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"content": "\u003cp>A South African girl born with the AIDS virus has kept her infection suppressed for more than eight years after stopping anti-HIV medicines — more evidence that early treatment can occasionally cause a long remission that, if it lasts, would be a form of cure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Her case was revealed Monday at an \u003ca href=\"http://www.aidsinfo.nih.gov/\">AIDS\u003c/a> conference in Paris, where researchers also gave encouraging results from tests of shots every month or two instead of daily pills to treat HIV.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s very promising” to help people stay on treatment, the U.S.’s top AIDS scientist, Dr. Anthony Fauci, said of the prospects for long-acting drugs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Current treatments keep \u003ca href=\"http://medlineplus.gov/hivaids.html\">HIV\u003c/a> under control but must be taken lifelong. Only one person is thought to be cured — the so-called Berlin patient, a man who had a bone marrow transplant in 2007 from a donor with natural resistance to HIV.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But transplants are risky and impractical to try to cure the millions already infected. So some researchers have been aiming for the next best thing — long-term remission, when the immune system can control HIV without drugs even if signs of the virus remain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Aggressive treatment soon after infection might enable that in some cases, and the South African girl is the third child who achieved a long remission after that approach.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She was in a \u003ca href=\"http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02788175\">study\u003c/a> sponsored by the agency Fauci heads, the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, that previously found that early versus delayed treatment helped babies survive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The girl, who researchers did not identify, started on HIV drugs when she was 2 months old and stopped 40 weeks later. Tests when she was 9 1/2 years old found signs of virus in a small number of immune system cells, but none capable of reproducing. The girl does not have a gene mutation that gives natural resistance to HIV infection, Fauci said, so her remission seems likely due to the early treatment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The previous cases:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>—A French teen who was born with HIV and is now around 20 has had her infection under control despite no HIV medicines since she was roughly 6 years old.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>—A Mississippi baby born with HIV in 2010 suppressed her infection for 27 months after stopping treatment before it reappeared in her blood. She was able to get the virus under control again after treatment resumed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At least a dozen adults also have had remissions lasting for years after stopping HIV medicines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A study underway now is testing whether treating HIV-infected newborns within two days of birth can control the virus later after treatment stops. It started in 2014 in South America, Haiti, Africa and the United States, and some of the earliest participants might be able to try stopping treatment later this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Treatment might get easier if two large studies underway now confirm results reported Monday from a study testing a long-acting combo of two HIV drugs — Janssen’s rilpivirine and ViiV Healthcare’s cabotegravir.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cabotegravir is experimental; rilpivirine is sold now as Edurant and used in combination with other drugs for treating certain types of HIV patients.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After initial treatment to get their virus under control, about 300 study participants were given either daily combination therapy pills or a shot every four or eight weeks of the long-acting drug duo to maintain control.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After nearly two years, 94 percent on eight-week shots, 87 percent on four-week shots and 84 percent on daily pills had their infections suppressed, with similar rates of side effects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The results were good regardless of whether people came monthly or every two months for their treatment. This has important policy implications,” said Dr. Linda-Gail Bekker, deputy director of the Desmond Tutu HIV Centre at the University of Cape Town in South Africa, and a co-leader of the conference.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study was sponsored by the drugmakers. Results were published in the British medical journal \u003ca href=\"http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(17)31917-7/fulltext?elsca1=tlpr\">Lancet.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two large studies aimed at winning approval to sell the treatment are testing the monthly shots. 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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>A South African girl born with the AIDS virus has kept her infection suppressed for more than eight years after stopping anti-HIV medicines — more evidence that early treatment can occasionally cause a long remission that, if it lasts, would be a form of cure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Her case was revealed Monday at an \u003ca href=\"http://www.aidsinfo.nih.gov/\">AIDS\u003c/a> conference in Paris, where researchers also gave encouraging results from tests of shots every month or two instead of daily pills to treat HIV.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s very promising” to help people stay on treatment, the U.S.’s top AIDS scientist, Dr. Anthony Fauci, said of the prospects for long-acting drugs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Current treatments keep \u003ca href=\"http://medlineplus.gov/hivaids.html\">HIV\u003c/a> under control but must be taken lifelong. Only one person is thought to be cured — the so-called Berlin patient, a man who had a bone marrow transplant in 2007 from a donor with natural resistance to HIV.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But transplants are risky and impractical to try to cure the millions already infected. So some researchers have been aiming for the next best thing — long-term remission, when the immune system can control HIV without drugs even if signs of the virus remain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Aggressive treatment soon after infection might enable that in some cases, and the South African girl is the third child who achieved a long remission after that approach.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She was in a \u003ca href=\"http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02788175\">study\u003c/a> sponsored by the agency Fauci heads, the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, that previously found that early versus delayed treatment helped babies survive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The girl, who researchers did not identify, started on HIV drugs when she was 2 months old and stopped 40 weeks later. Tests when she was 9 1/2 years old found signs of virus in a small number of immune system cells, but none capable of reproducing. The girl does not have a gene mutation that gives natural resistance to HIV infection, Fauci said, so her remission seems likely due to the early treatment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The previous cases:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>—A French teen who was born with HIV and is now around 20 has had her infection under control despite no HIV medicines since she was roughly 6 years old.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>—A Mississippi baby born with HIV in 2010 suppressed her infection for 27 months after stopping treatment before it reappeared in her blood. She was able to get the virus under control again after treatment resumed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At least a dozen adults also have had remissions lasting for years after stopping HIV medicines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A study underway now is testing whether treating HIV-infected newborns within two days of birth can control the virus later after treatment stops. It started in 2014 in South America, Haiti, Africa and the United States, and some of the earliest participants might be able to try stopping treatment later this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Treatment might get easier if two large studies underway now confirm results reported Monday from a study testing a long-acting combo of two HIV drugs — Janssen’s rilpivirine and ViiV Healthcare’s cabotegravir.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cabotegravir is experimental; rilpivirine is sold now as Edurant and used in combination with other drugs for treating certain types of HIV patients.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After initial treatment to get their virus under control, about 300 study participants were given either daily combination therapy pills or a shot every four or eight weeks of the long-acting drug duo to maintain control.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After nearly two years, 94 percent on eight-week shots, 87 percent on four-week shots and 84 percent on daily pills had their infections suppressed, with similar rates of side effects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The results were good regardless of whether people came monthly or every two months for their treatment. This has important policy implications,” said Dr. Linda-Gail Bekker, deputy director of the Desmond Tutu HIV Centre at the University of Cape Town in South Africa, and a co-leader of the conference.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study was sponsored by the drugmakers. Results were published in the British medical journal \u003ca href=\"http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(17)31917-7/fulltext?elsca1=tlpr\">Lancet.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two large studies aimed at winning approval to sell the treatment are testing the monthly shots. Janssen said in a statement that good results from eight-week shots warrant reconsidering the longer approach.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If it works, “this will have a huge impact on how we manage that very important group of people who are not able to access and take drugs on a day-to-day basis,” such as those with mental health or drug abuse problems, said Dr. Steven Deeks, an AIDS specialist at the University of California, San Francisco.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">\u003cb>Update, October 16, 2017:\u003c/b>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Gov. Jerry Brown last night signed into law the \u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billTextClient.xhtml?bill_id=201720180AB967\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">bill\u003c/a> that legalizes a method of disposing of human remains commonly called 'water cremation.' \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The method doesn't actually use water, but uses a chemical that speeds up decomposition of bodies and leaves behind only sterile water, bones, and medical implants or devices.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">The new law establishes procedures for licensing and regulating mortuaries or other companies that aim to adopt the method, to be overseen by the Cemetery and Funeral Bureau within the state Department of Consumer Affairs. \u003c/span>\u003cem>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Supporters say water cremation offers a green alternative to traditional cremation or burial.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Original Story, July 24, 2017:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You may not equate death with climate change, but disposing of human remains leaves a fairly hefty \u003ca href=\"https://www3.epa.gov/carbon-footprint-calculator/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">carbon footprint\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">Supporters of a California bill allowing dead bodies to be dissolved in a hot chemical bath are hoping to overcome the 'ick factor.'\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“Cremation is really what people hold up as the environmentally friendly option,” says \u003ca href=\"http://www.caitlindoughty.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Caitlin Doughty\u003c/a>, a mortician in Los Angeles. “It’s better than the whole rigmarole of formaldehyde and chemicals and big caskets that go into the more traditional funeral industry, but it still releases mercury into the air, and it uses a whole ton of natural gas.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Plus, Doughty says, cemeteries monopolize land, an increasingly precious resource as the population grows.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hence the growing popularity of a green alternative, known as water cremation, bio-cremation or flameless cremation. Basically, the body is dissolved in a hot chemical bath, leaving a sterile solution that can be flushed down the drain. The carbon footprint of this process is just a quarter of traditional fire cremation because it uses so much less energy; and only a sixth of a burial because it doesn't require the materials for concrete headstones, mahogany caskets or the chemicals used in embalming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State lawmakers are considering a \u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billTextClient.xhtml?bill_id=201720180AB967\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">bill\u003c/a> that would legalize water cremation. In the last decade, two previous efforts have failed, although the process has been approved in 14 other states, including neighboring Nevada. This year, a third attempt is gaining momentum in California, progressing further in the Legislature than the previous bills.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Not an Acid Bath\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s only one place in California where bodies are currently dissolved — legally, at least. That would be a chilly lab at UCLA, where cadavers that have outlived their usefulness at the medical school end up. The room smells a little like shellfish, which I think might be the smell of melted flesh. But the guy in charge, Dean Fisher, laughs at that notion.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'This just leaves us questioning. Why did part of grandma go to the waste treatment plant?'\u003ccite>Ned Dolejsi, Catholic Church spokesman\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Fisher, the head of the university's \u003ca href=\"https://www.uclahealth.org/donatedbody/default.cfm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Donated Body Program,\u003c/a> explains that I'm sniffing potassium hydroxide\u003cb>,\u003c/b> a base, and the chemical of choice for liquefying bodies, because it catalyzes the hydrogen in water to more rapidly attack the chemical bonds between molecules in the body. (The process is technically called\u003cem> alkaline hydrolysis.)\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So, it's not an acid at all,\" said Fisher. \"Some people say this is an acid bath, and they're wrong.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Potassium hydroxide is found in the Earth's crust — and in many household cleaning products. It's the same chemical that breaks down or composts organic matter in dirt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So, like, if you were to bury a body in soil, all we're doing is we're speeding that up,\" says Fisher. \"We're adding heat to that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_428986\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-428986 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2017/07/Fisher-machine-800x599.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"599\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/07/Fisher-machine-800x599.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/07/Fisher-machine-160x120.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/07/Fisher-machine-768x575.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/07/Fisher-machine-1020x764.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/07/Fisher-machine-1180x883.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/07/Fisher-machine-960x719.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/07/Fisher-machine-240x180.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/07/Fisher-machine-375x281.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/07/Fisher-machine-520x389.jpg 520w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/07/Fisher-machine.jpg 1893w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">UCLA's Dean Fisher opens an alkaline hydrolysis machine that can dissolve bodies. \u003ccite>(Lesley McClurg/ KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Whirlpool for the Dead\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That heat is applied inside a shiny stainless-steel chamber, about the size of a large van. The front of the machine has a circular hatch, modeled after a submarine door. The hatch leads to a dark tunnel where cadavers are heated to 302 degrees and then bathed in 270 gallons of liquid for three to four hours. That's about twice as long as the time required for a fire cremation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The cost varies widely in the U.S., depending on location, but typically, funeral homes charge $150-$500 more for a water cremation than for one done with flames.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What's usually left at the end of the process is a tray scattered with clean white bones, and maybe some items of medical hardware. Fisher shows me an example when he opens the door, revealing the remains of a dissolved male body.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s a pacemaker in there,\" says Fisher. \"There’s a couple of prosthetics. It looks like he’s had a hip replacement, and it looks like he’s had a knee replacement, also.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some of the metal in these parts can be recycled, and everything left over is sterile. Nothing organic survives during a water cremation. No bacteria — not even a strand of DNA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The bones will be pulverized into a white powder that can be placed in an urn, just like the ashes in a traditional cremation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_429008\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-429008\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2017/07/IMG_33511-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/07/IMG_33511-800x600.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/07/IMG_33511-160x120.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/07/IMG_33511-768x576.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/07/IMG_33511-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/07/IMG_33511-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/07/IMG_33511-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/07/IMG_33511-960x720.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/07/IMG_33511-240x180.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/07/IMG_33511-375x281.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/07/IMG_33511-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The pulverized bones from a water cremation ready to be placed inside an urn. \u003ccite>(Lesley McClurg/ KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>From a cupboard nearby, Fisher holds up a tooth with a mercury filling. The silver molar demonstrates part of why water is more eco-friendly than flame. When you burn a body, the toxic mercury in dental fillings vaporizes and escapes into the air.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Ick Factor\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But water cremation proved a tough sell the last two times legalization was tried in California. There's an inherent ick factor: You’re reducing loved ones to a chemical broth that swirls down the drain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This just leaves us questioning,\" said Ned Dolejsi, the executive director of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.cacatholic.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">California Catholic Conference\u003c/a>. \"Why did part of grandma go to the waste treatment plant?”\u003cb> \u003c/b>He says water cremation isn't inherently wrong, but it also doesn’t treat life — or death — with dignity and respect.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The proposed bill sailed through the Assembly in June. Now it's before the Senate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If the bill is made law, water cremation will be available in California starting in 2020.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This post has been edited.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Gov. Jerry Brown signed into law an eco-friendly option for disposing of cadavers.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">\u003cb>Update, October 16, 2017:\u003c/b>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Gov. Jerry Brown last night signed into law the \u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billTextClient.xhtml?bill_id=201720180AB967\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">bill\u003c/a> that legalizes a method of disposing of human remains commonly called 'water cremation.' \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The method doesn't actually use water, but uses a chemical that speeds up decomposition of bodies and leaves behind only sterile water, bones, and medical implants or devices.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">The new law establishes procedures for licensing and regulating mortuaries or other companies that aim to adopt the method, to be overseen by the Cemetery and Funeral Bureau within the state Department of Consumer Affairs. \u003c/span>\u003cem>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Supporters say water cremation offers a green alternative to traditional cremation or burial.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Original Story, July 24, 2017:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You may not equate death with climate change, but disposing of human remains leaves a fairly hefty \u003ca href=\"https://www3.epa.gov/carbon-footprint-calculator/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">carbon footprint\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">Supporters of a California bill allowing dead bodies to be dissolved in a hot chemical bath are hoping to overcome the 'ick factor.'\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“Cremation is really what people hold up as the environmentally friendly option,” says \u003ca href=\"http://www.caitlindoughty.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Caitlin Doughty\u003c/a>, a mortician in Los Angeles. “It’s better than the whole rigmarole of formaldehyde and chemicals and big caskets that go into the more traditional funeral industry, but it still releases mercury into the air, and it uses a whole ton of natural gas.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Plus, Doughty says, cemeteries monopolize land, an increasingly precious resource as the population grows.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hence the growing popularity of a green alternative, known as water cremation, bio-cremation or flameless cremation. Basically, the body is dissolved in a hot chemical bath, leaving a sterile solution that can be flushed down the drain. The carbon footprint of this process is just a quarter of traditional fire cremation because it uses so much less energy; and only a sixth of a burial because it doesn't require the materials for concrete headstones, mahogany caskets or the chemicals used in embalming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State lawmakers are considering a \u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billTextClient.xhtml?bill_id=201720180AB967\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">bill\u003c/a> that would legalize water cremation. In the last decade, two previous efforts have failed, although the process has been approved in 14 other states, including neighboring Nevada. This year, a third attempt is gaining momentum in California, progressing further in the Legislature than the previous bills.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Not an Acid Bath\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s only one place in California where bodies are currently dissolved — legally, at least. That would be a chilly lab at UCLA, where cadavers that have outlived their usefulness at the medical school end up. The room smells a little like shellfish, which I think might be the smell of melted flesh. But the guy in charge, Dean Fisher, laughs at that notion.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'This just leaves us questioning. Why did part of grandma go to the waste treatment plant?'\u003ccite>Ned Dolejsi, Catholic Church spokesman\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Fisher, the head of the university's \u003ca href=\"https://www.uclahealth.org/donatedbody/default.cfm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Donated Body Program,\u003c/a> explains that I'm sniffing potassium hydroxide\u003cb>,\u003c/b> a base, and the chemical of choice for liquefying bodies, because it catalyzes the hydrogen in water to more rapidly attack the chemical bonds between molecules in the body. (The process is technically called\u003cem> alkaline hydrolysis.)\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So, it's not an acid at all,\" said Fisher. \"Some people say this is an acid bath, and they're wrong.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Potassium hydroxide is found in the Earth's crust — and in many household cleaning products. It's the same chemical that breaks down or composts organic matter in dirt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So, like, if you were to bury a body in soil, all we're doing is we're speeding that up,\" says Fisher. \"We're adding heat to that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_428986\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-428986 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2017/07/Fisher-machine-800x599.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"599\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/07/Fisher-machine-800x599.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/07/Fisher-machine-160x120.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/07/Fisher-machine-768x575.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/07/Fisher-machine-1020x764.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/07/Fisher-machine-1180x883.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/07/Fisher-machine-960x719.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/07/Fisher-machine-240x180.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/07/Fisher-machine-375x281.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/07/Fisher-machine-520x389.jpg 520w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/07/Fisher-machine.jpg 1893w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">UCLA's Dean Fisher opens an alkaline hydrolysis machine that can dissolve bodies. \u003ccite>(Lesley McClurg/ KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Whirlpool for the Dead\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That heat is applied inside a shiny stainless-steel chamber, about the size of a large van. The front of the machine has a circular hatch, modeled after a submarine door. The hatch leads to a dark tunnel where cadavers are heated to 302 degrees and then bathed in 270 gallons of liquid for three to four hours. That's about twice as long as the time required for a fire cremation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The cost varies widely in the U.S., depending on location, but typically, funeral homes charge $150-$500 more for a water cremation than for one done with flames.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What's usually left at the end of the process is a tray scattered with clean white bones, and maybe some items of medical hardware. Fisher shows me an example when he opens the door, revealing the remains of a dissolved male body.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s a pacemaker in there,\" says Fisher. \"There’s a couple of prosthetics. It looks like he’s had a hip replacement, and it looks like he’s had a knee replacement, also.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some of the metal in these parts can be recycled, and everything left over is sterile. Nothing organic survives during a water cremation. No bacteria — not even a strand of DNA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The bones will be pulverized into a white powder that can be placed in an urn, just like the ashes in a traditional cremation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_429008\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-429008\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2017/07/IMG_33511-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/07/IMG_33511-800x600.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/07/IMG_33511-160x120.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/07/IMG_33511-768x576.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/07/IMG_33511-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/07/IMG_33511-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/07/IMG_33511-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/07/IMG_33511-960x720.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/07/IMG_33511-240x180.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/07/IMG_33511-375x281.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/07/IMG_33511-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The pulverized bones from a water cremation ready to be placed inside an urn. \u003ccite>(Lesley McClurg/ KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>From a cupboard nearby, Fisher holds up a tooth with a mercury filling. The silver molar demonstrates part of why water is more eco-friendly than flame. When you burn a body, the toxic mercury in dental fillings vaporizes and escapes into the air.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Ick Factor\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But water cremation proved a tough sell the last two times legalization was tried in California. There's an inherent ick factor: You’re reducing loved ones to a chemical broth that swirls down the drain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This just leaves us questioning,\" said Ned Dolejsi, the executive director of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.cacatholic.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">California Catholic Conference\u003c/a>. \"Why did part of grandma go to the waste treatment plant?”\u003cb> \u003c/b>He says water cremation isn't inherently wrong, but it also doesn’t treat life — or death — with dignity and respect.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The proposed bill sailed through the Assembly in June. Now it's before the Senate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If the bill is made law, water cremation will be available in California starting in 2020.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This post has been edited.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "California Finally Begins Regulating Cancer-Causing Chemical Found in Drinking Water",
"headTitle": "California Finally Begins Regulating Cancer-Causing Chemical Found in Drinking Water | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">\u003cb>Update, July 18, 2017:\u003c/b>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cem>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">More than 25 years after the state determined that 1,2,3-TCP causes cancer, the State Water Resources Control Board voted to approve a standard for the chemical in drinking water. They set the limit at 5 parts per trillion, a level supported by clean water and pesticide reform advocates. \u003c/span>\u003cspan class=\"s2\">The state will now start water systems to test all of their wells every month starting in January. \u003c/span>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cem>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Board chair Felicia Marcus called the vote, “a very important day for public health.” \u003c/span>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cem>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">“It’s a very serious public health threat,” agreed board Vice-Chair Steven Moore. “California officially determined that this is a carcinogen. And when you look at the science and the experiments and all that was done to show it, it is disquieting how serious and insidious this chemical is.” \u003c/span>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Update, June 20, 2017:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>The state water board has proposed a standard for 1,2,3-TCP and held a \u003ca href=\"http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/drinking_water/certlic/drinkingwater/documents/123-tcp/phtcp.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">hearing\u003c/a> to receive public comment. The state is proposing that the maximum contamination for 1,2,3-TCP in drinking water be set at 5 parts per trillion. The nonprofit \u003ca href=\"http://www.communitywatercenter.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Community Water Center\u003c/a>, which advocates for safe, clean drinking water in the San Joaquin Valley, testified in support of the proposed standard.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>State water officials have not yet formally implemented the standard, but they have issued an \u003ca href=\"http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/drinking_water/certlic/drinkingwater/documents/123-tcp/123tcp_map_5ppt.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">updated map\u003c/a> showing contaminated wells.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>The Fresno City Council \u003ca href=\"http://kvpr.org/post/fresno-takes-first-step-toward-ridding-water-toxic-123-tcp#stream/0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">has authorized\u003c/a> a study to find out how to remove 12,3-TCP from the city’s water supply. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Update, January 2, 2017:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>In January, The State Water Resources Control Board is expected to roll out the draft of a first-ever enforceable standard for 1,2,3-TCP in California drinking water.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>In December, the city of Clovis, in Fresno County, \u003ca href=\"http://www.fresnobee.com/news/local/article122257349.html\">won a $22 million court judgment\u003c/a> against Shell Oil Co., for TCP contamination in wells. More than 40 other cases remain open.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Original Story, March 7, 2016:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I have to admit, after the water crisis in Flint, Michigan, I’m a little freaked out about what’s in my tap water. So when I opened my water bill from the city of Fresno recently, I decided to actually read the “consumer confidence report” for drinking water. And I found this footnote in tiny print:\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"aligncenter\">\n\u003ch2>Consumer Confidence Report Footnote\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>123 Trichloropropane has been detected in 29 wells in Fresno…. Some people who use water containing it over many years may have an increased risk of getting cancer, based on studies in laboratory animals.\u003c/p>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Wait…what? I have two little kids, and my family drinks the tap water. And it might cause cancer? I decided to fork out $200 to get mine tested. And to start digging into how 1,2,3-TCP got into the water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Turns out, it’s not just Fresno. According to the \u003ca href=\"http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/drinking_water/certlic/drinkingwater/123TCP.shtml\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">State Water Resources Control Board\u003c/a>, 1,2,3-TCP has been found in about a hundred public water systems across California, mostly in the Central Valley but also in counties like Santa Cruz, Monterey, Sacramento, and Los Angeles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But many Californians don’t know whether this stuff is in their water, because neither the state nor the federal EPA regulates 1,2,3-TCP in drinking water. So that means public utilities don’t have to test for it, filter it out, or advise their customers if it’s in the water.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>123-TCP IN ACTIVE COMMUNITY WELLS\u003c/h2>\n\u003ch4>Water systems where significant levels of contaminant 123-TCP have been detected.\u003c/h4>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_561928\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 700px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-561928 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/TCP_FinalGraphic.jpg\" alt=\"TCP_FinalGraphic\" width=\"700\" height=\"780\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/TCP_FinalGraphic.jpg 700w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/TCP_FinalGraphic-400x446.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">SOURCE: CALIFORNIA STATE WATER RESOURCES CONTROL BOARD, MAP: Teodros Hailye, KQED Science\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>That’s even though the state determined it was a carcinogen back in 1992. And the California Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment (OEHHA) set a very low \u003ca href=\"http://oehha.ca.gov/water/phg/pdf/082009TCP_phg.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">public health goal \u003c/a>for 1,2,3-TCP in 2009.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There is no absolutely no question that is a genotoxic carcinogen,” says Robert Howd, a toxicologist who led the scientific review for OEHHA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There have been no studies of 1,2,3-TCP’s effect on humans, but animal studies showed multiple tumors at multiple sites in both rats and mice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The data are very clear,” Howd says. “Virtually nobody is disputing that. There’s just no controversy about this being a DNA reactive carcinogen.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Howd’s team set the public health goal at .7 parts per trillion (.0007 parts per billion) The only carcinogen with a lower state public health goal for drinking water is dioxin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left\">\u003cstrong>How Did It Get Into the Water? \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left\">“This whole story begins in the 1930s, the dawn of the age of chemical agriculture” says San Francisco attorney \u003ca href=\"http://rbwaterlaw.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/Daily-Journal-Article_8.20.12.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Todd Robins\u003c/a>. He represents about 30 communities around the state who are suing over 1,2,3-TCP contamination, and he’s spent the last decade trying to track how it leached into groundwater.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">“Shell saw a huge opportunity to take a hazardous waste stream from their chemical plants…and start putting it in barrels, and selling it to farmers.”\u003ccite>San Francisco attorney Todd Robins\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“Somebody at the Pineapple Research Institute in Honolulu got ahold of this sample of what was essentially hazardous waste from a chemical production process at Shell,” he says, “and he used it in some experiments.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The experiments, Robins says, were to figure out how to control nematodes, tiny microscopic worms in the soil that attack a plant’s roots.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Shell saw a huge opportunity to take a hazardous waste stream from their chemical plants … and start putting it in barrels, and selling it to farmers,” says Robins. “Then Dow soon followed suit.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The companies sold the product to farmers as a fumigant, which is injected into the soil.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Robins has compiled a huge stack of documents that show neither Dow Chemical nor Shell \u003ca href=\"https://www3.epa.gov/pesticides/chem_search/ppls/000464-00240-19741121.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">listed 1,2,3-TCP\u003c/a> on their \u003ca href=\"http://www3.epa.gov/pesticides/chem_search/ppls/000201-00253-19690414.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">product labels\u003c/a>, even though it was one of several ingredients. One of Dow’s own scientists \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/TCP_memo.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">admitted\u003c/a> that the compound had served no function killing nematodes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Robins shows me a 1974 memo where Dow describes some of the fumigant components as “garbage.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_562003\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 4272px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-562003\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/ralph-gutierrez.jpg\" alt=\"Ralph Gutierrez says Shell and Dow should pay to clean 1,2,3-TCP out of Woodville's water.\" width=\"4272\" height=\"2848\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/ralph-gutierrez.jpg 4272w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/ralph-gutierrez-400x267.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/ralph-gutierrez-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/ralph-gutierrez-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/ralph-gutierrez-1440x960.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/ralph-gutierrez-1920x1280.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/ralph-gutierrez-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/ralph-gutierrez-960x640.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 4272px) 100vw, 4272px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Ralph Gutierrez says Shell and Dow should pay to clean 1,2,3-TCP out of Woodville’s water. \u003ccite>(Sasha Khokha)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“Some of the most startling information is how clearly the companies understood from a scientific perspective the amount of garbage they were putting into these products,” says Robins, “and knowingly having farmers essentially dispose of their hazardous waste for them on farm fields throughout our state.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a few cases, Dow and Shell have paid to clean up groundwater with 1,2,3-TCP. But in the more than 3 dozen cases filed against the companies over the contamination, they’ve never admitted any wrongdoing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Both Dow and Shell declined my request for a taped interview. They sent me emails saying they couldn’t comment on active litigation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dow spokesman Randy Fishback wrote that fumigants with 1,2,3-TCP were part of what he called “historical, highly beneficial agricultural products” that “controlled agricultural pests that otherwise would have caused millions of dollars in annual crop losses.” He added those products have been off the market for several decades, and that “TCP is also associated with certain industrial processes in which Dow had no involvement.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Tiny Communities Can’t Afford Cleanup\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_562005\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 4272px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-562005\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/woodville-3-1.jpg\" alt=\"Woodville is a small farming community in Tulare County, where the 1,2,3-TCP in the drinking water is ten times the state's public health goal. \" width=\"4272\" height=\"2848\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/woodville-3-1.jpg 4272w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/woodville-3-1-400x267.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/woodville-3-1-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/woodville-3-1-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/woodville-3-1-1440x960.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/woodville-3-1-1920x1280.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/woodville-3-1-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/woodville-3-1-960x640.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 4272px) 100vw, 4272px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Woodville is a small farming community in Tulare County, where the 1,2,3-TCP in the drinking water is ten times the state’s public health goal. \u003ccite>(Sasha Khokha/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Some of the communities suing Dow and Shell have only a few hundred households, like Woodville in rural Tulare County. Ralph Gutierrez runs the water system here.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’m the meter reader, I’m the sewer line cleaner, I do the budget,” says Gutierrez, grinning in his cowboy boots and Dodger hat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He unlocks the gate to show me one of the town’s two drinking water wells, surrounded by orchards and cow pastures. These wells serve a total of 467 households, and 1,2,3-TCP has been detected in the water at 7 parts per trillion, ten times the public health goal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Dow and Shell are the ones that put this into the system,” Gutierrez says. “Obviously, they have money to attack their problems, but when you come to communities like this, they’re all farmworkers.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gutierrez says there’s no way he can raise water rates high enough to pay for expensive carbon filtration to keep the carcinogen from reaching people’s taps.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I wouldn’t want my kids drinking it,” he says. “Would Dow Chemical or Shell like their people to be drinking this water? I don’t think so.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Results From My Tap\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Turns out the sample from my kitchen tap comes in at 2.2 parts per trillion. That’s three times the state public health goal for 1,2,3-TCP.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">“It’s been a high priority for us to develop regulations.”\u003ccite>Cindy Forbes, State Water Resources Control Board \u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>OEHHA sets its goal to try to reduce the lifetime cancer risk to less than one in 1 million. So my risk is three in 1 million, over a lifetime drinking my tap water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course, my overall risk of getting cancer from any source is much higher; it’s more like one in three. Truth is, I should probably be more worried about secondhand smoke, or Fresno’s notoriously dirty air.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But I’m not taking any chances with my kids. I’ve installed an undersink filter that says it takes out Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs). But there’s no guarantee it takes out 1,2,3-TCP, because without a government standard, it’s not rated for that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>State Regulation On Its Way\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some water systems in the Central Valley have levels of 1,2,3-TCP that push the potential cancer risk to roughly one in 6,000. And a grassroots group called \u003ca href=\"http://www.communitywatercenter.org/cwc_kicks_off_2016_123tcp_campaign\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Community Water Center\u003c/a> is pressuring the state to set a maximum contaminant level for the compound. That’s an enforceable standard, unlike the public health goal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nearly 25 years after California declared 1,2,3-TCP to be a carcinogen, drinking water regulators are planning to set that level by next spring.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s been a high priority for us to develop regulations, but we have had so many other regulations with limited resources to work on, that we haven’t been able to get it over the finish line,” says Cindy Forbes, deputy director for the water board’s drinking water program. “There are a lot of pieces to setting a new maximum contaminant level.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like conducting their own peer-reviewed science, taking public comment, and evaluating the cost of detection and cleanup — not just the health risks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s our number one priority,” says Forbes. “It’s my priority, it’s the board’s priority.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Sasha Khokha has since moved from Fresno to the Bay Area, where she hosts KQED’s weekly edition of \u003ca href=\"http://audio.californiareport.org/\">The California Report\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">\u003cb>Update, July 18, 2017:\u003c/b>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cem>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">More than 25 years after the state determined that 1,2,3-TCP causes cancer, the State Water Resources Control Board voted to approve a standard for the chemical in drinking water. They set the limit at 5 parts per trillion, a level supported by clean water and pesticide reform advocates. \u003c/span>\u003cspan class=\"s2\">The state will now start water systems to test all of their wells every month starting in January. \u003c/span>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cem>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Board chair Felicia Marcus called the vote, “a very important day for public health.” \u003c/span>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cem>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">“It’s a very serious public health threat,” agreed board Vice-Chair Steven Moore. “California officially determined that this is a carcinogen. And when you look at the science and the experiments and all that was done to show it, it is disquieting how serious and insidious this chemical is.” \u003c/span>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Update, June 20, 2017:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>The state water board has proposed a standard for 1,2,3-TCP and held a \u003ca href=\"http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/drinking_water/certlic/drinkingwater/documents/123-tcp/phtcp.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">hearing\u003c/a> to receive public comment. The state is proposing that the maximum contamination for 1,2,3-TCP in drinking water be set at 5 parts per trillion. The nonprofit \u003ca href=\"http://www.communitywatercenter.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Community Water Center\u003c/a>, which advocates for safe, clean drinking water in the San Joaquin Valley, testified in support of the proposed standard.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>State water officials have not yet formally implemented the standard, but they have issued an \u003ca href=\"http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/drinking_water/certlic/drinkingwater/documents/123-tcp/123tcp_map_5ppt.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">updated map\u003c/a> showing contaminated wells.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>The Fresno City Council \u003ca href=\"http://kvpr.org/post/fresno-takes-first-step-toward-ridding-water-toxic-123-tcp#stream/0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">has authorized\u003c/a> a study to find out how to remove 12,3-TCP from the city’s water supply. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Update, January 2, 2017:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>In January, The State Water Resources Control Board is expected to roll out the draft of a first-ever enforceable standard for 1,2,3-TCP in California drinking water.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>In December, the city of Clovis, in Fresno County, \u003ca href=\"http://www.fresnobee.com/news/local/article122257349.html\">won a $22 million court judgment\u003c/a> against Shell Oil Co., for TCP contamination in wells. More than 40 other cases remain open.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Original Story, March 7, 2016:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I have to admit, after the water crisis in Flint, Michigan, I’m a little freaked out about what’s in my tap water. So when I opened my water bill from the city of Fresno recently, I decided to actually read the “consumer confidence report” for drinking water. And I found this footnote in tiny print:\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"aligncenter\">\n\u003ch2>Consumer Confidence Report Footnote\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>123 Trichloropropane has been detected in 29 wells in Fresno…. Some people who use water containing it over many years may have an increased risk of getting cancer, based on studies in laboratory animals.\u003c/p>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Wait…what? I have two little kids, and my family drinks the tap water. And it might cause cancer? I decided to fork out $200 to get mine tested. And to start digging into how 1,2,3-TCP got into the water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Turns out, it’s not just Fresno. According to the \u003ca href=\"http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/drinking_water/certlic/drinkingwater/123TCP.shtml\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">State Water Resources Control Board\u003c/a>, 1,2,3-TCP has been found in about a hundred public water systems across California, mostly in the Central Valley but also in counties like Santa Cruz, Monterey, Sacramento, and Los Angeles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But many Californians don’t know whether this stuff is in their water, because neither the state nor the federal EPA regulates 1,2,3-TCP in drinking water. So that means public utilities don’t have to test for it, filter it out, or advise their customers if it’s in the water.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>123-TCP IN ACTIVE COMMUNITY WELLS\u003c/h2>\n\u003ch4>Water systems where significant levels of contaminant 123-TCP have been detected.\u003c/h4>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_561928\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 700px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-561928 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/TCP_FinalGraphic.jpg\" alt=\"TCP_FinalGraphic\" width=\"700\" height=\"780\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/TCP_FinalGraphic.jpg 700w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/TCP_FinalGraphic-400x446.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">SOURCE: CALIFORNIA STATE WATER RESOURCES CONTROL BOARD, MAP: Teodros Hailye, KQED Science\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>That’s even though the state determined it was a carcinogen back in 1992. And the California Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment (OEHHA) set a very low \u003ca href=\"http://oehha.ca.gov/water/phg/pdf/082009TCP_phg.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">public health goal \u003c/a>for 1,2,3-TCP in 2009.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There is no absolutely no question that is a genotoxic carcinogen,” says Robert Howd, a toxicologist who led the scientific review for OEHHA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There have been no studies of 1,2,3-TCP’s effect on humans, but animal studies showed multiple tumors at multiple sites in both rats and mice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The data are very clear,” Howd says. “Virtually nobody is disputing that. There’s just no controversy about this being a DNA reactive carcinogen.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Howd’s team set the public health goal at .7 parts per trillion (.0007 parts per billion) The only carcinogen with a lower state public health goal for drinking water is dioxin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left\">\u003cstrong>How Did It Get Into the Water? \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left\">“This whole story begins in the 1930s, the dawn of the age of chemical agriculture” says San Francisco attorney \u003ca href=\"http://rbwaterlaw.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/Daily-Journal-Article_8.20.12.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Todd Robins\u003c/a>. He represents about 30 communities around the state who are suing over 1,2,3-TCP contamination, and he’s spent the last decade trying to track how it leached into groundwater.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">“Shell saw a huge opportunity to take a hazardous waste stream from their chemical plants…and start putting it in barrels, and selling it to farmers.”\u003ccite>San Francisco attorney Todd Robins\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“Somebody at the Pineapple Research Institute in Honolulu got ahold of this sample of what was essentially hazardous waste from a chemical production process at Shell,” he says, “and he used it in some experiments.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The experiments, Robins says, were to figure out how to control nematodes, tiny microscopic worms in the soil that attack a plant’s roots.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Shell saw a huge opportunity to take a hazardous waste stream from their chemical plants … and start putting it in barrels, and selling it to farmers,” says Robins. “Then Dow soon followed suit.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The companies sold the product to farmers as a fumigant, which is injected into the soil.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Robins has compiled a huge stack of documents that show neither Dow Chemical nor Shell \u003ca href=\"https://www3.epa.gov/pesticides/chem_search/ppls/000464-00240-19741121.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">listed 1,2,3-TCP\u003c/a> on their \u003ca href=\"http://www3.epa.gov/pesticides/chem_search/ppls/000201-00253-19690414.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">product labels\u003c/a>, even though it was one of several ingredients. One of Dow’s own scientists \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/TCP_memo.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">admitted\u003c/a> that the compound had served no function killing nematodes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Robins shows me a 1974 memo where Dow describes some of the fumigant components as “garbage.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_562003\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 4272px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-562003\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/ralph-gutierrez.jpg\" alt=\"Ralph Gutierrez says Shell and Dow should pay to clean 1,2,3-TCP out of Woodville's water.\" width=\"4272\" height=\"2848\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/ralph-gutierrez.jpg 4272w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/ralph-gutierrez-400x267.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/ralph-gutierrez-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/ralph-gutierrez-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/ralph-gutierrez-1440x960.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/ralph-gutierrez-1920x1280.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/ralph-gutierrez-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/ralph-gutierrez-960x640.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 4272px) 100vw, 4272px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Ralph Gutierrez says Shell and Dow should pay to clean 1,2,3-TCP out of Woodville’s water. \u003ccite>(Sasha Khokha)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“Some of the most startling information is how clearly the companies understood from a scientific perspective the amount of garbage they were putting into these products,” says Robins, “and knowingly having farmers essentially dispose of their hazardous waste for them on farm fields throughout our state.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a few cases, Dow and Shell have paid to clean up groundwater with 1,2,3-TCP. But in the more than 3 dozen cases filed against the companies over the contamination, they’ve never admitted any wrongdoing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Both Dow and Shell declined my request for a taped interview. They sent me emails saying they couldn’t comment on active litigation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dow spokesman Randy Fishback wrote that fumigants with 1,2,3-TCP were part of what he called “historical, highly beneficial agricultural products” that “controlled agricultural pests that otherwise would have caused millions of dollars in annual crop losses.” He added those products have been off the market for several decades, and that “TCP is also associated with certain industrial processes in which Dow had no involvement.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Tiny Communities Can’t Afford Cleanup\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_562005\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 4272px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-562005\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/woodville-3-1.jpg\" alt=\"Woodville is a small farming community in Tulare County, where the 1,2,3-TCP in the drinking water is ten times the state's public health goal. \" width=\"4272\" height=\"2848\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/woodville-3-1.jpg 4272w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/woodville-3-1-400x267.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/woodville-3-1-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/woodville-3-1-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/woodville-3-1-1440x960.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/woodville-3-1-1920x1280.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/woodville-3-1-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/woodville-3-1-960x640.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 4272px) 100vw, 4272px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Woodville is a small farming community in Tulare County, where the 1,2,3-TCP in the drinking water is ten times the state’s public health goal. \u003ccite>(Sasha Khokha/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Some of the communities suing Dow and Shell have only a few hundred households, like Woodville in rural Tulare County. Ralph Gutierrez runs the water system here.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’m the meter reader, I’m the sewer line cleaner, I do the budget,” says Gutierrez, grinning in his cowboy boots and Dodger hat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He unlocks the gate to show me one of the town’s two drinking water wells, surrounded by orchards and cow pastures. These wells serve a total of 467 households, and 1,2,3-TCP has been detected in the water at 7 parts per trillion, ten times the public health goal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Dow and Shell are the ones that put this into the system,” Gutierrez says. “Obviously, they have money to attack their problems, but when you come to communities like this, they’re all farmworkers.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gutierrez says there’s no way he can raise water rates high enough to pay for expensive carbon filtration to keep the carcinogen from reaching people’s taps.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I wouldn’t want my kids drinking it,” he says. “Would Dow Chemical or Shell like their people to be drinking this water? I don’t think so.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Results From My Tap\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Turns out the sample from my kitchen tap comes in at 2.2 parts per trillion. That’s three times the state public health goal for 1,2,3-TCP.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">“It’s been a high priority for us to develop regulations.”\u003ccite>Cindy Forbes, State Water Resources Control Board \u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>OEHHA sets its goal to try to reduce the lifetime cancer risk to less than one in 1 million. So my risk is three in 1 million, over a lifetime drinking my tap water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course, my overall risk of getting cancer from any source is much higher; it’s more like one in three. Truth is, I should probably be more worried about secondhand smoke, or Fresno’s notoriously dirty air.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But I’m not taking any chances with my kids. I’ve installed an undersink filter that says it takes out Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs). But there’s no guarantee it takes out 1,2,3-TCP, because without a government standard, it’s not rated for that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>State Regulation On Its Way\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some water systems in the Central Valley have levels of 1,2,3-TCP that push the potential cancer risk to roughly one in 6,000. And a grassroots group called \u003ca href=\"http://www.communitywatercenter.org/cwc_kicks_off_2016_123tcp_campaign\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Community Water Center\u003c/a> is pressuring the state to set a maximum contaminant level for the compound. That’s an enforceable standard, unlike the public health goal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nearly 25 years after California declared 1,2,3-TCP to be a carcinogen, drinking water regulators are planning to set that level by next spring.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s been a high priority for us to develop regulations, but we have had so many other regulations with limited resources to work on, that we haven’t been able to get it over the finish line,” says Cindy Forbes, deputy director for the water board’s drinking water program. “There are a lot of pieces to setting a new maximum contaminant level.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like conducting their own peer-reviewed science, taking public comment, and evaluating the cost of detection and cleanup — not just the health risks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s our number one priority,” says Forbes. “It’s my priority, it’s the board’s priority.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Sasha Khokha has since moved from Fresno to the Bay Area, where she hosts KQED’s weekly edition of \u003ca href=\"http://audio.californiareport.org/\">The California Report\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Watch the First Movie Stored and Retrieved From DNA of Living Cells",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe width=\"600\" height=\"338\" src=\"//content.jwplatform.com/players/Dg4gz7oc-jEuQjxp9.html\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Forget iTunes or your old zipper case of DVDs. How about storing movies in a Petri dish of E. coli?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers at Harvard Medical School and the Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering have stored a short video in the DNA of bacteria and then retrieved it. It’s the first time a video has been recorded into living cells, and the development could have environmental applications.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“DNA is a great place to store information. Biology uses it quite effectively,” said Seth Shipman, a postdoctoral fellow at Harvard Medical School and first author of the study. “It’s compact, and it’s incredibly stable.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shipman and his colleagues encoded Eadweard Muybridge’s “Sallie Gardner at a Gallop,” otherwise known as “The Horse in Motion,” one of the earliest series of moving images ever created.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Their \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/doi:10.1038/nature23017\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">study\u003c/a> was published in \u003cem>Nature\u003c/em> on Wednesday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To get the DNA stored into the bacterial genome, researchers used the CRISPR-Cas system, a powerful gene-editing tool. The researchers chopped up each frame into single-colored pixels. They then created DNA codes that corresponded to each color and strung several codes together.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Each bacterium took in snippets of the video and stored it in their DNA. Taken together, the researchers were able to put the pieces back and play the video.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With this work, Shipman said they eventually want to create “molecular recorders,” which are living cells that could sense things in the environment, like toxins or heavy metals, and record and store that information within their DNA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2017/07/12/crispr-bacteria-video-harvard-wyss/\" target=\"_blank\">story\u003c/a> was originally published by STAT, an online publication of Boston Globe Media that covers health, medicine, and scientific discovery.\u003c/em> \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe width=\"600\" height=\"338\" src=\"//content.jwplatform.com/players/Dg4gz7oc-jEuQjxp9.html\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Forget iTunes or your old zipper case of DVDs. How about storing movies in a Petri dish of E. coli?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers at Harvard Medical School and the Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering have stored a short video in the DNA of bacteria and then retrieved it. It’s the first time a video has been recorded into living cells, and the development could have environmental applications.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“DNA is a great place to store information. Biology uses it quite effectively,” said Seth Shipman, a postdoctoral fellow at Harvard Medical School and first author of the study. “It’s compact, and it’s incredibly stable.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shipman and his colleagues encoded Eadweard Muybridge’s “Sallie Gardner at a Gallop,” otherwise known as “The Horse in Motion,” one of the earliest series of moving images ever created.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Their \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/doi:10.1038/nature23017\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">study\u003c/a> was published in \u003cem>Nature\u003c/em> on Wednesday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To get the DNA stored into the bacterial genome, researchers used the CRISPR-Cas system, a powerful gene-editing tool. The researchers chopped up each frame into single-colored pixels. They then created DNA codes that corresponded to each color and strung several codes together.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Each bacterium took in snippets of the video and stored it in their DNA. Taken together, the researchers were able to put the pieces back and play the video.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With this work, Shipman said they eventually want to create “molecular recorders,” which are living cells that could sense things in the environment, like toxins or heavy metals, and record and store that information within their DNA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2017/07/12/crispr-bacteria-video-harvard-wyss/\" target=\"_blank\">story\u003c/a> was originally published by STAT, an online publication of Boston Globe Media that covers health, medicine, and scientific discovery.\u003c/em> \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Blood From Young People May Be a Secret to Fighting Aging",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cem>Originally published April 10, 2017\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A recent trend in anti-aging research sounds straight out of an episode of \"The Twilight Zone\"—or, if you’re younger than 40, the \"Twilight\" series. Scientists are infusing blood from young people into elderly individuals to improve health and delay the afflictions of aging.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It may sound creepy, but the potential health benefits of the practice are grounded in more than a decade of research. According to numerous animal studies from Stanford, UC Berkeley and Harvard, young blood can \u003ca href=\"http://science.sciencemag.org/content/344/6184/649\">rejuvenate aging muscles\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://www.cell.com/cell/abstract/S0092-8674(13)00456-X?_returnURL=http%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS009286741300456X%3Fshowall%3Dtrue\">improve organ function\u003c/a>, help \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v477/n7362/full/nature10357.html\">generate new brain cells\u003c/a>, and even \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/nm/journal/v20/n6/full/nm.3569.html\">improve cognition\u003c/a>. So far, these benefits have only been seen in mice.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'We’re trying to avoid creating expectations of a Eureka moment that we’ll have people who have severe Alzheimer’s disease acting as though they’re adolescents again.' \u003ccite>Joe McCracken, Alkahest\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Now, two Northern California startups, \u003ca href=\"http://www.alkahest.com/\">Alkahest\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://www.ambrosiaplasma.com/\">Ambrosia LLC\u003c/a>, are conducting the first studies that attempt to recreate these anti-aging effects in humans. The two companies are running separate clinical trials to infuse plasma from people under the age of 25 into older adults, in an attempt to reverse some of the negative effects of aging and treat age-related diseases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists think certain proteins in the blood either increase or decrease with aging and are behind age-related diseases such as dementia, diabetes and heart disease. Infusions of young blood may replenish helpful proteins that are lost over the years or block the production of damaging ones that typically increase with age.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although Alkahest and Ambrosia were inspired by the same studies, their goals and approaches to research are very different.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Academic\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stanford professor Tony Wyss-Coray co-founded San Carlos-based Alkahest in 2014, based on his \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/nm/journal/v20/n6/abs/nm.3569.html\">findings\u003c/a> that transfusions of young blood into old mice improve learning and memory and promote the growth of new connections between cells in the hippocampus. That’s a key memory center located in the middle of the brain. Alkahest is now working to translate these benefits to patients with Alzheimer’s disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_368258\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2017/04/Wyss-Coray-2.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-368258\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2017/04/Wyss-Coray-2-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"STANFORD. CA., MAY 2, 2014--Dr. Tony Wyss-Coray, Professor of Neurology at Stanford School of Medicine in lab on Friday, May 2, 2014. ( Norbert von der Groeben/Stanford School of Medicine )\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/04/Wyss-Coray-2-800x600.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/04/Wyss-Coray-2-160x120.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/04/Wyss-Coray-2-768x576.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/04/Wyss-Coray-2-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/04/Wyss-Coray-2-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/04/Wyss-Coray-2-960x720.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/04/Wyss-Coray-2-240x180.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/04/Wyss-Coray-2-375x281.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/04/Wyss-Coray-2-520x390.jpg 520w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/04/Wyss-Coray-2.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Tony Wyss-Coray's clinical trial tested whether infusions of young blood are safe for patients with Alzheimer's disease; future trials may test whether the treatment would be beneficial. \u003ccite>(Norbert von der Groeben/Stanford School of Medicine)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In 2014, Alkahest sponsored an FDA-approved \u003ca href=\"https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02256306\">clinical trial\u003c/a> at Stanford to give Alzheimer’s patients between the ages of 50 and 90 four small, weekly transfusions of plasma. The plasma is obtained from the \u003ca href=\"https://bloodcenter.stanford.edu/research/\">Stanford Blood Center\u003c/a>, which has a dedicated research arm that accepts blood donations specifically for Stanford clinical trials.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Joe McCracken, vice president of business development at Alkahest, says that for now, the study is focused on safety and feasibility rather than the efficacy of the treatment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re trying to avoid creating expectations of a Eureka moment that we’ll have people who have severe Alzheimer’s disease acting as though they’re adolescents again,” he says. “The expectation we have is that we will demonstrate that administration of young plasma to elderly patients with Alzheimer’s disease is safe.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The patients are also undergoing memory assessments, brain scans and blood tests to detect any potential changes in disease symptoms. The trial has completed testing on all 18 patients, and McCracken hopes to publish the results by the end of the year. If all goes well, Alkahest plans to conduct a second, larger study to test for efficacy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The company’s long-term goal is to identify the proteins in the blood that change with age, and then synthesize these factors into pharmaceutical drugs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Entrepreneur\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jesse Karmazin, CEO of Ambrosia, is taking an unconventional—and more controversial—approach to anti-aging research. Ambrosia, which has clinics in Monterey, California and Tampa, Florida, acts as a “pay-to-play” \u003ca href=\"https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02803554\">clinical trial\u003c/a>, giving one large plasma transfusion to anyone over the age of 35 for a fee of $8,000. The plasma is purchased from local blood banks, which often have a surplus of the material because hospitals typically only require red blood cells for medical procedures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=\"Ge8xrkWvdt1iNqxT39StX0C8FxMNPAxq\"]Karmazin, who graduated from Stanford medical school, has gotten some heat for the price his participants are paying. He says his company has no investors, and without the fee the clinic and the study would be impossible. In contrast, Alkahest received a \u003ca href=\"http://www.grifols.com/en/web/international/view-news/-/new/grifols-to-make-a-major-equity-investment-in-alkahest\">$37.5 million investment in 2015 from Grifols\u003c/a>, a Spanish-based company that is the leading producer of blood- and plasma-based products.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You don’t think about it, but you—or your insurance company—ultimately pay for the clinical trial over 20 years after the drug has been approved,” Karmazin says. “Companies patent the drug, they pay up front tens or even hundreds of millions of dollars [for a clinical trial], and then they hope to make a billion dollars over the next 20 years.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Karmazin also justifies the cost of his study by saying that what people choose to do with their money is their decision.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This amount of money for some people is nothing,” he says. “Not for me, I have $200,000 in loans.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ambrosia is analyzing data from its first 60 participants to look for changes in biomarkers of aging in the blood taken one month after treatment. The company doesn’t have any conclusive results yet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s difficult to say whether Ambrosia’s study, as designed, is capable of producing conclusive results. Karmazin is accepting people with a vast range of ages and with different diseases or reasons for wanting the injection. That means the amount of data he gathers on any one condition will likely be limited and may not be useful.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Question of Ethics\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Neither company would comment on the work of the other, although Wyss-Coray took some shots in an article in \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencemag.org/news/2016/08/young-blood-antiaging-trial-raises-questions\">\u003cem>Science\u003c/em>\u003c/a> last year, saying that Karmazin was “basically abusing people’s trust and the public excitement around” the research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bioethicist Karen Maschke from The Hastings Center, a research institute in New York, says the payment model of the Ambrosia trial “raises a lot of a red flags,” and that the design of the study sounds “very suspect.” She is particularly concerned that participants will think they are paying for a known therapy when in fact they are paying for an experimental and unproven procedure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For his part, Karmazin says that he is \"totally transparent that it is experimental.” Consent documents for the trial do describe the procedure as experimental and do not guarantee any improvements.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There have been no serious adverse events from the transfusions reported by either company, and both researchers are optimistic the treatment will provide real benefits to patients.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Dana Smith is a freelance writer focusing on health and science, with a special interest in the brain. Her work has been featured in The Atlantic, The Guardian, Fast Company, Scientific American, Discover Magazine, and others. In a previous life, she received a Ph.D. in experimental psychology from the University of Cambridge. Find her on Twitter @smithdanag\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Remember that study where scientists put blood from young mice into old mice and it reversed aging? Research has begun on humans.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cem>Originally published April 10, 2017\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A recent trend in anti-aging research sounds straight out of an episode of \"The Twilight Zone\"—or, if you’re younger than 40, the \"Twilight\" series. Scientists are infusing blood from young people into elderly individuals to improve health and delay the afflictions of aging.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It may sound creepy, but the potential health benefits of the practice are grounded in more than a decade of research. According to numerous animal studies from Stanford, UC Berkeley and Harvard, young blood can \u003ca href=\"http://science.sciencemag.org/content/344/6184/649\">rejuvenate aging muscles\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://www.cell.com/cell/abstract/S0092-8674(13)00456-X?_returnURL=http%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS009286741300456X%3Fshowall%3Dtrue\">improve organ function\u003c/a>, help \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v477/n7362/full/nature10357.html\">generate new brain cells\u003c/a>, and even \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/nm/journal/v20/n6/full/nm.3569.html\">improve cognition\u003c/a>. So far, these benefits have only been seen in mice.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'We’re trying to avoid creating expectations of a Eureka moment that we’ll have people who have severe Alzheimer’s disease acting as though they’re adolescents again.' \u003ccite>Joe McCracken, Alkahest\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Now, two Northern California startups, \u003ca href=\"http://www.alkahest.com/\">Alkahest\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://www.ambrosiaplasma.com/\">Ambrosia LLC\u003c/a>, are conducting the first studies that attempt to recreate these anti-aging effects in humans. The two companies are running separate clinical trials to infuse plasma from people under the age of 25 into older adults, in an attempt to reverse some of the negative effects of aging and treat age-related diseases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists think certain proteins in the blood either increase or decrease with aging and are behind age-related diseases such as dementia, diabetes and heart disease. Infusions of young blood may replenish helpful proteins that are lost over the years or block the production of damaging ones that typically increase with age.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although Alkahest and Ambrosia were inspired by the same studies, their goals and approaches to research are very different.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Academic\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stanford professor Tony Wyss-Coray co-founded San Carlos-based Alkahest in 2014, based on his \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/nm/journal/v20/n6/abs/nm.3569.html\">findings\u003c/a> that transfusions of young blood into old mice improve learning and memory and promote the growth of new connections between cells in the hippocampus. That’s a key memory center located in the middle of the brain. Alkahest is now working to translate these benefits to patients with Alzheimer’s disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_368258\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2017/04/Wyss-Coray-2.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-368258\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2017/04/Wyss-Coray-2-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"STANFORD. CA., MAY 2, 2014--Dr. Tony Wyss-Coray, Professor of Neurology at Stanford School of Medicine in lab on Friday, May 2, 2014. ( Norbert von der Groeben/Stanford School of Medicine )\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/04/Wyss-Coray-2-800x600.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/04/Wyss-Coray-2-160x120.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/04/Wyss-Coray-2-768x576.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/04/Wyss-Coray-2-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/04/Wyss-Coray-2-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/04/Wyss-Coray-2-960x720.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/04/Wyss-Coray-2-240x180.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/04/Wyss-Coray-2-375x281.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/04/Wyss-Coray-2-520x390.jpg 520w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/04/Wyss-Coray-2.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Tony Wyss-Coray's clinical trial tested whether infusions of young blood are safe for patients with Alzheimer's disease; future trials may test whether the treatment would be beneficial. \u003ccite>(Norbert von der Groeben/Stanford School of Medicine)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In 2014, Alkahest sponsored an FDA-approved \u003ca href=\"https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02256306\">clinical trial\u003c/a> at Stanford to give Alzheimer’s patients between the ages of 50 and 90 four small, weekly transfusions of plasma. The plasma is obtained from the \u003ca href=\"https://bloodcenter.stanford.edu/research/\">Stanford Blood Center\u003c/a>, which has a dedicated research arm that accepts blood donations specifically for Stanford clinical trials.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Joe McCracken, vice president of business development at Alkahest, says that for now, the study is focused on safety and feasibility rather than the efficacy of the treatment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re trying to avoid creating expectations of a Eureka moment that we’ll have people who have severe Alzheimer’s disease acting as though they’re adolescents again,” he says. “The expectation we have is that we will demonstrate that administration of young plasma to elderly patients with Alzheimer’s disease is safe.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The patients are also undergoing memory assessments, brain scans and blood tests to detect any potential changes in disease symptoms. The trial has completed testing on all 18 patients, and McCracken hopes to publish the results by the end of the year. If all goes well, Alkahest plans to conduct a second, larger study to test for efficacy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The company’s long-term goal is to identify the proteins in the blood that change with age, and then synthesize these factors into pharmaceutical drugs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Entrepreneur\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jesse Karmazin, CEO of Ambrosia, is taking an unconventional—and more controversial—approach to anti-aging research. Ambrosia, which has clinics in Monterey, California and Tampa, Florida, acts as a “pay-to-play” \u003ca href=\"https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02803554\">clinical trial\u003c/a>, giving one large plasma transfusion to anyone over the age of 35 for a fee of $8,000. The plasma is purchased from local blood banks, which often have a surplus of the material because hospitals typically only require red blood cells for medical procedures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>Karmazin, who graduated from Stanford medical school, has gotten some heat for the price his participants are paying. He says his company has no investors, and without the fee the clinic and the study would be impossible. In contrast, Alkahest received a \u003ca href=\"http://www.grifols.com/en/web/international/view-news/-/new/grifols-to-make-a-major-equity-investment-in-alkahest\">$37.5 million investment in 2015 from Grifols\u003c/a>, a Spanish-based company that is the leading producer of blood- and plasma-based products.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You don’t think about it, but you—or your insurance company—ultimately pay for the clinical trial over 20 years after the drug has been approved,” Karmazin says. “Companies patent the drug, they pay up front tens or even hundreds of millions of dollars [for a clinical trial], and then they hope to make a billion dollars over the next 20 years.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Karmazin also justifies the cost of his study by saying that what people choose to do with their money is their decision.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This amount of money for some people is nothing,” he says. “Not for me, I have $200,000 in loans.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ambrosia is analyzing data from its first 60 participants to look for changes in biomarkers of aging in the blood taken one month after treatment. The company doesn’t have any conclusive results yet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s difficult to say whether Ambrosia’s study, as designed, is capable of producing conclusive results. Karmazin is accepting people with a vast range of ages and with different diseases or reasons for wanting the injection. That means the amount of data he gathers on any one condition will likely be limited and may not be useful.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Question of Ethics\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Neither company would comment on the work of the other, although Wyss-Coray took some shots in an article in \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencemag.org/news/2016/08/young-blood-antiaging-trial-raises-questions\">\u003cem>Science\u003c/em>\u003c/a> last year, saying that Karmazin was “basically abusing people’s trust and the public excitement around” the research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bioethicist Karen Maschke from The Hastings Center, a research institute in New York, says the payment model of the Ambrosia trial “raises a lot of a red flags,” and that the design of the study sounds “very suspect.” She is particularly concerned that participants will think they are paying for a known therapy when in fact they are paying for an experimental and unproven procedure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For his part, Karmazin says that he is \"totally transparent that it is experimental.” Consent documents for the trial do describe the procedure as experimental and do not guarantee any improvements.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There have been no serious adverse events from the transfusions reported by either company, and both researchers are optimistic the treatment will provide real benefits to patients.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Dana Smith is a freelance writer focusing on health and science, with a special interest in the brain. Her work has been featured in The Atlantic, The Guardian, Fast Company, Scientific American, Discover Magazine, and others. In a previous life, she received a Ph.D. in experimental psychology from the University of Cambridge. Find her on Twitter @smithdanag\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "You Know About This Summer's Spectacular Solar Eclipse, Right?",
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"content": "\u003cp>Save the date: August 21st. On that Monday, across the United States, millions of people will be granted a rare chance to see a total solar eclipse. The last time a total solar eclipse crossed the contiguous U.S., Jimmy Carter was president (1979). It has been nearly a century since an eclipse swept the country from coast to coast (1918).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s not often that celestial events favor our own country in such a way,” says \u003ca href=\"http://www.seti.org/users/sshostak\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Seth Shostak\u003c/a>, senior astronomer at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.seti.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">SETI Institute\u003c/a>. “And this gives the opportunity to a lot of people to see something that really shouldn’t be missed.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The eclipse will first be visible by land at Lincoln Beach, Oregon. At 8:04 a.m. the moon will begin to edge in on the sun, taking a tiny chip out of it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1745905\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 375px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1745905 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/Eclipse_V04B_170620.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"375\" height=\"668\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/Eclipse_V04B_170620.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/Eclipse_V04B_170620-160x285.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/Eclipse_V04B_170620-240x428.jpg 240w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 375px) 100vw, 375px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Eclipses are possible thanks to a happy coincidence: The Sun is 400 times the diameter of the moon, while also being 400 times farther away from Earth. To us, both the moon and the Sun appear to be the same size allowing the moon to block light from the sun during solar eclipses.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>As the 70 million million million metric tons of rock that we know as our moon slide across the solar disc, darkness will descend, sweeping in from the west. The temperature will drop. Birds may cease singing, squirrels may give up their foraging. The stars will come out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Observers of past eclipses say life seems suspended in animation, as the shadow of the moon sweeps over them. Looking up they see a “hole in the sky” surrounded by flowing flames. Or, “a black sunflower with the most delicate of silver petals,” as Frank Close writes in \u003cem>\u003ca href=\"http://www.bluewillowbookshop.com/book/9780198795490\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Eclipse: Journeys to the Dark Side of the Moon\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These ‘petals’ are the sun’s corona. Curiously, this outer atmosphere of the sun is far, far hotter (up to 450 times hotter) than the surface of the sun. But why this is so is still a mystery.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The stage where the corona is visible to the naked eye is the moment of total eclipse, called “totality.” You will see the total eclipse only if you are inside the 50-mile wide band marked out on the map below, a path that will sweep across the country stretching from just west of Salem, Oregon to Charleston, South Carolina. (Check out the \u003ca href=\"https://eclipsemega.movie/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Eclipse Megamovie Project\u003c/a>, a joint project of Google and UC Berkeley. Type a location into their \u003ca href=\"https://eclipsemega.movie/simulator\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">simulator \u003c/a>to see what the eclipse will look like from there.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zgZnha_S9BQ\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A word on safety: Don’t look directly at the sun. Ever.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the first hour of the eclipse, the moon with be sliding over the disc of the sun taking, as Shostak says, “bigger and bigger cookie bites.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even if it is partially blocked, if you look into the sun it may be the last thing you’ll ever see. You can, however, watch with eclipse glasses, which are equipped with protective film. Or, cut a hole in a piece of paper or cardboard and project the eclipse onto a surface, such as the ground or a wall. Once the moon has completely blocked out the sun (during totality) it is okay to look up. In fact, don’t miss looking up! You can even take a peek through your binoculars or telescope.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://dts.podtrac.com/redirect.mp3/www.kqed.org/.stream/mp3splice/radio/science/2017/06/Eclipse_170619.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shostak recommends Oregon as the most practical locale for Californians to view the eclipse, if they’re willing to travel. “You might think ‘Gosh! That’s a long trip for two minutes of celestial fireworks,'” says Shostak. “But I can assure you, seeing the moon get in front of the sun is something you will always remember.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Read more KQED eclipse coverage:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/forum/2017/07/26/americans-prepare-for-first-total-solar-eclipse-in-century/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Americans Prepare for First Coast-to-Coast Total Solar Eclipse in Century\u003c/a> (\u003cem>KQED Forum\u003c/em>)\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2017/07/24/dont-be-in-the-dark-answers-to-your-burning-questions-about-the-august-eclipse/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Don’t Be in the Dark: Answers To Your Burning Questions About the August Eclipse\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2017/08/11/help-make-history-eclipse-projects-for-citizen-scientists/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Help Make History: Eclipse Projects for Citizen Scientists\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Save the date: August 21st. On that Monday, across the United States, millions of people will be granted a rare chance to see a total solar eclipse. The last time a total solar eclipse crossed the contiguous U.S., Jimmy Carter was president (1979). It has been nearly a century since an eclipse swept the country from coast to coast (1918).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s not often that celestial events favor our own country in such a way,” says \u003ca href=\"http://www.seti.org/users/sshostak\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Seth Shostak\u003c/a>, senior astronomer at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.seti.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">SETI Institute\u003c/a>. “And this gives the opportunity to a lot of people to see something that really shouldn’t be missed.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The eclipse will first be visible by land at Lincoln Beach, Oregon. At 8:04 a.m. the moon will begin to edge in on the sun, taking a tiny chip out of it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1745905\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 375px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1745905 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/Eclipse_V04B_170620.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"375\" height=\"668\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/Eclipse_V04B_170620.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/Eclipse_V04B_170620-160x285.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/Eclipse_V04B_170620-240x428.jpg 240w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 375px) 100vw, 375px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Eclipses are possible thanks to a happy coincidence: The Sun is 400 times the diameter of the moon, while also being 400 times farther away from Earth. To us, both the moon and the Sun appear to be the same size allowing the moon to block light from the sun during solar eclipses.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>As the 70 million million million metric tons of rock that we know as our moon slide across the solar disc, darkness will descend, sweeping in from the west. The temperature will drop. Birds may cease singing, squirrels may give up their foraging. The stars will come out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Observers of past eclipses say life seems suspended in animation, as the shadow of the moon sweeps over them. Looking up they see a “hole in the sky” surrounded by flowing flames. Or, “a black sunflower with the most delicate of silver petals,” as Frank Close writes in \u003cem>\u003ca href=\"http://www.bluewillowbookshop.com/book/9780198795490\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Eclipse: Journeys to the Dark Side of the Moon\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These ‘petals’ are the sun’s corona. Curiously, this outer atmosphere of the sun is far, far hotter (up to 450 times hotter) than the surface of the sun. But why this is so is still a mystery.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The stage where the corona is visible to the naked eye is the moment of total eclipse, called “totality.” You will see the total eclipse only if you are inside the 50-mile wide band marked out on the map below, a path that will sweep across the country stretching from just west of Salem, Oregon to Charleston, South Carolina. (Check out the \u003ca href=\"https://eclipsemega.movie/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Eclipse Megamovie Project\u003c/a>, a joint project of Google and UC Berkeley. Type a location into their \u003ca href=\"https://eclipsemega.movie/simulator\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">simulator \u003c/a>to see what the eclipse will look like from there.)\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/zgZnha_S9BQ'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/zgZnha_S9BQ'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>A word on safety: Don’t look directly at the sun. Ever.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the first hour of the eclipse, the moon with be sliding over the disc of the sun taking, as Shostak says, “bigger and bigger cookie bites.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even if it is partially blocked, if you look into the sun it may be the last thing you’ll ever see. You can, however, watch with eclipse glasses, which are equipped with protective film. Or, cut a hole in a piece of paper or cardboard and project the eclipse onto a surface, such as the ground or a wall. Once the moon has completely blocked out the sun (during totality) it is okay to look up. In fact, don’t miss looking up! You can even take a peek through your binoculars or telescope.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://dts.podtrac.com/redirect.mp3/www.kqed.org/.stream/mp3splice/radio/science/2017/06/Eclipse_170619.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shostak recommends Oregon as the most practical locale for Californians to view the eclipse, if they’re willing to travel. “You might think ‘Gosh! That’s a long trip for two minutes of celestial fireworks,'” says Shostak. “But I can assure you, seeing the moon get in front of the sun is something you will always remember.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Read more KQED eclipse coverage:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/forum/2017/07/26/americans-prepare-for-first-total-solar-eclipse-in-century/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Americans Prepare for First Coast-to-Coast Total Solar Eclipse in Century\u003c/a> (\u003cem>KQED Forum\u003c/em>)\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2017/07/24/dont-be-in-the-dark-answers-to-your-burning-questions-about-the-august-eclipse/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Don’t Be in the Dark: Answers To Your Burning Questions About the August Eclipse\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2017/08/11/help-make-history-eclipse-projects-for-citizen-scientists/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Help Make History: Eclipse Projects for Citizen Scientists\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "When Scientists Failed Them, Parents Unlocked Genetics of Kids’ Disease",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003ciframe src=\"https://embed.ted.com/talks/sharon_terry_science_didn_t_understand_my_kids_rare_disease_until_i_decided_to_study_it\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" webkitallowfullscreen mozallowfullscreen allowfullscreen>\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Update June 20, 2017:\u003c/em> The video of Sharon Terry's talk at TEDMED has been released.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the mid-1990s, Sharon Terry learned that her two young children had a rare genetic disease called \u003ca href=\"https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition/pseudoxanthoma-elasticum\">pseudoxanthoma elasticum\u003c/a>, also known as Grönblad–Strandberg syndrome and more commonly called PXE.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>PXE is a slow progressive disease that hardens connective tissue, causing loose, wrinkly skin in the neck, under the arms, around the groin and behind the knees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There was a moment of just complete devastation that my two beautiful, perfect, wonderful children had a disease that I didn’t understand,” Terry says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Disillusioned by Experts\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The good news was that the Boston family had time. Terry’s five- and seven-year-old might look elderly by the time they were 20, but they had several years before the disease triggered severe aging, obscured their vision or impaired their blood vessels.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'We're going to get you to come to us, and play by our rules. And our rule is, ‘You have to share with other scientists.’ \u003ccite>Sharon Terry\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The bad news was that doctors and researchers knew very little about PXE, and the little they did wasn't being shared across labs. Terry watched, furious, as one group of researchers extracted vials of blood from her children’s arms, only to have a different team of scientists poke and prod her kids for a new set of samples a few days later.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We saw, over and over, intense competition,” says Terry. “We had to figure out how to get these scientists to play with each other.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[audio src=\"hhttp://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2016/12/WEBGeneticSupermom161219.mp3\" title=\"Listen to the radio story\" program=\"Future of You\" image=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/SciencePlayer_BG.jpeg\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>'Take the Bull By the Horns'\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The family took an unconventional approach to orchestrating their children’s care, especially given that neither parent had a background in science. Terry has a master’s degree in religious studies. She was a college chaplain before she became a full-time mom. Her husband is a construction manager with a concentration in drafting from a trade school.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_302165\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 433px\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-302165\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2016/12/2005-800x540.jpg\" alt=\"Sister and brother Elizabeth and Ian Terry in 2005.\" width=\"433\" height=\"292\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/12/2005-800x540.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/12/2005-160x108.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/12/2005-768x518.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/12/2005-240x162.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/12/2005-375x253.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/12/2005-520x351.jpg 520w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/12/2005.jpg 900w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 433px) 100vw, 433px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Sister and brother Elizabeth and Ian Terry in 2005. \u003ccite>(Sharon Terry)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\"We decided that we had to take the bull by the horns and, first, learn what we could about the disease,\" Terry says. \"We quickly learned there really wasn't anything to learn about the disease.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Somehow the diligent couple convinced researchers at Harvard to lend them bench space to better understand the genetics driving PXE.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Every night the supermom and superdad spent six hours in a lab collecting blood and tissue samples, extracting DNA, and deciphering the code. Generous postdoctoral students tutored the couple until the wee hours of the morning. And, after a couple of years, Terry and her husband discovered the gene behind PXE.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'This year we actually have four different treatments that we think are going to be effective.'\u003ccite>Sharon Terry\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Eventually they built a diagnostic test and posted all of their data on an open online consortium, which Terry now runs, called \u003ca href=\"http://www.geneticalliance.org/advocacy\">Genetic Alliance\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Cats can be herded if you move their food,” says Terry. “And so we basically said the food is DNA and clinical histories. We're going to put that together, and we're going to get you to come to us, and play by our rules. And our rule is, ‘You have to share with other scientists.'\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Cure on the Horizon\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Genetic Alliance offers a suite of tools to help other families who receive a devastating diagnosis. The advocacy organization offers advice on how to do scientific research, how to talk to kids about genetic disease and how to become an activist on Capitol Hill.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Terry’s children, now 27 and 29, are now closer to a cure than at any time since their diagnoses two decades ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This year we actually have four different treatments that we think are going to be effective,” Terry says. “They've been effective in our mouse model. We're now looking at moving into human clinical trials for these treatments.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Terry hopes her story will inspire other families to take action when a doctor delivers crushing news. She recently shared her story on stage at the TEDMED health conference in Palm Springs.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003ciframe src=\"https://embed.ted.com/talks/sharon_terry_science_didn_t_understand_my_kids_rare_disease_until_i_decided_to_study_it\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" webkitallowfullscreen mozallowfullscreen allowfullscreen>\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Update June 20, 2017:\u003c/em> The video of Sharon Terry's talk at TEDMED has been released.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the mid-1990s, Sharon Terry learned that her two young children had a rare genetic disease called \u003ca href=\"https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition/pseudoxanthoma-elasticum\">pseudoxanthoma elasticum\u003c/a>, also known as Grönblad–Strandberg syndrome and more commonly called PXE.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>PXE is a slow progressive disease that hardens connective tissue, causing loose, wrinkly skin in the neck, under the arms, around the groin and behind the knees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There was a moment of just complete devastation that my two beautiful, perfect, wonderful children had a disease that I didn’t understand,” Terry says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Disillusioned by Experts\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The good news was that the Boston family had time. Terry’s five- and seven-year-old might look elderly by the time they were 20, but they had several years before the disease triggered severe aging, obscured their vision or impaired their blood vessels.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'We're going to get you to come to us, and play by our rules. And our rule is, ‘You have to share with other scientists.’ \u003ccite>Sharon Terry\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The bad news was that doctors and researchers knew very little about PXE, and the little they did wasn't being shared across labs. Terry watched, furious, as one group of researchers extracted vials of blood from her children’s arms, only to have a different team of scientists poke and prod her kids for a new set of samples a few days later.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We saw, over and over, intense competition,” says Terry. “We had to figure out how to get these scientists to play with each other.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>'Take the Bull By the Horns'\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The family took an unconventional approach to orchestrating their children’s care, especially given that neither parent had a background in science. Terry has a master’s degree in religious studies. She was a college chaplain before she became a full-time mom. Her husband is a construction manager with a concentration in drafting from a trade school.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_302165\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 433px\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-302165\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2016/12/2005-800x540.jpg\" alt=\"Sister and brother Elizabeth and Ian Terry in 2005.\" width=\"433\" height=\"292\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/12/2005-800x540.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/12/2005-160x108.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/12/2005-768x518.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/12/2005-240x162.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/12/2005-375x253.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/12/2005-520x351.jpg 520w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/12/2005.jpg 900w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 433px) 100vw, 433px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Sister and brother Elizabeth and Ian Terry in 2005. \u003ccite>(Sharon Terry)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\"We decided that we had to take the bull by the horns and, first, learn what we could about the disease,\" Terry says. \"We quickly learned there really wasn't anything to learn about the disease.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Somehow the diligent couple convinced researchers at Harvard to lend them bench space to better understand the genetics driving PXE.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Every night the supermom and superdad spent six hours in a lab collecting blood and tissue samples, extracting DNA, and deciphering the code. Generous postdoctoral students tutored the couple until the wee hours of the morning. And, after a couple of years, Terry and her husband discovered the gene behind PXE.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'This year we actually have four different treatments that we think are going to be effective.'\u003ccite>Sharon Terry\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Eventually they built a diagnostic test and posted all of their data on an open online consortium, which Terry now runs, called \u003ca href=\"http://www.geneticalliance.org/advocacy\">Genetic Alliance\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Cats can be herded if you move their food,” says Terry. “And so we basically said the food is DNA and clinical histories. We're going to put that together, and we're going to get you to come to us, and play by our rules. And our rule is, ‘You have to share with other scientists.'\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Cure on the Horizon\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Genetic Alliance offers a suite of tools to help other families who receive a devastating diagnosis. The advocacy organization offers advice on how to do scientific research, how to talk to kids about genetic disease and how to become an activist on Capitol Hill.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Terry’s children, now 27 and 29, are now closer to a cure than at any time since their diagnoses two decades ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This year we actually have four different treatments that we think are going to be effective,” Terry says. “They've been effective in our mouse model. We're now looking at moving into human clinical trials for these treatments.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Terry hopes her story will inspire other families to take action when a doctor delivers crushing news. She recently shared her story on stage at the TEDMED health conference in Palm Springs.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Silicon Valley's Toxic Past Haunts Sunnyvale Neighborhood",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Sunnyvale’s San Miguel neighborhood, with its leafy trees and modest houses, is home to hundreds of families and four schools for young children. Underneath these quiet streets lies a shadow of Silicon Valley’s past: groundwater contaminated with a solvent once used to make computer chips, and known to cause cancer and birth defects. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That chemical, known as \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/assessing-and-managing-chemicals-under-tsca/trichloroethylene-tce\">trichloroethylene or TCE\u003c/a>, was as crucial to chipmakers in the 1960s and 1970s as yeast is to a bakery. TCE is a powerful solvent used to clean silicon wafers before the chip design is etched onto them. And it’s responsible for nearly half the federal Superfund sites in \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Superfund_sites_in_California#Santa_Clara_County\">Santa Clara County\u003c/a>. These are areas the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency designates as the nation’s most toxic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Santa Clara has 24 Superfund sites, according to former EPA regional director Jared Blumenfeld. The neighborhood of San Miguel is located within one of them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">When TCE is present in groundwater, it can turn to vapor, seeping through cracks in building frames and into homes and classrooms. Short-term exposure can cause slowed breathing, light-headedness and headaches; over the longer term, TCE exposure causes cancer, particularly kidney cancer and \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">non-Hodgkin lymphoma\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. And in 2011, a \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3339451/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">study appeared to show \u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">that fetuses exposed to TCE in the first trimester have a higher risk of heart defects at birth. Socioeconomic differences could have influenced the results, though researchers tried to account for that.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_388759\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 378px\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-388759\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2017/05/10-Triple-Site-Map-page-0-800x1445.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"378\" height=\"683\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/05/10-Triple-Site-Map-page-0-800x1445.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/05/10-Triple-Site-Map-page-0-160x289.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/05/10-Triple-Site-Map-page-0-768x1387.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/05/10-Triple-Site-Map-page-0-1020x1842.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/05/10-Triple-Site-Map-page-0-960x1734.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/05/10-Triple-Site-Map-page-0-240x433.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/05/10-Triple-Site-Map-page-0-375x677.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/05/10-Triple-Site-Map-page-0-520x939.jpg 520w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/05/10-Triple-Site-Map-page-0.jpg 1113w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 378px) 100vw, 378px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Map of the Triple Site area in Sunnyvale, Calif. \u003ccite>(U.S. Environmental Protection Agency)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Years of Contamination\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">A half-mile south of the San Miguel neighborhood is Lowe’s Home Improvement, built on the site where \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signetics\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Signetics Inc.\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">—which became \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://www.usa.philips.com/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Philips Semiconductors\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> in 1975—left massive amounts of trichloroethylene in the soil and groundwater from nearly 30 years of chip manufacturing. Next to Lowe’s is a large, vacant dome of soil carpeted with dry grass.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Here’s where we have the highest concentrations of TCE,” says EPA site manager Melanie Morash, gesturing at the mound. This is essentially Ground Zero for what the EPA calls the Triple Site.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The Triple Site gets its name from the three chipmakers responsible for the contamination: Philips, \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://www.amd.com/en/home\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Advanced Micro Devices\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> and \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://yosemite.epa.gov/r9/sfund/r9sfdocw.nsf/vwsoalphabetic/TRW+Microwave,+Inc.+(Building+825)\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">TRW Microwave\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. In the 1960s and ‘70s, these companies stored TCE in underground tanks for later use. But the tanks and pipelines sometimes ruptured, leaking TCE into the soil and groundwater. It wasn’t until the 1980s, when the EPA launched its \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superfund\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Superfund program\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> to clean up the nation’s most toxic sites, that these properties began to get attention. By then, the TCE had spread through groundwater a mile to the north, underneath hundreds of homes and apartments and all four schools.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Cleanup Begins\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the early 1980s, the EPA worked with the manufacturers to clean up the toxic plume by excavating soil and treating the water. One method decontaminates the water by exposing it to ultraviolet light; the other oxygenates the water, releasing the TCE into the air, where it disperses. Although it isn’t ideal to make TCE airborne, it reduces concentrations enough that it isn’t a health risk to people, Blumenfeld said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_410384\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2017/06/6-melanie-dome.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-410384\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2017/06/6-melanie-dome-800x1067.jpg\" alt=\"EPA Triple Site site manager Melanie Morash at the dome of earth near the former Philips Semiconductor property, where TCE contamination is concentrated. \" width=\"800\" height=\"1067\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/06/6-melanie-dome-800x1067.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/06/6-melanie-dome-160x213.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/06/6-melanie-dome-768x1024.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/06/6-melanie-dome-1020x1360.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/06/6-melanie-dome-1920x2560.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/06/6-melanie-dome-1180x1573.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/06/6-melanie-dome-960x1280.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/06/6-melanie-dome-240x320.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/06/6-melanie-dome-375x500.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/06/6-melanie-dome-520x693.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">EPA Triple Site site manager Melanie Morash at the dome of earth near the former Philips Semiconductor property, where TCE contamination is concentrated. \u003ccite>(Beth Winegarner/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Across the street from Ground Zero, in the parking lot of Planet Granite, gym-goers breeze past a fenced-off cluster of machinery. The systems hum as they pump groundwater from beneath the soil, aerate the water to disperse toxic chemicals, and return the water to the aquifer. This is one of the Phillips treatment plants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">In the early 2000s, AMD and TRW switched to \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://news.stanford.edu/news/1997/april23/tce.html\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">a method pioneered at Stanford University\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> in which natural bacteria break down the TCE. The bacteria are fed molasses, lactose or vegetable oil to boost their population, creating enough microbes to transform TCE into harmless components, according to Michael Calhoun, a geologist with Haley & Aldrich Inc. and a consultant for AMD.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bioremediation has been successful for TRW and AMD. Philips—which is now responsible for the remaining cleanup at the Triple Site—held off, sticking to traditional methods. It wasn’t until 2016 that Philips began testing bioremediation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Spokeswoman Silvie Casanova declined to comment on why Philips waited so long to try the method. It’s unclear whether it will work as well now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you have a contaminant released into the ground and it sits there for a while, it can diffuse into the soil, and then it’s more difficult to get back out,” Calhoun said. “Even if you clean up the groundwater, it will continue to diffuse from the soil back into the water.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_388757\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-388757\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2017/05/9-image-tester-in-classroom-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/05/9-image-tester-in-classroom-800x600.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/05/9-image-tester-in-classroom-160x120.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/05/9-image-tester-in-classroom-768x576.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/05/9-image-tester-in-classroom-1020x766.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/05/9-image-tester-in-classroom-1180x886.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/05/9-image-tester-in-classroom-960x721.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/05/9-image-tester-in-classroom-240x180.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/05/9-image-tester-in-classroom-375x281.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/05/9-image-tester-in-classroom-520x390.jpg 520w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/05/9-image-tester-in-classroom.jpg 1279w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Two air monitors inside a classroom at San Miguel Elementary School in Sunnyvale. The devices monitor inside buildings for signs of TCE vapor. They must be in place for at least 24 hours to get accurate results. \u003ccite>(Beth Winegarner/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Fighting to Protect Public Health\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">After the 2011 study revealed \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/phs/phs.asp?id=171&tid=30\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">the risk for birth defects from TCE\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, the EPA worked to update its process of notifying people about contamination. Previously, the agency tested buildings in Superfund zones quarterly, and then notified occupants of the results four to five months later, said former regional director Blumenfeld. But the risk to fetuses is highest in the first trimester, meaning pregnant women needed the information much sooner.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=\"QIiBrV7DZWww9hv35669NPpPlzzmI7hs\"]Getting the agency to change was an uphill battle. Chipmakers hired lawyers to fight back. EPA headquarters in Washington D.C. told Blumenfeld to hold off because it was working on new national guidelines, but they never materialized, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Blumenfeld eventually won. Under the \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://yosemite.epa.gov/r9/sfund/r9sfdocw.nsf/3dc283e6c5d6056f88257426007417a2/6a24ed351efe25b888257d16007659e8/%24FILE/R9%20TCE%20Action%20Levels%20and%20Recs%20Memo%207_14.pdf\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">new notification requirements\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> adopted in 2014, the EPA is required to test air quality inside buildings vulnerable to TCE vapor, install mitigation measures “quickly” and retest to make sure they’re working. When exposures reach a certain level, those mitigations must happen immediately, and residents aren’t allowed back in until it’s safe.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Knocking on Doors\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Doing all that testing, though, meant getting permission from property owners. The schools within the Triple Site complied quickly, but residents were another story. EPA workers, led by Morash and Alejandro Diaz, the EPA’s community involvement coordinator for the site, began going door-to-door to ask if they could test the air inside.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The San Miguel neighborhood includes mostly small, single-family homes with grassy front yards. Sprinkled among them are several modest-sized apartment buildings. During the day, the streets are quiet; almost nobody remains outside. The neighborhood is also extremely diverse, with large concentrations of Latino, Asian and South Asian residents. Diaz said the EPA did outreach in several languages, including Vietnamese, Tagalog, Punjabi and Urdu.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_410388\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2017/06/3-Riser-pipe-and-fan-inside-the-box.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-410388\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2017/06/3-Riser-pipe-and-fan-inside-the-box-800x1067.jpg\" alt=\"This riser pipe and fan are part of a system that diverts TCE vapor from underneath a building to its roof, where it’s released into the air rather than going inside the building. \" width=\"800\" height=\"1067\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/06/3-Riser-pipe-and-fan-inside-the-box-800x1067.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/06/3-Riser-pipe-and-fan-inside-the-box-160x213.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/06/3-Riser-pipe-and-fan-inside-the-box-768x1024.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/06/3-Riser-pipe-and-fan-inside-the-box-1020x1360.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/06/3-Riser-pipe-and-fan-inside-the-box-1920x2560.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/06/3-Riser-pipe-and-fan-inside-the-box-1180x1573.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/06/3-Riser-pipe-and-fan-inside-the-box-960x1280.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/06/3-Riser-pipe-and-fan-inside-the-box-240x320.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/06/3-Riser-pipe-and-fan-inside-the-box-375x500.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/06/3-Riser-pipe-and-fan-inside-the-box-520x693.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This riser pipe and fan are part of a\u003cbr>system that diverts TCE vapor from underneath a building to its roof, where it’s released into the air rather than going inside the building. \u003ccite>(EPA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“The idea is to remove any barriers and make it the least scary possible,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since early 2015, the team has knocked on more than 500 doors—every property in the Triple Site zone—and tested every school building. About 225 households have allowed testing. The team has detected concerning levels of TCE vapor in 55 households and 37 school buildings, Morash said. Buildings at Rainbow Montessori, San Miguel Elementary and King’s Academy all tested positive for TCE vapor; mitigation systems are in place in the schools now, and their air is monitored regularly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About 30 properties, which include some 100 households, have refused air testing, Huitric said; those who said no haven’t told the team why. The EPA keeps in touch with the property owners, ready to act if they change their minds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shashi Jaggia, who has owned a 12-unit apartment building on Duane Avenue within the Triple Site zone since 1999, cooperated with the EPA when they came calling. Jaggia had no idea her tenants were being exposed to TCE until the EPA contacted her a couple of years ago. But she wasn’t surprised.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’m in the real estate business,” she said. “I know there’s lots of contamination in the groundwater in the area.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During the first year after installing the systems, the EPA tests the air frequently to make sure levels remain safe. If they do, the tests are less frequent in following years. That’s the protocol for all properties in the Triple Site, Huitric said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">For now, cleanup, testing and mitigation at the Triple Site is expected to continue indefinitely, until the TCE levels in both groundwater and indoor air are safe. President Donald Trump’s \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2017/05/trump-epa-budget-noaa-climate-change/527814/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">proposed budget\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> includes a 31.4 percent cut to the EPA, including $330 million in cuts to the Superfund program. Philips is bankrolling cleanup costs at the Triple Site, but other elements of the process could be in trouble, Blumenfeld said, including enforcement.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re not planning for anything until we know for a fact what’s happening,” said Caleb Shaffer, section chief for Superfund’s California Cleanup Section. “We can’t predict the future.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>UCSF's Maria Glymour contributed to this post.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "A toxic chemical, known as trichloroethylene, or TCE, was as crucial to chipmakers in the 1960s and 1970s as yeast is to a bakery. ",
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"description": "A toxic chemical, known as trichloroethylene, or TCE, was as crucial to chipmakers in the 1960s and 1970s as yeast is to a bakery. ",
"title": "Silicon Valley's Toxic Past Haunts Sunnyvale Neighborhood | KQED",
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"headline": "Silicon Valley's Toxic Past Haunts Sunnyvale Neighborhood",
"datePublished": "2017-06-15T09:55:54-07:00",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Sunnyvale’s San Miguel neighborhood, with its leafy trees and modest houses, is home to hundreds of families and four schools for young children. Underneath these quiet streets lies a shadow of Silicon Valley’s past: groundwater contaminated with a solvent once used to make computer chips, and known to cause cancer and birth defects. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That chemical, known as \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/assessing-and-managing-chemicals-under-tsca/trichloroethylene-tce\">trichloroethylene or TCE\u003c/a>, was as crucial to chipmakers in the 1960s and 1970s as yeast is to a bakery. TCE is a powerful solvent used to clean silicon wafers before the chip design is etched onto them. And it’s responsible for nearly half the federal Superfund sites in \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Superfund_sites_in_California#Santa_Clara_County\">Santa Clara County\u003c/a>. These are areas the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency designates as the nation’s most toxic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Santa Clara has 24 Superfund sites, according to former EPA regional director Jared Blumenfeld. The neighborhood of San Miguel is located within one of them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">When TCE is present in groundwater, it can turn to vapor, seeping through cracks in building frames and into homes and classrooms. Short-term exposure can cause slowed breathing, light-headedness and headaches; over the longer term, TCE exposure causes cancer, particularly kidney cancer and \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">non-Hodgkin lymphoma\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. And in 2011, a \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3339451/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">study appeared to show \u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">that fetuses exposed to TCE in the first trimester have a higher risk of heart defects at birth. Socioeconomic differences could have influenced the results, though researchers tried to account for that.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_388759\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 378px\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-388759\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2017/05/10-Triple-Site-Map-page-0-800x1445.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"378\" height=\"683\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/05/10-Triple-Site-Map-page-0-800x1445.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/05/10-Triple-Site-Map-page-0-160x289.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/05/10-Triple-Site-Map-page-0-768x1387.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/05/10-Triple-Site-Map-page-0-1020x1842.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/05/10-Triple-Site-Map-page-0-960x1734.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/05/10-Triple-Site-Map-page-0-240x433.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/05/10-Triple-Site-Map-page-0-375x677.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/05/10-Triple-Site-Map-page-0-520x939.jpg 520w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/05/10-Triple-Site-Map-page-0.jpg 1113w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 378px) 100vw, 378px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Map of the Triple Site area in Sunnyvale, Calif. \u003ccite>(U.S. Environmental Protection Agency)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Years of Contamination\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">A half-mile south of the San Miguel neighborhood is Lowe’s Home Improvement, built on the site where \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signetics\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Signetics Inc.\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">—which became \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://www.usa.philips.com/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Philips Semiconductors\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> in 1975—left massive amounts of trichloroethylene in the soil and groundwater from nearly 30 years of chip manufacturing. Next to Lowe’s is a large, vacant dome of soil carpeted with dry grass.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Here’s where we have the highest concentrations of TCE,” says EPA site manager Melanie Morash, gesturing at the mound. This is essentially Ground Zero for what the EPA calls the Triple Site.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The Triple Site gets its name from the three chipmakers responsible for the contamination: Philips, \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://www.amd.com/en/home\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Advanced Micro Devices\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> and \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://yosemite.epa.gov/r9/sfund/r9sfdocw.nsf/vwsoalphabetic/TRW+Microwave,+Inc.+(Building+825)\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">TRW Microwave\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. In the 1960s and ‘70s, these companies stored TCE in underground tanks for later use. But the tanks and pipelines sometimes ruptured, leaking TCE into the soil and groundwater. It wasn’t until the 1980s, when the EPA launched its \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superfund\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Superfund program\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> to clean up the nation’s most toxic sites, that these properties began to get attention. By then, the TCE had spread through groundwater a mile to the north, underneath hundreds of homes and apartments and all four schools.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Cleanup Begins\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the early 1980s, the EPA worked with the manufacturers to clean up the toxic plume by excavating soil and treating the water. One method decontaminates the water by exposing it to ultraviolet light; the other oxygenates the water, releasing the TCE into the air, where it disperses. Although it isn’t ideal to make TCE airborne, it reduces concentrations enough that it isn’t a health risk to people, Blumenfeld said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_410384\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2017/06/6-melanie-dome.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-410384\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2017/06/6-melanie-dome-800x1067.jpg\" alt=\"EPA Triple Site site manager Melanie Morash at the dome of earth near the former Philips Semiconductor property, where TCE contamination is concentrated. \" width=\"800\" height=\"1067\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/06/6-melanie-dome-800x1067.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/06/6-melanie-dome-160x213.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/06/6-melanie-dome-768x1024.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/06/6-melanie-dome-1020x1360.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/06/6-melanie-dome-1920x2560.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/06/6-melanie-dome-1180x1573.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/06/6-melanie-dome-960x1280.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/06/6-melanie-dome-240x320.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/06/6-melanie-dome-375x500.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/06/6-melanie-dome-520x693.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">EPA Triple Site site manager Melanie Morash at the dome of earth near the former Philips Semiconductor property, where TCE contamination is concentrated. \u003ccite>(Beth Winegarner/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Across the street from Ground Zero, in the parking lot of Planet Granite, gym-goers breeze past a fenced-off cluster of machinery. The systems hum as they pump groundwater from beneath the soil, aerate the water to disperse toxic chemicals, and return the water to the aquifer. This is one of the Phillips treatment plants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">In the early 2000s, AMD and TRW switched to \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://news.stanford.edu/news/1997/april23/tce.html\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">a method pioneered at Stanford University\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> in which natural bacteria break down the TCE. The bacteria are fed molasses, lactose or vegetable oil to boost their population, creating enough microbes to transform TCE into harmless components, according to Michael Calhoun, a geologist with Haley & Aldrich Inc. and a consultant for AMD.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bioremediation has been successful for TRW and AMD. Philips—which is now responsible for the remaining cleanup at the Triple Site—held off, sticking to traditional methods. It wasn’t until 2016 that Philips began testing bioremediation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Spokeswoman Silvie Casanova declined to comment on why Philips waited so long to try the method. It’s unclear whether it will work as well now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you have a contaminant released into the ground and it sits there for a while, it can diffuse into the soil, and then it’s more difficult to get back out,” Calhoun said. “Even if you clean up the groundwater, it will continue to diffuse from the soil back into the water.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_388757\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-388757\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2017/05/9-image-tester-in-classroom-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/05/9-image-tester-in-classroom-800x600.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/05/9-image-tester-in-classroom-160x120.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/05/9-image-tester-in-classroom-768x576.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/05/9-image-tester-in-classroom-1020x766.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/05/9-image-tester-in-classroom-1180x886.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/05/9-image-tester-in-classroom-960x721.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/05/9-image-tester-in-classroom-240x180.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/05/9-image-tester-in-classroom-375x281.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/05/9-image-tester-in-classroom-520x390.jpg 520w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/05/9-image-tester-in-classroom.jpg 1279w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Two air monitors inside a classroom at San Miguel Elementary School in Sunnyvale. The devices monitor inside buildings for signs of TCE vapor. They must be in place for at least 24 hours to get accurate results. \u003ccite>(Beth Winegarner/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Fighting to Protect Public Health\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">After the 2011 study revealed \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/phs/phs.asp?id=171&tid=30\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">the risk for birth defects from TCE\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, the EPA worked to update its process of notifying people about contamination. Previously, the agency tested buildings in Superfund zones quarterly, and then notified occupants of the results four to five months later, said former regional director Blumenfeld. But the risk to fetuses is highest in the first trimester, meaning pregnant women needed the information much sooner.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>Getting the agency to change was an uphill battle. Chipmakers hired lawyers to fight back. EPA headquarters in Washington D.C. told Blumenfeld to hold off because it was working on new national guidelines, but they never materialized, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Blumenfeld eventually won. Under the \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://yosemite.epa.gov/r9/sfund/r9sfdocw.nsf/3dc283e6c5d6056f88257426007417a2/6a24ed351efe25b888257d16007659e8/%24FILE/R9%20TCE%20Action%20Levels%20and%20Recs%20Memo%207_14.pdf\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">new notification requirements\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> adopted in 2014, the EPA is required to test air quality inside buildings vulnerable to TCE vapor, install mitigation measures “quickly” and retest to make sure they’re working. When exposures reach a certain level, those mitigations must happen immediately, and residents aren’t allowed back in until it’s safe.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Knocking on Doors\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Doing all that testing, though, meant getting permission from property owners. The schools within the Triple Site complied quickly, but residents were another story. EPA workers, led by Morash and Alejandro Diaz, the EPA’s community involvement coordinator for the site, began going door-to-door to ask if they could test the air inside.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The San Miguel neighborhood includes mostly small, single-family homes with grassy front yards. Sprinkled among them are several modest-sized apartment buildings. During the day, the streets are quiet; almost nobody remains outside. The neighborhood is also extremely diverse, with large concentrations of Latino, Asian and South Asian residents. Diaz said the EPA did outreach in several languages, including Vietnamese, Tagalog, Punjabi and Urdu.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_410388\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2017/06/3-Riser-pipe-and-fan-inside-the-box.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-410388\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2017/06/3-Riser-pipe-and-fan-inside-the-box-800x1067.jpg\" alt=\"This riser pipe and fan are part of a system that diverts TCE vapor from underneath a building to its roof, where it’s released into the air rather than going inside the building. \" width=\"800\" height=\"1067\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/06/3-Riser-pipe-and-fan-inside-the-box-800x1067.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/06/3-Riser-pipe-and-fan-inside-the-box-160x213.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/06/3-Riser-pipe-and-fan-inside-the-box-768x1024.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/06/3-Riser-pipe-and-fan-inside-the-box-1020x1360.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/06/3-Riser-pipe-and-fan-inside-the-box-1920x2560.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/06/3-Riser-pipe-and-fan-inside-the-box-1180x1573.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/06/3-Riser-pipe-and-fan-inside-the-box-960x1280.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/06/3-Riser-pipe-and-fan-inside-the-box-240x320.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/06/3-Riser-pipe-and-fan-inside-the-box-375x500.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/06/3-Riser-pipe-and-fan-inside-the-box-520x693.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This riser pipe and fan are part of a\u003cbr>system that diverts TCE vapor from underneath a building to its roof, where it’s released into the air rather than going inside the building. \u003ccite>(EPA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“The idea is to remove any barriers and make it the least scary possible,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since early 2015, the team has knocked on more than 500 doors—every property in the Triple Site zone—and tested every school building. About 225 households have allowed testing. The team has detected concerning levels of TCE vapor in 55 households and 37 school buildings, Morash said. Buildings at Rainbow Montessori, San Miguel Elementary and King’s Academy all tested positive for TCE vapor; mitigation systems are in place in the schools now, and their air is monitored regularly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About 30 properties, which include some 100 households, have refused air testing, Huitric said; those who said no haven’t told the team why. The EPA keeps in touch with the property owners, ready to act if they change their minds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shashi Jaggia, who has owned a 12-unit apartment building on Duane Avenue within the Triple Site zone since 1999, cooperated with the EPA when they came calling. Jaggia had no idea her tenants were being exposed to TCE until the EPA contacted her a couple of years ago. But she wasn’t surprised.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’m in the real estate business,” she said. “I know there’s lots of contamination in the groundwater in the area.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During the first year after installing the systems, the EPA tests the air frequently to make sure levels remain safe. If they do, the tests are less frequent in following years. That’s the protocol for all properties in the Triple Site, Huitric said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">For now, cleanup, testing and mitigation at the Triple Site is expected to continue indefinitely, until the TCE levels in both groundwater and indoor air are safe. President Donald Trump’s \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2017/05/trump-epa-budget-noaa-climate-change/527814/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">proposed budget\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> includes a 31.4 percent cut to the EPA, including $330 million in cuts to the Superfund program. Philips is bankrolling cleanup costs at the Triple Site, but other elements of the process could be in trouble, Blumenfeld said, including enforcement.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re not planning for anything until we know for a fact what’s happening,” said Caleb Shaffer, section chief for Superfund’s California Cleanup Section. “We can’t predict the future.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>UCSF's Maria Glymour contributed to this post.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Alan Alda's Experiment: Helping Scientists Talk to the Rest of Us",
"headTitle": "Alan Alda’s Experiment: Helping Scientists Talk to the Rest of Us | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Alan Alda’s father wanted him to become a doctor, but it wasn’t meant to be. “I failed chemistry really disastrously … ” Alda says. “I really didn’t want to be a doctor; I wanted to be a writer and an actor.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1696113\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 284px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/Alan-Alda.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1696113\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/Alan-Alda.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"284\" height=\"432\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/Alan-Alda.jpg 284w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/Alan-Alda-160x243.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/Alan-Alda-240x365.jpg 240w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 284px) 100vw, 284px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Alda’s book hits bookshelves on Tuesday June 6, 2017. Random House, 213 pages.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Which is exactly what happened, but Alda didn’t leave science behind entirely. His new book, \u003cem>If I Understood You, Would I Have This Look on My Face?, \u003c/em>is all about communication — and miscommunication — between scientists and civilians.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“People are dying because we can’t communicate in ways that allow us to understand one another,” he writes. “It sounds like an exaggeration, but I don’t think it is. When patients can’t relate to their doctors and don’t follow their orders, when engineers can’t convince a town that the dam could break, when a parent can’t win the trust of a child to warn her off a lethal drug. They can all be headed for a serious ending.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Alda explains why empathy is crucial to successful science conversations, and describes his work at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.aldakavlilearningcenter.org/explore\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Alan Alda Center For Communicating Science\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https://www.npr.org/player/embed/531271710/531444474\" width=\"100%\" height=\"290\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"NPR embedded audio player\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003ch3>Interview Highlights\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>On the experience that inspired the book\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I was at a dentist’s office in the chair ready to have him start an operation on my gum. So he’s got the scalpel ready to poke me in the face with it. He says, “Now, there will be some tethering.” I said, “Pardon me?” He said, “Tethering, there will be tethering.” I said, “What do you mean tethering.” He said, “TETHERING! TETHERING!” He started barking at me. I was too impressed by his surgical gown to say, “Put the knife down and tell me what you mean by tethering.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I let him go ahead with the operation and it turned out that it changed my smile, because he cut the little tissue between the upper part of your gum and your upper lip. And I was making a movie a couple of weeks later, and the cameraman said, “What are you sneering about? I thought you were supposed to smile.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it turned out that when I told the dentist that maybe it would be a better idea to tell people what was going on, firstly he said, “I \u003cem>told\u003c/em> you there were two steps to the operation.” And then he sent me a letter trying to maneuver me off of a lawsuit. And I had no interest in a lawsuit. I just wanted him to communicate better with his patients.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>On his improvisational theater program to help scientists learn to communicate better\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>First of all, it’s \u003cem>not \u003c/em>to encourage them to be funny. … It doesn’t make them comedians, it doesn’t make them actors. The reason for the improv exercises is to really get everybody accustomed to the idea that contact with the other person is essential, is a first step toward good communication. Because if you are thinking only about communication as having the perfect message regardless of how it lands on your audience, then you’re likely just to be spraying information at them and not really saying something to them that sticks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>On how he began reading scientific studies\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I followed the same path that humanity did, which was to start with superstition. I was interested in things like spiritualism and astrology, and one of the books I was reading was supposedly written by someone who had been dead for a couple hundred years but written recently through a medium. And I thought, if any of this is true, the physicist who lives across the street would probably know the answer. And I asked him about it and he said, “I don’t know, doesn’t sound familiar to me.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So I said, maybe the answer’s in the \u003cem>Scientific American.\u003c/em> And I started reading that, and I think one of the things that attracted me, engaged me right away, was that I saw there was a completely different way to think and to weigh things, which was on the basis of observation and evidence. And there’s something deeply moving about it and entertaining at the same time. That’s what I’m trying to get scientists to do — to share that excitement and passion that they have with those of us who don’t do that for a living.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>On why there’s such hostility to science \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I think it’s at least partly a communication issue. Trust is really important, because … we [don’t] have the time in our ordinary lives to get up to speed on … nanoscience or quantum mechanics. It’s kind of important to have trust that we feel toward those people who have spent their lives doing that. Science and the public have separated so much that many people in the public consider science just another opinion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>On scientists’ reluctance to speak in declaratives\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I think many of us feel: “Wait a minute, you told me a year ago red wine was good for me. Now you’re telling me it’s not. … What’s going on here? Can’t you make up your mind?” … That’s also a communication question. I think there are basic things about science that people should be helped to understand. For instance, any one study is not supposed to arrive at \u003cem>the\u003c/em> truth for all time. It gets us a little closer to truth. Almost every research paper that I read says at the end: “More research is called for.” I wish articles about science would include that more. This is not the final word.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>On his invitation to non-scientists \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s a beautiful experience to learn what science is up to. It’s just, just wonderful. So I recommend to anybody to open their mouths and let the hook catch them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Radio producer Ian Stewart, radio editor Ed McNulty, web producer Beth Novey, and Shots editor Nancy Shute contributed to this report.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2017 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Alan+Alda%27s+Experiment%3A+Helping+Scientists+Learn+To+Talk+To+The+Rest+Of+Us&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Alan Alda’s father wanted him to become a doctor, but it wasn’t meant to be. “I failed chemistry really disastrously … ” Alda says. “I really didn’t want to be a doctor; I wanted to be a writer and an actor.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1696113\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 284px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/Alan-Alda.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1696113\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/Alan-Alda.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"284\" height=\"432\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/Alan-Alda.jpg 284w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/Alan-Alda-160x243.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/Alan-Alda-240x365.jpg 240w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 284px) 100vw, 284px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Alda’s book hits bookshelves on Tuesday June 6, 2017. Random House, 213 pages.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Which is exactly what happened, but Alda didn’t leave science behind entirely. His new book, \u003cem>If I Understood You, Would I Have This Look on My Face?, \u003c/em>is all about communication — and miscommunication — between scientists and civilians.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“People are dying because we can’t communicate in ways that allow us to understand one another,” he writes. “It sounds like an exaggeration, but I don’t think it is. When patients can’t relate to their doctors and don’t follow their orders, when engineers can’t convince a town that the dam could break, when a parent can’t win the trust of a child to warn her off a lethal drug. They can all be headed for a serious ending.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Alda explains why empathy is crucial to successful science conversations, and describes his work at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.aldakavlilearningcenter.org/explore\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Alan Alda Center For Communicating Science\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https://www.npr.org/player/embed/531271710/531444474\" width=\"100%\" height=\"290\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"NPR embedded audio player\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003ch3>Interview Highlights\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>On the experience that inspired the book\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I was at a dentist’s office in the chair ready to have him start an operation on my gum. So he’s got the scalpel ready to poke me in the face with it. He says, “Now, there will be some tethering.” I said, “Pardon me?” He said, “Tethering, there will be tethering.” I said, “What do you mean tethering.” He said, “TETHERING! TETHERING!” He started barking at me. I was too impressed by his surgical gown to say, “Put the knife down and tell me what you mean by tethering.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I let him go ahead with the operation and it turned out that it changed my smile, because he cut the little tissue between the upper part of your gum and your upper lip. And I was making a movie a couple of weeks later, and the cameraman said, “What are you sneering about? I thought you were supposed to smile.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it turned out that when I told the dentist that maybe it would be a better idea to tell people what was going on, firstly he said, “I \u003cem>told\u003c/em> you there were two steps to the operation.” And then he sent me a letter trying to maneuver me off of a lawsuit. And I had no interest in a lawsuit. I just wanted him to communicate better with his patients.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>On his improvisational theater program to help scientists learn to communicate better\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>First of all, it’s \u003cem>not \u003c/em>to encourage them to be funny. … It doesn’t make them comedians, it doesn’t make them actors. The reason for the improv exercises is to really get everybody accustomed to the idea that contact with the other person is essential, is a first step toward good communication. Because if you are thinking only about communication as having the perfect message regardless of how it lands on your audience, then you’re likely just to be spraying information at them and not really saying something to them that sticks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>On how he began reading scientific studies\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I followed the same path that humanity did, which was to start with superstition. I was interested in things like spiritualism and astrology, and one of the books I was reading was supposedly written by someone who had been dead for a couple hundred years but written recently through a medium. And I thought, if any of this is true, the physicist who lives across the street would probably know the answer. And I asked him about it and he said, “I don’t know, doesn’t sound familiar to me.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So I said, maybe the answer’s in the \u003cem>Scientific American.\u003c/em> And I started reading that, and I think one of the things that attracted me, engaged me right away, was that I saw there was a completely different way to think and to weigh things, which was on the basis of observation and evidence. And there’s something deeply moving about it and entertaining at the same time. That’s what I’m trying to get scientists to do — to share that excitement and passion that they have with those of us who don’t do that for a living.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>On why there’s such hostility to science \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I think it’s at least partly a communication issue. Trust is really important, because … we [don’t] have the time in our ordinary lives to get up to speed on … nanoscience or quantum mechanics. It’s kind of important to have trust that we feel toward those people who have spent their lives doing that. Science and the public have separated so much that many people in the public consider science just another opinion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>On scientists’ reluctance to speak in declaratives\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I think many of us feel: “Wait a minute, you told me a year ago red wine was good for me. Now you’re telling me it’s not. … What’s going on here? Can’t you make up your mind?” … That’s also a communication question. I think there are basic things about science that people should be helped to understand. For instance, any one study is not supposed to arrive at \u003cem>the\u003c/em> truth for all time. It gets us a little closer to truth. Almost every research paper that I read says at the end: “More research is called for.” I wish articles about science would include that more. This is not the final word.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>On his invitation to non-scientists \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s a beautiful experience to learn what science is up to. It’s just, just wonderful. So I recommend to anybody to open their mouths and let the hook catch them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Radio producer Ian Stewart, radio editor Ed McNulty, web producer Beth Novey, and Shots editor Nancy Shute contributed to this report.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2017 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Alan+Alda%27s+Experiment%3A+Helping+Scientists+Learn+To+Talk+To+The+Rest+Of+Us&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Why is Your Teenager Acting So Weird? Let a Neurobiologist Explain",
"title": "Why is Your Teenager Acting So Weird? Let a Neurobiologist Explain",
"headTitle": "Future of You | KQED Future of You | KQED Science",
"content": "\u003cp>As far as the brain is concerned, the teenage years are a world unto themselves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As an eminent neurobiologist and single mother of two teenaged boys, \u003ca href=\"http://www.med.upenn.edu/apps/faculty/index.php/g324/p8577612\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Dr. Frances Jensen\u003c/a> had a front-row seat to the seemingly contradictory behavior that would allow her sons to ace a test at school yet still make lapses in judgment no sensible adult would. She wrote about these experiences, and the underlying biology that led to them, in her new book, co-authored with science journalist Amy Ellis Nutt, \"\u003ca href=\"https://www.harpercollins.com/9780062067869/the-teenage-brain\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">The Teenage Brain: A Neuroscientist’s Survival Guide to Raising Adolescents and Young Adults\u003c/a>.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The contradictions Jensen observed occur in part because our brains do not fully mature until we are in our mid- to late-20s, when the frontal lobe, which controls decision-making and risk-taking, develops.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jensen recently spoke with Michael Krasny, the host of \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/forum/2017/05/12/neuroscientist-explores-the-contradictions-of-the-teen-brain/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">KQED's Forum radio show\u003c/a>, to explain how parents can better understand the biochemical imperatives that make their teens and young adults so emotional and unpredictable, as well as leaving them more vulnerable to addiction and mental disorders.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here are some excerpts from Jensen's answers on the show, edited for length and readability.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>On the Unpredictable Behavior of Teens\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Teenagers do have frontal lobes, which are the seat of our executive, adult-like functioning like impulse control, judgment and empathy. But the frontal lobes haven’t been connected with fast-acting connections yet. The brain actually connects regions from the back of the brain to the front, so the last place to have these fast-acting connections is the frontal lobe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But there is another part of the brain that is fully active in adolescents, and that’s the limbic system. And that is the seat of risk, reward, impulsivity, sexual behavior and emotion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So they are built to be novelty-seeking at this point in their lives. Their frontal lobe isn’t able to say, \"That’s a bad idea, don’t do that.\" That’s not happening to the extent it will in adulthood.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'They’re really like Ferraris with weak brakes.’\u003ccite>Neuroscientist Frances Jensen\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>But while that is a weakness, there are strengths of the adolescent brain. Each region of the brain is more active in childhood and adolescence than it will be later in life. They are faster learners, they can build synapses faster.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They’re really like Ferraris with weak brakes. They’re learning machines, but they can learn good and bad things.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Teens' Extreme Emotional Reactions\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Why do they react like it’s an international incident when it’s something you consider a completely innocuous event?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Functional imaging studies have looked at children, adolescents and adults who are given the same emotional stressor, and the adolescents will light up the emotional center \u003cem>— \u003c/em>the limbic system \u003cem>— \u003c/em>twice as high as children or adults. So they are uniquely experiencing whatever it is as an international incident.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I think we need to remind ourselves that they’re experiencing emotion in Technicolor, whereas we’re experiencing it in black and white. And it makes you understand a bit more why they behave the way they do. Maybe you can count to 10 and not react. Back off and reapproach in a more organized way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Teens’ Vulnerability to Addiction\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cannabis decreases your cells’ ability to build synapses, which you need for learning. And there’s more substrate for the drug to bind to. So for the same dose, it’s hanging around in teen brains to a greater extent \u003cem>— i\u003c/em>t might be around for four days in the brain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now that’s on a single-dose basis. And what’s quite concerning is the literature that’s starting to come out about chronic, daily cannabis use. That’s what we’re really concerned about. And there are some concerning studies that say your IQ’s going to drop permanently if you are exposed to chronic, daily cannabis through this adolescent window.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We need to think of this window as a very precious window. You need to mind your brain at this stage of your life, and it will mind you later… that’s what I tell adolescents when I am talking to them.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'They are really playing with fire – the schoolyard pranks of yesteryear that are not the same anymore.’\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>More and more studies are being done, now that it has been realized that the adolescent brain is a specific brain stage. I think parents should make it their business to stay on top of what this research is showing. Your kids are \u003cem>so\u003c/em> not going to do what you say just because you tell them to do it… and if you have a few facts in hand, it can help to make you somewhat more credible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Impacts of Social Media \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The building of the teenaged brain hasn’t changed in eons, but what has changed is the environment around our teens. Right now they’re being bombarded by an unprecedented amount of information. And they’re novelty-seeking. And where else are they going to get novelty? It’s all over the internet. We should have a conversation about the age-inappropriate things they can find on the internet, things that might cause stress. And the effects of social media: How does it feed peer pressure behavior?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s really a whole new day and they are really playing with fire -– the schoolyard pranks of yesteryear that are not the same anymore.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=\"a3eifBuzpKzoQPGGSSv1l7enHth4vOZL\"]Teens are better learners, and stressful things will stay in their brains longer. There’s a conversation we have to have with them: How do you gate yourself with social media? Life is about trial and error, and there needs to be an opportunity for them to rehearse mistakes, including mistakes in the social media domain, before they make them themselves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s a way to guide your child to make decisions independently rather than helicoptering over them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>On How 'Real' Teenage Love Is \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It feels very real to the person in that moment. It’s bona fide emotion; it’s just not emotion that’s measured like it will be later in life, where you might say, ‘I’m attracted to this person, but there’s a lot of reasons why this may not be.’ It’s real but just feels unbridled. Teens have superheated limbic systems, so the emotional areas, the sexual incentive areas, are on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>When Medication is Appropriate \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The onset of mental illness occurs in late teens, early adolescence. Schizophrenia, bipolar, depression, psychosis; they come in this window. And the reason for this is developmental. You need to have your prefrontal cortices at least partially connected in order to have the manifestation of these diseases that you might already have as a genetic predisposition. It’s a biological event.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We need to be aware that one in four people in our society have some form of mental illness, ranging from very mild anxiety to a major affective disorder. And 60 to 80 percent of these people are seeing this happen between the ages of 16 and 26. That is a fact. We need to keep our antennae up to determine: Is this just a moody kid? Or is this mental illness? As a parent, if you think your child is not taking an interest in their appearance, losing their appetite, really becoming more isolated, you need to make sure you’re part of your teen’s life and probe what’s going on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Dr. Frances Jensen on the teenage brain, in 2015\u003c/em>:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f9sQNGvveXs&feature=youtu.be&ab_channel=PoliticsandProse\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>As far as the brain is concerned, the teenage years are a world unto themselves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As an eminent neurobiologist and single mother of two teenaged boys, \u003ca href=\"http://www.med.upenn.edu/apps/faculty/index.php/g324/p8577612\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Dr. Frances Jensen\u003c/a> had a front-row seat to the seemingly contradictory behavior that would allow her sons to ace a test at school yet still make lapses in judgment no sensible adult would. She wrote about these experiences, and the underlying biology that led to them, in her new book, co-authored with science journalist Amy Ellis Nutt, \"\u003ca href=\"https://www.harpercollins.com/9780062067869/the-teenage-brain\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">The Teenage Brain: A Neuroscientist’s Survival Guide to Raising Adolescents and Young Adults\u003c/a>.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The contradictions Jensen observed occur in part because our brains do not fully mature until we are in our mid- to late-20s, when the frontal lobe, which controls decision-making and risk-taking, develops.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jensen recently spoke with Michael Krasny, the host of \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/forum/2017/05/12/neuroscientist-explores-the-contradictions-of-the-teen-brain/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">KQED's Forum radio show\u003c/a>, to explain how parents can better understand the biochemical imperatives that make their teens and young adults so emotional and unpredictable, as well as leaving them more vulnerable to addiction and mental disorders.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here are some excerpts from Jensen's answers on the show, edited for length and readability.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>On the Unpredictable Behavior of Teens\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Teenagers do have frontal lobes, which are the seat of our executive, adult-like functioning like impulse control, judgment and empathy. But the frontal lobes haven’t been connected with fast-acting connections yet. The brain actually connects regions from the back of the brain to the front, so the last place to have these fast-acting connections is the frontal lobe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But there is another part of the brain that is fully active in adolescents, and that’s the limbic system. And that is the seat of risk, reward, impulsivity, sexual behavior and emotion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So they are built to be novelty-seeking at this point in their lives. Their frontal lobe isn’t able to say, \"That’s a bad idea, don’t do that.\" That’s not happening to the extent it will in adulthood.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'They’re really like Ferraris with weak brakes.’\u003ccite>Neuroscientist Frances Jensen\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>But while that is a weakness, there are strengths of the adolescent brain. Each region of the brain is more active in childhood and adolescence than it will be later in life. They are faster learners, they can build synapses faster.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They’re really like Ferraris with weak brakes. They’re learning machines, but they can learn good and bad things.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Teens' Extreme Emotional Reactions\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Why do they react like it’s an international incident when it’s something you consider a completely innocuous event?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Functional imaging studies have looked at children, adolescents and adults who are given the same emotional stressor, and the adolescents will light up the emotional center \u003cem>— \u003c/em>the limbic system \u003cem>— \u003c/em>twice as high as children or adults. So they are uniquely experiencing whatever it is as an international incident.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I think we need to remind ourselves that they’re experiencing emotion in Technicolor, whereas we’re experiencing it in black and white. And it makes you understand a bit more why they behave the way they do. Maybe you can count to 10 and not react. Back off and reapproach in a more organized way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Teens’ Vulnerability to Addiction\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cannabis decreases your cells’ ability to build synapses, which you need for learning. And there’s more substrate for the drug to bind to. So for the same dose, it’s hanging around in teen brains to a greater extent \u003cem>— i\u003c/em>t might be around for four days in the brain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now that’s on a single-dose basis. And what’s quite concerning is the literature that’s starting to come out about chronic, daily cannabis use. That’s what we’re really concerned about. And there are some concerning studies that say your IQ’s going to drop permanently if you are exposed to chronic, daily cannabis through this adolescent window.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We need to think of this window as a very precious window. You need to mind your brain at this stage of your life, and it will mind you later… that’s what I tell adolescents when I am talking to them.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'They are really playing with fire – the schoolyard pranks of yesteryear that are not the same anymore.’\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>More and more studies are being done, now that it has been realized that the adolescent brain is a specific brain stage. I think parents should make it their business to stay on top of what this research is showing. Your kids are \u003cem>so\u003c/em> not going to do what you say just because you tell them to do it… and if you have a few facts in hand, it can help to make you somewhat more credible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Impacts of Social Media \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The building of the teenaged brain hasn’t changed in eons, but what has changed is the environment around our teens. Right now they’re being bombarded by an unprecedented amount of information. And they’re novelty-seeking. And where else are they going to get novelty? It’s all over the internet. We should have a conversation about the age-inappropriate things they can find on the internet, things that might cause stress. And the effects of social media: How does it feed peer pressure behavior?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s really a whole new day and they are really playing with fire -– the schoolyard pranks of yesteryear that are not the same anymore.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>Teens are better learners, and stressful things will stay in their brains longer. There’s a conversation we have to have with them: How do you gate yourself with social media? Life is about trial and error, and there needs to be an opportunity for them to rehearse mistakes, including mistakes in the social media domain, before they make them themselves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s a way to guide your child to make decisions independently rather than helicoptering over them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>On How 'Real' Teenage Love Is \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It feels very real to the person in that moment. It’s bona fide emotion; it’s just not emotion that’s measured like it will be later in life, where you might say, ‘I’m attracted to this person, but there’s a lot of reasons why this may not be.’ It’s real but just feels unbridled. Teens have superheated limbic systems, so the emotional areas, the sexual incentive areas, are on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>When Medication is Appropriate \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The onset of mental illness occurs in late teens, early adolescence. Schizophrenia, bipolar, depression, psychosis; they come in this window. And the reason for this is developmental. You need to have your prefrontal cortices at least partially connected in order to have the manifestation of these diseases that you might already have as a genetic predisposition. It’s a biological event.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We need to be aware that one in four people in our society have some form of mental illness, ranging from very mild anxiety to a major affective disorder. And 60 to 80 percent of these people are seeing this happen between the ages of 16 and 26. That is a fact. We need to keep our antennae up to determine: Is this just a moody kid? Or is this mental illness? As a parent, if you think your child is not taking an interest in their appearance, losing their appetite, really becoming more isolated, you need to make sure you’re part of your teen’s life and probe what’s going on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Dr. Frances Jensen on the teenage brain, in 2015\u003c/em>:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>If you were a former NASA scientist and current biohacker afflicted with severe and irresolvable gastrointestinal woes, what would you do?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>(a) Live with the problem as best you could\u003cbr>\n(b) Attempt to replace all the bacteria in your body by taking antibiotics then swallowing a capsule of someone else’s poop\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">An experiment no one recommends: Killing your bacteria with antibiotics, then performing a fecal transplant on yourself.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The correct answer — well, it isn’t (a). Not if you’re Josiah Zayner.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Zayner’s experiment was the subject of a short New York Times \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/video/opinion/100000005015342/gut-hack.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">documentary\u003c/a> last month and it is pretty interesting, to say the least. (Disclosure: Danielle Venton was acquainted with one of the filmmakers in high school.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"640\" height=\"361\" src=\"//static01.nyt.com/video/players/offsite/index.html?videoId=100000005015342\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"#interview\">See below for our interview with Zayner\u003c/a>, a year after the experiment. Future of You first met the mid-30s, erstwhile NASA Ames bio-researcher, upon the launch of his business, providing \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2016/02/22/gene-editing-coming-to-a-kitchen-counter-near-you/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">in-home CRISPR/Cas9 gene-editing kits\u003c/a> to the public. That was\u003ca href=\"https://www.digitaltrends.com/cool-tech/the-odin-diy-crispr-kit/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> controversial\u003c/a> enough.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then last May, Zayner, who has suffered from ulcers, irritable bowel syndrome and frequent diarrhea that have not responded well to conventional treatments, decided to take matters into his own hands — or guts — in an attempt to replace his microbiome and mitigate his bad GI problems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bacteria are “almost an extension of you that can be helpful or harmful,” Zayner says. “It’s like this moving cloud that comes with you wherever you go. We and bacteria are like one organism.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Watch the video and you’ll see him replacing part of that organism by taking antibiotics to eradicate his own bacteria, then ingesting the feces of a friend (“\u003ca href=\"http://www.urbandictionary.com/define.php?term=Yolo\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Yolo\u003c/a>,” he says at the moment of truth, the biohacker equivalent of “Down the hatch.”) He also swabbed his body and mouth with a saline solution containing the donor’s bacteria.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2015/06/15/in-future-fecal-transplants-the-tool-wont-be-stool/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Fecal transplants\u003c/a> are now an accepted therapy for a certain type of infection. The thing is, Zayner didn’t bother to test his donor’s sample. That puts him at risk, as the documentary warns, for “\u003cspan class=\"s1\">transference of parasites and pathogens, and even blood-borne illnesses like hepatitis.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">“S\u003cspan class=\"s1\">ometimes there’s this thin line, you know, between being crazy and being knowledgeable,” Zayner admits. “And I can’t tell.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">The Verge covered the experiment at the time. Writer Arielle Duhaime-Ross thought the process was less than scientifically rigid:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">I couldn’t help but notice Zayner cutting corners. After drying off, he put on a brand-new Hanes white T-shirt to prevent his old microbiome from recolonizing his body, but an old — though freshly laundered — pair of jeans. He sampled his arms, nose, and mouth, but he didn’t bother to take microbial samples from his genitalia, and didn’t plan on applying Michael’s skin bacteria to his penis or testicles. He told me that there just isn’t much scientific value in gathering that information. Over the course of his experiment, Zayner would only take a third of the poop pills that someone undergoing a standard FMT [Fecal Microbiota Transplantation\u003cem>] \u003c/em>procedure would, stretched over a longer period of time.\u003c/p>\n\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Says a podcaster from The Verge: “T\u003cspan class=\"s1\">his guy is doing something that is legitimately dangerous and probably kind of stupid.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">The experiment, according to Zayner, as well as genetic sequencing from an independent lab, was at least a partial success. (But need we say it: Don’t try this at home.)\u003ca id=\"interview\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now that about a year has passed, we wanted to catch up with Zayner to see how he’s feeling about his health, the procedure and his critics. The following has been edited for length and clarity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>In the video, that did not look too fun.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yeah. The original plan wasn’t to have people document it. I was going to document it myself. But other people got involved, including a reporter and the people who made the documentary. So in the hotel room there’s like four other people that you can’t see who are badgering me with questions, taking pictures, and I’m just like ‘Oh my gosh, I just feel sick. Can’t you people leave me alone?’ ”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How are you feeling now?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I was really amazed by the results. There’s been no blood in my stool since the transplant, which just kind of blows me away; prior to the transplant it had been multiple times a week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>While the transfer of the gut microbes seemed to be successful , the bacteria in your skin and nasal passages were unchanged. Why do you think that is? \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I think I was recolonized by my own bacteria when I got back home to my own apartment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Have you noticed any personality or mood changes? \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I asked people close to me to say if they saw any changes. It doesn’t seem like there’s anything aside from an addiction-level sugar craving. I’ve never encountered a craving like this. At first I didn’t fight against it. I’d go to the grocery store and find myself buying 50 candy bars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Does your donor friend have a sweet-tooth? \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I asked him if he had sugar cravings, too, and he said, “I could eat a box of Oreos in one sitting.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Have any microbiome researchers reached out to you? \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A ton, but none of them want me to mention their name or talk about them publicly — people from MIT, UCLA, Harvard, University of Chicago, UC Irvine, UC Davis, the FDA. They might be a little bit critical, but they’re mostly interested.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Have you heard of other people trying this? Is that a concern, or even a hope of yours?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It is a little bit of a concern, because what I did was pretty drastic. I wasn’t just trying to do a fecal transplant. I was trying to do a whole-body microbiome transplant.\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>You weren’t just trying to supplement, you were trying to wipe out and replace… \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A lot of people focused just on the fecal transplant. And that was the thing that provided the greatest benefit to me and worked. But I was also trying as hard as I could to wipe out all of the bacteria on my body and in my body, which — most people thought I would either die or end up hospitalized, which is crazy. That didn’t happen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>But were you worried about safety?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Based upon my planning, I thought the chances of something bad happening\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>were pretty small. But when you have a lot of people around…mostly the people who were documenting it were really worried about a lot of things. Their attitude rubbed off on me and I got more and more worried.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The donor’s samples — why didn’t you have those tested for things that could be dangerous?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I really thought about that. A part of it might have been foolhardy, but part of me was like the whole purpose of this experiment was to create an idea of how somebody could do something like this. A lot of people don’t have access to getting donors tested.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I thought the process I went through was pretty stringent. If you go to \u003ca href=\"http://www.openbiome.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">OpenBiome\u003c/a>, the website that takes fecal transplants from people and they freeze them to give to people, they have a questionnaire you can fill out to see if you qualify as a donor. It’s pretty extensive and it’s something I mimicked.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The major things that you’re probably worried about are more blood-borne diseases and illnesses. People always say you should be afraid of feces because of hemorrhagic E. coli. Honestly, I don’t think there is anybody who has hemorrhagic E. coli colonizing them and doesn’t know about it. So I wasn’t too concerned about that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Maybe this sounds crazy, but there is a certain amount of trust that you want to be able to place in humanity or other people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The donor was also your \u003cem>friend\u003c/em>. \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Totally. It was kind of symbolic in that way. If I can’t trust this person, then we’re all screwed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>You said you want this kind of experiment to be accessible to people. Is that because you want people to be able to understand it easily, or do you see this as a prototype?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kind of a prototype, but you have to understand, I don’t recommend this to people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The position I’m in right now is really strange where I’ve become this “biohacker” figure. I get contacted by a ton of people all the time, and a lot of those are people with medical issues. And they have no treatment, no cure, and they’re just looking for help. They’re looking for some way they can treat themselves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The U.S. unfortunately has decided to not allow doctors to prescribe feces to people for any disease other than Clostridium difficile infections that haven’t been able to be treated with antibiotics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To me, that’s kind of disturbing. And the fact that people have the opportunity to seek treatment themselves, I think, is empowering. So what I really wanted to do was say, “Hey look, I tried to do something in a very scientific way. And I’m not saying it works, I’m not saying it’ll work for you or your disease or cure your ailments at all. But maybe you can also try to take your health into your own hands. Maybe if there’s no hope from the medical community, no hope for cures, you can perhaps figure out something on your own — through experimentation, through reading scientific papers — and help yourself.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The podcasters at \u003cem>The Verge \u003c/em>had some pretty harsh words for you. What did you think about that? \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You know, I understand from a professional point of view what they were trying to do. But some of the stuff they said just cracked me up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They said that what I was doing was stupid — which is hilarious when you’re talking about a person who is suffering from something. It’s like, “Hey, you’re suffering from some problem and I think you trying to help yourself is the stupidest thing you could do.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They don’t know what it’s like when you have to go to the bathroom five times in an hour and\u003cb> \u003c/b>blood is spewing out of your butt and you’re in terrible pain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>People always bring up this issue about whether what I did was “scientific” or not. That critique is very dogmatic about the way that science is or should be done. What’s important about what I did was whether it works or not, right? I mean, if this actually worked, why wouldn’t people be interested? And look, I’m not trying to publish any of this, I’m not trying to have it peer-reviewed in any normal terms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>But you would like it if people took a look at what you did and said, ‘Maybe there’s something here.’\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yeah, but I think they know there is. There are clinics oversees, in the UK and other places that actually will give fecal transplants to people suffering from gastrointestinal illness. It’s something interesting that in the U.S. isn’t allowed.\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003cp>We reached out to a handful of microbiome researchers for their thoughts on Zayner’s experiment. One, Owen White from the University of Maryland School of Medicine, responded.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If I had a molecular biology background and was suffering from problems like Josiah, I would find it irresistible not to want to at least try some type of intervention on myself,” wrote White in an email.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“(T)here is something inherently deserving about exerting your own agency over things that you cannot ordinarily control,” White said. “That being said, I strongly agree with all the criticisms that were shown in the video.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>For more, see Josiah Zayner’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.ifyoudontknownowyaknow.com/2016/05/i-transplanted-someone-elses-microbiome.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">blog post about the transplant\u003c/a>, his \u003ca href=\"https://www.reddit.com/r/IAmA/comments/4i5euw/im_dr_josiah_zayner_former_scientist_at_nasa/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">AmA (Ask me Anything) entry on Reddit\u003c/a> or Arielle Duhaime-Ross’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.theverge.com/2016/5/4/11581994/fmt-fecal-matter-transplant-josiah-zayner-microbiome-ibs-c-diff\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">coverage for The Verge\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Catching up with Josiah Zayner, the biohacker who attempted to replace his microbiome as part of an experiment to help irresolvable gastrointestinal woes. And need we say it: Don't try this at home.",
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"title": "After Ingesting Someone Else’s Feces, Biohacker Feels Like New Man",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>If you were a former NASA scientist and current biohacker afflicted with severe and irresolvable gastrointestinal woes, what would you do?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>(a) Live with the problem as best you could\u003cbr>\n(b) Attempt to replace all the bacteria in your body by taking antibiotics then swallowing a capsule of someone else’s poop\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">An experiment no one recommends: Killing your bacteria with antibiotics, then performing a fecal transplant on yourself.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The correct answer — well, it isn’t (a). Not if you’re Josiah Zayner.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Zayner’s experiment was the subject of a short New York Times \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/video/opinion/100000005015342/gut-hack.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">documentary\u003c/a> last month and it is pretty interesting, to say the least. (Disclosure: Danielle Venton was acquainted with one of the filmmakers in high school.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"640\" height=\"361\" src=\"//static01.nyt.com/video/players/offsite/index.html?videoId=100000005015342\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"#interview\">See below for our interview with Zayner\u003c/a>, a year after the experiment. Future of You first met the mid-30s, erstwhile NASA Ames bio-researcher, upon the launch of his business, providing \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2016/02/22/gene-editing-coming-to-a-kitchen-counter-near-you/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">in-home CRISPR/Cas9 gene-editing kits\u003c/a> to the public. That was\u003ca href=\"https://www.digitaltrends.com/cool-tech/the-odin-diy-crispr-kit/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> controversial\u003c/a> enough.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then last May, Zayner, who has suffered from ulcers, irritable bowel syndrome and frequent diarrhea that have not responded well to conventional treatments, decided to take matters into his own hands — or guts — in an attempt to replace his microbiome and mitigate his bad GI problems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bacteria are “almost an extension of you that can be helpful or harmful,” Zayner says. “It’s like this moving cloud that comes with you wherever you go. We and bacteria are like one organism.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Watch the video and you’ll see him replacing part of that organism by taking antibiotics to eradicate his own bacteria, then ingesting the feces of a friend (“\u003ca href=\"http://www.urbandictionary.com/define.php?term=Yolo\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Yolo\u003c/a>,” he says at the moment of truth, the biohacker equivalent of “Down the hatch.”) He also swabbed his body and mouth with a saline solution containing the donor’s bacteria.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2015/06/15/in-future-fecal-transplants-the-tool-wont-be-stool/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Fecal transplants\u003c/a> are now an accepted therapy for a certain type of infection. The thing is, Zayner didn’t bother to test his donor’s sample. That puts him at risk, as the documentary warns, for “\u003cspan class=\"s1\">transference of parasites and pathogens, and even blood-borne illnesses like hepatitis.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">“S\u003cspan class=\"s1\">ometimes there’s this thin line, you know, between being crazy and being knowledgeable,” Zayner admits. “And I can’t tell.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">The Verge covered the experiment at the time. Writer Arielle Duhaime-Ross thought the process was less than scientifically rigid:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">I couldn’t help but notice Zayner cutting corners. After drying off, he put on a brand-new Hanes white T-shirt to prevent his old microbiome from recolonizing his body, but an old — though freshly laundered — pair of jeans. He sampled his arms, nose, and mouth, but he didn’t bother to take microbial samples from his genitalia, and didn’t plan on applying Michael’s skin bacteria to his penis or testicles. He told me that there just isn’t much scientific value in gathering that information. Over the course of his experiment, Zayner would only take a third of the poop pills that someone undergoing a standard FMT [Fecal Microbiota Transplantation\u003cem>] \u003c/em>procedure would, stretched over a longer period of time.\u003c/p>\n\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Says a podcaster from The Verge: “T\u003cspan class=\"s1\">his guy is doing something that is legitimately dangerous and probably kind of stupid.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">The experiment, according to Zayner, as well as genetic sequencing from an independent lab, was at least a partial success. (But need we say it: Don’t try this at home.)\u003ca id=\"interview\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now that about a year has passed, we wanted to catch up with Zayner to see how he’s feeling about his health, the procedure and his critics. The following has been edited for length and clarity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>In the video, that did not look too fun.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yeah. The original plan wasn’t to have people document it. I was going to document it myself. But other people got involved, including a reporter and the people who made the documentary. So in the hotel room there’s like four other people that you can’t see who are badgering me with questions, taking pictures, and I’m just like ‘Oh my gosh, I just feel sick. Can’t you people leave me alone?’ ”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How are you feeling now?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I was really amazed by the results. There’s been no blood in my stool since the transplant, which just kind of blows me away; prior to the transplant it had been multiple times a week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>While the transfer of the gut microbes seemed to be successful , the bacteria in your skin and nasal passages were unchanged. Why do you think that is? \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I think I was recolonized by my own bacteria when I got back home to my own apartment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Have you noticed any personality or mood changes? \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I asked people close to me to say if they saw any changes. It doesn’t seem like there’s anything aside from an addiction-level sugar craving. I’ve never encountered a craving like this. At first I didn’t fight against it. I’d go to the grocery store and find myself buying 50 candy bars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Does your donor friend have a sweet-tooth? \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I asked him if he had sugar cravings, too, and he said, “I could eat a box of Oreos in one sitting.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Have any microbiome researchers reached out to you? \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A ton, but none of them want me to mention their name or talk about them publicly — people from MIT, UCLA, Harvard, University of Chicago, UC Irvine, UC Davis, the FDA. They might be a little bit critical, but they’re mostly interested.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Have you heard of other people trying this? Is that a concern, or even a hope of yours?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It is a little bit of a concern, because what I did was pretty drastic. I wasn’t just trying to do a fecal transplant. I was trying to do a whole-body microbiome transplant.\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>You weren’t just trying to supplement, you were trying to wipe out and replace… \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A lot of people focused just on the fecal transplant. And that was the thing that provided the greatest benefit to me and worked. But I was also trying as hard as I could to wipe out all of the bacteria on my body and in my body, which — most people thought I would either die or end up hospitalized, which is crazy. That didn’t happen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>But were you worried about safety?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Based upon my planning, I thought the chances of something bad happening\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>were pretty small. But when you have a lot of people around…mostly the people who were documenting it were really worried about a lot of things. Their attitude rubbed off on me and I got more and more worried.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The donor’s samples — why didn’t you have those tested for things that could be dangerous?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I really thought about that. A part of it might have been foolhardy, but part of me was like the whole purpose of this experiment was to create an idea of how somebody could do something like this. A lot of people don’t have access to getting donors tested.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I thought the process I went through was pretty stringent. If you go to \u003ca href=\"http://www.openbiome.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">OpenBiome\u003c/a>, the website that takes fecal transplants from people and they freeze them to give to people, they have a questionnaire you can fill out to see if you qualify as a donor. It’s pretty extensive and it’s something I mimicked.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The major things that you’re probably worried about are more blood-borne diseases and illnesses. People always say you should be afraid of feces because of hemorrhagic E. coli. Honestly, I don’t think there is anybody who has hemorrhagic E. coli colonizing them and doesn’t know about it. So I wasn’t too concerned about that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Maybe this sounds crazy, but there is a certain amount of trust that you want to be able to place in humanity or other people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The donor was also your \u003cem>friend\u003c/em>. \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Totally. It was kind of symbolic in that way. If I can’t trust this person, then we’re all screwed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>You said you want this kind of experiment to be accessible to people. Is that because you want people to be able to understand it easily, or do you see this as a prototype?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kind of a prototype, but you have to understand, I don’t recommend this to people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The position I’m in right now is really strange where I’ve become this “biohacker” figure. I get contacted by a ton of people all the time, and a lot of those are people with medical issues. And they have no treatment, no cure, and they’re just looking for help. They’re looking for some way they can treat themselves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The U.S. unfortunately has decided to not allow doctors to prescribe feces to people for any disease other than Clostridium difficile infections that haven’t been able to be treated with antibiotics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To me, that’s kind of disturbing. And the fact that people have the opportunity to seek treatment themselves, I think, is empowering. So what I really wanted to do was say, “Hey look, I tried to do something in a very scientific way. And I’m not saying it works, I’m not saying it’ll work for you or your disease or cure your ailments at all. But maybe you can also try to take your health into your own hands. Maybe if there’s no hope from the medical community, no hope for cures, you can perhaps figure out something on your own — through experimentation, through reading scientific papers — and help yourself.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The podcasters at \u003cem>The Verge \u003c/em>had some pretty harsh words for you. What did you think about that? \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You know, I understand from a professional point of view what they were trying to do. But some of the stuff they said just cracked me up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They said that what I was doing was stupid — which is hilarious when you’re talking about a person who is suffering from something. It’s like, “Hey, you’re suffering from some problem and I think you trying to help yourself is the stupidest thing you could do.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They don’t know what it’s like when you have to go to the bathroom five times in an hour and\u003cb> \u003c/b>blood is spewing out of your butt and you’re in terrible pain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>People always bring up this issue about whether what I did was “scientific” or not. That critique is very dogmatic about the way that science is or should be done. What’s important about what I did was whether it works or not, right? I mean, if this actually worked, why wouldn’t people be interested? And look, I’m not trying to publish any of this, I’m not trying to have it peer-reviewed in any normal terms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>But you would like it if people took a look at what you did and said, ‘Maybe there’s something here.’\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yeah, but I think they know there is. There are clinics oversees, in the UK and other places that actually will give fecal transplants to people suffering from gastrointestinal illness. It’s something interesting that in the U.S. isn’t allowed.\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003cp>We reached out to a handful of microbiome researchers for their thoughts on Zayner’s experiment. One, Owen White from the University of Maryland School of Medicine, responded.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If I had a molecular biology background and was suffering from problems like Josiah, I would find it irresistible not to want to at least try some type of intervention on myself,” wrote White in an email.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“(T)here is something inherently deserving about exerting your own agency over things that you cannot ordinarily control,” White said. “That being said, I strongly agree with all the criticisms that were shown in the video.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>For more, see Josiah Zayner’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.ifyoudontknownowyaknow.com/2016/05/i-transplanted-someone-elses-microbiome.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">blog post about the transplant\u003c/a>, his \u003ca href=\"https://www.reddit.com/r/IAmA/comments/4i5euw/im_dr_josiah_zayner_former_scientist_at_nasa/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">AmA (Ask me Anything) entry on Reddit\u003c/a> or Arielle Duhaime-Ross’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.theverge.com/2016/5/4/11581994/fmt-fecal-matter-transplant-josiah-zayner-microbiome-ibs-c-diff\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">coverage for The Verge\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"info": "Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.",
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"soldout": {
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"title": "SOLD OUT: Rethinking Housing in America",
"tagline": "A new future for housing",
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