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"content": "\u003cp>Some drinking water in Santa Rosa remains undrinkable months after the \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/tag/north-bay-fires/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">North Bay fires\u003c/a>, and pressure is mounting on the city’s water department to locate and control the cause.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The city is very interested to get people back and rebuilt into their homes, of course, as soon as possible,” says Bennett Horenstein, the City of Santa Rosa’s Water Director.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘This contamination is certainly attributable to the fire.’\u003ccite>Bennett Horenstein, Santa Rosa Water Department\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Fire savaged the neighborhood around Fountaingrove parkway last October. Where more than 350 families once lived, 13 homes remain standing. In November, people returning to the neighborhood complained of foul smelling and tasting water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Engineers for Santa Rosa’s water department isolated water service for Fountaingrove, in an aim to prevent wider contamination. The department \u003ca href=\"https://www.sonomacountyrecovers.org/not-drink-not-boil-water-advisory-issued-two-specific-areas-fountaingrove/\">ordered\u003c/a> residents not to drink or boil the water there. Then its tests found benzene, a chemical that can cause cancer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This contamination is certainly attributable to the fire,” says Horenstein, “specifically the heating and burning of different plastic components in the system.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”GtYvC57AGilad5nS8LixjHYFgyORRCxR”]Initial sampling found benzene in the Fountaingrove water main, the local service components, and the lines that connected to destroyed properties. The city has now \u003ca href=\"https://srcity.org/2801/Water-Quality-Advisory\">gathered\u003c/a> more than 300 water samples, examining them with the help of a forensic chemist. And water officials say evidence points to burned polyethylene plastic, found in service lines to homes and other components of the water system, as a source of benzene.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The service lines fed water from a main to individual properties, and melted above ground, potentially releasing toxic chemicals. The water lines in that part of Santa Rosa lost pressure in the fire, which officials say could have helped benzene to spread further when equipment melted\u003cstrong>.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1920337\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-1920337\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/Document-1020x787.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"494\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/Document-1020x787.png 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/Document-160x124.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/Document-800x618.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/Document-768x593.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/Document-1920x1482.png 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/Document-1180x911.png 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/Document-960x741.png 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/Document-240x185.png 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/Document-375x289.png 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/Document-520x401.png 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Benzene has been found in a number of locations burned in last year’s North Bay Fires. \u003ccite>(Santa Rosa Water)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Test results and forensic science have made other explanations seem less likely. So far, sampling has not found petroleum byproducts in the contamination, which would be expected if the benzene came from underground tanks or soil. But samples have shown the presence of vinyl chloride, which is linked to melted plastic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a very logical source as far as we’re concerned,” says Bruce Burton, Northern California section chief for the State Water Resources Control Board’s Division of Drinking Water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California water regulations set a limit for carcinogenic benzene at one part per billion. Initial samples found 87 instances where that limit was exceeded, mostly, but not exclusively, in the Fountaingrove neighborhood. A second round of sampling in February found more benzene, including at seven locations outside the quarantined area. Horenstein stressed that the benzene in areas outside Fountaingrove was less pervasive, and had not been found in the city’s mains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”8fhBNx5dRmkNAqTdVZR5GsT99sWt4egf”]Still, water department investigators \u003ca href=\"https://srcity.org/documentcenter/view/18949\">now\u003c/a> are looking for melted plastic components, benzene, and explanations in Coffey Park as well as Fountaingrove.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We aren’t seeing [the contamination] broad-based, everywhere,” says Horenstein. “We’re just seeing some, maybe 10 percent of these homes, have concerns with benzene. And that, we really don’t know why.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As far as DDW’s Burton knows, plastic pipes spreading water contamination after a catastrophic fire event is unprecedented. But he acknowledges Santa Rosa’s problems may have implications for future fires in other cities\u003cstrong>.\u003c/strong> “Certainly if we were faced with similar circumstances again, we would want the system to test to see if this had happened,” Burton says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pressure is mounting on Santa Rosa to take action for another reason too: Horenstein says testing for benzene, finding damaged water systems components, and replacing melted pipe could cost “twenty, forty, fifty” million dollars – an unanticipated cost.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Santa Rosa will seek disaster response assistance from the Federal Emergency Management Agency to address this problem. But the clock is ticking. Horenstein says the city has “weeks” to wrap up its investigation, and until mid-April to determine the scope of the contamination.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Some drinking water in Santa Rosa remains undrinkable months after the North Bay fires, and pressure is mounting on the city’s water department to locate and control the cause.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Some drinking water in Santa Rosa remains undrinkable months after the \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/tag/north-bay-fires/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">North Bay fires\u003c/a>, and pressure is mounting on the city’s water department to locate and control the cause.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The city is very interested to get people back and rebuilt into their homes, of course, as soon as possible,” says Bennett Horenstein, the City of Santa Rosa’s Water Director.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘This contamination is certainly attributable to the fire.’\u003ccite>Bennett Horenstein, Santa Rosa Water Department\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Fire savaged the neighborhood around Fountaingrove parkway last October. Where more than 350 families once lived, 13 homes remain standing. In November, people returning to the neighborhood complained of foul smelling and tasting water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Engineers for Santa Rosa’s water department isolated water service for Fountaingrove, in an aim to prevent wider contamination. The department \u003ca href=\"https://www.sonomacountyrecovers.org/not-drink-not-boil-water-advisory-issued-two-specific-areas-fountaingrove/\">ordered\u003c/a> residents not to drink or boil the water there. Then its tests found benzene, a chemical that can cause cancer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This contamination is certainly attributable to the fire,” says Horenstein, “specifically the heating and burning of different plastic components in the system.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>Initial sampling found benzene in the Fountaingrove water main, the local service components, and the lines that connected to destroyed properties. The city has now \u003ca href=\"https://srcity.org/2801/Water-Quality-Advisory\">gathered\u003c/a> more than 300 water samples, examining them with the help of a forensic chemist. And water officials say evidence points to burned polyethylene plastic, found in service lines to homes and other components of the water system, as a source of benzene.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The service lines fed water from a main to individual properties, and melted above ground, potentially releasing toxic chemicals. The water lines in that part of Santa Rosa lost pressure in the fire, which officials say could have helped benzene to spread further when equipment melted\u003cstrong>.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1920337\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-1920337\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/Document-1020x787.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"494\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/Document-1020x787.png 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/Document-160x124.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/Document-800x618.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/Document-768x593.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/Document-1920x1482.png 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/Document-1180x911.png 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/Document-960x741.png 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/Document-240x185.png 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/Document-375x289.png 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/Document-520x401.png 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Benzene has been found in a number of locations burned in last year’s North Bay Fires. \u003ccite>(Santa Rosa Water)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Test results and forensic science have made other explanations seem less likely. So far, sampling has not found petroleum byproducts in the contamination, which would be expected if the benzene came from underground tanks or soil. But samples have shown the presence of vinyl chloride, which is linked to melted plastic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a very logical source as far as we’re concerned,” says Bruce Burton, Northern California section chief for the State Water Resources Control Board’s Division of Drinking Water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California water regulations set a limit for carcinogenic benzene at one part per billion. Initial samples found 87 instances where that limit was exceeded, mostly, but not exclusively, in the Fountaingrove neighborhood. A second round of sampling in February found more benzene, including at seven locations outside the quarantined area. Horenstein stressed that the benzene in areas outside Fountaingrove was less pervasive, and had not been found in the city’s mains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>Still, water department investigators \u003ca href=\"https://srcity.org/documentcenter/view/18949\">now\u003c/a> are looking for melted plastic components, benzene, and explanations in Coffey Park as well as Fountaingrove.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We aren’t seeing [the contamination] broad-based, everywhere,” says Horenstein. “We’re just seeing some, maybe 10 percent of these homes, have concerns with benzene. And that, we really don’t know why.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As far as DDW’s Burton knows, plastic pipes spreading water contamination after a catastrophic fire event is unprecedented. But he acknowledges Santa Rosa’s problems may have implications for future fires in other cities\u003cstrong>.\u003c/strong> “Certainly if we were faced with similar circumstances again, we would want the system to test to see if this had happened,” Burton says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pressure is mounting on Santa Rosa to take action for another reason too: Horenstein says testing for benzene, finding damaged water systems components, and replacing melted pipe could cost “twenty, forty, fifty” million dollars – an unanticipated cost.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Santa Rosa will seek disaster response assistance from the Federal Emergency Management Agency to address this problem. But the clock is ticking. Horenstein says the city has “weeks” to wrap up its investigation, and until mid-April to determine the scope of the contamination.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>A popular herbal supplement that some people use in lieu of powerful opioid drugs has been linked to an outbreak of salmonella, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention reported Tuesday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So far 28 people in 20 states are believed to have been sickened by contaminated kratom, a plant native to Southeast Asia that’s variously ingested as pills or powder or brewed into tea. Eleven people have been hospitalized.[contextly_sidebar id=”mMDaODYL30i2OmcqGTTECgnVuAaxFwKG”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Laura Gieraltowski, the CDC’s foodborne outbreak team lead, said it’s not yet known how the kratom would have come to be contaminated with salmonella, noting it could have happened in processing, or the plants could have been contaminated in the field. But Gieraltowski said the CDC has seen outbreaks caused by supplements before, including powders used in smoothies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She suggested there are probably more cases that haven’t come to the attention of the medical community. Salmonella causes diarrhea, fever and stomach cramps that can last for up to a week, but most people recover without treatment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kratom can be purchased easily and legally — at least at present. But it is under intense scrutiny by the Food and Drug Administration. Earlier this month the agency reported that its studies had found the plant was an opioid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Kratom should not be used to treat medical conditions, nor should it be used as an alternative to prescription opioids,” FDA Commissioner Scott Gottlieb said in a statement. “There is no evidence to indicate that kratom is safe or effective for any medical use.”[contextly_sidebar id=”0EqC9euyWnTn90qV5iBBmDwqlID3iaF0″]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2016 the Drug Enforcement Administration touched off a firestorm when it announced that on an emergency basis it was going to unilaterally classify ingredients in the supplement as a Schedule I drug. Schedule I drugs are defined as having no accepted medical use and a high risk for abuse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other drugs in that classification include heroin, ecstasy and LSD.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The American Kratom Association and patients who use the supplement for pain control immediately pushed back on that decision. A few months later, in the autumn of 2016, the DEA said it would delay rendering a decision on kratom until the FDA was able to complete a scientific evaluation of the supplement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There have been several signs since then that the legal status of the supplement may be headed for a change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In an earlier statement issued last fall, Gottlieb warned that the agency knew of 36 deaths linked to kratom use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kratom goes by a variety of names including Thang, Kakuam, Thom, Ketom, and Biak.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The CDC said so far the outbreak investigation has not pointed to a common brand or supplier of the supplement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This story was originally published by \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">STAT\u003c/a>, an online publication of Boston Globe Media that covers health, medicine, and scientific discovery.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Kratom should not be used to treat medical conditions, nor should it be used as an alternative to prescription opioids,” FDA Commissioner Scott Gottlieb said in a statement. “There is no evidence to indicate that kratom is safe or effective for any medical use.”\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2016 the Drug Enforcement Administration touched off a firestorm when it announced that on an emergency basis it was going to unilaterally classify ingredients in the supplement as a Schedule I drug. Schedule I drugs are defined as having no accepted medical use and a high risk for abuse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other drugs in that classification include heroin, ecstasy and LSD.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The American Kratom Association and patients who use the supplement for pain control immediately pushed back on that decision. A few months later, in the autumn of 2016, the DEA said it would delay rendering a decision on kratom until the FDA was able to complete a scientific evaluation of the supplement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There have been several signs since then that the legal status of the supplement may be headed for a change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In an earlier statement issued last fall, Gottlieb warned that the agency knew of 36 deaths linked to kratom use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kratom goes by a variety of names including Thang, Kakuam, Thom, Ketom, and Biak.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The CDC said so far the outbreak investigation has not pointed to a common brand or supplier of the supplement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This story was originally published by \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">STAT\u003c/a>, an online publication of Boston Globe Media that covers health, medicine, and scientific discovery.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"headTitle": "The Big Sort: What To Do With 2 Million Tons of Fire Debris | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>California’s biggest disaster cleanup in a century is now three-quarters complete, according to the Army Corps of Engineers. And like the North Bay fires that caused it, this massive response is one for the record books.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is a very complicated debris removal operation,” California Office of Emergency Services director Mark Ghilarducci \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yIW8ji8-fgw\">told\u003c/a> a Santa Rosa Town Hall in January. “The largest debris clearance operation we’ve seen since the 1906 earthquake.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But unlike after the 1906 quake, when people \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfmuseum.org/1906.2/swamp.html\">dumped\u003c/a> debris in the bay and took \u003ca href=\"https://calisphere.org/item/ad57c35b1381b65b99b4b5867fd86988/\">bricks\u003c/a> home in wheelbarrows to shore up their own property, current laws require that debris be safely removed, for the environment and public health. State and local officials also say they hope to recycle or re-use about half the recovered material.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1920029\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2000px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/IMG_9149.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1920029 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/IMG_9149.jpg\" alt=\"Piles of fire debris in Santa Rosa\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1500\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/IMG_9149.jpg 2000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/IMG_9149-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/IMG_9149-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/IMG_9149-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/IMG_9149-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/IMG_9149-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/IMG_9149-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/IMG_9149-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/IMG_9149-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/IMG_9149-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/IMG_9149-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2000px) 100vw, 2000px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Piles of fire debris await removal in a Santa Rosa parking lot. Millions of tons went to landfills and recycling centers. \u003ccite>(Craig Miller/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Debris Measured in Bridge Weights\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last October, ten to eleven thousand structures burned, on about six thousand parcels of land, spread out across 250 square miles, in four counties. All those numbers add up to about $1 billion in contracts to clean up Sonoma, Napa, Lake and Mendocino counties, issued by the Army Corps of Engineers under the authority of the Federal Emergency Management Agency. (CalRecycle, a state agency, is handling fire clean-up in three additional counties.)\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘It’s the largest debris clearance operation we’ve seen since the 1906 earthquake’\u003ccite>Mark Ghilarducci, CalOES\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>A typical residential parcel yields 200 to 250 tons of material. By the time cleanup is complete, thousands of truck trips will have removed about 2 million tons of debris: that’s double the weight of the Golden Gate Bridge.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/180217-Infographic.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-1920075\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/180217-Infographic-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/180217-Infographic-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/180217-Infographic-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/180217-Infographic-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/180217-Infographic-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/180217-Infographic-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/180217-Infographic-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/180217-Infographic-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/180217-Infographic-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/180217-Infographic-520x293.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/180217-Infographic.jpg 1280w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Tricky Business\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Household hazardous waste was the first problem to tackle: the propane tanks, motor oil, pesticides, paint hanging around garages or sheds. The Environmental Protection Agency and state toxic regulators helped crews pick it out of the rubble safely; they finished last fall.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a second phase, Army Corps contractors are separating concrete from ash and metal, for transport to different places. It’s finicky work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’m picking up rebar in little pieces; that’s a four-five-foot bucket and you’re trying to pick up a little bicycle or a night awning or a chair or something,” explained Kenny Drew, who was operating an excavator for contractor Ghilotti Bros. in Santa Rosa’s Coffey Park neighborhood. “We grab what we can, push it into a pile, separate that, and the rest goes to the dumps.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1920028\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2000px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/PC180613.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1920028\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/PC180613.jpg\" alt=\"Excavator removing fire debris\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1500\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/PC180613.jpg 2000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/PC180613-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/PC180613-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/PC180613-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/PC180613-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/PC180613-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/PC180613-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/PC180613-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/PC180613-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/PC180613-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/PC180613-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2000px) 100vw, 2000px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Excavator operator Kenny Drew slings a burned lawnmower into a dump truck. Metals are among the debris that can be recycled. \u003ccite>(Craig Miller/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What Goes Where\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Separated debris follows different routes to different fates. Drew’s crew will recycle usable metal for scrap. Once crushed, concrete can find a second use below asphalt in roads, or if pulverized, that material can be recycled for new concrete.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ashy wood and home debris, black, white, or gray, threatens public health if airborne or dumped into a river. Crews wet it down or fold it into a “burrito wrap” – a sheet to keep toxic particulates out of the air while it’s in the bed of a truck headed for the dump.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An array of regulations control landfill operations under normal circumstances, limiting how many trucks can go there each day, how much they can leave, and what materials a landfill can take in. But after the fires, state and county response managers obtained waivers for some of these rules. Consequently, some landfills are seeing five to eight times as much traffic, not to mention long lines. Every truck carrying disaster debris also requires special paperwork.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nevertheless, the cleanup itself is a declared health emergency. CalRecycle’s Lance Klug emphasizes that waivers don’t lower significant rules, or permit toxic and hazardous material from being dumped just anywhere. For example, local codes still prohibit draining your pool water, which could carry chlorine and ash, into a waterway.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Landfill Rush\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fire certainly speeds the consumption of landfill space, but may not shorten the lifespan of an expandable dump site. A supervisor in Lake County has said that fire debris will take up a third of the county’s available landfill — what the industry calls “airspace” — shaving about 4 years off the landfill’s projected life. Officials in Sonoma County and Cal Recycling acknowledge that landfills there may require expansion sooner than planned, but they say those in use have plenty of room left.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The scale of debris removal isn’t the only reason it’s shocking: fires this destructive haven’t commonly happened in the North Bay, so there’s no practiced history of responding to them. Along the Gulf Coast, where hurricanes like Katrina and Harvey have repeatedly wreaked havoc, tens of tons of debris have scattered across a dozen states. State officials and fire scientists say that if we become accustomed to catastrophic fires, we’ll have to also accustom ourselves to recovering from their wrath.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>KQED Science Editor Craig Miller contributed to this story.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "It's Northern California's biggest cleanup job since the 1906 Earthquake -- but what to do with it all?",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>California’s biggest disaster cleanup in a century is now three-quarters complete, according to the Army Corps of Engineers. And like the North Bay fires that caused it, this massive response is one for the record books.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is a very complicated debris removal operation,” California Office of Emergency Services director Mark Ghilarducci \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yIW8ji8-fgw\">told\u003c/a> a Santa Rosa Town Hall in January. “The largest debris clearance operation we’ve seen since the 1906 earthquake.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But unlike after the 1906 quake, when people \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfmuseum.org/1906.2/swamp.html\">dumped\u003c/a> debris in the bay and took \u003ca href=\"https://calisphere.org/item/ad57c35b1381b65b99b4b5867fd86988/\">bricks\u003c/a> home in wheelbarrows to shore up their own property, current laws require that debris be safely removed, for the environment and public health. State and local officials also say they hope to recycle or re-use about half the recovered material.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1920029\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2000px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/IMG_9149.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1920029 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/IMG_9149.jpg\" alt=\"Piles of fire debris in Santa Rosa\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1500\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/IMG_9149.jpg 2000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/IMG_9149-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/IMG_9149-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/IMG_9149-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/IMG_9149-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/IMG_9149-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/IMG_9149-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/IMG_9149-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/IMG_9149-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/IMG_9149-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/IMG_9149-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2000px) 100vw, 2000px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Piles of fire debris await removal in a Santa Rosa parking lot. Millions of tons went to landfills and recycling centers. \u003ccite>(Craig Miller/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Debris Measured in Bridge Weights\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last October, ten to eleven thousand structures burned, on about six thousand parcels of land, spread out across 250 square miles, in four counties. All those numbers add up to about $1 billion in contracts to clean up Sonoma, Napa, Lake and Mendocino counties, issued by the Army Corps of Engineers under the authority of the Federal Emergency Management Agency. (CalRecycle, a state agency, is handling fire clean-up in three additional counties.)\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘It’s the largest debris clearance operation we’ve seen since the 1906 earthquake’\u003ccite>Mark Ghilarducci, CalOES\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>A typical residential parcel yields 200 to 250 tons of material. By the time cleanup is complete, thousands of truck trips will have removed about 2 million tons of debris: that’s double the weight of the Golden Gate Bridge.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/180217-Infographic.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-1920075\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/180217-Infographic-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/180217-Infographic-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/180217-Infographic-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/180217-Infographic-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/180217-Infographic-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/180217-Infographic-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/180217-Infographic-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/180217-Infographic-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/180217-Infographic-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/180217-Infographic-520x293.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/180217-Infographic.jpg 1280w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Tricky Business\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Household hazardous waste was the first problem to tackle: the propane tanks, motor oil, pesticides, paint hanging around garages or sheds. The Environmental Protection Agency and state toxic regulators helped crews pick it out of the rubble safely; they finished last fall.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a second phase, Army Corps contractors are separating concrete from ash and metal, for transport to different places. It’s finicky work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’m picking up rebar in little pieces; that’s a four-five-foot bucket and you’re trying to pick up a little bicycle or a night awning or a chair or something,” explained Kenny Drew, who was operating an excavator for contractor Ghilotti Bros. in Santa Rosa’s Coffey Park neighborhood. “We grab what we can, push it into a pile, separate that, and the rest goes to the dumps.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1920028\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2000px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/PC180613.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1920028\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/PC180613.jpg\" alt=\"Excavator removing fire debris\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1500\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/PC180613.jpg 2000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/PC180613-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/PC180613-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/PC180613-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/PC180613-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/PC180613-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/PC180613-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/PC180613-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/PC180613-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/PC180613-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/PC180613-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2000px) 100vw, 2000px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Excavator operator Kenny Drew slings a burned lawnmower into a dump truck. Metals are among the debris that can be recycled. \u003ccite>(Craig Miller/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What Goes Where\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Separated debris follows different routes to different fates. Drew’s crew will recycle usable metal for scrap. Once crushed, concrete can find a second use below asphalt in roads, or if pulverized, that material can be recycled for new concrete.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ashy wood and home debris, black, white, or gray, threatens public health if airborne or dumped into a river. Crews wet it down or fold it into a “burrito wrap” – a sheet to keep toxic particulates out of the air while it’s in the bed of a truck headed for the dump.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An array of regulations control landfill operations under normal circumstances, limiting how many trucks can go there each day, how much they can leave, and what materials a landfill can take in. But after the fires, state and county response managers obtained waivers for some of these rules. Consequently, some landfills are seeing five to eight times as much traffic, not to mention long lines. Every truck carrying disaster debris also requires special paperwork.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nevertheless, the cleanup itself is a declared health emergency. CalRecycle’s Lance Klug emphasizes that waivers don’t lower significant rules, or permit toxic and hazardous material from being dumped just anywhere. For example, local codes still prohibit draining your pool water, which could carry chlorine and ash, into a waterway.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Landfill Rush\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fire certainly speeds the consumption of landfill space, but may not shorten the lifespan of an expandable dump site. A supervisor in Lake County has said that fire debris will take up a third of the county’s available landfill — what the industry calls “airspace” — shaving about 4 years off the landfill’s projected life. Officials in Sonoma County and Cal Recycling acknowledge that landfills there may require expansion sooner than planned, but they say those in use have plenty of room left.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The scale of debris removal isn’t the only reason it’s shocking: fires this destructive haven’t commonly happened in the North Bay, so there’s no practiced history of responding to them. Along the Gulf Coast, where hurricanes like Katrina and Harvey have repeatedly wreaked havoc, tens of tons of debris have scattered across a dozen states. State officials and fire scientists say that if we become accustomed to catastrophic fires, we’ll have to also accustom ourselves to recovering from their wrath.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>KQED Science Editor Craig Miller contributed to this story.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Our 10 Most Read Science Stories of 2017",
"headTitle": "Our 10 Most Read Science Stories of 2017 | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>From drought, to floods, to getting liquefied when you die, we look back at the most read KQED science stories of 2017.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2017/01/25/before-and-after-the-rains-impact-on-three-california-reservoirs/\">Before and After: The Rain’s Impact on Three California Reservoirs\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1352123\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1352123\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/Header_Folsom_V02-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/Header_Folsom_V02-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/Header_Folsom_V02-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/Header_Folsom_V02-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/Header_Folsom_V02-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/Header_Folsom_V02.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/Header_Folsom_V02-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/Header_Folsom_V02-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/Header_Folsom_V02-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/Header_Folsom_V02-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/Header_Folsom_V02-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Folsom Lake on Oct. 26, 2015. Right: Folsom Lake on Jan. 14, 2017. \u003ccite>(Images provided by \u003ca href=\"https://www.planet.com/\" target=\"_blank\">Planet Labs\u003c/a>)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Seeing is believing. Our readers really enjoyed viewing the differences in California’s largest reservoirs after the drought-busting rains of last winter, as captured by satellite images from San Francisco-based \u003ca href=\"https://www.planet.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Planet Labs\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2017/10/15/california-third-gender-nonbinary/\">California Now Recognizes a Third Gender\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_334581\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-334581\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2020/01/Max-e1493051858120-800x708.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"708\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Max, a 13-year-old Californian who identifies as agender, one of multiple gender identities that fall into the umbrella of ‘nonbinary.’ The state will allow residents to choose nonbinary as an official gender on drivers licenses and birth certificates starting in 2019.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Gender is no longer either male or female, according to the state of California. In October Gov. Jerry Brown signed legislation into law requiring a third gender option for driver’s licenses and birth certificates. \u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2017/04/10/heres-what-californias-wildflower-super-bloom-looks-like-from-space/\">Here’s What California’s Wildflower ‘Super Bloom’ Looks Like From Space\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1540495\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1540495\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/Main_feature_sized_for_web-800x450.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/Main_feature_sized_for_web-800x450.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/Main_feature_sized_for_web-160x90.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/Main_feature_sized_for_web-768x432.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/Main_feature_sized_for_web-1020x574.png 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/Main_feature_sized_for_web-1180x664.png 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/Main_feature_sized_for_web-960x540.png 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/Main_feature_sized_for_web-240x135.png 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/Main_feature_sized_for_web-375x211.png 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/Main_feature_sized_for_web-520x292.png 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/Main_feature_sized_for_web.png 1892w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Wildflowers north of Los Padres National Forest in early December 2016 (before the winter rains) and in late March during the wildflower super bloom. \u003ccite>(Images provided by \u003ca href=\"https://www.planet.com/\" target=\"_blank\">Planet Labs\u003c/a>)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>What is better than a wildflower super bloom? Seeing it from space. It was a fantastic spring for wildflower lovers, who flocked to fields of poppies, lupine and golden brush. In another collaboration with \u003ca href=\"https://www.planet.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Planet Labs\u003c/a>, high resolution satellite imagery reveals dense and colorful wildflower fields in Southern California following the epic winter rains. \u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2017/04/24/boy-girl-both-neither-a-new-generation-overthrows-gender/\">Boy? Girl? Both? Neither? A New Generation Overthrows Gender\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_329386\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2020/01/genderphoto6-e1486745816629.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-329386\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2020/01/genderphoto6-800x1067.jpg\" alt=\"Davi Mühlinghaus-Anderson, 20, identifies as gender neutral. \" width=\"800\" height=\"1067\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Davi Mühlinghaus-Anderson, 20, identifies as gender neutral. (Jon Brooks/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In a story that captured both our attention and our readers, we explored the lives of several young people who do not identify as male or female. Expect to hear more about this topic, as recent studies and polls suggest we are in the midst of a gender revolution, both in terms of expression and identity. \u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2017/08/22/daddy-longlegs-risk-life-and-especially-limb-to-survive/\">Daddy Longlegs Risk Life…and Especially Limb…to Survive\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>https://youtu.be/tjDmH8zhp6o\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not pulling your leg here: When attacked, daddy longlegs deliberately release their limbs to escape. Watch to see autotomy, the voluntary release of a body part, in action.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2017/09/20/want-to-cut-your-carbon-footprint-get-liquefied-when-youre-dead/\">Governor Signs Law Allowing Californians to Choose to Liquefy Their Remains\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_428960\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 641px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-428960\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2017/07/Picture-of-bone-fragments.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"641\" height=\"480\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The bones left over after a water cremation. The fragments will be pulverized into a powder, which can be memorialized in an urn.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>This year Gov. Jerry Brown signed into law the bill that legalizes a method of disposing of human remains commonly called ‘water cremation’. The process doesn’t actually use water, but a chemical that speeds up decomposition of bodies and leaves behind only sterile water, bones, and medical implants or devices.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2017/03/13/can-probiotics-help-your-depression-what-we-know-what-we-dont/\">Can Probiotics Help Your Depression? What We Know, What We Don’t\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_353891\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-353891\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2017/03/BacteriaImage_Blue_Mills-800x543.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"543\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Bifidobacteria are found naturally in the intestines of humans and are also common in probiotic foods.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>What if your psychiatrist prescribed yogurt and vegetables as an antidepressant? Researchers at the intersection of psychiatry and biochemistry think adding beneficial bacteria to our diet could be a treatment for anxiety and depression. But there are still many unknowns about which foods can help.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2017/04/14/photos-your-pics-of-californias-super-bloom/\">PHOTOS: Your Pics of California’s ‘Super Bloom’\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1555936\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1555936\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/elliotmcgucken-at-Carrizo-Plain-3-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/elliotmcgucken-at-Carrizo-Plain-3-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/elliotmcgucken-at-Carrizo-Plain-3-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/elliotmcgucken-at-Carrizo-Plain-3-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/elliotmcgucken-at-Carrizo-Plain-3-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/elliotmcgucken-at-Carrizo-Plain-3-960x640.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/elliotmcgucken-at-Carrizo-Plain-3-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/elliotmcgucken-at-Carrizo-Plain-3-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/elliotmcgucken-at-Carrizo-Plain-3-520x347.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/elliotmcgucken-at-Carrizo-Plain-3.jpg 1080w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Carrizo Plain \u003ccite>(From @elliotmcgucken, via Instagram)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>We asked our social media fans for your photos of California’s wildflower ‘Super Bloom” spectacle, and you delivered! Here’s a sampling of the \u003ca href=\"https://www.instagram.com/explore/tags/casuperbloom/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">#CASuperBloom.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2017/01/25/food-as-medicine-its-not-just-a-fringe-idea-anymore/\">Food as Medicine is No Longer a Fringe Idea\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_310908\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-310908\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2016/12/shop-with-doc-800x460.jpg\" alt=\"Dr. Daniel Nadeau gives Allison Scott a few tips on getting kids to eat healthy, at Ralph's Supermarket in Huntington Beach.\" width=\"800\" height=\"460\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Dr. Daniel Nadeau gives Allison Scott a few tips on getting kids to eat healthy, at Ralph’s Supermarket in Huntington Beach.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>What we put in our bodies can be medicine. Literally. Food wisdom now finds its way into hospitals and even medical schools.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2017/05/02/suicides-push-medical-schools-to-finally-address-student-mental-health/\">Medical Student Suicides Prompt Schools to Finally Take Action\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_381345\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-381345\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2017/04/IMG_1536.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"640\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Sean Petro, at age 24, one year before his suicide while attending the USC Keck School of Medicine.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After aspiring doctors receive a prized acceptance letter to medical school, they face a daunting reality. Suicides in medical schools, as well as studies showing an alarming number of medical students consider ending their lives, have prompted schools and residency programs to provide more support for mental health.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "From drought to flooding in one season to getting liquefied when you die, we look back at the science stories that made a splash in 2017.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>From drought, to floods, to getting liquefied when you die, we look back at the most read KQED science stories of 2017.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2017/01/25/before-and-after-the-rains-impact-on-three-california-reservoirs/\">Before and After: The Rain’s Impact on Three California Reservoirs\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1352123\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1352123\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/Header_Folsom_V02-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/Header_Folsom_V02-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/Header_Folsom_V02-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/Header_Folsom_V02-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/Header_Folsom_V02-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/Header_Folsom_V02.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/Header_Folsom_V02-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/Header_Folsom_V02-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/Header_Folsom_V02-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/Header_Folsom_V02-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/Header_Folsom_V02-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Folsom Lake on Oct. 26, 2015. Right: Folsom Lake on Jan. 14, 2017. \u003ccite>(Images provided by \u003ca href=\"https://www.planet.com/\" target=\"_blank\">Planet Labs\u003c/a>)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Seeing is believing. Our readers really enjoyed viewing the differences in California’s largest reservoirs after the drought-busting rains of last winter, as captured by satellite images from San Francisco-based \u003ca href=\"https://www.planet.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Planet Labs\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2017/10/15/california-third-gender-nonbinary/\">California Now Recognizes a Third Gender\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_334581\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-334581\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2020/01/Max-e1493051858120-800x708.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"708\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Max, a 13-year-old Californian who identifies as agender, one of multiple gender identities that fall into the umbrella of ‘nonbinary.’ The state will allow residents to choose nonbinary as an official gender on drivers licenses and birth certificates starting in 2019.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Gender is no longer either male or female, according to the state of California. In October Gov. Jerry Brown signed legislation into law requiring a third gender option for driver’s licenses and birth certificates. \u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2017/04/10/heres-what-californias-wildflower-super-bloom-looks-like-from-space/\">Here’s What California’s Wildflower ‘Super Bloom’ Looks Like From Space\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1540495\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1540495\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/Main_feature_sized_for_web-800x450.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/Main_feature_sized_for_web-800x450.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/Main_feature_sized_for_web-160x90.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/Main_feature_sized_for_web-768x432.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/Main_feature_sized_for_web-1020x574.png 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/Main_feature_sized_for_web-1180x664.png 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/Main_feature_sized_for_web-960x540.png 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/Main_feature_sized_for_web-240x135.png 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/Main_feature_sized_for_web-375x211.png 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/Main_feature_sized_for_web-520x292.png 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/Main_feature_sized_for_web.png 1892w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Wildflowers north of Los Padres National Forest in early December 2016 (before the winter rains) and in late March during the wildflower super bloom. \u003ccite>(Images provided by \u003ca href=\"https://www.planet.com/\" target=\"_blank\">Planet Labs\u003c/a>)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>What is better than a wildflower super bloom? Seeing it from space. It was a fantastic spring for wildflower lovers, who flocked to fields of poppies, lupine and golden brush. In another collaboration with \u003ca href=\"https://www.planet.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Planet Labs\u003c/a>, high resolution satellite imagery reveals dense and colorful wildflower fields in Southern California following the epic winter rains. \u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2017/04/24/boy-girl-both-neither-a-new-generation-overthrows-gender/\">Boy? Girl? Both? Neither? A New Generation Overthrows Gender\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_329386\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2020/01/genderphoto6-e1486745816629.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-329386\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2020/01/genderphoto6-800x1067.jpg\" alt=\"Davi Mühlinghaus-Anderson, 20, identifies as gender neutral. \" width=\"800\" height=\"1067\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Davi Mühlinghaus-Anderson, 20, identifies as gender neutral. (Jon Brooks/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In a story that captured both our attention and our readers, we explored the lives of several young people who do not identify as male or female. Expect to hear more about this topic, as recent studies and polls suggest we are in the midst of a gender revolution, both in terms of expression and identity. \u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2017/08/22/daddy-longlegs-risk-life-and-especially-limb-to-survive/\">Daddy Longlegs Risk Life…and Especially Limb…to Survive\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/tjDmH8zhp6o'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/tjDmH8zhp6o'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not pulling your leg here: When attacked, daddy longlegs deliberately release their limbs to escape. Watch to see autotomy, the voluntary release of a body part, in action.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2017/09/20/want-to-cut-your-carbon-footprint-get-liquefied-when-youre-dead/\">Governor Signs Law Allowing Californians to Choose to Liquefy Their Remains\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_428960\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 641px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-428960\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2017/07/Picture-of-bone-fragments.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"641\" height=\"480\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The bones left over after a water cremation. The fragments will be pulverized into a powder, which can be memorialized in an urn.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>This year Gov. Jerry Brown signed into law the bill that legalizes a method of disposing of human remains commonly called ‘water cremation’. The process doesn’t actually use water, but a chemical that speeds up decomposition of bodies and leaves behind only sterile water, bones, and medical implants or devices.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2017/03/13/can-probiotics-help-your-depression-what-we-know-what-we-dont/\">Can Probiotics Help Your Depression? What We Know, What We Don’t\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_353891\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-353891\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2017/03/BacteriaImage_Blue_Mills-800x543.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"543\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Bifidobacteria are found naturally in the intestines of humans and are also common in probiotic foods.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>What if your psychiatrist prescribed yogurt and vegetables as an antidepressant? Researchers at the intersection of psychiatry and biochemistry think adding beneficial bacteria to our diet could be a treatment for anxiety and depression. But there are still many unknowns about which foods can help.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2017/04/14/photos-your-pics-of-californias-super-bloom/\">PHOTOS: Your Pics of California’s ‘Super Bloom’\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1555936\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1555936\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/elliotmcgucken-at-Carrizo-Plain-3-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/elliotmcgucken-at-Carrizo-Plain-3-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/elliotmcgucken-at-Carrizo-Plain-3-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/elliotmcgucken-at-Carrizo-Plain-3-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/elliotmcgucken-at-Carrizo-Plain-3-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/elliotmcgucken-at-Carrizo-Plain-3-960x640.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/elliotmcgucken-at-Carrizo-Plain-3-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/elliotmcgucken-at-Carrizo-Plain-3-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/elliotmcgucken-at-Carrizo-Plain-3-520x347.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/elliotmcgucken-at-Carrizo-Plain-3.jpg 1080w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Carrizo Plain \u003ccite>(From @elliotmcgucken, via Instagram)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>We asked our social media fans for your photos of California’s wildflower ‘Super Bloom” spectacle, and you delivered! Here’s a sampling of the \u003ca href=\"https://www.instagram.com/explore/tags/casuperbloom/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">#CASuperBloom.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2017/01/25/food-as-medicine-its-not-just-a-fringe-idea-anymore/\">Food as Medicine is No Longer a Fringe Idea\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_310908\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-310908\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2016/12/shop-with-doc-800x460.jpg\" alt=\"Dr. Daniel Nadeau gives Allison Scott a few tips on getting kids to eat healthy, at Ralph's Supermarket in Huntington Beach.\" width=\"800\" height=\"460\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Dr. Daniel Nadeau gives Allison Scott a few tips on getting kids to eat healthy, at Ralph’s Supermarket in Huntington Beach.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>What we put in our bodies can be medicine. Literally. Food wisdom now finds its way into hospitals and even medical schools.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2017/05/02/suicides-push-medical-schools-to-finally-address-student-mental-health/\">Medical Student Suicides Prompt Schools to Finally Take Action\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_381345\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-381345\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2017/04/IMG_1536.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"640\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Sean Petro, at age 24, one year before his suicide while attending the USC Keck School of Medicine.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After aspiring doctors receive a prized acceptance letter to medical school, they face a daunting reality. Suicides in medical schools, as well as studies showing an alarming number of medical students consider ending their lives, have prompted schools and residency programs to provide more support for mental health.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Breathing Fire: Californians' Health Is a Casualty of Climate-Fueled Blazes",
"headTitle": "Breathing Fire: Californians’ Health Is a Casualty of Climate-Fueled Blazes | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 4.6875em;float: left;line-height: 0.733em;padding: 0.05em 0.1em 0 0;font-family: times, serif, georgia\">A\u003c/span>s the deadliest fires in California history swept through leafy neighborhoods in Santa Rosa, Kathleen Sarmento fled her home in the dark, drove to an evacuation center and began setting up a medical triage unit. Patients with burns and other severe injuries were dispatched to hospitals. She set about treating many people whose symptoms resulted from exposure to polluted air and heavy smoke.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“People were coming in with headaches. I had one. My eyes were burning,” said Sarmento, the director of nursing at Santa Rosa Community Health, which provides health care for those who cannot afford it. But respiratory problems — coughs and shortness of breath — were among the biggest risks. “We made sure everyone had a mask.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More than half of the evacuees at the shelter that October night were elderly, some from nursing homes who needed oxygen 24/7. Sarmento scrambled to find regulators for oxygen tanks that were otherwise useless. It was a chaotic night — but what came to worry her most were the weeks and months ahead.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”Xlg0O9oyLXkaXQvm4ibSW3KwbYbGKbmz”]“It looked like it was snowing for days,” Sarmento said of the falling ash. “People really need to take the smoke seriously. You’ve got cars exploding, tires burning. There has to be some long- term effect” on people’s health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From Puget Sound to Disneyland and east over the Rockies, Americans have coughed and wheezed, rushed to emergency rooms and shut themselves indoors this year as pollution from wildfires darkened skies and rained soot across the landscape. Even to healthy people, it can make breathing a miserable, chest-heaving experience. To the elderly, the young and the frail, the pollution can be disabling or deadly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even though the nation has greatly improved air quality over the last 40 years through environmental regulations and technological improvements, the increasing frequency of large wildfires now undermines that progress, releasing copious pollutants that spread far and wide through the air and linger long after the fires are extinguished.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists say climate change, degraded ecosystems and the fickleness of the weather have been amplifying fires in forests, grasslands and neighborhoods throughout the West. Nine times more western forestland is burning in large fires each year on average now than 30 years ago, according to \u003ca href=\"http://www.pnas.org/content/113/42/11770.abstract\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">calculations by two leading scientists\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1917533\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 6068px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/Colette-Hatch-Santa-Rosa.Heidi-de-Marco-KHN.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1917533\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/Colette-Hatch-Santa-Rosa.Heidi-de-Marco-KHN.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"6068\" height=\"4050\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Colette Hatch has a lung disease and uses a nebulizer daily. Three weeks after the fires started, she still won’t open her windows and sleeps with an air purifier. “I still have a dry cough, a dry throat,” she says. \u003ccite>(Heidi de Marco/KHN)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The blazes create smoke waves — pulses of pollution containing everything from charred plastic residue to soot to other small particles that lodge deep in the lungs. They can trigger short-term ailments, such as coughing; worsen chronic diseases, such as asthma; and lead to long-term damage, including cancer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The effect of the fires in Northern California’s wine country, which destroyed thousands of homes and killed 43 people, went well beyond the burn zone. The smoke choked the San Francisco Bay Area, home to 7 million people in nine counties, for days.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Colette Hatch, 75, of Santa Rosa, who suffers from lung disease and uses a nebulizer daily, evacuated to her daughter’s home in Sunnyvale, in Silicon Valley, when the fires came. But even nearly 100 miles away, Hatch said she struggled to breathe, coughing so hard she couldn’t sleep.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wafting beyond Oakland and Livermore in the East Bay, the smoke headed into California’s agricultural heartland, the Sacramento and San Joaquin valleys.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Known collectively as the Central Valley, it stretches for hundreds of miles roughly north to south, bracketed by mountain ranges that trap some of the dirtiest air in America. Increasingly, wildfires like the ones in Northern California’s wine country funnel smoke into the chute, significantly raising the pollution levels in places as far away as Fresno.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1917547\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 3264px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/Prescribed-Burn.John-Upton.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1917547\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/Prescribed-Burn.John-Upton.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"3264\" height=\"2448\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/Prescribed-Burn.John-Upton.jpg 3264w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/Prescribed-Burn.John-Upton-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/Prescribed-Burn.John-Upton-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/Prescribed-Burn.John-Upton-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/Prescribed-Burn.John-Upton-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/Prescribed-Burn.John-Upton-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/Prescribed-Burn.John-Upton-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/Prescribed-Burn.John-Upton-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/Prescribed-Burn.John-Upton-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/Prescribed-Burn.John-Upton-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/Prescribed-Burn.John-Upton-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 3264px) 100vw, 3264px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Firefighter Josh Bien ignites the forest floor during a prescribed burn in Sierra National Park. \u003ccite>(John Upton/Climate Central)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Climate Central, a research and journalism nonprofit, examined air district data from California’s Sacramento and San Joaquin valleys. \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/report-wildfires-undermining-air-pollution-progress-21753\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The analysis\u003c/a> showed that while the number of heavily polluted days is falling overall each year on average — those days are occurring more frequently during the peak fire season. The researchers, who share their work with editorially independent journalists, say wildfire smoke is to blame.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Monitors in the San Joaquin Valley and San Francisco Bay Area showed levels spiked in October as the wine country fires sullied skies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With large wildfires on the rise, smoke and the attendant breathing ailments seemed everywhere this year. In September, smoke from fires burning in California, the Pacific Northwest and Montana pushed as far east as Pennsylvania. Smoke triggered emergency declarations in Washington state and California. The Evergreen State was experiencing few fires of its own in July when it was hit by smoke waves that poured across the Canadian border. And smoke returned to much of the northwest in August and September as fires \u003ca href=\"http://vis.ecowest.org/interactive/wildfires.php#year=2017&firekey=waowf-000351&f=all&h=0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">broke out in the Cascades\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://vis.ecowest.org/interactive/wildfires.php#year=2017&firekey=ormhf-000176&f=all&h=0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">the Columbia Gorge\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I remember waking up one morning and the sky was orangey-red and there was ash falling out of the sky,” said \u003ca href=\"http://deohs.washington.edu/faculty/hess_jeremy\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Jeremy Hess\u003c/a>, a researcher and physician at the University of Washington in Seattle. “This summer was very busy for us in the emergency department and we were often over capacity. If it wasn’t the smoke, it was the heat,” Hess said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>As World Warms, Environment and Health Suffer\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The blazes came after \u003ca href=\"http://www.mercurynews.com/2017/09/01/bay-area-weather-scorching-temperatures-will-produce-hottest-days-in-a-decade/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">record-breaking late summer heat\u003c/a> dried out grass that had flourished following \u003ca href=\"http://www.pressdemocrat.com/news/6861398-181/just-like-that-santa-rosa?gallery=6866230&artslide=0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">record-breaking winter rains\u003c/a> — both forms of extreme weather that are worsened by global warming. In addition, a high pressure system over the Pacific fanned the flames by driving unusually hot and powerful seasonal winds into Northern California from the dry highlands of Nevada.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The immediate precipitant may have been sparks from power lines, although \u003ca href=\"http://www.pressdemocrat.com/news/7567756-181/north-bay-fires-a-complex?artslide=0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">investigations into the causes\u003c/a> are ongoing. But a changing climate helped fuel the blazes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1917529\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 451px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/Trees-killed-by-drought.John-Upton.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-1917529\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/Trees-killed-by-drought.John-Upton.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"451\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/Trees-killed-by-drought.John-Upton.jpg 5184w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/Trees-killed-by-drought.John-Upton-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/Trees-killed-by-drought.John-Upton-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/Trees-killed-by-drought.John-Upton-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/Trees-killed-by-drought.John-Upton-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/Trees-killed-by-drought.John-Upton-1920x1280.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/Trees-killed-by-drought.John-Upton-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/Trees-killed-by-drought.John-Upton-960x640.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/Trees-killed-by-drought.John-Upton-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/Trees-killed-by-drought.John-Upton-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/Trees-killed-by-drought.John-Upton-520x347.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 451px) 100vw, 451px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Trees killed by the effects of drought in the Sierra National Forest. \u003ccite>(John Upton/Climate Central)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“Climate change was not the cause but it’s definitely an ingredient,” said \u003ca href=\"http://www.ldeo.columbia.edu/user/williams\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Park Williams\u003c/a>, a climate and ecology researcher at Columbia University’s Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory. And that means worse is to come.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Williams said there was a clear connection between the nearly 2 degrees Fahrenheit overall increase in global temperature since the late 1800s and the severity of these and other fires. (Warming in the West has been outpacing the global average in recent decades because of natural cycles.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Fire really responds strongly to even that small of a change of temperature,” said Williams, whose assessment of global warming’s role in the wine country fires is shared by other experts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Environmentally, the fires are a double whammy: They destroy trees that help to slow global warming by absorbing heat-trapping carbon dioxide as they grow. They also release carbon dioxide stored within, as well as black carbon that melts snow and ice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Research \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378112715001796\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">indicated in 2015 that large fires had helped turn \u003c/a>California’s forests and other lands into polluters, releasing more carbon to the atmosphere than they suck back in. The state’s wildlands released more heat-trapping pollution from 2001 through 2010 than Vermont’s entire economy. Rising temperatures aren’t the only cause — the forests are overloaded with fuel following more than a century of aggressive firefighting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While public attention has tended to focus on other health risks from climate change such as heat stroke in summer and the spread of mosquito-borne diseases northward, the effects of smoke pollution have been gaining more attention following dramatic and widespread wildfires.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1917553\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/San-Fran-in-Smoke.Amy-Graff-SFGATE.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1917553\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/San-Fran-in-Smoke.Amy-Graff-SFGATE.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1024\" height=\"768\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/San-Fran-in-Smoke.Amy-Graff-SFGATE.jpg 1024w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/San-Fran-in-Smoke.Amy-Graff-SFGATE-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/San-Fran-in-Smoke.Amy-Graff-SFGATE-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/San-Fran-in-Smoke.Amy-Graff-SFGATE-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/San-Fran-in-Smoke.Amy-Graff-SFGATE-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/San-Fran-in-Smoke.Amy-Graff-SFGATE-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/San-Fran-in-Smoke.Amy-Graff-SFGATE-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/San-Fran-in-Smoke.Amy-Graff-SFGATE-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/San-Fran-in-Smoke.Amy-Graff-SFGATE-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Smoky air in San Francisco during the North Bay fires. \u003ccite>(Amy Graff/SFGate)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The most dangerous pollution from wildfires is fine soot — “really small particles that we know can get into the lungs,” said \u003ca href=\"https://www.colorado.edu/geography/colleen-reid-0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Colleen Reid\u003c/a>, a geographer at the University of Colorado who researches climate change and human health. It’s known as PM2.5, meaning “particulate matter” that’s less than 2.5 microns wide, only visible using microscopes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It can nestle into lung tissue and pass into the bloodstream, contributing to an array of health problems including infections and, potentially, heart attacks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Symptoms related to smoke waves may not be diagnosed right away, making it hard to recognize the role a fire may have played in an illness or death. Reid led an analysis \u003ca href=\"https://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/14-09277/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">published a year ago\u003c/a> based on hundreds of studies into fire pollution’s health effects. The clearest links shown in the studies were between PM2.5 and asthma and other breathing problems; links to heart disease were less conclusive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers from leading American universities\u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27648592\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> examined fire pollution \u003c/a>across the West, finding that two of every three counties in the region suffered at least one smoke wave from 2004 through 2009. When they correlated those findings with medical data, they found a 7 percent jump in breathing-related hospitalizations after smoke levels were most extreme.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1917531\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 6963px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/air-pollution-9.-Coffey-Park-neighborhood-of-Santa-Rosa.Heidi-de-Marco-KHN.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1917531\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/air-pollution-9.-Coffey-Park-neighborhood-of-Santa-Rosa.Heidi-de-Marco-KHN.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"6963\" height=\"4647\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/air-pollution-9.-Coffey-Park-neighborhood-of-Santa-Rosa.Heidi-de-Marco-KHN.jpg 6963w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/air-pollution-9.-Coffey-Park-neighborhood-of-Santa-Rosa.Heidi-de-Marco-KHN-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/air-pollution-9.-Coffey-Park-neighborhood-of-Santa-Rosa.Heidi-de-Marco-KHN-800x534.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/air-pollution-9.-Coffey-Park-neighborhood-of-Santa-Rosa.Heidi-de-Marco-KHN-768x513.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/air-pollution-9.-Coffey-Park-neighborhood-of-Santa-Rosa.Heidi-de-Marco-KHN-1020x681.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/air-pollution-9.-Coffey-Park-neighborhood-of-Santa-Rosa.Heidi-de-Marco-KHN-1920x1281.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/air-pollution-9.-Coffey-Park-neighborhood-of-Santa-Rosa.Heidi-de-Marco-KHN-1180x788.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/air-pollution-9.-Coffey-Park-neighborhood-of-Santa-Rosa.Heidi-de-Marco-KHN-960x641.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/air-pollution-9.-Coffey-Park-neighborhood-of-Santa-Rosa.Heidi-de-Marco-KHN-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/air-pollution-9.-Coffey-Park-neighborhood-of-Santa-Rosa.Heidi-de-Marco-KHN-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/air-pollution-9.-Coffey-Park-neighborhood-of-Santa-Rosa.Heidi-de-Marco-KHN-520x347.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 6963px) 100vw, 6963px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Remnants from the fire in the Coffey Park neighborhood of Santa Rosa, Calif., on Oct. 27, 2017. \u003ccite>(Heidi de Marco/KHN)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“An acute fire lasting, for example, days to weeks, may not show up as an immediate problem but as health problems that may occur over a time span of weeks or months,” said Loretta Mickley, a Harvard researcher who worked on the study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>This Summer in California\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Elva Hernandez, 51, has lived in the San Joaquin Valley most of her life. She’s suffered from asthma since she was 10. This summer she was stuck inside her house for several weeks as smoke waves suffocated her neighborhood in the small town of Kerman, Calif., near Fresno.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The smell, all the dust, the smoke, the smog, everything, it’s just — you can’t breathe,” said Hernandez, a stay-at-home mom whose husband analyzes lab samples at a hospital. “You can’t live your life normally.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The San Joaquin Valley is home to 4 million people, many of them poor. One in six children suffers from asthma. Poor people often are most affected by air pollution, partly because they tend to live in more drafty housing in more polluted neighborhoods.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But enforcement of federal regulations dating to the Nixon administration has been reducing air pollution from fossil fuels and fertilizers in the valley, requiring cleaner engines for trucks and the replacement of outdated equipment on farms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve been seeing a lot of positive trends,” said Jon Klassen, manager of the air monitoring team at the San Joaquin Valley Air Pollution Control District. At the same time, “there’s a lot more emissions coming from these fires. They’re uncontrollable. They’re very difficult to deal with.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘We’re trying to ensure that we have healthy, resilient forests that are net sinks of carbon.’\u003ccite>Russ Henly, California Natural Resources Agency\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Research looking at air pollution levels helps explain why people like Hernandez are suffering more during fire seasons. The Climate Central analysis of San Joaquin Valley air data showed that while the number of days each year on which levels of PM2.5 exceeded federal standards declined by about 45 percent overall from 2000 to 2016, they increased by almost a third during the peak summer fire season.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the Sacramento Valley to the north, summer fire season pollution has been responsible for about 40 percent of the days when federal standards for PM2.5 pollution were exceeded in recent years. That’s up from less than a tenth of them earlier this century, the researchers found.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wildfires also release toxic material and chemicals that react in the atmosphere to form ozone pollution, which can hang over neighborhoods as haze. Ozone irritates lungs and throats, triggers shortness of breath and aggravates diseases like bronchitis, emphysema, and asthma.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hernandez’s asthma doctor, Praveen Buddiga, who operates his own practice in nearby Fresno, treated patients with oxygen and medicine during September fires in the Sierra Nevada mountains, which straddle California and Nevada. He did so again following the wine country fires in October. For asthmatics, the onslaughts of fire pollution are “like pouring a little salt into the wounds,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Buddiga suggests his patients limit their time outside, drive with windows rolled up and wear masks when smoke waves hit. Better yet, he advises them to leave the area if possible until the smoke clears.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1917530\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1150px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/2016.07.11-Stanislaus-National-Forrest-still-photography-014.Jason-Steinberg.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1917530\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/2016.07.11-Stanislaus-National-Forrest-still-photography-014.Jason-Steinberg.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1150\" height=\"768\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/2016.07.11-Stanislaus-National-Forrest-still-photography-014.Jason-Steinberg.jpg 1150w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/2016.07.11-Stanislaus-National-Forrest-still-photography-014.Jason-Steinberg-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/2016.07.11-Stanislaus-National-Forrest-still-photography-014.Jason-Steinberg-800x534.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/2016.07.11-Stanislaus-National-Forrest-still-photography-014.Jason-Steinberg-768x513.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/2016.07.11-Stanislaus-National-Forrest-still-photography-014.Jason-Steinberg-1020x681.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/2016.07.11-Stanislaus-National-Forrest-still-photography-014.Jason-Steinberg-960x641.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/2016.07.11-Stanislaus-National-Forrest-still-photography-014.Jason-Steinberg-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/2016.07.11-Stanislaus-National-Forrest-still-photography-014.Jason-Steinberg-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/2016.07.11-Stanislaus-National-Forrest-still-photography-014.Jason-Steinberg-520x347.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1150px) 100vw, 1150px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Stands of trees killed by the 2013 Rim Fire in Stanislaus National Forest. \u003ccite>(Jason Steinberg/Climate Central)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But risks can be difficult to gauge for patients and experts who want to offer precautions. Scientists who sampled pollution from wildfires using a NASA jet \u003ca href=\"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/2016JD026315/abstract\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">reported in June\u003c/a> that fire pollution is being “significantly underestimated” by the federal government. While fleets of mobile air monitors are deployed near fires to help government agencies project the movement of smoke waves, the network of permanent monitors is sparse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have no real good way of communicating to people, ‘Hey, the wildfire smoke is really bad in these spots, and this is where you take precautions,’” said Rob Carlmark, a weathercaster with ABC10 in Sacramento whose audience stretches from Bay Area cities to Lake Tahoe at the Nevada border. Absent local smoke pollution data, he tells viewers, “The best smoke detector is your nose.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Lighting Up to Protect Lungs — and the Planet\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Josh Bien wore a heavy pack and held a hoe in one hand. Using the other, the firefighter dripped a burning mixture of diesel fuel and gasoline on the forest floor from a spouted canister. Saplings and beds of pine needles sizzled and burned around him in a national forest in the Sierra Nevada, an hour’s drive east of Fresno.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like smoke from suburban fires in the San Francisco Bay Area, that from large wildfires in the forest of this 600-mile mountain range can travel into the Central Valley. A spate of large fires in August and September created heavy smoke that suffocated foothills towns and drove people like Elva Hernandez indoors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Devastating forest fire seasons in recent years \u003ca href=\"https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/53771\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">have prompted research\u003c/a> pointing to the need for more prescribed burns like this one. They’re set and managed by firefighters and foresters and guided by computer models that predict the spread of fires and their smoke. They’re aimed at removing highly flammable undergrowth and spare the mature trees.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘The challenge we still face is how to get out of decades of managing forests in ways that increase, rather than decrease, fire risk.’\u003ccite>Chris Field, ecology professor at Stanford University\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“You can either do it on your terms,” said Adam Hernandez, a prescribed fire and fuels management officer with the U.S. Forest Service, as gray smoke billowed around, “or you wait for that wildfire to come and it does it on its terms — and then you’re in a bad way.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Small fires used to burn regularly through the understories of the Sierra Nevada’s forests, started by lightning and native tribes. That changed after the Native Americans were forced from the mountain range, followed by more than a century of logging and aggressive firefighting. Those activities replaced stands of large, fire-resistant trees with thickets of smaller ones, building up fuel for enormous blazes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When you have some of these extreme wildfires, you’re creating more harmful emissions,” said Jonathan Long, an ecologist with the U.S. Forest Service. Extreme fires burn larger areas and their flames jump from forest floors to incinerate canopies, producing heavy black smoke and killing mature trees. “We think taking the medicine in small doses is a lot healthier.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The excessive undergrowth amplified the impact of California’s recent drought — there was too little water for so many trees. More than 100 million trees may have died across the Sierra Nevada in recent years. The dead trees can provide nesting cavities and their logs create important habitat for wildlife, but some scientists fear they may also intensify fires after they topple into desiccated piles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The federal government has been striking agreements with state agencies to use more prescribed burns and take other steps to better manage forests. In January, California \u003ca href=\"http://fire.ca.gov/fcat/downloads/California%20Forest%20Carbon%20Plan%20Draft%20for%20Public%20Review_Jan17.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">released an ambitious draft plan\u003c/a> to restore forests over the decades to come — through a focus on prescribed burns — with the goal of reducing pollution from wildfires.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re trying to ensure that we have healthy, resilient forests that are net sinks of carbon so that they’re storing more carbon than they’re releasing,” said Russ Henly, a California Natural Resources Agency official who helped draft the plan. By 2020, the plan seeks to double the amount of land treated using prescribed burns to 35,000 acres a year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With so many local, state and federal agencies overseeing environmental rules and owning land in California, the state says coordination will be key. For example, the San Joaquin Valley Air Pollution Control District can prevent national parks and other landowners from conducting prescribed burns when pollution levels will be affected — which is most of the time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mindful of the growing danger of big blazes, the air district has become more accommodating of prescribed fires. Still, finding the money to pay for the work remains a challenge.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some members of Congress have pushed logging as a way to ease forest fires, though that approach could have the opposite effect: Trees valued by loggers tend to be the largest and most fire-resistant. Troublesome small trees and dead ones have little value other than as fuel for power plants, and even then they’re generally too expensive to gather. Low natural gas prices have been forcing the closure of biomass power plants, which are fueled with wood.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even if the money is found to improve forest management, climate change will likely limit the progress from improved forest management, said Christopher Field, an ecology professor at Stanford University. The fire season will continue to lengthen. Landscapes will continue to dry out. “The challenge we still face is how to get out of decades of managing forests in ways that increase, rather than decrease, fire risk,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Field oversaw a survey dealing with Sierra Nevada forests completed by 75 academics, government officials and nonprofit and industry employees. While most agreed that prescribed burns and other approaches can lock carbon into the mountain’s ecosystems, they warned it will be difficult to overcome the losses from wildfires as temperatures rise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California doesn’t include carbon losses from forest fires when it tallies its progress toward reducing climate pollution. But amid the burning, logging and clearing of tropical forests from Indonesia to the Amazon and the Congo, destructive fires in the forestlands of a U.S. state that has some of the world’s most ambitious climate goals are contributing to the problem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And, in the process, they are making people sick.\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>\u003cbr>\nThis story was produced through a partnership between \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Climate Central \u003c/a>and \u003ca href=\"https://khn.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Kaiser Health News\u003c/a> with support from the \u003ca href=\"https://west.stanford.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Bill Lane Center for the American West \u003c/a>at Stanford University. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Large wildfires are releasing pollution that’s undermining decades of progress in cleaning the air, sickening Americans.",
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"description": "Large wildfires are releasing pollution that’s undermining decades of progress in cleaning the air, sickening Americans.",
"title": "Breathing Fire: Californians' Health Is a Casualty of Climate-Fueled Blazes | KQED",
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"headline": "Breathing Fire: Californians' Health Is a Casualty of Climate-Fueled Blazes",
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"nprByline": "\u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/what-we-do/people/john-upton\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">John Upton\u003c/a>, Climate Central\u003c/br>\u003ca href=\"https://californiahealthline.org/news/author/barbara-feder-ostrov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Barbara Feder Ostrov\u003c/a>, California Healthline",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 4.6875em;float: left;line-height: 0.733em;padding: 0.05em 0.1em 0 0;font-family: times, serif, georgia\">A\u003c/span>s the deadliest fires in California history swept through leafy neighborhoods in Santa Rosa, Kathleen Sarmento fled her home in the dark, drove to an evacuation center and began setting up a medical triage unit. Patients with burns and other severe injuries were dispatched to hospitals. She set about treating many people whose symptoms resulted from exposure to polluted air and heavy smoke.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“People were coming in with headaches. I had one. My eyes were burning,” said Sarmento, the director of nursing at Santa Rosa Community Health, which provides health care for those who cannot afford it. But respiratory problems — coughs and shortness of breath — were among the biggest risks. “We made sure everyone had a mask.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More than half of the evacuees at the shelter that October night were elderly, some from nursing homes who needed oxygen 24/7. Sarmento scrambled to find regulators for oxygen tanks that were otherwise useless. It was a chaotic night — but what came to worry her most were the weeks and months ahead.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>“It looked like it was snowing for days,” Sarmento said of the falling ash. “People really need to take the smoke seriously. You’ve got cars exploding, tires burning. There has to be some long- term effect” on people’s health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From Puget Sound to Disneyland and east over the Rockies, Americans have coughed and wheezed, rushed to emergency rooms and shut themselves indoors this year as pollution from wildfires darkened skies and rained soot across the landscape. Even to healthy people, it can make breathing a miserable, chest-heaving experience. To the elderly, the young and the frail, the pollution can be disabling or deadly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even though the nation has greatly improved air quality over the last 40 years through environmental regulations and technological improvements, the increasing frequency of large wildfires now undermines that progress, releasing copious pollutants that spread far and wide through the air and linger long after the fires are extinguished.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists say climate change, degraded ecosystems and the fickleness of the weather have been amplifying fires in forests, grasslands and neighborhoods throughout the West. Nine times more western forestland is burning in large fires each year on average now than 30 years ago, according to \u003ca href=\"http://www.pnas.org/content/113/42/11770.abstract\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">calculations by two leading scientists\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1917533\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 6068px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/Colette-Hatch-Santa-Rosa.Heidi-de-Marco-KHN.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1917533\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/Colette-Hatch-Santa-Rosa.Heidi-de-Marco-KHN.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"6068\" height=\"4050\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Colette Hatch has a lung disease and uses a nebulizer daily. Three weeks after the fires started, she still won’t open her windows and sleeps with an air purifier. “I still have a dry cough, a dry throat,” she says. \u003ccite>(Heidi de Marco/KHN)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The blazes create smoke waves — pulses of pollution containing everything from charred plastic residue to soot to other small particles that lodge deep in the lungs. They can trigger short-term ailments, such as coughing; worsen chronic diseases, such as asthma; and lead to long-term damage, including cancer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The effect of the fires in Northern California’s wine country, which destroyed thousands of homes and killed 43 people, went well beyond the burn zone. The smoke choked the San Francisco Bay Area, home to 7 million people in nine counties, for days.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Colette Hatch, 75, of Santa Rosa, who suffers from lung disease and uses a nebulizer daily, evacuated to her daughter’s home in Sunnyvale, in Silicon Valley, when the fires came. But even nearly 100 miles away, Hatch said she struggled to breathe, coughing so hard she couldn’t sleep.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wafting beyond Oakland and Livermore in the East Bay, the smoke headed into California’s agricultural heartland, the Sacramento and San Joaquin valleys.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Known collectively as the Central Valley, it stretches for hundreds of miles roughly north to south, bracketed by mountain ranges that trap some of the dirtiest air in America. Increasingly, wildfires like the ones in Northern California’s wine country funnel smoke into the chute, significantly raising the pollution levels in places as far away as Fresno.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1917547\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 3264px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/Prescribed-Burn.John-Upton.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1917547\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/Prescribed-Burn.John-Upton.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"3264\" height=\"2448\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/Prescribed-Burn.John-Upton.jpg 3264w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/Prescribed-Burn.John-Upton-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/Prescribed-Burn.John-Upton-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/Prescribed-Burn.John-Upton-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/Prescribed-Burn.John-Upton-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/Prescribed-Burn.John-Upton-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/Prescribed-Burn.John-Upton-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/Prescribed-Burn.John-Upton-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/Prescribed-Burn.John-Upton-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/Prescribed-Burn.John-Upton-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/Prescribed-Burn.John-Upton-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 3264px) 100vw, 3264px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Firefighter Josh Bien ignites the forest floor during a prescribed burn in Sierra National Park. \u003ccite>(John Upton/Climate Central)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Climate Central, a research and journalism nonprofit, examined air district data from California’s Sacramento and San Joaquin valleys. \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/report-wildfires-undermining-air-pollution-progress-21753\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The analysis\u003c/a> showed that while the number of heavily polluted days is falling overall each year on average — those days are occurring more frequently during the peak fire season. The researchers, who share their work with editorially independent journalists, say wildfire smoke is to blame.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Monitors in the San Joaquin Valley and San Francisco Bay Area showed levels spiked in October as the wine country fires sullied skies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With large wildfires on the rise, smoke and the attendant breathing ailments seemed everywhere this year. In September, smoke from fires burning in California, the Pacific Northwest and Montana pushed as far east as Pennsylvania. Smoke triggered emergency declarations in Washington state and California. The Evergreen State was experiencing few fires of its own in July when it was hit by smoke waves that poured across the Canadian border. And smoke returned to much of the northwest in August and September as fires \u003ca href=\"http://vis.ecowest.org/interactive/wildfires.php#year=2017&firekey=waowf-000351&f=all&h=0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">broke out in the Cascades\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://vis.ecowest.org/interactive/wildfires.php#year=2017&firekey=ormhf-000176&f=all&h=0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">the Columbia Gorge\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I remember waking up one morning and the sky was orangey-red and there was ash falling out of the sky,” said \u003ca href=\"http://deohs.washington.edu/faculty/hess_jeremy\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Jeremy Hess\u003c/a>, a researcher and physician at the University of Washington in Seattle. “This summer was very busy for us in the emergency department and we were often over capacity. If it wasn’t the smoke, it was the heat,” Hess said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>As World Warms, Environment and Health Suffer\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The blazes came after \u003ca href=\"http://www.mercurynews.com/2017/09/01/bay-area-weather-scorching-temperatures-will-produce-hottest-days-in-a-decade/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">record-breaking late summer heat\u003c/a> dried out grass that had flourished following \u003ca href=\"http://www.pressdemocrat.com/news/6861398-181/just-like-that-santa-rosa?gallery=6866230&artslide=0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">record-breaking winter rains\u003c/a> — both forms of extreme weather that are worsened by global warming. In addition, a high pressure system over the Pacific fanned the flames by driving unusually hot and powerful seasonal winds into Northern California from the dry highlands of Nevada.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The immediate precipitant may have been sparks from power lines, although \u003ca href=\"http://www.pressdemocrat.com/news/7567756-181/north-bay-fires-a-complex?artslide=0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">investigations into the causes\u003c/a> are ongoing. But a changing climate helped fuel the blazes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1917529\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 451px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/Trees-killed-by-drought.John-Upton.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-1917529\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/Trees-killed-by-drought.John-Upton.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"451\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/Trees-killed-by-drought.John-Upton.jpg 5184w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/Trees-killed-by-drought.John-Upton-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/Trees-killed-by-drought.John-Upton-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/Trees-killed-by-drought.John-Upton-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/Trees-killed-by-drought.John-Upton-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/Trees-killed-by-drought.John-Upton-1920x1280.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/Trees-killed-by-drought.John-Upton-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/Trees-killed-by-drought.John-Upton-960x640.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/Trees-killed-by-drought.John-Upton-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/Trees-killed-by-drought.John-Upton-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/Trees-killed-by-drought.John-Upton-520x347.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 451px) 100vw, 451px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Trees killed by the effects of drought in the Sierra National Forest. \u003ccite>(John Upton/Climate Central)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“Climate change was not the cause but it’s definitely an ingredient,” said \u003ca href=\"http://www.ldeo.columbia.edu/user/williams\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Park Williams\u003c/a>, a climate and ecology researcher at Columbia University’s Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory. And that means worse is to come.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Williams said there was a clear connection between the nearly 2 degrees Fahrenheit overall increase in global temperature since the late 1800s and the severity of these and other fires. (Warming in the West has been outpacing the global average in recent decades because of natural cycles.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Fire really responds strongly to even that small of a change of temperature,” said Williams, whose assessment of global warming’s role in the wine country fires is shared by other experts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Environmentally, the fires are a double whammy: They destroy trees that help to slow global warming by absorbing heat-trapping carbon dioxide as they grow. They also release carbon dioxide stored within, as well as black carbon that melts snow and ice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Research \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378112715001796\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">indicated in 2015 that large fires had helped turn \u003c/a>California’s forests and other lands into polluters, releasing more carbon to the atmosphere than they suck back in. The state’s wildlands released more heat-trapping pollution from 2001 through 2010 than Vermont’s entire economy. Rising temperatures aren’t the only cause — the forests are overloaded with fuel following more than a century of aggressive firefighting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While public attention has tended to focus on other health risks from climate change such as heat stroke in summer and the spread of mosquito-borne diseases northward, the effects of smoke pollution have been gaining more attention following dramatic and widespread wildfires.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1917553\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/San-Fran-in-Smoke.Amy-Graff-SFGATE.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1917553\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/San-Fran-in-Smoke.Amy-Graff-SFGATE.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1024\" height=\"768\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/San-Fran-in-Smoke.Amy-Graff-SFGATE.jpg 1024w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/San-Fran-in-Smoke.Amy-Graff-SFGATE-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/San-Fran-in-Smoke.Amy-Graff-SFGATE-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/San-Fran-in-Smoke.Amy-Graff-SFGATE-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/San-Fran-in-Smoke.Amy-Graff-SFGATE-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/San-Fran-in-Smoke.Amy-Graff-SFGATE-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/San-Fran-in-Smoke.Amy-Graff-SFGATE-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/San-Fran-in-Smoke.Amy-Graff-SFGATE-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/San-Fran-in-Smoke.Amy-Graff-SFGATE-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Smoky air in San Francisco during the North Bay fires. \u003ccite>(Amy Graff/SFGate)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The most dangerous pollution from wildfires is fine soot — “really small particles that we know can get into the lungs,” said \u003ca href=\"https://www.colorado.edu/geography/colleen-reid-0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Colleen Reid\u003c/a>, a geographer at the University of Colorado who researches climate change and human health. It’s known as PM2.5, meaning “particulate matter” that’s less than 2.5 microns wide, only visible using microscopes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It can nestle into lung tissue and pass into the bloodstream, contributing to an array of health problems including infections and, potentially, heart attacks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Symptoms related to smoke waves may not be diagnosed right away, making it hard to recognize the role a fire may have played in an illness or death. Reid led an analysis \u003ca href=\"https://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/14-09277/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">published a year ago\u003c/a> based on hundreds of studies into fire pollution’s health effects. The clearest links shown in the studies were between PM2.5 and asthma and other breathing problems; links to heart disease were less conclusive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers from leading American universities\u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27648592\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> examined fire pollution \u003c/a>across the West, finding that two of every three counties in the region suffered at least one smoke wave from 2004 through 2009. When they correlated those findings with medical data, they found a 7 percent jump in breathing-related hospitalizations after smoke levels were most extreme.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1917531\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 6963px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/air-pollution-9.-Coffey-Park-neighborhood-of-Santa-Rosa.Heidi-de-Marco-KHN.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1917531\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/air-pollution-9.-Coffey-Park-neighborhood-of-Santa-Rosa.Heidi-de-Marco-KHN.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"6963\" height=\"4647\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/air-pollution-9.-Coffey-Park-neighborhood-of-Santa-Rosa.Heidi-de-Marco-KHN.jpg 6963w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/air-pollution-9.-Coffey-Park-neighborhood-of-Santa-Rosa.Heidi-de-Marco-KHN-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/air-pollution-9.-Coffey-Park-neighborhood-of-Santa-Rosa.Heidi-de-Marco-KHN-800x534.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/air-pollution-9.-Coffey-Park-neighborhood-of-Santa-Rosa.Heidi-de-Marco-KHN-768x513.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/air-pollution-9.-Coffey-Park-neighborhood-of-Santa-Rosa.Heidi-de-Marco-KHN-1020x681.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/air-pollution-9.-Coffey-Park-neighborhood-of-Santa-Rosa.Heidi-de-Marco-KHN-1920x1281.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/air-pollution-9.-Coffey-Park-neighborhood-of-Santa-Rosa.Heidi-de-Marco-KHN-1180x788.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/air-pollution-9.-Coffey-Park-neighborhood-of-Santa-Rosa.Heidi-de-Marco-KHN-960x641.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/air-pollution-9.-Coffey-Park-neighborhood-of-Santa-Rosa.Heidi-de-Marco-KHN-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/air-pollution-9.-Coffey-Park-neighborhood-of-Santa-Rosa.Heidi-de-Marco-KHN-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/air-pollution-9.-Coffey-Park-neighborhood-of-Santa-Rosa.Heidi-de-Marco-KHN-520x347.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 6963px) 100vw, 6963px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Remnants from the fire in the Coffey Park neighborhood of Santa Rosa, Calif., on Oct. 27, 2017. \u003ccite>(Heidi de Marco/KHN)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“An acute fire lasting, for example, days to weeks, may not show up as an immediate problem but as health problems that may occur over a time span of weeks or months,” said Loretta Mickley, a Harvard researcher who worked on the study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>This Summer in California\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Elva Hernandez, 51, has lived in the San Joaquin Valley most of her life. She’s suffered from asthma since she was 10. This summer she was stuck inside her house for several weeks as smoke waves suffocated her neighborhood in the small town of Kerman, Calif., near Fresno.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The smell, all the dust, the smoke, the smog, everything, it’s just — you can’t breathe,” said Hernandez, a stay-at-home mom whose husband analyzes lab samples at a hospital. “You can’t live your life normally.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The San Joaquin Valley is home to 4 million people, many of them poor. One in six children suffers from asthma. Poor people often are most affected by air pollution, partly because they tend to live in more drafty housing in more polluted neighborhoods.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But enforcement of federal regulations dating to the Nixon administration has been reducing air pollution from fossil fuels and fertilizers in the valley, requiring cleaner engines for trucks and the replacement of outdated equipment on farms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve been seeing a lot of positive trends,” said Jon Klassen, manager of the air monitoring team at the San Joaquin Valley Air Pollution Control District. At the same time, “there’s a lot more emissions coming from these fires. They’re uncontrollable. They’re very difficult to deal with.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘We’re trying to ensure that we have healthy, resilient forests that are net sinks of carbon.’\u003ccite>Russ Henly, California Natural Resources Agency\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Research looking at air pollution levels helps explain why people like Hernandez are suffering more during fire seasons. The Climate Central analysis of San Joaquin Valley air data showed that while the number of days each year on which levels of PM2.5 exceeded federal standards declined by about 45 percent overall from 2000 to 2016, they increased by almost a third during the peak summer fire season.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the Sacramento Valley to the north, summer fire season pollution has been responsible for about 40 percent of the days when federal standards for PM2.5 pollution were exceeded in recent years. That’s up from less than a tenth of them earlier this century, the researchers found.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wildfires also release toxic material and chemicals that react in the atmosphere to form ozone pollution, which can hang over neighborhoods as haze. Ozone irritates lungs and throats, triggers shortness of breath and aggravates diseases like bronchitis, emphysema, and asthma.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hernandez’s asthma doctor, Praveen Buddiga, who operates his own practice in nearby Fresno, treated patients with oxygen and medicine during September fires in the Sierra Nevada mountains, which straddle California and Nevada. He did so again following the wine country fires in October. For asthmatics, the onslaughts of fire pollution are “like pouring a little salt into the wounds,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Buddiga suggests his patients limit their time outside, drive with windows rolled up and wear masks when smoke waves hit. Better yet, he advises them to leave the area if possible until the smoke clears.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1917530\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1150px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/2016.07.11-Stanislaus-National-Forrest-still-photography-014.Jason-Steinberg.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1917530\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/2016.07.11-Stanislaus-National-Forrest-still-photography-014.Jason-Steinberg.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1150\" height=\"768\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/2016.07.11-Stanislaus-National-Forrest-still-photography-014.Jason-Steinberg.jpg 1150w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/2016.07.11-Stanislaus-National-Forrest-still-photography-014.Jason-Steinberg-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/2016.07.11-Stanislaus-National-Forrest-still-photography-014.Jason-Steinberg-800x534.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/2016.07.11-Stanislaus-National-Forrest-still-photography-014.Jason-Steinberg-768x513.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/2016.07.11-Stanislaus-National-Forrest-still-photography-014.Jason-Steinberg-1020x681.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/2016.07.11-Stanislaus-National-Forrest-still-photography-014.Jason-Steinberg-960x641.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/2016.07.11-Stanislaus-National-Forrest-still-photography-014.Jason-Steinberg-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/2016.07.11-Stanislaus-National-Forrest-still-photography-014.Jason-Steinberg-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/2016.07.11-Stanislaus-National-Forrest-still-photography-014.Jason-Steinberg-520x347.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1150px) 100vw, 1150px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Stands of trees killed by the 2013 Rim Fire in Stanislaus National Forest. \u003ccite>(Jason Steinberg/Climate Central)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But risks can be difficult to gauge for patients and experts who want to offer precautions. Scientists who sampled pollution from wildfires using a NASA jet \u003ca href=\"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/2016JD026315/abstract\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">reported in June\u003c/a> that fire pollution is being “significantly underestimated” by the federal government. While fleets of mobile air monitors are deployed near fires to help government agencies project the movement of smoke waves, the network of permanent monitors is sparse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have no real good way of communicating to people, ‘Hey, the wildfire smoke is really bad in these spots, and this is where you take precautions,’” said Rob Carlmark, a weathercaster with ABC10 in Sacramento whose audience stretches from Bay Area cities to Lake Tahoe at the Nevada border. Absent local smoke pollution data, he tells viewers, “The best smoke detector is your nose.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Lighting Up to Protect Lungs — and the Planet\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Josh Bien wore a heavy pack and held a hoe in one hand. Using the other, the firefighter dripped a burning mixture of diesel fuel and gasoline on the forest floor from a spouted canister. Saplings and beds of pine needles sizzled and burned around him in a national forest in the Sierra Nevada, an hour’s drive east of Fresno.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like smoke from suburban fires in the San Francisco Bay Area, that from large wildfires in the forest of this 600-mile mountain range can travel into the Central Valley. A spate of large fires in August and September created heavy smoke that suffocated foothills towns and drove people like Elva Hernandez indoors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Devastating forest fire seasons in recent years \u003ca href=\"https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/53771\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">have prompted research\u003c/a> pointing to the need for more prescribed burns like this one. They’re set and managed by firefighters and foresters and guided by computer models that predict the spread of fires and their smoke. They’re aimed at removing highly flammable undergrowth and spare the mature trees.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘The challenge we still face is how to get out of decades of managing forests in ways that increase, rather than decrease, fire risk.’\u003ccite>Chris Field, ecology professor at Stanford University\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“You can either do it on your terms,” said Adam Hernandez, a prescribed fire and fuels management officer with the U.S. Forest Service, as gray smoke billowed around, “or you wait for that wildfire to come and it does it on its terms — and then you’re in a bad way.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Small fires used to burn regularly through the understories of the Sierra Nevada’s forests, started by lightning and native tribes. That changed after the Native Americans were forced from the mountain range, followed by more than a century of logging and aggressive firefighting. Those activities replaced stands of large, fire-resistant trees with thickets of smaller ones, building up fuel for enormous blazes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When you have some of these extreme wildfires, you’re creating more harmful emissions,” said Jonathan Long, an ecologist with the U.S. Forest Service. Extreme fires burn larger areas and their flames jump from forest floors to incinerate canopies, producing heavy black smoke and killing mature trees. “We think taking the medicine in small doses is a lot healthier.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The excessive undergrowth amplified the impact of California’s recent drought — there was too little water for so many trees. More than 100 million trees may have died across the Sierra Nevada in recent years. The dead trees can provide nesting cavities and their logs create important habitat for wildlife, but some scientists fear they may also intensify fires after they topple into desiccated piles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The federal government has been striking agreements with state agencies to use more prescribed burns and take other steps to better manage forests. In January, California \u003ca href=\"http://fire.ca.gov/fcat/downloads/California%20Forest%20Carbon%20Plan%20Draft%20for%20Public%20Review_Jan17.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">released an ambitious draft plan\u003c/a> to restore forests over the decades to come — through a focus on prescribed burns — with the goal of reducing pollution from wildfires.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re trying to ensure that we have healthy, resilient forests that are net sinks of carbon so that they’re storing more carbon than they’re releasing,” said Russ Henly, a California Natural Resources Agency official who helped draft the plan. By 2020, the plan seeks to double the amount of land treated using prescribed burns to 35,000 acres a year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With so many local, state and federal agencies overseeing environmental rules and owning land in California, the state says coordination will be key. For example, the San Joaquin Valley Air Pollution Control District can prevent national parks and other landowners from conducting prescribed burns when pollution levels will be affected — which is most of the time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mindful of the growing danger of big blazes, the air district has become more accommodating of prescribed fires. Still, finding the money to pay for the work remains a challenge.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some members of Congress have pushed logging as a way to ease forest fires, though that approach could have the opposite effect: Trees valued by loggers tend to be the largest and most fire-resistant. Troublesome small trees and dead ones have little value other than as fuel for power plants, and even then they’re generally too expensive to gather. Low natural gas prices have been forcing the closure of biomass power plants, which are fueled with wood.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even if the money is found to improve forest management, climate change will likely limit the progress from improved forest management, said Christopher Field, an ecology professor at Stanford University. The fire season will continue to lengthen. Landscapes will continue to dry out. “The challenge we still face is how to get out of decades of managing forests in ways that increase, rather than decrease, fire risk,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Field oversaw a survey dealing with Sierra Nevada forests completed by 75 academics, government officials and nonprofit and industry employees. While most agreed that prescribed burns and other approaches can lock carbon into the mountain’s ecosystems, they warned it will be difficult to overcome the losses from wildfires as temperatures rise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California doesn’t include carbon losses from forest fires when it tallies its progress toward reducing climate pollution. But amid the burning, logging and clearing of tropical forests from Indonesia to the Amazon and the Congo, destructive fires in the forestlands of a U.S. state that has some of the world’s most ambitious climate goals are contributing to the problem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And, in the process, they are making people sick.\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>\u003cbr>\nThis story was produced through a partnership between \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Climate Central \u003c/a>and \u003ca href=\"https://khn.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Kaiser Health News\u003c/a> with support from the \u003ca href=\"https://west.stanford.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Bill Lane Center for the American West \u003c/a>at Stanford University. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>[audio src=https://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2017/10/FIrefightersFreeMassages.mp3 program=\"KQED Science\" title=\"Healers Offer Firefighters Free Massage and Acupuncture. And They're Loving It\" image=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/10/IMG_4233.jpeg\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The volunteer response to the wildfires in Sonoma County has a distinctly California flavor. Thousands of alternative-medicine practitioners like naturopaths, chiropractors — even aroma-therapists are donating treatment to anyone affected by the fires.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sessions happened at dozens of pop-up spas in parking lots, relief centers and emergency shelters during the brunt of the disaster. There are still about a half a dozen open.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At one Red Cross shelter on the Sonoma County fairgrounds, a young man lays down on the gym floor with a blue towel under his head. Amidst a cacophony of evacuees calling friends and family, a sound healer kneeling on a silk Asian blanket begins ringing quartz bowls arranged in a semi-circle. The therapy is intended to calm the patient’s frazzled nerves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1917108\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1917108 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/10/IMG_4253-800x600.jpeg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Tuning forks radiate the sound from quartz bowls to help calm the nervous system. \u003ccite>(Lesley McClurg/ KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Outside under a red and white striped plastic tent, a group of firefighters and national guardsmen wait patiently on folding metal chairs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jamie Sheppard, a Truckee-based firefighter is next in line. He’s beat after shouldering a 60-pound back for grueling 24-hour shifts over the past 10 days.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“My neck hurts, my back hurts, my left shoulder hurts,” says Sheppard. “And breathing in a lot of smoke of course, the lungs hurt.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He climbs up on a massage table and a therapist gently places her hands on his temples. After twenty minutes of gentle massage and Reiki, a Japanese technique for stress reduction and relaxation, Sheppard slowly rises to stand up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1917109\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1917109 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/10/IMG_4228-800x600.jpeg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Firefighter Jamie Sheppard receives energy work, or Reiki, after numerous long shifts on the front lines of the North Bay fires. \u003ccite>(Lesley McClurg/ KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“I feel much, much more relaxed,” said Sheppard. “Looser and nimble.” This is his second massage in a week. He says it doesn’t just help his body. “It also just kind of helps you unwind and power down and get ready for the next day.”\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it’s not just the firefighters who are working long hours. Dan Cortright is a volunteer who has offered massages for about ten hours each day for six days in a row.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sweat drips down Cortright’s forehead as he digs his elbow into the back of a burly national guard soldier. Cortright says he’s volunteering to show his gratitude to the emergency responders. “It’s the least I can do to pay them back for all they’ve done to save our town, our whole community.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A few blocks away stacks of donated boxes of herbs and healing remedies are arriving from all over the country to \u003ca href=\"http://farmacopia.net/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Farmacopia\u003c/a>, an alternative healing clinic in Santa Rosa. Lily Mazarella, the owner, says she can’t keep up with all the shipments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve gotten everything from organic mushroom powder for the immune system to homemade \u003ca href=\"https://www.webmd.com/vitamins-supplements/ingredientmono-959-osha.aspx?activeingredientid=959&\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">osha syrup\u003c/a> for respiratory distress to to big bottles of sleep syrup,” said Mazarella. She gave a lot away last week at another pop-up clinic nestled beneath huge trees, Alliance Redwoods Conference Grounds, about thirty minutes east of Santa Rosa.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Helicopters circled above Alliance’s blue basketball court that was lined with massage tables until Sunday. A few hundred firefighters stayed at this facility between shifts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Volunteers handed out “Manzanita Magic” – a folk remedy for poison oak. A white plastic table was lined with tinctures and syrups for respiratory support, stress, sleep and immune support.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some firefighters sniffed essential oils like eucalyptus to soothe their smoke-filled lungs. Or drank throat comfort tea to ease raspy coughs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1917134\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 720px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1917134 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/10/IMG_0445-1.jpeg\" alt=\"\" width=\"720\" height=\"479\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/10/IMG_0445-1.jpeg 720w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/10/IMG_0445-1-160x106.jpeg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/10/IMG_0445-1-240x160.jpeg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/10/IMG_0445-1-375x249.jpeg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/10/IMG_0445-1-520x346.jpeg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 720px) 100vw, 720px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Firefighters inhale the smell of eucalyptus oil to soothe dry smoke-filled lungs. \u003ccite>(Misha Miller)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Jen Riegle helped to coordinate shifts at more than two dozen shelters throughout Sonoma County. She’s a \u003ca href=\"https://nccih.nih.gov/health/naturopathy\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">naturopathic doctor\u003c/a> in Santa Rosa. Riegle says she’s truly touched by the feedback she’s received.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There have been so many soldiers and firemen and evacuees who have told us that they’ve never, ever received this kind of work before!” Riegle exclaims.\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A Facebook \u003ca href=\"https://www.facebook.com/groups/696852613840190/?multi_permalinks=701379526720832¬if_id=1508569523334276¬if_t=group_highlights\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">page\u003c/a> about the volunteer effort now has more than 2,000 members, and a \u003ca href=\"https://integrativehealersactionnetwork.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">website\u003c/a> to keep the momentum going recently went live. Riegle hopes the outpouring of support can become a model that’s easily replicated when disaster strikes another community.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The volunteer response to the wildfires in Sonoma County has a distinctly California flavor. Thousands of alternative-medicine practitioners like naturopaths, chiropractors — even aroma-therapists are donating treatment to anyone affected by the fires.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sessions happened at dozens of pop-up spas in parking lots, relief centers and emergency shelters during the brunt of the disaster. There are still about a half a dozen open.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At one Red Cross shelter on the Sonoma County fairgrounds, a young man lays down on the gym floor with a blue towel under his head. Amidst a cacophony of evacuees calling friends and family, a sound healer kneeling on a silk Asian blanket begins ringing quartz bowls arranged in a semi-circle. The therapy is intended to calm the patient’s frazzled nerves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1917108\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1917108 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/10/IMG_4253-800x600.jpeg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Tuning forks radiate the sound from quartz bowls to help calm the nervous system. \u003ccite>(Lesley McClurg/ KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Outside under a red and white striped plastic tent, a group of firefighters and national guardsmen wait patiently on folding metal chairs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jamie Sheppard, a Truckee-based firefighter is next in line. He’s beat after shouldering a 60-pound back for grueling 24-hour shifts over the past 10 days.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“My neck hurts, my back hurts, my left shoulder hurts,” says Sheppard. “And breathing in a lot of smoke of course, the lungs hurt.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He climbs up on a massage table and a therapist gently places her hands on his temples. After twenty minutes of gentle massage and Reiki, a Japanese technique for stress reduction and relaxation, Sheppard slowly rises to stand up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1917109\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1917109 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/10/IMG_4228-800x600.jpeg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Firefighter Jamie Sheppard receives energy work, or Reiki, after numerous long shifts on the front lines of the North Bay fires. \u003ccite>(Lesley McClurg/ KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“I feel much, much more relaxed,” said Sheppard. “Looser and nimble.” This is his second massage in a week. He says it doesn’t just help his body. “It also just kind of helps you unwind and power down and get ready for the next day.”\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it’s not just the firefighters who are working long hours. Dan Cortright is a volunteer who has offered massages for about ten hours each day for six days in a row.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sweat drips down Cortright’s forehead as he digs his elbow into the back of a burly national guard soldier. Cortright says he’s volunteering to show his gratitude to the emergency responders. “It’s the least I can do to pay them back for all they’ve done to save our town, our whole community.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A few blocks away stacks of donated boxes of herbs and healing remedies are arriving from all over the country to \u003ca href=\"http://farmacopia.net/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Farmacopia\u003c/a>, an alternative healing clinic in Santa Rosa. Lily Mazarella, the owner, says she can’t keep up with all the shipments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve gotten everything from organic mushroom powder for the immune system to homemade \u003ca href=\"https://www.webmd.com/vitamins-supplements/ingredientmono-959-osha.aspx?activeingredientid=959&\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">osha syrup\u003c/a> for respiratory distress to to big bottles of sleep syrup,” said Mazarella. She gave a lot away last week at another pop-up clinic nestled beneath huge trees, Alliance Redwoods Conference Grounds, about thirty minutes east of Santa Rosa.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Helicopters circled above Alliance’s blue basketball court that was lined with massage tables until Sunday. A few hundred firefighters stayed at this facility between shifts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Volunteers handed out “Manzanita Magic” – a folk remedy for poison oak. A white plastic table was lined with tinctures and syrups for respiratory support, stress, sleep and immune support.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some firefighters sniffed essential oils like eucalyptus to soothe their smoke-filled lungs. Or drank throat comfort tea to ease raspy coughs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1917134\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 720px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1917134 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/10/IMG_0445-1.jpeg\" alt=\"\" width=\"720\" height=\"479\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/10/IMG_0445-1.jpeg 720w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/10/IMG_0445-1-160x106.jpeg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/10/IMG_0445-1-240x160.jpeg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/10/IMG_0445-1-375x249.jpeg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/10/IMG_0445-1-520x346.jpeg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 720px) 100vw, 720px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Firefighters inhale the smell of eucalyptus oil to soothe dry smoke-filled lungs. \u003ccite>(Misha Miller)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Jen Riegle helped to coordinate shifts at more than two dozen shelters throughout Sonoma County. She’s a \u003ca href=\"https://nccih.nih.gov/health/naturopathy\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">naturopathic doctor\u003c/a> in Santa Rosa. Riegle says she’s truly touched by the feedback she’s received.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There have been so many soldiers and firemen and evacuees who have told us that they’ve never, ever received this kind of work before!” Riegle exclaims.\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A Facebook \u003ca href=\"https://www.facebook.com/groups/696852613840190/?multi_permalinks=701379526720832¬if_id=1508569523334276¬if_t=group_highlights\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">page\u003c/a> about the volunteer effort now has more than 2,000 members, and a \u003ca href=\"https://integrativehealersactionnetwork.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">website\u003c/a> to keep the momentum going recently went live. Riegle hopes the outpouring of support can become a model that’s easily replicated when disaster strikes another community.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Bay Area Air Quality Has Been Worst on Record -- Check Out Your City",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Updated: Wednesday, October 18, 2017, 11:45 a.m.\u003c/strong>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Air pollution in Bay Area counties in the past couple of weeks has been the worst since 1999 when officials began collecting data.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Residents in the North Bay are still experiencing the brunt of the pollution because of nearby wildfires in California’s wine country. Residents in Napa, Solano and Sonoma counties should try to stay inside buildings with air conditioning. But people in the East Bay and South Bay are not in the clear because the toxic air is creeping all over the region. You can look up your zip code \u003ca href=\"https://airnow.gov/index.cfm?action=airnow.local_city&cityid=317\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The pollution was so high last week it was comparable to high pollution days in China, says Lisa Fasano at the Bay Area Air Quality Management District.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The worst hour was measured last Tuesday in Napa with an air quality index of 404 for small particulate matter, so high it’s off the chart, as you can see below.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/10/KQEDScience_AQI_6AM_171018.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-1916921\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/10/KQEDScience_AQI_6AM_171018.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1130\" height=\"2129\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/10/KQEDScience_AQI_6AM_171018.jpg 1130w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/10/KQEDScience_AQI_6AM_171018-160x301.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/10/KQEDScience_AQI_6AM_171018-800x1507.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/10/KQEDScience_AQI_6AM_171018-768x1447.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/10/KQEDScience_AQI_6AM_171018-1020x1922.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/10/KQEDScience_AQI_6AM_171018-960x1809.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/10/KQEDScience_AQI_6AM_171018-240x452.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/10/KQEDScience_AQI_6AM_171018-375x707.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/10/KQEDScience_AQI_6AM_171018-520x980.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1130px) 100vw, 1130px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>[Check current air quality at \u003ca href=\"https://airnow.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">airnow.gov\u003c/a>, or \u003ca href=\"http://sparetheair.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">sparetheair.org\u003c/a>, which has a 5-day forecast] \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Follow these precautions to protect your health:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Minimize outdoor activities\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Exercise in a gym or studio with good ventilation, rather than outdoors\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Stay indoors with windows and doors closed\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Do not run fans in windows, drawing smoky air inside\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Run your air-conditioner on recirculate, rather than bringing in outdoor air\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Consider leaving the region until air quality improves\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>Officials warn that very fine smoke particles, a fraction of the size of a human hair, can lodge in the lungs and do irreparable damage to the body.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When we breath particulates they bypass the lung system and get into our bloodstream,” said Fasano. “They exacerbate respiratory conditions like asthma, COPD (Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease\u003cem>)\u003c/em>, emphysema and other conditions because they are very harmful.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/10/anim_aqi_sanfrancisco_ca_171018wed.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-1916920\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/10/anim_aqi_sanfrancisco_ca_171018wed.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"525\" height=\"400\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A seasonal inversion layer is putting a lid on the pollution and holding it in the region. Usually the Bay Area benefits from a natural air conditioning system with winds blowing in off the coast and carrying the air inland.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/10/1hr_pm25_SacramentoCa_animate_171018wed.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-1916919\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/10/1hr_pm25_SacramentoCa_animate_171018wed.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"525\" height=\"400\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are also seeing elevated levels in San Francisco and Redwood City,” says Fasano. “We are all being impacted by this really unhealthy air pollution.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you’re concerned about working out, “Outdoor exercise is not advised in the heavily smoke impacted counties of Napa, Sonoma, and Solano,” says Fasano.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fasano recommends buying a face mask at the hardware store with a \u003ca href=\"https://www.fda.gov/MedicalDevices/ProductsandMedicalProcedures/GeneralHospitalDevicesandSupplies/PersonalProtectiveEquipment/ucm055977.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">N-95 rating\u003c/a> or higher. Unfortunately neither a hospital mask or a bandanna tied over the face prevents noxious air from entering the lungs. Fasano suggests staying inside through the weekend to avoid breathing both particle pollution and ash wafting through the air.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Updated: Wednesday, October 18, 2017, 11:45 a.m.\u003c/strong>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Air pollution in Bay Area counties in the past couple of weeks has been the worst since 1999 when officials began collecting data.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Residents in the North Bay are still experiencing the brunt of the pollution because of nearby wildfires in California’s wine country. Residents in Napa, Solano and Sonoma counties should try to stay inside buildings with air conditioning. But people in the East Bay and South Bay are not in the clear because the toxic air is creeping all over the region. You can look up your zip code \u003ca href=\"https://airnow.gov/index.cfm?action=airnow.local_city&cityid=317\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The pollution was so high last week it was comparable to high pollution days in China, says Lisa Fasano at the Bay Area Air Quality Management District.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The worst hour was measured last Tuesday in Napa with an air quality index of 404 for small particulate matter, so high it’s off the chart, as you can see below.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/10/KQEDScience_AQI_6AM_171018.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-1916921\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/10/KQEDScience_AQI_6AM_171018.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1130\" height=\"2129\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/10/KQEDScience_AQI_6AM_171018.jpg 1130w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/10/KQEDScience_AQI_6AM_171018-160x301.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/10/KQEDScience_AQI_6AM_171018-800x1507.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/10/KQEDScience_AQI_6AM_171018-768x1447.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/10/KQEDScience_AQI_6AM_171018-1020x1922.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/10/KQEDScience_AQI_6AM_171018-960x1809.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/10/KQEDScience_AQI_6AM_171018-240x452.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/10/KQEDScience_AQI_6AM_171018-375x707.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/10/KQEDScience_AQI_6AM_171018-520x980.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1130px) 100vw, 1130px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>[Check current air quality at \u003ca href=\"https://airnow.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">airnow.gov\u003c/a>, or \u003ca href=\"http://sparetheair.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">sparetheair.org\u003c/a>, which has a 5-day forecast] \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Follow these precautions to protect your health:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Minimize outdoor activities\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Exercise in a gym or studio with good ventilation, rather than outdoors\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Stay indoors with windows and doors closed\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Do not run fans in windows, drawing smoky air inside\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Run your air-conditioner on recirculate, rather than bringing in outdoor air\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Consider leaving the region until air quality improves\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>Officials warn that very fine smoke particles, a fraction of the size of a human hair, can lodge in the lungs and do irreparable damage to the body.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When we breath particulates they bypass the lung system and get into our bloodstream,” said Fasano. “They exacerbate respiratory conditions like asthma, COPD (Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease\u003cem>)\u003c/em>, emphysema and other conditions because they are very harmful.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/10/anim_aqi_sanfrancisco_ca_171018wed.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-1916920\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/10/anim_aqi_sanfrancisco_ca_171018wed.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"525\" height=\"400\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A seasonal inversion layer is putting a lid on the pollution and holding it in the region. Usually the Bay Area benefits from a natural air conditioning system with winds blowing in off the coast and carrying the air inland.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/10/1hr_pm25_SacramentoCa_animate_171018wed.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-1916919\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/10/1hr_pm25_SacramentoCa_animate_171018wed.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"525\" height=\"400\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are also seeing elevated levels in San Francisco and Redwood City,” says Fasano. “We are all being impacted by this really unhealthy air pollution.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you’re concerned about working out, “Outdoor exercise is not advised in the heavily smoke impacted counties of Napa, Sonoma, and Solano,” says Fasano.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fasano recommends buying a face mask at the hardware store with a \u003ca href=\"https://www.fda.gov/MedicalDevices/ProductsandMedicalProcedures/GeneralHospitalDevicesandSupplies/PersonalProtectiveEquipment/ucm055977.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">N-95 rating\u003c/a> or higher. Unfortunately neither a hospital mask or a bandanna tied over the face prevents noxious air from entering the lungs. Fasano suggests staying inside through the weekend to avoid breathing both particle pollution and ash wafting through the air.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Guess What's Showing Up in Our Shellfish? One Word: Plastics",
"headTitle": "Guess What’s Showing Up in Our Shellfish? One Word: Plastics | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Sarah Dudas doesn’t mind shucking an oyster or a clam in the name of science.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But sit down with her and a plate of oysters on the half-shell or a bucket of steamed Manila clams, and she’ll probably point out a bivalve’s gonads or remark on its fertility.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These are comments I make at dinner parties,” she said. “I’ve spent too much time doing dissections. I’ve done too many spawnings.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And lately, the shellfish biologist is making other unappetizing comments to her dinner party guests — about plastics in those shellfish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2016, she and her students at Vancouver Island University planted thousands of clams and oysters across coastal British Columbia and let them soak in the sand and saltwater of the Strait of Georgia. Three months later, they dissolved hundreds of them with chemicals, filtered out the biodegradable matter and looked at the remaining material under a microscope. Inside this Pacific Northwest culinary staple, they found a rainbow of little plastic particles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1915723\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/microplastics-fine-cut.00_00_22_01.still005-1_custom-7588e3d0ab0f1dc039e01ccbf6e473aa14c83702.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1915723\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/microplastics-fine-cut.00_00_22_01.still005-1_custom-7588e3d0ab0f1dc039e01ccbf6e473aa14c83702.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1078\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/microplastics-fine-cut.00_00_22_01.still005-1_custom-7588e3d0ab0f1dc039e01ccbf6e473aa14c83702.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/microplastics-fine-cut.00_00_22_01.still005-1_custom-7588e3d0ab0f1dc039e01ccbf6e473aa14c83702-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/microplastics-fine-cut.00_00_22_01.still005-1_custom-7588e3d0ab0f1dc039e01ccbf6e473aa14c83702-800x449.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/microplastics-fine-cut.00_00_22_01.still005-1_custom-7588e3d0ab0f1dc039e01ccbf6e473aa14c83702-768x431.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/microplastics-fine-cut.00_00_22_01.still005-1_custom-7588e3d0ab0f1dc039e01ccbf6e473aa14c83702-1020x573.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/microplastics-fine-cut.00_00_22_01.still005-1_custom-7588e3d0ab0f1dc039e01ccbf6e473aa14c83702-1180x663.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/microplastics-fine-cut.00_00_22_01.still005-1_custom-7588e3d0ab0f1dc039e01ccbf6e473aa14c83702-960x539.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/microplastics-fine-cut.00_00_22_01.still005-1_custom-7588e3d0ab0f1dc039e01ccbf6e473aa14c83702-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/microplastics-fine-cut.00_00_22_01.still005-1_custom-7588e3d0ab0f1dc039e01ccbf6e473aa14c83702-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/microplastics-fine-cut.00_00_22_01.still005-1_custom-7588e3d0ab0f1dc039e01ccbf6e473aa14c83702-520x292.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Shellfish biologist Sarah Dudas works with an oyster specimen at her Vancouver Island University lab. \u003ccite>(Ken Christensen/KCTS Television)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“So when you eat clams and oysters, you’re eating plastics as well,” Dudas says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Funded by the Canadian government and British Columbia’s shellfish trade association, the project aimed to learn whether the shellfish aquaculture industry may be contaminating its own crop by using plastic infrastructure like nets, buoys and ropes. The experiment was a response to those claims by \u003ca href=\"https://adimsblog.files.wordpress.com/2014/12/microplastic-article.pdf\">local environmental groups\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But tracking the origins of tiny plastic particles in a big ocean is new territory. So Dudas turned to Peter Ross, who has studied the effects of ocean pollution on sea life for 30 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve long known that plastic and debris can be a problem for ocean life,” says Ross, director of the Vancouver Aquarium’s Ocean Pollution Research Program.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2013, he began sampling the coast of British Columbia for microplastics. The researchers found up to \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0025326X13007741\">9,200 particles of microplastic per cubic meter\u003c/a> of seawater — about the equivalent of emptying a salt shaker into a large moving box.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1915724\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2448px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/image_47225-1_custom-d99a7890c022334e8b52bb2f90d5873dc3aa9822.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1915724\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/image_47225-1_custom-d99a7890c022334e8b52bb2f90d5873dc3aa9822.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"2448\" height=\"1375\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/image_47225-1_custom-d99a7890c022334e8b52bb2f90d5873dc3aa9822.jpg 2448w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/image_47225-1_custom-d99a7890c022334e8b52bb2f90d5873dc3aa9822-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/image_47225-1_custom-d99a7890c022334e8b52bb2f90d5873dc3aa9822-800x449.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/image_47225-1_custom-d99a7890c022334e8b52bb2f90d5873dc3aa9822-768x431.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/image_47225-1_custom-d99a7890c022334e8b52bb2f90d5873dc3aa9822-1020x573.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/image_47225-1_custom-d99a7890c022334e8b52bb2f90d5873dc3aa9822-1920x1078.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/image_47225-1_custom-d99a7890c022334e8b52bb2f90d5873dc3aa9822-1180x663.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/image_47225-1_custom-d99a7890c022334e8b52bb2f90d5873dc3aa9822-960x539.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/image_47225-1_custom-d99a7890c022334e8b52bb2f90d5873dc3aa9822-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/image_47225-1_custom-d99a7890c022334e8b52bb2f90d5873dc3aa9822-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/image_47225-1_custom-d99a7890c022334e8b52bb2f90d5873dc3aa9822-520x292.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2448px) 100vw, 2448px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The majority of microplastic particles found in Dudas’ samples consist of microscopic synthetic fibers. \u003ccite>(Ken Christensen/KCTS Television)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“So, large numbers,” Ross says. “Rather shocking numbers.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They found plastics that were made small, like the polystyrene beads sold as \u003ca href=\"https://www.amazon.com/Fairfield-Poly-Fil-Micro-Beads-20-Ounce/dp/B001DTOH8S\">bean bag filler\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://www.amazon.com/dp/B000XZY0OY/ref=asc_df_B000XZY0OY5165111/?tag=hyprod-20&creative=395033&creativeASIN=B000XZY0OY&linkCode=df0&hvadid=194013412954&hvpos=1o1&hvnetw=g&hvrand=14387442267544610200&hvpone=&hvptwo=&hvqmt=&hvdev=c&hvdvcmdl=&hvlocint=&hvlocphy=9033313&hvtargid=pla-314745397104\">fake snow\u003c/a>, and \u003ca href=\"http://vancouverisland.ctvnews.ca/b-c-librarian-says-nurdles-washing-up-on-beaches-is-cause-for-concern-1.3311057\">nurdles\u003c/a>, the hard resin pellets used as a raw material for other plastic products. Microbeads, common in \u003ca href=\"http://www.beatthemicrobead.org/product-lists/\">toothpaste and face wash\u003c/a>, were also present.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the majority of microplastics in Ross’ samples resembled those showing up in Dudas’ shellfish. They’re showing up by the \u003ca href=\"http://www.washington.edu/news/2017/06/29/uw-oceanography-senior-finds-plastic-microfibers-are-common-on-puget-sound-beaches/\">thousands along Puget Sound’s shorelines\u003c/a>, too. They’re microfibers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s overwhelmingly fibers,” Ross says. “And they’re being readily consumed at the bottom of the food chain, in zooplankton.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The research is adding to the evidence of a problem that touches every corner of the planet: from the depths of the \u003ca href=\"http://onemoregeneration.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/07/Microplastic-pollution-in-deep-sea-sediments.pdf\">ocean abyss\u003c/a> to the surface waters of the Arctic to an area in the middle of the Pacific Ocean now known as the \u003ca href=\"https://www.nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/great-pacific-garbage-patch/\">Great Pacific Garbage Patch\u003c/a>. Scientists think plastic pollution in the ocean could \u003ca href=\"http://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_The_New_Plastics_Economy.pdf\">outweigh the fish there\u003c/a> by 2050.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nb7tbfjYu3o\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ross believes that locating the source of microfibers will help slow that trend. So lately, his science lab is looking more like a crime lab.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The detective work begins under a microscope. Researchers study a petri dish that looks like an \u003ca href=\"http://www6.miami.edu/lowe/exhibition/walter-wick.html\">I Spy book\u003c/a> — a white background strewn with small colorful items. They note each particle’s size, shape and color and zoom in to study its appearance: the way a fiber drapes across the dish or frays at its tip.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If particles pass the eye test, they advance to a machine called the Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is a fancy forensic machine used at police stations,” Ross says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The machine scans individual particles with infrared light and generates a line graph on a nearby computer. Then the program cross-references that graph with a global database of other squiggly lines. One piece of fabric pulls up a list of probable matches — fibers with names like Zeftron 500 and Wonder Thread. They’re types of nylon. Other fibers bring up generic and commercial names for olefin and polyester.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The data can’t pinpoint a fiber’s exact source, but taken in aggregate can point to larger trends about the presence of microplastic pollution in the ocean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In many cases, the research is underlining the fact that many of the fibers ending up in the ocean are starting their journey much closer to home — probably in your home laundry machine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Outdoor gear manufacturer Patagonia found that the \u003ca href=\"http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/acs.est.6b03045\">average synthetic jacket releases 1.7 grams\u003c/a> of microfibers per load of laundry. Each load may generate \u003ca href=\"https://www.theguardian.com/science/2016/sep/27/washing-clothes-releases-water-polluting-fibres-study-finds\">hundreds of thousands of fibers\u003c/a>, which can slip through filters on washing machines and wastewater treatment plants and eventually make their way into ocean waters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The fabrics are degrading over time and getting flushed out into the water system,” says Jeff Crook, chief product officer at Mountain Equipment Co-op, one of Canada’s biggest outdoor retailers. The Vancouver-based co-op paid $50,000 to support Ross’ effort.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Improved filters may be one way to stop ocean-bound microfibers, Crook says, but he’s looking to Ross’ data for other information, like whether some types of fibers are ending up in the ocean more than others. The data could help start a conversation about creating industry-wide standards around fiber shedding, he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The more information we have, the more we can go back and tinker and improve the materials,” Crook says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Others note that the world consumes hundreds of millions of tons of plastic annually — like food packaging and straws. Dudas said that, while she is finding that farmed shellfish don’t contain any more plastic than nonfarmed shellfish, she has no doubt that nets and ropes from shellfish aquaculture sites also shed fibers into the ocean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“My fear is that we have a latent reservoir of these products that could become our future supply of microplastics,” Ross says. “And they’ll in turn be ingested by zooplankton and move up into the food chain.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Should we be concerned that we’re part of that food chain?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That research is ongoing, Dudas says, but the answer likely will depend on how much we consume. The clams and oysters in Dudas’ study contained an average of eight microplastic particles each, preliminary results show.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are some indications that those plastics can act as vectors for chemical pollutants and pathogens, and other researchers are studying whether plastics leave the human body after being eaten.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When in doubt, ask a shellfish biologist.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I wouldn’t be overly concerned about eating shellfish specifically,” Dudas said. “Microplastics are everywhere.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"https://kcts9.org/programs/earthfix/how-much-plastic-do-you-want-in-your-oysters-and-clams\">\u003cem>story\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003cem> comes to us from \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"https://kcts9.org/\">\u003cem>KCTS9\u003c/em>\u003c/a> \u003cem>and\u003c/em> \u003ca href=\"http://earthfix.info/\">EarthFix\u003c/a>, \u003cem>an environmental journalism collaboration led by Oregon Public Broadcasting in partnership with five other public media stations in Oregon, Washington and Idaho.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2017 EarthFix. To see more, visit \u003ca>EarthFix\u003c/a>.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Guess+What%27s+Showing+Up+In+Our+Shellfish%3F+One+Word%3A+Plastics&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Scientists predict that plastic in the ocean will eventually outweigh the fish there. Where is it all coming from? And is it making our food unsafe? Researchers are trying to find the answers.",
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"description": "Scientists predict that plastic in the ocean will eventually outweigh the fish there. Where is it all coming from? And is it making our food unsafe? Researchers are trying to find the answers.",
"title": "Guess What's Showing Up in Our Shellfish? One Word: Plastics | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Sarah Dudas doesn’t mind shucking an oyster or a clam in the name of science.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But sit down with her and a plate of oysters on the half-shell or a bucket of steamed Manila clams, and she’ll probably point out a bivalve’s gonads or remark on its fertility.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These are comments I make at dinner parties,” she said. “I’ve spent too much time doing dissections. I’ve done too many spawnings.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And lately, the shellfish biologist is making other unappetizing comments to her dinner party guests — about plastics in those shellfish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2016, she and her students at Vancouver Island University planted thousands of clams and oysters across coastal British Columbia and let them soak in the sand and saltwater of the Strait of Georgia. Three months later, they dissolved hundreds of them with chemicals, filtered out the biodegradable matter and looked at the remaining material under a microscope. Inside this Pacific Northwest culinary staple, they found a rainbow of little plastic particles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1915723\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/microplastics-fine-cut.00_00_22_01.still005-1_custom-7588e3d0ab0f1dc039e01ccbf6e473aa14c83702.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1915723\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/microplastics-fine-cut.00_00_22_01.still005-1_custom-7588e3d0ab0f1dc039e01ccbf6e473aa14c83702.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1078\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/microplastics-fine-cut.00_00_22_01.still005-1_custom-7588e3d0ab0f1dc039e01ccbf6e473aa14c83702.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/microplastics-fine-cut.00_00_22_01.still005-1_custom-7588e3d0ab0f1dc039e01ccbf6e473aa14c83702-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/microplastics-fine-cut.00_00_22_01.still005-1_custom-7588e3d0ab0f1dc039e01ccbf6e473aa14c83702-800x449.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/microplastics-fine-cut.00_00_22_01.still005-1_custom-7588e3d0ab0f1dc039e01ccbf6e473aa14c83702-768x431.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/microplastics-fine-cut.00_00_22_01.still005-1_custom-7588e3d0ab0f1dc039e01ccbf6e473aa14c83702-1020x573.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/microplastics-fine-cut.00_00_22_01.still005-1_custom-7588e3d0ab0f1dc039e01ccbf6e473aa14c83702-1180x663.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/microplastics-fine-cut.00_00_22_01.still005-1_custom-7588e3d0ab0f1dc039e01ccbf6e473aa14c83702-960x539.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/microplastics-fine-cut.00_00_22_01.still005-1_custom-7588e3d0ab0f1dc039e01ccbf6e473aa14c83702-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/microplastics-fine-cut.00_00_22_01.still005-1_custom-7588e3d0ab0f1dc039e01ccbf6e473aa14c83702-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/microplastics-fine-cut.00_00_22_01.still005-1_custom-7588e3d0ab0f1dc039e01ccbf6e473aa14c83702-520x292.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Shellfish biologist Sarah Dudas works with an oyster specimen at her Vancouver Island University lab. \u003ccite>(Ken Christensen/KCTS Television)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“So when you eat clams and oysters, you’re eating plastics as well,” Dudas says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Funded by the Canadian government and British Columbia’s shellfish trade association, the project aimed to learn whether the shellfish aquaculture industry may be contaminating its own crop by using plastic infrastructure like nets, buoys and ropes. The experiment was a response to those claims by \u003ca href=\"https://adimsblog.files.wordpress.com/2014/12/microplastic-article.pdf\">local environmental groups\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But tracking the origins of tiny plastic particles in a big ocean is new territory. So Dudas turned to Peter Ross, who has studied the effects of ocean pollution on sea life for 30 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve long known that plastic and debris can be a problem for ocean life,” says Ross, director of the Vancouver Aquarium’s Ocean Pollution Research Program.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2013, he began sampling the coast of British Columbia for microplastics. The researchers found up to \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0025326X13007741\">9,200 particles of microplastic per cubic meter\u003c/a> of seawater — about the equivalent of emptying a salt shaker into a large moving box.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1915724\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2448px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/image_47225-1_custom-d99a7890c022334e8b52bb2f90d5873dc3aa9822.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1915724\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/image_47225-1_custom-d99a7890c022334e8b52bb2f90d5873dc3aa9822.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"2448\" height=\"1375\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/image_47225-1_custom-d99a7890c022334e8b52bb2f90d5873dc3aa9822.jpg 2448w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/image_47225-1_custom-d99a7890c022334e8b52bb2f90d5873dc3aa9822-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/image_47225-1_custom-d99a7890c022334e8b52bb2f90d5873dc3aa9822-800x449.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/image_47225-1_custom-d99a7890c022334e8b52bb2f90d5873dc3aa9822-768x431.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/image_47225-1_custom-d99a7890c022334e8b52bb2f90d5873dc3aa9822-1020x573.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/image_47225-1_custom-d99a7890c022334e8b52bb2f90d5873dc3aa9822-1920x1078.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/image_47225-1_custom-d99a7890c022334e8b52bb2f90d5873dc3aa9822-1180x663.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/image_47225-1_custom-d99a7890c022334e8b52bb2f90d5873dc3aa9822-960x539.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/image_47225-1_custom-d99a7890c022334e8b52bb2f90d5873dc3aa9822-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/image_47225-1_custom-d99a7890c022334e8b52bb2f90d5873dc3aa9822-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/image_47225-1_custom-d99a7890c022334e8b52bb2f90d5873dc3aa9822-520x292.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2448px) 100vw, 2448px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The majority of microplastic particles found in Dudas’ samples consist of microscopic synthetic fibers. \u003ccite>(Ken Christensen/KCTS Television)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“So, large numbers,” Ross says. “Rather shocking numbers.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They found plastics that were made small, like the polystyrene beads sold as \u003ca href=\"https://www.amazon.com/Fairfield-Poly-Fil-Micro-Beads-20-Ounce/dp/B001DTOH8S\">bean bag filler\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://www.amazon.com/dp/B000XZY0OY/ref=asc_df_B000XZY0OY5165111/?tag=hyprod-20&creative=395033&creativeASIN=B000XZY0OY&linkCode=df0&hvadid=194013412954&hvpos=1o1&hvnetw=g&hvrand=14387442267544610200&hvpone=&hvptwo=&hvqmt=&hvdev=c&hvdvcmdl=&hvlocint=&hvlocphy=9033313&hvtargid=pla-314745397104\">fake snow\u003c/a>, and \u003ca href=\"http://vancouverisland.ctvnews.ca/b-c-librarian-says-nurdles-washing-up-on-beaches-is-cause-for-concern-1.3311057\">nurdles\u003c/a>, the hard resin pellets used as a raw material for other plastic products. Microbeads, common in \u003ca href=\"http://www.beatthemicrobead.org/product-lists/\">toothpaste and face wash\u003c/a>, were also present.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the majority of microplastics in Ross’ samples resembled those showing up in Dudas’ shellfish. They’re showing up by the \u003ca href=\"http://www.washington.edu/news/2017/06/29/uw-oceanography-senior-finds-plastic-microfibers-are-common-on-puget-sound-beaches/\">thousands along Puget Sound’s shorelines\u003c/a>, too. They’re microfibers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s overwhelmingly fibers,” Ross says. “And they’re being readily consumed at the bottom of the food chain, in zooplankton.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The research is adding to the evidence of a problem that touches every corner of the planet: from the depths of the \u003ca href=\"http://onemoregeneration.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/07/Microplastic-pollution-in-deep-sea-sediments.pdf\">ocean abyss\u003c/a> to the surface waters of the Arctic to an area in the middle of the Pacific Ocean now known as the \u003ca href=\"https://www.nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/great-pacific-garbage-patch/\">Great Pacific Garbage Patch\u003c/a>. Scientists think plastic pollution in the ocean could \u003ca href=\"http://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_The_New_Plastics_Economy.pdf\">outweigh the fish there\u003c/a> by 2050.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/nb7tbfjYu3o'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/nb7tbfjYu3o'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>Ross believes that locating the source of microfibers will help slow that trend. So lately, his science lab is looking more like a crime lab.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The detective work begins under a microscope. Researchers study a petri dish that looks like an \u003ca href=\"http://www6.miami.edu/lowe/exhibition/walter-wick.html\">I Spy book\u003c/a> — a white background strewn with small colorful items. They note each particle’s size, shape and color and zoom in to study its appearance: the way a fiber drapes across the dish or frays at its tip.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If particles pass the eye test, they advance to a machine called the Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is a fancy forensic machine used at police stations,” Ross says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The machine scans individual particles with infrared light and generates a line graph on a nearby computer. Then the program cross-references that graph with a global database of other squiggly lines. One piece of fabric pulls up a list of probable matches — fibers with names like Zeftron 500 and Wonder Thread. They’re types of nylon. Other fibers bring up generic and commercial names for olefin and polyester.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The data can’t pinpoint a fiber’s exact source, but taken in aggregate can point to larger trends about the presence of microplastic pollution in the ocean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In many cases, the research is underlining the fact that many of the fibers ending up in the ocean are starting their journey much closer to home — probably in your home laundry machine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Outdoor gear manufacturer Patagonia found that the \u003ca href=\"http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/acs.est.6b03045\">average synthetic jacket releases 1.7 grams\u003c/a> of microfibers per load of laundry. Each load may generate \u003ca href=\"https://www.theguardian.com/science/2016/sep/27/washing-clothes-releases-water-polluting-fibres-study-finds\">hundreds of thousands of fibers\u003c/a>, which can slip through filters on washing machines and wastewater treatment plants and eventually make their way into ocean waters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The fabrics are degrading over time and getting flushed out into the water system,” says Jeff Crook, chief product officer at Mountain Equipment Co-op, one of Canada’s biggest outdoor retailers. The Vancouver-based co-op paid $50,000 to support Ross’ effort.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Improved filters may be one way to stop ocean-bound microfibers, Crook says, but he’s looking to Ross’ data for other information, like whether some types of fibers are ending up in the ocean more than others. The data could help start a conversation about creating industry-wide standards around fiber shedding, he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The more information we have, the more we can go back and tinker and improve the materials,” Crook says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Others note that the world consumes hundreds of millions of tons of plastic annually — like food packaging and straws. Dudas said that, while she is finding that farmed shellfish don’t contain any more plastic than nonfarmed shellfish, she has no doubt that nets and ropes from shellfish aquaculture sites also shed fibers into the ocean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“My fear is that we have a latent reservoir of these products that could become our future supply of microplastics,” Ross says. “And they’ll in turn be ingested by zooplankton and move up into the food chain.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Should we be concerned that we’re part of that food chain?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That research is ongoing, Dudas says, but the answer likely will depend on how much we consume. The clams and oysters in Dudas’ study contained an average of eight microplastic particles each, preliminary results show.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are some indications that those plastics can act as vectors for chemical pollutants and pathogens, and other researchers are studying whether plastics leave the human body after being eaten.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When in doubt, ask a shellfish biologist.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I wouldn’t be overly concerned about eating shellfish specifically,” Dudas said. “Microplastics are everywhere.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"https://kcts9.org/programs/earthfix/how-much-plastic-do-you-want-in-your-oysters-and-clams\">\u003cem>story\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003cem> comes to us from \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"https://kcts9.org/\">\u003cem>KCTS9\u003c/em>\u003c/a> \u003cem>and\u003c/em> \u003ca href=\"http://earthfix.info/\">EarthFix\u003c/a>, \u003cem>an environmental journalism collaboration led by Oregon Public Broadcasting in partnership with five other public media stations in Oregon, Washington and Idaho.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2017 EarthFix. To see more, visit \u003ca>EarthFix\u003c/a>.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Guess+What%27s+Showing+Up+In+Our+Shellfish%3F+One+Word%3A+Plastics&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Think today’s kids want to be doctors or lawyers? Nope. YouTube stardom is the No. 1 dream career for young people today, at least according to a widely publicized \u003ca href=\"http://www.tubefilter.com/2017/05/24/most-desired-career-young-people-youtube/\">survey\u003c/a> by a British newspaper last spring.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The appeal is obvious: Some 20-somethings are making millions by playing video games or dispensing beauty tips online. But the pressure of having to endlessly produce original content that makes them look accessible, transparent and authentic has proved too much for some people, including Essena O’Neill. The former social media personality went public in her posts about experiencing symptoms of depression and anxiety from living an overly curated life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The only time I felt better about myself, really, was the more followers, the more likes, the more praise, and the more views I got online,” she said in her \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Xe1Qyks8QEM\">last video\u003c/a> from 2015 before disappearing from social media entirely.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Living professionally online has also been a challenge for 24-year-old Lauren Riihimaki. More than 6 million people follow her YouTube channel, \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/user/LaurDIY\">LaurDIY,\u003c/a> which covers topics ranging from home decorating to her adoption of an adorable little dog.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You can never just kind of turn it off and be like, ‘OK, today I don’t want to be me,’ because that’s your business,” she said during an NPR interview earlier this summer at \u003ca href=\"http://vidcon.com\">VidCon\u003c/a> in Anaheim, Calif.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Riihimaki has a team of five people these days helping her manage her business, among them \u003ca href=\"http://select.co/company/\">Adam Wescott\u003c/a>, co-founder of Select Management Group, a talent agency just for YouTube stars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most of these stars are between the ages of 20 and 26. Unlike movie stars or rock stars, Wescott says, these video celebrities do most of their work themselves. “They’re responsible for everything from developing an idea, to physically producing it, to starring in it, to directing it, to editing it, to programming it, to promoting and marketing,” Wescott says. And to keep their hungry audiences satisfied, they should be doing all that at least twice a week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s why Lauren Riihimaki came close not just to burning out, but breaking down. “I have overcome and pushed the boundaries of my anxiety so insanely since I started YouTube,” she says in \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mKeltfBsGeY\">one\u003c/a> of her LaurDIY videos where she talks about the mental health pressures she’s faced and that her work entails. Riihimaki says she sees a therapist and she’s on medication. And that’s been working for her.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dana Julian, a Los Angeles therapist who does not work with Riihimaki, has a number of famous clients. She says one of the hardest things about managing life as a YouTube star is making a career out of something that can be an addiction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our phones have become our dopamine,” she says. “And getting those clicks and likes and followers is also that other dopamine.” Anyone with a Facebook, Twitter or Instagram account is familiar with that neurotramitter rush. But now, imagine it magnified by millions of clicks, likes and followers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To help maintain her mental equilibrium, Lauren Riihimaki filters out commenters’ negative language “like ‘ugly.’ ‘Fat.’ ‘Stupid.’ ‘Loser.’ Just any bad word,” she says. “I have like, 200 words filtered out, because, it’s just like anything negative. If you don’t need to see that, then you might as well not see it if you have the option to.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The upside to managing YouTube stars, says Wescott, is that he can generally tell how his clients are doing because they’re on social media all the time. When they’re clearly overwhelmed, he tells them to get offline for a while. Stop being a brand. Take some time just to be a person again.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Think today’s kids want to be doctors or lawyers? Nope. YouTube stardom is the No. 1 dream career for young people today, at least according to a widely publicized \u003ca href=\"http://www.tubefilter.com/2017/05/24/most-desired-career-young-people-youtube/\">survey\u003c/a> by a British newspaper last spring.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The appeal is obvious: Some 20-somethings are making millions by playing video games or dispensing beauty tips online. But the pressure of having to endlessly produce original content that makes them look accessible, transparent and authentic has proved too much for some people, including Essena O’Neill. The former social media personality went public in her posts about experiencing symptoms of depression and anxiety from living an overly curated life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The only time I felt better about myself, really, was the more followers, the more likes, the more praise, and the more views I got online,” she said in her \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Xe1Qyks8QEM\">last video\u003c/a> from 2015 before disappearing from social media entirely.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Living professionally online has also been a challenge for 24-year-old Lauren Riihimaki. More than 6 million people follow her YouTube channel, \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/user/LaurDIY\">LaurDIY,\u003c/a> which covers topics ranging from home decorating to her adoption of an adorable little dog.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You can never just kind of turn it off and be like, ‘OK, today I don’t want to be me,’ because that’s your business,” she said during an NPR interview earlier this summer at \u003ca href=\"http://vidcon.com\">VidCon\u003c/a> in Anaheim, Calif.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Riihimaki has a team of five people these days helping her manage her business, among them \u003ca href=\"http://select.co/company/\">Adam Wescott\u003c/a>, co-founder of Select Management Group, a talent agency just for YouTube stars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most of these stars are between the ages of 20 and 26. Unlike movie stars or rock stars, Wescott says, these video celebrities do most of their work themselves. “They’re responsible for everything from developing an idea, to physically producing it, to starring in it, to directing it, to editing it, to programming it, to promoting and marketing,” Wescott says. And to keep their hungry audiences satisfied, they should be doing all that at least twice a week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s why Lauren Riihimaki came close not just to burning out, but breaking down. “I have overcome and pushed the boundaries of my anxiety so insanely since I started YouTube,” she says in \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mKeltfBsGeY\">one\u003c/a> of her LaurDIY videos where she talks about the mental health pressures she’s faced and that her work entails. Riihimaki says she sees a therapist and she’s on medication. And that’s been working for her.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dana Julian, a Los Angeles therapist who does not work with Riihimaki, has a number of famous clients. She says one of the hardest things about managing life as a YouTube star is making a career out of something that can be an addiction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our phones have become our dopamine,” she says. “And getting those clicks and likes and followers is also that other dopamine.” Anyone with a Facebook, Twitter or Instagram account is familiar with that neurotramitter rush. But now, imagine it magnified by millions of clicks, likes and followers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To help maintain her mental equilibrium, Lauren Riihimaki filters out commenters’ negative language “like ‘ugly.’ ‘Fat.’ ‘Stupid.’ ‘Loser.’ Just any bad word,” she says. “I have like, 200 words filtered out, because, it’s just like anything negative. If you don’t need to see that, then you might as well not see it if you have the option to.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The upside to managing YouTube stars, says Wescott, is that he can generally tell how his clients are doing because they’re on social media all the time. When they’re clearly overwhelmed, he tells them to get offline for a while. Stop being a brand. Take some time just to be a person again.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Scientists Precisely Edit DNA in Human Embryos to Fix a Disease Gene",
"headTitle": "Scientists Precisely Edit DNA in Human Embryos to Fix a Disease Gene | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Scientists have been tinkering with the DNA in humans and other living things for decades. But one thing has long been considered off-limits: Modifying human DNA in any way that could be passed down for generations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, an international team of scientists \u003ca href=\"http://nature.com/articles/doi:10.1038/nature23305\">reports\u003c/a> they have, for the first time, figured out a way to successfully edit the DNA in human embryos — without introducing the harmful mutations that were a problem in previous attempts elsewhere. The work was published online Wednesday in the journal \u003cem>Nature.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a pretty exciting piece of science,” says \u003ca href=\"https://daley.med.harvard.edu/\">George Daley\u003c/a>, dean of the Harvard Medical School, who was not involved in the research. “It’s a technical tour-de-force. It’s really remarkable.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The research is ultimately aimed at helping families plagued by genetic diseases. The new experiment used a powerful new gene-editing technique to correct a genetic defect behind a heart disorder that can cause seemingly healthy young people to suddenly die from heart failure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1914005\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 367px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/mitalia-1_custom-116b972b37d76040e2641204f925236a7b5baf7c.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-1914005\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/mitalia-1_custom-116b972b37d76040e2641204f925236a7b5baf7c.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"367\" height=\"275\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/mitalia-1_custom-116b972b37d76040e2641204f925236a7b5baf7c.jpg 1773w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/mitalia-1_custom-116b972b37d76040e2641204f925236a7b5baf7c-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/mitalia-1_custom-116b972b37d76040e2641204f925236a7b5baf7c-800x599.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/mitalia-1_custom-116b972b37d76040e2641204f925236a7b5baf7c-768x575.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/mitalia-1_custom-116b972b37d76040e2641204f925236a7b5baf7c-1020x764.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/mitalia-1_custom-116b972b37d76040e2641204f925236a7b5baf7c-1180x884.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/mitalia-1_custom-116b972b37d76040e2641204f925236a7b5baf7c-960x719.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/mitalia-1_custom-116b972b37d76040e2641204f925236a7b5baf7c-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/mitalia-1_custom-116b972b37d76040e2641204f925236a7b5baf7c-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/mitalia-1_custom-116b972b37d76040e2641204f925236a7b5baf7c-520x389.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 367px) 100vw, 367px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Shoukhrat Mitalipov, principal investigator for the embryo editing study, directs the Center for Embryonic Cell and Gene Therapy at Oregon Health and Sciences University. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of Kristyna Wentz-Graff/OHSU)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The experiment corrected the defect in nearly two-thirds of several dozen embryos, without causing potentially dangerous mutations elsewhere in the DNA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>None of the embryos were used to try to create a baby. But if future experiments confirm the techniques are safe and effective, the scientists say the same approach could be used to prevent a long list of inheritable diseases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Potentially, we’re talking about thousands of genes and thousands of patients,” says \u003ca href=\"https://www.ohsu.edu/providers/paula-amato/42A6A8A8BA74496A98855052CA32BFAD\">Paula Amato\u003c/a>, an associate professor of obstetrics and gynecology at Oregon Health & Science University in Portland. She was a member of the scientific team from the U.S., China and South Korea.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other diseases that might ultimately benefit from such an approach include \u003ca href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/huntingtonsdisease.html\">Huntington’s disease\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition/cystic-fibrosis\">cystic fibrosis\u003c/a>, perhaps an inherited form of \u003ca href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/alzheimersdisease.html\">Alzheimer’s disease\u003c/a> and cases of breast and ovarian cancer caused by mutations in the \u003ca href=\"https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/causes-prevention/genetics/brca-fact-sheet\">BRCA genes\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nonetheless, the work is setting off alarm bells among critics around the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think it’s extraordinarily disturbing,” says \u003ca href=\"https://www.geneticsandsociety.org/article/marcy-darnovsky\">Marcy Darnovsky\u003c/a>, who directs the Center for Genetics and Society, a genetics watchdog group in Berkeley, Calif. “It’s a flagrant disregard of calls for a broad societal consensus in decisions about a really momentous technology that could be used good, but in this case is being used in preparation for an extraordinarily risky application.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If irresponsible scientists are not stopped, the world may soon be presented with a fait accompli of the first [genetically modified] baby,” says \u003ca href=\"http://www.hgalert.org/topics/hge/threat.htm\">David King\u003c/a>, who heads the U.K-based group Human Genetics Alert. “We call on governments and international organizations to wake up and pass an immediate global ban on creating cloned or GM babies, before it is too late.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘Anytime there’s a new technology there’s a potential for misuse. We have to acknowledge that.’\u003ccite>Paul Amato, Oregon Health & Science University professor\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Amato and others stress that their work is aimed at preventing terrible diseases, not creating genetically enhanced people. And they note that much more research is needed to confirm the technique is safe and effective before anyone tries to make a baby this way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But scientists hoping to continue the work in the U.S. face many regulatory obstacles. The National Institutes of Health will not fund any research involving human embryos (the new work was funded by Oregon Health & Science University). And the Food and Drug Administration is prohibited by Congress from considering any experiments that involve genetically modified human embryos.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nevertheless, the researchers say they’re hopeful about continuing the work, perhaps in Britain. The United Kingdom has \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2016/02/01/465180953/british-scientists-gain-approval-to-edit-dna-in-human-embryos\">permitted\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2015/02/03/383578221/u-k-lawmakers-allow-scientists-to-attempt-dna-transplants\">genetic experiments \u003c/a>involving human embryos forbidden in the United States.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If other countries would be interested, we would be happy to work with their regulatory bodies,” says \u003ca href=\"http://www.ohsu.edu/xd/research/centers-institutes/embryonic-cell-gene-therapy-center/people.cfm\">Shoukhrat Mitalipov\u003c/a>, director of the Oregon Health & Science University’s Center for Embryonic Cell and Gene Therapy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One major concern is safety to a developing embryo — whether genetically modified human embryos would indeed produce healthy babies. But on a broader level, any changes made in the DNA of an embryo would be passed down for generations. That raises fears that any mistakes in the editing that inadvertently caused new diseases could become a permanent part of that family’s genetic blueprint.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Darnovsky and others also worry that modifying human DNA in an embryo could give rise to “designer babies.” That’s when parents pick and choose the traits of their children to try to make them smarter, taller, stronger or have other traits that make them seem superior. That’s not yet technically possible. But critics fear scientists are already moving in that direction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The scenario is that you would have fertility clinics advertising to people who wanted to engineer their future children so that they could be presented as ‘enhanced’ — as biologically better than everyone else,” Darnovsky says. “It’s not a world we want to build. It’s not a world we want to live in.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unscrupulous researchers could also rush the technology into fertility clinics to try to start creating babies they can bill as genetically enhanced before the technology has even been proved safe, and before a societal consensus has been reached about what applications should be permitted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is a strong statement that we can do genome editing,” says Harvard’s Daley. “The question that remains is: ‘Should we?’ We need a deeper public discourse around the ethical implications of this technology.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Darnovsky and some scientists argue that many couples who carry genetic diseases already have safer alternatives to this sort of gene editing. Couples carrying genetic diseases can go through in vitro fertilization (\u003ca href=\"http://www.sart.org/SART_Success_Rates/\">IVF\u003c/a>) and have their embryos tested before being implanted in the woman’s womb.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I will admit to experiencing a sense of puzzlement,” says \u003ca href=\"http://www.altius.org/#organization\">Fyodor Urnov\u003c/a>, an associate director at the Altius Institute for Biomedical Sciences, a nonprofit research institute in Seattle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The question I have is: ‘Why did you folks bother, given that there is a safe, effective, approved and ethical way to attain exactly the goal you have set out to do without any of the significant logical and ethic hurdles of having to edit a human embryo?” Urnov says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Amato and the other scientists on the international team say their approach could offer an alternative for couples for whom those standard options won’t work or are less desirable. But they agree the work should only move forward with careful regulatory oversight to prevent abuse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Anytime there’s a new technology there’s a potential for misuse. We have to acknowledge that,” Amato says. “Personally I don’t feel that’s a reason not to pursue the research if you think there’s a potential benefit that outweighs that risk. And I think if you can prevent serious disease in future generations, that makes it worthwhile to pursue this.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The advance was first \u003ca href=\"https://www.technologyreview.com/s/608350/first-human-embryos-edited-in-us/\">reported\u003c/a> last week in \u003cem>Technology Review\u003c/em>, a magazine published by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. But the details were withheld and the researchers did not elaborate until the scientific paper had finished being vetted by other scientists for publication in \u003cem>Nature.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For their experiments, the scientists obtained sperm from a donor carrying a mutation for the heart disorder \u003ca href=\"http://www.heart.org/HEARTORG/Conditions/More/Cardiomyopathy/What-Is-Cardiomyopathy-in-Adults_UCM_444168_Article.jsp#.WYESnoTyvIU\">cardiomyopathy\u003c/a>. They then used that sperm to fertilize dozens of eggs obtained from healthy women.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the same time as fertilization, the researchers injected a powerful, microscopic gene-editing tool known as \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/tags/419142387/crispr\">CRISPR-Cas9\u003c/a>. The new technique makes it much easier than previous approaches to make very precise changes in DNA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Several scientists likened the approach to doing surgery on fetuses when they are in the womb. But this takes that idea much further, and involves repairing damaged DNA at a molecular level in the womb.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is nano-surgery,” says \u003ca href=\"http://arep.med.harvard.edu/gmc/\">George Church\u003c/a>, a prominent Harvard geneticist who also was not involved in the research. “You’re doing it with the finest possible scalpel.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The editing tool very accurately cut into a mutated gene known known as MYBPC3, which causes cardiomyopathy. To the researchers’ surprise, the cut triggered the embryos to repair the defective gene on their own. This is a process that had previously been unknown, the scientists say.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The most exciting moment was when we realized the mechanism of repair,” Amato says. “It was fixing itself.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers then let the embryos develop for several days so they could analyze them to see how well the experiments worked. In one part of the experiments involving 58 embryos, the approach corrected the mutation in more than 70 percent of the embryos, the researchers reported.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The gene defect was corrected with high efficiency,” Amato says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition, a detailed genetic analysis of the embryos concluded that the gene editing had not caused safety problems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think this is a significant advance,” Church says. “This is important.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2015, Chinese scientists \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2015/04/23/401655818/critics-lash-out-at-chinese-scientists-who-edited-dna-in-human-embryos\">reported\u003c/a> trying to edit the DNA of embryos for the first time, also using CRISPR-Cas9. But that experiment involved embryos that could never develop normally. And while those researchers did succeed in editing the targeted defect, it also produced unintended defects elsewhere in the embryos’ DNA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The scientists who conducted the new experiments say they think they avoided those problems by injecting CRISPR at the same time the eggs were being fertilized by sperm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That was key,” Mitalipov says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://law.wisc.edu/profiles/racharo@wisc.edu\">Alta Charo\u003c/a>, a bioethicist at the University of Wisconsin, dismissed concerns about the work leading to designer babies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is not the dawn of the era of the designer baby,” says Charo, who co-chaired a committee formed by the National Academies of Sciences and the National Academy of Medicine to determine whether such experiments should be permissible. The committee \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2017/02/14/514580162/scientific-panel-says-editing-heritable-human-genes-could-be-ok-in-the-future\">concluded\u003c/a> earlier this year that gene-editing of human embryos could be allowed in rare cases when no other options are available — but only to treat diseases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I do not think that the constant drum beat about the fear of designer baby is warranted, Charo says. “What this is, is a possible step toward being able to edit the DNA in human embryos that’s reliable and precise.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the meantime, scientists in Britain have won \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2016/02/01/465180953/british-scientists-gain-approval-to-edit-dna-in-human-embryos\">approval \u003c/a>to use CRISPR to edit the DNA in healthy human embryos to learn more about normal human development. A \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/about-npr/494863809/npr-exclusive-report-stockholm-lab-first-to-try-to-edit-dna-of-healthy-human-emb\">team in Sweden\u003c/a> has started similar experiments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think this needs to be tightly regulated,” says \u003ca href=\"http://ki.se/en/people/frelan\">Fredrik Lanner\u003c/a>, a geneticist at the Karolinska Institute in Stockholm who is conducting those experiments. “This is very exciting. But it also could be a double-edged sword. So I think we really have to be extra cautious with this technology.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2017 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Scientists+Precisely+Edit+DNA+In+Human+Embryos+To+Fix+A+Disease+Gene&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Scientists have been tinkering with the DNA in humans and other living things for decades. But one thing has long been considered off-limits: Modifying human DNA in any way that could be passed down for generations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, an international team of scientists \u003ca href=\"http://nature.com/articles/doi:10.1038/nature23305\">reports\u003c/a> they have, for the first time, figured out a way to successfully edit the DNA in human embryos — without introducing the harmful mutations that were a problem in previous attempts elsewhere. The work was published online Wednesday in the journal \u003cem>Nature.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a pretty exciting piece of science,” says \u003ca href=\"https://daley.med.harvard.edu/\">George Daley\u003c/a>, dean of the Harvard Medical School, who was not involved in the research. “It’s a technical tour-de-force. It’s really remarkable.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The research is ultimately aimed at helping families plagued by genetic diseases. The new experiment used a powerful new gene-editing technique to correct a genetic defect behind a heart disorder that can cause seemingly healthy young people to suddenly die from heart failure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1914005\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 367px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/mitalia-1_custom-116b972b37d76040e2641204f925236a7b5baf7c.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-1914005\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/mitalia-1_custom-116b972b37d76040e2641204f925236a7b5baf7c.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"367\" height=\"275\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/mitalia-1_custom-116b972b37d76040e2641204f925236a7b5baf7c.jpg 1773w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/mitalia-1_custom-116b972b37d76040e2641204f925236a7b5baf7c-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/mitalia-1_custom-116b972b37d76040e2641204f925236a7b5baf7c-800x599.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/mitalia-1_custom-116b972b37d76040e2641204f925236a7b5baf7c-768x575.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/mitalia-1_custom-116b972b37d76040e2641204f925236a7b5baf7c-1020x764.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/mitalia-1_custom-116b972b37d76040e2641204f925236a7b5baf7c-1180x884.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/mitalia-1_custom-116b972b37d76040e2641204f925236a7b5baf7c-960x719.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/mitalia-1_custom-116b972b37d76040e2641204f925236a7b5baf7c-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/mitalia-1_custom-116b972b37d76040e2641204f925236a7b5baf7c-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/mitalia-1_custom-116b972b37d76040e2641204f925236a7b5baf7c-520x389.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 367px) 100vw, 367px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Shoukhrat Mitalipov, principal investigator for the embryo editing study, directs the Center for Embryonic Cell and Gene Therapy at Oregon Health and Sciences University. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of Kristyna Wentz-Graff/OHSU)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The experiment corrected the defect in nearly two-thirds of several dozen embryos, without causing potentially dangerous mutations elsewhere in the DNA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>None of the embryos were used to try to create a baby. But if future experiments confirm the techniques are safe and effective, the scientists say the same approach could be used to prevent a long list of inheritable diseases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Potentially, we’re talking about thousands of genes and thousands of patients,” says \u003ca href=\"https://www.ohsu.edu/providers/paula-amato/42A6A8A8BA74496A98855052CA32BFAD\">Paula Amato\u003c/a>, an associate professor of obstetrics and gynecology at Oregon Health & Science University in Portland. She was a member of the scientific team from the U.S., China and South Korea.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other diseases that might ultimately benefit from such an approach include \u003ca href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/huntingtonsdisease.html\">Huntington’s disease\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition/cystic-fibrosis\">cystic fibrosis\u003c/a>, perhaps an inherited form of \u003ca href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/alzheimersdisease.html\">Alzheimer’s disease\u003c/a> and cases of breast and ovarian cancer caused by mutations in the \u003ca href=\"https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/causes-prevention/genetics/brca-fact-sheet\">BRCA genes\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nonetheless, the work is setting off alarm bells among critics around the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think it’s extraordinarily disturbing,” says \u003ca href=\"https://www.geneticsandsociety.org/article/marcy-darnovsky\">Marcy Darnovsky\u003c/a>, who directs the Center for Genetics and Society, a genetics watchdog group in Berkeley, Calif. “It’s a flagrant disregard of calls for a broad societal consensus in decisions about a really momentous technology that could be used good, but in this case is being used in preparation for an extraordinarily risky application.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If irresponsible scientists are not stopped, the world may soon be presented with a fait accompli of the first [genetically modified] baby,” says \u003ca href=\"http://www.hgalert.org/topics/hge/threat.htm\">David King\u003c/a>, who heads the U.K-based group Human Genetics Alert. “We call on governments and international organizations to wake up and pass an immediate global ban on creating cloned or GM babies, before it is too late.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘Anytime there’s a new technology there’s a potential for misuse. We have to acknowledge that.’\u003ccite>Paul Amato, Oregon Health & Science University professor\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Amato and others stress that their work is aimed at preventing terrible diseases, not creating genetically enhanced people. And they note that much more research is needed to confirm the technique is safe and effective before anyone tries to make a baby this way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But scientists hoping to continue the work in the U.S. face many regulatory obstacles. The National Institutes of Health will not fund any research involving human embryos (the new work was funded by Oregon Health & Science University). And the Food and Drug Administration is prohibited by Congress from considering any experiments that involve genetically modified human embryos.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nevertheless, the researchers say they’re hopeful about continuing the work, perhaps in Britain. The United Kingdom has \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2016/02/01/465180953/british-scientists-gain-approval-to-edit-dna-in-human-embryos\">permitted\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2015/02/03/383578221/u-k-lawmakers-allow-scientists-to-attempt-dna-transplants\">genetic experiments \u003c/a>involving human embryos forbidden in the United States.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If other countries would be interested, we would be happy to work with their regulatory bodies,” says \u003ca href=\"http://www.ohsu.edu/xd/research/centers-institutes/embryonic-cell-gene-therapy-center/people.cfm\">Shoukhrat Mitalipov\u003c/a>, director of the Oregon Health & Science University’s Center for Embryonic Cell and Gene Therapy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One major concern is safety to a developing embryo — whether genetically modified human embryos would indeed produce healthy babies. But on a broader level, any changes made in the DNA of an embryo would be passed down for generations. That raises fears that any mistakes in the editing that inadvertently caused new diseases could become a permanent part of that family’s genetic blueprint.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Darnovsky and others also worry that modifying human DNA in an embryo could give rise to “designer babies.” That’s when parents pick and choose the traits of their children to try to make them smarter, taller, stronger or have other traits that make them seem superior. That’s not yet technically possible. But critics fear scientists are already moving in that direction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The scenario is that you would have fertility clinics advertising to people who wanted to engineer their future children so that they could be presented as ‘enhanced’ — as biologically better than everyone else,” Darnovsky says. “It’s not a world we want to build. It’s not a world we want to live in.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unscrupulous researchers could also rush the technology into fertility clinics to try to start creating babies they can bill as genetically enhanced before the technology has even been proved safe, and before a societal consensus has been reached about what applications should be permitted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is a strong statement that we can do genome editing,” says Harvard’s Daley. “The question that remains is: ‘Should we?’ We need a deeper public discourse around the ethical implications of this technology.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Darnovsky and some scientists argue that many couples who carry genetic diseases already have safer alternatives to this sort of gene editing. Couples carrying genetic diseases can go through in vitro fertilization (\u003ca href=\"http://www.sart.org/SART_Success_Rates/\">IVF\u003c/a>) and have their embryos tested before being implanted in the woman’s womb.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I will admit to experiencing a sense of puzzlement,” says \u003ca href=\"http://www.altius.org/#organization\">Fyodor Urnov\u003c/a>, an associate director at the Altius Institute for Biomedical Sciences, a nonprofit research institute in Seattle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The question I have is: ‘Why did you folks bother, given that there is a safe, effective, approved and ethical way to attain exactly the goal you have set out to do without any of the significant logical and ethic hurdles of having to edit a human embryo?” Urnov says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Amato and the other scientists on the international team say their approach could offer an alternative for couples for whom those standard options won’t work or are less desirable. But they agree the work should only move forward with careful regulatory oversight to prevent abuse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Anytime there’s a new technology there’s a potential for misuse. We have to acknowledge that,” Amato says. “Personally I don’t feel that’s a reason not to pursue the research if you think there’s a potential benefit that outweighs that risk. And I think if you can prevent serious disease in future generations, that makes it worthwhile to pursue this.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The advance was first \u003ca href=\"https://www.technologyreview.com/s/608350/first-human-embryos-edited-in-us/\">reported\u003c/a> last week in \u003cem>Technology Review\u003c/em>, a magazine published by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. But the details were withheld and the researchers did not elaborate until the scientific paper had finished being vetted by other scientists for publication in \u003cem>Nature.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For their experiments, the scientists obtained sperm from a donor carrying a mutation for the heart disorder \u003ca href=\"http://www.heart.org/HEARTORG/Conditions/More/Cardiomyopathy/What-Is-Cardiomyopathy-in-Adults_UCM_444168_Article.jsp#.WYESnoTyvIU\">cardiomyopathy\u003c/a>. They then used that sperm to fertilize dozens of eggs obtained from healthy women.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the same time as fertilization, the researchers injected a powerful, microscopic gene-editing tool known as \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/tags/419142387/crispr\">CRISPR-Cas9\u003c/a>. The new technique makes it much easier than previous approaches to make very precise changes in DNA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Several scientists likened the approach to doing surgery on fetuses when they are in the womb. But this takes that idea much further, and involves repairing damaged DNA at a molecular level in the womb.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is nano-surgery,” says \u003ca href=\"http://arep.med.harvard.edu/gmc/\">George Church\u003c/a>, a prominent Harvard geneticist who also was not involved in the research. “You’re doing it with the finest possible scalpel.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The editing tool very accurately cut into a mutated gene known known as MYBPC3, which causes cardiomyopathy. To the researchers’ surprise, the cut triggered the embryos to repair the defective gene on their own. This is a process that had previously been unknown, the scientists say.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The most exciting moment was when we realized the mechanism of repair,” Amato says. “It was fixing itself.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers then let the embryos develop for several days so they could analyze them to see how well the experiments worked. In one part of the experiments involving 58 embryos, the approach corrected the mutation in more than 70 percent of the embryos, the researchers reported.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The gene defect was corrected with high efficiency,” Amato says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition, a detailed genetic analysis of the embryos concluded that the gene editing had not caused safety problems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think this is a significant advance,” Church says. “This is important.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2015, Chinese scientists \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2015/04/23/401655818/critics-lash-out-at-chinese-scientists-who-edited-dna-in-human-embryos\">reported\u003c/a> trying to edit the DNA of embryos for the first time, also using CRISPR-Cas9. But that experiment involved embryos that could never develop normally. And while those researchers did succeed in editing the targeted defect, it also produced unintended defects elsewhere in the embryos’ DNA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The scientists who conducted the new experiments say they think they avoided those problems by injecting CRISPR at the same time the eggs were being fertilized by sperm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That was key,” Mitalipov says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://law.wisc.edu/profiles/racharo@wisc.edu\">Alta Charo\u003c/a>, a bioethicist at the University of Wisconsin, dismissed concerns about the work leading to designer babies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is not the dawn of the era of the designer baby,” says Charo, who co-chaired a committee formed by the National Academies of Sciences and the National Academy of Medicine to determine whether such experiments should be permissible. The committee \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2017/02/14/514580162/scientific-panel-says-editing-heritable-human-genes-could-be-ok-in-the-future\">concluded\u003c/a> earlier this year that gene-editing of human embryos could be allowed in rare cases when no other options are available — but only to treat diseases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I do not think that the constant drum beat about the fear of designer baby is warranted, Charo says. “What this is, is a possible step toward being able to edit the DNA in human embryos that’s reliable and precise.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the meantime, scientists in Britain have won \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2016/02/01/465180953/british-scientists-gain-approval-to-edit-dna-in-human-embryos\">approval \u003c/a>to use CRISPR to edit the DNA in healthy human embryos to learn more about normal human development. A \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/about-npr/494863809/npr-exclusive-report-stockholm-lab-first-to-try-to-edit-dna-of-healthy-human-emb\">team in Sweden\u003c/a> has started similar experiments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think this needs to be tightly regulated,” says \u003ca href=\"http://ki.se/en/people/frelan\">Fredrik Lanner\u003c/a>, a geneticist at the Karolinska Institute in Stockholm who is conducting those experiments. “This is very exciting. But it also could be a double-edged sword. So I think we really have to be extra cautious with this technology.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2017 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Scientists+Precisely+Edit+DNA+In+Human+Embryos+To+Fix+A+Disease+Gene&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Know How to Protect Yourself From Lyme Disease on Bay Area Hikes",
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"headTitle": "Know How to Protect Yourself From Lyme Disease on Bay Area Hikes | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cp>Northern California has many attractions, but the fact that it’s prime tick habitat isn’t one of them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Adding to the angst surrounding outdoor activities is that tick hotspots are unevenly distributed on a patchy landscape.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘Medicine has the tendency to want a vaccine or a clear antibiotic silver bullet, and I don’t think the Lyme system gives us that luxury.’\u003ccite>Nate Nieto, University of Northern Arizona\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>One moment you’re strolling through redwood forests, the next through oak forests, and a couple of hours later you may come across scenic chaparral. While on this iconic hike, you probably don’t realize that you’ve moved through both high- and low-risk Lyme disease areas. The question is, do you know where you are most at risk?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The answer is in the oak forest where layers of rich leaf litter are a kind of Club Med for ticks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>It’s Always Tick Season\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Tick season” exists year-round in northern California. The highest risk is in the spring and early summer due to an abundance of juvenile ticks, known as nymphs (the most virulent life-stage). However, peak diagnosis time extends into July, because it can take a few weeks to realize that you have the disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Summer is also particularly dangerous for Lyme disease because that’s when people spend the most time outside, and many of the most beautiful hiking areas tend to be tick-ridden.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1870758\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1870758\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Tick-on-Leaf_Shutterstock_99641744_-e1500680859219-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Tick-on-Leaf_Shutterstock_99641744_-e1500680859219-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Tick-on-Leaf_Shutterstock_99641744_-e1500680859219-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Tick-on-Leaf_Shutterstock_99641744_-e1500680859219-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Tick-on-Leaf_Shutterstock_99641744_-e1500680859219-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Tick-on-Leaf_Shutterstock_99641744_-e1500680859219-1920x1280.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Tick-on-Leaf_Shutterstock_99641744_-e1500680859219-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Tick-on-Leaf_Shutterstock_99641744_-e1500680859219-960x640.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Tick-on-Leaf_Shutterstock_99641744_-e1500680859219-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Tick-on-Leaf_Shutterstock_99641744_-e1500680859219-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Tick-on-Leaf_Shutterstock_99641744_-e1500680859219-520x347.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">It’s always tick season in Northern California. Peak season is spring and early summer. \u003ccite>(Bay Area Lyme Foundation)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Most people associate Lyme disease with the Northeastern U.S. and the upper Midwest, and for \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/lyme/stats/maps.html\">good reason\u003c/a>; the vast majority of cases are reported there, due mostly to the fact that the landscape is blanketed with prime tick habitat. On the west coast, the risk is real, but it’s different.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\u003cstrong>How to prevent a tick bite in the first place.\u003c/strong>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Dress the part\u003c/strong>: Ticks tend to like to climb upwards, so wear full-length pants, tucked into your socks, and a full length shirt, tucked into your pants\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Pesticide options\u003c/strong>: Chemical tick-repellents or acaricides can be very effective at low dosages. Be sure to read manufacturer’s instructions carefully.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Clean your body and clothes\u003c/strong>: Take a shower once you get home from a hike and throw your clothes in a hot dryer for a 1-hour cycle.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Check your pets and yourself\u003c/strong>: Perform a thorough tick check when you get home. Ticks can travel into your house on dogs and cats.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“There are definitely patches in California where the risk is just as high as the East –it’s just not the same spatial extent,” says Dan Salkeld, research scientist at Colorado State University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The overall abundance of Lyme ticks is relatively low on the West Coast; however, the risk is spread unevenly. Hikers can move from high-risk area to a low-risk area and never know it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In California, “You can be in one valley and rates of Lyme can be as high as in upstate New York, Connecticut or Rhode Island,” says Nate Nieto, a microbiologist at Northern Arizona University in Flagstaff. “Then you go over one ridge, the habitat changes completely –and there’s nothing,”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Part of what puts Californians at risk is a lack of awareness — among the public and even among doctors. Much of the research and public health information is based on east coast ecology and may not apply to the West.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For many Californian physicians, Lyme disease is just not on the radar, even though according to the \u003ca href=\"http://www.bayarealyme.org/\">Bay Area Lyme Foundation\u003c/a>, Lyme-infected ticks have been located in 42 of California’s 58 counties (highest incidence were in Trinity, Humbolt and Mendocino as of 2014). About 100 cases of Lyme disease are reported in California each year, but according to Supervising Public Health Biologist Kerry Padgett of the state Department of Public Health, the disease is likely more widespread.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There is an under-diagnosis and under-reporting of Lyme disease in California,” says Padgett.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How Ticks Make Us Sick\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lyme disease is caused by a microscopic spiral-shaped bacteria called \u003cem>borrelia burgdorferi\u003c/em>. On the west coast, these Lyme disease-causing bacteria live inside the guts of the western blacklegged tick and can travel into the blood streams of bitten animals.Ticks generally live for two or three years. They are born Lyme-free, and will contract or transmit Lyme during feeding, once during each of their three life stages.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1870913\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1870913\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/lizard-with-ticks-closer-up-800x572.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"572\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/lizard-with-ticks-closer-up-800x572.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/lizard-with-ticks-closer-up-160x114.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/lizard-with-ticks-closer-up-768x549.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/lizard-with-ticks-closer-up-240x172.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/lizard-with-ticks-closer-up-375x268.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/lizard-with-ticks-closer-up-520x372.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/lizard-with-ticks-closer-up.jpg 898w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Blue-bellied lizards are our friends. Their blood actually cures infected ticks of Lyme disease. The “grapes” in this lizard’s ear are all feeding ticks. \u003ccite>(Ervic Aquino)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>When a Lyme-infected tick bites, it typically takes 36-48 hours for the bacteria to make the journey from the tick’s gut to their mouth and into the blood of their host. The process can take as little as 24 hours.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Only 15-20 percent of backlegged ticks contain Lyme disease during their nymph stage, and that number is much lower, 1-2 percent, in adults.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Forest Full of Frenemies\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To determine disease risk of a particular place, researchers look to some of the tick’s favorite foods.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The most common reservoir of Lyme disease — the species that initially infects ticks — is the western gray squirrel.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So avoid gray squirrel habitat and you’re safe? Not so fast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Enter the blue-bellied lizard (also known as the western fence lizard), which is naturally immune to Lyme disease, and has special proteins in its blood that will cleanse infected ticks of the pathogen.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\n\u003ch3>What to do if you find a tick on you:\u003c/h3>\n\u003cfigure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1870759\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1870759 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Tick-sizes_Nate_larger-1-800x515.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"515\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Tick-sizes_Nate_larger-1-800x515.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Tick-sizes_Nate_larger-1-160x103.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Tick-sizes_Nate_larger-1-768x494.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Tick-sizes_Nate_larger-1-1020x656.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Tick-sizes_Nate_larger-1-1180x759.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Tick-sizes_Nate_larger-1-960x618.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Tick-sizes_Nate_larger-1-240x154.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Tick-sizes_Nate_larger-1-375x241.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Tick-sizes_Nate_larger-1-520x335.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Tick-sizes_Nate_larger-1.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Adult (left) and nymph (right) western blacklegged ticks. \u003ccite>(Bay Area Lyme Foundation)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>If you find a tick on your body, don’t panic! Remove the tick and keep track of what happens.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Is the tick feeding? That is, is the tick embedded in the skin?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>If the tick is embedded, slowly and steadily, with even pressure, remove the entire tick by pulling it straight out with a pair of tweezers. Do not jerk or twist the tick. Remove any mouthparts that break off during removal. Then, if possible, save the tick in a jar or plastic bag. DO NOT try to kill the tick with oil or matches while it’s feeding. (If you do, it will release the contents of its gut into you.)\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Clean the bite area with rubbing alcohol or soap and warm water.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>How long did it feed? If it’s less than 36 hours, there’s a high probability that you are safe.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Pay attention to your symptoms. If in 6-to-12 days, you have any kind of fever, go and see a doctor.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>A bulls-eye rash around the tick bite is a sure-fire way to know if you’ve contracted Lyme, but this symptom only shows up in 50-70 percent of cases. Other symptoms include headache, fatigue, and skin rash.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>So, a tick could feed on a squirrel and contract Lyme, which could then be neutralized when it bites a lizard.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you go into dense black oak woodland, which is prime habitat for ticks and squirrels, we find a higher proportion of infected ticks,” explains Salkeld. “However, if you move into a broken clearing with more light, you’re going to find more lizards, and the prevalence of Lyme goes down.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lyme disease involves many different species and is ecologically complex, which makes it a notoriously difficult problem to solve for researchers and public health officials.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Medicine has the tendency to want a vaccine or a clear antibiotic silver bullet, and I don’t think the Lyme system gives us that luxury,” says Nieto.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Lyme disease is something that we call, in the science world, a complex system, meaning that there’s a bunch going on here,” he continues. “ there’s a bunch of hosts, there’s a bunch of vectors, and there’s a bunch of pathogens, and that makes things difficult.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Mapping a Pathogen\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California’s diverse landscape and the complex interplay among species makes predicting Lyme tricky. However, the greatest risk posed to Californians might be a lack of awareness. Doctors here are less likely to suspect Lyme when patients come in with characteristic symptoms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I have talked to physicians who say that they are not aware of Lyme disease in California,” says Salkeld.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Organizations, such as the Bay Area Lyme Foundation, along with researchers like Nieto and Salkeld, are working to change the narrative and build the necessary evidence to make doctors aware of the scale of the problem. The foundation has a \u003ca href=\"http://www.bayarealyme.org/blog/bay-area-lyme-foundation-offers-free-tick-testing-nationwide/\">program\u003c/a> offering free tick testing nationwide, which aims to map tick-borne diseases across the country by encouraging concerned citizens to send in samples.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re working on gathering real empirical data to show that Lyme is in the ecosystems of the West Coast,” says Nieto, “We’re getting clinical samples, ecological [tick] samples, and wildlife host samples…so we can change the educational paradigm within the medical schools and say, ‘It’s not just the Northeast and upper Midwest’—it’s in California too.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think Californians should be aware of ticks, and the risks of tick-borne diseases, but the fear of disease should not keep them from enjoying the great outdoors,” adds Padgett. “I really do feel it’s possible to stay tick-safe while recreating and spending time outside.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"title": "Know How to Protect Yourself From Lyme Disease on Bay Area Hikes | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Northern California has many attractions, but the fact that it’s prime tick habitat isn’t one of them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Adding to the angst surrounding outdoor activities is that tick hotspots are unevenly distributed on a patchy landscape.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘Medicine has the tendency to want a vaccine or a clear antibiotic silver bullet, and I don’t think the Lyme system gives us that luxury.’\u003ccite>Nate Nieto, University of Northern Arizona\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>One moment you’re strolling through redwood forests, the next through oak forests, and a couple of hours later you may come across scenic chaparral. While on this iconic hike, you probably don’t realize that you’ve moved through both high- and low-risk Lyme disease areas. The question is, do you know where you are most at risk?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The answer is in the oak forest where layers of rich leaf litter are a kind of Club Med for ticks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>It’s Always Tick Season\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Tick season” exists year-round in northern California. The highest risk is in the spring and early summer due to an abundance of juvenile ticks, known as nymphs (the most virulent life-stage). However, peak diagnosis time extends into July, because it can take a few weeks to realize that you have the disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Summer is also particularly dangerous for Lyme disease because that’s when people spend the most time outside, and many of the most beautiful hiking areas tend to be tick-ridden.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1870758\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1870758\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Tick-on-Leaf_Shutterstock_99641744_-e1500680859219-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Tick-on-Leaf_Shutterstock_99641744_-e1500680859219-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Tick-on-Leaf_Shutterstock_99641744_-e1500680859219-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Tick-on-Leaf_Shutterstock_99641744_-e1500680859219-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Tick-on-Leaf_Shutterstock_99641744_-e1500680859219-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Tick-on-Leaf_Shutterstock_99641744_-e1500680859219-1920x1280.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Tick-on-Leaf_Shutterstock_99641744_-e1500680859219-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Tick-on-Leaf_Shutterstock_99641744_-e1500680859219-960x640.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Tick-on-Leaf_Shutterstock_99641744_-e1500680859219-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Tick-on-Leaf_Shutterstock_99641744_-e1500680859219-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Tick-on-Leaf_Shutterstock_99641744_-e1500680859219-520x347.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">It’s always tick season in Northern California. Peak season is spring and early summer. \u003ccite>(Bay Area Lyme Foundation)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Most people associate Lyme disease with the Northeastern U.S. and the upper Midwest, and for \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/lyme/stats/maps.html\">good reason\u003c/a>; the vast majority of cases are reported there, due mostly to the fact that the landscape is blanketed with prime tick habitat. On the west coast, the risk is real, but it’s different.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\u003cstrong>How to prevent a tick bite in the first place.\u003c/strong>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Dress the part\u003c/strong>: Ticks tend to like to climb upwards, so wear full-length pants, tucked into your socks, and a full length shirt, tucked into your pants\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Pesticide options\u003c/strong>: Chemical tick-repellents or acaricides can be very effective at low dosages. Be sure to read manufacturer’s instructions carefully.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Clean your body and clothes\u003c/strong>: Take a shower once you get home from a hike and throw your clothes in a hot dryer for a 1-hour cycle.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Check your pets and yourself\u003c/strong>: Perform a thorough tick check when you get home. Ticks can travel into your house on dogs and cats.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“There are definitely patches in California where the risk is just as high as the East –it’s just not the same spatial extent,” says Dan Salkeld, research scientist at Colorado State University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The overall abundance of Lyme ticks is relatively low on the West Coast; however, the risk is spread unevenly. Hikers can move from high-risk area to a low-risk area and never know it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In California, “You can be in one valley and rates of Lyme can be as high as in upstate New York, Connecticut or Rhode Island,” says Nate Nieto, a microbiologist at Northern Arizona University in Flagstaff. “Then you go over one ridge, the habitat changes completely –and there’s nothing,”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Part of what puts Californians at risk is a lack of awareness — among the public and even among doctors. Much of the research and public health information is based on east coast ecology and may not apply to the West.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For many Californian physicians, Lyme disease is just not on the radar, even though according to the \u003ca href=\"http://www.bayarealyme.org/\">Bay Area Lyme Foundation\u003c/a>, Lyme-infected ticks have been located in 42 of California’s 58 counties (highest incidence were in Trinity, Humbolt and Mendocino as of 2014). About 100 cases of Lyme disease are reported in California each year, but according to Supervising Public Health Biologist Kerry Padgett of the state Department of Public Health, the disease is likely more widespread.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There is an under-diagnosis and under-reporting of Lyme disease in California,” says Padgett.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How Ticks Make Us Sick\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lyme disease is caused by a microscopic spiral-shaped bacteria called \u003cem>borrelia burgdorferi\u003c/em>. On the west coast, these Lyme disease-causing bacteria live inside the guts of the western blacklegged tick and can travel into the blood streams of bitten animals.Ticks generally live for two or three years. They are born Lyme-free, and will contract or transmit Lyme during feeding, once during each of their three life stages.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1870913\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1870913\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/lizard-with-ticks-closer-up-800x572.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"572\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/lizard-with-ticks-closer-up-800x572.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/lizard-with-ticks-closer-up-160x114.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/lizard-with-ticks-closer-up-768x549.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/lizard-with-ticks-closer-up-240x172.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/lizard-with-ticks-closer-up-375x268.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/lizard-with-ticks-closer-up-520x372.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/lizard-with-ticks-closer-up.jpg 898w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Blue-bellied lizards are our friends. Their blood actually cures infected ticks of Lyme disease. The “grapes” in this lizard’s ear are all feeding ticks. \u003ccite>(Ervic Aquino)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>When a Lyme-infected tick bites, it typically takes 36-48 hours for the bacteria to make the journey from the tick’s gut to their mouth and into the blood of their host. The process can take as little as 24 hours.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Only 15-20 percent of backlegged ticks contain Lyme disease during their nymph stage, and that number is much lower, 1-2 percent, in adults.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Forest Full of Frenemies\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To determine disease risk of a particular place, researchers look to some of the tick’s favorite foods.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The most common reservoir of Lyme disease — the species that initially infects ticks — is the western gray squirrel.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So avoid gray squirrel habitat and you’re safe? Not so fast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Enter the blue-bellied lizard (also known as the western fence lizard), which is naturally immune to Lyme disease, and has special proteins in its blood that will cleanse infected ticks of the pathogen.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\n\u003ch3>What to do if you find a tick on you:\u003c/h3>\n\u003cfigure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1870759\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1870759 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Tick-sizes_Nate_larger-1-800x515.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"515\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Tick-sizes_Nate_larger-1-800x515.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Tick-sizes_Nate_larger-1-160x103.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Tick-sizes_Nate_larger-1-768x494.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Tick-sizes_Nate_larger-1-1020x656.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Tick-sizes_Nate_larger-1-1180x759.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Tick-sizes_Nate_larger-1-960x618.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Tick-sizes_Nate_larger-1-240x154.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Tick-sizes_Nate_larger-1-375x241.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Tick-sizes_Nate_larger-1-520x335.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Tick-sizes_Nate_larger-1.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Adult (left) and nymph (right) western blacklegged ticks. \u003ccite>(Bay Area Lyme Foundation)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>If you find a tick on your body, don’t panic! Remove the tick and keep track of what happens.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Is the tick feeding? That is, is the tick embedded in the skin?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>If the tick is embedded, slowly and steadily, with even pressure, remove the entire tick by pulling it straight out with a pair of tweezers. Do not jerk or twist the tick. Remove any mouthparts that break off during removal. Then, if possible, save the tick in a jar or plastic bag. DO NOT try to kill the tick with oil or matches while it’s feeding. (If you do, it will release the contents of its gut into you.)\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Clean the bite area with rubbing alcohol or soap and warm water.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>How long did it feed? If it’s less than 36 hours, there’s a high probability that you are safe.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Pay attention to your symptoms. If in 6-to-12 days, you have any kind of fever, go and see a doctor.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>A bulls-eye rash around the tick bite is a sure-fire way to know if you’ve contracted Lyme, but this symptom only shows up in 50-70 percent of cases. Other symptoms include headache, fatigue, and skin rash.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>So, a tick could feed on a squirrel and contract Lyme, which could then be neutralized when it bites a lizard.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you go into dense black oak woodland, which is prime habitat for ticks and squirrels, we find a higher proportion of infected ticks,” explains Salkeld. “However, if you move into a broken clearing with more light, you’re going to find more lizards, and the prevalence of Lyme goes down.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lyme disease involves many different species and is ecologically complex, which makes it a notoriously difficult problem to solve for researchers and public health officials.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Medicine has the tendency to want a vaccine or a clear antibiotic silver bullet, and I don’t think the Lyme system gives us that luxury,” says Nieto.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Lyme disease is something that we call, in the science world, a complex system, meaning that there’s a bunch going on here,” he continues. “ there’s a bunch of hosts, there’s a bunch of vectors, and there’s a bunch of pathogens, and that makes things difficult.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Mapping a Pathogen\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California’s diverse landscape and the complex interplay among species makes predicting Lyme tricky. However, the greatest risk posed to Californians might be a lack of awareness. Doctors here are less likely to suspect Lyme when patients come in with characteristic symptoms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I have talked to physicians who say that they are not aware of Lyme disease in California,” says Salkeld.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Organizations, such as the Bay Area Lyme Foundation, along with researchers like Nieto and Salkeld, are working to change the narrative and build the necessary evidence to make doctors aware of the scale of the problem. The foundation has a \u003ca href=\"http://www.bayarealyme.org/blog/bay-area-lyme-foundation-offers-free-tick-testing-nationwide/\">program\u003c/a> offering free tick testing nationwide, which aims to map tick-borne diseases across the country by encouraging concerned citizens to send in samples.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re working on gathering real empirical data to show that Lyme is in the ecosystems of the West Coast,” says Nieto, “We’re getting clinical samples, ecological [tick] samples, and wildlife host samples…so we can change the educational paradigm within the medical schools and say, ‘It’s not just the Northeast and upper Midwest’—it’s in California too.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"tagline": "The flip side of gentrification, told through one town",
"info": "Gentrification is changing cities across America, forcing people from neighborhoods they have long called home. Call them the displaced. Now those priced out of the Bay Area are looking for a better life in an unlikely place. American Suburb follows this migration to one California town along the Delta, 45 miles from San Francisco. But is this once sleepy suburb ready for them?",
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"order": 19
},
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?mt=2&id=1287748328",
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"rss": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/series/american-suburb-podcast/feed/podcast",
"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkMzMDExODgxNjA5"
}
},
"baycurious": {
"id": "baycurious",
"title": "Bay Curious",
"tagline": "Exploring the Bay Area, one question at a time",
"info": "KQED’s new podcast, Bay Curious, gets to the bottom of the mysteries — both profound and peculiar — that give the Bay Area its unique identity. And we’ll do it with your help! You ask the questions. You decide what Bay Curious investigates. And you join us on the journey to find the answers.",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Bay-Curious-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"order": 3
},
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}
},
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"info": "The day's top stories from BBC News compiled twice daily in the week, once at weekends.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 9pm-10pm, TUE-FRI 1am-2am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/BBC-World-Service-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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"source": "BBC World Service"
},
"link": "/radio/program/bbc-world-service",
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"rss": "https://podcasts.files.bbci.co.uk/p02nq0gn.rss"
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},
"californiareport": {
"id": "californiareport",
"title": "The California Report",
"tagline": "California, day by day",
"info": "KQED’s statewide radio news program providing daily coverage of issues, trends and public policy decisions.",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-California-Report-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/californiareport",
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 8
},
"link": "/californiareport",
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}
},
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"id": "californiareportmagazine",
"title": "The California Report Magazine",
"tagline": "Your state, your stories",
"info": "Every week, The California Report Magazine takes you on a road trip for the ears: to visit the places and meet the people who make California unique. The in-depth storytelling podcast from the California Report.",
"airtime": "FRI 4:30pm-5pm, 6:30pm-7pm, 11pm-11:30pm",
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"order": 10
},
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM3NjkwNjk1OTAz",
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},
"city-arts": {
"id": "city-arts",
"title": "City Arts & Lectures",
"info": "A one-hour radio program to hear celebrated writers, artists and thinkers address contemporary ideas and values, often discussing the creative process. Please note: tapes or transcripts are not available",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/05/cityartsandlecture-300x300.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.cityarts.net/",
"airtime": "SUN 1pm-2pm, TUE 10pm, WED 1am",
"meta": {
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"source": "City Arts & Lectures"
},
"link": "https://www.cityarts.net",
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"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/City-Arts-and-Lectures-p692/",
"rss": "https://www.cityarts.net/feed/"
}
},
"closealltabs": {
"id": "closealltabs",
"title": "Close All Tabs",
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"info": "Close All Tabs breaks down how digital culture shapes our world through thoughtful insights and irreverent humor.",
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"order": 1
},
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"code-switch-life-kit": {
"id": "code-switch-life-kit",
"title": "Code Switch / Life Kit",
"info": "\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />",
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"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Code-Switch-Life-Kit-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
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},
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnByLm9yZy9yc3MvcG9kY2FzdC5waHA_aWQ9NTEwMzEy",
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},
"commonwealth-club": {
"id": "commonwealth-club",
"title": "Commonwealth Club of California Podcast",
"info": "The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.",
"airtime": "THU 10pm, FRI 1am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Commonwealth-Club-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "Commonwealth Club of California"
},
"link": "/radio/program/commonwealth-club",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/commonwealth-club-of-california-podcast/id976334034?mt=2",
"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cDovL3d3dy5jb21tb253ZWFsdGhjbHViLm9yZy9hdWRpby9wb2RjYXN0L3dlZWtseS54bWw",
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}
},
"forum": {
"id": "forum",
"title": "Forum",
"tagline": "The conversation starts here",
"info": "KQED’s live call-in program discussing local, state, national and international issues, as well as in-depth interviews.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 9am-11am, 10pm-11pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Forum-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Forum with Mina Kim and Alexis Madrigal",
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"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 9
},
"link": "/forum",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM5NTU3MzgxNjMz",
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},
"freakonomics-radio": {
"id": "freakonomics-radio",
"title": "Freakonomics Radio",
"info": "Freakonomics Radio is a one-hour award-winning podcast and public-radio project hosted by Stephen Dubner, with co-author Steve Levitt as a regular guest. It is produced in partnership with WNYC.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/05/freakonomicsRadio.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://freakonomics.com/",
"airtime": "SUN 1am-2am, SAT 3pm-4pm",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "WNYC"
},
"link": "/radio/program/freakonomics-radio",
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"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/podcasts/WNYC-Podcasts/Freakonomics-Radio-p272293/",
"rss": "https://feeds.feedburner.com/freakonomicsradio"
}
},
"fresh-air": {
"id": "fresh-air",
"title": "Fresh Air",
"info": "Hosted by Terry Gross, \u003cem>Fresh Air from WHYY\u003c/em> is the Peabody Award-winning weekday magazine of contemporary arts and issues. One of public radio's most popular programs, Fresh Air features intimate conversations with today's biggest luminaries.",
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"title": "Here & Now",
"info": "A live production of NPR and WBUR Boston, in collaboration with stations across the country, Here & Now reflects the fluid world of news as it's happening in the middle of the day, with timely, in-depth news, interviews and conversation. Hosted by Robin Young, Jeremy Hobson and Tonya Mosley.",
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},
"hidden-brain": {
"id": "hidden-brain",
"title": "Hidden Brain",
"info": "Shankar Vedantam uses science and storytelling to reveal the unconscious patterns that drive human behavior, shape our choices and direct our relationships.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/05/hiddenbrain.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/series/423302056/hidden-brain",
"airtime": "SUN 7pm-8pm",
"meta": {
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"source": "NPR"
},
"link": "/radio/program/hidden-brain",
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"how-i-built-this": {
"id": "how-i-built-this",
"title": "How I Built This with Guy Raz",
"info": "Guy Raz dives into the stories behind some of the world's best known companies. How I Built This weaves a narrative journey about innovators, entrepreneurs and idealists—and the movements they built.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/05/howIBuiltThis.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510313/how-i-built-this",
"airtime": "SUN 7:30pm-8pm",
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"link": "/radio/program/how-i-built-this",
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"hyphenacion": {
"id": "hyphenacion",
"title": "Hyphenación",
"tagline": "Where conversation and cultura meet",
"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/Hyphenacion_FinalAssets_PodcastTile.png",
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"order": 15
},
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},
"jerrybrown": {
"id": "jerrybrown",
"title": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown",
"tagline": "Lessons from a lifetime in politics",
"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-Political-Mind-of-Jerry-Brown-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"order": 18
},
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}
},
"latino-usa": {
"id": "latino-usa",
"title": "Latino USA",
"airtime": "MON 1am-2am, SUN 6pm-7pm",
"info": "Latino USA, the radio journal of news and culture, is the only national, English-language radio program produced from a Latino perspective.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/latinoUsa.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://latinousa.org/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/latino-usa",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=79681317&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510016/podcast.xml"
}
},
"marketplace": {
"id": "marketplace",
"title": "Marketplace",
"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Marketplace-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.marketplace.org/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "American Public Media"
},
"link": "/radio/program/marketplace",
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"rss": "https://feeds.publicradio.org/public_feeds/marketplace-pm/rss/rss"
}
},
"masters-of-scale": {
"id": "masters-of-scale",
"title": "Masters of Scale",
"info": "Masters of Scale is an original podcast in which LinkedIn co-founder and Greylock Partner Reid Hoffman sets out to describe and prove theories that explain how great entrepreneurs take their companies from zero to a gazillion in ingenious fashion.",
"airtime": "Every other Wednesday June 12 through October 16 at 8pm (repeats Thursdays at 2am)",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Masters-of-Scale-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://mastersofscale.com/",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "WaitWhat"
},
"link": "/radio/program/masters-of-scale",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "http://mastersofscale.app.link/",
"rss": "https://rss.art19.com/masters-of-scale"
}
},
"mindshift": {
"id": "mindshift",
"title": "MindShift",
"tagline": "A podcast about the future of learning and how we raise our kids",
"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/mindshift/",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 12
},
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