at Columbia University’s Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory. And that means worse is to come.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Williams said there was a clear connection between the nearly 2 degrees Fahrenheit overall increase in global temperature since the late 1800s and the severity of these and other fires. (Warming in the West has been outpacing the global average in recent decades because of natural cycles.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Fire really responds strongly to even that small of a change of temperature,” said Williams, whose assessment of global warming’s role in the wine country fires is shared by other experts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Environmentally, the fires are a double whammy: They destroy trees that help to slow global warming by absorbing heat-trapping carbon dioxide as they grow. They also release carbon dioxide stored within, as well as black carbon that melts snow and ice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Research \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378112715001796\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">indicated in 2015 that large fires had helped turn \u003c/a>California’s forests and other lands into polluters, releasing more carbon to the atmosphere than they suck back in. The state’s wildlands released more heat-trapping pollution from 2001 through 2010 than Vermont’s entire economy. Rising temperatures aren’t the only cause — the forests are overloaded with fuel following more than a century of aggressive firefighting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While public attention has tended to focus on other health risks from climate change such as heat stroke in summer and the spread of mosquito-borne diseases northward, the effects of smoke pollution have been gaining more attention following dramatic and widespread wildfires.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1917553\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/San-Fran-in-Smoke.Amy-Graff-SFGATE.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1917553\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/San-Fran-in-Smoke.Amy-Graff-SFGATE.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1024\" height=\"768\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/San-Fran-in-Smoke.Amy-Graff-SFGATE.jpg 1024w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/San-Fran-in-Smoke.Amy-Graff-SFGATE-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/San-Fran-in-Smoke.Amy-Graff-SFGATE-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/San-Fran-in-Smoke.Amy-Graff-SFGATE-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/San-Fran-in-Smoke.Amy-Graff-SFGATE-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/San-Fran-in-Smoke.Amy-Graff-SFGATE-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/San-Fran-in-Smoke.Amy-Graff-SFGATE-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/San-Fran-in-Smoke.Amy-Graff-SFGATE-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/San-Fran-in-Smoke.Amy-Graff-SFGATE-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Smoky air in San Francisco during the North Bay fires. \u003ccite>(Amy Graff/SFGate)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The most dangerous pollution from wildfires is fine soot — “really small particles that we know can get into the lungs,” said \u003ca href=\"https://www.colorado.edu/geography/colleen-reid-0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Colleen Reid\u003c/a>, a geographer at the University of Colorado who researches climate change and human health. It’s known as PM2.5, meaning “particulate matter” that’s less than 2.5 microns wide, only visible using microscopes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It can nestle into lung tissue and pass into the bloodstream, contributing to an array of health problems including infections and, potentially, heart attacks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Symptoms related to smoke waves may not be diagnosed right away, making it hard to recognize the role a fire may have played in an illness or death. Reid led an analysis \u003ca href=\"https://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/14-09277/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">published a year ago\u003c/a> based on hundreds of studies into fire pollution’s health effects. The clearest links shown in the studies were between PM2.5 and asthma and other breathing problems; links to heart disease were less conclusive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers from leading American universities\u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27648592\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> examined fire pollution \u003c/a>across the West, finding that two of every three counties in the region suffered at least one smoke wave from 2004 through 2009. When they correlated those findings with medical data, they found a 7 percent jump in breathing-related hospitalizations after smoke levels were most extreme.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1917531\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 6963px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/air-pollution-9.-Coffey-Park-neighborhood-of-Santa-Rosa.Heidi-de-Marco-KHN.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1917531\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/air-pollution-9.-Coffey-Park-neighborhood-of-Santa-Rosa.Heidi-de-Marco-KHN.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"6963\" height=\"4647\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/air-pollution-9.-Coffey-Park-neighborhood-of-Santa-Rosa.Heidi-de-Marco-KHN.jpg 6963w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/air-pollution-9.-Coffey-Park-neighborhood-of-Santa-Rosa.Heidi-de-Marco-KHN-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/air-pollution-9.-Coffey-Park-neighborhood-of-Santa-Rosa.Heidi-de-Marco-KHN-800x534.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/air-pollution-9.-Coffey-Park-neighborhood-of-Santa-Rosa.Heidi-de-Marco-KHN-768x513.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/air-pollution-9.-Coffey-Park-neighborhood-of-Santa-Rosa.Heidi-de-Marco-KHN-1020x681.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/air-pollution-9.-Coffey-Park-neighborhood-of-Santa-Rosa.Heidi-de-Marco-KHN-1920x1281.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/air-pollution-9.-Coffey-Park-neighborhood-of-Santa-Rosa.Heidi-de-Marco-KHN-1180x788.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/air-pollution-9.-Coffey-Park-neighborhood-of-Santa-Rosa.Heidi-de-Marco-KHN-960x641.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/air-pollution-9.-Coffey-Park-neighborhood-of-Santa-Rosa.Heidi-de-Marco-KHN-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/air-pollution-9.-Coffey-Park-neighborhood-of-Santa-Rosa.Heidi-de-Marco-KHN-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/air-pollution-9.-Coffey-Park-neighborhood-of-Santa-Rosa.Heidi-de-Marco-KHN-520x347.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 6963px) 100vw, 6963px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Remnants from the fire in the Coffey Park neighborhood of Santa Rosa, Calif., on Oct. 27, 2017. \u003ccite>(Heidi de Marco/KHN)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“An acute fire lasting, for example, days to weeks, may not show up as an immediate problem but as health problems that may occur over a time span of weeks or months,” said Loretta Mickley, a Harvard researcher who worked on the study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>This Summer in California\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Elva Hernandez, 51, has lived in the San Joaquin Valley most of her life. She’s suffered from asthma since she was 10. This summer she was stuck inside her house for several weeks as smoke waves suffocated her neighborhood in the small town of Kerman, Calif., near Fresno.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The smell, all the dust, the smoke, the smog, everything, it’s just — you can’t breathe,” said Hernandez, a stay-at-home mom whose husband analyzes lab samples at a hospital. “You can’t live your life normally.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The San Joaquin Valley is home to 4 million people, many of them poor. One in six children suffers from asthma. Poor people often are most affected by air pollution, partly because they tend to live in more drafty housing in more polluted neighborhoods.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But enforcement of federal regulations dating to the Nixon administration has been reducing air pollution from fossil fuels and fertilizers in the valley, requiring cleaner engines for trucks and the replacement of outdated equipment on farms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve been seeing a lot of positive trends,” said Jon Klassen, manager of the air monitoring team at the San Joaquin Valley Air Pollution Control District. At the same time, “there’s a lot more emissions coming from these fires. They’re uncontrollable. They’re very difficult to deal with.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘We’re trying to ensure that we have healthy, resilient forests that are net sinks of carbon.’\u003ccite>Russ Henly, California Natural Resources Agency\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Research looking at air pollution levels helps explain why people like Hernandez are suffering more during fire seasons. The Climate Central analysis of San Joaquin Valley air data showed that while the number of days each year on which levels of PM2.5 exceeded federal standards declined by about 45 percent overall from 2000 to 2016, they increased by almost a third during the peak summer fire season.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the Sacramento Valley to the north, summer fire season pollution has been responsible for about 40 percent of the days when federal standards for PM2.5 pollution were exceeded in recent years. That’s up from less than a tenth of them earlier this century, the researchers found.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wildfires also release toxic material and chemicals that react in the atmosphere to form ozone pollution, which can hang over neighborhoods as haze. Ozone irritates lungs and throats, triggers shortness of breath and aggravates diseases like bronchitis, emphysema, and asthma.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hernandez’s asthma doctor, Praveen Buddiga, who operates his own practice in nearby Fresno, treated patients with oxygen and medicine during September fires in the Sierra Nevada mountains, which straddle California and Nevada. He did so again following the wine country fires in October. For asthmatics, the onslaughts of fire pollution are “like pouring a little salt into the wounds,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Buddiga suggests his patients limit their time outside, drive with windows rolled up and wear masks when smoke waves hit. Better yet, he advises them to leave the area if possible until the smoke clears.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1917530\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1150px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/2016.07.11-Stanislaus-National-Forrest-still-photography-014.Jason-Steinberg.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1917530\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/2016.07.11-Stanislaus-National-Forrest-still-photography-014.Jason-Steinberg.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1150\" height=\"768\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/2016.07.11-Stanislaus-National-Forrest-still-photography-014.Jason-Steinberg.jpg 1150w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/2016.07.11-Stanislaus-National-Forrest-still-photography-014.Jason-Steinberg-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/2016.07.11-Stanislaus-National-Forrest-still-photography-014.Jason-Steinberg-800x534.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/2016.07.11-Stanislaus-National-Forrest-still-photography-014.Jason-Steinberg-768x513.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/2016.07.11-Stanislaus-National-Forrest-still-photography-014.Jason-Steinberg-1020x681.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/2016.07.11-Stanislaus-National-Forrest-still-photography-014.Jason-Steinberg-960x641.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/2016.07.11-Stanislaus-National-Forrest-still-photography-014.Jason-Steinberg-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/2016.07.11-Stanislaus-National-Forrest-still-photography-014.Jason-Steinberg-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/2016.07.11-Stanislaus-National-Forrest-still-photography-014.Jason-Steinberg-520x347.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1150px) 100vw, 1150px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Stands of trees killed by the 2013 Rim Fire in Stanislaus National Forest. \u003ccite>(Jason Steinberg/Climate Central)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But risks can be difficult to gauge for patients and experts who want to offer precautions. Scientists who sampled pollution from wildfires using a NASA jet \u003ca href=\"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/2016JD026315/abstract\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">reported in June\u003c/a> that fire pollution is being “significantly underestimated” by the federal government. While fleets of mobile air monitors are deployed near fires to help government agencies project the movement of smoke waves, the network of permanent monitors is sparse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have no real good way of communicating to people, ‘Hey, the wildfire smoke is really bad in these spots, and this is where you take precautions,’” said Rob Carlmark, a weathercaster with ABC10 in Sacramento whose audience stretches from Bay Area cities to Lake Tahoe at the Nevada border. Absent local smoke pollution data, he tells viewers, “The best smoke detector is your nose.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Lighting Up to Protect Lungs — and the Planet\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Josh Bien wore a heavy pack and held a hoe in one hand. Using the other, the firefighter dripped a burning mixture of diesel fuel and gasoline on the forest floor from a spouted canister. Saplings and beds of pine needles sizzled and burned around him in a national forest in the Sierra Nevada, an hour’s drive east of Fresno.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like smoke from suburban fires in the San Francisco Bay Area, that from large wildfires in the forest of this 600-mile mountain range can travel into the Central Valley. A spate of large fires in August and September created heavy smoke that suffocated foothills towns and drove people like Elva Hernandez indoors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Devastating forest fire seasons in recent years \u003ca href=\"https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/53771\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">have prompted research\u003c/a> pointing to the need for more prescribed burns like this one. They’re set and managed by firefighters and foresters and guided by computer models that predict the spread of fires and their smoke. They’re aimed at removing highly flammable undergrowth and spare the mature trees.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘The challenge we still face is how to get out of decades of managing forests in ways that increase, rather than decrease, fire risk.’\u003ccite>Chris Field, ecology professor at Stanford University\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“You can either do it on your terms,” said Adam Hernandez, a prescribed fire and fuels management officer with the U.S. Forest Service, as gray smoke billowed around, “or you wait for that wildfire to come and it does it on its terms — and then you’re in a bad way.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Small fires used to burn regularly through the understories of the Sierra Nevada’s forests, started by lightning and native tribes. That changed after the Native Americans were forced from the mountain range, followed by more than a century of logging and aggressive firefighting. Those activities replaced stands of large, fire-resistant trees with thickets of smaller ones, building up fuel for enormous blazes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When you have some of these extreme wildfires, you’re creating more harmful emissions,” said Jonathan Long, an ecologist with the U.S. Forest Service. Extreme fires burn larger areas and their flames jump from forest floors to incinerate canopies, producing heavy black smoke and killing mature trees. “We think taking the medicine in small doses is a lot healthier.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The excessive undergrowth amplified the impact of California’s recent drought — there was too little water for so many trees. More than 100 million trees may have died across the Sierra Nevada in recent years. The dead trees can provide nesting cavities and their logs create important habitat for wildlife, but some scientists fear they may also intensify fires after they topple into desiccated piles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The federal government has been striking agreements with state agencies to use more prescribed burns and take other steps to better manage forests. In January, California \u003ca href=\"http://fire.ca.gov/fcat/downloads/California%20Forest%20Carbon%20Plan%20Draft%20for%20Public%20Review_Jan17.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">released an ambitious draft plan\u003c/a> to restore forests over the decades to come — through a focus on prescribed burns — with the goal of reducing pollution from wildfires.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re trying to ensure that we have healthy, resilient forests that are net sinks of carbon so that they’re storing more carbon than they’re releasing,” said Russ Henly, a California Natural Resources Agency official who helped draft the plan. By 2020, the plan seeks to double the amount of land treated using prescribed burns to 35,000 acres a year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With so many local, state and federal agencies overseeing environmental rules and owning land in California, the state says coordination will be key. For example, the San Joaquin Valley Air Pollution Control District can prevent national parks and other landowners from conducting prescribed burns when pollution levels will be affected — which is most of the time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mindful of the growing danger of big blazes, the air district has become more accommodating of prescribed fires. Still, finding the money to pay for the work remains a challenge.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some members of Congress have pushed logging as a way to ease forest fires, though that approach could have the opposite effect: Trees valued by loggers tend to be the largest and most fire-resistant. Troublesome small trees and dead ones have little value other than as fuel for power plants, and even then they’re generally too expensive to gather. Low natural gas prices have been forcing the closure of biomass power plants, which are fueled with wood.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even if the money is found to improve forest management, climate change will likely limit the progress from improved forest management, said Christopher Field, an ecology professor at Stanford University. The fire season will continue to lengthen. Landscapes will continue to dry out. “The challenge we still face is how to get out of decades of managing forests in ways that increase, rather than decrease, fire risk,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Field oversaw a survey dealing with Sierra Nevada forests completed by 75 academics, government officials and nonprofit and industry employees. While most agreed that prescribed burns and other approaches can lock carbon into the mountain’s ecosystems, they warned it will be difficult to overcome the losses from wildfires as temperatures rise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California doesn’t include carbon losses from forest fires when it tallies its progress toward reducing climate pollution. But amid the burning, logging and clearing of tropical forests from Indonesia to the Amazon and the Congo, destructive fires in the forestlands of a U.S. state that has some of the world’s most ambitious climate goals are contributing to the problem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And, in the process, they are making people sick.\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>\u003cbr>\nThis story was produced through a partnership between \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Climate Central \u003c/a>and \u003ca href=\"https://khn.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Kaiser Health News\u003c/a> with support from the \u003ca href=\"https://west.stanford.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Bill Lane Center for the American West \u003c/a>at Stanford University. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"slug": "donated-massages-and-alternative-treatments-refuel-exhausted-firefighters",
"title": "Healers Offer Firefighters Free Massage and Acupuncture. And They're Loving It",
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"headTitle": "Healers Offer Firefighters Free Massage and Acupuncture. And They’re Loving It | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cp>[audio src=https://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2017/10/FIrefightersFreeMassages.mp3 program=\"KQED Science\" title=\"Healers Offer Firefighters Free Massage and Acupuncture. And They're Loving It\" image=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/10/IMG_4233.jpeg\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The volunteer response to the wildfires in Sonoma County has a distinctly California flavor. Thousands of alternative-medicine practitioners like naturopaths, chiropractors — even aroma-therapists are donating treatment to anyone affected by the fires.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sessions happened at dozens of pop-up spas in parking lots, relief centers and emergency shelters during the brunt of the disaster. There are still about a half a dozen open.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At one Red Cross shelter on the Sonoma County fairgrounds, a young man lays down on the gym floor with a blue towel under his head. Amidst a cacophony of evacuees calling friends and family, a sound healer kneeling on a silk Asian blanket begins ringing quartz bowls arranged in a semi-circle. The therapy is intended to calm the patient’s frazzled nerves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1917108\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1917108 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/10/IMG_4253-800x600.jpeg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Tuning forks radiate the sound from quartz bowls to help calm the nervous system. \u003ccite>(Lesley McClurg/ KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Outside under a red and white striped plastic tent, a group of firefighters and national guardsmen wait patiently on folding metal chairs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jamie Sheppard, a Truckee-based firefighter is next in line. He’s beat after shouldering a 60-pound back for grueling 24-hour shifts over the past 10 days.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“My neck hurts, my back hurts, my left shoulder hurts,” says Sheppard. “And breathing in a lot of smoke of course, the lungs hurt.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He climbs up on a massage table and a therapist gently places her hands on his temples. After twenty minutes of gentle massage and Reiki, a Japanese technique for stress reduction and relaxation, Sheppard slowly rises to stand up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1917109\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1917109 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/10/IMG_4228-800x600.jpeg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Firefighter Jamie Sheppard receives energy work, or Reiki, after numerous long shifts on the front lines of the North Bay fires. \u003ccite>(Lesley McClurg/ KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“I feel much, much more relaxed,” said Sheppard. “Looser and nimble.” This is his second massage in a week. He says it doesn’t just help his body. “It also just kind of helps you unwind and power down and get ready for the next day.”\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it’s not just the firefighters who are working long hours. Dan Cortright is a volunteer who has offered massages for about ten hours each day for six days in a row.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sweat drips down Cortright’s forehead as he digs his elbow into the back of a burly national guard soldier. Cortright says he’s volunteering to show his gratitude to the emergency responders. “It’s the least I can do to pay them back for all they’ve done to save our town, our whole community.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A few blocks away stacks of donated boxes of herbs and healing remedies are arriving from all over the country to \u003ca href=\"http://farmacopia.net/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Farmacopia\u003c/a>, an alternative healing clinic in Santa Rosa. Lily Mazarella, the owner, says she can’t keep up with all the shipments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve gotten everything from organic mushroom powder for the immune system to homemade \u003ca href=\"https://www.webmd.com/vitamins-supplements/ingredientmono-959-osha.aspx?activeingredientid=959&\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">osha syrup\u003c/a> for respiratory distress to to big bottles of sleep syrup,” said Mazarella. She gave a lot away last week at another pop-up clinic nestled beneath huge trees, Alliance Redwoods Conference Grounds, about thirty minutes east of Santa Rosa.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Helicopters circled above Alliance’s blue basketball court that was lined with massage tables until Sunday. A few hundred firefighters stayed at this facility between shifts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Volunteers handed out “Manzanita Magic” – a folk remedy for poison oak. A white plastic table was lined with tinctures and syrups for respiratory support, stress, sleep and immune support.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some firefighters sniffed essential oils like eucalyptus to soothe their smoke-filled lungs. Or drank throat comfort tea to ease raspy coughs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1917134\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 720px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1917134 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/10/IMG_0445-1.jpeg\" alt=\"\" width=\"720\" height=\"479\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/10/IMG_0445-1.jpeg 720w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/10/IMG_0445-1-160x106.jpeg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/10/IMG_0445-1-240x160.jpeg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/10/IMG_0445-1-375x249.jpeg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/10/IMG_0445-1-520x346.jpeg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 720px) 100vw, 720px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Firefighters inhale the smell of eucalyptus oil to soothe dry smoke-filled lungs. \u003ccite>(Misha Miller)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Jen Riegle helped to coordinate shifts at more than two dozen shelters throughout Sonoma County. She’s a \u003ca href=\"https://nccih.nih.gov/health/naturopathy\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">naturopathic doctor\u003c/a> in Santa Rosa. Riegle says she’s truly touched by the feedback she’s received.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There have been so many soldiers and firemen and evacuees who have told us that they’ve never, ever received this kind of work before!” Riegle exclaims.\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A Facebook \u003ca href=\"https://www.facebook.com/groups/696852613840190/?multi_permalinks=701379526720832¬if_id=1508569523334276¬if_t=group_highlights\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">page\u003c/a> about the volunteer effort now has more than 2,000 members, and a \u003ca href=\"https://integrativehealersactionnetwork.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">website\u003c/a> to keep the momentum going recently went live. Riegle hopes the outpouring of support can become a model that’s easily replicated when disaster strikes another community.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The volunteer response to the wildfires in Sonoma County has a distinctly California flavor. Thousands of alternative-medicine practitioners like naturopaths, chiropractors — even aroma-therapists are donating treatment to anyone affected by the fires.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sessions happened at dozens of pop-up spas in parking lots, relief centers and emergency shelters during the brunt of the disaster. There are still about a half a dozen open.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At one Red Cross shelter on the Sonoma County fairgrounds, a young man lays down on the gym floor with a blue towel under his head. Amidst a cacophony of evacuees calling friends and family, a sound healer kneeling on a silk Asian blanket begins ringing quartz bowls arranged in a semi-circle. The therapy is intended to calm the patient’s frazzled nerves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1917108\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1917108 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/10/IMG_4253-800x600.jpeg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Tuning forks radiate the sound from quartz bowls to help calm the nervous system. \u003ccite>(Lesley McClurg/ KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Outside under a red and white striped plastic tent, a group of firefighters and national guardsmen wait patiently on folding metal chairs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jamie Sheppard, a Truckee-based firefighter is next in line. He’s beat after shouldering a 60-pound back for grueling 24-hour shifts over the past 10 days.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“My neck hurts, my back hurts, my left shoulder hurts,” says Sheppard. “And breathing in a lot of smoke of course, the lungs hurt.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He climbs up on a massage table and a therapist gently places her hands on his temples. After twenty minutes of gentle massage and Reiki, a Japanese technique for stress reduction and relaxation, Sheppard slowly rises to stand up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1917109\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1917109 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/10/IMG_4228-800x600.jpeg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Firefighter Jamie Sheppard receives energy work, or Reiki, after numerous long shifts on the front lines of the North Bay fires. \u003ccite>(Lesley McClurg/ KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“I feel much, much more relaxed,” said Sheppard. “Looser and nimble.” This is his second massage in a week. He says it doesn’t just help his body. “It also just kind of helps you unwind and power down and get ready for the next day.”\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it’s not just the firefighters who are working long hours. Dan Cortright is a volunteer who has offered massages for about ten hours each day for six days in a row.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sweat drips down Cortright’s forehead as he digs his elbow into the back of a burly national guard soldier. Cortright says he’s volunteering to show his gratitude to the emergency responders. “It’s the least I can do to pay them back for all they’ve done to save our town, our whole community.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A few blocks away stacks of donated boxes of herbs and healing remedies are arriving from all over the country to \u003ca href=\"http://farmacopia.net/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Farmacopia\u003c/a>, an alternative healing clinic in Santa Rosa. Lily Mazarella, the owner, says she can’t keep up with all the shipments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve gotten everything from organic mushroom powder for the immune system to homemade \u003ca href=\"https://www.webmd.com/vitamins-supplements/ingredientmono-959-osha.aspx?activeingredientid=959&\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">osha syrup\u003c/a> for respiratory distress to to big bottles of sleep syrup,” said Mazarella. She gave a lot away last week at another pop-up clinic nestled beneath huge trees, Alliance Redwoods Conference Grounds, about thirty minutes east of Santa Rosa.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Helicopters circled above Alliance’s blue basketball court that was lined with massage tables until Sunday. A few hundred firefighters stayed at this facility between shifts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Volunteers handed out “Manzanita Magic” – a folk remedy for poison oak. A white plastic table was lined with tinctures and syrups for respiratory support, stress, sleep and immune support.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some firefighters sniffed essential oils like eucalyptus to soothe their smoke-filled lungs. Or drank throat comfort tea to ease raspy coughs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1917134\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 720px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1917134 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/10/IMG_0445-1.jpeg\" alt=\"\" width=\"720\" height=\"479\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/10/IMG_0445-1.jpeg 720w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/10/IMG_0445-1-160x106.jpeg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/10/IMG_0445-1-240x160.jpeg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/10/IMG_0445-1-375x249.jpeg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/10/IMG_0445-1-520x346.jpeg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 720px) 100vw, 720px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Firefighters inhale the smell of eucalyptus oil to soothe dry smoke-filled lungs. \u003ccite>(Misha Miller)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Jen Riegle helped to coordinate shifts at more than two dozen shelters throughout Sonoma County. She’s a \u003ca href=\"https://nccih.nih.gov/health/naturopathy\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">naturopathic doctor\u003c/a> in Santa Rosa. Riegle says she’s truly touched by the feedback she’s received.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There have been so many soldiers and firemen and evacuees who have told us that they’ve never, ever received this kind of work before!” Riegle exclaims.\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A Facebook \u003ca href=\"https://www.facebook.com/groups/696852613840190/?multi_permalinks=701379526720832¬if_id=1508569523334276¬if_t=group_highlights\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">page\u003c/a> about the volunteer effort now has more than 2,000 members, and a \u003ca href=\"https://integrativehealersactionnetwork.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">website\u003c/a> to keep the momentum going recently went live. Riegle hopes the outpouring of support can become a model that’s easily replicated when disaster strikes another community.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Bay Area Air Quality Has Been Worst on Record -- Check Out Your City",
"headTitle": "Bay Area Air Quality Has Been Worst on Record — Check Out Your City | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Updated: Wednesday, October 18, 2017, 11:45 a.m.\u003c/strong>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Air pollution in Bay Area counties in the past couple of weeks has been the worst since 1999 when officials began collecting data.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Residents in the North Bay are still experiencing the brunt of the pollution because of nearby wildfires in California’s wine country. Residents in Napa, Solano and Sonoma counties should try to stay inside buildings with air conditioning. But people in the East Bay and South Bay are not in the clear because the toxic air is creeping all over the region. You can look up your zip code \u003ca href=\"https://airnow.gov/index.cfm?action=airnow.local_city&cityid=317\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The pollution was so high last week it was comparable to high pollution days in China, says Lisa Fasano at the Bay Area Air Quality Management District.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The worst hour was measured last Tuesday in Napa with an air quality index of 404 for small particulate matter, so high it’s off the chart, as you can see below.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/10/KQEDScience_AQI_6AM_171018.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-1916921\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/10/KQEDScience_AQI_6AM_171018.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1130\" height=\"2129\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/10/KQEDScience_AQI_6AM_171018.jpg 1130w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/10/KQEDScience_AQI_6AM_171018-160x301.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/10/KQEDScience_AQI_6AM_171018-800x1507.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/10/KQEDScience_AQI_6AM_171018-768x1447.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/10/KQEDScience_AQI_6AM_171018-1020x1922.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/10/KQEDScience_AQI_6AM_171018-960x1809.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/10/KQEDScience_AQI_6AM_171018-240x452.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/10/KQEDScience_AQI_6AM_171018-375x707.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/10/KQEDScience_AQI_6AM_171018-520x980.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1130px) 100vw, 1130px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>[Check current air quality at \u003ca href=\"https://airnow.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">airnow.gov\u003c/a>, or \u003ca href=\"http://sparetheair.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">sparetheair.org\u003c/a>, which has a 5-day forecast] \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Follow these precautions to protect your health:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Minimize outdoor activities\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Exercise in a gym or studio with good ventilation, rather than outdoors\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Stay indoors with windows and doors closed\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Do not run fans in windows, drawing smoky air inside\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Run your air-conditioner on recirculate, rather than bringing in outdoor air\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Consider leaving the region until air quality improves\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>Officials warn that very fine smoke particles, a fraction of the size of a human hair, can lodge in the lungs and do irreparable damage to the body.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When we breath particulates they bypass the lung system and get into our bloodstream,” said Fasano. “They exacerbate respiratory conditions like asthma, COPD (Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease\u003cem>)\u003c/em>, emphysema and other conditions because they are very harmful.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/10/anim_aqi_sanfrancisco_ca_171018wed.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-1916920\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/10/anim_aqi_sanfrancisco_ca_171018wed.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"525\" height=\"400\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A seasonal inversion layer is putting a lid on the pollution and holding it in the region. Usually the Bay Area benefits from a natural air conditioning system with winds blowing in off the coast and carrying the air inland.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/10/1hr_pm25_SacramentoCa_animate_171018wed.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-1916919\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/10/1hr_pm25_SacramentoCa_animate_171018wed.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"525\" height=\"400\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are also seeing elevated levels in San Francisco and Redwood City,” says Fasano. “We are all being impacted by this really unhealthy air pollution.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you’re concerned about working out, “Outdoor exercise is not advised in the heavily smoke impacted counties of Napa, Sonoma, and Solano,” says Fasano.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fasano recommends buying a face mask at the hardware store with a \u003ca href=\"https://www.fda.gov/MedicalDevices/ProductsandMedicalProcedures/GeneralHospitalDevicesandSupplies/PersonalProtectiveEquipment/ucm055977.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">N-95 rating\u003c/a> or higher. Unfortunately neither a hospital mask or a bandanna tied over the face prevents noxious air from entering the lungs. Fasano suggests staying inside through the weekend to avoid breathing both particle pollution and ash wafting through the air.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Updated: Wednesday, October 18, 2017, 11:45 a.m.\u003c/strong>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Air pollution in Bay Area counties in the past couple of weeks has been the worst since 1999 when officials began collecting data.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Residents in the North Bay are still experiencing the brunt of the pollution because of nearby wildfires in California’s wine country. Residents in Napa, Solano and Sonoma counties should try to stay inside buildings with air conditioning. But people in the East Bay and South Bay are not in the clear because the toxic air is creeping all over the region. You can look up your zip code \u003ca href=\"https://airnow.gov/index.cfm?action=airnow.local_city&cityid=317\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The pollution was so high last week it was comparable to high pollution days in China, says Lisa Fasano at the Bay Area Air Quality Management District.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The worst hour was measured last Tuesday in Napa with an air quality index of 404 for small particulate matter, so high it’s off the chart, as you can see below.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/10/KQEDScience_AQI_6AM_171018.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-1916921\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/10/KQEDScience_AQI_6AM_171018.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1130\" height=\"2129\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/10/KQEDScience_AQI_6AM_171018.jpg 1130w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/10/KQEDScience_AQI_6AM_171018-160x301.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/10/KQEDScience_AQI_6AM_171018-800x1507.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/10/KQEDScience_AQI_6AM_171018-768x1447.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/10/KQEDScience_AQI_6AM_171018-1020x1922.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/10/KQEDScience_AQI_6AM_171018-960x1809.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/10/KQEDScience_AQI_6AM_171018-240x452.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/10/KQEDScience_AQI_6AM_171018-375x707.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/10/KQEDScience_AQI_6AM_171018-520x980.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1130px) 100vw, 1130px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>[Check current air quality at \u003ca href=\"https://airnow.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">airnow.gov\u003c/a>, or \u003ca href=\"http://sparetheair.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">sparetheair.org\u003c/a>, which has a 5-day forecast] \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Follow these precautions to protect your health:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Minimize outdoor activities\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Exercise in a gym or studio with good ventilation, rather than outdoors\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Stay indoors with windows and doors closed\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Do not run fans in windows, drawing smoky air inside\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Run your air-conditioner on recirculate, rather than bringing in outdoor air\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Consider leaving the region until air quality improves\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>Officials warn that very fine smoke particles, a fraction of the size of a human hair, can lodge in the lungs and do irreparable damage to the body.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When we breath particulates they bypass the lung system and get into our bloodstream,” said Fasano. “They exacerbate respiratory conditions like asthma, COPD (Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease\u003cem>)\u003c/em>, emphysema and other conditions because they are very harmful.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/10/anim_aqi_sanfrancisco_ca_171018wed.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-1916920\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/10/anim_aqi_sanfrancisco_ca_171018wed.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"525\" height=\"400\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A seasonal inversion layer is putting a lid on the pollution and holding it in the region. Usually the Bay Area benefits from a natural air conditioning system with winds blowing in off the coast and carrying the air inland.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/10/1hr_pm25_SacramentoCa_animate_171018wed.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-1916919\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/10/1hr_pm25_SacramentoCa_animate_171018wed.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"525\" height=\"400\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are also seeing elevated levels in San Francisco and Redwood City,” says Fasano. “We are all being impacted by this really unhealthy air pollution.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you’re concerned about working out, “Outdoor exercise is not advised in the heavily smoke impacted counties of Napa, Sonoma, and Solano,” says Fasano.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fasano recommends buying a face mask at the hardware store with a \u003ca href=\"https://www.fda.gov/MedicalDevices/ProductsandMedicalProcedures/GeneralHospitalDevicesandSupplies/PersonalProtectiveEquipment/ucm055977.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">N-95 rating\u003c/a> or higher. Unfortunately neither a hospital mask or a bandanna tied over the face prevents noxious air from entering the lungs. Fasano suggests staying inside through the weekend to avoid breathing both particle pollution and ash wafting through the air.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Guess What's Showing Up in Our Shellfish? One Word: Plastics",
"headTitle": "Guess What’s Showing Up in Our Shellfish? One Word: Plastics | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Sarah Dudas doesn’t mind shucking an oyster or a clam in the name of science.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But sit down with her and a plate of oysters on the half-shell or a bucket of steamed Manila clams, and she’ll probably point out a bivalve’s gonads or remark on its fertility.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These are comments I make at dinner parties,” she said. “I’ve spent too much time doing dissections. I’ve done too many spawnings.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And lately, the shellfish biologist is making other unappetizing comments to her dinner party guests — about plastics in those shellfish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2016, she and her students at Vancouver Island University planted thousands of clams and oysters across coastal British Columbia and let them soak in the sand and saltwater of the Strait of Georgia. Three months later, they dissolved hundreds of them with chemicals, filtered out the biodegradable matter and looked at the remaining material under a microscope. Inside this Pacific Northwest culinary staple, they found a rainbow of little plastic particles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1915723\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/microplastics-fine-cut.00_00_22_01.still005-1_custom-7588e3d0ab0f1dc039e01ccbf6e473aa14c83702.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1915723\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/microplastics-fine-cut.00_00_22_01.still005-1_custom-7588e3d0ab0f1dc039e01ccbf6e473aa14c83702.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1078\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/microplastics-fine-cut.00_00_22_01.still005-1_custom-7588e3d0ab0f1dc039e01ccbf6e473aa14c83702.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/microplastics-fine-cut.00_00_22_01.still005-1_custom-7588e3d0ab0f1dc039e01ccbf6e473aa14c83702-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/microplastics-fine-cut.00_00_22_01.still005-1_custom-7588e3d0ab0f1dc039e01ccbf6e473aa14c83702-800x449.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/microplastics-fine-cut.00_00_22_01.still005-1_custom-7588e3d0ab0f1dc039e01ccbf6e473aa14c83702-768x431.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/microplastics-fine-cut.00_00_22_01.still005-1_custom-7588e3d0ab0f1dc039e01ccbf6e473aa14c83702-1020x573.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/microplastics-fine-cut.00_00_22_01.still005-1_custom-7588e3d0ab0f1dc039e01ccbf6e473aa14c83702-1180x663.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/microplastics-fine-cut.00_00_22_01.still005-1_custom-7588e3d0ab0f1dc039e01ccbf6e473aa14c83702-960x539.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/microplastics-fine-cut.00_00_22_01.still005-1_custom-7588e3d0ab0f1dc039e01ccbf6e473aa14c83702-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/microplastics-fine-cut.00_00_22_01.still005-1_custom-7588e3d0ab0f1dc039e01ccbf6e473aa14c83702-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/microplastics-fine-cut.00_00_22_01.still005-1_custom-7588e3d0ab0f1dc039e01ccbf6e473aa14c83702-520x292.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Shellfish biologist Sarah Dudas works with an oyster specimen at her Vancouver Island University lab. \u003ccite>(Ken Christensen/KCTS Television)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“So when you eat clams and oysters, you’re eating plastics as well,” Dudas says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Funded by the Canadian government and British Columbia’s shellfish trade association, the project aimed to learn whether the shellfish aquaculture industry may be contaminating its own crop by using plastic infrastructure like nets, buoys and ropes. The experiment was a response to those claims by \u003ca href=\"https://adimsblog.files.wordpress.com/2014/12/microplastic-article.pdf\">local environmental groups\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But tracking the origins of tiny plastic particles in a big ocean is new territory. So Dudas turned to Peter Ross, who has studied the effects of ocean pollution on sea life for 30 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve long known that plastic and debris can be a problem for ocean life,” says Ross, director of the Vancouver Aquarium’s Ocean Pollution Research Program.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2013, he began sampling the coast of British Columbia for microplastics. The researchers found up to \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0025326X13007741\">9,200 particles of microplastic per cubic meter\u003c/a> of seawater — about the equivalent of emptying a salt shaker into a large moving box.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1915724\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2448px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/image_47225-1_custom-d99a7890c022334e8b52bb2f90d5873dc3aa9822.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1915724\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/image_47225-1_custom-d99a7890c022334e8b52bb2f90d5873dc3aa9822.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"2448\" height=\"1375\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/image_47225-1_custom-d99a7890c022334e8b52bb2f90d5873dc3aa9822.jpg 2448w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/image_47225-1_custom-d99a7890c022334e8b52bb2f90d5873dc3aa9822-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/image_47225-1_custom-d99a7890c022334e8b52bb2f90d5873dc3aa9822-800x449.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/image_47225-1_custom-d99a7890c022334e8b52bb2f90d5873dc3aa9822-768x431.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/image_47225-1_custom-d99a7890c022334e8b52bb2f90d5873dc3aa9822-1020x573.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/image_47225-1_custom-d99a7890c022334e8b52bb2f90d5873dc3aa9822-1920x1078.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/image_47225-1_custom-d99a7890c022334e8b52bb2f90d5873dc3aa9822-1180x663.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/image_47225-1_custom-d99a7890c022334e8b52bb2f90d5873dc3aa9822-960x539.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/image_47225-1_custom-d99a7890c022334e8b52bb2f90d5873dc3aa9822-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/image_47225-1_custom-d99a7890c022334e8b52bb2f90d5873dc3aa9822-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/image_47225-1_custom-d99a7890c022334e8b52bb2f90d5873dc3aa9822-520x292.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2448px) 100vw, 2448px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The majority of microplastic particles found in Dudas’ samples consist of microscopic synthetic fibers. \u003ccite>(Ken Christensen/KCTS Television)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“So, large numbers,” Ross says. “Rather shocking numbers.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They found plastics that were made small, like the polystyrene beads sold as \u003ca href=\"https://www.amazon.com/Fairfield-Poly-Fil-Micro-Beads-20-Ounce/dp/B001DTOH8S\">bean bag filler\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://www.amazon.com/dp/B000XZY0OY/ref=asc_df_B000XZY0OY5165111/?tag=hyprod-20&creative=395033&creativeASIN=B000XZY0OY&linkCode=df0&hvadid=194013412954&hvpos=1o1&hvnetw=g&hvrand=14387442267544610200&hvpone=&hvptwo=&hvqmt=&hvdev=c&hvdvcmdl=&hvlocint=&hvlocphy=9033313&hvtargid=pla-314745397104\">fake snow\u003c/a>, and \u003ca href=\"http://vancouverisland.ctvnews.ca/b-c-librarian-says-nurdles-washing-up-on-beaches-is-cause-for-concern-1.3311057\">nurdles\u003c/a>, the hard resin pellets used as a raw material for other plastic products. Microbeads, common in \u003ca href=\"http://www.beatthemicrobead.org/product-lists/\">toothpaste and face wash\u003c/a>, were also present.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the majority of microplastics in Ross’ samples resembled those showing up in Dudas’ shellfish. They’re showing up by the \u003ca href=\"http://www.washington.edu/news/2017/06/29/uw-oceanography-senior-finds-plastic-microfibers-are-common-on-puget-sound-beaches/\">thousands along Puget Sound’s shorelines\u003c/a>, too. They’re microfibers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s overwhelmingly fibers,” Ross says. “And they’re being readily consumed at the bottom of the food chain, in zooplankton.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The research is adding to the evidence of a problem that touches every corner of the planet: from the depths of the \u003ca href=\"http://onemoregeneration.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/07/Microplastic-pollution-in-deep-sea-sediments.pdf\">ocean abyss\u003c/a> to the surface waters of the Arctic to an area in the middle of the Pacific Ocean now known as the \u003ca href=\"https://www.nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/great-pacific-garbage-patch/\">Great Pacific Garbage Patch\u003c/a>. Scientists think plastic pollution in the ocean could \u003ca href=\"http://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_The_New_Plastics_Economy.pdf\">outweigh the fish there\u003c/a> by 2050.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nb7tbfjYu3o\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ross believes that locating the source of microfibers will help slow that trend. So lately, his science lab is looking more like a crime lab.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The detective work begins under a microscope. Researchers study a petri dish that looks like an \u003ca href=\"http://www6.miami.edu/lowe/exhibition/walter-wick.html\">I Spy book\u003c/a> — a white background strewn with small colorful items. They note each particle’s size, shape and color and zoom in to study its appearance: the way a fiber drapes across the dish or frays at its tip.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If particles pass the eye test, they advance to a machine called the Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is a fancy forensic machine used at police stations,” Ross says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The machine scans individual particles with infrared light and generates a line graph on a nearby computer. Then the program cross-references that graph with a global database of other squiggly lines. One piece of fabric pulls up a list of probable matches — fibers with names like Zeftron 500 and Wonder Thread. They’re types of nylon. Other fibers bring up generic and commercial names for olefin and polyester.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The data can’t pinpoint a fiber’s exact source, but taken in aggregate can point to larger trends about the presence of microplastic pollution in the ocean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In many cases, the research is underlining the fact that many of the fibers ending up in the ocean are starting their journey much closer to home — probably in your home laundry machine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Outdoor gear manufacturer Patagonia found that the \u003ca href=\"http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/acs.est.6b03045\">average synthetic jacket releases 1.7 grams\u003c/a> of microfibers per load of laundry. Each load may generate \u003ca href=\"https://www.theguardian.com/science/2016/sep/27/washing-clothes-releases-water-polluting-fibres-study-finds\">hundreds of thousands of fibers\u003c/a>, which can slip through filters on washing machines and wastewater treatment plants and eventually make their way into ocean waters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The fabrics are degrading over time and getting flushed out into the water system,” says Jeff Crook, chief product officer at Mountain Equipment Co-op, one of Canada’s biggest outdoor retailers. The Vancouver-based co-op paid $50,000 to support Ross’ effort.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Improved filters may be one way to stop ocean-bound microfibers, Crook says, but he’s looking to Ross’ data for other information, like whether some types of fibers are ending up in the ocean more than others. The data could help start a conversation about creating industry-wide standards around fiber shedding, he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The more information we have, the more we can go back and tinker and improve the materials,” Crook says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Others note that the world consumes hundreds of millions of tons of plastic annually — like food packaging and straws. Dudas said that, while she is finding that farmed shellfish don’t contain any more plastic than nonfarmed shellfish, she has no doubt that nets and ropes from shellfish aquaculture sites also shed fibers into the ocean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“My fear is that we have a latent reservoir of these products that could become our future supply of microplastics,” Ross says. “And they’ll in turn be ingested by zooplankton and move up into the food chain.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Should we be concerned that we’re part of that food chain?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That research is ongoing, Dudas says, but the answer likely will depend on how much we consume. The clams and oysters in Dudas’ study contained an average of eight microplastic particles each, preliminary results show.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are some indications that those plastics can act as vectors for chemical pollutants and pathogens, and other researchers are studying whether plastics leave the human body after being eaten.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When in doubt, ask a shellfish biologist.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I wouldn’t be overly concerned about eating shellfish specifically,” Dudas said. “Microplastics are everywhere.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"https://kcts9.org/programs/earthfix/how-much-plastic-do-you-want-in-your-oysters-and-clams\">\u003cem>story\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003cem> comes to us from \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"https://kcts9.org/\">\u003cem>KCTS9\u003c/em>\u003c/a> \u003cem>and\u003c/em> \u003ca href=\"http://earthfix.info/\">EarthFix\u003c/a>, \u003cem>an environmental journalism collaboration led by Oregon Public Broadcasting in partnership with five other public media stations in Oregon, Washington and Idaho.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2017 EarthFix. To see more, visit \u003ca>EarthFix\u003c/a>.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Guess+What%27s+Showing+Up+In+Our+Shellfish%3F+One+Word%3A+Plastics&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Scientists predict that plastic in the ocean will eventually outweigh the fish there. Where is it all coming from? And is it making our food unsafe? Researchers are trying to find the answers.",
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"headline": "Guess What's Showing Up in Our Shellfish? One Word: Plastics",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Sarah Dudas doesn’t mind shucking an oyster or a clam in the name of science.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But sit down with her and a plate of oysters on the half-shell or a bucket of steamed Manila clams, and she’ll probably point out a bivalve’s gonads or remark on its fertility.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These are comments I make at dinner parties,” she said. “I’ve spent too much time doing dissections. I’ve done too many spawnings.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And lately, the shellfish biologist is making other unappetizing comments to her dinner party guests — about plastics in those shellfish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2016, she and her students at Vancouver Island University planted thousands of clams and oysters across coastal British Columbia and let them soak in the sand and saltwater of the Strait of Georgia. Three months later, they dissolved hundreds of them with chemicals, filtered out the biodegradable matter and looked at the remaining material under a microscope. Inside this Pacific Northwest culinary staple, they found a rainbow of little plastic particles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1915723\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/microplastics-fine-cut.00_00_22_01.still005-1_custom-7588e3d0ab0f1dc039e01ccbf6e473aa14c83702.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1915723\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/microplastics-fine-cut.00_00_22_01.still005-1_custom-7588e3d0ab0f1dc039e01ccbf6e473aa14c83702.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1078\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/microplastics-fine-cut.00_00_22_01.still005-1_custom-7588e3d0ab0f1dc039e01ccbf6e473aa14c83702.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/microplastics-fine-cut.00_00_22_01.still005-1_custom-7588e3d0ab0f1dc039e01ccbf6e473aa14c83702-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/microplastics-fine-cut.00_00_22_01.still005-1_custom-7588e3d0ab0f1dc039e01ccbf6e473aa14c83702-800x449.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/microplastics-fine-cut.00_00_22_01.still005-1_custom-7588e3d0ab0f1dc039e01ccbf6e473aa14c83702-768x431.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/microplastics-fine-cut.00_00_22_01.still005-1_custom-7588e3d0ab0f1dc039e01ccbf6e473aa14c83702-1020x573.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/microplastics-fine-cut.00_00_22_01.still005-1_custom-7588e3d0ab0f1dc039e01ccbf6e473aa14c83702-1180x663.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/microplastics-fine-cut.00_00_22_01.still005-1_custom-7588e3d0ab0f1dc039e01ccbf6e473aa14c83702-960x539.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/microplastics-fine-cut.00_00_22_01.still005-1_custom-7588e3d0ab0f1dc039e01ccbf6e473aa14c83702-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/microplastics-fine-cut.00_00_22_01.still005-1_custom-7588e3d0ab0f1dc039e01ccbf6e473aa14c83702-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/microplastics-fine-cut.00_00_22_01.still005-1_custom-7588e3d0ab0f1dc039e01ccbf6e473aa14c83702-520x292.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Shellfish biologist Sarah Dudas works with an oyster specimen at her Vancouver Island University lab. \u003ccite>(Ken Christensen/KCTS Television)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“So when you eat clams and oysters, you’re eating plastics as well,” Dudas says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Funded by the Canadian government and British Columbia’s shellfish trade association, the project aimed to learn whether the shellfish aquaculture industry may be contaminating its own crop by using plastic infrastructure like nets, buoys and ropes. The experiment was a response to those claims by \u003ca href=\"https://adimsblog.files.wordpress.com/2014/12/microplastic-article.pdf\">local environmental groups\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But tracking the origins of tiny plastic particles in a big ocean is new territory. So Dudas turned to Peter Ross, who has studied the effects of ocean pollution on sea life for 30 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve long known that plastic and debris can be a problem for ocean life,” says Ross, director of the Vancouver Aquarium’s Ocean Pollution Research Program.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2013, he began sampling the coast of British Columbia for microplastics. The researchers found up to \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0025326X13007741\">9,200 particles of microplastic per cubic meter\u003c/a> of seawater — about the equivalent of emptying a salt shaker into a large moving box.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1915724\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2448px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/image_47225-1_custom-d99a7890c022334e8b52bb2f90d5873dc3aa9822.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1915724\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/image_47225-1_custom-d99a7890c022334e8b52bb2f90d5873dc3aa9822.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"2448\" height=\"1375\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/image_47225-1_custom-d99a7890c022334e8b52bb2f90d5873dc3aa9822.jpg 2448w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/image_47225-1_custom-d99a7890c022334e8b52bb2f90d5873dc3aa9822-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/image_47225-1_custom-d99a7890c022334e8b52bb2f90d5873dc3aa9822-800x449.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/image_47225-1_custom-d99a7890c022334e8b52bb2f90d5873dc3aa9822-768x431.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/image_47225-1_custom-d99a7890c022334e8b52bb2f90d5873dc3aa9822-1020x573.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/image_47225-1_custom-d99a7890c022334e8b52bb2f90d5873dc3aa9822-1920x1078.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/image_47225-1_custom-d99a7890c022334e8b52bb2f90d5873dc3aa9822-1180x663.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/image_47225-1_custom-d99a7890c022334e8b52bb2f90d5873dc3aa9822-960x539.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/image_47225-1_custom-d99a7890c022334e8b52bb2f90d5873dc3aa9822-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/image_47225-1_custom-d99a7890c022334e8b52bb2f90d5873dc3aa9822-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/image_47225-1_custom-d99a7890c022334e8b52bb2f90d5873dc3aa9822-520x292.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2448px) 100vw, 2448px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The majority of microplastic particles found in Dudas’ samples consist of microscopic synthetic fibers. \u003ccite>(Ken Christensen/KCTS Television)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“So, large numbers,” Ross says. “Rather shocking numbers.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They found plastics that were made small, like the polystyrene beads sold as \u003ca href=\"https://www.amazon.com/Fairfield-Poly-Fil-Micro-Beads-20-Ounce/dp/B001DTOH8S\">bean bag filler\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://www.amazon.com/dp/B000XZY0OY/ref=asc_df_B000XZY0OY5165111/?tag=hyprod-20&creative=395033&creativeASIN=B000XZY0OY&linkCode=df0&hvadid=194013412954&hvpos=1o1&hvnetw=g&hvrand=14387442267544610200&hvpone=&hvptwo=&hvqmt=&hvdev=c&hvdvcmdl=&hvlocint=&hvlocphy=9033313&hvtargid=pla-314745397104\">fake snow\u003c/a>, and \u003ca href=\"http://vancouverisland.ctvnews.ca/b-c-librarian-says-nurdles-washing-up-on-beaches-is-cause-for-concern-1.3311057\">nurdles\u003c/a>, the hard resin pellets used as a raw material for other plastic products. Microbeads, common in \u003ca href=\"http://www.beatthemicrobead.org/product-lists/\">toothpaste and face wash\u003c/a>, were also present.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the majority of microplastics in Ross’ samples resembled those showing up in Dudas’ shellfish. They’re showing up by the \u003ca href=\"http://www.washington.edu/news/2017/06/29/uw-oceanography-senior-finds-plastic-microfibers-are-common-on-puget-sound-beaches/\">thousands along Puget Sound’s shorelines\u003c/a>, too. They’re microfibers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s overwhelmingly fibers,” Ross says. “And they’re being readily consumed at the bottom of the food chain, in zooplankton.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The research is adding to the evidence of a problem that touches every corner of the planet: from the depths of the \u003ca href=\"http://onemoregeneration.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/07/Microplastic-pollution-in-deep-sea-sediments.pdf\">ocean abyss\u003c/a> to the surface waters of the Arctic to an area in the middle of the Pacific Ocean now known as the \u003ca href=\"https://www.nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/great-pacific-garbage-patch/\">Great Pacific Garbage Patch\u003c/a>. Scientists think plastic pollution in the ocean could \u003ca href=\"http://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_The_New_Plastics_Economy.pdf\">outweigh the fish there\u003c/a> by 2050.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/nb7tbfjYu3o'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/nb7tbfjYu3o'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>Ross believes that locating the source of microfibers will help slow that trend. So lately, his science lab is looking more like a crime lab.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The detective work begins under a microscope. Researchers study a petri dish that looks like an \u003ca href=\"http://www6.miami.edu/lowe/exhibition/walter-wick.html\">I Spy book\u003c/a> — a white background strewn with small colorful items. They note each particle’s size, shape and color and zoom in to study its appearance: the way a fiber drapes across the dish or frays at its tip.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If particles pass the eye test, they advance to a machine called the Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is a fancy forensic machine used at police stations,” Ross says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The machine scans individual particles with infrared light and generates a line graph on a nearby computer. Then the program cross-references that graph with a global database of other squiggly lines. One piece of fabric pulls up a list of probable matches — fibers with names like Zeftron 500 and Wonder Thread. They’re types of nylon. Other fibers bring up generic and commercial names for olefin and polyester.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The data can’t pinpoint a fiber’s exact source, but taken in aggregate can point to larger trends about the presence of microplastic pollution in the ocean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In many cases, the research is underlining the fact that many of the fibers ending up in the ocean are starting their journey much closer to home — probably in your home laundry machine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Outdoor gear manufacturer Patagonia found that the \u003ca href=\"http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/acs.est.6b03045\">average synthetic jacket releases 1.7 grams\u003c/a> of microfibers per load of laundry. Each load may generate \u003ca href=\"https://www.theguardian.com/science/2016/sep/27/washing-clothes-releases-water-polluting-fibres-study-finds\">hundreds of thousands of fibers\u003c/a>, which can slip through filters on washing machines and wastewater treatment plants and eventually make their way into ocean waters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The fabrics are degrading over time and getting flushed out into the water system,” says Jeff Crook, chief product officer at Mountain Equipment Co-op, one of Canada’s biggest outdoor retailers. The Vancouver-based co-op paid $50,000 to support Ross’ effort.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Improved filters may be one way to stop ocean-bound microfibers, Crook says, but he’s looking to Ross’ data for other information, like whether some types of fibers are ending up in the ocean more than others. The data could help start a conversation about creating industry-wide standards around fiber shedding, he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The more information we have, the more we can go back and tinker and improve the materials,” Crook says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Others note that the world consumes hundreds of millions of tons of plastic annually — like food packaging and straws. Dudas said that, while she is finding that farmed shellfish don’t contain any more plastic than nonfarmed shellfish, she has no doubt that nets and ropes from shellfish aquaculture sites also shed fibers into the ocean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“My fear is that we have a latent reservoir of these products that could become our future supply of microplastics,” Ross says. “And they’ll in turn be ingested by zooplankton and move up into the food chain.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Should we be concerned that we’re part of that food chain?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That research is ongoing, Dudas says, but the answer likely will depend on how much we consume. The clams and oysters in Dudas’ study contained an average of eight microplastic particles each, preliminary results show.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are some indications that those plastics can act as vectors for chemical pollutants and pathogens, and other researchers are studying whether plastics leave the human body after being eaten.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When in doubt, ask a shellfish biologist.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I wouldn’t be overly concerned about eating shellfish specifically,” Dudas said. “Microplastics are everywhere.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"https://kcts9.org/programs/earthfix/how-much-plastic-do-you-want-in-your-oysters-and-clams\">\u003cem>story\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003cem> comes to us from \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"https://kcts9.org/\">\u003cem>KCTS9\u003c/em>\u003c/a> \u003cem>and\u003c/em> \u003ca href=\"http://earthfix.info/\">EarthFix\u003c/a>, \u003cem>an environmental journalism collaboration led by Oregon Public Broadcasting in partnership with five other public media stations in Oregon, Washington and Idaho.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2017 EarthFix. To see more, visit \u003ca>EarthFix\u003c/a>.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Guess+What%27s+Showing+Up+In+Our+Shellfish%3F+One+Word%3A+Plastics&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Think today’s kids want to be doctors or lawyers? Nope. YouTube stardom is the No. 1 dream career for young people today, at least according to a widely publicized \u003ca href=\"http://www.tubefilter.com/2017/05/24/most-desired-career-young-people-youtube/\">survey\u003c/a> by a British newspaper last spring.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The appeal is obvious: Some 20-somethings are making millions by playing video games or dispensing beauty tips online. But the pressure of having to endlessly produce original content that makes them look accessible, transparent and authentic has proved too much for some people, including Essena O’Neill. The former social media personality went public in her posts about experiencing symptoms of depression and anxiety from living an overly curated life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The only time I felt better about myself, really, was the more followers, the more likes, the more praise, and the more views I got online,” she said in her \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Xe1Qyks8QEM\">last video\u003c/a> from 2015 before disappearing from social media entirely.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Living professionally online has also been a challenge for 24-year-old Lauren Riihimaki. More than 6 million people follow her YouTube channel, \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/user/LaurDIY\">LaurDIY,\u003c/a> which covers topics ranging from home decorating to her adoption of an adorable little dog.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You can never just kind of turn it off and be like, ‘OK, today I don’t want to be me,’ because that’s your business,” she said during an NPR interview earlier this summer at \u003ca href=\"http://vidcon.com\">VidCon\u003c/a> in Anaheim, Calif.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Riihimaki has a team of five people these days helping her manage her business, among them \u003ca href=\"http://select.co/company/\">Adam Wescott\u003c/a>, co-founder of Select Management Group, a talent agency just for YouTube stars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most of these stars are between the ages of 20 and 26. Unlike movie stars or rock stars, Wescott says, these video celebrities do most of their work themselves. “They’re responsible for everything from developing an idea, to physically producing it, to starring in it, to directing it, to editing it, to programming it, to promoting and marketing,” Wescott says. And to keep their hungry audiences satisfied, they should be doing all that at least twice a week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s why Lauren Riihimaki came close not just to burning out, but breaking down. “I have overcome and pushed the boundaries of my anxiety so insanely since I started YouTube,” she says in \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mKeltfBsGeY\">one\u003c/a> of her LaurDIY videos where she talks about the mental health pressures she’s faced and that her work entails. Riihimaki says she sees a therapist and she’s on medication. And that’s been working for her.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dana Julian, a Los Angeles therapist who does not work with Riihimaki, has a number of famous clients. She says one of the hardest things about managing life as a YouTube star is making a career out of something that can be an addiction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our phones have become our dopamine,” she says. “And getting those clicks and likes and followers is also that other dopamine.” Anyone with a Facebook, Twitter or Instagram account is familiar with that neurotramitter rush. But now, imagine it magnified by millions of clicks, likes and followers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To help maintain her mental equilibrium, Lauren Riihimaki filters out commenters’ negative language “like ‘ugly.’ ‘Fat.’ ‘Stupid.’ ‘Loser.’ Just any bad word,” she says. “I have like, 200 words filtered out, because, it’s just like anything negative. If you don’t need to see that, then you might as well not see it if you have the option to.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The upside to managing YouTube stars, says Wescott, is that he can generally tell how his clients are doing because they’re on social media all the time. When they’re clearly overwhelmed, he tells them to get offline for a while. Stop being a brand. Take some time just to be a person again.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Think today’s kids want to be doctors or lawyers? Nope. YouTube stardom is the No. 1 dream career for young people today, at least according to a widely publicized \u003ca href=\"http://www.tubefilter.com/2017/05/24/most-desired-career-young-people-youtube/\">survey\u003c/a> by a British newspaper last spring.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The appeal is obvious: Some 20-somethings are making millions by playing video games or dispensing beauty tips online. But the pressure of having to endlessly produce original content that makes them look accessible, transparent and authentic has proved too much for some people, including Essena O’Neill. The former social media personality went public in her posts about experiencing symptoms of depression and anxiety from living an overly curated life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The only time I felt better about myself, really, was the more followers, the more likes, the more praise, and the more views I got online,” she said in her \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Xe1Qyks8QEM\">last video\u003c/a> from 2015 before disappearing from social media entirely.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Living professionally online has also been a challenge for 24-year-old Lauren Riihimaki. More than 6 million people follow her YouTube channel, \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/user/LaurDIY\">LaurDIY,\u003c/a> which covers topics ranging from home decorating to her adoption of an adorable little dog.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You can never just kind of turn it off and be like, ‘OK, today I don’t want to be me,’ because that’s your business,” she said during an NPR interview earlier this summer at \u003ca href=\"http://vidcon.com\">VidCon\u003c/a> in Anaheim, Calif.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Riihimaki has a team of five people these days helping her manage her business, among them \u003ca href=\"http://select.co/company/\">Adam Wescott\u003c/a>, co-founder of Select Management Group, a talent agency just for YouTube stars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most of these stars are between the ages of 20 and 26. Unlike movie stars or rock stars, Wescott says, these video celebrities do most of their work themselves. “They’re responsible for everything from developing an idea, to physically producing it, to starring in it, to directing it, to editing it, to programming it, to promoting and marketing,” Wescott says. And to keep their hungry audiences satisfied, they should be doing all that at least twice a week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s why Lauren Riihimaki came close not just to burning out, but breaking down. “I have overcome and pushed the boundaries of my anxiety so insanely since I started YouTube,” she says in \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mKeltfBsGeY\">one\u003c/a> of her LaurDIY videos where she talks about the mental health pressures she’s faced and that her work entails. Riihimaki says she sees a therapist and she’s on medication. And that’s been working for her.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dana Julian, a Los Angeles therapist who does not work with Riihimaki, has a number of famous clients. She says one of the hardest things about managing life as a YouTube star is making a career out of something that can be an addiction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our phones have become our dopamine,” she says. “And getting those clicks and likes and followers is also that other dopamine.” Anyone with a Facebook, Twitter or Instagram account is familiar with that neurotramitter rush. But now, imagine it magnified by millions of clicks, likes and followers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To help maintain her mental equilibrium, Lauren Riihimaki filters out commenters’ negative language “like ‘ugly.’ ‘Fat.’ ‘Stupid.’ ‘Loser.’ Just any bad word,” she says. “I have like, 200 words filtered out, because, it’s just like anything negative. If you don’t need to see that, then you might as well not see it if you have the option to.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The upside to managing YouTube stars, says Wescott, is that he can generally tell how his clients are doing because they’re on social media all the time. When they’re clearly overwhelmed, he tells them to get offline for a while. Stop being a brand. Take some time just to be a person again.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
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"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
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"marketplace": {
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"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
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"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
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"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
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"tagline": "Politics from a personal perspective",
"info": "Political Breakdown is a new series that explores the political intersection of California and the nation. Each week hosts Scott Shafer and Marisa Lagos are joined with a new special guest to unpack politics -- with personality — and offer an insider’s glimpse at how politics happens.",
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"possible": {
"id": "possible",
"title": "Possible",
"info": "Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.",
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"pri-the-world": {
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"info": "Each weekday, host Marco Werman and his team of producers bring you the world's most interesting stories in an hour of radio that reminds us just how small our planet really is.",
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"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-World-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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"radiolab": {
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"reveal": {
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},
"rightnowish": {
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"title": "Rightnowish",
"tagline": "Art is where you find it",
"info": "Rightnowish digs into life in the Bay Area right now… ish. Journalist Pendarvis Harshaw takes us to galleries painted on the sides of liquor stores in West Oakland. We'll dance in warehouses in the Bayview, make smoothies with kids in South Berkeley, and listen to classical music in a 1984 Cutlass Supreme in Richmond. Every week, Pen talks to movers and shakers about how the Bay Area shapes what they create, and how they shape the place we call home.",
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},
"science-friday": {
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"info": "Science Friday is a weekly science talk show, broadcast live over public radio stations nationwide. Each week, the show focuses on science topics that are in the news and tries to bring an educated, balanced discussion to bear on the scientific issues at hand. Panels of expert guests join host Ira Flatow, a veteran science journalist, to discuss science and to take questions from listeners during the call-in portion of the program.",
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"snap-judgment": {
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"title": "Snap Judgment",
"tagline": "Real stories with killer beats",
"info": "The Snap Judgment radio show and podcast mixes real stories with killer beats to produce cinematic, dramatic radio. Snap's musical brand of storytelling dares listeners to see the world through the eyes of another. This is storytelling... with a BEAT!! Snap first aired on public radio stations nationwide in July 2010. Today, Snap Judgment airs on over 450 public radio stations and is brought to the airwaves by KQED & PRX.",
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},
"soldout": {
"id": "soldout",
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